From the research question Teenagers [13 to <18 year olds] Drivers & passengers Learner Measures/ interventions which are effective in reducing motor vehicle deaths Exposure =Risk factors Not specified – a range of comparators might be specified in the systematic reviews included i.e. no specific intervention, usual practice, alternative intervention Effect on reduction in fatalities Effect on reduction in injuries Effect on reduction in crashes Improved safety measures: use of seat belts/restraints Risk reduction: avoidance of overcrowding in cars, reduced use of alcohol/psychoactive (including alcohol), reduced mobile phone use Attitude of parents and teenagers Synonyms Car occupants Learner drivers New drivers Novice drivers Occupants Passenger Teenage drivers Teenager* Young adult drivers Young drivers BAC, Breath Alcohol Concentration testing Driver education Enforcement Extended learning GDL/ GDLS Graduated Driving Licensing Night-time driving restrictions Passenger restrictions Risk reduction Road safety Safety measures Seat belt* Structured Licensing Supervised driving Teenage driving restrictions Telematic e.g. ‘Black Box’ (“Little Squealer”) Training Zero alcohol/drugs Attitude change Behaviour change Crash rate reduction reduction Death reduction Decreased rates of death, crashes, injury Fatality reduction Injuries/ Injury prevention Reduced Mortality Risk reduction Safety measures MeSH/ Thesaurus crash or Exp automobile driving/ or vehicle? Or or transport Adolescent Licensure
Dinh-Zarr TB et al. (2001).Reviews of evidence regarding interventions to increase the use of safety belts. Systematic review Yes Relates to ref 12 Ditter S et al. (2005). Effectiveness of designated driver programmes for reducing alcohol-impaired driving. US Task Force on Community Preventive Services Systematic Review Yes One of the SRs informing the Community Guide Recommendations at ref 11 Dowswell T & Towner E. (2002) Social deprivation and the prevention of unintentional injury in childhood: a systematic review Discussion paper No on a systematic review which is already included (Towner et al 2001) Elder RW et al. (2004). Effectiveness of mass media campaigns for reducing drinking and driving and alcohol-involved crashes. Systematic review Yes Relates to ref 11 Elder RW et al. (2005). Effectiveness of programmes for reducing drinking and driving and riding with drinking drivers. Systematic review Yes Relates to ref 11 and 13 Elder RW et al. (2011). US Task Force on Community Preventive Services Systematic Review Yes One of the SR informing recommendations in ref 11 Engstrom I et al. (2003). Young novice drivers, driver education and training. Literature review No Has a basic search strategy but no critical appraisal Evans CA et al. (2001). Motor-vehicle occupant injury: strategies for increasing use of child safety seats, increasing use of safety belts, and reducing alcohol-impaired driving. Supplementary report to refs 9,10,11 No – not as a separate source Contains additional information relating to implementation of the interventions recommended by the US Community Services Preventive Task Force Guide Ferguson S. (2003). Other high-risk factors for young drivers--how graduated licensing does, doesn't, or could address them. Literature review No examines the risk factors underlying high crash rates of young drivers and assesses the extent to which existing graduated licensing programmes address these risks and whether improvements to these
review and no critical appraisal of included studies National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (2012). A fresh look at the state of driver education in America. Literature review No Not a review of effectiveness of interventions Related briefing suggests this is not a systematic review National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. (2010). Strategies to prevent unintentional injuries among the under-15s. NICE Review No Too – not directly relevant and covers whole population, not just teenagers Only part of this is relevant to deaths of teenagers in motor vehicles. Some of the SRs which inform the guidance which are relevant are already included: SR1 = ref 48, SR2=risk factor correlates, not effectiveness of interventions, SR3= ref 4 looks at general population level impact of speeding enforcement and penalties/traffic conviction measures, SR4 & 5 are not relevant, SR6=ref 3 economic evaluation –some relevance re; cost-effectiveness of speeding enforcement National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2013). Preventing unintentional road injuries among under-15s: road design. NICE review report No See ref 48 O'Brien N. (2013). Supervised hours requirements in graduated driver licensing. Effectiveness and parental awareness. Primary research No Not a systematic review of the effectiveness of interventions Submitted by SJ Park A et al. (2009). Current practice and innovative approaches to prevent childhood unintentional injuries: An overview and synthesis of international comparative analyses and surveys of injury prevention policies, legislation and other activities: An overview and synthesis of international current practice to prevent unintentional injury in children. NICE Review No Interventions relevant to this CDR Thematic review were excluded Review underpinning ref 46 Patel DR, Greydanus DE & Rowlett JD. (2000). Romance with the automobile in the 20th Literature review No Not a systematic review of the effectiveness of interventions
century: implications for adolescents in a new millennium. Pilkington P & Kinra S. (2005) Effectiveness of speed cameras in preventing road traffic collisions and related casualties: systematic review. Systematic review Yes Roberts IG & Kwan I. (2008). School-based driver education for the prevention of traffic crashes. Systematic review Yes (2002). A review of parent/driver agreements. Report No Not a systematic review of the effectiveness of interventions, but a summary of the existence and nature of such agreements in different countries. Russell KF, Vandermeer B & Hartling L. (2011). Graduated driver licensing for reducing motor vehicle crashes among young drivers Systematic review Yes Scott-Parker B et al. (2012).The influence of sensitivity to reward and punishment, propensity for sensation seeking, depression, and anxiety on the risky behaviour of novice drivers: a path model. Primary research No Paper explores the relationships between gender, age, anxiety, depression, sensitivity to reward and punishment, propensity, and risky driving. Does not assess effectiveness of intervention. Senserrick TM. (2006). Reducing young driver road trauma: guidance and optimism for the future. Overview paper No This paper highlights lessons from Expert Panel papers in the same supplement. It is not a SR of effectiveness studies. Shope JT. (2006). Influences on youthful driving behaviour and their potential for guiding interventions to reduce crashes Discussion paper No This paper discusses factors influencing young drivers' behaviour and how those factors might inform interventions to reduce crashes. The author's own studies, selected relevant
literature, observation, and experience were included. Shope JT. (2007). Graduated driver licensing: Review of evaluation results since 2002. Review of evaluation results Yes Shults RA et al. (2001). . US Task Force on Community Preventive Services Systematic Review Yes One of the SRs informing recommendations in ref 11 and13 Shults RA et al. (2004).Effectiveness of primary enforcement safety belt laws and enhanced enforcement of safety belt laws: a summary of the Guide to community preventive services systematic reviews. Synthesis of two SRs No Reports on findings of a previously published SR has been included as ref 17 Shults RA et al. (2004). Primary enforcement seat belt laws are effective even in the face of rising belt use rates. Systematic review – explores heterogeneity in a previous SR No Examines seat belt legislation per se (effectiveness of primary cf secondary law) in the US. Shults RA et al. (2009). Effectiveness of programmes with community mobilization for reducing alcohol-impaired driving. Systematic review Yes Relates to Ref 11 Simons-Morton BG & Hartos J.(2003). How well do parents manage young driver crash risks? Discussion paper No Not a systematic review of the effectiveness of interventions Simons-Morton BG & Ouimet MC. (2006). Parent involvement in novice teen driving: a review of the literature. Literature review No Not a systematic review of the effectiveness of interventions Doesn’t include any search methodology or any consideration of study quality Simons-Morton BG, Ouimet MC & Catalano RF. (2008). Parenting and the young driver problem. Literature review No Not a systematic review of the effectiveness of interventions include any search methodology or any consideration of study quality Simpson HM. (2003). The evolution and effectiveness of graduated licensing Discussion paper No This paper traces the history of graduated licensing and examines the extent to which graduated licensing has produced reductions in collisions. It concludes with some general observations
graduated licensing, teenagers and mobile telephones, and drunk driving. Thomas J et al. (2007). Accidental injury, behaviour and the social circumstances in which young people (aged 12-24) live. Systematic review of reviews No This is a tertiary review which includes systematic reviews and literature reviews. Several of the SRs overlap with those included in this evidence review. The review also included some reviews which were published before 2000 and so therefore we not included in this evidence review. The recommendations are consistent with those drawn from the more recent evidence assessed in this evidence review. Thomas L et al. (2008). Safety effects of automated enforcement programmes. Critical review of international literature. Systematic review Yes Towner E et al. (2001). What in preventing unintentional injuries in children and young adolescents Systematic review No Updated by NICE 2010 Towner E & Dowswell T. (2002). Community-based childhood injury prevention interventions: what works? Discussion paper No on a systematic review (Towner et al 2001). Towner E et al. (2005). Injuries in children aged years and inequalities. NICE report No Explores social variation in childhood injury mortality and morbidity and draws on a systematic review (Towner et al 2001). Turcotte K (2005). Motor vehicle crashes among young drivers Systematic review of reviews No This is a tertiary review which includes systematic reviews and literature reviews. Several of the SRs overlap with those included in this evidence review The review also included some reviews were published before 2000 and so therefore we not included in this evidence review. The recommendations are consistent with those drawn from the more recent evidence assessed in this evidence review.