maximum and minimum readings occur and where zero or near-zero readings occur. Compare your pattern to the data you collect while rotating about a vertical axis (Preliminary Question #1). From this information find and estimate error of Earth’s magnetic field vector at your location. Conduct a magnetic field reading at the center of a long solenoid. Compare this to your experiments for a short coil, theories for short and long coils, and discuss errors. Conduct a magnetic field reading around a current carrying wire. Compare this to your experiments for a short coil, theories for coils and wires, and discuss errors. Conduct magnetic field readings at varying distances from the center of your short coil. Compare this to your other experiments and theory for a short coil and discuss errors. Precalculus Based Physics Laboratory II RC Time Constant Objective the charging and discharging of a capacitor, determine the time constant from experiment, and compare to theory including error estimation. Theory Starting with a discharged capacitor, when Switch 1 is closed per the figure at right, the capacitor starts charging. A first a lot of current flows at first, I = Vo/R. But as voltage across the capacitor increases the current decreases to I = (Vo – Vc)/R = VR/R where Vc is the voltage across the capacitor and VR the voltage across the resistor. Figure 1 – RC Circuit Schematic Once charged if Switch 1 is opened and Switch 2 is closed, the capacitor begins discharging. If the voltage across the capacitor starts at Vo, then the current flowing is I = Vo/R (just like charging). As the capacitor charge, the voltage drops so that I = Vc/R. This is very much like nuclear decay. The rate of decay is n/t is proportional to the number of available particles, n. If you start with no particles with half-life th, then the number of particles at some time t is given by: (1) This is much like discharging of a capacitor where the equation is: (2)
Observe the bright incandescent bulb through the spectrometer and sketch the spectrum in the space below. Be careful to match up the colors you see with the correct wavelengths. Look at the dim incandescent bulb through the spectrometer. INCANDESCENT BULB How does the spectrum of the dim light differ from the spectrum of the bright light? Is the wavelength of orange light the same as it was before? Is the wavelength of light the same as it was before? Is the color of light determined by its wavelength? Explain using your observations so far. EMISSION SPECTRA Observe the gas discharge tubes through the spectrometer and sketch the spectra in the spaces below. Be careful to match up the colors you see with the correct wavelengths. HYDROGEN HELIUM NEON MERCURY ARGON OXYGEN Do any of the elements have identical spectra? If so, which ones? Describe the differences in the spectrum of the incandescent light and the spectra of the discharge tubes. Look closely at a discharge tube that is not on and an incandescent light. What makes the light for each of these: a gas, a liquid, or a solid? Part 2: Does the Evidence Match the Conclusion?
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Log of products ln(3.14*2.72) = ln(3.14)+ln(2.72) = 2.1448… Log of quotients ln(3.14/2.72) = = 0.1435… Log of powers to powers ln((3.14^2)^3) = 2*3*ln(3.14) = 6.8653… Log of product to power ln((3.14*2.72)^2) = 2*ln(3.14)+2*ln(2.72) = 4.2897… Log of quotient to power ln((3.14/2.7183)^2) = 2*ln(3.14)-2*ln(2.7183) = 0.2871… Appendix F: of Accepted Densities (at ) Solids  S.G. (Specific Gravity) – no Liquids & Gases  S.G. (Specific Gravity) – no units Gold (Au) 19.3 19.3 Mercury (Hg) 13.6 13.6 Lead (Pb) 11.3 11.3 Water 1.0 1.0 Silver (Ag) 10.5 10.5 Oil 0.9 0.9 Copper (Cu) 8.9 8.9 Alcohol 0.8 0.8 Steel (Fe) 7.8 7.8 Antifreeze 1.125 (32°F) 1.098 (77°F) 1.125 (32°F) 1.098 (77°F) Tin (Sn) 7.29 7.29 Air Zinc (Zn) 7.14 7.14 Hydrogen 9.0*10-5 9.0*10-5 Aluminum (Al) 2.7 2.7 Oxygen Brass 8.4 – 8.7 8.4 – 8.7 Balsa Wood 0.3 0.3 Oak 0.8 0.8 Earth Average