Popular Sovereignty – The people hold the ultimate power. “We the people…” (Voting) Individual Rights-Individual rights and liberties protected Federalists: supported a strong federal government, wanted the Constitution ratified as is. Hamilton, Madison, and Jay wrote the Federalist Papers to push ratification. Anti-Federalists: feared a strong federal government, opposed ratification without a Bill of Rights added. Led by George Mason and Patrick Henry. Bill of Rights 1st ten amendments to the Constitution Protect individual rights and liberties 1st Amendment – Freedom of speech, religion and right to assemble; right to petition our government 2nd Amendment – Right to bear arms (to own guns). 3rd Amendment – No quartering of troops during peace time. 4th Amendment – No unlawful search and seizure. 5th Amendment – Right to Due Process, no double jeopardy, do not have to testify against yourself. 6th Amendment – The right to a fast and public trial, right to a jury in a criminal trial, right to have a lawyer. 7th Amendment – by jury in civil cases. 8th Amendment – No cruel or unusual punishment. 9th Amendment – Rights reserved to the people. 10th Amendment – Powers reserved to the states Important Battles: : first battle of the Civil War Battle of Antietam: bloodiest one-day battle Shiloh-Very bloody battle. Union victory. Grant and Sherman criticized despite winning the battle Merrimack v. Monitor- battle of ironclad ships Emancipation Proclamation- a military strategy in Lincoln freed the slaves in the South (not border state slaves) Battle of Gettysburg: turning point of the war, ends Lee’s attempt at winning in northern territory. Siege of : victory by Grant gives the Union complete control of the Mississippi River.
Sherman’s March to the Sea- a strategic march conducted by General Sherman that resulted in Atlanta and a large portion of Georgia being destroyed. Portions of South Carolina were also destroyed. March was designed to destroy the South’s capacity to wage war and to mentally break it’s will to fight. Appomattox Courthouse- final surrender of Robert E. Lee to General Grant Abraham Lincoln - President of the during the Civil War. Lincoln was the first Republican President and his election in 1860 encouraged the South to secede (withdraw) from the Union and form the Confederate States of America. “Copperheads”: Northern Democrats that were against the War and went against Lincoln’s policies. Ulysses S. – Supreme Union general during the Civil War and later served as President of the United States. Robert E. Lee – Supreme Confederate general during the Civil War. Jefferson – President of the Confederate States of America. Emancipation Proclamation (1863) – Document by Lincoln, declaring that all of the slaves in the South were free in territories under rebellion. Address – “Four Score and seven years ago…” Speech given by after the Battle of Gettysburg. In the speech, Lincoln stated, "We here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain--that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom--and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." The New Nation (Washington to Monroe) George Washington: 1st President (1789-1796) Washington’s Farewell Address – First President of the United States. President Washington served two terms as president of the United States. In his last speech Washington made these key points: • Warned against alliances with other countries • Warned against political parties