their original container to a scale for weighing on tripods or O-rings Crucible Tongs - used for picking up crucibles & crucible covers Mortar & Pestle - used to grind solids into powders Florence Flask - used to store liquids Erlenmeyer Flask to store solutions Dissecting Pan - holds specimen being dissected Test Tube Holder - holds test tubes while heating Electronic Balance - used for weighing substances Bunsen Burner - heat source Thermometer - used to measure temperature Stopper - used to cap flasks containing liquids Scalpel - used for cutting specimens being dissected Tubing - hose used for connecting glassware Petri Dish - plate used to culture microorganisms Triple Beam Balance - used for weighing substances O-Ring - used with ring stands to support heated vessels Volumetric Flask - used to mix precise volumes of liquids Compound light microscope Proper way to carry a compound light microscope b. Formulate questions that can be answered through research and experimental design. (DOK 3) c. Apply the components of scientific processes and methods in classroom and laboratory investigations (e.g., hypotheses, experimental design, observations, data analyses, interpretations, theory development). (DOK 2) Data- Information gathered from an experiment or observation. Hypothesis- A statement that can be tested by an experiement. Theory- A scientific principal that has been tested over a long period of time. Observations- process of noticing and describing events or processes in a careful, orderly way. Experiment- a test of a hypothesis Independent variable- the variable that is changed in an experiment the “ what is being tested” Dependent variable- the result of changing what is being tested. Scientific Method
d. Compare and contrast the structure, properties, and principle functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in living organisms. (DOK 2) Basic chemical composition of each group. Building components of each group (e.g., amino acids, monosaccharides, nucleotides, etc.) Basic functions (e.g., energy, storage, cellular, heredity) of each group Summary of Biological Macromolecules: Macromolecule Building Blocks Functions Polysaccharides Sugars (monosaccharides) Energy storage (4 Cal/gm) Structure (cell walls, exoskeletons) Lipids (Triglycerides) Fatty acids, glycerol Energy storage (9 Cal/gm) Lipids (Phospholipids) Fatty acids, glycerol, phosphate group Cell membranes Proteins Amino acids (20 types) Cell structure Enzymes Molecular motors (muscle, etc) Membrane pumps & channels Hormones & receptors Immune system: antibodies Nucleic Acids: DNA (forms a double helix) 4 Bases: A, C, G, T Deoxyribose sugar Phosphate Subunits called nucleotides Storage of hereditary information (genetic code) Nucleic Acids (RNA) 3 types: m-RNA t-RNA r-RNA (usually a single strand) 4 Bases: A, C, G, U Ribose sugar Phosphate Subunits called nucleotides Protein synthesis: m-RNA: working copy of genetic code for a gene (transcription) t-RNA & r-RNA: translation of the code e. Examine the life processes to conclude the role enzymes play in regulating biochemical reactions. (DOK 2) Enzyme structure Enzyme function, including enzyme-substrate specificity and factors that affect enzyme function (pH and temperature) As an enzyme works it combines with its substrate and converts it to product(s). How Enzymes Work Important properties of catalysts are:
Functions of all major cell organelles and structures (e.g., nucleus, mitochondrion, rough ER, smooth ER, ribosomes, Golgi bodies, vesicles, lysosomes, vacuoles, microtubules, microfilaments, chloroplast, cytoskeleton, centrioles, nucleolus, chromosomes, nuclear membrane, cell wall, cell membrane [active and passive transport], cytosol) Components of mobility (e.g., cilia, flagella, pseudopodia) CELL STRUCTURE LOCATION DESCRIPTION FUNCTION Cell Wall Plant, Fungi, & Bacteria, but not animal cells Outer layer Rigid & strong plant (cellulose) Fungi (chitin) Bacteria (peptoglycan) Support (grow tall) Protection Cell Membrane All cells Plant - inside cell wall Animal - outer layer; cholesterol Double layer of phospholipids with proteins Selectively permeable Controls movement of materials in/out of cell. Barrier between cell and its environment Maintains homeostasis Nucleus All cells except prokaryotes Large, oval May contain 1 or more nucleoli Holds DNA Controls cell activities Contains the hereditary material of the cell Nuclear membrane All cells except prokaryotes Surrounds nucleus Double membrane Selectively permeable Controls movement of materials in/out of nucleus Cytoplasm All cells Clear, thick, jellylike material (cytosol) Organelles found inside cell membrane Contains the cytoskeleton fibers Supports and protects cell organelles Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) All cells except prokaryotes Network of tubes or membranes Smooth w/o ribosomes Rough with embedded ribosomes Connects to nuclear envelope & cell membrane Carries materials through cell Aids in making proteins Ribosome All cells Small bodies free or attached to ER Made of rRNA & protein Synthesizes proteins Mitochondrion All cells except prokaryotes Peanut shaped Double membrane Outer membrane smooth Inner membrane folded into cristae Breaks down sugar (glucose) molecules to release energy Site of aerobic cellular respiration Vacuole Plant cells have a single, large vacuole Animal cells have small vacuoles Fluid-filled sacs Largest organelle in plant cells Store food, water, metabolic & toxic wastes Store large amounts of food or sugars in plants