• storage capacity • conscious awareness • retrieval/access and recovery • role of rehearsal • organisation • forgetting Learning Activity 6.23 (p. 276) 1 Construct a table that summarises the main distinguishing features of the sensory memory, short-term working memory and LTM systems. Name of memory system Main function(s) Type of information Storage duration Storage capacity Organisation of stored information of processing Relationship to other Other distinctive features sensory memory stores all new information that may enter memory from the external environment original (raw) sensory form very may differ for each sensory register vast no none entry point for all new information to memory transfers to STM or working memory (and sometimes directly to LTM according to model) attention is required for transfer and encoding no encoding a different sensory register for each each with own features, e.g. storage duration may act as a filtering system for incoming sensory information
iconic memory visual sensory memory that stores, new incoming visual information visual sensory data detected by eyes 0.2–0.4 seconds vast no none (i.e. they are raw data) as above stored information is available just long enough to attend to and select what has been seen for further processing echoic memory auditory sensory memory that stores, new incoming auditory information auditory sensory data detected by the ears 3–4 seconds vast no none (i.e. they are raw data) as above available just long enough to attend to and select what has been seen for further processing STM or working memory limited, temporary store of information for use in everyday activities encoded up to about 18 seconds 7 ± 2 items chunking can organise maintenance rehearsal for shallow processing and elaborative rehearsal for deep processing information is transferred from sensory memory or retrieved from LTM for use in everyday activities active part of memory where information is ‘worked’ upon for everyday function conscious awareness of all information rehearsal extends duration; chunking extends capacity
phonological loop verbal working memory for temporary store of verbal, speech-like information, e.g. sounds of words (phonemes) sound-based (phonological) about 2 seconds limited N/A N/A controlled by central executive capacity is in dependent of sketchpad LTM maintenance rehearsal is for retention visuo-spatial scratchpad visual working memory for temporary store of visual and spatial information visual and spatial information brief limited N/A N/A controlled by central executive capacity is in dependent of phonological loop central executive controls attention integrates information from other components and from LTM coordinates flow of information between working memory and LTM manipulates information in components limited limited N/A N/A coordinates activities of working memory and its components as well as flow of information from them and LTM most important and most complex component ‘working’ component of working memory Involved in everything we think, feel and do in NWC
procedural memory LTM of previously learned actions and skills knowing ‘how’ relatively permanent vast as above as above as above implicit memory process, i.e. retrieved without conscious awareness and expressed through performance declarative memory LTM for specific facts and events that can be explicitly stated ‘knowing that’ relatively permanent vast as above as above as above Two - episodic and semantic explicit memory process i.e. retrieved with conscious awareness and can be stated semantic memory LTM for facts and knowledge about the world factual information not dependent on links to time or place relatively permanent vast as above as above as above declarative LTM explicit memory episodic memory LTM for personally experienced events like autobiographical information and usually including time, place and state details relatively permanent vast as above as above as declarative LTM explicit memory 2 Create a flow chart to show the flow of a specific example of incoming sensory information as it moves through a model of memory that integrates the Atkinson–Shiffrin model, the Baddeley (2000) model and the Craik and Lockhart framework. The flow chart should include a representation of maintenance and elaborative rehearsal and the information must be shown as being both stored and then retrieved from LTM for use. The focus should be on accurately, clearly and succinctly summarising and representing key memory concepts and processes.