invaded South Korea, drawing the United States and the UN into a three-year conflict that ended in a stalemate. By the mid-1950s, U.S. leaders had reluctantly accepted the Sovi- et sphere of influence behind the Iron Curtain. Moscow’s development of nuclear weap- ons forced American defense planners to devise a new national security strategy to counter the Soviet threat. Presidents Truman and Eisenhower bolstered the U.S. presence in Western Europe to deter Soviet aggression. The United States increased its conventional, or non-nuclear, forces. American policymakers also hoped to maintain their head start in the arms race. In 1947, Truman ordered that four hundred nuclear weapons be ready by 1953. Under Eisenhower, the doctrine of “massive retaliation” committed the United States to use nuclear weapons to counter a Soviet attack on Western Europe. The purpose of the policy was to deter an attack from ever taking place. This policy of deterrence would form the cornerstone of U.S. security policy for nearly fifty years. n Part I, you have read three critical turning points in America’s relationship to the world in the last century. The challenge for Americans is to define the role that the nation will have in the twenty-first century. As you read the next two sections on changes in the global environment and U.S. security, think about the turning points of the past. How were ordinary Americans involved in the foreign policy decisions of the last century, and how might Americans be involved today? Will the same factors involved in the twentieth century influence the decisions of the twenty-first? Have our values changed? As you read the following sections, use your knowledge of previous turning points to evaluate the choices available for us today.
hanging World Graphic Organizer Legacies of Historical Turning Points Instructions: In the boxes below, indi- cate first what issues were debated in the given time period. Next, indicate what policies were finally implemented and what values those policies represented. Finally, write down the lessons learned from the events and make a check mark next to those lessons you think today’s leaders should consider as they craft U.S. foreign policy. Post Spanish-American War Issues debated: 1. 2. 3. 4. Policies: Values: foreign policy decisions? Post World War I Issues debated: 1. 3. 2. 4. Policies: Values: Lessons learned: 1. 3. 2. 4.
Global Issues on the U.S. Agenda How does globalization affect this issue? What are the top U.S. concerns about this issue? What are the top concerns of nations about this issue? industrialized developing What policies does the United States have in regarding this issue? Economy Environment Health International Relations Culture and Values
Changing World Day Four Name: Evaluation Form Committee on Foreign Relations of the U.S. Senate Part I What was the most persuasive argument presented in favor of this Future? Future 1 Future 2 Future 3 Future 4 What was the most persuasive argument presented against this Future? Future 1 Future 2 Future 3 Future 4 Part II group presented its Future most effectively? Explain your answer.
Key Introduction and Part I values independence colonial powers annexation nationalist self-rule neutrality international cooperation territorial integrity imperial interests communism fascism international order nuclear weapons containment deterrence Part II democracy free market interdependence economic refugees Americanization WTO NAFTA bilateral GDP employment security developing economies Part III security rule of law genocide humanitarian intervention human rights violations military intervention rogue states inequality per capita income HIV/AIDS malaria malnutrition climate change Northern and Southern countries technology capitalism UN unilateral preemption preventive war regime collective security multilateral diplomacy political instability international governmental organization The World Bank IMF democratization NGO value system religious extremism WMD ICBM national missile defense proliferation hair-trigger economic sanctions