World Meteorological Organization COMMISSION FOR BASIC SYSTEMS Sixteenth Session Guangzhou, China, 23 to 29 November 2016 CBS-16/Doc. 3.3(1) Submitted by: Secretary-General 31.X.2016 DRAFT 1 AGENDA ITEM 3: DECISIONS RELATED TO TECHNICAL REGULATIONS, ASSOCIATED GUIDES AND GUIDANCE MATERIAL AGENDA ITEM 3.3: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE MANUAL ON CODES BUFR, GRIB, WIGOS METADATA, METCE, TIMESERIESML, COLLECT, TRADITIONAL ALPHANUMERIC CODES SUMMARY DECISIONS/ACTIONS REQUIRED: (a) draft Decision — Reporting observations in BUFR; (b) draft Decision — Experimental implementation of FM 92 GRIB (Edition 3); (c) draft Decision — Removal of FM 92-XI EXT. GRIB from the Manual on Codes; (d) Adopt draft Decision — Provisional operational implementation of data representation for WIGOS metadata; (e) Adopt draft Decision — Amendments to the METCE data representation; (f) Adopt draft Recommendation — Amendments to code tables supporting WIGOS metadata; (g) Adopt draft Recommendation — Recognition of TimeSeriesML for the representation of time series information; (h) Adopt draft Recommendation — Amendment to the COLLECT-XML data representation; (i) Adopt draft Recommendation — Ceasing maintenance of Traditional Alphanumeric Codes. CONTENT OF DOCUMENT: The Table of Contents is available only electronically as a Document Map*. DRAFT DECISIONS Draft Decision 3.3(1)/1 (CBS-16) REPORTING OBSERVATIONS IN BUFR THE COMMISSION FOR BASIC SYSTEMS, Recalling that CBS-Ext.(2014) had reviewed progress with migration to Table Driven Code Forms (TDCF) and confirmed the requirement to exchange World Weather Watch information in those representations,
Horizontal Domain Section Template 4.3 – Stretched and rotated latitude/longitude regular grid on ellipsoidal planet Component Code Component Name 4.0 Ellipsoid of revolution defined with axis lengths 4.1 Latitude/longitude regular grid 4.2 Rotation of latitude/longitude coordinate system 4.3 Stretching of latitude/longitude coordinate system TEMPLATES USED IN SECTION 5 (VERTICAL DOMAIN SECTION) Vertical Coordinate Template 5.0 – Vertical level Component Code Component Name Description 5.0 Vertical level Single Vertical Coordinate Template 5.1 – Vertical layer Component Code Component Name Description 5.1 Vertical TEMPLATES USED IN SECTION 6 (GENERATING PROCESS SECTION) Generating Process Template 6.0 – Forecast, analysis or observation Component Code Component Name Description 6.0 Process type and identifier Generating Process Template 6.1 – Individual ensemble forecast or analysis Component Code Component Name Description 6.0 Process type and identifier 6.1 Ensemble size 6.2 Ensemble member Generating Process Template 6.2 – Statistical post-processing of all ensemble members Component Code Component Name Description 6.0 Process type and identifier 6.1 Ensemble size 6.3 Statistical post-processing of
The value(s) for programAffiliation shall be taken from the code table published online at . Requirement Representativeness The value for representativeness, if supplied, shall be taken from the code table published online at . 241.12 Requirements Class: Observation Segment 241.12.1 Requirements class Observation Segment contains a set of rules applicable to the XML encoding of OM_Observation that is referred to as an observation segment in WIGOS. See Table 241-12. Table 241-12. Requirements class: Observation Segment Requirements Class http://def.wmo.int/wmdr/2016/req/observation-segment Target Type Data Instance Name Observation Segment Requirement Observation Feature of Interest XML encodings of OM_Observation (observation segments) in shall use O&M Spatial Sampling Features to describe the om:featureOfInterest as a feature with geometry describing the geometric location or range of the observations. Requirement Observation Process XML encodings of OM_Observation (observation segments) in WIGOS shall have use the WIGOS Process type to describe the om:procedure. Requirement Observation Segment Valid http://def.wmo.int/wmdr/2016/req/observation-segment/segment-valid XML encodings of OM_Observation (observation segments) shall conform to the XML form for OM_Observation specified in the ISO 19156 O&M XML schema at .
# Path Name Definition WMO306_CD 6 >Earth>Crustal motion (horizontal and vertical) Crustal motion (horizontal and vertical) Changes in time of the position and height of the Earth plates. Indicative of the lithosphere dynamics, thus useful for earthquake prediction. NA 7 >Earth>Crustal plates positioning Crustal plates positioning Basis for monitoring the evolution of the lithosphere dynamics. NA 8 >Earth>Earth Rotation Earth Rotation Rotation velocity of the Earth, determining the length of the day. NA 9 >Earth>Geoid Geoid Equipotential surface which would coincide exactly with the mean ocean surface of the Earth, if the oceans were in equilibrium, at rest, and extended through the continents (such as with very narrow channels). NA 10 >Earth>Geomagnetic field Geomagnetic field Magnitude and direction of the 3D magnetic field on the surface of Earth and within the magnetosphere. NA 11 >Earth>Gravity field Gravity Indicative of the statics and dynamics of the lithosphere and the mantle. NA 12 >Earth>Gravity gradients Gravity gradients Gradient of the gravity field measured at the satellite orbital height. NA 13 Bathymetry NA 18 >Ocean>Basic Physical Properties>Pressure Pressure Pressure(depth) measured by CTD. 37 >Atmosphere>Aerological soundings Aerological soundings NA NA 39 density Atmospheric density 3D field of density of the atmosphere. NA 44 >Atmosphere>Integrated air samples Integrated air samples NA NA 56 >Atmosphere>Special phenomena Special phenomena NA NA 57 >Atmosphere>State of ground State of ground NA NA 62 >Ocean>Currents>Ocean Current - Direction Current - Direction NA 63 >Ocean>Currents>Ocean Current - Speed Current - Speed Ocean motion measured at various depth levels.
64 dynamic topography (ODT) Ocean dynamic topography (ODT) Deviation of sea level from the geoid caused by ocean currents (after corrections for tides and atmospheric pressure effects). 65 >Ocean>Currents>Ocean surface currents (vector) Ocean surface currents (vector) Water flow on ocean surface. 67 species>Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) The cumulated concentration of inorganic carbon species (dissolved carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, bicarbonate and carbonate) in solution. 68 species>Dissolved organic carbon Dissolved organic carbon NA 69 species>Dissolved organic nitrogen Dissolved organic nitrogen NA 70 attenuation coefficient (DAC), turbidity Diffuse attenuation coefficient (DAC), turbidity Indicator of turbidity and vertical processes in the ocean, extracted from ocean colour observation. 71 concentration Chlorophyll concentration Indicator of living phytoplankton biomass, extracted from colour observation. 72 suspended sediments concentration Ocean suspended sediments concentration Variable extracted from ocean colour observation. Indicative of river outflow, re-suspension or pollution of other-than-biological origin. 73 spill cover Oil spill cover Fraction of an ocean area polluted by hydrocarbons released from ships or off-shore platforms, accidentally or deliberately. 74 >Ocean>Biology>Primary production Primary production NA 75 surface Mass Flux Sea surface Mass Flux Sea Surface Mass Flux. 76 surface heat flux Sea surface heat flux Sea Surface Heat Flux. 77 >Ocean>Topography>Sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) Sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) Sea surface height anomaly. Concentration
78 alkalinity (AT) Total alkalinity (AT) The amount of acid necessary to titrate all weak bases in seawater. 79 pH The hydrogen ion concentration in seawater, is a measure of acidity and alkalinity. oceanPH 82 (metasilicate) SiO3= (metasilicate) NA 84 Gas>N2, Ar, O2 N2, Ar, O2 NA oceanN2ArO2 85 >Ocean>Other Gas>O2/Ar ratio O2/Ar ratio NA 86 >Ocean>Other Gas>Ocean subsurface dissolved oxygen concentration Ocean subsurface dissolved oxygen concentration of dissolved oxygen. 87 >Ocean>Other Gas>Oxygen, dissolved Oxygen, dissolved NA 89 spectral radiance spectral radiance Upward spectral radiance from the ocean surface, i.e. amount of light leaving the ocean per unit area, per wavelength and per solid angle. 90 >Ocean>Reactive Gas>C2H6S (dimethylsulfide, DMS) (dimethylsulfide, DMS) NA oceanDMS 91 >Ocean>Basic Physical Properties>Ocean salinity Ocean salinity 3D field of salinity of the ocean Requested in upper and deep ocean. oceanSalinity 92 >Ocean>Basic Physical Properties>Sea surface salinity Sea surface salinity Salinity of sea water in the surface layer. In the open ocean the correct term should be “halinity” with reference of the diversity of salts involved. 94 Physical Properties>Ocean temperature Ocean temperature 3D field of temperature of the ocean Requested in upper and deep ocean. 95 Physical Properties>Sea surface temperature Sea surface temperature Temperature of the sea at surface. This includes both or either of the “bulk” temperature refers to the depth of typically 2 m, and the “skin” temperature refers to within the upper 1 mm.
96 sea level (tide) Coastal sea level (tide) Deviation of sea level from local references in coastal zones, caused by local currents and tides (astronomical and 98 wave direction Dominant wave direction The direction of the most energetic wave in the spectrum. 99 wave period Dominant wave period The period of the most energetic wave in the wave spectrum. 100 wave height Significant wave height Average amplitude of the highest 30 out of of 100 waves. 101 >Ocean>Waves>Wave 1D energy frequency spectrum Wave 1D energy frequency spectrum The total wave energy in each frequency band (e.g. 25 frequency bands) regardless of the direction of propagation. Colloquially referred to as the "1D wave spectrum". 102 >Ocean>Waves>Wave directional energy frequency spectrum Wave directional energy frequency spectrum Describes The wave energy travelling in each direction and frequency band (e.g. 24 distinct azimuth sectors each 15° wide, and 25 frequency bands). Colloquially referred to as the "2D wave spectrum". 103 >Ocean>Wind>Wind stress Wind stress The shear force per unit area exerted by wind blowing over the sea surface. 104 Space>Energetic particles / solar wind >Electron flux energy spectrum Electron flux energy spectrum Flux density energy spectrum of low-, medium-, and high-energy electrons from the magnetosphere, the radiation or the interplanetary medium. NA 105 >Outer Space>Energetic particles / solar wind >Electrostatic charge Electrostatic charge Measurement of the electrostatic charge of a satellite accumulated because of the environmental situation. NA 106 >Outer Space>Energetic particles / solar wind >Heavy ion angular flux energy and mass spectrum Heavy ion angular flux energy and mass spectrum Flux density energy and mass spectrum of heavy ions ranging from Helium to Iron, per unit solid angle. NA 107 Space>Energetic particles / solar wind Heavy ion flux energy and mass spectrum Flux density energy and mass spectrum of ions ranging from Helium to Iron. NA
Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) 120 >Outer Space>Ionospheric disturbances>Ionospheric plasma density Ionospheric plasma density Total number of ionized particles in a volume unit of ionospheric plasma. NA 121 >Outer Space>Ionospheric disturbances>Ionospheric plasma velocity Ionospheric plasma velocity Velocity of bulk plasma or electrons (depending on measurement technique) as a function of altitude in the ionosphere. NA 122 >Outer Space>Ionospheric disturbances>Spread F Spread F Vertical thickness of highly structured ion density in the F-region of the ionosphere. NA 123 >Outer Space>Ionospheric disturbances>foEs foEs The highest ordinary-wave frequency reflected back from a sporadic E layer and observed by an ionosonde. NA 124 >Outer Space>Ionospheric disturbances>foF2 foF2 Critical frequency of the F2 layer of the ionosphere. This critical frequency (f, in MHz) is associated with the electron density. NA 125 Space>Ionospheric disturbances>h'F h'F Virtual height of the bottom of the ionospheric F-layer. NA 126 Space>Ionospheric disturbances>hmF2 hmF2 Altitude of the peak density in the ionospheric F2 layer. NA 127 Space>Solar monitoring>EUV flux EUV flux Radiative flux integrated over the EUV band. NA 128 >Outer Space>Solar monitoring>EUV flux spectrum EUV flux spectrum Energy spectrum of the radiative flux measured in the EUV band. NA 129 >Outer Space>Solar monitoring>EUV sky image EUV sky Extreme Ultra-Violet (EUV) image of the sky. NA 130 >Outer Space>Solar monitoring>Gamma-ray flux Gamma-ray flux Radiative flux integrated over the gamma-ray domain. NA
131 >Outer Space>Solar monitoring>Gamma-ray flux spectrum Gamma-ray flux spectrum Energy spectrum of the radiative flux measured in the gamma-ray domain. NA 132 >Outer Space>Solar monitoring>Heliospheric image Heliospheric image Image of the interplanetary space between the Sun and Earth NA 133 Space>Solar monitoring>Radio-waves Radio-waves Travelling radio-waves of solar, galactic and extragalactic origin, entering the Earth's environment. NA 134 >Outer Space>Solar monitoring>Solar Ca II-K image Ca II-K image Image of the Sun in the K-line of Ca-II(393.4 nm). NA 135 >Outer Space>Solar monitoring>Solar EUV flux Solar EUV flux Integrated Extreme Ultra-Violet (EUV) flux over the solar disk. NA 136 >Outer Space>Solar monitoring>Solar EUV flux spectrum EUV flux spectrum Energy spectrum of the Extreme Ultra-Violet (EUV) flux integrated over the solar disk. NA 137 >Outer Space>Solar monitoring>Solar EUV image EUV image Images of the Sun in the Extreme Ultra-Violet (EUV) wavelengths. NA 138 Space>Solar monitoring>Solar H-alpha image Solar H-alpha image Image of the Sun in the Hydrogen-alpha transition wavelength (656.3 nm). NA 139 >Outer Space>Solar monitoring>Solar flux Solar Lyman-alpha flux Solar flux in the Hydrogen Lyman-alpha transition wavelength (121.6 nm). NA 140 >Outer Space>Solar monitoring>Solar image Solar Lyman-alpha image Image of the Sun in the Hydrogen Lyman-alpha transition wavelength (121.6 nm). NA 141 >Outer Space>Solar monitoring>Solar UV flux Solar UV flux Integrated Ultra-Violet (UV) flux over the solar disk. NA 142 >Outer Space>Solar monitoring>Solar UV flux spectrum Solar UV flux spectrum Energy spectrum of the Ultra-Violet (UV) flux integrated over the solar disk. NA alpha
143 >Outer Space>Solar monitoring>Solar UV image UV image Images of the Sun in the Ultra-Violet (UV) wavelengths. NA 144 Space>Solar monitoring>Solar VIS flux Solar VIS flux Integrated VIS (energy at visible wavelengths) flux over the solar disk NA 145 >Outer Space>Solar monitoring>Solar VIS flux spectrum Solar VIS flux spectrum Energy spectrum of the integrated VIS (energy at visible wavelengths) flux over the disk. NA 146 Space>Solar monitoring>Solar VIS image Solar VIS image Images of the Sun in the VIS (visible) wavelengths. NA 147 >Outer Space>Solar monitoring>Solar X-ray flux Solar X-ray flux Integrated X-ray flux over the solar disk. NA 148 >Outer Space>Solar monitoring>Solar X-ray flux spectrum X-ray flux spectrum Energy spectrum of the X-ray flux integrated over the solar disk. NA 149 >Outer Space>Solar monitoring>Solar X-ray image Solar X-ray image Image of the Sun in X-ray wavelengths. NA 150 >Outer Space>Solar monitoring>Solar coronagraphic image coronagraphic image Image of the solar corona surrounding the Sun. NA 151 Space>Solar monitoring>Solar electric field Solar electric field Map of magnitude and direction of the electric field at the solar surface (photosphere). NA 152 >Outer Space>Solar monitoring>Solar flux Solar gamma-ray flux Integrated gamma-ray flux over the solar disk. NA 153 >Outer Space>Solar monitoring>Solar flux spectrum Solar gamma-ray flux spectrum Energy spectrum of the gamma-ray flux integrated over the solar disk. NA 154 >Outer Space>Solar monitoring>Solar magnetic field Solar magnetic field Vector magnetic field (1D or 3D) at the solar surface (photosphere/chromosphere). NA
168 >Terrestrial>Lake>Lake level Lake level Map of the height of the lake surface. NA 171 >Terrestrial>River>River discharge River discharge Volume of water flowing through a river per unit of time. NA 172 >Terrestrial>River>River stage (level above reference) River stage (level above reference) NA NA 174 >Terrestrial>Well>Well discharge Well discharge NA NA 179 amount Cloud amount NA NA 180 cover Cloud cover NA NA 181 drop effective radius Cloud drop effective radius Size distribution of liquid water drops, assimilated to spheres of the same volume. Considered as both a 3D field throughout the troposphere and a 2D field at the top of cloud surface. NA 182 hydrometeor concentration Cloud hydrometeor concentration NA NA 183 radius of cloud hydrometeors Effective radius of cloud hydrometeors NA NA 186 layer depth in clouds Melting layer depth in clouds of the atmospheric layer in cloud where liquid-solid states transform into each other. NA 188 occurrence PSC occurrence 3D of Polar Stratospheric Clouds occurrence. NA 192 Gas>CH4 CH4 CH4 NA 193 Gas>CH4 [C-13] CH4 [C-13] CH4 with C-13 isotope NA 194 Gas>CO2 CO2 CO2 NA 195 Gas>CO2 [C-13] CO2 [C-13] CO2 with C-13 isotope NA
196 Gas>CO2 [O-18] CO2 [O-18] CO2 with O-18 isotope NA 201 Gas>N2O N2O N2O NA 203 Gas>SF6 SF6 SF6 NA 204 Gas>SO2F2 (sulphuryl fluoride) SO2F2 (sulphuryl fluoride) (sulphuryl fluoride) NA 205 >Atmosphere>Other Gas>H2 H2 H2 NA 206 >Atmosphere>Other Gas>H2O (as a chemical species) H2O (as a chemical species) H20 as a chemical species relevant for atmospheric chemistry. NA 207 Gas>HDO (as a chemical species) HDO (as a chemical species) HDO (water vapour with one hydrogen nucleus replaced by its deuterium isotope). NA 210 of precipitation Amount of precipitation NA NA 211 Duration NA NA 212 of precipitation Intensity of precipitation NA NA 213 during last period (yes/no) Occurrence during last period (yes/no) NA NA 214 of ice accretion Rate of ice accretion NA NA 215 of precipitation Type of precipitation NA NA 216 pressure Atmospheric pressure NA NA
217 of pressure tendency Characteristic of pressure tendency NA NA 218 tendency Pressure tendency NA NA 219 [Be-7] Beryllium [Be-7] NA NA 220 [C-14] CO2 [C-14] CO2 with C-14 isotope NA 221 [Kr-85] Krypton [Kr-85] Krypton (Kr-85 isotope) NA 222 [Pb-210] Lead [Pb-210] Lead (Pb-210 isotope) NA 223 [Rn-222] Radon [Rn-222] Radon (Rn-222 isotope) NA 224 temperature (at specified distance from reference surface) Air temperature (at specified distance from reference surface) NA NA 225 temperature (at specified distance from reference surface) Dew-point temperature (at specified distance from reference surface) NA NA 226 temperature (min, max) (at specified distance from reference surface) Extreme temperature (min, max) (at specified distance from reference surface) NA NA 227 profile Temperature profile NA NA 229 visual range Runway visual NA NA 230 Visibility NA NA
231 >Terrestrial>Land surface>Braking action/friction coefficient Braking action/friction coefficient NA NA 232 >Terrestrial>Land surface>Coastlines Coastlines Location of coastline. NA 236 >Terrestrial>Land surface>Land cover Land cover Fraction of an area that is land. NA 237 >Terrestrial>Land surface>Land surface topography Land surface topography Height of land surface. NA 239 >Terrestrial>Land surface>Runway conditions Runway conditions NA NA 243 >Terrestrial>Land surface>Wetland extent Wetland extent Fraction of an area flood by water. NA 245 >Terrestrial>Soil>Soil heat Flux Soil heat Flux NA NA 246 >Terrestrial>Soil>Soil type Soil type Classification of the type of soil. NA 248 calculations (e.g., trajectories) Transport calculations (e.g., trajectories) NA NA 249 Turbulence Kinetic energy density of turbulent motion of the air. NA 250 type (low levels and wake vortex) Turbulence type (low levels and wake vortex) NA NA 251 (at specified distance from reference surface) Humidity (at specified distance from reference surface) NA NA 252 water vapour Integrated water vapour NA NA 253 mixing ratio Mass mixing ratio NA NA
254 wetness duration Object wetness duration NA NA 255 vapour pressure Water vapour pressure NA NA 256 profile Watervapor profile NA NA 257 discharge energy Lightning discharge energy NA NA 258 discharge polarity Lightning discharge polarity NA NA 259 discharge rates Lightning discharge rates NA NA 260 discharge type (cloud to cloud, cloud to surface) Lightning discharge type (cloud to cloud, cloud to surface) NA NA 262 ozone Surface ozone NA NA 263 column ozone Total column ozone NA NA 264 ozone profile Vertical profile NA NA 265 >Atmosphere>Past weather>Past weather Past weather NA NA 266 >Atmosphere>Present weather>Present weather Present weather NA NA 267 luminance Background luminance NA NA 270 duration Sunshine duration NA NA 271 albedo Surface albedo NA NA
273 radiation UV-B radiation NA NA 274 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>BrO (bromine monoxide) BrO (bromine monoxide) NA NA 275 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>C2Cl4 (tetrachloroethene) (tetrachloroethene) NA NA 276 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>C2HCl3 (trichloroethene) C2HCl3 (trichloroethene) NA NA 277 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>CH2Br2 (dibrimomethane) CH2Br2 (dibrimomethane) NA NA 278 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>CH2Cl2 (dichloromethane) CH2Cl2 (dichloromethane) NA NA 279 >Atmosphere>Reactive (methylbromide) CH3Br (methylbromide) NA NA 280 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>CH3Cl (methylchloride) CH3Cl (methylchloride) NA NA 281 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>CH3I (methyliodide) CH3I (methyliodide) NA NA 282 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>CHBr3 (bromoform) CHBr3 (bromoform) NA NA 283 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>CHCl3 (chloroform) CHCl3 (chloroform) NA NA 284 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>CO CO NA NA 285 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>COF2 (difluoromethanal, carbonyl fluoride) COF2 (difluoromethanal, carbonyl fluoride) NA NA
286 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>ClO (chlorine monoxide) ClO (chlorine monoxide) NA NA 287 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) NA NA 288 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>HCl (hydrochloric acid) HCl (hydrochloric acid) NA NA 289 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>HF (hydrofluoric acid) HF (hydrofluoric acid) NA NA 291 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>ROOH ROOH NA NA 294 >Atmosphere>Total Atmospheric Acidity/Alkalinity NA NA 295 >Atmosphere>Total Atmospheric Deposition>Electric conductivity Electric conductivity NA NA 296 >Atmosphere>Total Atmospheric Deposition>Hydrogen ion (H+) or pH Hydrogen ion (H+) or pH NA NA 302 >Atmosphere>Total Atmospheric Deposition>Sulphur (S) Sulphur (S) NA NA 304 of cloud movement Direction of cloud movement NA NA 305 >Atmosphere>Wind>Gust Speed Gust NA NA 307 >Atmosphere>Wind>Wind (Z component, vertical) Wind (Z component, vertical) Z component of wind vector. NA
343 (phenanthrene), in precipitation C14H10 (phenanthrene), in precipitation NA NA 344 (phenanthrene), in total precipitation C14H10 (phenanthrene), in total precipitation NA NA 345 (pyrene), in air and aerosol C16H10 (pyrene), in air and aerosol NA NA 346 (Benz(a)anthracene), PM10 C18H12 (Benz(a)anthracene), PM10 NA NA 347 (Benz(a)anthracene), in aerosol C18H12 (Benz(a)anthracene), in aerosol NA NA 348 (Benz(a)anthracene), in air C18H12 (Benz(a)anthracene), in air NA NA 349 (Benz(a)anthracene), in air and aerosol C18H12 (Benz(a)anthracene), in air and aerosol NA NA 350 (Benz(a)anthracene), in precipitation C18H12 (Benz(a)anthracene), in precipitation NA NA 351 (Benz(a)anthracene), in total precipitation C18H12 (Benz(a)anthracene), in total precipitation NA NA
354 >Terrestrial>Land surface>Snow / Ice / Glacier>Permafrost Permafrost NA NA 356 Broadband UV Broadband NA NA 357 Erythemally weighted UV Erythemally weighted NA NA 358 Multiband UV Multiband NA NA 359 Spectral UV Spectral NA NA 361 properties - primary>Aerosol column burden (mass density) Aerosol column burden (mass density) Column burden of condensed particles in the atmosphere. NA 362 properties - primary>Aerosol effective radius Aerosol effective radius Mean aerosol particle size, defined as the ratio of the third and second moments of the number size distribution of aerosol particles. NA 364 properties - primary>Mass concentration (coarse) or Mass PM10 Mass concentration (coarse) or Mass PM10 NA NA 365 properties - primary>Mass concentration (fine) or Mass PM1 Mass concentration (fine) or Mass PM1 NA NA 366 properties - primary>Mass concentration (medium), PM2.5 Mass concentration (medium), PM2.5 NA NA
367 properties - primary>Mass concentration (size fractionated) Mass concentration (size fractionated) NA NA 368 properties - primary>Mass concentration (total aerosol) or Mass TSP Mass concentration (total aerosol) or Mass TSP NA NA 369 properties - primary>Number concentration Number concentration NA NA 370 properties - primary>Number size distribution, PM10 Number size distribution, PM10 NA NA 371 properties - primary>Number size distribution, total aerosol Number size distribution, total aerosol NA NA 373 water>Cloud liquid water (CLW) Cloud liquid water (CLW) Atmospheric water in the liquid phase (precipitating or not). NA 374 water>Cloud liquid water (CLW, total column) Cloud liquid water (CLW, total column) Atmospheric water in the liquid phase (precipitating or not). NA 375 (aldrin), in aerosol C12H8Cl6 (aldrin), in aerosol NA NA 376 (aldrin), in air C12H8Cl6 (aldrin), in air NA NA >Atmosphere>POPs>POP
377 (aldrin), in air and aerosol C12H8Cl6 (aldrin), in air and aerosol NA NA 378 (aldrin), in precipitation C12H8Cl6 (aldrin), in total precipitation NA NA 379 (aldrin), in wet precipitation C12H8Cl6 (aldrin), in wet precipitation NA NA 380 (hexachlorobenzene, HCB), in air C6Cl6 (hexachlorobenzene, HCB), in air NA NA 381 alpha-lindane, in aerosol C6H6Cl6 alpha-lindane, alpha-HCH), in aerosol NA NA 382 alpha-lindane, in air C6H6Cl6 alpha-HCH), in air NA NA 383 alpha-lindane, in wet precipitation C6H6Cl6 alpha-HCH), in wet precipitation NA NA 384 gamma-lindane, in air C6H6Cl6 gamma-HCH), in air NA NA 385 C6H6Cl6 NA NA
compounds>HNO3 (nitric acid) 395 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>Nitrogen containing compounds>NO NO NA NA 396 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>Nitrogen containing compounds>NO2 NO2 NA NA 397 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>Nitrogen containing compounds>NOx NOx NA NA 398 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>Nitrogen containing compounds>NOy NOy NA NA 399 species>PO4= (phosphate) PO4= (phosphate) Phosphate concentration in sea water. 400 species>Total organic phosphorus organic phosphorus NA 401 / Ice / Glacier>Ice>Sea-ice cover Sea-ice cover Fraction of an ocean area where ice is present. seaIceCover 402 >Ocean>Snow / Ice / Glacier>Ice>Sea-ice elevation Sea-ice elevation Elevation of the surface of the sea-ice sheet above sea level. 403 >Ocean>Snow / Ice / Glacier>Ice>Sea-ice motion Sea-ice motion Sea-ice motion. seaIceMotion 404 >Ocean>Snow / Ice / Glacier>Ice>Sea-ice surface characteristics Sea-ice surface characteristics Sea-ice surface characteristics (albedo, meltpond, dust, snow properties, temperature). 405 >Ocean>Snow / Ice / Glacier>Ice>Sea-ice surface temperature Sea-ice surface temperature Temperature of the surface of sea-ice.
406 >Ocean>Snow / Ice / Glacier>Ice>Sea-ice thickness Sea-ice thickness Thickness of the ice sheet. 407 >Ocean>Snow / Ice / Glacier>Ice>Sea-ice type Sea-ice type Categorization of the type of sea ice. seaIceType 408 Transmissivity NA 409 Space>Energetic particles / solar wind >Particle density>Solar wind density Solar wind density Density of solar wind plasma. NA 410 Surface Temperature Lake Surface Temperature Temperature of the lake surface. NA 411 properties - secondary>CCN concentration at single supersaturation CCN concentration at single supersaturation NA NA 412 properties - secondary>CCN concentration spectra CCN concentration spectra NA NA 413 properties - secondary>Hygroscopic growth factor, 110 μm equivalent Hygroscopic growth factor, 110 μm equivalent NA NA 414 properties - secondary>Hygroscopic growth factor, 165 μm equivalent Hygroscopic growth factor, 165 μm equivalent NA NA
415 properties - secondary>Hygroscopic growth factor, 35 μm equivalent Hygroscopic growth factor, 35 μm equivalent NA NA 416 properties - secondary>Hygroscopic growth factor, 50 μm equivalent Hygroscopic growth factor, 50 μm equivalent NA NA 417 properties - secondary>Hygroscopic growth factor, 75 μm equivalent Hygroscopic growth factor, 75 μm equivalent NA NA 418 properties - secondary>Hygroscopic growth factor, total aerosol Hygroscopic growth factor, total aerosol NA NA 419 Gas>PFCs>C2F6 (hexafluoroethane, C2F6 (hexafluoroethane, PFC-116) NA NA 420 Gas>PFCs>C3F8 (octafluoropropane, C3F8 (octafluoropropane, PFC-218) NA NA 421 Gas>PFCs>CF4 (tetrafluoromethane, carbon tetrafluoride, perfluoromethane, CF4 (tetrafluoromethane, carbon tetrafluoride, perfluoromethane, PFC-14) NA NA
432 direction from station Lightning direction from station NA NA 433 distance from station Lightning distance from station NA NA 434 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C2H2 (ethyne, acetylene) C2H2 (ethyne, acetylene) NA NA 435 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C2H2O2 (oxaldehyde, ethanedial) C2H2O2 (oxaldehyde, ethanedial) NA NA 436 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C2H4 (ethene) C2H4 (ethene) NA NA 437 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C2H6 (ethane) C2H6 (ethane) NA NA 438 >Atmosphere>Reactive (dimethylsulfide, DMS) (dimethylsulfide, DMS) NA NA 439 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C3H4 (propyne) C3H4 (propyne) NA NA 440 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C3H4O acrolein) C3H4O (prop-2-enal, acrolein) NA NA 441 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C3H4O2 methylglyoxal) C3H4O2 methylglyoxal) NA NA 442 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C3H6 (propene) C3H6 (propene) NA NA 443 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C3H6O (acetone, propanone) (acetone, propanone) NA NA
444 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C3H6O (propanal) C3H6O (propanal) NA NA 445 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C3H8 (propane) C3H8 (propane) NA NA 446 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C4H6 butadiene) C4H6 (1,3-butadiene, butadiene) NA NA 447 >Atmosphere>Reactive methacrolein) C4H6O methacrolein) NA NA 448 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C4H6O methylvinylketone) C4H6O methylvinylketone) NA NA 449 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C4H8 C4H8 (1-butene) NA NA 450 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C4H8 (sum of butenes) C4H8 (sum of butenes) NA NA 451 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C4H8O methylethylketone) C4H8O (butan-2-one, methylethylketone) NA NA 452 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C4H8O (butanal isomers) C4H8O (butanal isomers) NA NA 453 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C5H10 C5H10 (1-pentene) NA NA 454 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C5H10 C5H10 NA NA
455 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C5H10 C5H10 NA NA 456 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C5H10 NA NA 457 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C5H10 (cyclopentane) C5H10 (cyclopentane) NA NA 458 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C5H10 (sum of 1-pentene & C5H10 (sum of & NA NA 459 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C5H10 (sum of pentenes) C5H10 (sum of pentenes) NA NA 460 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C5H10O (pentanal, valeraldehyde) C5H10O (pentanal, valeraldehyde) NA NA 461 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C5H12 & C4H8 (sum of & C5H12 & C4H8 (sum of & NA NA 462 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C5H12 C5H12 NA NA 463 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C5H14 C5H14 NA NA 464 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C5H8 isoprene) C5H8 isoprene) NA NA
465 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C5H8 (cyclopentene) C5H8 (cyclopentene) NA NA 466 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C5Hn (n={10, 8}; sum of & cyclopentene) C5Hn (n={10, 8}; sum of & cyclopentene) NA NA 467 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C5Hn (n={12, 10}; sum of n-pentane & cyclopentane) C5Hn (n={12, 10}; sum of n-pentane & cyclopentane) NA NA 468 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C6H12 (cyclohexane) C6H12 (cyclohexane) NA NA 469 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C6H12 (methylcyclopentane) (methylcyclopentane) NA NA 470 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C6H12O (hexanal isomers) C6H12O (hexanal isomers) NA NA 471 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C6H14 C6H14 NA NA 472 >Atmosphere>Reactive C6H14 NA NA 473 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C6H14 C6H14 NA NA 474 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C6H14 (n-hexane) NA NA 475 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C6H14 (sum of methylpentanes) (sum of methylpentanes) NA NA
476 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C6H6 (benzene) C6H6 (benzene) NA NA 477 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C6Hn (n={14, 12}; sum of & cyclohexane) C6Hn (n={14, 12}; sum of & cyclohexane) NA NA 478 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C6Hn (n={14, 12}; sum of & methylcyclopentane C6Hn (n={14, 12}; sum of & methylcyclopentane NA NA 479 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C6Hn (n={14, 12}; sum of & methylcyclopentane C6Hn (n={14, 12}; sum of & methylcyclopentane NA NA 480 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C7H16 (sum of methylhexanes) C7H16 (sum of methylhexanes) NA NA 481 >Atmosphere>Reactive (benzene carbaldehyde) C7H6O (benzene carbaldehyde) NA NA 482 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C7H8 (toluene) C7H8 (toluene) NA NA 483 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C8H10 (ethylbenzene) C8H10 (ethylbenzene) NA NA 484 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C8H10 C8H10 (m-xylene) NA NA 485 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>C8H10 C8H10 (o-xylene) NA NA
498 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>i-C4H8 i-C4H8 NA NA 499 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>i-C5H12 i-C5H12 NA NA 500 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>i-C7H16 isoheptane) i-C7H16 isoheptane) NA NA 501 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>n-C4H10 (n-butane) NA NA 502 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>n-C5H12 n-C5H12 (n-pentane) NA NA 503 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>n-C7H16 n-C7H16 (n-heptane) NA NA 504 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>t-C4H8 t-C4H8 NA NA 505 >Atmosphere>Reactive Gas>VOC>t-C5H10 (trans-2-pentene) t-C5H10 NA NA 506 optical depth optical depth Effective depth of a cloud from the viewpoint of radiation propagation. NA 507 properties>Optical depth of fog Optical depth of fog NA NA
526 type Obscuration type NA NA 527 moisture (in the region) Soil moisture (in the region) Fractional content of water in a volume of wet soil. Typically in a layer from the surface down to approximately 3m. NA 528 moisture at surface Soil moisture at surface Fractional content of water in a volume of wet soil. Surface layer (upper few centimetres). NA 529 >Atmosphere>Total Atmospheric Deposition>Inorganic acid>Strong acids Strong acids NA NA 531 of base Height of cloud base NA NA 532 of cloud top Height of cloud top NA NA 533 of inversion Height of inversion NA NA 534 HCFC-141b) C2H3Cl2F NA NA 535 Gas>HCFCs>C2H3ClF2 C2H3ClF2 HCFC-142b) NA NA 536 Gas>HCFCs>C2H3F3 (1,1,1-trifluoroethane, HCFC-143a) C2H3F3 HCFC-143a) NA NA 537 Gas>HCFCs>CHClF2 (chlorodifluoromethane, HCFC-22) CHClF2 HCFC-22) NA NA
546 >Atmosphere>Total Atmospheric Deposition>Inorganic cations>Magnesium (Mg++) Magnesium (Mg++) NA NA 547 >Atmosphere>Total Atmospheric Deposition>Inorganic cations>Potassium (K+) Potassium (K+) NA NA 548 >Atmosphere>Total Atmospheric Deposition>Inorganic cations>Sodium (Na+) Sodium (Na+) NA NA 549 >Ocean>Other Gas>CTD>pO2 pO2 NA oceanPO2 550 of Type of cloud Cloud type classification. NA 551 of high clouds Type of high clouds NA NA 552 of low clouds Type of low clouds NA NA 553 of middle clouds Type of middle clouds NA NA 554 Gas>HFCs>C2H2F4 C2H2F4 HFC-134a) NA NA 555 Gas>HFCs>C2H4F2 (1,1-difluoroethane, C2H4F2 NA NA 556 Gas>HFCs>C2HF5 C2HF5 (pentafluoroethane, HFC-125) NA NA
(pentafluoroethane, 557 Gas>HFCs>C3H2F6 C3H2F6 HFC-236fa) NA NA 558 Gas>HFCs>C3H3F5 C3H3F5 HFC-245fa) NA NA 559 Gas>HFCs>C3HF7 HFC-227ea) NA NA 560 Gas>HFCs>C4H5F5 C4H5F5 HFC-365mfc) NA NA 561 Gas>HFCs>CH2F2 (difluoromethane, HFC-32) CH2F2 (difluoromethane, HFC-32) NA NA 562 Gas>HFCs>CHF3 (trifluoromethane, CHF3 (trifluoromethane, HFC-23) NA NA 563 >Terrestrial>Land of Absorbed PAR (FAPAR) Fraction of Absorbed PAR (FAPAR) Fraction of PAR absorbed by vegetation (land or marine) for photosynthesis processes (generally around the 'red' frequencies). NA
564 >Terrestrial>Land Active Radiation (PAR) Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) Flux of downwelling photons of wavelength 400-700 nm. NA 565 radiation (direction unspecified) Long-wave radiation (direction unspecified) NA NA 566 radiation (downwelling) Long-wave radiation (downwelling) NA NA 567 radiation (upwelling) Long-wave radiation (upwelling) NA NA 568 >Atmosphere>Total Atmospheric Deposition>Inorganic nitrogen species>Ammonium (NH4+) Ammonium (NH4+) NA NA 569 >Atmosphere>Total Atmospheric Deposition>Inorganic nitrogen species>Nitrate (NO3-) Nitrate (NO3-) NA NA 570 >Atmosphere>Total Atmospheric Deposition>Inorganic nitrogen species>Nitrite (NO2-) Nitrite (NO2-) NA NA 571 solar radiation Diffuse radiation NA NA 572 solar radiation Direct solar radiation NA NA
573 solar radiation (downwelling) Global radiation (downwelling) NA NA 574 solar radiation (upwelling) Global solar radiation (upwelling) NA NA 575 solar radiation Reflected solar radiation NA NA 576 Atmospheric Deposition>Organic acid>Acetate (CH3COO-) Acetate (CH3COO-) NA NA 577 >Atmosphere>Total Atmospheric Deposition>Organic acid>Formate (HCOO-) Formate (HCOO-) NA NA 578 >Atmosphere>Total Atmospheric Deposition>Organic acid>Propionate (C2H5COO-) Propionate (C2H5COO-) NA NA 579 aerosol Acidity/Alkalinity, total aerosol NA NA 589 Gas>CFCs>C2Cl2F4 CFC-114) C2Cl2F4 CFC-114) NA NA 590 Gas>CFCs>C2Cl3F3 CFC-113) C2Cl3F3 NA NA
600 >Atmosphere>Total Atmospheric Deposition>Trace elements>Chromium (Cr) Chromium (Cr) NA NA 601 >Atmosphere>Total Atmospheric Deposition>Trace elements>Cobalt (Co) Cobalt (Co) NA NA 602 >Atmosphere>Total Atmospheric Deposition>Trace elements>Copper (Cu) Copper (Cu) NA NA 603 >Atmosphere>Total Atmospheric Deposition>Trace elements>Iron (Fe) Iron (Fe) NA NA 604 >Atmosphere>Total Atmospheric Deposition>Trace elements>Lead (Pb) Lead (Pb) NA NA 605 Atmospheric Deposition>Trace elements>Manganese (Mn) Manganese (Mn) NA NA 606 >Atmosphere>Total Atmospheric Deposition>Trace elements>Mercury (Hg) Mercury (Hg) NA NA 607 >Atmosphere>Total Atmospheric Deposition>Trace elements>Nickel (Ni) Nickel (Ni) NA NA 608 >Atmosphere>Total Atmospheric Vanadium (V) NA NA
617 anions>Chloride (Cl-), aerosol Chloride (Cl-), total aerosol NA NA 618 anions>Fluoride (F-), aerosol Fluoride (F-), total aerosol NA NA 619 anions>Sulphate (SO4=), corrected Sulphate (SO4=), corrected NA NA 620 anions>Sulphate (SO4=), Sulphate (SO4=), NA NA 621 anions>Sulphate (SO4=), PM10 Sulphate (SO4=), PM10 NA NA 622 anions>Sulphate (SO4=), total, PM2.5 Sulphate (SO4=), total, PM2.5 NA NA 623 carbonaceous>Elemental carbon (coarse), PM10 Elemental carbon (coarse), PM10 NA NA 624 carbonaceous>Elemental carbon, PM1 Elemental carbon, PM1 NA NA 625 Elemental carbon, PM2.5 NA NA
carbonaceous>Elemental carbon, PM2.5 626 carbonaceous>Total carbon (coarse), PM10 Total carbon (coarse), PM10 NA NA 627 >Terrestrial>Land surface>Snow / Ice / Glacier>Snow>Depth of fresh snowfall of fresh snowfall NA NA 628 >Terrestrial>Land surface>Snow / Ice / Glacier>Snow>Snow cover (fraction of area) Snow cover (fraction of area) Fraction of a given area which is covered by snow. NA 629 >Terrestrial>Land surface>Snow / Ice / Glacier>Snow>Snow depth Snow depth Vertical distance from the snow surface to the underlying surface (ground, glacier ice or sea ice). NA 630 >Terrestrial>Land surface>Snow / Ice / Glacier>Snow>Snow status (wet/dry) Snow status (wet/dry) Binary product (dry or melting/thawing) expressing the presence of liquid water in a snow layer. NA 631 >Terrestrial>Land surface>Snow / Ice / Glacier>Snow>Snow water equivalent Snow water equivalent Vertical of the water that would be obtained by melting a snow layer. Linked to snow depth through the density of the snow layer. NA 632 cations>Calcium (Ca++), PM10 Calcium (Ca++), PM10 NA NA 633 cations>Calcium (Ca++), PM2.5 Calcium (Ca++), PM2.5 NA NA
634 cations>Calcium (Ca++), aerosol Calcium (Ca++), total aerosol NA NA 635 cations>Magnesium (Mg++), PM10 Magnesium (Mg++), PM10 NA NA 636 cations>Magnesium (Mg++), PM2.5 Magnesium (Mg++), PM2.5 NA NA 637 cations>Magnesium (Mg++), total aerosol Magnesium (Mg++), total aerosol NA NA 638 cations>Potassium (K+), PM10 Potassium (K+), PM10 NA NA 639 cations>Potassium (K+), PM2.5 Potassium (K+), PM2.5 NA NA 640 cations>Potassium (K+), total aerosol Potassium (K+), total aerosol NA NA 641 cations>Sodium (Na+), PM10 Sodium (Na+), PM10 NA NA 642 Sodium (Na+), PM2.5 NA NA
cations>Sodium (Na+), PM2.5 643 cations>Sodium (Na+), aerosol Sodium (Na+), aerosol NA NA 644 nitrogen species>Ammonia (NH3), PM2.5 Ammonia (NH3), PM2.5 NA NA 645 nitrogen species>Ammonium (NH4+), PM10 Ammonium (NH4+), PM10 NA NA 646 nitrogen species>Ammonium (NH4+), PM2.5 Ammonium (NH4+), PM2.5 NA NA 647 nitrogen species>Ammonium (NH4+), total aerosol Ammonium (NH4+), total aerosol NA NA 648 nitrogen species>Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), total aerosol Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), total aerosol NA NA 649 nitrogen Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3, PM1 NA NA
species>Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3, PM1 650 nitrogen species>Nitrate (NO3-), PM10 Nitrate (NO3-), PM10 NA NA 651 nitrogen species>Nitrate (NO3-), PM2.5 Nitrate (NO3-), PM2.5 NA NA 652 nitrogen species>Nitrate (NO3-), aerosol Nitrate (NO3-), total aerosol NA NA 653 nitrogen species>Nitrite (NO2-), aerosol Nitrite (NO2-), aerosol NA NA 654 nitrogen species>Sum of ammonia (NH3) and ammonium (NH4+), in air and aerosol Sum of ammonia (NH3) and ammonium (NH4+), in air and aerosol NA NA 655 nitrogen species>Sum of nitric acid (HNO3) and nitrate (NO3-), in air and aerosol Sum of nitric acid (HNO3) and nitrate (NO3-), in air and aerosol NA NA 656 inorganic components>Major chemical components (size fractionated) Major chemical components (size fractionated) NA NA
657 inorganic components>Major inorganic components (TSP) Major inorganic components (TSP) NA NA 658 inorganic components>Major inorganic components (coarse) Major inorganic components (coarse) NA NA 659 inorganic components>Major inorganic components (fine) Major inorganic components (fine) NA NA 660 inorganic components>Other chemical components (coarse) chemical components (coarse) NA NA 661 inorganic components>Other chemical components (fine) chemical components (fine) NA NA 662 anions>C2H3O2- (CH3COO-, acetate), PM1 C2H3O2- (CH3COO-, acetate), PM1 NA NA 663 anions>C2H3O2- (CH3COO-, acetate), in aerosol C2H3O2- (CH3COO-, acetate), in aerosol NA NA
664 anions>C2O4= (oxalate, ethanedioate), PM1.0 C2O4= (oxalate, ethanedioate), PM1.0 NA NA 665 anions>C2O4= (oxalate, ethanedioate), PM10 C2O4= (oxalate, ethanedioate), PM10 NA NA 666 anions>C2O4= (oxalate, ethanedioate), total aerosol C2O4= (oxalate, ethanedioate), aerosol NA NA 667 anions>CH3O3S- (methanesulphonate), PM1.0 CH3O3S- (methanesulphonate), PM1.0 NA NA 668 anions>CH3O3S- (methanesulphonate), aerosol CH3O3S- (methanesulphonate), aerosol NA NA 669 anions>CHO2- (HCOO-, formate), in aerosol CHO2- (HCOO-, formate), in aerosol NA NA 670 material (coarse), PM10 Carbonaceous/organic material (coarse), PM10 NA NA 671 Carbonaceous/organic material (fine) NA NA
680 elements>Barium (Ba), total aerosol Barium (Ba), aerosol NA NA 681 elements>Bismuth (Bi), PM2.5 Bismuth (Bi), PM2.5 NA NA 682 elements>Bismuth (Bi), total aerosol Bismuth (Bi), total aerosol NA NA 683 elements>Cadmium (Cd), PM1 Cadmium (Cd), PM1 NA NA 684 elements>Cadmium (Cd), PM10 Cadmium (Cd), PM10 NA NA 685 elements>Cadmium (Cd), PM2.5 Cadmium (Cd), PM2.5 NA NA 686 elements>Cadmium (Cd), PM2.5 thru PM10 Cadmium (Cd), PM2.5 thru PM10 NA NA 687 elements>Cadmium (Cd), total aerosol Cadmium (Cd), total aerosol NA NA 688 Cerium (Ce), PM2.5 NA NA
elements>Cerium (Ce), PM2.5 689 elements>Cerium (Ce), total aerosol Cerium (Ce), total aerosol NA NA 690 elements>Chromium (Cr), total aerosol Chromium (Cr), total aerosol NA NA 691 elements>Cobalt (Co), total aerosol Cobalt (Co), total aerosol NA NA 692 elements>Copper (Cu), PM10 Copper (Cu), PM10 NA NA 693 elements>Copper (Cu), total aerosol Copper (Cu), total aerosol NA NA 694 elements>Iron (Fe), total aerosol Iron (Fe), total aerosol NA NA 695 elements>Lanthanum (La), PM2.5 Lanthanum (La), PM2.5 NA NA 696 elements>Lanthanum (La), total aerosol Lanthanum (La), total aerosol NA NA
697 elements>Lead (Pb), PM10 Lead (Pb), PM10 NA NA 698 elements>Lead (Pb), total aerosol Lead (Pb), aerosol NA NA 699 elements>Lithium (Li), PM2.5 Lithium (Li), PM2.5 NA NA 700 elements>Lithium (Li), total aerosol Lithium (Li), total aerosol NA NA 701 elements>Manganese (Mn), PM10 Manganese (Mn), PM10 NA NA 702 elements>Manganese (Mn), total aerosol Manganese (Mn), aerosol NA NA 703 elements>Mercury (Hg), total aerosol Mercury (Hg), total aerosol NA NA 704 elements>Nickel (Ni), PM10 Nickel (Ni), PM10 NA NA 705 Nickel (Ni), total aerosol NA NA
elements>Nickel (Ni), total aerosol 706 elements>Phosphorous (P), PM2.5 Phosphorous (P), PM2.5 NA NA 707 elements>Phosphorous (P), total aerosol Phosphorous (P), total aerosol NA NA 708 elements>Rubidium (Rb), PM2.5 Rubidium (Rb), PM2.5 NA NA 709 elements>Rubidium (Rb), total aerosol Rubidium (Rb), total aerosol NA NA 710 elements>Selenium (Se), total aerosol Selenium (Se), total aerosol NA NA 711 elements>Strontium (Sr), PM2.5 Strontium (Sr), PM2.5 NA NA 712 elements>Strontium (Sr), total aerosol Strontium (Sr), total aerosol NA NA 713 elements>Thallium (Tl), PM2.5 Thallium (Tl), PM2.5 NA NA
714 elements>Thallium (Tl), total aerosol Thallium (Tl), total aerosol NA NA 715 elements>Thorium (Th), PM2.5 Thorium (Th), PM2.5 NA NA 716 elements>Thorium (Th), total aerosol Thorium (Th), total aerosol NA NA 717 elements>Tin (Sn), PM2.5 Tin (Sn), PM2.5 NA NA 718 elements>Tin (Sn), total aerosol Tin (Sn), total aerosol NA NA 719 elements>Uranium (U), PM2.5 Uranium (U), PM2.5 NA NA 720 elements>Uranium (U), total aerosol Uranium (U), aerosol NA NA 721 elements>Vanadium (V), PM2.5 Vanadium (V), PM2.5 NA NA 722 elements>Vanadium (V), total aerosol Vanadium (V), total aerosol NA NA
723 elements>Zinc (Zn), PM2.5 Zinc (Zn), PM2.5 NA NA 724 elements>Zinc (Zn), total aerosol Zinc (Zn), total aerosol NA NA 725 >Terrestrial>Lake>Snow / Ice / Glacier>Ice>Ice thickness Ice thickness NA NA 726 >Terrestrial>River>Snow / Ice / Glacier>Ice>Ice thickness Ice thickness NA NA 727 properties - primary>Dust>Aerosol dust concentration (mass) Aerosol dust concentration (mass) Concentration of dust or sand in the atmosphere. NA 728 properties - primary>Volcanic ash>Aerosol volcanic ash (mass concentration) Aerosol volcanic ash (mass concentration) Mass mixing ratio of volcanic ash. NA 729 properties - primary>Volcanic ash>Aerosol volcanic ash (Total column) Aerosol volcanic ash (Total column) Total column mass of volcanic ash. NA 731 >Ocean>Basic Physical Properties>Conductivity Conductivity Conductivity measured by CTD or MicroCAT. 732 >Ocean>Basic Physical Properties>Density Density Density measured by CTD. oceanDensity 733 (size and/or development stage) Zooplankton (size and/or development Aggregate of animal or animal-like organisms in plankton, as protozoans.
nitrogen species Inorganic nitrogen species NA NA inorganic components inorganic components NA NA anions Organic anions NA NA carbonaceous Organic carbonaceous NA NA elements Trace elements NA NA properties Optical properties NA NA properties - primary Physical properties - primary NA NA properties - primary>Dust Dust NA NA properties - primary>Volcanic ash Volcanic ash NA NA properties - secondary Physical properties - secondary NA NA >Atmosphere>Clouds Clouds NA NA Ice NA NA Liquid water NA NA properties Optical properties NA NA
Position NA NA Type NA NA >Atmosphere>Dynamics Dynamics NA NA Gas Greenhouse Gas NA NA Gas>CFCs CFCs NA NA Gas>Halocarbons Halocarbons NA NA Gas>Halon Halon NA NA Gas>HCFCs HCFCs NA NA Gas>HFCs HFCs NA NA Gas>PFCs PFCs NA NA >Atmosphere>Humidity Humidity NA NA >Atmosphere>Lightning Lightning NA NA Position NA NA >Atmosphere>Other Gas Other Gas NA NA >Atmosphere>Ozone Ozone NA NA >Atmosphere>Past weather Past weather NA NA >Atmosphere>POPs POPs NA NA
>Atmosphere>Total Atmospheric Deposition>Inorganic acid Inorganic acid NA NA Atmospheric Deposition>Inorganic anions Inorganic anions NA NA Atmospheric Deposition>Inorganic cations Inorganic cations NA NA >Atmosphere>Total Atmospheric Deposition>Inorganic nitrogen species Inorganic nitrogen species NA NA >Atmosphere>Total Atmospheric Deposition>Organic acid Organic acid NA NA >Atmosphere>Total Atmospheric Deposition>Trace elements Trace elements NA NA >Atmosphere>Visibility Visibility NA NA Obscurations NA NA >Atmosphere>Wind Wind NA NA NA NA >Ocean Ocean NA NA >Ocean>Topography Topography NA NA Currents NA NA 55 54 53 59 61 60 58
>Outer Space Outer Space NA NA >Outer Space>Energetic particles / solar wind Energetic particles / solar wind NA NA >Outer Space>Energetic particles / solar wind >Particle density Particle density NA NA Space>Energetic particles / solar wind >Particle flux Particle flux NA NA Space>Ionospheric disturbances Ionospheric disturbances NA NA >Outer Space>Solar monitoring Solar monitoring NA NA >Terrestrial Terrestrial NA NA >Terrestrial>Ground water Ground water NA NA >Terrestrial>Lake Lake NA NA >Terrestrial>Lake>Snow / Ice / Glacier Snow / Ice / Glacier NA NA >Terrestrial>Lake>Snow / Ice / Glacier>Ice Ice NA NA Temperature NA NA >Terrestrial>Land surface Land surface NA NA >Terrestrial>Land surface>Fire Fire NA NA >Terrestrial>Land surface>Greenhouse Gas Greenhouse Gas NA NA >Terrestrial>Land surface>Humidity Humidity NA NA >Terrestrial>Land surface>Radiation Radiation NA NA 88 97
91 EQ. FERHRI ARGO EQ. FERHRI NA argoEqFERHRI 92 EQ. FSU ARGO EQ. FSU NA argoEqFSU 93 EQ. HNFRI ARGO EQ. HNFRI NA argoEqHNFRI 94 EQ. IFM ARGO EQ. IFM NA argoEqIFM 95 EQ. IFM2 ARGO EQ. IFM2 NA argoEqIFM2 96 EQ. IRELAND ARGO EQ. IRELAND NA argoEqIreland EQ. JAMSTEC ARGO EQ. JAMSTEC NA argoEqJamstec 98 EQ. JMA ARGO EQ. JMA NA argoEqJMA 99 EQ. NAVOCEANO ARGO EQ. NAVOCEANO NA argoEqNavoceano 100 EQ. NDBC ARGO EQ. NDBC NA argoEqNDBC 101 EQ. NIPR ARGO EQ. NIPR NA argoEqNIPR
102 EQ. NRIFS ARGO EQ. NRIFS NA argoEqNRIFS 103 EQ. OIST ARGO EQ. OIST NA argoEqOIST 104 EQ. ORI ARGO EQ. ORI NA argoEqORI 105 EQ. PMEL ARGO EQ. PMEL NA argoEqPMEL 106 EQ. POMME ARGO EQ. POMME NA argoEqPomme 107 EQ. SAGE ARGO EQ. SAGE NA argoEqSage 108 EQ. TNFRI ARGO EQ. TNFRI NA argoEqTNFRI 109 EQ. TSK ARGO EQ. TSK NA argoEqTSK 110 EQ. TU ARGO EQ. TU NA argoEqTU 111 EQ. UH ARGO EQ. UH NA argoEqUH 112 EQ. UHH ARGO EQ. UHH NA argoEqUHH
125 JMA ARGO JMA NA argoJMA 126 ARGO KENYA NA argoKenya 127 ARGO KIOST NA argoKiost 128 LEBANON ARGO LEBANON NA argoLebanon 129 MAURITIUS ARGO MAURITIUS NA argoMauritius 130 MEX-CO-US ARGO MEX-CO-US NA argoMexCoUS 131 MEXICO ARGO MEXICO NA argoMexico 132 NETHERLANDS ARGO NETHERLANDS NA argoNetherlands 133 NEW ZEALAND ARGO NEW ZEALAND NA argoNewZealand 134 NIMR/KMA ARGO NIMR/KMA NA argoMIMRKMA 135 NORWAY ARGO NORWAY NA argoNorway 136 PMEL ARGO PMEL NA argoPMEL
137 POLAND ARGO POLAND NA argoPoland 138 RUSSIA ARGO RUSSIA NA argoRussia 139 ARABIA ARGO SAUDI ARABIA NA argoSaudiArabia 140 SIO ARGO SIO NA argoSIO 141 SIO EQ (ASIRI) ARGO SIO EQ NA argoSIOEqASIRI 142 SIO EQ. (OKMC) ARGO SIO EQ. (OKMC) NA argoSIOEqOKMC 143 SOUTH AFRICA ARGO SOUTH AFRICA NA argoSouthAfrica 144 SPAIN ARGO SPAIN NA argoSpain 145 SRI LANKA ARGO SRI LANKA NA argoSriLanka 146 TWR ENGINEERING ARGO TWR ENGINEERING NA argoTWREng 147 UK ARGO UK NA argoUK 148 UK BIO ARGO UK BIO NA argoUKBIO
149 UK EQ. ARGO UK EQ. NA argoUKEq 150 UW ARGO UW NA argoUW 151 UW EQ. ARGO UW EQ. NA argoUWEq 152 EQ. ARGO UW-APL EQ. NA argoUWAplEq 153 EQ. ARGO UW-MBARI EQ. NA argoUWMbariEq 154 EQ. ARGO UW-SOCCOM EQ. NA argoUWSoccomEq 155 EQ. ARGO UW-SPURS EQ. NA argoUWSpursEq 156 EQ. ARGO UW-UA EQ. NA argoUWUAEq 157 WHOI ARGO WHOI NA argoWHOI 158 WHOI EQ. IR ARGO WHOI EQ. IR NA argoWHOIEqIR 159 WHOI-MRV EQ. ARGO WHOI-MRV EQ. NA argoWHOIMRVEq 169 BULARGO NA argoBulargo UA
261 SHELL NA dbcpShell 262 SHOA-TSU NA dbcpShoaTSU 263 SIO-DB NA dbcpSIODB 264 MB MB NA dbcpSpainPDEMB 265 STRATUS NA dbcpStratus 266 >Co-sponsored>GOOS>DBCP>TAO ATLAS TAO ATLAS NA dbcpTaoAtlas 267 >Co-sponsored>GOOS>DBCP>TAO TAO PIRATA NA dbcpTaoPirata 268 >Co-sponsored>GOOS>DBCP>TAO PIRATA US TAO PIRATA US NA dbcpTaoPirataUS 269 >Co-sponsored>GOOS>DBCP>TAO RAMA US-INDIA TAO RAMA US-INDIA NA 270 >Co-sponsored>GOOS>DBCP>TAO TRITON TAO TRITON NA dbcpTaoTriton 271 UCSD-SCRIPPS NA dbcpUCSDScripps 272 MB UK-JERSEY MB NA dbcpUKJerseyMB 273 DB UK-MO DB NA dbcpUKMODB 274 UK-MO FIXED NA dbcpUKMOFixed 327 LV UK-MO LV NA NA 275 MB UK-MO MB NA dbcpUKMOMB MO
282 VOS-ES NA vosES 283 VOS-EU NA vosEU 284 VOS-FR NA vosFR 285 VOS-GB NA 286 VOS-GR NA vosGR 287 VOS-HK NA 288 VOS-IE NA vosIE 289 VOS-IL NA 290 VOS-IN NA vosIN 291 VOS-IS NA vosIS 292 VOS-JP NA vosJP FR GR HK IS IE IL JP GB
303 >Non-affiliated Non-affiliated Observing elements that are not affiliated with WIGOS or any of the co-sponsored programmes nonAffiliated 15 WIGOS WMO Integrated Observing System components NA 1 GAW Global Atmosphere Watch gaw 5 >WIGOS>GAW>GAW Contributing networks GAW Contributing networks Networks contributing to GAW that have signed an agreement with GAW gawContributing 38 >WIGOS>GAW>GAW Contributing networks>ALINE ALINE Latin America Lidar Network aline 34 Contributing networks>CASTNET CASTNET Air Status and Trends Network castnet 36 >WIGOS>GAW>GAW Contributing networks>GALION GALION GAW Aerosol Lidar Observation Network NA 37 >WIGOS>GAW>GAW Contributing networks>GALION>ADNet ADNet AD-Net Asian Dust and Lidar Observation Network galionAdnet 35 >WIGOS>GAW>GAW Contributing networks>GALION>EARLINET EARLINET EARLINET European Lidar galionEarlinet 41 >WIGOS>GAW>GAW Contributing networks>GALION>MPLNET MPLNET Micro-Pulse Lidar Network galionMplnet 40 >WIGOS>GAW>GAW Contributing networks>GALION>NDACC NDACC Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change galionNdacc 8 Contributing networks>GAW-PFR GAW-PFR GAW Precision Filter Radiometer Network gawPFR 316 >WIGOS>GAW>GAW Contributing networks>IDAF IDAF IGAC/DEBITS Africa idaf 28 >WIGOS>GAW>GAW Contributing networks>IMPROVE IMPROVE IMPROVE Optical Aerosol improve 22 Contributing networks>NADP NADP National Atmospheric Deposition Program nadp 31 Contributing networks>TCCON Total Carbon Column Observing Network tccon 306 Global GAW Global Global GAW station gawGlobal 308 >WIGOS>GAW>GAW Local GAW Local Local GAW station gawLocal
12 >WIGOS>GOS>GOS Other elements>AMDAR AMDAR Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay 64 Other elements>Ceilometers Ceilometers Elastic (ceilometer) networks ceilometer 314 Other elements>GNSS radio-occultation system GNSS radio-occultation system NA 313 >WIGOS>GOS>GOS Other elements>Lightning detection system Lightning detection system lightning detection system lightningDetection 393 >WIGOS>GOS>GOS Other elements>TAMDAR TAMDAR Tropospheric Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay (Commercial/Panasonic). Not currently open to GTS, contract with Panasonic and airline and/or NMHS tamdar 312 >WIGOS>GOS>GOS Other elements>Wind Profilers Wind Profilers Wind profilers for upper-air wind observations windProfiler 20 >WIGOS>GOS>GOS Other elements>WRO WRO GOS Weather Radar wro 309 >WIGOS>GOS>GOS Surface networks GOS Surface networks Surface-based observing networks of the Global Observing System (GOS) gosSurface 50 >WIGOS>GOS>GOS Surface networks>ANTON ANTON Antarctic Observing Network surface synoptic station (SYNOP/CLIMAT) anton >WIGOS>GOS>GOS Surface networks>ANTON>ANTON(T) ANTON(T) Antarctic Observing Network upper-air station (TEMP) antonT 32 >WIGOS>GOS>GOS Surface networks>BSRN BSRN Baseline Surface Radiation Network bsrn 56 >WIGOS>GOS>GOS Surface networks>RBCN RBCN Regional Basic Climatological Networks rbcn >WIGOS>GOS>GOS Surface networks>RBCN>CLIMAT(C) CLIMAT(C) Station for which monthly climatological means of surface elements are transmitted rbcnClimatC >WIGOS>GOS>GOS Surface networks>RBCN>CLIMAT(CT) CLIMAT(CT) Station for which monthly climatological means of both surface and upper- air elements are transmitted rbcnClimatCT >WIGOS>GOS>GOS Surface networks>RBCN>CLIMAT(T) CLIMAT(T) Station for which monthly climatological means of upper-air elements are transmitted rbcnClimatT
KIOST 342 OS-GEOMAR NA NA 343 UNIVERSITY OS-HAMBURG UNIVERSITY NA NA 344 OS-HAV NA NA 345 FOR MARINE RESEARCH OS-HELLENIC CENTRE FOR MARINE RESEARCH NA NA 346 - ACIISI - GOBIERNO DE CANARIAS OS-ICCM - ACIISI - GOBIERNO DE CANARIAS NA NA 347 OS-IFREMER NA NA 348 OS-IMARPE NA NA 349 OF MARINE RESEARCH OS-INSTITUTE OF MARINE RESEARCH NA NA 350 OS-IO-NTU NA NA 351 OS-IO-WARNEMUENDE NA NA 352 OS-IRD NA NA 353 OS-JAMSTEC NA NA 354 OS-KIOST NA NA 355 OS-LDEO NA NA 356 NA NA 357 OS-MBARI NA NA 358 OS-NIO NA NA INSTITUTE
Surface cover types (IGBP) International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme igbp Surface cover types (UMD) The University of Maryland Department of Geography generated global land cover classification collection from 1998. http://glcf.umd.edu/data/landcover/ umd Surface cover types (LAI/fPAR) Leaf Area Index (LAI) and Fractional Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FPAR). FPAR/LAI is the Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active radiation that a plant canopy absorbs for photosynthesis and growth in the 0.4 – 0.7nm spectral range. laifpar Surface cover types (NPP) Net Primary Production (NPP) lansurfaced cover scheme npp Surface cover types (PFT) Functional Types (PFT) surface cover scheme pft Surface cover types (LCCS) Land cover classification scheme (LCCS) lccs Code table: 4-03-01 Local topography http://codes.wmo.int/common/wmdsLocalTopography # Name Definition WMO306_CD Not applicable None of the codes in the table are applicable in the context of this particular observation (nilReason) nilReason Hilltop Higher than all or nearly all of the surrounding land or subsurface. hilltop Ridge Higher than all or nearly all of the surrounding land or subsurface, but elongated and extending beyond a 50 m radius. ridge Slope Neither crest nor depression or valley bottom, and with a slope more than 3%. slope Flat less than 3% and not a top, ridge, valley bottom or depression. Use for plains. flat Valley bottom Lower than nearly all of surrounding land or subsurface, but water can flow out. valleyBottom Depression Lower than surrounding land or subsurface, with no above-ground outlet for water. depression Code table: 4-03-02 Relative elevation http://codes.wmo.int/common/wmdsRelativeElevation # Name Definition WMO306_CD
9 >Intervention>Agricultural activity Agricultural activity NA 10 >Intervention>Biomass burning (planned) Biomass burning (planned) NA 11 >Intervention>Construction Construction NA construction 12 >Intervention>Equipment cleaning/ painting Equipment cleaning/ painting NA 13 >Intervention>Equipment maintenance Equipment maintenance how is this different from "preventive maintenance"? 14 >Intervention>Equipment repair/ replacement Equipment repair/ replacement NA 15 >Intervention>Equipment verification/ calibration Equipment verification/ calibration NA 16 >Intervention>Personnel absent Personnel absent NA personnelAbsence 17 >Intervention>Infrastructure works Infrastructure works NA 18 >Intervention>Inspection/ auditing Inspection/ auditing Corrosion of components, seizing 19 >Intervention>Land use change Land use change NA landUseChange 20 >Intervention>Planned service outage Planned service outage NA 21 >Intervention>Preventative maintenance Preventative maintenance NA 22 >Intervention>Road work Road work NA roadWork 23 >Intervention>Theft of equipment Theft of equipment NA theft 24 >Intervention>Unrest/strike Unrest/strike NA unrestStrike 25 >Intervention>Urban development Urban development NA 26 >Intervention>Vandalism Vandalism NA vandalism 27 >Intervention>Vegetation trimming/ cutting Vegetation trimming/ cutting NA
Missing The data is missing. missing Code table: 8-04 Code table title: Quality Flag System http://codes.wmo.int/common/wmdsQualityFlagOGC # Name Quality_Flag_Sys_URL Definition WMO306_CD 1 (unknown) NA Quality flagging system not known unknown 2 WMO BUFR table 0 33 020 Quality are specified according to BUFR table 0 33 020 (http://codes.wmo.int/bufr4/codeflag/0-33-020) bufr033020 3 Other quality flagging system NA Quality flags are specified according to another system other 4 WaterML2 Quality flags are specified according to WaterML2, http://www.opengis.net/def/waterml/2.0/quality/ waterML2.0 Code table: 8-05 Traceability http://codes.wmo.int/common/wmdsTraceability # Name Definition WMO306_CD (unknown) The traceability of the observations is unknown. unknown Traceable to international standard The observations made are traceable to an internationally agreed standard. traceableToInternationalStandard Traceable to non-international standard The observations made are traceable to some standard. traceableToOtherStandard Code table: 9-02 Data policy/use constraints http://codes.wmo.int/common/wmdsDataPolicy # Name Definition WMO306_CD 9-02-1 WMOEssential WMO Essential Data: free and unrestricted international exchange of data and products. WMOEssential 9-02-2 WMOAdditional WMO Additional Data: free and unrestricted access to data and products exchanged under the auspices of WMO to the research and education communities for non-commercial activities. A more precise definition of the data policy may be additionally supplied within the metadata. In all cases it shall be the responsibility of the data consumer to ensure that they understand the data policy specified by the data provider – which may necessitate dialogue with the data publisher for confirmation of terms and conditions. WMOAdditional
3 End Time stamps indicate the middle of a period beginning at the middle of the range described by this and the preceding time stamp and ending right before the middle of the range described by this and the following time stamp. end 4 Middle Time stamps indicate the middle of a period beginning at the middle of the range described by this and the preceding time stamp and ending right before the middle of the range described by this and the following time stamp. middle __________