1.12 calculate the relative atomic mass of an element from the relative abundances of its isotopes 7-8 1.13 understand that the Periodic Table is an arrangement of elements in order of atomic number 10 1.14 deduce the electronic configurations of the first 20 elements from their positions in the Periodic Table 10-11 1.15 deduce the number of outer electrons in a main group element from its position in the Periodic Table. 10 Periodic Table 2.1 understand the group and period 99 2.2 recall the positions of metals and non-metals in the Periodic Table 100 2.3 explain the classification of elements as metals or on the basis of their electrical conductivity and the acid-base character of their oxides 100 2.4 understand why elements in the same group of the Periodic Table have similar chemical properties 9 2.5 understand that the gases (Group 0) are a family of inert gases and explain their lack of reactivity in terms of their electronic configurations. 101 Group 1 2.6 describe the reactions of these elements with water and understand that the reactions provide a basis for their recognition as a family of elements 102-103 2.7 describe the relative reactivities of the elements in Group 1 104 2.8 explain the relative reactivities of the elements in Group 1 in terms of distance between the outer electrons and the nucleus 104 Group 7 2.9 recall the colours and physical states of the elements at room temperature 105 2.10 make predictions about the properties of other halogens in this group 105 2.11 understand the difference between hydrogen chloride gas and hydrochloric acid 78
Metallic Crystals 1.46 understand that a metal can be described as a giant structure of positive ions surrounded by a sea of delocalised electrons 24-25 1.47 explain the electrical conductivity and malleability of a metal in terms of its structure and bonding. 24-25 Organic Chemistry 3.1 explain the terms homologous series, hydrocarbon, saturated, unsaturated, general formula and isomerism 149-154 Alkanes 3.2 recall that alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2 156 3.3 draw displayed formulae for alkanes with up to five carbon atoms in a molecule, and name the straight-chain isomers 150 3.4 recall the products of the complete and incomplete combustion of alkanes 157, 165 3.5 describe the substitution reaction of methane with bromine to form bromomethane in the presence of UV light. 157 Alkenes 3.6 recall that alkenes have the general formula CnH2n 158 3.7 draw displayed formulae for alkenes with up to four carbon atoms in a molecule, and name the straight-chain isomers (knowledge of cis- and transisomers is not required) 152 3.8 describe the addition reaction of alkenes with bromine, including the decolourising of bromine water as a test for alkenes. 158 Ethanol 3.9 describe the manufacture of ethanol by passing ethene and steam over a phosphoric acid catalyst at a temperature of about 300°C and a pressure of about 60–70 atm 159-160
4.14 represent exothermic and endothermic reactions on a simple energy level diagram 202-203 4.15 understand that the breaking of bonds is endothermic and that the making of bonds is exothermic 202-203 4.16 use average bond energies to calculate the enthalpy change during a simple chemical reaction. 203 Equilibria 4.22 understand that some reactions are reversible and are indicated by the symbol ⇌ in equations 125 4.23 describe reversible reactions such as the dehydration of hydrated copper(II) sulfate and the effect of heat on ammonium chloride 125 4.24 understand the concept of dynamic equilibrium 125-126 4.25 predict the effects of changing the pressure and temperature on the equilibrium position in reversible reactions. 127-129 5.22 understand that nitrogen from air, and hydrogen from natural gas or the cracking of hydrocarbons, are used in the manufacture of ammonia 133-134 5.23 describe the manufacture of ammonia by the process, including the essential conditions: i a temperature of about 450°C ii a pressure of 200 atmospheres iii an iron catalyst 133-134 5.24 understand how the cooling of the reaction mixture liquefies the ammonia produced and allows the unused hydrogen and nitrogen to be recirculated 133-134 5.25 describe the use of ammonia in the manufacture of nitric acid and fertilisers 133-134 5.26 recall the raw materials used in the manufacture of sulfuric acid 135-136 5.27 describe the manufacture of sulfuric acid by the contact process, including the essential conditions: i a temperature of about 450°C ii a pressure of about 2 atmospheres 135-136