21 Academic A smart city as a high-tech intensive and advanced city that connects people, information and city elements using new technologies in order to create a sustainable greener city, a competitive and innovative commerce and an increase in the quality of life with a straightforward administration and maintenance system of the city. Advanced, high-tech, information, sustainability, green, competitive, innovation, commerce, quality of life, administration, maintenance. Schaffers et al. (2012c) 22 Academic A "smart city" is a city well performing in a forward-looking way in the six characteristics (smart economy, smart people, smart governance, smart mobility, smart environment, smart living) built on the 'smart' combination of endowments and activities of independent and aware citizens. Citizens, economy, people, governance, mobility, environment, living. Chourabi et al. (2012a) 23 Academic A city "connecting the physical infrastructure, the IT infrastructure, the social infrastructure, and the business infrastructure to leverage the collective intelligence of the city". Interconnected IT, social, business infrastructure. Chourabi et al. (2012b) 24 Academic A city striving to make itself "smarter" (more efficient, sustainable, equitable, and liveable) Efficient, sustainable, equitable, liveable, standard of living. Chourabi et al. (2012c) 25 Academic Based on the exploration of a wide and extensive array of literature from various disciplinary areas, we identify eight critical factors of smart city initiatives: management and organization, technology, governance, policy context, people and communities, economy, built infrastructure, and natural environment. Technology, governance, policy context, people and communities, economy, built infrastructure, and natural environment. Chourabi et al. (2012d)
44 Corporate One manifestation of the Oracle iGovernment vision is Oracle's Solutions for Smart Cities, which will address the ever increasing need to provide businesses and citizens with transparent, efficient and intelligent engagement with their local authority/administration – through any channel – for any purpose, from information requests and government programme enrolment, to incident reporting or scheduling inspections, to complete online start-up of a local business. Development, implementation and refinement of such a multichannel, single point-of-contact platform to all government organizations lays the foundation for a range of additional capabilities from business recruitment and retention to self-selecting, interest- and knowledge-based communities amongst citizens to improved management of civil contingencies and emergency disaster planning. Authority, information, business, development, citizens, disaster. Oracle (2014) 45 Corporate A future where clean, efficient and decentralized energy will power a smart electricity grid to deliver power efficiently to millions of homes; a world not suffering from water scarcity where waste is seen as a resource; where citizens' mobility and health care needs are all taken care of by efficient and comprehensive systems; and where they can live in sustainable cities with green spaces, clean air and a high quality of life. Efficient, decentralized, energy, electricity, water, waste, green spaces, clean air and quality of life. Dunlop (2012)
46 Corporate Urbanization, rapid population growth and shortages of resources are placing a new strain on city systems. So how can cities fuel economic growth whilst improving environment and social conditions? What must they do to raise service quality despite finite resources, and ever-growing demand? How can they work more effectively across the public sector, and with the private and 3rd sectors to transform outcomes? Smart technologies help city administrations tap into public information and create not just smarter, but more sustainable cities. Fuel economy, technology, administrations, sustainable. Capgemini (2014) 47 Corporate "Smart Cities" are an effective response to today's needs which have become crucial. Thanks to the rapid, pressing trends seen throughout the world. In our view, the "smart city" is an urban model that minimizes efforts around "low level" needs and effectively satisfies "higher level" needs to guarantee an elevated quality of life while optimizing resources and areas for sustainability. Quality of life, optimization, resources, sustainability. ABB Group (2014) 48 Corporate It takes more to build a smart city than simply using ICT to link and manage social infrastructure. Providing new values and services that residents truly need is also essential. Generating the knowledge to arrive at solutions by continuing to closely examine local issues, while putting this information into the equation when analysing the enormous amount of data from smartphones, various sensors, metres, and other devices, is a crucial task. Achieving it requires that Fujitsu put ICT to work to establish a sustainable social value cycle and create new innovations. Knowledge, solutions, sensors, data, ICT, innovations, infrastructure. Fujitsu (2014)
49 Corporate The IBM vision for a smarter city uses technology to bring cities forward so that they can accomplish these types of objectives: – Quality of life for its citizens and visitors, – A well-managed city works to create an optimal urban environment for its citizens, visitors, and industries by focusing on urban design, energy and water management, and an efficient and easy-to-use transportation system. These cities provide better performing and reliable city services that enable simplified and integrated access to services. – A healthy and safe city addresses the health and safety of residents and visitors through innovations in local health care networks, disease management and prevention, social services, food safety, public safety, and individual information privacy. – A sustainable city implements concrete measures toward sustainability through, for example, reduced consumption of energy and water and reduced emissions of CO2. Possible measures that can make a city sustainable include urban planning principles for mixed land use, architecture and construction principles for buildings, and methods to use rainwater instead of treated water. – A city with good governance strives to improve the quality and efficiency of city services. It mandates transparency and accountability at all levels of the government. It provides the means to listen, understand, and respond to the needs of its citizens and businesses. Quality of life, water and energy consumption, networks, information. Kehoe-IBM (2011a)
This ability to maintain skilled workers is accomplished by anticipating and accommodating shifts in business needs, skills, local population, and demographics to offer economic opportunities. – A city with free flowing traffic identifies and manages congestion actively. This demand is accomplished by making various forms of transport (such as road, air, rail, and bus) cost effective and efficient. 51 Corporate IBM defines a smarter city as one that makes optimal use of all the interconnected information available today to better understand and control its operations and optimize the use of limited resources. Information, operations, resources, optimize. IBM Smarter City Assessment Tool (2009) 52 Corporate Smart cities: Innovative urban developments that leverage ICT for the management of natural energy consumption at the community level and other technologies to balance environmental stewardship with comfortable living. Innovation, urban, ICT, energy, community, technology, environment, living. Fujitsu (2014) 53 Corporate – Derived from video Cities are a complex and dynamic system. According to SAP, there are eight (8) fundamental factors that determine what defines a sustainable city: • Smart economy – Long-term prosperity, innovation, entrepreneurs, and social business models. • Good government – High performance. • Open society. • Resilience and sustainability – being clean and green. • Global attractiveness. • Human and social capital. • World-class financial expertise. • Excellent infrastructure – physical and soft infrastructure (technology, research and knowledge). Smart economy, good government, open society, global attractiveness, human and social capital, infrastructure, knowledge, technology. SAP (2014)
54 Corporate definition derived Smart is a combination of collaborative leadership, policy and legal, customer insight, budget and performance management, service orientation and technology. Leadership, policy, customer, service orientation, technology. (2011) 55 Corporate CSR In a broader definition, a city can be considered as "smart" when its investment in human and social capital and in communications infrastructure actively promotes sustainable economic development and a high quality of life, including the wise management of natural resources through participatory government. Human capital, social capital, communication, economic growth, economic development, sustainability, quality of life, natural resource management, participatory government. Hirst-European Investment Bank (2012) 56 Corporation A smart city is a city that meets its challenges through the strategic application of ICT goods network and services to provide services to citizens or to manage its infrastructure. A sustainable city is a city that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. ICTs, citizens, environment, social, economic growth. (2013) 57 Government/ International organization Traditionally, a "smart sustainable city" has been defined as a city that uses information and communication technology to make both its critical infrastructure, its components and utilities more interactive, efficient, making citizens more aware of them. ICT, interactive critical infrastructure, interconnectivity, efficiency, awareness. Azkuna (2012a)
58 Government/ International organization In preparing this report, we used the smart sustainable city model, which identifies the presence and convergence of six areas: economy, mobility, environment, citizenship, quality of life, and, finally, management. A city can be defined as smart when it displays a positive performance in these six areas, and when it has been built based on a "smart" combination of elements (communication, infrastructure, economic development) and on purposeful and independent citizen activities (participation, education) that make sound management of natural resources through participatory governance. Convergence, integration, economy, mobility, environment, citizenship, quality of life, communication, infrastructure, economic development, citizen participation, education, natural resource management, participatory governance. Azkuna (2012b) 59 Government/ International organization A type of city that uses new technologies to make them more liveable, functional, competitive and modern, the promotion of innovation and knowledge management, bringing together six (6) key fields of performance: economy, mobility, environment, citizenship, quality of life and, finally, management. Liveable, technology, citizens, quality of life, management, economy. Azkuna (2012c) 60 Government/ International organization Smart sustainable cities combine diverse technologies to reduce their environmental impact and offer citizens better lives. This is not, however, simply a technical challenge. Organizational change in governments – and indeed society at large – is just as essential. Making a city smart is therefore a very multidisciplinary challenge, bringing together city officials, innovative suppliers, national and EU policymakers, academics and civil society. Diverse technology, environment, quality of life, city officials, suppliers, policy makers, academics, civil society. European Commission (2014) 61 Government/ International organization A real smart city develops the city to reach the aim of improving the quality of life. It needs sound and innovative economic development as a means to reach this aim. Uses ICT as a tool with a great potential for ameliorating daily life, public services and the economy. Quality of life, innovative, economic, ICT, public services. Schweiker - Council of European Municipalities (2010)
74 ITU Smart sustainable cities are well managed, integrated physical and digital infrastructures that provide optimal services in a reliable, cost effective, and sustainable manner while maintaining and improving the quality of life for its citizens. Key attributes of a smart sustainable city are mobility, sustainability, security, reliability, flexibility, technology, interoperability and scalability. Foundational aspects include economy, governance, society and environment with vertical infrastructures such as mobility, real estate and buildings, industrial and manufacturing, utilities and gas, waste, water and air management, safety and security, health care and education. All of these are woven into a single fabric with ICT infrastructure as a core. Well managed, integrated, digital infrastructure, optimize services, sustainability, quality of life, mobility, security, reliability, flexibility, technology, interoperability, scalability, economy, governance, society, environment, real estate and buildings, industrial and manufacturing, utilities - electricity and gas, waste, water and air management, safety and security, health care and education, integrated, ICT. FG-SSC-0013 (2014) 75 ITU/ Government It is a city with a large, efficient and widespread technological network that fosters dialogue between citizens and everyday objects. It integrates the huge amount of information available to generate intelligence and improve daily life in a lifestyle that is increasingly "smart". It combines innovation with the environment, mobility and quality of life. It is a new phenomenon, complex and rapidly changing. Technological innovation moves in several directions (green buildings, smart mobility, e-health, e-government, etc.). ICT, integrated, quality of life, innovation, environment, mobility, green buildings, health, environment governance. FG-SSC-0014 (2013) 76 ITU ICT spans across a number of application sectors that characterize the framework of smart sustainable cities. Among others, energy, buildings, transport and mobility, water and waste management. ICT, sustainability, energy, buildings, transport, mobility, water management, waste management. FG-SSC-0020 (2013)
80 User centric "The use of Smart Computing technologies to make the critical infrastructure components and services of a city-which include city administration, education, healthcare, public safety, real estate, transportation, and utilities-more intelligent, interconnected, and efficient" (58). Computing technologies, interconnected components, city administration, education, healthcare, public safety, real estate, transportation, utilities, efficiency. Washburn et al. (2010) 81 User centric A smart sustainable city is characterized by the integration of technology into a strategic approach to sustainability, citizen well-being, and economic development. ICT, integrated, sustainability, citizen well-being, economic development. Woods et al. (2013) 82 User centric The terms "smart" and "intelligent" have become part of the language of urbanization policy, referring to the clever use of IT to improve the productivity of a city's essential infrastructure and services and to reduce energy inputs and CO2 outputs in response to global climate change. ICT, infrastructure productivity, services, low carbon, environment. Hodkinson, S. (2011) 83 User centric A smart sustainable city is one that "uses information and communications technologies to make the critical infrastructure components and services of a city – administration, education, healthcare, public safety, real estate, transportation and utilities – more aware, interactive and efficient." ICT, administration, education, health care, public safety, real estate, transportation, utilities, integrated, efficient, interactive. Belissent (2010) 84 User centric An urbanized area where multiple public and private sectors cooperate to achieve sustainable outcomes through the analysis of contextual information exchanged between them. The sectors could include hospitals or emergency services or finance and so on. The interaction between sector-specific and information flows results in more resource-efficient cities that enable more sustainable citizen services and more knowledge transfer between sectors. Information exchange, integrated, resource efficiency, services, sustainability. Maio (2012)
85 User centric Cities need to differentiate themselves to attract investment and productive residents, and this is coupled with constrained financial resources, fast-growing populations, and aging infrastructures, is driving investment in smart sustainable city solutions. Smart sustainable city solutions leverage ICT not only to deliver higher-quality citizen services more efficiently but also to effect behavioural change in government workers, city businesses, and citizens so that cities can develop more sustainably. ICT, services, efficient, development and behavioural change in government workers, city businesses, and citizens. IDC (2014) 86 User centric It is precisely because of the importance of cities and the need to deepen knowledge of urban issues that we undertake the study. The effort to question and understand where cities are and where they are headed benefits all of us in a world urbanizing like never before. This includes the officials and policymakers setting the course, businesses invested in city and the citizens who build their lives in thousands of city neighbourhoods worldwide, rich or poor, picturesque or prosaic. Policymakers, business, well-being, urbanizing. Ernst & Young (2014)
99 Academic Smart cities should focus on: (i) improvement of urban living capacity, (ii) resource efficient development, (iii) low carbon economy, (iv) use of ICT to manage complex urban system. Urban, resources, economy, people. Alusi, A., Eccles, R. G., Edmondson, A. C., Zuzul, T. (2011) 100 Academic Smart city triple helix: human and social relations connecting the intellectual capital, natural wealth and governance of their regional development. People, intelligent, development, governance and administration, natural, resources. Njikamp, Lombardi, P., Giordano, S., Caraglui, A., Del Bo, C., Deakin, M. 101 Academic/ Corporate Key aspect of smart cities is a plan for efficient management of utilities enabled by technologies such as those entailing smart metering of the residential consumption of electricity, water or gas. Technology, utilities, efficient, water, electricity. Monedero, D. R., Bartoli, A., J., Forne, J., Soriano, M. (2013) 102 Academic Features of smart cities involve the use of discrete future Internet technologies (RFID), improving egovernance, providing and environment for innovation. ICT, technology, governance and administration. Balloon, Pieter, Glidden, J., Kranas, P., Menychtas, A., Ruston, S., Van der Graaf, S. (2011)
105 Academic "Smarter cities" has the following four components: (i) the application of a wide range of electronic and digital technologies to communities and cities, (ii) the use of information technologies to transform life and work within a region, (iii) the embedding of such ICTs in the city, (iv) The territorialisation of such practices in a way that brings ICTs and people together so as to enhance innovation, learning, knowledge and problem solving that the technologies offer. ICT, technology, QoL, community, public, innovations, society, intelligent. Allwinkle, S., Cruickshank, P. (2011) 106 Academic Urban dwellers should be provided with smart phones that provide advanced capabilities to connect to the Internet, determine the user's location as well as provide platforms. Public, ICT, community, participatory, actively, accessible, mobility. Benouret, K., Ramalingam, R. V., Charoy, F. (2013) 107 Academic "A smart city is generally meant as a city capable of joining competitiveness and sustainability by integrating different dimensions of development and addressing infrastructural investments able to support economic as well as the quality of life of communities, a more careful management of natural resources, a greater transparency and participation to the decision making process." Sustainable, participatory, society, quality of life, integrate, resources, competitive, investment, economy, community, transparency, active, development. Papa, R. (2013)