"Does Descriptive Representation Facilitate Distinctive Voice?": Online Appendix Supplemental Tables and Figures 1 Dictionaries Used for Content Analysis 21 Question Wording for Variables 24 Qualitative Examples from Transcripts 25 Research Design 26 Excerpts from Participant Handbook 32 Sample Transcript 37 A. Supplemental Tables and Figures Table A1: Demographic Characteristics of Participants Variable Question Text or Explanation Response Options N Mean St. Dev Range Age Age of subjects -- 467 27.63 11.71 18-78 Income Expected annual family income during year of study participation. Under $25,000 $25,000 - $39,000 $40,000 - $54,999 $55,000 - $69,999 $70,000-$84,999 $85,000 - $99,999 $100,000 - $114,999 $115,000-$129,999 $130,000-$144,999 $145,000-$160,000 Over $160,000 466 4.12 3.31 1-11 Education Highest level of schooling completed. Some high school High school diploma or equivalent Some college Technical or Associates degree Bachelors degree Graduate degree 466 3.79 1.16 1-6 Female Self-reported gender Male Female 470 0.49 0.50 0-1 Partisanship Self-reported identification: “Generally speaking, do you consider yourself to be an …” Strong Democrat Weak Democrat Ind. leaning Democrat Independent/Other/DK Ind. Leaning Republican Weak Republican Strong Republican 433 4.39 2.01 1-7 Experimental Location Site of Experimental Session Western Site (n=230) Eastern Site (n=240) 470 0.51 0.50 0-1
Table A2: Descriptive Statistics Variable Explanation Scale Coding N Mean St. Dev Empirical Range Proportion Talk Proportion of group talk time for each individual. 0-1 470 0.20 0.11 0.01-0.58 Self-rated Efficacy “My opinions were influential in shaping the group discussion and final decision.” 1 - Strongly Disagree 2 - Disagree 3 - No preference 4 - Agree 5 - Strongly Agree 470 3.71 0.81 1-5 Influence (Own Vote Excluded) “Who was the most influential member of your group during the group discussion? (Indicate using the letter on the nameplate in front of the group members.)” [ A, B, C, D, E] Number of votes subject received (respondent votes for self excluded) 470 0.83 1.13 0-4 Preference Matched Outcome Pre-deliberation preferences for principle of distribution matched the decision. Dummy variable created from individual preferences and group outcomes 470 0.58 0.49 0-1 Confidence in Speaking Ability “I am frequently frustrated by my inability to express my opinions to others." (Reverse coded so lack of confidence is 0.) 0 –Strongly Agree .25 – Agree .5 – Neutral .75 - Disagree 1 – Strongly Disagree 470 0.68 0.24 0-1 Rank of Principle Ranking of “Set a Floor Constraint” among four distribution principles (see question wording) 1-4 Rank 468 1.59 0.83 1-4 deliberation
Figure A1: Ratio of Individual Female to Male Speech Participation, by Experimental Condition Figure A2: Mention of Words Used among Women (Both Rules) Figure A3. Effect of Composition on Individual Women’s Frequency and Mention of Feminine Issues Figure A4. Effect of Including or Excluding Controls for Group & Individual Liberalism on the Average of Feminine Category Frequency and Mention Figure A5. Frequency of First Mention of Feminine Category among Women (raw means, by individual woman) Figure A6. Men’s Mention of Men’s Issues Versus Mention of Women’s Issues (raw means) B. Dictionaries Used for Content Analysis associated with “poor” (LIWC) poor* poverty those in need people in need person in need someone in need somebody in need lower class less fortunate homeless hungry hunger have-not have nots people on welfare person on welfare those on welfare people who need economic assistance who need economic assistance person who needs economic assistance people who need help those who need help person who help needy in need those who have less people who have less
person who has less beggar* hard up hard-up indigen* dead penniless poverty-stricken in financial trouble alms bankrup* economically dependent financially dependent down-and-out guttersnipe* mendicant* pauper* poverty street person street people suppliant* vagrant vagrants ward of the state wards of the state indigent* those who are lacking low socio-economic status food stamps destitut* low earner the bottom low income lower income lowest income don't have a home starv* hardship impoverish* indigence* privation* penniless* associated with “needy” (LIWC) safety net get by die* eat* starv* surviv* in the street in the streets minimum standard of living bare minimum minimum wage you can live able to live struggle* Words associated with “salary” (LIWC) salar* wage wages paid earn* Words associated with “family” (LIWC) family families parent* mother* father* kin relatives household* brother brothers sister sisters associated with “children” (LIWC) child* kid kids young youth adult young adults student* 18 year old 18 year olds 18-year-old* eighteen-year-old adolescent* baby babies youngster* infant* juvenile* kiddie*
little ones minors newborn* preteen* teen* toddler* tot tots boy girl boys girls Words associated with “tax” (LIWC) taxpayer* tax-payer* tax payer tax payers those who pay tax people who pay tax person who pays tax those who pay taxes people who pay person who pays taxes tax taxes taxation Words associated with “rich” (LIWC) rich wealthy CEO* affluent people who are loaded those who are loaded person who is loaded someone who is loaded moneyed monied of independent means of substantial means people with means those with means person with means of means rolling in it rolling in the dough upper class at the very top nouveau riche upper crust high earner highest level person at the top extremely well highest bracket making the most