Native Americans took advantage of the European desire for furs to gain European trade goods Powhatan “adopted” John [after 1607] Pocahontas became Rebecca and married John [after 1607] Opechancanough arranged a sneak attack on Jamestown and the English in 1622, and almost succeeded in wiping them out [after 1607] Squanto joined the Pilgrims, working with them to provide a diplomatic connection and preserve his own power [1620-1622] Iroquois Confederacy played the French and British off against each for over a century [after 1607] Extended contact with Native Americans and Africans fostered a debate among European religious and political leaders about how non-Europeans should be treated, as well as evolving religious, cultural, and racial subjugation of Africans and Native Americans. Columbus seizing Native Americans and enslaving them, on the of African slavery from Portugal Spanish forcibly assimilating Native Americans into Catholicism French Jesuits living among Natives to convert them gently Bartolome de las Casas demanding Native Americans were Christians and shouldn’t be treated as slaves; suggested switching to African slaves (Valladolid debates with Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda) APUSH PERIOD TWO (1607-1754) KEY CONCEPTS REVIEW Use the space provided to write down specific details that could be used to discuss the key concepts. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
the Democrats (the two groups were much the same membership at times in the South); slowly took back state after state Congress passed Ku Klux Klan Act in 1871 to try and stop it, and they broke KKK’s hold on South Carolina, but federal resistance quickly faded after that Democrats retook House in 1874 midterm election “waving the bloody shirt” tactic not working for Republicans any more 1876 saw Reconstruction largely finished (only three Southern states in Republican control: Louisiana, SC, and Florida) Supreme Court tossed out most of Reconstruction in U.S. v. Cruikshank (1876), limiting voting rights issues largely to states, not federal government – 14th Amendment thus gutted In 1883, Supreme Court declared Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional 1876 election saw Democrat Samuel J. Tilden win, but Republicans claimed victories in their three Southern states, and argued Rutherford B. Hayes won; Hayes supposedly agreed to end Reconstruction, in exchange for becoming president; Democrats supposedly agreed; Reconstruction over Southern plantation owners continued to own the majority of the region’s land even after Reconstruction. Former slaves sought land ownership but generally fell short of self-sufficiency, as an exploitative and soil-intensive sharecropping system limited blacks’ and poor whites’ access to land in the South. North never enacted promise implied by the Sherman lands of “forty acres and a mule” (Sherman had only given freedmen those lands to get them out of his way on his marches) Property rights protected, rather than rights of freedmen Freedman’s Bureau tended to take the side of the planters Reconstruction portrayed as illegitimate and corrupt sharecropping was debt slavery, successfully imposed on poor blacks and whites alike by planters and local merchants Segregation, violence, Supreme Court decisions, and local political tactics progressively stripped away African American rights, but the 14th and 15th amendments eventually became the basis for court decisions upholding civil rights in the 20th century. See Box C, but Black Codes, KKK and other terrorist groups, collapse of Freedman’s Bureau, U.S. v. Cruikshank, 1883 overturning of Civil Rights Act, end of Reconstruction – all left 14th and 15th amendments unenforced until 1950s and 1960s
as the leading superpower in the 21st century. an economic collapse in 2016), the possible spread of epidemics (Ebola, Zika, West Nile disease, etc), the global energy crisis, overpopulation, human rights issues, and many other problems persist The US underwent a major economic collapse in 2008 (which still persists, in 2016, as the Great Recession), caused by A) Clinton’s ending of Glass-Steagall and B) George W. Bush’s continued erosion of government protections against the abuses of the rich and corporations; the changes in the rules governing investments and loans, particularly in the housing market, led to massive unemployment, the loss of ownership of millions of homes, and the necessity of bailing out banks, corporations, and other financial institutions (by both Bush and Obama) to the tune of several trillion dollars Yet, the US remains the only military superpower; the US Navy polices both of the major oceans of the world; no other nation can come close to our ability to project power We remain the world’s wealthiest nation (despite the nearly $19 trillion debt in 2016), with the most robust economy (but an economy that is increasingly geared to serving the wealthy rather than the middle class) Our resources and technical know-how remain very high, particularly among our universities, which remain the best in the world the world language is currently English; American music and movies dominate the field of entertainment; immigration to the US remains extremely high, indicating the desirability of migrating here Overall, we have serious problems (and perhaps none so great as the damage that has been done to the average American by ignorance and greed), we still have tremendous potential – and if not us, then who?