4.03 Characteristics of brain and cognitive development of the infant brain stem Controls involuntary activities such as breathing cerebrum Directs motor activities cerebellum Controls muscular coordination, balance, and posture pituitary gland Releases hormones that control metabolism and sexual development spinal cord Controls simple reflexes that do not involve the brain thalamus Controls the way emotions are expressed dendrite Receives information from other neurons and passes it on to the body of the nerve cell; reaches toward dendrites of other neurons for transmission cell body Processes the information received axon Carries information from cell body to dendrites at its tip; releases neurotransmitters myelin Coating on axons that makes transmission easier synapse Gap between dendrites of different neurons across which neurotransmitters travel to relay information from one neuron to another stimulation To encourage something such as an activity or a process so that brain activity will begin, increase, or develop Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development A theory made up of sensorimotor period, preoperational period, concrete operations, and formal operations expressed by Jean Piaget sensorimotor period A period in Piaget’s Theory where children learn through the senses object permanence The knowledge that objects have an existence in time and space, independent of whether or not they can be seen or touched Characteristics of language development of the infant language development The human use of spoken or written words as a communication system nonverbal Using gestures and moving instead of words to communicate word association Method of assessing somebody's mental state or personality by asking the person to respond with the first word that comes to mind when a given word is heard first word Same sound used more than once to refer to person, place, or event 4.04
5.03 Characteristics of parenting styles parenting styles The manner in which parents express their beliefs about how to be a good parent; many adopt the styles of parenting learned from their parents because that is the way they were raised and they feel it must be right authoritarian Style of parenting in which punishment and control are used frequently with parents assuming power and authority democratic Style of parenting in which parents and children work together to set limits and make discipline decisions permissive Style of parenting in which parents let their children make their own decisions in order to learn from their successes and failures, setting few limits, and offering minimal guidance Examples of methods for guiding children’s behavior role model A person who is consistent and sets a positive example for others setting limits Defining rules and boundaries between acceptable and unacceptable behavior positive reinforcement A response to a desired behavior that makes the behavior likely to be repeated consistency Maintaining a particular standard or repeating a particular response in the same or a similar way Methods for dealing with inappropriate behavior intentional Done on purpose, not by accident unintentional Done not on purpose or by plan, but by accident warning A piece of advice given to somebody to be careful or to stop doing something natural consequences Results that occur on their own when a certain behavior is performed logical consequences Results set by parents to show what may be logically expected to happen following certain actions
6.01 Physical development coordination The skillful and balanced movement of different parts of the body at the same time permanent teeth The set of teeth that begins to come in during the school-age years and are meant to last a lifetime decay Rotting of the teeth gross-motor skills Development of the large muscles---e.g., arms and legs fine-motor skills Development of the small muscles---e.g., fingers hand-eye coordination The ability to perform tasks that involve coordinating the movement of the hands with what the eyes see---e.g., catching or hitting a ball Emotional development defiant Deliberately and openly disobedient Social development ridicule To laugh at or mock Physical care flame-resistant Treated to keep fabric from burning enuresis Any instance of involuntary (accidental) urination by a child over three years of age immunization An injection of weakened disease-carrying germs given to a person so their body can build a resistance to a certain disease pertussis (whooping cough) An infectious bacterial disease that causes violent coughing spasms followed by sharp, shrill inhalations, mainly affecting children polio A severe infectious viral disease, usually affecting children or young adults, that inflames the brain stem and spinal cord, sometimes leading to loss of voluntary movement and muscular wasting measles A contagious acute viral disease with symptoms that include a bright red rash of small spots that spread to cover the whole body mumps An acute contagious disease that causes a fever with swelling of the salivary glands Rubella (German measles) A highly contagious viral disease, especially affecting children, that causes swelling of the lymph glands and a reddish pink rash; may be harmful to the unborn baby of a pregnant woman who contracts it 6.02 Cognitive and Moral Development 6-8