Optimised integration of renewable energy sources in DHC systems and enhancement of thermal energy storage at system level Demonstration 2018- 2020 46 The reference heat cost is reduced from 50-200 €/MWh in 2012 to 40-90€/MWhin 2020, while the energy efficiency of DHC systems is increased by 10 % x: District Heating and Cooling Roadmap 2.4.2 Thermal Energy storage Thermal energy storage is the solution for a key bottleneck against the widespread and integrated use of RES, since the renewable supply does not always coincide with the demand for H&C. Numerous technologies in sensible, latent or thermochemical form both in on-site and large scale applications can time-shift renewable energy supply to periods of greatest demand, each of them characterised by different specifications and specific advantages. The Thermal Energy storage roadmap is summarized in Table 4. Research and Innovation Priorities Predominant type of activity Priority Timeline KPI Next generation of Sensible Thermal Energy Storages Development 2014- 2016 38 1000 litre tank cost (excluding insulation and VAT) is reduced from 400 - 900 € in 2012 to 300 - 700 € in 2020, while the heat loss is reduced from 150W – 200W to 56W Improving the efficiency of combined thermal energy transfer and storage Research / Development 2018- 2020 36 New fluids for thermal energy transfer and storage allows a reduction of annual electricity consumption for pumping from 75 kWh in 2012 to 50 kWh in 2030, the energy density is increased by 30% Increased storage density using phase change materials (PCM) and thermochemical materials (TCM) Research 2016- 2018 28 Stable, encapsulated salt hydrate PCM cost reduced from 8 €/kg in 2012 to less than 2 €/kg in 2030 Energy seasonal TCM storage increased from 60 kWh/m3system in 2012 to 250 kWh/m3system Improvements in Underground Thermal Energy Storage (UTES) Demonstration 2016- 2018 46 Energy efficiency increased from 60 %in 2012 to 75% in 2020 Lifetime of the UTES at elevated T increased from 10 years in 2012 to 20 – 30 years in 2020 Optimised integration of renewable energy sources in DHC systems and enhancement of thermal energy storage at system Demonstration 2018- 2020 46 The reference heat cost is reduced from 50-200 €/MWh in 2012 to 40-90€/MWhin 2020, while the energy efficiency of DHC systems is increased by 10 %
Enhanced industrial compression heat pumps Development 2018- 2020 36 Carnot efficiency increased from 0.3 in 2012 to 0.4 in 2025 Production cost of the heat pump unit reduced from 300 €/kW in 2012 to less than 200 €/kW in 2025 Process integration, optimisation and control of industrial heat pumps Demonstration 2014- 2016 47 Reference sCOP compression HP (at T = 35 K , Tevap = 40 °C) increased from 3.5 in 2012 to 5 in 2020 Reference sCOP absorption HP increased from 1.1 in 2012 to 1.5 in 2020 Average system cost reduced from 500-600 €/kW in 2012 to less than 400 €/kW in 2012 Improvement of sorption cooling from renewable energy sources Development / Demonstration 2018- 2020 47 Cost for absorption chiller reduced from 160 €/kWc in 2012 to 100 €/kWc in 2025 Specific weight reduced from 7 kg/kWc in 2012 to 5 in 2025 New concepts for industrial heat pumps Research 2016- 2018 24 Temperature of the delivered heat increased from 100°C in 2012 to more than 200°C in 2020 with a temperature lift higher than 70K Payback time reduced from 5 years in 2012 to less than 3 in 2020 Table x: Heat Pumps Roadmap 2.4.4 Hybrid systems Hybrid renewable energy systems, combining two or more energy sources into a single system, can overcome the limitations of individual technologies. This is true for small scale applications such as heating and cooling systems for single family houses as well as for large scale systems suitable for district heating and cooling or industrial processes. The combination of RES available at different times within the system is especially useful if a more constant demand for heat exists, with the overall efficiency of the system depending strongly on the way the different sources are combined. The Hybrid systems roadmap is summarized in x. Research and Innovation Priorities Predominant type of activity Priority Timeline KPI Automation, control and long term reliability assessment Development 2014- 2016 37 Reference system customer price (for Central Europe) reduced from 800 – 1,500 €/kW in 2012 to 640 – 1,200 €/kW in 2020 Primary Energy of a reference system reduced from 0.8 in 2012 to 0.65 in 2020 Increase in the system efficiency as a result of the integration of smart controllers higher than