A.P. Psychology: Chapter Vocabulary What you should know about course content An Introduction to Psychology course is about the language of the Psychology discipline and learning to use the language by thinking like a psychologist. There is a focus on vocabulary as indicated below. The shaded/highlighted words are NOT included in unit reading quizzes we start each unit with but many will be included on unit tests. The student is responsible for reading and understanding text material. Preparation for tests will include teacher presentation, explanation and class discussion; and/or, by classroom activities, demonstrations and/or simulations. Chapter 1 – Thinking Critically with Psychological Science hindsight bias critical thinking basic research applied research theory hypothesis operational definition replication case study survey false consensus effect population random sample naturalistic observation correlation coefficient scatterplot illusory correlation experiment double-blind procedure placebo effect experimental condition control condition random assignment independent variable dependent variable mode mean median range standard deviation regression toward the mean meta-analysis statistical significance culture Chapter 2a – Neural Communication and the Nervous System biological psychology neuron dendrite axon myelin sheath action potential threshold synapse neurotransmitters acetylcholine (ACh) endorphins nervous system central nervous system (CNS) peripheral nervous system (PNS) nerves sensory neurons interneurons motor neurons somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system sympathetic nervous system parasympathetic nervous system reflex Chapter 2b – The Brain and Endocrine System neural networks lesion electroencephalogram (EEG) CT (computed tomography) scan
PET (positron emission tomography) scan MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) brainstem medulla reticular formation thalamus cerebellum limbic system amygdala hypothalamus cerebral cortex glial cells frontal lobes parietal lobes occipital lobes temporal lobes motor cortex sensory cortex association areas aphasia Broca's area Wernicke's area plasticity corpus callosum split brain endocrine system hormones adrenal glands pituitary gland clinical psychology psychiatry psychopharmacology lithium electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) psychosurgery lobotomy Chapter 3 – The Nature and Nurture of Behavior chromosomes DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) genes genome natural selection mutations evolutionary psychology gender behavior genetics environment identical twins fraternal twins temperament heritability interaction molecular genetics culture norm personal space memes X chromosome Y chromosome testosterone role gender role gender identity gender-typing, social learning theory gender schema theory Chapter 4 – The Developing Person: Prenatal Development and the Newborn developmental psychology zygote embryo fetus teratogens fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) rooting reflex habituation Chapter 4 – Infancy and Childhood maturation schema assimilation accommodation cognition sensorimotor stage object permanence
preoperational stage conservation egocentrism theory of mind autism concrete operational stage formal operational stage stranger anxiety attachment critical period imprinting basic trust self-concept Chapter 4 - Adolescence adolescence puberty primary sex characteristics secondary sex characteristics menarche identity intimacy Chapter 4 - Adulthood menopause Alzheimer's disease cross-sectional study longitudinal study crystallized intelligence fluid intelligence social clock Chapter 5 – Sensing the World Basics sensation perception bottom-up processing top-down processing psychophysics absolute threshold signal detection theory subliminal difference threshold Weber's law sensory adaptation Chapter 5 - Vision transduction wavelength hue intensity pupil iris lens accommodation retina acuity nearsightedness farsightedness rods cones optic nerve blind spot fovea feature detectors parallel processing Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory opponent-process theory color constancy Chapter 5 – Hearing (Audition) audition frequency pitch middle ear inner ear cochlea place theory frequency theory conduction hearing loss sensorineural hearing loss Chapter 5 – Touch, Taste, Smell and Kinethesis gate-control theory sensory interaction kinesthesis vestibular sense
primary reinforcer conditioned reinforcer (secondary reinforcers) continuous reinforcement partial (intermittent) reinforcement fixed-ratio schedule variable-ratio schedule fixed-interval schedule variable-interval schedule punishment cognitive map latent learning overjustification effect intrinsic motivation extrinsic motivation behavior therapy counterconditioning exposure therapies systematic desensitization aversive conditioning token economy Chapter 8 – Observational Learning observational learning modeling mirror neurons prosocial behavior Chapter 9 - Memory memory flashbulb memory encoding storage retrieval sensory memory short-term memory long-term memory Chapter 9 – Encoding: Getting Information In automatic processing effortful processing rehearsal spacing effect serial position effect semantic encoding acoustic encoding visual encoding imagery mnemonics chunking Chapter 9 – Storage: Retaining Information iconic memory echoic memory long-term potentiation (LTP) amnesia implicit memory explicit memory hippocampus Chapter 9 – Retrieval: Getting Information Out recall recognition relearning priming deja vu mood congruent memory Chapter 9 - Forgetting proactive interference retroactive interference repression misinformation effect source amnesia Chapter 10 – Thinking and Language cognition concept prototype algorithm heuristic insight confirmation bias fixation mental set functional fixedness representativeness heuristic availability heuristic overconfidence
framing belief bias belief perseverance artificial intelligence (Al) computer neural networks Chapter 10 - Language language phoneme morpheme grammar semantics syntax babbling stage one-word stage two-word stage telegraphic speech linguistic determinism Chapter 11 – Intelligence: The Origins of Intelligence Testing intelligence test mental age Stanford-Binet intelligence quotient (IQ) intelligence factor analysis general intelligence (g) savant syndrome emotional intelligence creativity Chapter 11 – Assessing Intelligence aptitude test achievement test Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) standardization ormal curve reliability alidity ontent validity riterion predictive validity mental retardation Down syndrome stereotype threat Chapter 12 – Motivation and work motivation instinct drive-reduction theory homeostasis incentive hierarchy of needs Chapter 12 – Motivation: Hunger glucose set point basal metabolic rate anorexia nervosa bulimia nervosa Chapter 12 – Motivation: Sexual Motivation sexual response cycle refractory period sexual disorder estrogen sexual orientation Chapter 12 – Motivation and Work flow industrial/organizational (I/O) psychology structured interviews achievement motivation task leadership social leadership Theory X Theory Y Chapter 13 - Emotion emotion James-Lange theory Cannon-Bard theory two-factor theory Chapter 13 – Embodied Emotion polygraph catharsis feel-good, do-good phenomenon
subjective well-being adaptation-level phenomenon relative deprivation Chapter 14 – Stress and Health behavioral medicine health psychology stress general adaptation syndrome (GAS) coronary heart disease Type A Type B psychophysiological illness lymphocytes Chapter 14 – Promoting Health aerobic exercise biofeedback complimentary and alternative medicine Chapter 15a– Personality: Sigmund Freud personality free association psychoanalysis unconscious id ego superego psychosexual stages Oedipus complex identification fixation defense mechanisms repression regression reaction formation projection rationalization displacement projective test Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Rorschach inkblot test collective unconscious psychotherapy eclectic approach psychoanalysis resistance interpretation manifest content latent content transference Chapter 15b – Personality: Humanism self-actualization unconditional positive regard self-concept client-centered therapy active listening Chapter 15c- Personality: Trait Perspective trait personality inventory Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) empirically derived test Chapter 15d – Social-Cognitive Perspective social-cognitive perspective reciprocal determinism personal control external locus of control internal locus of control learned helplessness positive psychology cognitive therapy cognitive-behavior therapy family therapy Chapter 15e – Personality: Exploring the Self spotlight effect self-esteem self-serving bias individualism collectivism terror-management theory Chapter 16 – Psychological Disorders psychological disorder
medical model bio-psycho-social perspective DSM-IV neurotic disorder psychotic disorder Chapter 16 – Psychological Disorders: Anxiety anxiety disorders generalized anxiety disorder panic disorder phobia obsessive-compulsive disorder Chapter 16 – Psychological Disorders: Mood Disorders mood disorders major depressive disorder manic episode bipolar disorder Chapter 16 – Psychological Disorders: Dissociation and Multiple Personality dissociative disorders dissociative identity disorder Chapter 16 – Psychological Disorders: Schizophrenia schizophrenia delusions Chapter 16 Psychological Disorders personality disorders Chapter 17 – Therapy (Restructured) Chapter 17 – Therapy: the Biomedical Therapies (Restructured) Chapter 18 – Social Psychology: Social Thinking (Attribution) social psychology attribution theory fundamental attribution error attitude foot-in-the-door phenomenon cognitive-dissonance theory Chapter 18 – Social Psychology: Social Influence conformity normative social influence informational social influence social facilitation social loafing deindividuation group polarization groupthink Chapter 18 – Social Psychology: Social Relations prejudice stereotype ingroup outgroup ingroup bias scapegoat theory just-world phenomenon aggression frustration-aggression principle conflict social trap mere exposure effect passionate love companionate love equity self-disclosure altruism bystander effect social exchange theory superordinate goals GRIT