Amblydromella applegum Schicha, 1983 predatory mite Unlisted (s14) Unknown Negligible: Biocontrol insect, non pest of grapevines. 1 Amblydromella brisbanensis Schicha, 1983 predatory mite Unlisted (s14) Unknown Negligible: Biocontrol insect, non pest of grapevines. 1 Amblyseius herbicolus Chant, 1959 predatory mite Unlisted (s14) Unknown Negligible: Biocontrol insect, non pest of grapevines. 1 Amblyseius sturti predatory mite Unlisted (s14) Unknown Negligible: Biocontrol insect, non pest of grapevines. 1 Amblyseius waltersi Schicha, 1981 predatory mite Unlisted (s14) Unknown Negligible: Biocontrol insect, non pest of grapevines. 1
Aploneura ampelina Mokrzecky, 1896 Unlisted (s14) Unknown: Related species A. lenrisci is permitted in WA. Low: Root feeding aphid could be confused with Grapevine phylloxera. Scarcity of reports suggests low pest status. 2 Apogonia sp. scarab beetle Unlisted (s14) Unknown Low: Mostly leaf feeders . There are minimal reports of damage, suggesting they are not a serious pest. 2 Arcte coerula Guenee, 1852 ramie moth / fruit piercing moth Prohibited – s12 (C1) Low/Low: Considered to be a tropical pest, currently only found in Queensland in Australia . Low: Have been reported in association with grape berries , but is considered a tropical pest. The scarcity of pest reports suggests this is unlikely to be a pest issue. 2 Argyrolepidia subaspersa (Walker) Prohibited – s12 (C1) Unknown Unknown: The paucity of available literature on A. subaspersa indicates a non-pestiferous nature. 1 Arsipoda chrysis Oliver, 1808 flea beetle Unlisted (s14) Unknown Low: Adults reported to feed on leaves . Very little information available. A lack of damage reports suggests a non-pest nature. 2
Axionicus insignis Pascoe, 1869 kurrajong weevil Unlisted (s14) Unknown Negligible: Mainly a pest of kurrajong trees, and usually only attacks unhealthy trees, so unlikely to be a serious pest of grapevines. 1 Bactrocera (Bactrocera) neohumeralis Hardy, 1951 Syn: Chaetodacus humeralis lesser Queensland fruit fly Prohibited – s12 (C1) Medium/Medium: Host plants listed are present in WA, though limited to suitable climatic regions. Medium: Only a single record of association with grapes . Does not seem to favour grapes. Could pose a Quarantine issue for export of table grapes. 3 Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt, 1897) Syn: Chaetodacus tryon Syn: Dacus tryoni Queensland fruit fly Prohibited – s12 (C1) High/High: Host plants are present in WA. Has established readily in similar climates in East coast. Extreme: B. tryoni is the most serious insect pest of fruit and vegetable crops in Australia . Listed as a major pest of table grapes and can cause high levels of damage to wine grapes 5 Blastopsylla sp. Unknown: Two related species – B. nigricollaris and B. occidentalis are permitted in WA. Low: Foliage feeder . Very few reports of association with grapevines, therefore unlikely to be an issue. 2
Chlorophorus annularis Fabricius, 1787 Syn: Callidium annulare Syn: Caloclytus annularis bamboo longicorn beetle Prohibited – s12 (C1) Unknown Low: Larvae attack roots, mainly bamboo, while adults feed on flowers, scarcity of reports on damage to grapevines, so unlikely to be a serious pest 2 Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan, 1889) Syn: Aspidiotus (Chrysomphalus) dictyospermi Spanish red scale Prohibited – s12 (C1) High/Medium: Multiple host plants are grown in WA. Low: Is of economic importance to several hosts and a serious pest of citrus . Seems to be a lesser pest of grapevines. Scales are generally a minor pest of grapevines. 2 Chrysopa sp. green lacewing Medium/Medium: Several Chrysopa spp. are currently present in WA. Negligible: Chrysopa spp. are biocontrol agents , so therefore not pestiferous. 1 Chrysoperla sp. green lacewing Unlisted (s14) Unknown Negligible: Many species of the genus Chrysoperla are important biological control agents , so they are beneficial organisms. 1
Corticaria japonica Reitter, 1877 Syn: Corticaria adelaidae minute mould beetle Permitted – s11 Unknown Low: Feed on decaying plant material . There is a low possibility of these being a pest of dried grapes. 2 Cryptolestes pusillus (Schönherr, 1817) Syn: Cucujus minutus flat grain beetle Declared pest – s22 (C3) High/High: Cryptolestes pusillus is ubiquitous and will feed on dried plant material, either in storage or occurring naturally. Low: Cryptolestes pusillus is a pest of stored cereal grains and processed commodities . Potentially a pest of dried grapes only. 2 Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch, 1855) Syn: Daktulosphaera vitifoliae Syn: Pemphigus vitifoliae grape phylloxera Prohibited – s12 (C1) High/Medium: Vitis vinifera is the sole host for D. vitifoliae . Grape phylloxera is introduced into new areas on grapevine material, soil, machinery, and people movements. Once in a vineyard it cannot be successfully removed. Extreme: D. vitifoliae is often listed as the world’s worst grape pest . While many table grapevines might be grown on resistant rootstocks, most wine grapevines, including valuable heritage vines, are not, and would be highly susceptible to grape phylloxera and require replacement. 5
Dieuches maculicollis Walker, 1872 Syn: Dieuches atricornis Unlisted (s14) Unknown Low: Ground dwelling, associated with grapevines , but very few reports found listing it as an issue, so unlikely to be a serious pest of grapevines. 2 Didymocantha obliqua Newman, 1840 slender grey longicorn Unlisted (s14) Unknown Low: Adults feed on flowers and foliage, larvae bore into stems but very few report found listing it as an issue, so unlikely to be a serious pest of grapevines. 2 Diphucephala colaspidoides Gyllenhal, 1817 Syn: Diphucephala lineatocollis Syn: Melolontha colaspidoides green scarab beetle / cherry green beetle Prohibited – s12 (C1) Unknown Low: Larvae feed in soil in moist heath lands. Adults swarm in large numbers and feed on foliage , but very few reports of damage to grapevines, so unlikely to be a serious pest. 2 Diphucephala nigritarsis Lea, 1917 green scarab beetle Unlisted (s14) Unknown Low: Larvae feed in soil in moist heath lands. Adults swarm in large numbers and feed on foliage , but very few reports of damage to grapevines, so unlikely to be a serious pest. 2
Diphucephala nitidicollis Macleay, 1886 green scarab beetle Prohibited – s12 (C1) Unknown Low: Larvae feed in soil in moist heath lands. Adults swarm in large numbers and feed on foliage , but very few reports of damage to grapevines, so unlikely to be a serious pest. 2 Diphucephala pulchella Waterhouse, 1837 green scarab beetle Unlisted (s14) Unknown Low: Larvae feed in soil in moist heath lands. Adults swarm in large numbers and feed on foliage , but very few reports of damage to grapevines, so unlikely to be a serious pest. 2 Dolichogenidea tasmanica (Cameron, 1912) (Apanteles tasmanicus) parasitic wasp Unlisted (s14) Medium/Low: D. tasmanica as a biocontrol agent for Light brown apple moth, a pest present in WA. Negligible: D. tasmanica is a biocontrol agent. 1 Dryocoetiops coffeae Eggers, 1923 bark beetle Unlisted (s14) Unknown Low: Associated with woody plant products, but few reports on grapevines, suggesting low impact. 2
Echnolagria sp. Unlisted (s14) Unknown Negligible: Only a single record of association with Vitis spp., therefore unlikely to be an issue with grapevines. 1 Ecrizothis inaequalis Blackburn, 1899 gooseberry weevil Prohibited – s12 (C1) Medium/medium: Recorded feeding on apple, cherry and gooseberry. Flightless adults, so distant movement by assisted transport only, on infested plant material or in soil. Low: Adults feed on foliage and buds . A scarcity of reports of damage to grapevines, suggest this to be a low pest issue. 2 Ecrizothis boviei Lea, 1911 native weevil Unlisted (s14) Medium/Medium: Recorded feeding on apple and grapevines, found in the Yarra Valley. Flightless adults so distant movement by assisted transport only, on infested plant material or in soil. High: Adults feed on foliage and buds. Recorded to have become a pest of grapevines in the Yarra Valley causing significant damage in two cases. Found to affect chardonnay, pinot noir and pinot meunier and can cause significant yield losses due to bud damage. Difficult to manage. 4 Ephippitytha maculate Evans, 1847 bush katydid Unlisted (s14) Unknown: Two related species – E. trigintiduoguttata and E. sparsa are present in WA. Unknown: The absence of available literature on E. maculate indicates a non-pestiferous nature. 1
Neoseiulus thwaitei Schicha, 1977 predatory mite Unlisted (s14) Unknown Negligible: Biocontrol organism, therefore not a pest. 1 Notiosomus sp. Unlisted (s14) Unknown Negligible: Only a single report with association to Vitis spp. Therefore unlikely a pest issue. 1 Oligonychus punicae Hirst, 1926 Syn: Hirstiella punicae Syn: Paratetranychus punicae avocado brown mite Prohibited – s12 (C1) High/Medium: Primary host avocado grown extensively. Low: Feed on leaves. Has a strong association with grapevines and can cause delay to ripening. Has a low economic impact rating on avocado , likely to be the same for grape vines. Other leaf feeding mites currently present are not a serious issue on grapevines. 3 Oraesia emarginata Fabricius, 1794 fruit piercing moth / smaller oraesia Prohibited – s12 (C1) Medium/Medium: Primary host citrus, peach, lesser host apples, grape vines. Low: Nocturnal activity, reports suggest some association with grapes. Scarcity of reports of significant damage suggests this likely of a low economic importance. 2
Ozoliarus pitta Löcker, 2006 cixiid planthopper Unlisted (s14) Medium/Medium: Both table and wine grapes are grown extensively in WA. Negligible: The absence of available literature on O. pitta indicates a non-pestiferous nature. 1 Panonychus citri McGregor, 1916 Syn: Metatetranychus citri Syn: Paratetranychus citri citrus red mite Prohibited – s12 (C1) High/Medium: Related to European red mite, that has become established. Low: Damage to leaves and is associated with grapevines . It is related to P ulmi, European red mite, and can have resistance issues. Other leaf mites have not normally created a significant issue for grapevines. 3 Parlatoria camelliae Comstock, 1883 camellia parlatoria scale Prohibited – s12 (C1) Unknown Low: Infests the leaves of host plants . Reports suggest this is unlikely to be an issue on grapevines. 2
Phytoseius hongkongensis Swirski & Shechter, 1961 predatory mite Unlisted (s14) Medium/Low: P. hongkongensis has been recorded from Vitis vinifera, which is grown extensively in WA. The related P. fotheringhamiae is listed as permitted in WA. Negligible: Reports indicate that mites of the Phytoseiidae family are effective and widespread biocontrol agents . 1 Phytoseius woolwichensis Schicha, 1977 predatory mite Unlisted (s14) Medium/Low: P. woolwichensis has been recorded from Vitis vinifera and other plant species that are grown extensively in WA. The related P. fotheringhamiae is listed as permitted in WA. Negligible: Reports indicate that mites of the Phytoseiidae are an effective and widespread biocontrol agent . 1 Polistes chinensis antennalis Perkins, 1905 Asian paper wasp Prohibited – s12 (C1) Unknown Negligible: Prey on invertebrates and collect nectar and honeydew from flowers . Not a pest issue. 1 Proprioseiopsis peltatus Van der Merwe, 1968 Syn: P. ovatus predatory mite Unlisted (s14) Medium/Low: P. peltatus has been recorded from Vitis vinifera and other plant species that are grown extensively in WA. Negligible: Reports indicate that mites of the Phytoseiidae family are effective and widespread biocontrol agents . 1
Rhyzobius hirtellus Crotch, 1874 Syn: Rhizobius ruficollis ladybird Permitted – s11 Medium/Medium: R. ruficollis parasitises long-tailed mealybugs , a pest with an extensive host range and is present in WA Negligible: R. ruficollis is a biological control agent . 1 Rhizoecus falcifer Kunckel d’Herculais, 1878 root mealybug Prohibited – s12 (C1) Unknown Low: Ground inhabiting pest , reports of it infesting grapevines, but considered a minor pest, particularly on irrigated vines. 2 Rhyparida dimidiata Baly, 1861 sugarcane leaf beetle Unlisted (s14) Unknown: Several related Rhyparida spp are listed as present in WA. Low: Adults feed on foliage and nectar while the larvae are soil dwelling . Reports suggest this to be a sub-tropical pest of only occasional seasonal importance. 2 Scelodonta brevipilis Lea, 1915 leaf beetle Unlisted (s14) Unknown Negligible: S. brevipilis has been recorded from Vitis vinifera. The paucity of available literature indicates a non-pestiferous nature. 1
Sphaerococcopsis inflatipes Maskell, 1893 scale insect Unlisted (s14) Unknown Low: Creates bark galls . Limited reports, which suggests a minor pest. 2 Spilostethus decoratus Stal, 1866 milkweed bug Unlisted (s14) Unknown Unknown: The absence of available literature regarding S. decoratus indicates a nature. 2 Testrica antica Walker, 1867 Unlisted (s14) Unknown Unknown: The paucity of available literature on T. antica indicates a non-pestiferous nature. 2 Tetracnemoidea brevicornis Girault, 1915 parasitic wasp Unlisted (s14) Medium/Low: T. brevicornis parasitises Long-tailed mealybugs , a pest with an extensive host range and is present in WA. Negligible: T. brevicornis is a biological control agent , found to parasitise long-tailed and citrophilus mealybugs, therefore not a pest of grapevines. 1
Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller, 1766 elm leaf beetle Prohibited – s12 (C1) Unknown Negligible: Only feed on elm trees. Therefore not an issue for grapevines. 1 Xylobosca decisa Lesne, 1906 Unlisted (s14) Unknown: Other related species – X. bispinosa and X. vidua are present in WA. Low: Wood boring beetles . Very few reports of an association with grapevines, so unlikely an issue. 2 Xylopsocus capucinus Fabricius, 1781 false powder-post beetle Unlisted (s14) Unknown: Other related species – X. gibbicollis and X. rubidus are present in WA. Low: Larvae feed on roots while adults bore into stems . Very few reports of association with grapevines, so unlikely an issue. 2 Xylothrips flanipes Illiger, 1801 auger beetle Unlisted (s14) Unknown: Related species – X. religiosa is present in WA. Low: Adults and larvae feed on the woody tissue of hosts . Very few reports of association with grapevines, so unlikely an issue. 2 Zygina sp. cicada Unknown Negligible: Only a single record of association with Vitis spp. Therefore not likely an issue for grapevines. 1
Molluscs Cornu apertus Born, 1778 Syn: Helix aperta green snail Declared pest – s22(2) (C3) High/Medium: C. apertus has an extensive host range, but is unlikely to spread far fast without assistance. Distant movement will be via infested plant material. Currently in limited areas of WA. Low: Will feed on leaves, buds and young shoots. But not likely to be any worse than other present snails. They can pose an export issue, but management procedures should be possible. 3 Vertebrates Sturnus vulgaris Born, 1778 common starling / European starling Declared pest - s22(2) (C1/C2) High/High: S. vulgaris are strong fliers and can cover reasonable distances and will survive our climatic conditions. High: S. vulgaris will feed on grape berries causing significant damage if not protected, netting as used for silvereyes will assist in control, but starlings are likely to be more aggressive and less distracted by flowering native plants, thus requiring increased or modified management practices. 4
Cryptovalsa ampelina (Nitschke) Fuckel, 1870 Diatrypaceae canker Unlisted (s14) Medium/Medium: Enters through pruning wounds. Where established, it is quite widespread on grapevines. Established in other grape growing regions in Australia. Medium: Reported in association with grapevine canes . Associated with trunk diseases of grapevines. Can infect dormant canes causing vascular necrosis . Generally not considered to be a major pathogen of grapes and of low virulence . However, in a study reported in 2013 it demonstrated pathogenicity only slightly less than Eutypa lata. Likely controlled using similar methods to limit spread of Eutypa dieback . 4 Cylindrocarpon liriodendri J.D. MacDon. & E.E. Butler, 1981 black-foot disease Unlisted (s14) High/Medium: Can affect a wide range of plants including grapevines, which are widely grown in WA. C. liriodendri is highly virulent . Likely transported on infected plant material or infested soil. Once in the soil, can infest plants directly through the roots or crown. High: Cylindrocarpon liriodendri associated with black-foot disease of grapevines . Black-foot disease seems to be an increasing issue in vineyards in California and is causing significant loses in grapevine regions worldwide . C liriodendra is highly virulent with young vines <7year old mainly affected, which eventually die . 5
Diatrypella vulgaris Trouillas, W. M. Pitt & Gubler, sp. nov. Diatrypaceae canker Unlisted (s14) High/Medium: Grape vineyards are located from the Gascoyne region in the north of the State to the South-West region of WA. Enters through pruning wounds. Where established, it is quite widespread on grapevines. Medium: Isolated from cankers on grapevines . Associated with trunk diseases of grapevines. In a study reported in 2013 it demonstrated pathogenicity only slightly less than Eutypa lata. Likely controlled using similar methods to limit spread of eutypa dieback . 4 Dothiorella iberica A.J.L. Phillips, J. Luque & A. Alves, 2005 Syn: Botryosphaeria iberica A.J.L. Phillips, J. Luque & A. Alves, 2005 Botryosphaeria canker Prohibited - s12 High/Medium: Botryosphaeriaceae have a high pathogenicity and tolerance to a wide range of environmental conditions. Grapevines are located from Gascoyne region in the north of the State to the South-West region of WA. High: Due to their pathogenicity, Botryosphaeriaceae pose a significant threat to the Australian wine industry . Can cause berry rots as well as dead-arm symptoms. However, WA has learnt to function with other Botryosphaeria spp through good agricultural practices. 4 Dothiorella neclivorem W.M. Pitt & J.R. 2015 Botryosphaeria canker Prohibited - s12 High/Medium: Botryosphaeriaceae have a high pathogenicity and tolerance to a wide range of environmental conditions. Medium: Due to their pathogenicity, Botryosphaeriaceae pose a significant threat to the Australian wine industry. 4
Dothiorella vidmadera W.M. Pitt, J.R. Úrbez-Torres, Trouillas, 2013 Botryosphaeria canker Prohibited - s12 High/Medium: Botryosphaeriaceae have a high pathogenicity and tolerance to a wide range of environmental conditions. Medium: Due to their pathogenicity, prevalence, distribution and tolerance to a wide range of environmental conditions, Botryosphaeriaceae pose a significant threat to the Australian wine industry . 4 Dothiorella vinea-gemmae W.M. Pitt & J.R. 2015 Botryosphaeria canker Prohibited - s12 High/Medium: Botryosphaeriaceae have a high pathogenicity and tolerance to a wide range of environmental conditions. Medium: Due to their pathogenicity, prevalence, distribution and tolerance to a wide range of environmental conditions, Botryosphaeriaceae pose a significant threat to the Australian wine industry . 4 Eutypa lata (Pers.) Tul. & C. Tul., 1863 eutypa dieback (Diatrypaceae) Prohibited - s12 (C1) High/Medium: E. lata infects via open wounds through air-borne and rain splashed spores and can infect pome and stone fruit trees as well as grapevines. Vineyards are located from the Gascoyne region in the north down to the Great-Southern region in the south of WA. High: Eutypa lata is generally associated with trunk and stem cankers and causes yield losses, and gradual decline and eventually death of grapevines. E lata is a significant pathogen of grapevines worldwide. Managed in a similar way to Botryosphaeria canker. 5
Fomitiporia punctata (Fr.) Murrill, 1947 Syn: Phellinus punctatus (Fr.) Pilát, 1942 esca disease / white heart rot Unlisted (s14) High/Medium: It is believed that Fomitiporia spp infect grapevine pruning cuts via air-borne spores. Medium: Fomitiporia punctata has been isolated from stems of grapevines in association with white heart rot (esca disease) . While esca disease is causing economic losses in grapevine in regions of Europe, it does not appear to be causing significant economic losses in Australia . Esca disease is thought to have an association with stress. 4 Greeneria uvicola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Punith., 1974 bitter rot Prohibited - s12 (C1) High/Medium: Hosts of Greeneria uvicola are cultivated in Western Australia. Infection occurs from 12°C, with an optimum of 28-30°C . Particularly prevalent in warm wet conditions close to harvest. High: Greeneria uvicola causes bitter rot of ripe fruit, resulting in reduced marketability of wine and table grapes due to the bitter flavour of the berries . 4 Hendersonia corticalis Ellis & Everh. Unlisted (s14) Unknown Negligible: There are very few reports of this fungus worldwide and it is not listed as a major pathogen of grapes. 1
Oidiodendron cereale (Thüm.) G.L. Barron, 1962 Unlisted (s14) Unknown Negligible: Isolated as a saprophyte from grapevine stem . Not reported as a pathogen of grapes. 1 Papulaspora biformospora Kiril., 1971 Unlisted (s14) Unknown Negligible: Reported in association with Vitis vinifera roots . Not reported as a pathogen of grapes. 1 Passalora dissiliens (Duby) U. Braun & Crous, 2003 Syn: Phaeoramularia dissiliens (Duby) Deighton, 1976 Associated with cercospora leaf-spot Unlisted (s14) Unknown: Hosts of Passalora dissiliens are cultivated in Western Australia – these include Vitis vinifera. Low: Reported in association with leaves of grapevines. Causes cercospora leaf spot, but is only considered a minor foliage disease. 2 Penicillium bicolor (Lilj.) Fr., 1832 Unlisted (s14) High/Medium: Penicillium spp affect most kinds of fruit and vegetables . Many other Penicillium spp. are established in Western Australia . Low: Species of Penicillium associated with berry rot are generally secondary invaders. Current management practices including good hygiene practices are likely to control additional Penicillium spp. 2
Penicillium simplicissimum (Oudem.) Thom, 1930 Unlisted (s14) High/Medium: Penicillium spp affect most kinds of fruit and vegetables . Many other Penicillium spp. are established in Western Australia . Low: Species of Penicillium associated with berry rot are generally secondary invaders. Current management practices including good hygiene practices are likely to control additional Penicillium spp. 2 Penicillium viticola Nonaka & Masuma, 2011 Unlisted (s14) High/Medium: Penicillium spp affect most kinds of fruit and vegetables . Many other Penicillium spp are established in Western Australia . Low: Species of Penicillium associated with berry rot are generally secondary invaders. Current management practices including good hygiene practices are likely to control additional Penicillium spp. 2 Pestalotiopsis funereoides Steyaert 1949 Syn: Pestalotiopsis funerea (Desm.) Steyaert, 1949 leaf spot Prohibited - s12 (C1) Unknown: Hosts of this fungus are grown in Western Australia. Low: Affects leaves, stems and roots of its hosts . No report of association with grape bunches was found. A minor pathogen of conifers, causing leaf and stem blight in seedlings and nursery stock or disease following environmental stress/damage. Unlikely to be a significant pest of grapes. 2
Pleurostomophora richardsiae (Nannf.) L. Mostert, W. Gams & Crous, 2004 Unlisted (s14) Medium/Medium: Similar pathogens have established in WA where there are plenty of grapevines grown. Medium: Reported in association with grapevine trunks and causing vascular discolouration similar to petri and esca disease, though would not seem to be the primary pathogen. P. ricardsiae is considered a pathogen of grapevines in southern Italy. It can also (albeit rare) cause infections to humans via injury. 3 Pseudocercospora vitis (Lév.) Speg., 1910 Syn: Mycosphaerella personata Syn: Cercospera viticola Syn: Cladosporium viticola Syn: Isariopsis vitis isariopsis leaf spot; leaf blight Prohibited - s12 (C1) Low/Low: Reported to be more of an issue in regions of high humidity. Low: Reported as causing leaf blight. Infects leaves, but no reports of association with grape bunches. 2
Sphaerella fumaginea Catt., 1879 Unlisted (s14) Unknown Unknown: Original description based on isolate from grapevine branches and twigs. Limited reports of this causing damage suggest it is of low pathogenicity. 2 Sphaerella vitis Fuckel, 1870 Unlisted (s14) Unknown Low: Original description based on isolate from grapevine leaves. Limited reports of this causing damage suggest it is of low pathogenicity. 2 Sporocadus rhododendri (Schwein.) M. Morelet, 1985 Unlisted (s14) Unknown Low: Reported in association with canes. Limited reports of this causing damage suggest it is of low pathogenicity. 2 Strumella vitis McAlpine, 1898 Unlisted (s14) Unknown Low: There are very few reports of this fungus worldwide and it is not listed as a major pathogen of grapes. 2
Trichoderma citrinoviride Bissett 1984 Unlisted (s14) Unknown Negligible: Trichoderma spp are cosmopolitan in soils and on decaying wood and vegetable matter. Trichoderma spp are normally endophytes and should not pose an economic concern. 1 Truncatella angustata (Pers.) S. Hughes, 1958 Unlisted (s14) High/Medium: Hosts of this pathogen are grown across Western Australia. Low: Reported in association with stems and as an endophyte on twigs and branches. Reported to be the causal agent of grapevine trunk disease in Iran, but on the whole minimal reports of economic impact. 2 Venturia tremulae Aderh., 1897 Unlisted (s14) High/Medium: Related species V. inequalis (causal agent of Apple scab) has established in WA. Low: Pathogen will cause leaf fall, recurrent infection can cause poor growth & dieback. Causes Shephard’s crook and leaf and shoot blight in forestry trees in the USA. A related species V. inequalis is the causal agent of Apple scab which is a serious pest of apples. However, there are scarce reports of this pathogen causing economic impact to grapevines. 2
Xeromyces bisporus L.R. Fraser, 1954 Unlisted (s14) Unknown Low: Xeromyces bisporus is a food spoilage fungi, associated with dried fruit. 2 Nematodes Aphelenchoides coffeae (Zimmeman, 1898) Filipjev, 1934 foliar nematode Unlisted (s14) Medium/Medium: Distributed mainly by movement of plant material, through movement of propagation material but also plant debris such as on poorly cleaned machinery. Negligible: Aphelenchoides spp. are ecto-parasites that generally feed on leaves and stems. Vitis vinifera is not listed as a host on Nemaplex. 1 Aphelenchoides limberi Steiner, 1936 foliar nematode Unlisted (s14) Medium/Medium: Distributed mainly by movement of plant material, through movement of propagation material but also plant debris such as on poorly cleaned machinery. Negligible: Aphelenchoides spp. are ecto-parasites that generally feed on leaves and stems. Found in association with grapevines in Iran, but without mention of level of damage. Vitis vinifera is not listed as a host on Nemaplex. 1
Criconema mutabile Taylor, 1936 ring nematode Unlisted (s14) Medium/Low: sedentary nematodes, juvenile stages are mobile but rarely travel too far. Likely distribution by plant or soil movement. Medium: Criconema mutabile has been reported in association with grapes in soil around the rhizosphere (). Reported in association with bacterial canker of Prunus spp. Vitis vinifera is listed as a host on Nemaplex. 3 Discolaimus agricolus Sauer & Annells, 1986 Unlisted (s14) Unknown Low: Collected from vineyard soil . Very little information available on this nematode, this suggests limited economic impact. 2 Helicotylenchus caribensis Román, 1965 Unlisted (s14) Unknown Low: Helicotylenchus species are ecto-parasitic, semi-endo-parasitic or endo-parasitic nematodes of roots . Impact on grapes is not well understood but at this point not considered significant . 2 Helicotylenchus digonicus Perry, 1959 Unlisted (s14) Unknown Low: Helicotylenchus species are ecto-parasitic, semi-endo-parasitic or endo-parasitic nematodes of roots. Impact on grapes is not well understood but at this point not considered significant . 2
Longidorus elongatus de Man, 1876 needle nematode Prohibited – s12 (C1) High/Low: They can feed on a range of hosts readily found in WA – quinoa, cucumber, strawberry, lettuce, perennial ryegrass, banana, bean, tomato and grape, among others. They rarely travel too far from the original host themselves, so likely distribution is by plant or soil movement. Medium: Longidorus species are generally associated with roots and found in soil around the roots. They have been found in association with Vitis vinifera , though their level of direct damage is poorly understood. Like Xiphinema spp. they are often found to carry Nepoviruses, but they discard the Nepovirus with each moult. Final pest status takes into account potential to spread raspberry ringspot virus and tomato black ring virus (both are currently absent from Australia). 4 Meloidogyne thamesi Chitwood, 1952 Thames root-knot nematode Unlisted (s14) High/Low: They can feed on a range of hosts readily found in WA. Other related Meloidogyne spp. are established in WA. They rarely travel too far from the original host themselves, so likely distribution is by plant or soil movement. Low: Meloidogyne species are associated with roots. Vitis vinifera is listed as a host on Nemaplex , but this nematode is not considered one of the significant root-knot nematodes affecting grapevines. 2
Paratylenchus hamatus Thorne and Allen, 1950 pin nematode Prohibited – s12 (C1) Medium/Low: Paratylenchus spp are migratory plant ecto-parsites and P. hamatus has an extensive listed host range – celery, broccoli, citrus, couch grass, barley, banana, avocado, plum, pear, potato and grape, among others. Low: Paratylenchus species are obligate root parasites of a large range of plant species . Little is understood about the impact on grapevine health of these nematodes. This particular species is more commonly found in association with grapevines . Vitis spp are listed as hosts on Nemaplex. Generally only associated with vine damage to young vines planted into high populations. 3 Paratylenchus projectus Jenkins, 1956 pin nematode Unlisted (s14) Unknown Low: Paratylenchus species are obligate root parasites of a large range of plant species . Little is understood about the impact on grapevine health of these nematodes. 2 Paratylenchus vandenbrandei Samibaeva, 1966 pin nematode Unlisted (s14) Unknown Low: Paratylenchus species are obligate root parasites of a large range of plant species . Little is understood about the impact on grapevine health of these nematodes. 2
Pratylenchus alleni Ferris, 1981 root-lesion nematode Unlisted (s14) Medium/Low: P. alleni hosts include soybean, wheat, corn, potato and tomato. Pratylenchus spp rarely move more than a in a year. Distant movement is by infected soil or plant material. Low: Pratylenchus species are migratory endo-parasites that feed on roots . P. alleni is a noted pest of soybean and potatoes . Vitis spp are not listed as hosts on Nemaplex. 2 Pratylenchus goodeyi Sher & Allen, 1953 banana root-lesion nematode Unlisted (s14) Low/Low: P. goodeyi appears to have a restricted host (banana being its main host) and climate range, being found mainly in tropical highlands or regions. Negligible: Pratylenchus species are migratory endo-parasites that feed on roots . Vitis spp are not listed as hosts on Nemaplex . 1 Pratylenchus hexincisus Taylor & Jenkins, 1957 root lesion nematode Prohibited – s12 (C1) Medium/Low: host range, grapes, strawberries and brassicas are grown in WA. They are migratory endo-parasites, but rarely move more than a 1-2m a year. Distant movement is by infected soil or plant material. Low: Pratylenchus species are migratory endo-parasites that feed on roots . Vitis vinifera is listed as hosts on Nemaplex , but they are not considered to cause economic damage to grapevines. 2
Pratylenchus jordanensis Hashim, 1983 root lesion nematode Unlisted (s14) Medium/Low: Reported in association with apple. Low: Pratylenchus species are migratory endo-parasites that feed on roots . Vitis spp are not listed as hosts on Nemaplex. However, there are reports of them being in association with poor growth in grapevines. 2 Pratylenchus loosi Loof, 1960 root lesion nematode Prohibited – s12 (C1) Medium/Low: Are listed to infest strawberry, banana, coffee and tea. Low: Pratylenchus species are migratory endo-parasites that feed on roots . Vitis spp are not listed as hosts on Nemaplex. 2 Pratylenchus pinguicaudatus Corbett, 1969 root lesion nematode Unlisted (s14) Unknown Low: Pratylenchus species are migratory endo-parasites that feed on roots . Vitis spp are not listed as hosts on Nemaplex. 2 Pratylenchus pseudopratensis Seinhorst, 1968 root lesion nematode Unlisted (s14) Medium/Low: Reported in association with apple and strawberry. Unknown: Pratylenchus species are migratory endo-parasites that feed on roots. Vitis spp are not listed as hosts on Nemaplex. 2
Protozoa Diderma chondrioderma (de Bary & Rostaf.) Kuntze, 1898 Unlisted (s14) Unknown Negligible: D. chondrioderma is a slime mould and was reported in association with a grapevine stem. Scarcity of reports of association or damage to grapevines. 1 Viruses/Viroids Apscaviroid: Australian grapevine viroid AGVd Permitted – s11 Medium/Low: Long distance spread occurs via infected propagation material and local dissemination occurs via mechanical means and through seed . Negligible: AGVd has not been reported as having any disease effects in grapevines. AGVd produces little or no obvious disease symptoms. 1 Apscaviroid: grapevine yellow speckle viroid (GYSVd) strain, 1 GYSVd-1 Prohibited – s12 (C1) Medium/Low: Long distance spread occurs via infected propagation material and local dissemination occurs via mechanical means, by grafting and abrasion, and through seed . High: Mixed infection of GYSVd-1 or GYSVd-2 and grapevine fanleaf virus (currently not present in WA) causes vein banding that has a detrimental effect on the yield of certain varieties . 4
Nepovirus: tomato ringspot virus ToRSV Associated with Grapevine yellow vein disease Prohibited – s12 (C1) Medium/Medium: Long distance spread occurs via infected propagation material and local dissemination occurs via nematodes. ToRSV is transmitted by several nematodes, including Xiphinema americanum and X. rivesi both of which are present in WA. No evidence to suggest this virus is seed borne in table grapes . High: ToRSV causes virus-induced grapevine decline. Cultivars vary in level of susceptibility, but symptoms can be: chlorotic mottling, oak leaf pattern, ringspot on leaves. Chronically infected vines may result in bud death, or weak buds - leading to weak shoots and poor bunches. Can also lead to grapevine yellow vein disease in warmer regions. 4 Pospiviroid: citrus exocortis viroid CEVd Prohibited – s12 (C1) Medium/Low: Long distance spread occurs via infected propagation material and local dissemination occurs via mechanical means - grafting, abrasion and through seed. Host plants listed are cultivated in WA. Negligible: No symptoms of disease observed when CEVd infects grapevine . Grapevines could represent natural reservoir from which the viroid can potentially be transmitted to other susceptible host crops . 1 Sobemovirus: sowbane mosaic virus SoMV Unlisted (s14) Medium/Low: Long distance spread occurs via infected propagation material and local dissemination occurs via mechanical means. Negligible: Infection is latent and rare in Vitis sp. 1
Vitivirus: grapevine B virus GBV Associated with Corky bark disease Unlisted (s14) Medium/Medium: Long distance spread occurs via infected propagation material and local dissemination occurs via mechanical means or mealybug vectors. Not seed transmitted; transmitted by grafting; transmitted by the mealybugs Pseudococcus longispinus and Ps. Viburni, both of which are present in WA. Medium: Associated with Corky bark disease, young grapevine vine decline (disease induced graft incompatibility). Infects systemically; probably present in fruit and rachis . 4 Vitivirus: grapevine virus D GVD Unlisted (s14) Medium/Low: Long distance spread occurs via infected propagation material and local dissemination occurs via mechanical means. No reports of natural spread and it is unlikely to be co-transported with a vector insect or to be transmitted from imported fruit to a suitable host plant. Low: Unsubstantiated association with Corky rugose wood , limited reports of any other symptoms. Infects systemically. There is potential for it to be associated with the vascular tissues in table grape bunches. 3