TABLE 1 Summary of Existing Macro-Level Crash Frequency Studies Methodological Approach Unit of Analysis Spatial Unit Crash level Independent Variable Considered Accessibility measures Exposure Measures characteristics Socio-economic characteristics Road network and Traffic characteristics environment Noland and Quddus (2004a) Negative binomial Pedestrian Bicyclist Standard statistical regions injury crashes, Slight injury crashes --- Yes Yes Yes Yes --- Wier et al. (2009) Ordinary least square regression Pedestrian crash Census tract Injury crashes --- Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Wei et al. (2013) Negative binomial Bicycle Traffic analysis zone crashes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Siddiqui et al. (2012) Negative binomial, Bayesian log-normal model Pedestrian and bicycle crash Traffic analysis zone Total pedestrian crashes, Total bicycle crashes --- Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Cho et al. (2009) Path analysis Pedestrian and bicycle Community analysis zones crashes Yes Yes --- --- Yes Yes MacNab (2004) Bayesian spatial and ecological regression model Young (Age 0-25) pedestrian and Bicyclist crash Local health areas Injury crashes --- Yes --- Yes Yes Yes Noland (2003) Random Effect negative binomial Crash State Fatal crashes, Injury crashes --- Yes Yes Yes Yes --- Noland and Quddus (2004a) Negative binomial County crashes, Fatal crashes --- Yes Yes Yes Yes --- Karlaftis et al. (1998) Cluster analysis, Negative binomial Aged driver crash Total crashes, Urban crashes, Rural crashes --- Yes --- Yes Yes --- et al. (2010) Bayesian spatial model Crash County Total crashes, Severe crashes --- Yes Yes Yes Yes --- Amoros et al. (2003) Negative binomial Crash County Total crashes, Fatal crashes --- --- --- --- Yes --- Ukkusuri et al. (2011) Random parameter negative binomial Pedestrian crash Census tract crashes Yes Yes Yes --- Yes Yes
Cottrill et al. (2010) Poisson Regression with heterogeneity Pedestrian crash Census Tract Total crashes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Quddus (2008) Negative Binomial, Spatial autoregressive Bayesian hierarchical model Motorized vehicle crash, vehicle crash, Pedestrian crash Census ward Fatal crashes, Serious injury crashes, Slight Injury crashes --- Yes Yes --- Yes --- Naderan et al. (2010) Negative binomial Crash Traffic analysis zone Total crashes, PDO crashes, Injury crashes, Fatal crashes --- Yes --- --- --- --- Ng et al. (2002) Cluster analysis, Negative Binomial Crash Traffic analysis zone Total crashes, Fatal crashes, Pedestrian crashes --- --- --- --- --- Yes Abdel-Aty et al. (2011) Negative binomial Crash Traffic analysis zone Total crashes, Severe crashes, Peak hour crashes, Pedestrian and Bicycle crashes --- Yes --- --- Yes --- and Jovanis (2006) Full Bayes hierarchical model Crash County Fatal crashes, Injury crashes --- Yes Yes Yes --- --- Stamatiadis and Puccini 2000 Quasi induced exposure method Single vehicle crash Multi vehicle Crash State Fatal crashes --- Yes Yes Yes --- --- Noland (2003) Negative binomial State injury crashes --- Yes Yes Yes Yes --- LaScala et al. (2000) Spatial autocorrelation corrected regression Pedestrian crash Census tract Injury crashes --- --- Yes Yes Yes Yes Abdel-Aty et al. (2013) Poisson-lognormal Pedestrian Traffic analysis zones groups Census tracts Total crashes, Severe crashes, Pedestrian crashes --- Yes Yes Yes Yes --- Levine et al. (1995) Spatial lag Crash Census block crashes --- Yes --- Yes Yes --- Lee et al. (2014) Bayesian Poisson Lognormal Crash Traffic analysis zone Total crashes, Severe crashes --- Yes Yes Yes ---
Traffic safety analysis zone Li et al. (2013) Geographically Weighted Poisson Regression Crash County Fatal crashes --- Yes Yes Yes Yes --- Noland and Quddus Negative binomial Crash Census wards Fatal crashes, Serious injury crashes, Slight injury crashes --- Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes De Guevara et al. (2004) Simultaneous negative binomial Crash Traffic analysis zone Fatal crashes, Injury crashes, PDO crashes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Hadayeghi et al. (2003) Negative binomial Geographically weighted regression Traffic zone Total crashes, Severe crashes --- Yes Yes Yes Yes --- Moeinaddini et al. (2014) Negative binomial Crash City Fatalities per million inhabitants --- --- --- --- Yes --- Hadayeghi et al. (2007) Negative binomial Crash Traffic analysis zone Total crashes, Severe crashes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Hadayeghi et al. Geographically Weighted Poisson Regression, Full Bayesian Semiparametric Additive Crash Traffic analysis zone Total crashes, Severe crashes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Hadayeghi et al. (2010b) Geographically Weighted Poisson Regression Crash Traffic analysis zone Total crashes, Severe crashes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Proportion of full-time workers --- --- 2.066 3.228 Average vehicle age 1.958 5.736 --- --- Proportion of commuters commuting between 5 a.m. and 6:59 a.m. 1.520 1.815 4.547 4.988 Road network & traffic characteristics Proportion of highway -2.376 -5.392 --- --- Proportion of major road -1.263 -2.626 -0.544 -1.661 Connection ratio 1.804 1.871 --- --- Density of signalized intersection 1.146 1.912 0.763 3.038 Density of intersections --- --- 0.142 3.686 Number of Cul-de-sec --- --- 0.051 4.557 Built environment Number of bars --- --- 0.047 1.671 Dispersion parameter 0.635 7.351 0.587 7.710