Eating disorders Frequent strenuous exercise What is the primary reagent strip reaction of Ketone? sodium nitroprusside (Nitroferricyanide) What dose sodium nitroprusside measure primarily? acetoacetic acid Acetoacetic acid assumes________. -the presence of β-hydroxybutyrate and acetone The reagent strip reaction result is______. acetoacetate (and acetone) + sodium nitroprusside Alkaline + (glycine) ——————> purple Identify the four reaction interference of Ketone? Levodopa in large dosage Medications containing sulfhydryl groups False-positive results from improperly timed readings Falsely decreased values in improperly preserved specimens What is Acetest? Not a urine confirmatory test Tablet = sodium nitroprusside, glycine, disodium phosphate, lactose (gives better color) What is the difference between Hematuria and hemoglobinurea? Hematuria: intact RBCs Cloudy red Hemoglobinuria: product of RBC destruction Clear red urine The clinically significant of blood urine considered_________. Any amount of blood greater than five cells per microliter of urine. Chemical tests for hemoglobin is provide_______. the most accurate means for determining the presence of blood Why we used the microscopic examination in urine? to differentiate between hematuria and hemoglobinuria What is the of Hematuria? Damage to renal system Renal calculi Glomerular disease Tumors Trauma Pyelonephritis Exposure to chemicals Anticoagulants What is the of Hemoglobinuria? Transfusion reactions Hemolytic anemias Severe Infections/malaria Strenuous exercise/RBC trauma Brown recluse spider bites Hemoglobinuria may result from______. The lysis of red blood in dilute, alkaline urine. What is hemosiderin? yellow brown granules in sediment What is Myoglobinuria? heme-containing protein in muscle tissue; clear, red/brown urine What is Rhabdomyolysis? muscle destruction
RBC cell count in CSF? seldom STAT test should be done immediately? Because Granulocytes lyse within 1 hour adult ------- WBCs/µL 0 to 5 -------- mononuclear cells/µL Up to 30 type of cell counters can be used in Neubauer counting chamber? Automated cell counters system is used for body fluid counting? Body fluid specific automation is formula for Standard Neubauer calculation Number of cells counted × dilution Number of counted × volume of 1 square = or False Neubauer calculation formula Can be used for diluted and undiluted samples True an example of calculating CSF cells count cells counted × dilution × 1 μL = cells/µL 1 μL (0.1 × 10) (volume counted) </exeq) are considered in what cell specimens count undiluted unless overlapping cells are seen. with transfer pipette. with normal saline if necessary. Total cell count is the diluting solution for a manual WBC count? 3% acetic acid following are considered to be done for what blood cell count? rinse transfer pipette with acetic acid, gently rotate pipette WBC count helps to see WBCs Methylene blue controls are available for spinal fluid RBC and WBC? Liquid commercial control all diluent should be checked for contamination? Every two weeks often cytocentrifuge speed and timing should be checked? monthly following are sterilize of what type of counting chamber chambers in bactericidal solution for 15 minutes; rinse; clean with isopropyl alcohol Nondisposable chamber identifying the type or of cells present in the CSF is valuable? It is diagnostic aid or False differential count on CSF should be performed on a stained smear and the cells in counting chamber. False It should be done only in stain smear.
may be seen in: Differential fluid for crystal examination should be: Examined unstained under direct and red compensated polarized light that appear to be needle shaped; seen intra- and extracellularly; may be seen sticking through cytoplasm are: MSU crystals that appear to be rhombic, square shaped, or short rods; often seen in vacuoles of neutrophils are: CPPD crystals crystal is highly birefringent and appears brighter than CPPD? MSU Polarized Light align _____ crystals with slow vibration Crystals color does MSU molecules produce under compensated light? Yellow color (negative birefringence) which axis, CPPD molecules run under compensated light? CPPD molecules run perpendicular to long axis fluid protein is normal when: Less than 3 g/dL two types of most common autoimmune causes of arthritis: RA and LE is the reference value for the upper limit of synovial fluid volume? < 3.5 mL should the color of synovial fluid be? Colorless to pale yellow should the clarity of synovial fluid be? Clear should the viscosity of synovial fluid be? Able to form a string 4-6 cm long is the reference value of the leukocyte count in synovial fluid? < 200 cells/µL is the reference value for the amount of neutrophils in the WBC differential? < 25% of the differential is the reference value for the amount of crystals that should be present in synovial fluid? None should be present is the reference value for glucose in synovial fluid? < 10mg/dL lower than the blood glucose plasma difference is the reference value for total protein in synovial fluid? < 3g/dL 3 things infections in synovial fluid can be caused by. Inflammation, trauma and systemic infections microbiology stain is routinely performed on synovial fluid? Gram microbiological infections of synovial fluid require what agar? Chocolate agar 4 primary organisms typically involved in synovial infection: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Cap the tube and mix the sample by gentle inversion or by placing the test tube on a tube rocker for 2 minutes. Flush the platelet channel; analyze the instrument’s diluents buffer until a background count deemed acceptable by the laboratory is obtained in two consecutive analyses. Process the specimen through the cell counter and record the platelet channel as the LBC. are feces? The end product of digestion are the 3 fecal analysis? Macroscopic Microscopic Chemical disease fecal analysis can be used to detect? Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding and biliary duct disorders Maldigestion/malabsorption syndromes Pancreatic diseases Inflammation Diarrhea and steatorrhea Detection and identification of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and parasites does Fecal specimen contains? Bacteria, cellulose, undigested foodstuffs, GI secretions, bile pigments, cells from the intestinal walls, electrolytes, and water many gram of feces are excreted in a 24h period? 100 to 200 g of feces is the primary site for the final breakdown and reabsorption of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats? Small intestine can aid small intestine in the break down and reabsorption of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats? Pancreatic enzymes and bile salts many ml of ingested fluid, saliva, gastric, liver, pancreatic, and intestinal secretions enter the digestive tract each day Approximately 9000 mL of fluids involved in digestion are? Reabsorbed, with only about 150 mL excreted in feces is diarrhea? Excess water (>3000 mL) reaching large intestine, or 200 g stool weight per day with increased liquid and more than three movements per day are the 4 factors of diarrhea? Illness duration Mechanism Severity Stool characteristics is chronic Diarrhea? >4 week duration is Diarrhea? <4 week duration are the 3 Mechanisms of diarrhea? Secretory, osmotic, altered motility