A Privilege Fund to Support Knowledge of Windmill Technology Diffusion: The Venetian Privilege Fund (1332) 60 61 The 1863 Billiard Ball Prize, and the development of the modern plastics industry 61 62 Food Related Prizes to Feed a Growing Population in France 62 Prize for source of fertilizer less expensive than guano 62 Agricultural Prizes to Promote Nation-Specific Solutions: Burkina Faso Innovation Prizes (1994) 62 Australian Department of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forestry (DAFF) Science and Innovation Awards for Young People in Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forestry 63 Annual Agri-Food Innovation Prizes to Encourage Canadian Communities and Agricultural Industries 63 64 65 Premium for the Prevention of Smoke (1855) 65 Grainger Challenges (2005) 65 Unlock the Mining Prize (2007) 65 Prize for Innovation in Clean Energy Technologies for the Future, the General Electric Ecomagination Challenge (2010, 2011) 65 66 for Best Software to Predict Film Ratings by Users, the Netflix Prize (2009) 66 Public Competition for Ideas and Software Apps to Improve the Lives of Citizens, Businesses and Tourists in Rio de Janeiro: Rio Ideias and RioApps (2013) 66 67 Nature Innovation Pavilion 67 The Economist Innovation Pavilion 68 Developing Country Innovation Pavilion 69 Public Good Pavilion 70 InnoCentive’s Intellectual property policies 71 C: 74 75 (1) R&D 75 (2) 76 (3) 76 (4) 77 Innovation Inducement Prizes 77 Antibiotic Conservation and Effectiveness (ACE) program 78 Strategic Antibiotic Reserve (SAR) 79 Pricing of antibiotics 80 Antibiotics Health Impact Fund (aHIF) 80 Antibiotics Innovation Funding Mechanism (AIFM). 81 (5) 82 Pigouvian Taxes 82 Antibiotic Innovation and Conservation (AIC) fee 82 Transferable Patent Extensions 83 Transferable Priority Review Vouchers 84 Advanced Marketing Commitment (AMC), and Advanced Purchase Commitment (APC) 85 Call options for antibiotics 86 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The grant of exclusive rights to use patented inventions is one of several important mechanisms for stimulating investment in innovative technologies. This paper discusses
Technology and Innovation stated that government funded research should be jointly owned by the government, In March 2006, however, the head of the ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation announced that research would be jointly owned by the government, university, and the scientists involved. jointly by the patent owners. The Malaysian Patent Law contains explicit provisions regarding compulsory licenses (Sections 48-54) as well as rights of the government (Section 84). Norway No specific language regarding publicly funded research, but title is governed by Norway’s Law on Employees’ Inventions. This law provides that title is granted to the employer, provided that notice is given to the employee (who is entitled to reasonable compensation).
Philippines Section 6(a) of the Act provides that the institution performing the government-funded research generally owns the IP rights to the innovation. There are a few exceptions to this general rule of ownership, however, which include: 1) where the institution enters into a written agreement to share, limit, waive or assign its ownership in favor of the agency, but "may only be voluntarily executed by the [institution] to protect public interest . . ."; 2) where the institution fails to disclose potential IP rights to the government agency; 3) where the institution fails "to initiate the protection of potential IPRs within a reasonable time," but no more than three months from public disclosure. Sections 15 and 16 govern rights, providing that the funding agency may assume ownership of IP covered under the Act "in case of national emergency or other circumstances of extreme urgency, or where the public interest requires . . . Such determination shall be made within thirty (30) days after the receipt of the recommendation of the Head of the GFA. Such recommendation shall be made within thirty (30) days upon the discovery of the potential IPR by the GFA or the disclosure of the same by the [research institution] pursuant to Section 8(c) of this Act, or upon written notice or petition by other government agencies or other interested persons." Rule 20 of the implementing regulation provides for “Assumption of Ownership” and explicitly states that an agency “may assume ownership of any potential IPRs in cases of national emergency or other circumstances of extreme urgency, or where the public interest requires, and in particular concerns for national security, nutrition, health, or the development of other vital sectors of the national economy, as determined by the head of the Parent Agency.” Russia Article 1373 gives the right to patent a publicly funded invention to the research institute that made the discovery, absent an explicit research agreement stating otherwise (such as a specific clause stating that the rights belong to the government). Government may retain rights if stated in the research agreement. Article 1362 provides for compulsory licenses and Article 1368 provides for application procedures for open licenses.
Year Orphan Designations Designations Approved for Marketing Orphan Drug Credit (000 of USD) 1983 1 2 $236 1984 40 3 $105 1985 50 7 $204 1986 33 6 $6,530 1987 58 9 $5,154 1988 73 9 $8,053 1989 77 10 $14,190 1990 89 11 $15,637 1991 81 13 $18,475 1992 55 14 $17,826 1993 65 13 $20,486 1994 59 11 $21,166 1995 57 11 N/A 1996 57 25 N/A 1997 54 18 N/A 1998 68 20 $80,392 1999 78 20 $109,435 2000 70 13 $112,954 2001 79 6 $134,846 2002 64 14 $146,900 2003 96 12 $173,848 2004 133 13 $209,488 2005 124 17 $232,185 2006 142 24 $303,951 2007 119 16 $381,349 2008 165 14 $450,163