DHP, each home (on average) would save around 600 kWh-equivalent of supplemental fuels (in terms of usable energy delivered to the conditioned space). This equals a total of 242,523 MWh equivalent of savings across the Heating Zone 1 as a result of reduced supplemental fuel use. Table 4 Candidates for DHP Installation and Total Potential Supplemental Fuel Savings (Energy Delivered to the Conditioned Space) Heating Zone Number of zonal electric homes Supplemental fuel savings, energy delivered to space Each home (kWh) Region (MWh) 1 401,529 604 242,523 2 111,150 204 22,675 3 33,367 1,690 56,390 Data on fuel consumption and the types of heating appliances used throughout the region were collected by the 2012 Residential Building Stock Assessment. These were combined with estimates of average appliance efficiency and fuel energy content to inform estimates of potential fuel savings (in terms of cords of wood, tons of pellets, and gallons of propane) resulting from the installation of DHPs. For this savings estimate, the RTF Staff used the following assumptions: The average cord-wood appliance is 50 percent efficient, and cord-wood averages 13,760 kBtu/ton The average pellet stove is 85 percent efficient, and the average energy content of a ton of pellets is 16,400 kBtu. Since burning propane does not generate significant quantities of PM2.5, the tables that follow only show estimates related to cord-wood and wood pellets. Table 5 Total Potential Wood Savings (Cords of Wood and Tons of Pellets) Heating Zone Share of total supplemental fuel energy Potential savings (energy content, MWh) Potential savings (mass quantity) Cord wood Pellets Cord wood Pellets Cords of wood Tons of pellets 1 59.7% 11.7% 231,242 45,277 57,340 9,420
Table 9 EPA Guidelines Summary VSL Study Method of Statistical Life (million dollars) Kniesner and Leeth (1991 - US) Revealed Preference $0.85 Smith and Gilbert (1984) Revealed Preference $0.97 Dillingham (1985) Revealed Preference $1.34 Butler (1983) Revealed Preference $1.58 Miller and Guria (1991) Stated Preference $1.82 Moore and Viscusi (1988) Revealed Preference $3.64 Viscusi, Magat, and Huber (1991) Stated Preference $4.01 Marin and Psacharopolous (1982) Revealed Preference $4.13 et al. (1985) Stated Preference $4.86 Kniesner and (1991 - Australia) Revealed Preference $4.86 Gerking, de Haan and Schulze (1988) Stated Preference $4.98 Cousineau, Lecriox, and Girard (1988) Revealed Preference $5.34 Jones - Lee (1989) Stated Preference $5.59 Dillingham (1985) Revealed Preference $5.71 Viscusi (1978) Revealed Preference $6.07 R.K. Smith (1974) Revealed Preference $6.80 V.K. Smith (1983) Revealed Preference $6.92 Olson (1981) Revealed Preference $7.65 Viscusi (1981) Revealed Preference $9.60 R.S. Smith (1974) Revealed Preference $10.57 Moore and Viscusi (1988) Revealed Preference $10.69 Kniesner and (1991 - Japan) Revealed Preference $11.18 Herzog and Schlottman (1987) Revealed Preference $13.36 Leigh and Folsom (1984) Revealed Preference $14.21 Leigh (1987) Revealed Preference $15.31 Garen (1988) Revealed Preference $19.80 Alternative VSL Estimates and VSL Adjustment Considerations Other US government agencies use their own estimate for VSL, with values ranging between $1 and $10 million. The RTF Staff investigated the influence of population age on VSL estimates. Although all federal agencies employ a uniform VSL number across all age groups, a study by Aldy and Viscusi argues that VSL vary by age. The study states that