Wilson, Clemenceau and Lloyd George and Treaty of Versailles Objectives Satisfied Not Satisfied Wilson League of Nations established self-determination in Eastern Europe (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia) disarmament (military restrictions) most of the Fourteen Points were ignored or rejected only the defeated powers were disarmed Britain refused to accept freedom of the seas Britain, France, Belgium refused to self-determination to their colonies Anschluss was denied Senate refused to accept the treaty or join the League of Nations Fourteen Points repay war loans resume the free flow of trade and maintain robust economy did not want to cripple Germany Clemenceau Article 231 disarmament (military restrictions) Alsace-Lorraine returned received German colonies received Saar coalfields for only 15 years Rhineland only demilitarized not an independent country reparations not high enough national security remove military threat reparations financial compensation for damages revenge and punishment Lloyd George reduction of the German navy received German colonies did not support League of Nations opposed reparations too high security of sea lanes to its empire reduce German navy did not want to cripple Germany
farms but the peasants wanted their own private plots of land; the peasants had already seized the land Lenin’s other significant promise to take Russia out of the war was accomplished with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk December 1917 Trotsky rejected German peace terms as too harsh so the Germans launched a new offensive in February 1918 which the Russians were unable to stop and forced them to accept the terms of the treaty March 3 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Russia lost 60 million people as the Ukraine, Poland, Finland, Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia, Georgia received independence and Germany received 26% of the railway system, 33% of the manufacturing and 73% of the iron industry, 75% of the coal fields Civil War and War Communism Civil War The civil war pitted the Bolshevik Red Army against groups who opposed the Bolsheviks that included monarchists, landowners, Kadets, Social Revolutionaries and right-wing groups who made up the White Army several nations became involved in the civil war including U.S, Britain, France, and Japan in order to re-establish a second front by defeating Lenin’s government and establishing a new Russian government that would renew the war with Germany the foreign nations avoided military confrontation with the Red Army and restricted its role to supplying the White Army with equipment and protection the significance of the foreign intervention is that it set the new communist regime against the capitalist West from the beginning the Red Army controlled the central area around Petrograd, Moscow and Kiev while the White Army controlled the surrounding countryside December 1918 the Bolsheviks established a security police force, the Cheka, to combat counterrevolutionaries > 50, 000 people killed the White Army could not agree on a program for Russia nor a supreme commander and fought as independent groups compared to the effective leadership of Trotsky who organized the Red Army into an efficient and disciplined unit the White Army was unable to gain the support of the peasants who were either indifferent or viewed it as representative of the tsar’s autocratic rule and interests of the property owners White Army’s reliance on Allied intervention branded it as treasonable