steam or heating/cooling for the 2009 year, so the only contributor to scope 2 emissions was the purchased electricity, used by facilities. The total emissions from purchased electricity were 186800 MTCO2e for 2009. Table : Scope 2 Emissions by Sector Sector MTCO2e Facilities 186,800 Total 186,800 shows the scope 2 CO2e emissions sorted by source and the total scope 2 CO2e emissions emitted in 2009 by the City of Toledo, in Metric Tons. This table shows the breakdown of the scope 2 emissions from the facilities sector. The facilities (excluding WTP/WWTP) are the largest contributor followed by the WWTP, the WTP and finally traffic lights. These scope 2 emissions are directly related to how much electricity each source uses. Table : Scope 2 Emissions by Source Source MTCO2e Facilities (excluding WTP/WWTP) 142,000 WWTP 26,100 WTP 15,000 Traffic Lights 3,700 Total 186,800 shows scope 2 emissions from facilities sorted by source. From the figure one can see that Facilities (excluding WTP/WWTP) are the largest source of scope 2 emissions with 76% of the total 187,000 MTCO2e. The WWTP emits 14%, the WTP 8% and the traffic lights 2% of the total. The facilities (excluding WTP/WWTP), source is made up of around 335 facilities so it was expected to be the largest source. By comparison the WWTP emits 14% of scope 2 by itself or 26100 MTCO2e. Similarly, the WTP emits 8% of the total scope 2 MTCO2e, 15000 MTCO2e. The WWTP and WTP are very large contributors to scope 2 emissions, emitting a combined 22% of scope 2 MTCO2e emissions. Figure : Scope 2 Emissions by Source
Conclusions The City of Toledo emitted 301,400 MT CO2e emissions in 2009. Facilities were responsible for 52% of emissions contributed by governmental operations. Vehicles and fuel accounted for an additional 16% of emissions. The landfill, wastewater treatment and drinking water treatment plant accounted for 14%, 11% & 6% of emissions, respectively. The cities highly efficient streetlights emitted only 1% of citywide emissions. The sectors of the city with the highest emissions levels will have more opportunities for cost-effective reduction. Future Work ICLEI has set out a five step program to help cities reduce their emissions. These steps are: Calculate annual greenhouse gas emissions, complete an energy audit and set realistic goals for emissions reduction, develop an action plan to achieve these goals, implement the action plan, and monitor the results and adjust the action plan if falling short of goal. This process does not end once the city has hit its goal, for maximum benefit it should be repeated every three to five years. To make progress towards these goals the City of Toledo will have to make data collection easier and maintain someone on staff to follow through on the five step plan. We suggest an “Energy Coordinator.” Other cities have found that one of the best ways to maximize their impact is to join with other governmental bodies in the region and work on this process in collaboration. This will allow the governmental bodies to decrease the cost of maintaining the inventory and developing the targets and action plan. There is also the potential for further cost savings from efficiencies of scale as engineering firms bid on the projects to reduce emissions from buildings. Appendices Appendix: Raw Data Appendix : Facilities and Vehicle Fleet Budget Total Expenditure Fuel Expenditure Electricity Expenditure Heat Expenditure $4,331.30 $3,629,769.81 $3,629,769.81 $1,269,152.49 $1,269,152.49 $3,196,629.88 $3,196,629.88 $518.64 $432.99 $432.99