Table 13-I. Organisms (Plants and animals) listed according to the diploid number of chromosomes (2n). No Name of the organisms 2n No Name of the organisms 2n 1 Ciliate: (Tetrahymena thermophila) in micronucleus 10 12 Asiatic black bear (Ursus arctos) 74 2 Black mulberry (Morus nigra) 308 13 Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) 72 3 Butterfly (Agrodiaetus shahrami) 268 14 Elk (Cervus canadensis) 68 4 Rattlesnake fern (Botrypus virginianus) 184 15 Chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) Horse ferus cabalius) 64 5 Northern Lamprey 174 16 Donkey africanus asinus) 62 6 Carp 104 17 American bison (Bison bison) 60 7 Red Viscacha rat (Tympanoctomys barrerae) 102 18 Elephant 56 8 Shrimp (Penaeus semisulcatus) 86-92 19 Sheep (Ovis orientalis aries) 54 9 African Hedgehog 90 20 Cotton (Gossypium anatinus) 52 10 Pigeon Turkey 80 21 Zebra fish (Danio rerio) 50 11 Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) 78 22 Chimpanzee (Pan trtoglodytes) Gorilla Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) 48
23 Human (Homo sapiens) 46 32 Cannabis (Cannabis sativa) Maize (Zea mays) 20 24 Dolphin Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) 44 33 Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) 18 25 Rat (Rattus norvegicus) Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) Wheat (Triticum aestivum) 42 34 Kangaroo 16 26 Mango (Mangifera indica) (Mus musculus) 40 35 Pea sativum) 14 27 Cat (Felis sivestris catus) Lion (Panthera keo) 38 36 Nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans) 12/ 11 28 Earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) 36 37 Fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) 8 29 Porcupine 34 38 Mosquito (Aedes aegypti) 6 30 Honeybee (Apis mellifera) 32 39 Australian Daisy (Brachyscome dichromosomatica) Jackjumper ant (Myrmecia pilosula) Round Worm (Ascaris lulmbricoides) 2 31 Rice (Oryza sativa) 24 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_organisms_by_chromosome_count organisms the whole euploid set of chromosomes is repeated several times (polyploidy) making new organism triploid (3n) or tetraploid (4n) (Fig. 13-1).
Patients with Klinefelter Syndrome are also observed to develop various types of cancers like testicular cancer, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, brain tumor and various tumors of digestive system. Breast cancer is not very common in men but 4% of all men having breast cancer are Klinefelter Syndrome patients (Hasel et al., 1995). Treatment includes hormone therapy to treat hypergonadism and speech therapy helps young Klinefelter Syndrome patients for speech delay. Psychiatric problems are also observed in Klinefelter Syndrome patients for which counseling and medication appears helpful. 13.2.3.1.2.1.2. 47, XYY SYNDROME It is the most common trisomy in male population. Almost 1 out of 1000 male is born with an extra y chromosome (Table 13-II). For long it was considered to be related to socially aggressive behavior but no solid evidence has been reported so far. Many studies done on criminals have reported higher number of XYY karyotype persons. The IQ level of XYY is usually below average due to which these patients experience problems in academic life but with extra help it can be overcome. Many of XYY have been known to secure professional degrees. Poor social life is very prominent among XYY people and due to which their marital life has been observed to suffer badly. Usually patients are fertile and most of them are not diagnosed throughout their lives. These people experience delayed motor development or defects in motor coordination in younger age. Speech delay is also observed and patients undergo speech therapy. Usually these patients are taller in height. No specific physical or facial abnormality has been observed so far (Leggett et al., 2010). 13.2.3.1.2.2. TRISOMIES IN FEMALE (XXX, XXXX, XXXXX META FEMALE)
Hattori M, Fujiyama A, Taylor D, Watanabe H, Yada T, Park HS, Beck A (2000) The DNA sequence of human chromosome 21. Nature 405: CM (2001) 47, XXX in an adolescent with premature ovarian failure and autoimmune disease. J Pediat Adoles Gynecol 14: 77-80. Jr HF, Reifenstein Jr EC, Albright Jr F (1942) Syndrome characterized by gynecomastia, aspermatogenesis without A-Leydigism, and increased excretion of follicle-stimulating hormone 1. J Clin Endocr Metab 2: 615-627. E, Watson-Scales S D, Fisher EM, Tybulewicz VL (2011). Down syndrome: searching for the genetic culprits. Dis Mod Mechan, 4: 586-595. Lanfranco F, Kamischke A, Zitzmann M, Nieschlag E (2004) Klinefelter's syndrome. The Lancet 364: 273-283. V, Jacob P, Nation K, Scerif G, Bishop DV (2010) Neurocognitive outcomes of individuals with a sex chromosome trisomy: XXX, XYY, or XXY: a systematic review. Develop Med Child Neurol 52: 119-129. Lejeune J, Gautier M, Turpin R (2004) Étude des Chromosomes Somatiques de Neuf Enfants Mongoliens (Study of the somatic chromosomes of nine mongoloid children). Landm Med Genet: Class Pap Comment 51: 73. Lewis WH (ed.) (2012). Polyploidy: biological relevance , Vol. 13. Springer Science & Business Media. FW, Keitges E (2001) Chromosomal syndromes and genetic disease. eLS. DOI: 10.1038/npg.els.0001446. DP, Zacur HA, Rock JA, Woodruff JD (1983) Autoimmunity in a patient with 47, XXX karyotype. Obstet Gynecol 62: 667-669.