Figure 4. Far Eastern Curlew Population Residual Risk Matrix Likelihood of occurrence Consequences Not significant Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic Almost certain Harvesting of shorebird prey Hunting, Poaching and Incidental Take Disturbance Climate change Habitat loss Likely Chronic pollution Invasive species Altered hydrological regimes Structural modification of feeding Farming Possible Unlikely Acute pollution Rare or Unknown
4.3 National legislation relevant to the Far Eastern Curlew Country National Protection Status Law protecting species Legal protection from illegal killing, taking, trading, keeping or moving. Penalties Responsible Authority Australia Commonwealth: Critically Endangered State: QLD:Near threatened NSW: Not listed NT:Vulnerable SA:Vulnerable TAS: Endangered WA:Vulnerable VIC:Vulnerable Australia has a Federal Government with 8 separate State or Territory Governments. The Australian Government has responsibility for matters in the national interest, and for areas, which includes the marine environment from 3 nautical miles out to the edge of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). The State and Territory governments have responsibility for issues within their jurisdictional borders, including State/Territory waters. Yes, through Commonwealth and State/Territory implementing legislation. The EPBC Act provides penalties (financial and incarceration time) for various offences relating to listed threatened and migratory shorebirds. Penalties for offenses relating to native wildlife under other Commonwealth, State and Territory legislation. Department of the Environment (Commonwealth)
explosives shall be prohibited. Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of Protected Wild Animals Protection Ordinance Hunting and possession prohibited Depending on offense; imprisonment or a fine of Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department Indonesia Japan National Red List: Vulnerable Far Eastern Curlew is designated as a rare wild animal species under the Wildlife Protection Control and Hunting Management Act, and taking of the birds or their eggs is prohibited unless the person taking the action holds a permit by the Minister of the Environment. Taking of the or their eggs is prohibited unless the person taking the action holds a permit by the Minister of the Environment. The Wildlife Protection Control and Hunting Management Act provides penalties (financial and incarceration time) for illegal taking of the birds and their eggs. Ministry of the Environment Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Republic of Korea Endangered Species II Marine Organisms under Protection Wildlife Protection and Management Act Protected legally by prohibition of illegal Punished by imprisonment for not more than 3 years or Ministry of Environment Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries
Conservation and Management of Marine Ecosystems Act capture, collecting, keeping, trading. by a fine not exceeding 30 million won. Malaysia No National Red List for Birds Peninsular Malaysia: Wildlife Conservation Act 2010 (Totally Protected) Sarawak: Wildlife Protection Ordinance 1998 (Protected) Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997 (Protected) No hunting, taking etc. in Peninsular Malaysia the law. For Sabah and Sarawak, limited hunting is permitted with proper licence. Jail term and/or financial penalties. Peninsular Malaysia: Department of Wildlife and National Parks (PERHILITAN) Sarawak: Sarawak Forestry Corporation (SFC) Sabah: Sabah Wildlife Department (SWD) Mongolia In Mongolia, it is assessed as Least Concern. Approximately 7.1% of the species’ range in Mongolia occurs within protected areas (Gombobaatar et al. 2011). Mongolian Law on Nature Protection (2005), Mongolian Law on Fauna (2012) Mongolian Law on Nature Protection (2005), Mongolian Law on Fauna (2012) Ministry of Environment and Tourism of Mongolia New Zealand New Zealand Threat Classification Status: Far Eastern Curlew are “Absolutely Protected Wildlife” Taking of the birds or their eggs is prohibited unless the The Wildlife Act provides penalties (financial and Department of Conservation.
Migrant (Robertson et al. 2013) pursuant to the Wildlife Act 1953. person taking the action holds an Authority issued by the Department of Conservation. incarceration time) for various offences relating to absolutely protected wildlife. Palau Papua New Guinea Philippines Wildlife Conservation and Protection Act of 2001 (R.A. 9147) Illegal capture, trading, transport is prohibited. Provisions for penalties include financial and imprisonment Department of Environment and natural Resources Russian Federation Listed in Red Data Book of Birds Yes Yes Yes Ministry of Nature Resources and Ecology Singapore Rare passage migrant Parks & Trees Act, Wild Animals and Birds Act Yes Penalties (financial and/or incarceration) National Parks Board Agri-Food & Veterinary Authority of Singapore Thailand Timor-Leste Vietnam
1.1.3 Important non-breeding areas are adequately protected Applicable to: All Range States that support staging and non-breeding habitat Essential Medium Government institutions in charge of nature conservation International and National conservation NGOs 1.2 Breeding habitats are adequately protected and, where possible, managed. 1.2.1 Important breeding areas are identified Applicable to: Russia and China Essential Government institutions in charge of nature conservation International and National conservation NGOs Academic institutions 1.2.2 Important breeding areas are adequately managed Applicable to: Russia and China Essential Medium Government institutions in charge of nature conservation International and National conservation NGOs 1.2.3 Important breeding areas are adequately protected Applicable to: Russia and China Essential Medium Government institutions in charge of nature conservation International and National conservation NGOs Objective 2: Establish a climate change response plan for Far Eastern Curlew 2.1 The impacts of climate change on Far Eastern Curlew are buffered. 2.1.1 Quantify and predict changes to important breeding habitat Applicable to: All Range States that support breeding habitat Medium Medium Government institutions in charge of nature conservation International and National conservation NGOs Academic institutions
2.1.2 Quantify and predict changes to important staging and non-breeding sites Applicable to: All Range States that support staging and non-breeding habitat Medium Medium Government institutions in charge of nature conservation International and National conservation NGOs Academic institutions 2.1.3 Validate predictions of population response to climate change against measured data Applicable to: All Range States Medium Long Government institutions in charge of nature conservation International and National conservation NGOs Academic institutions 2.1.4 Identify potential shifts in nesting and non-breeding distribution and ensure adequate coverage of these areas in protected areas Applicable to: All States that support breeding and non-breeding habitat Medium Long Government institutions in charge of nature conservation International and National conservation NGOs Academic institutions Objective 3: Ensure the direct take of Far Eastern Curlew is eliminated 3.1 Far Eastern Curlew populations subject to legal direct take are protected 3.1.1 Immediately cease all forms of legal direct take of Far Eastern Curlew Applicable to: All Range States where legal hunting occurs. Essential Short Government institutions in charge of nature conservation International and National conservation NGOs Objective 4: Reduce, or eliminate, illegal take of Far Eastern Curlew 4.1 The areas where the illegal take of Far Eastern Curlews 4.1.1 Identify key where Far Eastern Curlew illegal take occurs Applicable to: All Range States Essential Short Government institutions in charge of nature conservation
occurs are identified International and National conservation NGOs 4.1.2 Strengthen legal mechanisms in areas affected by harvesting, trading and illegal use Applicable to: All States Essential Medium Government institutions in charge of nature conservation. 4.2 Reduced illegal take of Far Eastern Curlew 4.2.1 Promote the enforcement of mechanisms to reduce illegal take Applicable to: All Range States Essential Short Government institutions in charge of nature conservation International and National conservation NGOs 4.2.2 Implement an educational awareness programme, which may include incentives for best practice, aimed at reducing the illegal and incidental take of Far Eastern Curlew in the EAAF Applicable to: All Range States Medium Immediate Government institutions in charge of nature conservation International and National conservation NGOs Objective 5: Support activities to reduce the risk and impact of chronic and acute pollution on Far Eastern Curlew in coastal foraging areas 5.1 Reduced chronic pollution in sites of international importance 5.1.1 Work with policy and regulatory authorities to reduce levels of pollution Applicable to: All Range States Medium Medium Government institutions in charge of nature conservation and pollution control International and National conservation NGOs Academic institutions 5.2 Monitoring programmes are in to measure the impact of chronic 5.2.1 Monitor water quality and Far Eastern Curlew health in key coastal staging and non-breeding sites Low Medium Government institutions in charge of nature conservation
pollution within coastal waters on the health of Far Eastern Curlew Applicable to: All Range States that support staging and non-breeding habitat International and National conservation NGOs Academic institutions Objective 6: To monitor the population dynamics of Far Eastern Curlew in the EAAF to detect population responses to management implemented under this Single Species Action Plan 6.1 Demographic data are available to allow assessment of the response of Far Eastern Curlew to anthropogenic impacts throughout the EAAF 6.1.1 Establish, or maintain long-term monitoring system of key demographic parameters following best practice guidelines Applicable to: All Range States High Medium Government institutions in charge of nature conservation International and National conservation NGOs Academic institutions 6.1.2 Monitor numbers of birds at a statistically robust sample of staging and sites and undertake analysis of data to improve the accuracy of the global population estimate Applicable to: All Range States that support staging and non-breeding habitat Essential Immediate Government institutions in charge of nature conservation International and National conservation NGOs Academic institutions 6.1.3 Monitor numbers at a statistically robust sample of breeding areas in Russia and China Applicable to: Russia and Essential Immediate Government institutions in charge of nature conservation International and National conservation NGOs Academic institutions 6.1.4 Initiate research to accurately determine: Population structure Population trends Adult and juvenile survival Productivity Nest survival and causes of nest loss Medium Ongoing Government institutions in charge of nature conservation International and National
Chick survival Breeding density Foraging ecology and diet Applicable to: All Range States conservation NGOs Academic institutions 6.1.5 Identify through satellite tracking the migratory routes and distributions of birds from different breeding populations, particularly while on southward migration. Applicable to: All Range States Medium Immediate International and National conservation NGOs Academic institutions 6.1.6 Maintain an internationally coordinated colour-marking scheme through the EAAFP Task Force and relevant national bird banding programmes Applicable to: All Range States Medium On-going Government institutions in charge of nature conservation International and National conservation NGOs East Asian – Australasian Flyway Partnership Objective 7: Assess the risk and impact of disturbance on Far Eastern Curlew 7.1 The effect of disturbance on Far Eastern Curlew has been quantified 7.1.1 Quantify the impact of disturbance on the breeding grounds and assess the likely impact on the population Applicable to: Russia and China High Medium Government institutions in charge of nature conservation International and National conservation NGOs Academic institutions 7.1.2 Quantify the level of disturbance in key staging and non-breeding sites and assess the likely impact on the population Applicable to: All Range States that support staging and non-breeding habitat High Medium Government institutions in charge of nature conservation International and National conservation NGOs
Academic institutions Objective 8: All Range States are actively implementing the Single Species Action Plan 8.1 International cooperation is maximized through the full engagement of all Range States in relevant multilateral frameworks 8.1.1 Consider developing national action plans to assist in the implementation of this Single Species Action Plan Applicable to: All Range States High Immediate Government institutions in charge of nature conservation International and National conservation NGOs 8.1.2 Consider accession to all relevant multilateral frameworks by Range States Applicable to: All Range States High Long Government institutions in charge of nature conservation International and National conservation NGOs 8.1.3 Maintain the active work of the EAAFP Far Eastern Curlew Task Force to coordinate implementation of the Single Species Action Plan Applicable to: All Range States Essential Long Government institutions in charge of nature conservation International and National conservation NGOs 8.1.4 Hold regular meetings to exchange information and plan joint actions for the conservation of the Far Eastern Curlew Applicable to: All States Essential On-going Government institutions in charge of nature conservation International and National conservation NGOs Academic Institutions Objective 9: Raise public awareness of the Far Eastern Curlew and disseminate information material 9.1 Use modern technologies and social media to raise 9.1.1 Prepare a brochure in Range States’ languages and disseminate widely Applicable to: All Range States High Short International and National conservation NGOs