Demanded a Constitution – not just change iii. King pressures other two to join National Assembly Popular revolution, the people in the cities, especially support bourgeoisie Storming the Bastille – starts wave of revolution Found out Louis XVI actually summoned troops Sans-culottes radicals utilized for muscle Peasants in the countryside support the revolution in Peasants attack nobility and clergy Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette brought to for “safety” : National Convention Adopt Declaration of the Rights of Man Natural rights on the Enlightenment, English Bill of Rights and the Declaration of Independence “liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression” Guaranteed freedoms of the press/religion – increased voting rights These ideas swept across – encouraging other revolts Freedom, equality, rule of law b. Abolished the feudal system c. Altered the monopoly of the Catholic Church i. Freedom of worship d. 1791 – Constitutional monarchy i. Angers those who want to get rid of king ii. Angers who want to preserve feudal system e. (Marie Antoinette’s home country)/ invade to restore monarchy f. New constitution – Jacobins, National Assembly replace king > republic g. Reign of Terror i. Afraid of foreign threats ( and join) 1. Afraid of domestic chaos ii. Committee of Public Safety – all powerful enforcer of revolution 1. Beheading tens of thousands of Frenchmen iii. Went too far, leader Robespierre eventually beheaded iv. Universal male suffrage - precedent v. Universal military conscription - precedent Directory Five man government – 1795 Weak at dealing with domestic problems Good at building up military Great strategy – focus on issues abroad – take mind off of domestic problems Unsolved problems Continuing war with , Corrupt politicians Bread riots over policies related to the Church Growing royalist support 5. Cycle of revolution a. Initially – liberal nobility + wealthy middle class b. This go far enough – radical representatives of poor take over c. This is too radical – end up moving to middle – conservative backlash d. People want the good ol’ days – go back to an autocrat Outcome/effects National Assembly – Moderate Phase – 1789-1792 Formal abolition of feudalism Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen Revocation of privileges of the Roman Catholic Church Reorganization of the Church the state d. Set up limited monarchy – Louis XVI sat on throne, but power to assembly e. Didn’t go far enough i. Rights not extended to Jews, Protestants, blacks ii. Not extended to women a. Major role as intellectuals, organizers, workers of Revolt
3. Civil War: Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata 4. 1917 election – Venustiano Carranza as president iii. Outcome/effects 1. Constitution of 1917 still in effect a. up large landholdings b. Nationalized ownership of natural resources and Church property c. Restricted religion d. Provided for minimum wage e. Extended suffrage to all males h. i. Impetus/Causes 1. Increasing power of foreign nations 2. Defeat in Sino-Japanese war in 1895 3. Spread of reform ideas among Western-educated Chinese 4. Discontent of poor rural peasants 5. Grant of power to provincial governments by Qing in an effort to stem uprisings ii. Stages 1. Abortive rebellions in late 2. Leadership of Dowager Empress Cixi a. Concubine that “ruled” for nephew into adulthood b. More oppressive rule i. Opposed all reform – pro-Western treason ii. Even arrested nephew/killed reformers when they tried “Hundred Days Reform” c. Outlying possessions slipped away – , 2. Chinese Revolution of 1911 a. Provincial secessions b. Declaration of republic 3. Empire under Yuan shih-K’ai 4. Years of civil war and chaos 5. Establishment of republic in 1927 under Nationalist/Kuomintang Party iii. Outcome/effects 1. Abdication of Qing (Manchu) emperor in 1912 2. Yuan declares self emperor – dies in 1916 3. Warlords in power across 4. Unification of much of under Sun Yat-sen a. Sun Yat-sen – father of modern i. United a number of opposition groups – Revolutionary Alliance ii. Military takeover that become constitutional democracy iii. People’s Principles 1. Nationalism – opposition to Manchu Rule 2. Democracy 3. People’s Livelihood iv. Actually in when revolt started b. – 1912 – Sun as president i. Nationalist Party – Kuomintang ii. 1st time in history ruled not by imperial dynasty/foreign conqueror 1. Politician brought to power by popular action iii. Sun eventually forced to step down iv. Civil war results b. Aided by Soviets 5. Chiang Kai-shek successor to Sun a. Leads nationalist republic 6. Fight for control of with Communists under Mao Zedong i. i. 1. Cause a. Disputed authority – Napoleon appoints brother Joseph Bonaparte to Spanish throne i. Who to follow – Spanish or French? 2. Events a. Simon Bolivar – Venezuelan leader i. Enlightened educated – traveled to Europe/United States
1. changing politics, economic development, social practices, language, virtually every aspect of Indian culture 4. Advantages and disadvantages of rule a. Disadvantages – 1700s 1. Profits generated by raw materials sent back to 2. Size/efficiency of British mills drove locals out of business 3. British could confiscate peasant land if didn’t pay taxes i. Local zamindars abused system to get more land ii. Mass famines kill one third of Indian population 4. Goal economic exploitation through military force b. Advantages – 1800s 1. Motivated by increased efficiency i. Selfishness ii. White Man’s Burden 2. Modernized country i. Infrastructure – roads, railroads, telegraph, postal ii. Educational system 1. Raise scientific/technological advancement 2. Create educated pro-Western natives 3. “Indian in blood and color, but English in taste, in opinion, in morals, and in intellect.” iii. Civil service exam iv. Eliminated inhumane cultural practices 1. Sati – burning widows 2. Thuggee – ritual assassination of travelers – Kali 3. treatment of untouchables v. Reduced level of sectarian strife in By 1900, only small portion of not controlled by National resistance movements beginning to form For the time being, unable to move foreign masters Laid foundation for freedom movements that would expel foreigners after WWII before 1800 Only major regions controlled by – and British influence in Portuguese controlled part of – – controlled by Dutch East India Company Handed responsibility over to upper-class natives Western-educated and Rich in rubber, tin, oil, copper, iron, aluminum ore – Stamford Raffles – trading center and fortress, base With and , one of ’s most prized possessions French Conquest of – , , needs to stop from having uninterrupted control of takes over 1879-1859 – pressured Nguyen dynasty to accept foreign rule Most profitable natural resources – tin, rubber, chrome, oil, bauxite Government related to that of British More religious than British – conversion Local elite of upper-class, Westernized natives Exploited economy – a la British la mission civilisatrice – modern technology and science to the colonies more willing to resort to repression and violence to maintain order Remained independent due to leadership and good luck King Mongkut and King Chulalongkorn (The King and I) Modernized monarchs – introduced industrialization/Western reforms Geographic setting lay between British and French Indochina Mutually agreed informally to let it be buffer zone US Annexation of the