We would like to thank CARE Malawi for entrusting the Centre for Development Management with the responsibility to conduct the baseline. Specifically, we would like to thank the Thoko Mwenyekondo and staff of CARE USA for providing us with technical and logistical support during the entire period of the study. We would also like to thank all the supervisors and research assistants for their commitment and hard work who ensured that we had quality data. Special gratitude should be extended to all the learners and teachers that took part in the research in one way or the other, without them this report would have not been possible. Centre for Development Management P.O. Box 31810 Capital City Lilongwe 3 Plot 15/31 February, 2017 DEDICATION This report is dedicated to the late Mr Felix Kamanga, a dedicated, intelligent and hardworking CDM Researcher, who managed the entire data collection process for the Umodzi baseline study, but God decided to take him from us and this earth on 1st January 2017, in that fatal car accident in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. May His Soul Rest in Peace Centre for Development Management, 2017 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED AGE Adolescent Girls’ Empowerment AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome CDM Centre for Development Management
True 1 False 2 DON’T KNOW 99 True 1 False 2 DON’T KNOW 99 True 1 False 2 DON’T KNOW 99 True 1 False 2 DON’T KNOW 99 True 1 False 2 DON’T KNOW 99 True 1 False 2 DON’T KNOW 99 True 1 False 2 DON’T KNOW 99 NTCHITO AMENE MTSIKANA KUKHALA KUTI MTSIKANA NDI NDI NGATI NDI NDI NDI MNYAMATA MTSIKANA NAMWALI MNYAMATA MNYAMATA AKAFUNA KUGONANA? KONDOMU MTSIKANA?
PILIYODI? True 1 False 2 DON’T KNOW 99 True 1 False 2 DON’T KNOW 99 HIV STI STI HIV HIV HIV Yes 1 No 2 DON’T KNOW 99 HIV IF YOU HIV Yes 1 No 2 DON’T KNOW 99 CAN WA YOU NDI YOU NDI NDI MTSIKANA NDI NDI KUTI AVOID NDI KUTI AMAYENERA KUTI NGATI MMENE MNYAMATA NGATI MMENE ZA CIRCLE KA
A WOMAN CAN BE PRESIDENT OFANY COUNTRY MZIMAYI ATHA PURESIDENTI M’DZIKO LILI LONSE? STRONGLY STRONGLY DON’T ACHINYAMATA NDIWOFUNIKIRA KWAMBIRI PAKHOMO KUPOSA ATSIKANA? STRONGLY STRONGLY DON’T ACHINYAMA AZIPATSIDWA MPATA OPHUNIZRA PAKHOMO PAKAKHALA PALIBE NDALAMA ZOKWANIRA KUPOSA ATSIKANA? STRONGLY STRONGLY DON’T BOYS WHEN
AKUYENERA KUTUNGA MADZI NDANI? ONLY BOYS……..……..................................………..2 BOTH BOYS AND GIRLS.......................................3 NEITHER GIRLS OR BOYS……………………………...….4 DON’T AKUYENERA KUKALISHA/KUWETA NG’OMBE NDANI? ONLY BOYS……..……..................................………..2 BOTH BOYS AND GIRLS.......................................3 NEITHER GIRLS OR BOYS……………………………...….4 DON’T KUPEZA NDALAMA ZOGWIRITSA NTCHITO PAKHOMO NDANI? ONLY BOYS……..……..................................………..2 BOTH BOYS AND GIRLS.......................................3 NEITHER GIRLS OR BOYS……………………………...….4 DON’T
SECTION H: CARE AND SUPPORT NO QUESTIONS RESPONSE SKIP I I STRONGLY STRONGLY DON’T I I STRONGLY STRONGLY DON’T KUTHANDIZA MTSIKANA NYAMATA MTSIKANA MNYAMATA NGAKHALE HOMU HOMU CHIBWENZI? CHIBWENZI?
I I STRONGLY STRONGLY DON’T I I STRONGLY STRONGLY DON’T I WOULD NOT MIND A GIRL IS MY SCHOOL I WOULD NOT MIND IF A IS MY SCHOOL STRONGLY STRONGLY DON’T ATSIKANA UFULU MTSIKANA UFULU WANU? MNYAMATA
IN THE NEXT SECTION, I AM GOING TO ASK ABOUT CERTAIN FEARS WHICH BOYS AND GIRLS MAY HAVE IN YOUR COMMUNITY I SECTION I: MANAGING FEARS AND PERCEIVED RISKS NO QUESTIONS RESPONSE SKIP THE COMMUNITY MAY LOOK AT THEM AS BEING WEAK Yes 1 No 2 DON’T KNOW 99 GIRLS THEY ARE MAY LOOK AT THEM AS BEING NOT BEAUTIFUL Yes 1 No 2 DON’T KNOW 99 THE COMMUNITY MAY LOOK AT THEM AS BEING WEAK Yes 1 No 2 DON’T KNOW 99 CHIFUKWA YOU YOU NGATI NGATI CHIFUKWA GIRLFRIEND GIRLFRIENDS BOYFRIENDS BOYS AFRAID BOYS AFRAID AGREE
A GIRL CAN BE A SCHOOL STRONGLY NEUTRAL………….………………………………..……………3 STRONGLY DISAGREE…………………….………………..1 DON’T KNOW):…………………..………..……………..….0 GIRLS CAN PLAY OUTSIDE HOME STRONGLY NEUTRAL………….………………………………..……………3 STRONGLY DISAGREE…………………….………………..1 DON’T KNOW):…………………..………..……………..….0 A GIRL CAN STRONGLY NEUTRAL………….………………………………..……………3 STRONGLY DISAGREE…………………….………………..1 DON’T KNOW):…………………..………..……………..….0 IT IS THE BOY WHO DECIDES WHETHER A GIRL SHOULD HAVE SEX OR NOT AMAPANGA CHIGANIZO CHOGONANA KAPENA AYI? DON’T KNOW………………………………………………….0 STRONGLY NEUTRAL……………………………………………….…….….3 DISAGREE…………………………………….………..………..4 STRONGLY DISAGREE…………………………………..….5 ATHA NDIPOSO ANY
SHOULD BE A VIRGIN BEFORE GETTING MARRIED AZIKHALA ASANAKWIWE? DON’T KNOW………………………………………………….0 STRONGLY NEUTRAL……………………………………………….…….….3 DISAGREE…………………………………….………..………..4 STRONGLY DISAGREE…………………………………..….5 SHOULD HAVE SEX BEFORE MARRIAGE TO PREPARE HIM FOR MARRIAGE WENIWENI AZIGONA ASANAKWATIRE KUKONZEKERA BANJA? DON’T KNOW………………………………………………….0 STRONGLY NEUTRAL……………………………………………….…….….3 DISAGREE…………………………………….………..………..4 STRONGLY DISAGREE…………………………………..….5 A GIRL’S MOST IMPORTANT ROLE IS TO HELP HER MOTHER TAKE CARE OF THE HOME AND COOK FOR THE FAMILY. NTCHITO YA AMAYI AKE KUSAMALIRA PAKHOMO NDIKUPHIKILA LONSE? DON’T KNOW………………………………………………….0 STRONGLY NEUTRAL……………………………………………….…….….3 DISAGREE…………………………………….………..………..4 STRONGLY DISAGREE…………………………………..….5 AN
GIRL PALI NTHAWI IMENE KUMENYEDWA? DON’T KNOW………………………………………………….0 STRONGLY NEUTRAL……………………………………………….…….….3 DISAGREE…………………………………….………..………..4 STRONGLY DISAGREE…………………………………..….5 A KAPENA AZIPANGA CHIGANIZO LIMODZI STRONGLY NEUTRAL………….………………………………..……………3 STRONGLY DISAGREE…………………….………………..1 DON’T KNOW):…………………..………..……………..….0 GIRL MMAGANIZO ANGA, KUGANIZA AGWIRITSE NTCHITO ANGANIZIRE? STRONGLY NEUTRAL………….………………………………..……………3 STRONGLY DISAGREE…………………….………………..1 DON’T KNOW):…………………..………..……………..….0 ATHA KUSAMALIRA ANA ANGACHITIRE? STRONGLY NEUTRAL………….………………………………..……………3 STRONGLY DISAGREE…………………….………………..1 DON’T KNOW):…………………..………..……………..….0
A BOY GIRL NDI AZIPANGA LIMODZI NJIRA YOLERA IMENE ANGAGWIRITSE NTCHITO? STRONGLY NEUTRAL………….………………………………..……………3 STRONGLY DISAGREE…………………….………………..1 DON’T KNOW):…………………..………..……………..….0 ALI NDI UFULU WAMAPHUNZIRO OSEWERA MOFANANA NDI WANYAMATA? STRONGLY NEUTRAL………….………………………………..……………3 STRONGLY DISAGREE…………………….………………..1 DON’T KNOW):…………………..………..……………..….0
FOR ONLY DURING THE LAST SCHOOL SESSION DID YOU DO ANY WORK AT HOME WHICH OFTEN DONE BY YOUR SISTER? MU TEREMU YANGOTHAYI, MUNAGWIRAKO NTCHITO PAKHOMO PANO ZOMWE AKAGWIRA NDI MCHEMWALI /MLONGO Yes 1 No 2 DON’T KNOW/can’t remember 98 FOR ONLY DURING THE LAST SCHOOL SESSION DID YOU BULLY ANY GIRLS? MUTEREMU YANGOTHAYI MUNAMENYAKO /KUCHITAKO KWA Yes 1 No 2 DON’T KNOW/Can’t remember 98 GIRLS ONLY DURING THE LAST SCHOOL SESSION DID A BOY LAUGH AT YOU FOR STAINING YOUR DRESS WITH MENSTRUAL FLOW? MUTEREMU YANGOTHAYI MUNAYAMBA MWASEKEDWAKO NDI CHOTI MUNAONONGERA DERESI LANU KAMBA NSAMBO/PILIYODI? Yes 1 No 2 DON’T KNOW/Can’t remember 98 HAVE YOU EVER HAD MUNAYAMBA MWAKHALAKO NDI Yes 1 No 2 DON’T KNOW/Can’t remember 98 FOR TEASE BOYFRIEND/GIRLFRIEND?
PANOPA NDI CHIBWEZI? Yes 1 No 2 TO Q11 BOYS, ONLY HOW MANY GIRLFRIENDS DO YOU HAVE? MULI NDI ZIBWEZI INSERT NO…………………………………………. DON’T KNOW/Can’t remember 98 FOR GIRLS ONLY HOW MANY BIYLFRIENDS DO YOU HAVE? MULI NDI ZIBWEZI ZINGATI? INSERT NO…………………………………………. DON’T KNOW/Can’t remember 98 DO YOU WANT TO HAVE A BOYFRIEND/ IN THE NEXT 6 MONTHS? MUKUGANIZA KUTI MUTHA KUPEZA CHIBWENZI M’MIYEZI 6 IKUDZAYI? Yes 1 No 2 DON’T KNOW/Can’t remember 98 HAVE YOU EVER HAD SEX MUNAYAMBA MWAGONANAPO? Yes 1 No 2 DON’T KNOW/Can’t remember 98 WITH MANY BOYS/GIRLS HAVE YOU HAD SEX WITH MUNAGONANA ANYAMATA/ATSIKANA ANGATI? INSERT NO…………………………………………. DON’T KNOW/Can’t remember 98 MANY OF THESE PARTNERS DID YOU HAVE AT THE SAME TIME? MUNALI ZIBENZI ZINGATI NTHAWI IMODZI? INSERT NO…………………………………………. DON’T KNOW/Can’t remember 98 DOES NOT MANY GIRL/BOYFRIENDS AT THE SAME TIME ………………………………………………95 CURRENTLY BOYFRIEND/GIRLFRIEND?
FOR GIRLS HAS ANY OF YOUR TEACHERS EVER YOU FOR A RELATIONSHIP? ANAYAMBA AKUFUNSIRANKONI Yes 1 No 2 DON’T KNOW/Can’t remember 98 FOR GIRLS HAS ANY OF YOUR TEACHERS EVER HAD SEX WITH MUNAYAMBA MWAGONANAKO APHUNZITI ANU? Yes 1 No 2 DON’T KNOW/Can’t remember 98 HAS ANY MAN MUCH THAN YOU EVER PROPOSED YOU FOR A RELATIONSHIP? WAMKULU KUPOSA INU ANAYAMBA WAKUFUNSIRA NKONI CHIBWENZI? Yes 1 No 2 DON’T KNOW/Can’t remember 98 FOR GIRLS HAS ANY MUCH OLDER THAN YOU EVER HAD SEX WITH MUNAYAMBA MWAGONANAPO WANKULU KUPOSA INU? Yes 1 No 2 DON’T KNOW/Can’t remember 98 FOR GIRLS IF YOU HAD SEX WITH A MAN MUCH OLDER THAN YOU, WHAT MADE YOU DO IT? MUNAGONANAPO WANKULU KUPOSA INU CHINAKUPANGITSANI He threatened me A I needed money for home use B I wanted money for personal use...................…C My friends pressured me to………...................…D My parents pressured me to…………………………..E I had to fulfil a cultural requirement……………....F Enumerator should thank the respondent for taking part in the study! MULTIPLE
MAY LOOK AT THEM AS BEING WEAK IF THEY DON’T QI4. GIRLS HAVE SEX WITH THEY ARE THEIR MAY LOOK AT THEM AS BEING NOT IF THEY DON’T TRUE FALSE DON’T KNOW 3 4 7 3 5 8 QI5. GIRLS DO TRUE
56 AGREE QI9a. IT IS FOR A BOY TO HAVE A MALE FRIEND TO TALK WITH ABOUT HIS DON’T KNOW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 DISAGREE 3 9 3 4 7 DISAGREE 4 0 0 7 7 NEUTRAL 0 0 3 3 2 1 1 3 AGREE AGREE QI9b. IT IS FOR A GIRL TO HAVE A FEMALE FRIEND TO TALK WITH ABOUT HIS DISAGREE 4 5 9 4 3 7 DISAGREE 5 8 3 4 7 NEUTRAL 0 0 2 2 2 1 1 3 AGREE AGREE QI10. IT IS DON’T KNOW 0 0 6 6 2 1 3 5 83 83 49
87 FOR A BOY OR A MAN TO BE ABLE TO HIS FOR TO CRY HE PAIN. DISAGREE DISAGREE NEUTRAL 3 8 5 AGREE QI11. IT IS FOR A BOY NOT TO ADMIT IN OF GIRL FOR HE MAY BE SEEN DON’T KNOW 7 5 AGREE 26 AGREE NEUTRAL 6 8 6 DISAGREE DISAGREE
47 AS A QI12. IDEAL BOY NEVER IN THE OF A GIRL DON’T KNOW 1 4 5 2 1 1 3 AGREE AGREE 24 NEUTRAL 4 9 9 8 DISAGREE DISAGREE QI13. IF A BOY, HE HAS TO HIS BY DON’T KNOW 3 9 1 2 3 AGREE AGREE 56 NEUTRAL 1 3 4 2 1 4 6 DISAGREE 53 DISAGREE DON’T KNOW 0 0 2 2 4 2 6 53 52
IS A FOR BOYS – IT IS THEY AGREE AGREE 24 NEUTRAL 4 7 4 8 DISAGREE DISAGREE SECTION K: PRACTICES AND BEHAVIOURS Indicator Categories Treatment/Project Comparison/Control Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total n % n % n % n % n % n % QK1. DURING THE LAST SCHOOL SESSION DID YOU HELP ANY GIRLS WITH SCHOOL WORK LIKE HOME WORK? Yes No DON’T KNOW/can’t remember 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
QK2. DURING THE LAST SCHOOL SESSION, DID YOU HELP ANY BOYS WITH SCHOOL WORK LIKE HOME WORK? Yes No DON’T KNOW/can’t remember 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 QK3. FOR BOYS ONLY DURING THE LAST SCHOOL SESSION DID YOU DO ANY WORK AT HOME WHICH IS MOST OFTEN DONE BY YOUR SISTER? DURING THE LAST SESSION DID YOU Yes 0 0 0 0 No 0 0 0 0 DON’T KNOW/can’t remember 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
QK6. HAVE YOU EVER HAD A Yes No QK7. DO YOU HAVE A Yes No QK10. DO YOU WANT TO HAVE A IN THE NEXT 6 MONTHS? Yes 4 No DON’T KNOW/can’t remember 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 QK11. HAVE YOU EVER HAD SEX Yes No