Hospital laboratory providing all high-volume and emergency testing is ___. Core laboratory Laboratory medicine is a component of Laboratory Science Laboratory medicine is involved in the selection, provision and interpretation of ___ and ___. Diagnostic testing and individual specimens. Laboratory testing is a process conducted in a ___. Clinical laboratory Laboratory testing is used for the following purposes: Rule a diagnosis in or out, select and monitor disease treatment, provide a prognosis, screen for a disease, determine the severity of and monitor a physiological disturbance. Molecular diagnostics is the use of molecular biology techniques for the following reasons: Prevention, diagnosis, follow-up or prognosis of a disease and selection, optimization, monitoring of therapies. In the clinical laboratory, the purpose of quality control is: Proficiency testing, auditing, Benchmarking, Clinical governance 3 facets of laboratory medicine can be attained with the use of telemedicine and tele-healthcare? analytical testing use of clinical decision making informatics What are some of the tools and methods in clinical chemistry that are now used in other areas of laboratory medicine? chemical testing genetic testing molecular testing cancer diagnostics infectious disease testing identity testing What is the purpose of molecular diagnostics? For prevention, diagnosis, prognosis, follow-up of disease. What does PCR stand for? Polymerase reaction What are ethics? Are the rules or standards governing the conduct of an individual or the members of a profession. What are ethical issues in laboratory medicine? Confidentiality of genetic information Confidentiality of patient medical information Allocation of resources Code of conduct Publishing issues Conflict of interest What are confidentialities? Genetic information Patients’ medical information What is allocation of healthcare resources? Best use of time Cost vs. quality What are publishing issues? Fraud
A fraction of subjects without the disease that assay correctly predicts is a clinical: Clinical sensitivity Clinical specificity Predictive value Prevalence B What is the difference between Predictive value and Prevalence? A Predictive value is a combination of disease prevalence with sensitivity and specificity while a Prevalence is a proportion of study population with disease Name the six types of body fluids that may tested in the lab: Cerebrospinal, synovial, pleural, amniotic, ascitic and pericardial fluids. In addition to blood, what are the five types of biological specimens collected for lab testing: Serum, plasma, urine, feces, saliva. The agency responsible for publishing and procedures for standardized specimen collection is: The Clinical and laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) The liquid portion of clotted blood is: Serum Serum contains fibrinogen: True or False? False The liquid portion of anticoagulated blood is: Plasma Plasma contains fibrinogen: True or False? True What are the 3 layers of centrifuged plasma: Bottom is RBCs, Top is plasma and slim middle buffy layer is WBCs and platelets What does K3EDTA for? Tripotassium ethylenediaminetetraacetate What does K2EDTA for? Dipotassium ethylenediaminetetraacetate What are K3EDTA and K2EDTA? Anticoagulants How does K3EDTA and K2EDTA prevent coagulation? By removing ionized calcium What is this process called? Chelation What is the color code for EDTA? Lavender, occasionally pink or white What is the most commonly used anticoagulant in hematology for complete blood count or any of its component tests? EDTA What does CBC stand for? Complete blood count
What can CSF give rapid identification of ? Infectious agents In molecular diagnostics CSF can also be used for what kind of cells (2) rearrangement associated with hematologic malignancies? T-cell and B-cell What is synovial fluid? fluid that lubricates a joint, tendon sheath or bursa What is arthrocentesis? Surgical puncture to remove synovial True or False? The technique of arthrocentesis depends on location and size of True What can synovial fluid be used for? To indicate and aid characterization of the type of arthritis What kind of tube should be used for synovial fluid? A sterile tube with or without preservative (depending on test to be performed) What kind of should be used for synovial fluid for culture, glucose and protein? Sterile plain tubes What kind of tube should be used for total leukocyte, differential and erythrocyte counts for synovial fluid? EDTA tubes Synovial can be used to detect the presence of ________ ___________. Infectious microorganisms What is a causative agent of Lyme disease? Borrelia burgdorferi Staphylococcus aureus is a causative of what kind of infection? Staphylococcal infections What kind of bacteria is Salmonella, Pasteruella and Pseudomonas? Aerobid Gram-negative bacilli What is amniotic fluid? Liquid contained by the amniotic sac of a pregnant woman What term is used to describe the collection of amniotic fluid? Amniocentesis True or false? Amniotic fluid can be used to indicate prenatal diagnosis of congenital disorders True True or False? Amniotic fluid can be used to indicate and asses in fetal lung maturity True
sodium, potassium, urea, chloride and insulin but decreases those of creatinine, glucose and uric acid What types of herbs can cause hematuria and albuminuria over time? Long-term use of aloe vera, sandalwood, cascara sagrda may cause hematuria and albuminuria. tea has been reported to cause what? Microcytic anemia What are tonka beans known to cause? Reversible liver damage What is an uncontrollable variable? Age; Newborn, the older child to puberty, the sexually mature adult, and the elderly adult What does age have a notable effect on? Age has a notable effect on reference intervals particularly hormones What sort of changes are usually seen puberty between young female and male humans? Characteristic What type of hormones, such as prolactin, become apparent? Sex hormones Certain biological characteristics, such as greater muscle mass in men, can produce what type of differences in men and Higher enzyme readings After menopause, activity of what enzyme increases in women until it is higher than in men? ALP Is total serum protein concentration known to be higher in people that are black or white? Black Is albumin typically less in people that are black or white? Black In_____ men, serum IgG is 40% higher, and serum IgA may be 20% higher than in ____ men Black, white One type of environmental factor? Altitude Why is it that in individuals living at a high altitude, blood hemoglobin and hematocrit are greatly increased? because of reduced atmospheric PO2. The fasting basal concentration of ______ is high in individuals Growth hormone
Normal stimulation of what body part is reduced with blindness? The hypothalamic pituitary axis In people with blindness, The normal diurnal variation of what hormone may or may not persist? Cortisol As a result of reduced aldosterone secretion, plasma levels of what compounds are also reduced? Sodium and chloride In individuals with blindness, plasma glucose may be and insulin tolerance is ____. Reduced, less During pregnancy, what type of lipids can you see an increase in? Cholesterol, triglycerides Urine volume ___ during pregnancy Increases The glomerular filtration rate increases by what percent during the third trimester. 50% The erythrocyte sedimentation rate increases by what fold during pregnancy. Fivefold What types of stress can influence concentration of plasma constituents? Physical and mental stress. What plasma constituents can anxiety stimulate increased secretion? aldosterone, angiotensin, catecholamines, cortisol prolactin renin somatotropin, TSH Vasopressin Albumin Cholesterol Fibrinogen Glucose Insulin lactate. What is reduced in secretion during fever? T4
-Uses filter to isolate a narrow wavelength of the spectrum for measurements Define Spectrophotometry -measurement of intensity of light at selected wavelengths -Use prisms or gratings to isolate a narrow wavelength range of the spectrum for measurements What is Photometric measurement ? The process use to measure intensity independent of wavelength What is wavelength? A characteristic of electromagnetic radiation; the distance between two wave crests that is measured in nanometers (nm) What does Beer’s Law state? The concentration of a substance is directly proportional to the amount of absorbed or is inversely proportional to the logarithm of the transmitted light. What is a tungsten light bulb? A light source in the visible range of spectra. An example is a quartz halogen lamp. What is the function of a mercury vapor lamp Supplies the needed energy in the UV region. It is used for calibration purposes but is not practical for absorbance measurements because it is used only at certain wavelengths Name the 10 parts that are in a Single-beam spectrophotometer. Manual operation procedure Types of light sources Filters Monochromators Fiber optics Cuvets Photodetectors Readout devices Digital hardware and software Recorders Name the 2 types of Light source. Incandescent and Name the 3 types of Filters. Prisms, Gratings Spectrophotometers are classified as a Single- or Double-beam What are the 2 choices of monochromators. Bandwidth and Turbidity What does a cuvet do? Absorbs a portion of radiant energy. What does a photodetector do? Converts light into an electrical signal that is proportional to the number of photons. Name the 4 Performance parameters of an instrument. Comparison of unknown with calibrator(s) Comparison with published/previously determined values NIST-provided SRMS for comparison IRMM-provided reference materials What does NIST for? National Institute if Standards and Technology What does SRMS stand for? Standard Reference Materials What does IRMM for? Institute for Reference Material and Measurements