With priorities in mind, the SET Plan defined some targets for the stationary battery systems in 2030: System efficiency >90% System cost < €150/kWh (for a 100kW system) Lifetime of thousands of cycles Further targets for the main battery technologies are indicated in the below tables. These figures are based on the targets identified by the European Commission in 2011, but have been slightly updated to reflect recent developments in battery technologies. Table 8: SET Plan targets for electrochemical storage Technologies Now 2030 Lead-acid Energy cost < 150-100 €/kWh or << 0.08-0.04 €/kWh/cycle Temperature operating for stationary applications: -30 to +50ºC Specific performances: 40-60Wh/kg and 140-250 Wh/L Cycle life: > 3,000 (80% DoD) -10,000 cycles (60% or 80% DoD) Li-ion (cell level) Specific energy: Energy density: Cost: Power: Life time Safety: 274 Wh/kg 700 Wh/l 250 €/KWh 3 000 W/kg 5000 cycles (C anode) High stability 320 Wh/kg 800 Wh/l 150 €/kWh 10 000 W/kg 10 000 cycles (C anode), 60,000 cycles (Li-ion titanate) No Hazard Flow Batteries: Energy cost Power cost 120 €/kWh 250 €/kW High temperature: (Sodium-based) Energy Cost Cycle life cost: X/kWh 3 000 €/kW Y/kWh 1 500 €/kW $0.01–$0.08/kWh/cycle Na-Ion Specific Energy 90 Wh/kg (Aquion) 110 Wh/kg
security of supply to a greater extent than short-duration storage devices. Frequency control, reserve and other ancillary services: LAES can contribute to grid stability by responding to imbalances in electrical energy production and consumption. In addition, LAES can provide natural system inertia. start: a LAES system can provide capacity and energy after a system failure (blackout). Improve energy efficiency in LNG regasification terminals: LAES can harness waste cold from the regasification of liquid natural gas to produce liquid air which is then used to produce electricity, enhancing overall energy efficiency. LAES can be used to increase the flexibility of conventional power plants by lowering the minimal load and increasing the maximal load due to connections between the thermodynamic processes. Table 16: SET-Plan targets Current performance Target 2030 Target 2050 Demonstrated at pilot and scale – 5MW storage Full commercial scale demonstration – 15 to 50MW /500MWh storage scale 100 MW/GWh storage scale Round trip efficiency (RTE) ~20% at pilot scale; 50-60% (predicted) for stand-alone commercial scale LAES; potential of >65% by utilisation of waste heat Increase round trip efficiency up to 60-70% for standalone systems and much higher e.g. ~ 90%+ through harnessing of waste heat from thermal plants/industrial processes and waste cold from industrial processes and LNG terminals Round trip efficiency 70%-80% for standalone systems through improving efficiency of liquefaction process, and novel thermodynamic cycles, and a higher ~100% through harnessing of both waste heat and waste cold from thermal plants/industrial processes and LNG terminals 250-600 €/kWh or (LAES size dependent) Cost reduction: 200-400 €/kWh or 1500-2500 €/kW (LAES size dependent) Mature LAES costs: <200€/kWh or < 1000 €/kW Little attention paid on developing new materials and devices for enhanced performance of LAES Advanced materials & devices for heat storage (from compressors and intermittent sources of waste heat) and cold storage for cold recycle; reduction of parasitic losses Optimal integration, operation, and management of LAES in low carbon grid environment