Table 5.3. Native vegetation WTPa Unit Type and year of studyb Study Healthy riverside vegetation $1.74-$3.63 % of covered/household CM - 2000 Morrison and Bennett (2004) Native riverside vegetation $3.71-$5.53 km increase in native riverside vegetation/ household CM - 2008 Kragt and Bennett (2009) Healthy floodplain vegetation $1.67-$1.99 % of healthy vegetation remaining/household/year CM - 2000 Loch et al (2002) Healthy floodplain vegetation $0.88-$4.26 % of healthy vegetation remaining/household/year CM – 2003 Windle and Rolfe (2004) Native vegetation $3.71-$6.23 % increase of healthy vegetation along river/ household CM – 2006 Kragt et al (2007) Preservation of tea tree woodlands $26.52 ha/ year CM - 1998 Mallawaarachchi et al (2001) Notes. a. Expressed in $2011 (ABS 2012). Reported values are central measures. Where a range is indicated, it represents the central measures for a number of model specifications, not a confidence interval. You should refer to the original studies to obtain confidence intervals (and other relevant information) for these estimates. b. CM = Choice Modelling. Table 5.4. Aesthetics / National Parks WTPa Unit Type and year of studyb Study Rural lands restored/ protected $0.09 10 000 ha restored/ household/ year CM - 2001 Van Bueren and Bennett (2004) Hiking – Tropical National Park $192.33-$686.77c visit TCM - 2001 Nillesen et al (2005) National park visits $24.20-$26.89c visit TCM - 1995 Bennett (1995) Notes. a. Expressed in $2011 (ABS 2012). Reported values are central measures. Where a range is indicated, it represents the central measures for a number of model specifications, not a confidence interval. You should refer to the original studies to obtain confidence intervals (and other relevant information) for these estimates. b. CM = Choice Modelling, TCM = Travel Cost Method. c. This is the consumer surplus per visitor – that is, the benefit to the visitor over and above the costs of travelling to the area.
Table 5.5. Animal species WTPa Unit Type and year of studyb Study Native fish species $2.81-$8.71 species/household CM - 2000 Morrison and Bennett (2004) Native fish $0.42 % of fish population/ household CM - 2004 Whitten and Bennett (2005) Fish species $4.65-$6.77 species/household CM - 2006 Kragt et al (2007) Waterbird and other fauna species $1.21 species/household CM - 2000 Morrison and Bennett (2004) Waterbirds and native animals $2.46-$3.93 species/ household CM - 2007 Kragt et al (2007) Frequency of waterbird breeding $14.56-$35.88 waterbird breeding event/ household CM - 1997 Morrison et al (2002) Native birds $0.68 % of bird population/ household CM - 2004 Whitten and Bennett (2005) Endangered species $0.91 species protected /household /year CM - 2001 Van Bueren and Bennett (2004) Rare native animal and plant species $8.21-$14.36 species protected/ household CM - 2006 Kragt and Bennett (2009) Presence of endangered and protected species $4.77-$6.34 species present/ household CM -1997 Morrison et al (2002) Leadbetter’s Possum $42.37 household/ year CVM - 1999 Jakobsson and Dragun (2001) Mahogany Glider $32.30 household to protect habitat and secure species survival CVM - 2002 Tisdell et al (2004) Notes. a. Expressed in $2011 (ABS 2012). Reported values are central measures. Where a range is indicated, it represents the central measures for a number of model specifications, not a confidence interval. You should refer to the original studies to obtain confidence intervals (and other relevant information) for these estimates. b. CM = Choice Modelling, CVM = Contingent Valuation Method. Decision making under uncertainty Uncertainty is present to a certain extent in all policy decisions. And the state of knowledge of many biological and biophysical processes, this is particularly the case in environmental policy making. As such, you cannot just concentrate on solving problems where there is perfect certainty – no decisions will ever be made. The key is not to ignore uncertainty or to assume it away in your analysis. Uncertainty needs to be acknowledged, described and, where important, taken into account in the decision-making framework.