IN EXERCISE of the powers contained in section one hundred and nine of the Electoral Act, 2006, the following Regulation are hereby made: PART 1 PRELIMINARY Title These Regulations may be cited as the Electoral [Code of Conduct] regulations, 2011. Interpretation In these Regulations, unless the context otherwise requires- ‘campaign material’ means party or candidate manifestos, posters, chitenges, and any other materials with party or candidate symbols or pictures of candidates used in connection with an election; ‘campaign period’ means such period as the Commission may determine under regulation 8; ‘candidate’ means a person nominated as a candidate for an election; ‘caricature’ include cartoons, effigy, picture, drawing or sketch of a person for comic effect; ‘code’ has the meaning assigned to it in the Act; ‘Commission’ means the Electoral Commission established under the Constitution; ‘Election Officer’ has the meaning assigned to it in the Act; ‘Media’ includes print and electronic media, whether publicly or privately operated. ‘Monitor’ means a person accredited as such by the Commission; ‘Observer’ means a person accredited as such by the Commission; ‘Polling Agent’ means an agent appointed by a candidate in respect of each polling station; ‘Public Officer’ a person holding or acting in any public office but does not include any person holding the offices referred to in Article 139 [2] and [3] of the Commission; and ‘Traditional Leader’ means a Paramount Chief, Senior Chief, Chief and Village Headman. Enforcement of Code The commission shall promote conditions conducive to the observance of this code. Publication of Code The commission, civil society, traditional leaders, the church, faith-based organisations and political parties shall endeavour to publicise this code through out the Republic. PART II CODE OF CONDUCT. Right to Person A person has, subject to regulations 21, the right to –
[111] The calculation of predictions about costs and benefits of policy alternatives. The rational policy-maker here is required to calculate for each alternative both the expectation that will achieve the goals and also the costs. [1v] Although simultaneously with calculating net expectations for each alternative, the rational policy-maker is required to compare the alternatives with the highest benefits. [v] The fifth stage is the stage of selecting the most efficient policy alternative. If the rational policy-maker has done this properly, the policy choice should be straight forward. Once a policy choice is complimented, the rational policy-maker is required to monitor this implementation systematically to find out the accuracy of the expectations and estimates. If necessary, the policy-maker will complete the gaps in policy or give it up all together. This can also be referred to as ‘the feed back stage’ of rational policy-making. If the make use of the feed-back to monitor and adapt policy, the policy system becomes self-correcting or cybernetic. What Are The Possible Constraints To Rationality? It has been clearly established that rational decision making suffers from many constraints. The concept of rationality is bandied about so much and so discriminatingly that it threatens to lose its meaning. It is more widely spoken about than put to real practise. Some of the known constraints of rational policy-making include: [a] In accomplishing goals: Rational policy making is a very difficult exercise. By the time the policy-maker makes a recommendation, the policy in question becomes more complex that rational prescriptions become decisions which are made on the basis of societal goals. Instead, the try to maximise their own rewards, such as power, status, money and re-election. Therefore, making a more rational policy is more an exercise than a goal. [b] In Securing Optimisation: the rational policy-making process is expected to produce optimal results. However in real life, it does not always do so. Usually the public interests are taken to be of more importance than being merely the sum of individual interests in political arena. [c] Conflict Between Rational Choice And Need For Action: there is usually a conflict between rational search behaviour and the need for action. As already stated, policy-makers