PNDS Programa Nasional Dezenvolvimentu Suku (National Village Development Program) (a Government of initiative supported by the Australian aid program via the PNDS Support Program (DFAT) PSF Family Health Promoters R4D Roads for Development Program – supported by the Australian aid program (DFAT) RDP Rural Development Program (EU) SED South East Asia Maritime Division (DFAT) SIPI Suku Ida, Prioridade Produto Ida (One village, one priority product) (MAF) SISCa Servisu Integradu da Saúde Communitária - The Timor-Leste Ministry of Health Integrated Community Health Services SOSEK The Socio-economics team within MAF SoL Seeds of Life (Fini ba Moris) a MAF program funded by DFAT SUN Scaling up Nutrition TRG Technical Review Group To’os Ba Moris Diak (Farming for Prosperity) TLFNS Food and Nutrition Survey 2013 UN United Nations USAID United States Agency for International Development WASH Water, sanitation and hygiene WB World Bank WEE Women’s economic empowerment WRA Women of reproductive age
private sector Farmer groups and community businesses ACIAR and DoA Research for in key value chains Household food security and nutrition Australian government broader nutrition initiatives KONSSANTIL national and Municipal councils Family Health Promoters Agricultural extension workers and GfD society including church leaders and other groups development partners MOH Food Security working group MAF extension staff and MOH staff (e.g. nutrition workers, PSFs and nutrition assistants) and local NGO community, faith based and civil society groups ACIAR and DOA Research for initiatives in nutrient rich staple foods. Testing the feasibility, functionality, sustainability and likely cost of local delivery partnerships will be a key focus during the Inception Period. A considerable number of effective partnerships with innovative individuals and community-based producer or nutrition groups have already been established by SoL, USAID and local NGOs, a fact that clearly demonstrates the viability of developing effective local delivery partnerships. TOMAK recognises the social capital built in community groups, such as the Community Seed Producer Groups supported by SoL. TOMAK will seek opportunities to partner with these groups where they are relevant. The partnership agreements are not proposed as purely contractual relationships. Each agreement reflects a partnership between and those entities that are already committed to engaging with, and serving, local communities. As such the partnership agreement will set out the relative contribution of both partners to the relationship. TOMAK’s contribution will usually supplement what is already committed by the partner. The partnership with TOMAK will allow each partner to expand and enhance their engagement. In the case of GoTL this may be through the development of improved processes and capacity. For the private sector it may be through co-funding that reduces the investment risk in situations where the business case is compromised by inexperienced suppliers or other market failure. For civil society and NGOs it may be through improvements to their reach and engagement within the target communities. TOMAK’s relationship with delivery partners will not be simply functional. TOMAK must actively work with the delivery partners by: assessing their capacity, understanding gaps, improving capacity building through training and resourcing, and assessing the sustainability of the partner’s relationship with local communities. It is critical for TOMAK’s success that local GoTL partners are better able to plan, resource, deliver and assess their services to local communities. Similarly, committed
approved annual plans; Primary contact point with the Australian Embassy in Dili; Maintains open and effective links with GoTL and other development partners; Ensures the quality of all TOMAK reporting; Ensures compliance with DFAT and GoTL Policy (including gender). Appoints and manages performance of all TOMAK staff; Manages performance of all TOMAK with local partners. Value Chain Specialist (International) Primary responsibility and management of Outcome One; Assists with the Livelihood Zone Analysis, Engagement Strategy, identification of target value chains, and development of an Implementation Plan; Ensures selection of value chains supports women’s economic empowerment. Manages implementation of Outcome 1 activities and Partnership agreements; Mentoring responsibility for local staff. Nutrition Specialist (International – supported by specialist Primary responsibility for the management of Outcome 2 with a strong focus on
Monitoring and evaluation expertise including: Development of the Results Frameworks and M&E Plan for TOMAK; Advice on operational research / learning agenda Ensuring the methodological rigor of the methods/tools developed; Review of key baseline and annual studies; Quality assurance of M&E implementation; Day to day implementation of the M&E Plan, including: compiling monthly data on program tracking contracted Gender Specialist (National or junior International) Works to ensure gender issues are fully integrated into TOMAK activities; Trains the team on gender integration; Reviews key TOMAK plans, studies, analysis and reports to ensure that gender issues have been addressed. Dili Livelihood Zone regional managers and officers (National) Primary responsibility for the implementation of TOMAK activities (outcomes 1 & 2) within each Municipality of the Livelihood Zone; deliverable researcher
nourished year-round and thus physically and mentally able to make informed choices about their economic future based on a suite of appropriate options. inland watersheds are based on solid analysis of nutritional gaps and appropriate responses that not only build access to year-round nutritious food, but aim to improve utilisation of that food by the whole family. Integrated assessments of economic opportunity in the Livelihood Zone ensure options that are: feasible; and based on safe practice Economic Rural populations in Timor-Leste have sufficient income to escape poverty, and reduce dependence on subsistence. TOMAK will increase the access of aspiring commercial producers to viable agricultural value chains linked to local, regional and national markets. TOMAK will build the business case within selected markets to stimulate crowding-in by the private sector as a leading agent of change. TOMAK will inform families of the need to supplement diets
and reduce dependence on subsistence through appropriate and nutritious food purchases. Institutional Local level MAF, KONSSANTIL and CBOs operate effectively to address economic and nutritional needs. will be based in local centres specifically to strengthen emerging Municipal structures responsible for planning, oversight and implementation of nutrition sensitive agricultural programs. Central to this will be work with KONSSANTIL (if local mechanisms are approved), as well as local MAF, MoH, CBO, church and private sector agencies. Skills are sufficient skills and commitment within Government, the Private Sector and Communities to effectively deliver nutrition sensitive agriculture and economic opportunity. TOMAK activities specifically focus on the sustainability of locally relevant partners, commercial farmer groups, and market relationships to embed the skills necessary for ongoing activity. Included amongst ‘locally relevant partners’ but warranting specific mention are the specific GoTL local agencies of MAF, MoH, and KONSSANTIL. TOMAK will provide training and mentoring to assist their planning, implementation
Investment Risks Event Impact Mitigation Rating mitigation applied Likelihood Consequence Rating Operating environment Potential significant economic shocks at the macro level and reduced GDP TOMAK depends on reasonable broader economic stability if it is to stimulate investment and economic growth in the agriculture sector. Significant shocks will certainly compromise economic opportunity. This will need to be closely monitored and the impacts on the effectiveness of the program assessed. If changes compromise the scope for economic growth Australia must consider the ongoing effectiveness of TOMAK. DFAT Possible Moderate High Insufficient rural households see their future in commercial agriculture, fail to engage with TOMAK, and seek other opportunities. TOMAK appreciates that not everyone will see commercial agriculture as a long term option. However analysis shows that the majority of rural households see farming as the primary short term opportunity. Initially many households may engage, but as assets improve, many households will see their future elsewhere. These alternative pathways are to be encouraged. Additionally, Timorese households may rely on GoTL assistance rather than seeking to innovatively improve their livelihoods. TOMAK will undertake upfront and ongoing assessments that generate a better understanding of the incentive structures driving rural households. Current commercial development pilot projects in vegetables demonstrate that rural households greatly value commercial production. DFAT Unlikely Moderate Moderate GoTL social protection payments may influence economic incentives in agriculture. The Managing Contractor finds it difficult to leverage the delivery TOMAK implementation is slower or more constrained than envisaged. There is little evidence that the use of a MC is, in itself, a constraint to establishing robust DFAT Unlikely Low
partnerships necessary to deliver outcomes delivery partnerships. Evidence from MDF shows that partners appreciate that their relationship is with the Australian Embassy (through a MC) and are not perturbed by the relationship. This is also borne out across the Australian aid program. The MC must always promote the Australian profile and work closely with DFAT to ensure that Australian ownership is clear. Government momentum and resourcing to support nutrition outcomes decreases Lessened focus and resourcing for nutrition nationally. However, the Government has always maintained the importance of household level food security and now closely links this with nutrition. It is unlikely that the dual issues of food security and nutrition will diminish given the political importance of the rural poor. TOMAK will actively communicate its findings to build the understanding and evidence base within MAF, MoH, and KONSSANTIL. TOMAK will also work with the Australian nutrition adviser to the President’s office to keep them informed of the current status and results. TOMAK will work collaboratively with other donors in the nutrition space to share understandings and jointly advocate for the ongoing Government prioritisation of FS and N outcomes. TOMAK DFAT Nutrition Adviser Unlikely Minor Low Insufficient emphasis placed on gender roles by Government, agencies and the community Gender inequity continues and activities to engage with these inequities receive little support. will work actively with MAF, KONSSANTIL, MOH and communities to build the evidence base that shows the impact that gender inequity is having on nutrition, food security and economic outcomes. TOMAK DFAT Gender Unlikely Moderate Moderate
Figure 6: Spider diagram of strategic and partner features of possible value chains (indicative only) 9: TOMAK Agricultural Value Chain selection criteria related to value chain features Value chain features Question 1 2 3 4 5 Size (USD) What is the size of the chain? Wholesale <0.5m USD Wholesale 0.5-1.0m USD Wholesale 1-10m USD 10-50m USD >50m USD Growth Does this value chain have the capacity to grow over the next five years if constraints are reduced? No growth potential Limited growth potential (<10%) Moderate growth potential (10-30%) Good growth potential (30-50%) Huge growth potential (>50%) Development interventions Are the key issues affecting performance of the value chain able to be addressed through TOMAK over a five year period? (NB A score of less than 3 excludes work in this value chain) None of the constraints can be solved Only some short term constraints can be solved Most short term and some long term constraints can be solved Most constraints can be solved All constraints can be solved Development technologies What are the prospects for enhancing the value chain through adaptation of existing technologies? No technologies available related to key value chain problems A few possible technologies available but only from different environments and circumstances Some good technologies available from similar and circumstances Many technologies available requiring minimal adaptation Many technologies that can be immediately applied Pro-poor What is the potential for large numbers of poor households to economically benefit from improvements in this value chain? (either and/or further along the chain) within two years of the completion of TOMAK? <1,000 HH achieve a 25% income improvement 1000-2000 HH achieve a 25% income improvement 2,000 to 4,000 HH achieve a 25% income improvement >4,000 HH achieve a 25% income improvement >4,000 HH achieve a 50% income improvement Nutrition Does the value chain provide the additional benefit of improving availability of a nutrient rich food for either No direct nutritional benefit - purely economic(e.g. coffee) Some nutritional benefit but basically replicating products in Good nutritional benefits for producer households and local Good nutritional benefits for producer households and local markets year round. Excellent nutritional benefits for producer households filling a
household consumption or in local markets? common supply (e.g. corn, rice etc.) market, but only seasonally. key nutritional gap on a year basis. Women's empowerment What is the potential to economically empower women and girls in this chain within two years of the completion of TOMAK? No change to engagement, income, access or agency 20% increase in women's engagement OR income; limited other benefits > 20% increase in women's engagement AND > 20% increase in income; limited other benefits > 20% increase in women's engagement; >20% increase in income; AND evidence of EITHER access and agency improvements > 20% increase in women's engagement; >20% increase in income; AND evidence of BOTH access and agency improvements Scalability What is the feasibility of taking the outcomes to scale within the TOMAK timeframe? No scale up likely Local or Suku value chain impacts to influence the value chain at Municipal level to influence the value chain across the whole Livelihood Zone Scope to influence the value chain nationally Figure 7: Spider diagram reflecting value chain features of target interventions (indicative only)
Location Ermera, Aileu and Ainaro, with pockets in other Municipalities. Concentration in only one area of the country. Maliana basin; eastern mountain regions of Baucau, Luro and and elevated area of Oecussi. in four key areas spanning the country (greater presence and spread) South coast and the eastern end of Ainaro, Baucau and Lautem. in four key the country (greater and spread)
Demography Highest population density, and second highest total population (166,389) of all seven Livelihood Zones 86 sukus High (146,063) 82 sukus Most people of all seven Zones 91 sukus Climate High altitude (>900m) High rainfall, often with steep slopes. rainfall. Still cooler than the coastal regions. Has irrigation allowing for Longer wet season for forages, pastures and trees.
Economic Options Many private sector players established in traditional crops e.g. coffee Increased production of more temperate crops such as brassicas, tomatoes and vegetables, sub-tropical fruits A range of agroforestry options including coffee intensification, fuel wood production, and tropical and sub-tropical tree crop production (cocoa, citrus, cloves). private sector Inclusion of legume crops (such as mung bean, soybean and peanuts) into either the dryland corn, or the irrigated rice rotations; The and use of irrigation Poor private sector Larger farm areas and lots Bali cattle of pig and cassava A range of options such as Increase
Summary Significant seasonal advantages for cool climate crops Heavy presence of the new USAID Avansa Agrikultura project in horticulture (fruit and vegetables) TOMAK would be concentrated in one area of the country that is already heavily serviced. Best for short term wins for TOMAK to diversify and improve irrigated farming systems. TOMAK would be well spread including key areas of Oecussi, Maliana and Baucau. Aligns with the Solid but for larger scale and contract farming.
Table 13. Sectoral Analysis Using the WEE Framework Framework Area of Vegetables Rice Coffee Livestock Nutrition Economic advancement – increased income Women are mainly responsible for vegetable production and marketing. Women contribute to rice production – particularly planting, harvesting and some weeding. Women contribute to coffee production – particularly harvesting Women are mainly responsible for small livestock rearing and farm gate sales Men and women contribute to household income which goes to buying food. Women spend much of money generated at markets on food. Many men spend a large proportion of the household income on cigarettes. Access to opportunities and life chances such as skills development or job openings Women receive some support from NGOs but no support from extension services. Extension services often target rice and the male members of the household Extension services target coffee and the male members of the household Extension services often target large livestock and the male members of the household Women have little access to information on agriculture or nutrition. Children often accompany women to work in fields due to lack of
alternative child care. Access to assets, services and needed supports to advance economically grow vegetables on small plots for consumption; field crops are largely men’s domain. Field crops are men’s domain and they control assets, supported by women Coffee is men’s domain and they control assets, supported by women Veterinary services are sometimes available but inconsistently – there can be high incidence of poultry illness and death When food is scarce, women are most likely to reduce their intake to make more available for children, thus increasing the likelihood of and anaemia which can flow to breastfeeding infants. authority in different spheres including household finances utilise money earned from vegetables for household expenditures - HH money is pooled Men sell rice and often give the money to women to manage with the HH pool Men sell coffee and often give the money to women to manage with the HH pool Women utilize money earned from livestock for household expenditures including education and social obligations Women and grandmothers (particularly paternal) generally make decisions about purchase of food, pregnant women & children's health care without reference to
husbands. Women (particularly poor women) often lack confidence to participate in public meetings so their priorities may not be addressed. Manageable Workload Production and marketing of vegetables contribute to women’s workload but men often take over at home to help out when women are working on the farm or at market. Women assist men in the fields, and particularly add to their workload at times of harvesting and transporting the harvest. assist men in the fields, and particularly add to their workload at times of harvesting Livestock does not take much time and as such is a preferred livelihood activity but it takes investment of capital that is not available When women have insufficient time that prepare quick meals lacking in nutritional value. Women often have insufficient time to undertake activities to generate additional income. Domestic Violence Children's nutrition may be correlated to attitude to domestic violence.
finance purchase of food during periods of low production. authority in different spheres including household finances Women would continue to utilize the money earned from vegetables for household expenditures, with other household money being pooled Men continue to sell most of the rice and give the money to the women to manage as part of the household pool; women will continue to sell smaller amounts of rice when they go to market. Men would continue to sell coffee and give the money to women to manage as part of the household pool Women would continue to utilize the money earned from livestock for household expenditures, including education and social obligations Improving men & grandmother understanding of nutritional requirements of pre & anti women, babies and children would improve decisions that impact nutritional outcomes. Establish women only groups (for different household groups) to ensure women's (particularly poor women's) voice is heard. Improving women's capacity to participate in decision making in the community through supporting women in leadership roles in project groups. Manageable Workload Women could save time through more efficient market linkages and labour saving devices (particularly micro irrigation), made available through the private or public sector. There is no mechanization that is likely to reduce the harvesting workload of women - the milling of rice, for instance, is already done by millers. Mechanization of the coffee drying process would be especially for women; women could access such technologies though the public or private sector. Increasing the number of animals increases income without adding much to the workload of women; appropriate microfinance loans would be a benefit here Reducing women's workload through labour saving devices would increase time for economic activity (and generation of household income) and preparation of nutritious meals. Improve availability of food quantity and/or diversity of food production. Enhance protection of crops to reduce loss of crop. Introduce/improve preservation of subsistence crops. Improve access to food Improve food production to enable sale of excess and increased income to enable purchase of food. Improve men, grandmother and mother's understanding of nutritional requirements. Introduce/improve preservation of subsistence crops. Improve access and stability of food supplies Increase the diversity of food produced to minimise risk and improve stability of supply. Improve men, grandmother and mother's understanding of nutritional requirements. Enhance protection of crops to reduce loss of crop, Introduce/improve preservation of subsistence crops. Improve household’s ability to finance purchase of food during periods of low production.