I. Political Violence Terms to Consider: Max crime state violence political violence terrorism war contentious politics civil war protest institutional explanations structuralism ideational explanations radical political attitude reactionary political attitude individual explanation psychological factors violence as a rational act universal explanations particularistic explanations coup d’etat behavioral revolution state actor nonstate actor state terror state-sponsored terror post-revolutionary terror guerrilla war hard targets soft targets legitimacy hierarchical structure network structure primary audience secondary audience suprapolitical ideologies network tactics nihilism utopia Guiding Questions: 1. What is the difference between crime and political violence? 2. Consider the spectrum of political violence we discussed in class. How does the type of actor (state or nonstate) and type of target (state or nonstate) indicate what types of violence we are examining? What are the characteristics of each? 3. What structures or strategies make modern terrorism particularly difficult to prevent? 4. What are the conditions under which religion may become a source of political violence? II. Mexican Political History Terms to Consider: Valley of Mexico Olmecs Teotihuacán Mayan city-states Aztec Empire Hernán Cortés Demographic collapse New Spain Council of the Indies Sistema de castas Encomiendas Paternalism Peninsulares Criollos Mestizos Indigenous population Napoleonic Wars War for Independence Liberalism v. conservativism Caciques Santa Ana Caudillos Militarism Secession of Texas Mexican-American War War of the Yucatán Manifest Destiny Monroe Doctrine Benito Juarez Juarez Law La Reforma Anticlerical policy Constitution of 1857 Reform War “French Intervention” Porfirio Diaz Modernization Foreign investment Mexican Revolution Francisco Madero Villistas (Pancho Villa) Zapatistas (Emiliano Zapata) Constitucionistas Land redistribution Constitution of 1917 Cristero Rebellion PRI Mexican miracle Tlatelolco massacre Economic stagnation 1988 election Zapatista uprising (EZLN) NAFTA PAN
Vicente Fox Guiding Questions: 1. Describe how colonial rule impacted the political development of Mexico. 2. Explain the significance of the Revolution of 1910. How does it compare to other revolutionary movements, such as those in China and Russia? 3. Describe the goals and results of the Constitution of 1917. How does this document address the problems which existed in Mexico at the time of its writing? III. Mexican Political Institutions to Consider: Developing democracy Multiparty system Newly industrialized country Federal system clientelism PRI PAN PDR / PRD sexenio presidential decree “imperial presidency” Appointment powers bureaucracy parastatal sector National Congress Chamber of Deputies Senate Article 59 Mixed-member proportional Supreme Court Oral-based arguments Written inquisitorial-style court amparo federal police / local police term limits gubernatorial removal compulsory voting 1988 election fraud Federal Electoral Institution Campaign contributions Guiding Questions: 1. Why was the PRI formed? What purpose did it serve? How was it able to dominate Mexican politics for more than seventy years? 2. How is the President of Mexican chosen? What is unique about the powers of the Mexican president (both Constitutional and de facto)? How have these powers been limited in recent years? 3. Describe the role of the National Congress in Mexico, both historically and currently. What was the relationship between the executive and legislature under the rule of the PRI? 4. Describe the political goals and ideologies of each of the major Mexican political parties (PRI, PAN, PRD). IV. Mexican Civil Society Terms to Consider: Multiparty system Party sponsorship corporatism Catholicism anticlericalism Protestantism NGOs Professional organizations unions rural / urban divide gender machismo campesinos v. south social class Gini coefficient Middle class Ethnicity Political protest Corruption Cartels Narco violence Guiding Questions:
1. Identify forms of political participation in Mexico. Consider the role of political parties, voting, interest groups, protests, and civil society. 2. Describe how political rights have increased in Mexico in the last twenty years. Describe how civil liberties have increased in Mexico in the last twenty years. V. Mexican Political Economy and Current Issues Terms of Consider: Import substitution industrialization (ISI) nationalists liberals high tariffs subsidized credit subsidized energy low labor costs PEMEX parastatals GATT NAFTA inflation oil OPEC Iranian Revolution Oil market crash Foreign lending Foreign debt neoliberalism Article 27 Crisis of 1994 maquiladoras food prices agricultural sector informal economy ambulantes pollution human rights corrumption Guiding Questions: 1. Describe one policy response of the Mexican government to economic globalization. Describe one organized response of Mexican citizens to economic globalization. 2. Does Mexico qualify as a resource trap? Why or why not?