Botswana Policy approach Wins Losses Assumptions Overall subjective assessment Adaptation Mitigation Development Adaptation Mitigation Development Botswana Water Water demand management measures Improve water use efficiency in light of changing and potentially decreasing rainfall and surface runoff conditions at the intra and inter annual timescale, particularly regarding rising water scarcity and droughts. None Increase productive water use and hence availability for agriculture, as well as drinking purposes, sanitation and other livelihood activities. None None None Effective implementation and management. 3 Improve access to drinking water and sanitation services Increase individual and community health and physical ability to deal with potential temperature rise, and changing stress on livelihood activities. None Improve health and well-being of individuals and communities. None None None Effective implementation and management. 3 Equitable water allocation between all users Relative increased provision and access to water in light of temperature rise and potential changes in rainfall patterns and water runoff. None Increased access to water for sector purposes. None None None Effective implementation and management. 3 Increase water use efficiency Improve water use efficiency in light of changing and potentially decreasing rainfall and surface runoff conditions at the intra and inter annual timescale, particularly regarding None Increase productive water use and hence availability for agriculture, as well as drinking purposes, sanitation and None None None Effective implementation and management. 3
rising water scarcity and droughts. other livelihood activities. Improve network for monitoring hydrology Improved capacity to detect and understand variations in rainfall, runoff and flow in the context of climate change hydro-meteorological impacts. None Improve capacity to measure and understand changes in hydrology, benefits to research and management approaches. None None None Successful establishment and management of hydrological gauges, monitoring techniques and data management. 3 Construction of large and small scale irrigated systems Potential to increase crop production in light of changes in rainfall and water availability. None Increase food production, positive effect on livelihood activities. Potential owing to uncertainty of rainfall patterns and water availability, particularly with large scale canal irrigation infrastructure. None Potential loss of habitat, human displacement. Effective implementation and management. 1 Average of CCD assessment 3 Present of each component in policy % 100 0 100 16 0 16 Agriculture Technology development to improve arable farming techniques Increase ability of farmers to adapt to rising temperature and rainfall changes. Potential to reduce soil tillage and carbon dioxide emissions. Increase productivity of crops. None None None Effective implementation and management. 4 Soil mapping and land capability studies to ensure efficient use of land Increase ability of farmers to adapt to rising temperature and rainfall changes through more efficiency use of land (soil, water). None Increase efficiency of agricultural inputs. None None None Effective implementation and management. 3 An intensive breeding programme of livestock None None Strengthen livelihood activities through source of food/milk, labour for agricultural purposes. None Increase in methane emissions from cattle. None Increase in relative number of livestock. 1
Agricultural extension services Increase in farmers’ ability to adapt to changes in rainfall and water availability, as well as temperature rise for the cultivation of crops, through training and capacity building. Potential to decrease level of tillage and hence carbon dioxide emission from soils Increase in farmers’ capacity to sustainably manage and potentially increase crop cultivation, with positive implications on livelihoods. None None None Effective implementation and management. 4 Average of CCD assessment 3 Present of each component in policy % 75 50 100 0 25 25 Forestry Promote forestry based enterprise and industry None Contribute to sustainable forest management and help maintain carbon sequestration sinks. Income generation for those involved with wood based economy. None None Traditional access reduced Increase plantation coverage area to the detriment of the local community. 1 Promote participation of communities in sustainable management of forests Potential to increase adaptive capacity of rural and forest based livelihoods. Maintain and potentially increase forest cover for carbon sequestration. Contribution to rural-based livelihoods, increase access to non-timber food products. None None None Efficient community based natural resource management, equitable access. 3 Strengthen wildland fire management in forest areas None None Enhance safety of communities living in or near to forests. None None None Successful implementation and management. 3 Strengthen programmes for forest conservation None Increase carbon sequestration sink. Promotion of forest livelihood activities and enhanced conservation resource base. None None None Successful implementation and management. 3 Develop human resource capacity in the forestry sector None Increase carbon sequestration sink Promotion of forest livelihood activities and enhanced conservation resource base. None None None Successful implementation and management. 3 Average of CCD assessment 2.6
Present of each component in policy % 20 80 100 0 0 20 Energy Promotion of renewable energy sources (solar, wind, biomass, geothermal) None energy sources, zero/minimal carbon dioxide emissions. Increase zero carbon energy supply for livelihoods and economic growth. None None None Effective implementation and management. 3 Promote energy efficiency None Relatively less energy required if efficiency is increased, leading to relatively less carbon dioxide emissions. Energy savings either used for further powering of sector, or redirected towards another sector. Economic savings. None None None Effective implementation and management. 3 Diversify energy supply and regional cooperation None None Promotion of energy security through multiple sources. None Potential for increased fossil fuel carbon dioxide emissions. None Dependant on energy supply including a mixture of fossil fuels and renewables. 1 Promotion of fossil fuels including petroleum and coal to increase energy production None None Increase energy production for livelihoods and economic growth, job creation. None Significantly increase carbon dioxide emissions. Increase in level of air pollution. Effective implementation and management. 1 Promotion of renewable such as bio-fuels and biomass None Clean energy source. Potential to increase energy supply and diversification. None None None Effective implementation and management. 3 Increased and equitable access to affordable energy services for all sectors of the economy None None Promote economic and livelihood benefits. None Potential for increase in carbon dioxide emission. None Effective implementation and management. 1 Average of CCD assessment 0 50 100 0 50 16 2 Present of each component in policy %
Lesotho Policy approach Wins Loses Assumptions Overall subjective assessment Adaptation Mitigation Development Adaptation Mitigation Development Lesotho Expand and maintain hydrological monitoring networks for assessment of water resources Improved capacity to detect and understand variations in rainfall, runoff and river flow in the context of climate change hydro-meteorological impacts. None Improve capacity to measure and understand changes in hydrology, benefits to research and management approaches. None None None Successful establishment and management of hydrological gauges, monitoring techniques and data management. 3 Accelerate the delivery of and sanitation services to all Basotho in line with national development goals Increase individual and community health and physical ability to deal with potential temperature rise and changing stress on livelihood activities. None Improve health and well-being of individuals and communities. None None None Effective implementation and management. 3 Strengthen co-operation between riparian states for managing trans-boundary water More effectively manage changes in river flow with climate change impacts on hydrology. None Promote cooperation between riparian None None None Successful and transparent management of riparian water basins. 3 Promote efficient use of water resources including demand management Improve water use efficiency in light of changing and potentially decreasing rainfall and surface runoff conditions at the intra and inter annual timescale, particularly regarding rising water scarcity and droughts. None Increase productive water use and hence availability for agriculture, as well as drinking purposes, sanitation and other livelihood activities. None None None Effective, efficient and appropriate implementation and management. 3
Groundwater development and management Increase levels of groundwater through recharge, if rainfall becomes more variable. None Increase levels of, and access to, for domestic, sanitation, agriculture and other domestic activities. Strengthen livelihood activities. None Potential for increased energy use and carbon dioxide emission from diesel pumps. Potential to over-exact groundwater aquifers leading to decreased availability. Diesel or petrol used to power pumps. Groundwater aquifers have the potential to be exploited for irrigation. 1 Expand water infrastructure including reservoir construction with hydropower Flood management and increased water storage if levels of rainfall and hence runoff decrease with climate change. Reduce CO2 emissions from hydropower, clean energy source. Increase storage for irrigation, drinking purposes, industrial growth. Strengthen livelihood activities. None Loss of habitat/forests and potential carbon sequestration sink when reservoir area flooded. Displacement of people. Reservoir construction located on site containing biodiversity and human settlement. 2 Average of CCD assessment 2.5 Present of each component in policy % 100 16 100 16 33 16 Agriculture Promote agro-forestry None Increase carbon sequestration sinks. Promotion of forest livelihood activities and enhanced conservation resource base. None None None Effectively implemented and managed. 3 Increase livestock production and health None None Strengthen livelihood activities through source of food/milk, labour for agricultural purposes. None Increase in methane emissions from cattle. None Increase in relative number of livestock. 1 Facilitate training of farmers to enhance crop production Increase in farmers’ ability to adapt to changes in rainfall and water available as well as temperature rise for the cultivation of crops, through training and capacity building. None Increase in farmers’ capacity to sustainably manage and potentially increase crop cultivation, with positive implications on livelihoods. None None None Effective implementation and management. 3
improve livelihoods. Consolidate and strength energy generation through fossil fuels particularly petroleum None None Increase energy production for livelihoods and economic growth, job creation. None Significantly increase carbon dioxide emissions. Increase in of air pollution. Effective implementation and management. 1 Develop and sustain a reliable and efficient transmission network None Relatively less energy required if efficiency increased, leading to relatively less carbon dioxide emissions. Energy savings either used for further powering of sector, or redirected towards another sector. Economic savings. None Potential to increase net electricity use leading to increase in fossil fuel sources and hence carbon dioxide emissions. None A proportion of electricity generation from fossil fuel sources. 2 Ensure more connections of electricity by end-users None None Increase access to electricity to improve livelihoods. None None None A proportion of electricity generation from fossil fuel sources. 3 Average of CCD assessment 2.25 Present of each component in policy % 0 50 100 0 50 25 Malawi
Policy approach Wins Losses Assumption Overall subjective assessment Adaptation Mitigation Development Adaptation Mitigation Development Malawi Water Increase water storage, medium and large reservoirs with hydropower Flood management and increased water storage if levels of rainfall and hence runoff decrease with climate change. Reduce CO2 emissions from hydropower, clean energy source. Increase storage for irrigation, drinking purposes, industrial growth. Strengthen livelihood activities. None Loss of habitat/forests and potential carbon sequestration sink when reservoir area flooded. Displacement of people. Reservoir construction located on site containing biodiversity and human settlement. 2 Rainwater harvesting Increase storage if rainfall patterns become more variable, on the seasonal and annual timeframes. Mitigate effects of extreme weather events such as short-intense periods of rainfall, through interception and decrease surface water runoff. None Increase water storage for drinking, sanitation, agriculture and other livelihood activities. None None None Rainwater harvesting structures can be built with suitable materials. Funds to purchase material is available when required. 3 Improve coverage and access of urban and rural domestic water supply Increase individual and community health and physical ability to deal with potential temperature rise, and changing stress on livelihood activities. None Improve health and well-being of individuals and communities. None None None Effective implementation and management. 3 Irrigation efficiency, improved drainage More efficient use of for irrigation, adaptation if rainfall/flow reduces with climate change. None Improve irrigation water use. Improve livelihoods and financial returns. None None None Effective implementation and management. Current irrigation systems performing below adequate 3
levels of efficiency. Disaster management for floods and droughts, warning systems Increase level of preparedness and management approaches to deal with extreme weather events such as floods and droughts. None Increase level of preparedness and management approaches to deal with extreme weather events such as floods and droughts. None None None Government and/or relevant organisation has the capacity to appropriately manage floods and droughts. 3 Enhance hydropower Flood management and increased water storage if levels of rainfall and hence runoff decrease with climate change. Reduce CO2 emissions from hydropower, clean energy source. Increase storage for irrigation, drinking purposes, industrial growth. Strengthen livelihood activities. None Loss of habitat/forests and potential carbon sequestration sink when reservoir area flooded. Displacement of people. Reservoir construction located on site containing biodiversity and human settlement. 2 Inter-basin transfer Transfer of between basins/sub-basins if changes in hydrology lead to increased water scarcity, droughts and/or floods. None Management of floods and water scarcity, increase access to water for sectoral uses. None Potential loss of habitat/forests and potential carbon sequestration sink with infrastructure construction. Displacement of people. Inter-basin infrastructure construction located on sites containing biodiversity and human settlement. 1 Average of CCD assessment 2.42 Present of each component in policy % 100 29 100 29 43 43 Agriculture Livestock production None None Strengthen livelihood activities through source of food/milk, labour for agricultural purposes. None Increase in methane emissions from cattle. None Increase in relative number of livestock. 1 Risk management including early warning systems Enhance farmers’ ability to agriculturally adapt to temperature rise, water scarcity, droughts and floods with climate change None Increase farmers’ ability to manage seasonal and long term changes in rainfall and temperature. None None None Systems implemented and managed appropriately by relevant organisations. 3
impacts. Enhance food security. Use and access to fertilisers and pesticides Promote crop cultivation through enhanced soil nutrient content, increasing crop resilience to temperature rise, and variability in rainfall patterns and soil water content. None Promote crop cultivation through enhanced soil nutrient content and reduction in pests. Positive rural livelihood implications, and for food security. None None Significant potential for over-use leading to reduction in soil health and crops, in addition to aquatic pollution. Cost of fertilisers and pesticides to farmers. Variability in soil conditions requiring careful context specific application to avoid degradation problems. 1 Food (crop) and seed storage systems Secure agricultural production and food access in drought with climate change. None Secure rural and urban livelihoods through improved access to seeds and food. None None None Secure, efficient storage systems are provided and maintained. 3 Drought resistant seeds and crops Increase crop resilience to drought conditions with rising temperatures, reduced rainfall with climate change. Increase carbon sequestration sinks through greater and more consistent crop coverage. Improve livelihood security and access to food. Income generation benefits. None None None Part of crop diversification strategy not fully leading to mono-cropping with associated risks. 4 Market access and liberalisation of trade policies None None Improved access to markets for income generation and purchasing of required agricultural inputs for farming. None None None Fair and equitable access to markets with efficient transport systems. 2 Encourage agroforestry to improve land fertility Increase ecosystem resilience to climate change impacts. Increase carbon sequestration sinks. Promotion of forest livelihood activities and enhanced conservation resource base. None None None 4 Average of CCD assessment 2.57 Present of each component in policy % 71 28 100 0 14 28 Forestry
Forest conservation and management by local communities Potential to increase adaptive capacity of rural and forest based livelihoods. Maintain and potentially increase forest cover for carbon sequestration. Contribution to rural-based livelihoods, increase access to non-timber food products. None None None Efficient community natural resource management, equitable access. 3 Technologies for development and management of trees and forests, optimal harvesting and utilization of forest products None Contribute to sustainable forest management and help maintain carbon sequestration More efficient processes. None None Traditional access reduced. Effective implementation and management. 1 Accelerate and intensifying efforts to manage forest plantations for the production of timber and industrial wood products None Contribute to sustainable forest management and help maintain carbon sequestration sinks. Income generation for those involved with wood based economy. Traditional access reduced. Increase plantation coverage area to the detriment of local the community. 1 Support networks of rural marketing services and the transportation of forest products None Potential to maintain carbon sinks. Strengthen rural forest based livelihoods through income generation. None None Charcoal production and use. Fair and equitable access. 1 Average of CCD assessment 1.5 Present of each component in policy % 25 100 100 0 0 75 Energy Strengthen electricity supply industry for more efficient supply None Relatively less energy required if efficiency increased, leading to relatively less carbon dioxide emissions. Energy savings either used for further powering of sector, or redirected towards another sector. Economic savings. None None None Effective implementation and management 3 Promote a coal supply industry with private sector participation None None Increase energy production for livelihoods and economic growth, job creation None Significantly increase carbon dioxide emissions. Increase in level of air pollution. Effective implementation. and management 2 Increase electricity generation and reliable transmission to households and industry None None Increase access to electricity to None Potential for net increase in energy None Proportion of energy supply from fossil fuels. 1
improve livelihoods. consumption with a proportion fossil fuels and increased carbon dioxide emissions. Promote efficient use of energy by all users None Relatively less energy required if efficiency increased, leading to relatively less carbon dioxide emissions. Energy savings either used for further powering of sector, or redirected towards another sector. Economic savings. None None None Effective implementation and management. 3 Increase reliance of petroleum supply through private sector participation None None Increase energy production for livelihoods and economic growth. None Significantly increase carbon dioxide emissions. Increase in level of air pollution. Effective implementation and management. 1 Average of CCD assessment 2.4 Present of each component in policy % 0 40 100 0 60 40 Mauritius
to deal with extreme weather events such as floods and droughts. approaches to deal with extreme weather events such as floods and droughts. the capacity to appropriately management flood and droughts. Conduct research into the impacts of climate change on resources Enhance understanding of and ability to adapt to potential impacts of climate change on rainfall patterns and water resources. None Enhance ability of infrastructure and strengthen livelihoods in the face of climate change impacts. None None None Informative research allow greater understanding of potential impacts of climate change on water resources. 3 Improve hydrological monitoring and data dissemination Improved capacity to detect and understand variations in rainfall, runoff and flow in the context of climate change hydro-meteorological impacts. None Improve capacity to measure and understand changes in hydrology, benefits to research and management approaches. None None None Successful establishment and management of hydrological gauges, monitoring techniques and data management. 3 Average of CCD assessment 2.8 Present of each component in policy % 100 14 100 14 14 14 Agriculture Increase the application of pesticides and fertilisers Promote crop cultivation through enhanced soil nutrient content, increasing crop resilience to temperature rise, and variability in rainfall patterns and soil content. None Promote crop cultivation through enhanced soil nutrient content and reduction in pests. Positive rural livelihood implications, and for food security. None None Significant potential for over-use leading to reduction in soil health and crops, in addition to aquatic pollution. Cost of fertilisers and pesticides to farmers. Variability in soil conditions requiring careful context specific application to avoid degradation problems. 1 Promotion of small-scale irrigation schemes Potential to increase crop production in light of changes in rainfall and water availability. None Increase food production, positive effect on None None None Successful implantation and management. 3
livelihood activities. Promote livestock health and breeding programme None None Strengthen livelihood activities through source of food/milk, labour for agricultural purposes. None Increase in methane emissions from cattle. None Increase in relative number of livestock. 1 Increase farmer access to markets None None Improved access to markets for income generation and purchasing of required agricultural inputs for farming. None None None Fair and equitable access to markets with efficient transport systems. 2 Promote agricultural markets for and investment None None Improved access to markets for income generation and purchasing of required agricultural inputs for farming. None None None Fair and equitable access to markets with efficient transport systems. 2 Early warning system for climate change impacts on agriculture should as droughts and floods Enhance farmers’ ability to agriculturally adapt to temperature rise, water scarcity, droughts and floods with climate change impacts. Enhance food security. None Increase farmers’ ability to manage seasonal and long term changes in rainfall and temperature. None None None Successful implementation and management. 3 Average of CCD assessment 1.83 Present of each component in policy % 50 0 100 13 20 40 Forestry Conserve and protect nature areas, including protected areas network and community participation Potential to increase adaptive capacity of rural and forest based livelihoods. Increase carbon sequestration sinks. Promotion of forest livelihood activities and enhanced conservation resource base. None None None Successful implementation and management. 3 Document and update biodiversity through regular surveys; ensure that databases on biodiversity are readily accessible to users None Contribute to better management Contribute to better management None None None Successful implementation 3
practises of biodiversity, and potential for conservation and hence carbon sequestration. practises of biodiversity and potential for conservation. and management. Support networks of marketing services and the transportation of forest products None Potential to maintain carbon sinks. Strengthen forest based livelihoods through income generation. None None Charcoal production and use. Fair and equitable access. 2 Promote the conservation of agricultural land and improvement in quality of food crops, with specific programmes targeting women Potential to increase adaptive capacity of rural and forest based livelihoods, particularly that of women. Contribute to better management practises of biodiversity and agriculture, and potential for conservation and hence carbon sequestration. Improve gender dynamics, rural agricultural livelihoods and income generation. None None None Successful implementation and management. 4 Average of CCD assessment 3 Present of each component in policy % 50 100 100 0 0 25 Energy Increase renewable energy sources to 35% by 2025 None Clean energy sources, zero/minimal carbon dioxide emissions. Increase clean zero carbon energy supply for livelihoods and economic growth. None None None Successful implementation and management. 3 Increase use of fossil fuels such as oil, coal and LPG None None Increase energy production for livelihoods and economic growth, job creation. None Significantly increase carbon dioxide emissions. Increase in level of air pollution. Effective implementation and management. 2 Rehabilitation and development of new micro hydropower schemes None energy source. Increase electricity generation and portfolio of sources. None None None Successful implementation and management. 3 Secure energy supply and reliability at the household level Increase individual and community ability to adapt to temperature rise. None Increase access to electricity to improve livelihoods. None Potential for net increase in energy consumption with a None Proportion of energy supply from fossil fuels. 1
enhanced conservation resource base. Attract investment in small and medium industry based on wood and non-wood forest raw materials None Contribute to sustainable forest management and help maintain carbon sequestration sinks. Income generation for those involved with wood based economy. None None Traditional access reduced. Increase coverage area to the detriment of the local community. 1 Implement innovative land-use strategies including multiple use conservation areas None Contribute to better management practises of biodiversity and agriculture, and potential for conservation and hence carbon sequestration. Promote more environmentally sustainable planning practices. None None None Managed sustainably. 3 Promote gender equality in forestry related livelihoods None Contribute to better management practises of biodiversity and agriculture, and potential for conservation and hence carbon sequestration. Improve gender dynamics, agricultural livelihoods and income generation. None None None Effectively managed on gender equity grounds. 3 Average of CCD assessment 2.5 Present of each component in policy % 0 100 100 0 0 25 Energy Secure fossil fuel production (oil and gas) to need present and future demands None None Increase energy production for livelihoods and economic growth, job creation. None Significantly increase carbon dioxide emissions. Increase in of air pollution. Effective implementation and management. 1 Households and communities improved access to affordable energy supplies Increase individual and community ability to adapt to temperature rise. None Increase access to electricity to improve livelihoods. None Potential for net increase in energy consumption with a proportion None Proportion of energy supply from fossil fuels. 2
fossil fuels and increased carbon dioxide emissions. Promotion of renewables particularly biomass None energy source, minimal carbon dioxide emissions. Diversification of energy supply portfolio, sustainability in the long term. None None None Effectively implemented and managed. 3 Increase efficiency of electricity use in all sectors None Relatively less energy required if efficiency is increased, leading to relatively less carbon dioxide emissions. Energy savings either used for further powering of sector, or redirected towards another sector. Economic savings. None None None Effective implementation and management. 3 Average of CCD assessment 2.5 Present of each component in policy % 25 50 100 0 50 25 South Africa Policy approach Wins Losses Assumptions Overall subjective assessment
Adaptation Mitigation Development Adaptation Mitigation Development South Africa Water Improve and secure reliable and safe drinking all of the population Increase individual and community health and physical ability to deal with potential temperature rise, and changing stress on livelihood activities. None Improve health and well-being of individuals and communities. None None None Effective implementation and management. 3 Groundwater management and recharge Increase levels of groundwater through recharge, if rainfall becomes more variable. None Increase levels of and access to water for domestic, sanitation, agriculture and other domestic activities. Strengthen livelihood activities. None Potential for increased energy use and carbon dioxide emissions from diesel pumps. Potential to groundwater aquifers, leading to decreased availability. Diesel or petrol used to pumps. Groundwater aquifers have the potential to be exploited for irrigation. 1 Effective water management in times of floods, drought and other extreme weather events Increase level of preparedness and management approaches to deal with extreme weather events, such as floods and droughts. None Increase of preparedness and management approaches to deal with extreme weather events, such as floods and droughts. None None None Government and/or relevant organisation has the capacity to appropriately management flood and droughts. 3 Research into climate change impacts on resources and development of appropriate adaptation strategies Enhance understanding of and ability to adapt to potential impacts of climate change on rainfall patterns and water resources. None Enhance ability of infrastructure and strengthen livelihoods in the face of climate change impacts. None None None Informative research allow greater understanding of potential impacts of climate change on water resources. 3 Construction of reservoirs with hydropower Flood management and increased water storage if levels of rainfall and hence Reduce CO2 emissions from hydropower, Increase storage for irrigation, drinking purposes, industrial growth. None Loss of habitat/forests and potential carbon Displacement of people. Reservoir construction located on site containing 2
runoff decrease with climate change. clean energy source. Strengthen livelihood activities. sequestration sink when reservoir area flooded. biodiversity and human settlement. Average of CCD assessment 2.7 Present of each component in policy % 100 20 100 20 40 40 Agriculture Develop and promote climate agriculture Increase resilience of crops in light of rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns. Increase carbon sequestration Increase crop productivity with positive livelihood consequences through food and income generation. None None None Effectively developed, implemented and managed. 4 Strengthen early warning systems for droughts and floods Enhance farmers’ ability to agriculturally adapt to temperature rise, water scarcity, droughts and floods with climate change impacts. Enhance food security. None Increase farmers’ ability to manage seasonal and long term changes in rainfall and temperature. None None None Effectively implemented and managed. 3 Increase coverage and efficiency of irrigation systems, particularly in rain-fed areas of the country None None Increase food production, positive effect on livelihood activities. None None None No displacement of people with new construction. Effectively implemented and managed. 2 Promote and strengthen agroforestry Increase ecosystem resilience to climate change impacts. Increase carbon sequestration sinks. Promotion of forest livelihood activities and enhanced conservation resource base. None None None Sustainably managed. 4 Average of CCD assessment 3.25 Present of each component in policy % 75 50 100 0 0 0 Forestry Facilitate the entry of small farmers and entrepreneurs by introducing incentives None Contribute to sustainable forest management and help maintain carbon More efficient processes. None None Traditional access reduced. Effective implementation and management. 2
Average of CCD assessment 2.6 Present of each component in policy % 100 40 100 40 40 40 Agriculture Agricultural extension services Increase in farmers’ ability to adapt to changes in rainfall and water available, as well as temperature rise for the cultivation of crops, through training and capacity building. Potential to decrease level of tillage and hence carbon dioxide emission from soils. Increase in farmers’ capacity to sustainably manage and potentially increase crop cultivation, with positive implications on livelihoods. None None None Effective implementation and management. 4 Promotion of drought tolerant crop varieties Increase crop resilience to drought conditions with rising temperatures, reduce rainfall with climate change. None Improve livelihood security and access to food. Income generation benefits. None None None Part of crop diversification strategy not fully leading to with associated risks. 3 Diversification and strengthening of the rainfed crop production Increase ability of farmers to adapt to temperature rise and rainfall changes. None Strengthen crop production in rainfed areas. None None None Effective implementation and management 3 Promotion of livestock breeding and health programme None None Strengthen livelihood activities through source of food/milk, labour for agricultural purposes. None Increase in methane emissions from cattle. None Increase in relative number of livestock. 1 Average of CCD assessment 2.75 Present of each component in policy % 75 25 100 0 25 25 Forestry Promote sustainable use of land and achieve a balance between forestry and other uses of the land and water resources None Increase level of carbon sequestration through sustainable forestry management. Promote forestry based livelihoods. None None None Effective implementation and management. 3 Improve forest productivity, ensure supply of multiple forest products and services None Increase and/or retain level of carbon sequestration Income generation for those involved None None Traditional access reduced Increase forest cover for timber and other sales. Increased forest 2
Water Water conservation, recycling/re-use Improve use efficiency in light of changing and potentially decreasing rainfall and surface runoff conditions at the intra and inter annual timescale, particularly regarding rising water scarcity and droughts. None Increase productive water use and hence availability for agriculture, as well as drinking purposes, sanitation and other livelihood activities. None None None Effective implementation and management. 3 Disaster management for floods and droughts, early warning systems Increase level of preparedness and management approaches to deal with extreme weather events such as floods and droughts. None Increase level of preparedness and management approaches to deal with extreme weather events such as floods and droughts. None None None Government and/or relevant organisation has the capacity to appropriately management and droughts. 3 Enhance hydropower Flood management and increased water storage if levels of rainfall and hence runoff decrease with climate change. Reduce CO2 emissions from hydropower, clean energy source. Increase storage for irrigation, drinking purposes, industrial growth. Strengthen livelihood activities. None Loss of habitat/forests and potential carbon sequestration sink when reservoir area flooded. Displacement of people. Reservoir construction located on site containing biodiversity and human settlement. 2 Improve coverage and access of urban and rural domestic water supply Increase individual and community health and physical ability to deal with potential temperature rise, and changing stress on livelihood activities. None Improve health and well-being of individuals and communities. None None None Effective implementation and management. 3 Equitable allocation between water sectors Potentially increase in water availability for sectoral uses as adaptation to rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns and hydrology. Potentially increase in availability for sectoral uses. None None None Effective implementation and management. 3 Groundwater management and development Increase levels of groundwater through recharge, if rainfall becomes more variable. None Increase levels of and access to water for domestic, None Potential for increased energy use and carbon dioxide Potential to over-exact groundwater aquifers Diesel or petrol used to power pumps. Groundwater 1
sanitation, agriculture and other domestic activities. Strengthen livelihood activities. emission from diesel leading to decreased availability. aquifers have the potential to be exploited for irrigation. Hydrological monitoring, assessment and data management Improved capacity to detect and understand variations in rainfall, runoff and river flow in the context of climate change hydro-meteorological impacts. None Improve capacity to measure and understand changes in hydrology, benefits to research and management approaches. None None None Successful establishment and management of hydrological gauges, monitoring techniques and data management. 3 transfer Transfer of water between basins/sub-basins if changes in hydrology lead to increased water scarcity, droughts and/or floods. None Management of floods and water scarcity, increase access to water for sectoral uses. None Potential loss of habitat/forests and potential carbon sequestration sink with infrastructure construction. Displacement of people Inter-basin infrastructure construction located on sites containing biodiversity and human settlement. 1 Average of CCD assessment 2.37 Present of each component in policy % 100 12.5 100 25 37.5 37.5 Agriculture Soil and crop research Increase knowledge and potential for improved adaptation responses. Potential to decrease level of tillage and hence carbon dioxide emission from soils. Increase knowledge base. None None None Effectively implemented. 4 Food (crop) and seed storage systems Secure agricultural production and food access in drought with climate change. None Secure and urban livelihoods through improved access to seeds and food. None None None Secure, efficient storage systems are provided and maintained. 3 Risk management including warning systems Enhance farmers’ ability to agriculturally adapt to temperature rise, water None Increase farmers’ ability to manage seasonal and long None None None Effectively implemented and managed. 3
scarcity, droughts and floods with climate change impacts. Enhance food security. term changes in rainfall and temperature. Livestock production None None Strengthen livelihood activities through source of food/milk, labour for agricultural purposes. None Increase in methane emissions from cattle. None Increase in relative number of livestock. 1 Seeds – drought resistant Increase crop resilience to drought conditions with rising temperatures, reduce rainfall with climate change. Increase carbon sequestration sinks. Improve livelihood security and access to food. Income generation benefits. None None None Part of crop diversification strategy not leading to mono-cropping with associated risks. 4 Agricultural extension services Increase in farmers’ ability to adapt to changes in rainfall and water available as well as temperature rise for the cultivation of crops, through training and capacity building. Potential to decrease of tillage and hence carbon dioxide emission from soils. Increase in farmers’ capacity to sustainably manage and potentially increase crop cultivation, with positive implications on livelihoods. None None None Effectively implemented and managed. 4 Promote agroforestry Increase ecosystem resilience to climate change impacts. Increase carbon sequestration sinks. Promotion of forest livelihood activities and enhanced conservation resource base. None None None Sustainably managed. 4 Average of CCD assessment 3.28 Present of each component in policy % 86 57 100 0 16 16 Forestry Sustainable supply of forest products and services by maintaining sufficient forest area None Contribute to sustainable forest management and help maintain carbon sequestration sinks. Income generation for those involved with forest based economy. None None Traditional access reduced Increase forest products coverage area to detriment of local community. 2
Forest conservation and management by local communities Potential to increase adaptive capacity of rural and forest based livelihoods. Maintain and potentially increase forest cover for carbon sequestration. Contribution to rural-based livelihoods, increase access to non-timber food products. None None None Efficient community based natural resource management, equitable access. 4 Promote sustainable eco-tourism within forest and natural conservation None Maintain of carbon sequestration. Promote forest ecotourism and income generation activities. None Potential for damage/loss of habitat with increased numbers of tourists in conservation areas. None Significant numbers of tourists leading to potential damage of forest habitat. 1 Average of CCD assessment 2.33 Present of each component in policy % 25 100 100 0 33 33 Energy Promote fuel switch from petroleum to other alternative environmentally friendly fuels None Reduce level of carbon dioxide emissions. Diversify portfolio of energy sources, long term sustainability in supply. None None None Effectively implemented and managed. 3 Promote application of alternative energy sources than fuelwood and charcoal None Reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Promote forest based livelihoods. None None None Effectively implemented and managed. 3 Exploration of petroleum promoted and natural gas exploration and exploitation None None Increase energy production for livelihoods and economic growth. None Significantly increase carbon dioxide emissions. Increase in of air pollution. Effective implementation and management. 1 Promote exploitation of coal resources for electricity generation None None Increase energy production for livelihoods and economic growth. None Significantly increase carbon dioxide emissions. Increase in of air pollution Effective implementation and management. 1 Expand rural areas with access to electricity Increase individual and community ability to adapt to temperature rise. None Increase access to electricity to improve livelihoods. None Potential for net increase in energy consumption with a proportion fossil fuels and increased carbon dioxide emissions. None Proportion of energy supply from fossil fuels. 2
Promote energy efficient within all sectors and None Relatively less energy required if efficiency increased, leading to relatively less carbon dioxide emissions. Energy savings either used for further powering of sector, or redirected towards another sector. Economic savings. None None None Effective implementation and management. 3 Average of CCD assessment 2.16 Present of each component in policy % 16 50 100 0 50 33 Zambia Policy approach Wins Losses Assumptions Overall subjective assessment Adaptation Mitigation Development Adaptation Mitigation Development Zambia Water Disaster management for floods and droughts, early warning systems Increase level of preparedness and None Increase of preparedness None None None Government and/or relevant 3
management approaches to deal with extreme weather events such as floods and droughts. and management approaches to deal with extreme weather events such as floods and droughts. organisation has the capacity to appropriately management flood and droughts. Increase water storage (medium/large reservoirs) with hydropower Flood management and increased water storage if levels of rainfall and hence runoff decrease with climate change. Reduce CO2 emissions from hydropower, clean energy source. Increase storage for irrigation, drinking purposes, industrial growth. Strengthen livelihood activities. None Loss of habitat/forests and potential carbon sequestration sink when reservoir area flooded. Displacement of people. Reservoir construction located on site containing biodiversity and human settlement. 2 transfer Transfer of water between basins/sub-basins if changes in hydrology lead to increased water scarcity, droughts and/or floods. None Management of floods and water scarcity, increase access to water for sectoral uses. None Potential loss of habitat/forests and potential carbon sequestration sink with infrastructure construction. Displacement of people. Inter-basin infrastructure construction located on sites containing biodiversity and human settlement. 1 Groundwater management and development Increase levels of groundwater through recharge, if rainfall becomes more variable. None Increase levels of and access to water for domestic, sanitation, agriculture and other domestic activities. Strengthen livelihood activities. None Potential for increased energy use and carbon dioxide emission from diesel Potential to over-exact groundwater aquifers leading to decreased availability. Diesel or petrol used to power pumps. Groundwater aquifers have the potential to be exploited for irrigation. 1 Irrigation efficiency, improved drainage More efficient use of water for irrigation, adaptation if rainfall/flow reduces with climate change. None Improve irrigation water use. Improve livelihoods and financial returns None None None Effective implementation and management. Current irrigation systems performing 3
below adequate levels of efficiency. Hydrological monitoring, assessment and data management Improved capacity to detect and understand variations in rainfall, runoff and river flow in the context of climate change hydro-meteorological impacts. None Improve capacity to measure and understand changes in hydrology, benefits to research and management approaches. None None None Successful establishment and management of hydrological gauges, monitoring techniques and data management. 3 Water quality and pollution reduction Positive impact on human health and aquatic environment, particularly if rainfall and run-off decreases with climate change. None Positive impact on human health and aquatic environment. None None None Effective implementation and management. 3 Average of CCD assessment 2.28 Present of each component in policy % 100 14 100 28.5 43 43 Agriculture Irrigation development Potential to increase crop production and strengthen rural livelihoods. Increase food production, positive effect on livelihood activities. Potential owing to uncertainty of rainfall patterns and water availability, particularly with large scale canal irrigation infrastructure. None Potential loss of habitat, human displacement depending on the scale of development. Construction of new infrastructure within areas of human settlement. 2 Risk management including early warning systems Enhance farmers’ ability to agriculturally adapt to temperature rise, water scarcity, droughts and floods with climate change impacts. Enhance food security. None Increase farmers’ ability to manage seasonal and long term changes in rainfall and temperature. None None None Effective implementation and management. 3 Livestock production None None Strengthen livelihood activities through source None Increase in methane emissions from cattle. None Increase in relative number of livestock. 1
of food/milk, labour for agricultural purposes. Soil and crop research Increase knowledge and potential for improved adaptation responses. Potential to decrease level of tillage and hence carbon dioxide emission from soils. Increase knowledge base. None None None Effective implementation and management. 4 Risk management including early warning systems Enhance farmers’ ability to agriculturally adapt to temperature rise, water scarcity, droughts and floods with climate change impacts. Enhance food security. None Increase farmers’ ability to manage seasonal and long term changes in rainfall and temperature. None None None Effective implementation and management. 3 Seeds – drought resistant Increase crop resilience to drought conditions with rising temperatures, reduce rainfall with climate change. Increase carbon sequestration sinks. Improve livelihood security and access to food. Income generation benefits. None None None Part of crop diversification strategy not fully leading to mono-cropping with associated risks. Agricultural extension services Increase in farmer’s ability to adapt to changes in rainfall and water available as well as temperature rise for the cultivation of crops, through training and capacity building. Potential to decrease level of tillage and hence carbon dioxide emission from soils. Increase in farmers’ capacity to sustainably manage and potentially increase crop cultivation, with positive implications on livelihoods. None None None Effective implementation and management. 4 Mechanisation None None Increase farmers work efficiency, labour saving devices, freeing of time to pursue other livelihood activities. None Potential for increased carbon dioxide emission through petrol/diesel machines. Enhanced soil carbon losses through tillage. None Fair and equitable access. 1 Average of CCD assessment 2.75
Present of each component in policy % 75 50 100 12.5 25 25 Forestry Protection of forests by empowering local communities and promoting the development and use of wood, non-wood forest products and services None Maintain and potentially increase forest cover for carbon sequestration. Contribution to rural-based livelihoods, increase access to non-timber food products. None None None Efficient community based natural resource management, equitable access. 3 Technologies for development and management of trees and forests, optimal harvesting and utilization of forest products None Contribute to sustainable forest management and help maintain carbon sequestration sinks. More efficient processes. None None Traditional access reduced. Effective implementation and management. 2 Improve role of forests in the provision of ecosystem services and abatement of climate change None Maintain and/or increase forest and hence carbon sequestration. Support forest based livelihoods and income generation. None None None Effective implementation and management. 3 Regulate the exploitation and ensure efficient use of forest resources and products None Maintain and/or increase forest cover and hence carbon sequestration. Promote forestry-based livelihoods. None None None Effective implementation and management. 3 Average of CCD assessment 2.75 Present of each component in policy % 0 100 100 0 0 25 Energy Increase access to affordable energy in rural areas Increase individual and community ability to adapt to temperature rise. None Increase access to electricity to improve livelihoods. None None None Effective implementation and management. 3 Increase contribution of coal as an energy resource None None Increase energy production for livelihoods and economic growth. None Significantly increase carbon dioxide emissions. Increase in level of air pollution. Effective implementation and management. 1 Ensure an reliable and affordable supply of petroleum products None None Increase energy production for livelihoods and economic growth. None Significantly increase carbon dioxide emissions. Increase in level of air pollution. Effective implementation and management. 1
increase carbon sinks. Improve breeding and health of livestock None None Strengthen livelihood activities through source of food/milk, labour for agricultural purposes. None Increase in methane emissions from cattle. None Increase in relative number of livestock. 1 Increase coverage of irrigation systems Increased crop production strengthen rural livelihoods of farmers through income generation, if temperature rises and rainfall patterns change. None Potential for increase in production of crops with positive livelihood implications. Potential negative implications on irrigated productivity with temperature rise and changing rainfall patterns. None Potential loss of natural habitat and/or displacement of people for construction. Irrigation systems constructed in areas of human settlement. 2 Improve trade in agricultural products and access to markets for farmers None None Improved access to markets for income generation and purchasing of required agricultural inputs for farming. None None None Fair and equitable access to markets with efficient transport systems. 2 Improve effectiveness and resourcing of agricultural extension services Increase in farmers’ ability to adapt to changes in rainfall and water available as well as temperature rise for the cultivation of crops, through training and capacity building. Potential to reduce of soil tillage and hence carbon dioxide emissions. Increase in farmers’ capacity to sustainably manage and potentially increase crop cultivation, with positive implications on livelihoods. None None None Effectively implemented and managed. 4 Promote agro-forestry None Increase carbon sequestration Promotion of forest livelihood activities and enhanced conservation resource base. None None None Effectively implemented and managed. 3 Average of CCD assessment 2.66 Present of each component in policy % 50 50 100 33 33 50 Forestry
Promote the planting of timber plantations for construction None Contribute to sustainable forest management and help maintain carbon sequestration sink. Income generation for involved with wood based economy. None None Traditional access reduced. Increase plantation coverage area to detriment of local community. 2 Conserve forests and biodiversity through conservation projects None Increase carbon sequestration sink. Promotion of forest livelihood activities and enhanced conservation resource base. None None None Effectively implemented and managed. 3 Promote community participation of forest livelihood activities None Maintain and potentially increase forest for carbon sequestration. Contribution to rural-based livelihoods, increase access to non-timber food products. None None None Efficient community based natural resource management, equitable access. 3 Average of CCD assessment 2.75 Present of each component in policy % 0 100 100 0 0 0 Energy Consolidate and expand coal powered electricity generation to enhance economic growth None None Increase energy production for livelihoods and economic growth, job creation. None Significantly increase carbon dioxide emissions. Increase in level of air pollution. Effective implementation and management. 1 Improve electricity access throughout rural areas Increase individual and community ability to adapt to temperature rise. None Increase access to electricity to improve livelihoods. None Potential for net increase in energy consumption with a proportion fossil fuels and increased carbon dioxide emissions. None Proportion of energy supply from fossil fuels. 2 Develop the use of renewable energy resources None Clean energy sources, zero/minimal carbon dioxide emissions. Increase clean zero carbon energy supply for livelihoods and economic growth. None None None Effectively implemented and managed. 3
Promote more efficiency use of energy at the household and industrial level None Relatively less energy required if efficiency increased, leading to relatively less carbon dioxide emissions. Energy savings either used for further powering of sector, or redirected towards another sector. Economic savings. None None None Effective implementation and management. 3 Average of CCD assessment 2.25 Present of each component in policy % 25 50 100 0 50 25 .