Table 1: Options for Current UAS Operation* Aircraft Requirements Pilot Requirements Airspace Requirements Part 107 UAS < 55 lbs. Part 107 remote pilot certificate with small UAS rating Airspace waiver or authorization for Class B, C, D, E airspace VLOS, daytime, Class G, 400 ft., not over people (some regulations subject to waiver) Section 333 As specified in exemption FAA airman certificate Blanket COA or Standard COA for specific airspace UAS > 55 lbs. Experimental Aircraft Experimental Special Airworthiness Certificate FAA airman certificate Standard COA for specific airspace Research and development, crew training, and market survey Type Certificated Aircraft Restricted type or special class certification FAA airman certificate Part 91 airspace requirements Specified in operating authorization Public Aircraft Self-certification by public agency Self-certification by public agency Blanket COA or Standard COA for specific airspace Public Aircraft Operations (AC 00-1.1A); UAS Test Site operations Section 336 Model Aircraft UAS < 55 lbs.* Community-based organization (CBO) standards Notification requirement within 5 miles of an airport or recreational, VLOS, Section 336 operating rules, CBO standards *Note: All UAS weighing more than 0.55 pounds must be registered. The Small UAS Rule includes the option to apply for a certificate of waiver, allowing a small UAS operation to deviate from specific operating rules if the FAA determines the proposed operation may be performed safely. During FY 2017 and FY 2018, thousands of requests for UAS waivers, airspace authorizations, and exemptions were received and processed.
Response Robots: Standards for aerial, aquatic and ground response robotic systems with test methods on platform and personnel performance This Committee addresses issues related to design, performance, quality acceptance tests, and safety monitoring for light sport aircraft (LSA). LSA includes the two categories of aircraft created by the Certification of Aircraft and Airmen for the Operation of Light Sport Aircraft NPRM: (1) special light-sport aircraft (used for personal flight and flight training), or (2) rental and experimental light-sport kit aircraft (any level of kit from zero to 95-percent prebuilt). F37 LSA standards related to structures, systems, powerplant can be used for UAS requirements depending on the risk class. A is on their website. Systems This committee addresses the design, inspection, alteration and maintenance aircraft systems. F39 was formed in response to the FAA's Small Airplane Directorate request for a voluntary consensus standards effort to develop standards addressing general aviation electrical wiring systems. A is found on their website. Depending on UAS risk class, Committee F39 subcommittee structure develops global standards for: F39.01 Design, Alteration, and Certification of Electrical Systems F39.02 Inspection, Alteration, Maintenance, and Repair F39.03 Design of Avionics Systems F39.04 Aircraft Systems F39.05 Design, Alteration, and Certification of Electric Propulsion Systems This Committee addresses issues related to design and construction (D&C), systems and performance, quality acceptance and safety monitoring for general aviation aircraft. F44 was formed in response to the recommendation of the Part 23 Aviation Rulemaking Committee (ARC). A is found on their website. Committee F44 is designed to develop global standards for: F44.10 General F44.20 Flight F44.30 Structures F44.40 Powerplant F44.50 Systems and Equipment F44.91 Terminology This Committee addresses issues related to equipment, testing and maintenance, management and operations as well as personnel training and education for SAR activities. Historically, F32 efforts have
Given the imperative that C-UAS technologies be available for use by the proper authorities, user identification, design, performance, safety, and operational standards are needed. User identification insures accountability and provides a necessary tool to public safety officials. Design, performance, and safety standards can reduce the likelihood of harming or disrupting innocent or lawful communications and operations. A comprehensive evaluation template for testing C-UAS systems is needed. Today’s C-UAS technologies are often the result of an immediate need for a life-saving measure that was neither originally anticipated, nor given time to mature. The T&E community must have clear guidance on what to look for in order to test and evaluate to the needs of the end user. Put another way, clearly defined metrics and standards require foundational criteria upon which to build. R&D Needed: Extensive T&E will be required. Recommendation: Develop user identification, design, performance, safety, and operational standards. Standards should be appropriately tailored and unique to different technological methods for C-UAS (e.g., laser-based systems will follow a different standards protocol than a kinetic, acoustic, or RF-based solution). As many C-UAS systems have not been properly evaluated, priority should be given to design and performance standards initially. Operational standards will be needed but will best be defined by end-users during the C-UAS evaluation phase. Priority: High. It is critical that we “get out in front” of this emerging threat. Organizations: There are no identified standards-based organizations with existing C-UAS WGs to use as a reference point for future work. Organizational partners should engage subject matter experts in aerospace, mechanical, and computer engineering and should have a strong history of developing rigorous and impactful standards for industry. Federal agency partners include DOD, DOE, DHS, as well as FCC for spectrum, FAA for airspace, DOJ for law enforcement, etc. Interagency collaboration and government support are essential. Personnel Training, Qualifications, and Certification Standards: General – WG2 Terminology The UAS industry is formed from a community that includes both traditional manned aviators and new UAS aviators who are unfamiliar with aviation safety culture, practices, and regulations. This has led to some confusion within the stakeholder community as to the application or misuse of unfamiliar and highly technical jargon
roadmap’s recommendations. Such a dialogue can also identify emerging issues that require further elaboration. It is recognized that standardization activity will need to adapt as the ecosystem for UAS evolves due to technological innovations and regulatory developments. Depending upon the realities of the standards environment, the needs of stakeholders, and available resources, it is envisioned that this roadmap may be updated in the future. Ultimately, the aim of such an effort would be to provide a means to continue to guide, coordinate, and enhance standardization activity and enable the market for UAS to thrive. Appendix A. Glossary of Acronyms and Abbreviations (work in progress . . .) AASHTO – American Association of Highway and Transportation Officials AC – advisory circular ACAS – Airborne Collision Avoidance System ADS-B – automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast AGL – above ground level AIAA – American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics ANSI – American National Standards Institute ANSP – Air Navigation Service Provider APSAC – Airborne Public Safety Accreditation Commission ARC – Aviation Rulemaking Committee ASME – American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASSP – American Society of Safety Professionals ASTM – ASTM International ATC – air traffic control ATIS – Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions ATM – air traffic management – Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International BPV – boiler and pressure vessel BVLOS – beyond visual line of sight C2 – command and control C3 – command, control, and communications CAA – civil aviation authority CFR – Code of Federal Regulations COA – certificate of authorization
CONOPS – concept of operations COTS – commercial off-the-shelf – Controller Pilot Data Link Communications CS – control station CTA – Consumer Technology Association C-UAS – counter-UAS DAA – detect and avoid DHS – U.S. Department of Homeland Security DOD – U.S. Department of Defense DOE – U.S. Department of Energy DOI – U.S. Department of the Interior DOJ – U.S. Department of Justice DOT – U.S. Department of Transportation DWG – Domain Working Group EASA – European Aviation Safety Agency EMS – emergency medical services EUROCAE – European Organisation for Aviation Equipment EUSCG – European UAS Standards Coordination Group EVLOS – Extended Visual Line of Sight EWIS – electrical wiring interconnect system FAA – Federal Aviation Administration FCC – Federal Communications Commission FERC – Federal Energy Regulatory Commission FLIR – forward-looking infrared GCS – ground control station GML – Geography Markup Language GNSS – Global Navigation Satellite System GUTMA – Global UTM Association ICAO – International Civil Aviation Organization IEC – International Electrotechnical Commission IEEE – Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers IoT – internet of things ISO – International Organization for Standardization ITA – International Trade Administration JARUS – Joint Authorities for Rulemaking on Unmanned Systems JPR – Job Performance Requirement JWG – joint working group LSA – light sport aircraft MASPS – Minimum Aviation System Performance Standards MOPS – Minimum Operational Performance Standards NAS – national airspace system NASA – National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NCPSU – National Council on Public Safety UAS NFPA – National Fire Protection Association NIST – National Institute of Standards and Technology NPSTC – National Public Safety Telecommunications Council NTIA – National Telecommunications and Information Administration OGC – Open Geospatial Consortium OMB – White House Office of Management and Budget OOP – operations over people ORA – operational risk assessment OSHA – Occupational Health and Safety Administration PIA – Parachute Industry Association PII – personally identifiable information PPE – personal protective equipment QA – quality assurance QC – quality control QoS – quality of service R&D – research and development RF – radio frequency RPAS – remotely piloted aircraft systems RPIC – remote pilot in command RPS – remote station RTCA – RTCA, Inc. SAE – SAE International SAR – search and rescue SC – subcommittee SDO – standards developing organization SORA – Specific Operations Risk Assessment sUAS – unmanned aircraft system SWG – special working TC – technical committee TCAS – Traffic Alert & Collision Avoidance System TF – Task TSO – Technical Standard Order UA – unmanned aircraft UAS – unmanned aircraft system UAV – unmanned aerial vehicle UCS – UxS control segment UL – Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. USS – UAS service provider UTM – UAS traffic management UxS – unmanned systems VLL – very low-level