Destructive Collision Conservative *What drives plate tectonics? *What is the structure of the earth? Be able to label the different layers of the earth. Know how convection cells work. Why do people live near tectonic hazards? *What are the advantages and disadvantages of living in at risk of earthquakes and volcanoes? Los Angeles *Why people choose to stay or are UNABLE to move away from an area at risk. Mt Pinatubo Can we reduce the effects of volcanic effects of earthquakes and volcanoes? Managing hazards *What methods are used to reduce the impact of earthquakes? Kobe Before - Preparation and planning. During – managing the Managing the after effects *What are the methods used to reduce the impact of volcanoes? Mount Etna Before - Preparation and planning. During – managing the event. Managing the after effects TOPIC TWO: Causes, effects and management of tropical storms (hurricanes). KEY GEOGRAPHICAL IDEAS CASE STUDIES and KNOWLEDGE I NEED TO KNOW (Place names, strategies, dates and figures are all case study detail) Yes I have revised this once! Yes..I have revisited this again! What are the SEEP effects of tropical storms? SEEP = Social, environmental, economic and political effects *What are the SEEP effects of tropical storms? *What are primary and secondary effects? Hurricane Katrina, USA (MEDC) Cyclone Nargis, Myanmar (LEDC) *How and why do SEEP effects very with development? Hurricane Katrina, USA (MEDC) Cyclone Nargis, Myanmar (LEDC) *How and why do SEEP effects very with development? Hurricane Katrina, USA (MEDC) Cyclone Nargis, Myanmar (LEDC) What causes of tropical storms? *Where do you find most tropical storms? Know the pattern of tropical storms on a map.
*How do tropical storms form? Be able to describe how tropical storms form. Can we reduce the effects of Tropical storms? Managing tropical storms *What methods are used to reduce the impact of tropical storms? USA Before - Preparation and planning. During – managing the event. Managing the after effects *How does the damage from tropical storms vary with development? More tropical storms to come? *Are the number and severity of tropical storms increasing? *Identify patterns in tropical storm data. *Why are patterns of tropical storm activity changing? *What impact will these changes have on people, economies and environments around the world? TOPIC THREE: Causes, effects and management of wildfires. KEY GEOGRAPHICAL IDEAS CASE I NEED TO KNOW (Place names, strategies, dates and figures are all case study detail) Yes I have revised this once! Yes..I have revisited this again! What are the SEEP effects of wildfires? SEEP = Social, environmental, economic and political effects *What are the SEEP effects of wildfires? *What are primary and secondary effects? Australian wildfires 2009 What causes wildfires? *What are the natural causes of wildfires? *What are the human causes of wildfires? Can we reduce the damage wildfires can do? Managing hazards *What methods are used to reduce the impact of wildfires? Australian wildfires 2009 Before - Preparation and planning. During – managing the event. Managing the after effects More wildfires to come? *Are the number and severity of wildfires increasing? *Identify patterns in wildfire data.
Read the sources CAREFULLY. Look at all pictures and diagrams CAREFULLY. Recognizing when to put in your own CASE STUDY KNOWLEDGE! Where is says “using your own knowledge” you must put in a relevant case study. If a question does not say your own knowledge” but you have information which is RELEVANT to that question – USE IT! Making the A/A* Grade Here are some tips as to how to access the highest grades – YOU have the ability, it is simply a matter of technique. BEFORE THE EXAM
Mount Etna, Sicily Mount Pinatubo, Philippines June 1991 Type of volcano Eruption History Composite Erupts fairly frequently 6 time in the last century and 5 times so far in the last decade Composite Had not erupted for over 600 years Type of eruption Explosive – Lava flowing from the crater at temperatures up to 1000ºC – relatively cool lava and numerous openings (vents) VEI 6 – Very explosive eruption. Pyroclastic flows 100m thick flowed at 100km/hr or more down all sides of the mountain reaching as far as 16km away. Lahars and ash fell over a 600km radius. Deaths none 6 directly from eruption 800+ indirect (secondary deaths) through ash fall and disease in refugee camps Cost Damage to infrastructure and roads. Cost $1.5 billion in property and economic damage. Management Evacuation Diverting lava flow down dug channel away from settlements Evacuation of wide area around volcano before the eruption. Refugee camps set up for displaced people Homeless few – although a ski lodge and hotel have been destroyed by lava flows in the 1990’s 200,000 mainly from lahars More effects Mount Etna is a big tourist attraction and ashtrays are made in a press using molten lava. 600,000 lost their jobs Occasionally ash falls may reach major cities like Catalonia and disrupt air traffic. Mudslides covered 50,000ha of crops Power supplies were cut off for 3 weeks and water supplies became contaminated Earthquakes: Kobe, Japan: Jan 1995 Kashmir, : Oct 2006 Magnitude 7.2 Richter scale 7.6 Richter scale Time of day 5.46am 8.52am Deaths 6,300 79,000 - Pakistan 1,400 – Indian occupied Kashmir Injured 35,000 In excess of 100.000 Many in isolated rural (countryside) villages
How does Australia manage bush fires? The Australian Department for the Environment and Conservation (DEC) manages wildfires by: Before the event During the the event Fire Prevention: uses activities to educate and train people about how to reduce the likelihood of wildfires. *The DEC will people how to manage wildfires and prepare their home through advertisements on the TV. *The DEC has a dedicated telephone to report wildfires on. It is a free service and you dial “000” from any phone. *The DEC will evaluate the response made and will look to improve how it deals with wildfires next time. Spotting fires: during the hot season the DEC encourages all light aircraft to report fires and their locations. It also has built tall towers which can be used to spot wildfires. *the DEC uses “dromeda” planes to drop water on the fires to try and slow them down and stop their progress. Manage the land: *they use bulldozers to create large fire breaks. *they clear areas at high risk of sparks eg, around telegraph poles, near machinery or train lines. *The DEC has dedicated water tankers that are ready to move to any location. *The DEC will maintain and repair machinery and continue to manage high risk areas. Communication: the DEC will send radio messages and inform people who may need to evacuate. Communication: the DEC will send messages to inform people what is happening and if it is safe to return home. Communication: the DEC will send radio messages to inform people what is happening and if it is safe to return home. Poster showing what to do in the event of a wildfire Australian DEC Educational Poster. More wildfires to come? It is not known whether significant changes to wildfire patterns are changing. Long term global records on wildfire do not exist. We only have records from 1960 to analyse. Scientists have identified evidence that wildfire patterns are changing. For example: *Becoming more intense – the average sizes of wildfires and the areas they destroyed have been steadily increasing between 1960 to 2005 in the USA. *The wildfire season has increased by 78 days compared to 1970 data in the USA. *Costs of dealing with wildfires are increasing.