Table 1. Thematic framework grid for history essay 1788-1850 1850–1890 1890–1940 1940–1972 1972–2001 Historical context Aboriginal society disrupted by non-Aboriginal people Introduction of welfare approaches for Aboriginal people e.g. Aboriginal ‘protectors’, missionaries Convict transportation to NSW (1788–1841), Van Diemen’s Land Queensland 1824–1939 convict settlement; ‘free’ settlers from 1838 1835 Port Phillip District Victoria settled; Government representatives from 1836 1836 South Australian colony established with direct immigration from UK Gold rushes Victoria separates from NSW Queensland separates from NSW End of convict transportation (1868) Land settlement, pastoralism and agriculture Growth of manufacturing, economic prosperity, rise of labour movement Population growth Growth of cities and regional mining towns Depressions of 1890s and 1930s First World War Federation–some welfare responsibilities transfer to the Commonwealth Government Infant welfare movement ‘Harvester Judgement’ minimum wage 1907 Aged pensions 1908 War II Post-war migration Economic stability and growth Rising education levels Commonwealth endowment (1941), widows’ pensions (1942), unemployment and sickness benefits (1945) Whitlam Government reforms (including single parents’ benefit, Australian Assistance Plan) Women’s rights movement Self-help movement Aboriginal rights movement Legislation regarding child protection
Prevailing Ideas of how to provide welfare. Significant changes to ideas/reforms Deserving and undeserving poor Rejection of the Poor Law concept Care in Barracks Assistance in the form of food, clothing or goods Legislation in all colonies regarding destitute children/differing approaches to providing for them (introduction of the concept of ‘State Ward’) Child rescue movement from the 1880s Move towards boarding out of destitute children in some colonies Legislation to separate destitute and delinquent children Figures: Caroline Chisholm, Rev. Charles Strong, Selina Sutherland, Catherine Spence Depressions and wars place strain on providers of services Changes in provision of welfare during 1890s depression Efforts to support men/widows/families, including returned servicemen, by settling on the land Introduction of legal adoption in all states from the 1890s Figures: Oswald Barnett, Father Gerard Tucker Widening definitions of ‘neglected’ child as standards in the wider society rise Changing on appropriate care for those in need of welfare – expression of these changes in services/institutions De-segregation of services for the disabled Growing awareness of psychological and emotional deprivation in institutions Some states redefine neglected children as ‘in need of care and protection’ Figures: E Cunningham Dax Greater emphasis on support within community De-institutionalisation Emphasis on family support Recipients of welfare Aged Infirm Destitute Aged Mentally ill Orphan and destitute Unemployed Homeless Elderly poor Children Single parents Aboriginal people Recipients of welfare
Orphans Children not seen initially as a group needing to be accommodated separately Provision (or lack of) for newly-arrived assisted and non-assisted immigrants children Delinquent children ‘Fallen’ women Aboriginal people (in some colonies) Immigrants ‘Deserving’ poor Children Destitute Mothers Aboriginal people Disabled Providers of welfare Government provides for convict ‘welfare’ Control of girls and women about versus charitable provision of welfare (rejection of the Poor Law concept) Growth of non-convict/ ex-convict populations Discernment of need to provide charity by religious/philanthropic organisations (Benevolent Society NSW established 1813) Government subsidisation of private/charitable providers of welfare Religious providers of services Child rescuers Mutual aid societies/ self-help Women as providers of services Expansion in the number of agencies assisting people in the 1930s depression New approaches to assisting families in poverty, e.g. advocacy Government relief agencies/municipal relief agencies Some states support widowed parents to keep children at home with them Figures: Brotherhood of St Laurence, Oswald Increased dependence by governments on voluntary agencies to supply services Government and private bodies
Indicators of welfare history – place and criteria application NHL Criterion A: The place has outstanding heritage value to the nation because of the place’s importance in the course or pattern of Australia’s cultural history A associated with landmark events and moments of importance that have had enduring consequences to the Nation or a significant impact on the Nation. Places associated with establishment of welfare provision in Australia. Places associated with government and colonial administration in distributing relief. Orphanages Asylums Female factories Parramatta Female Factory NSW St John’s Park Precinct TAS Fremantle Museum and Art Gallery (former Lunatic Asylum) WA Places associated with events that have resulted in important changes to the political, economic, scientific or social fabric of Australia. Places associated with the provision of welfare made necessary by the influx and movement of people in gold rushes of the 1850s, 1860s and post-World War II. Places associated with the expansion and consolidation of charitable institutions to provide relief during economic depression of the 1890s. Places associated with the Harvester Judgement 1907, the advent of the living wage for men, and the beginnings of the welfare state. Places associated with working for welfare on nation building schemes during the depressions of the 1890s – 1930s. Places associated with supporting immigrants, e.g. Chinese Societies. Repatriation Commissions and the Department of Veterans’ Affairs. Rural settlements and patterns of land subdivision. Infant welfare centres, maternal and child health The Hungry Mile (Darling Harbour) NSW (unemployed men search for work) Heidelberg Repatriation Complex Vic. Fortitude Valley Child Health Centre QLD Lady Gowrie Care Centres SA / Vic. Carlton Refuge (Queen Elizabeth Maternal and Child Health Centre) Vic. Renwick Children’s Homes NSW (examples
Places associated with the establishment of Soldier Settlement Schemes following World Wars I and II. care. of different types of care for children including early cottage homes, farm home and training centre) Places associated with the establishment of universal infant health care. Places associated with the formation of housing authorities from the 1930s. Places associated with the separation of families and children – children as ‘Forgotten Australians’. Includes child migrants and children who are part of ‘the Stolen Generations’. Places associated with advances in social policy, medicine, education and care giving. Babies’ and children’s homes. Hospitals, including psychiatric hospitals. Institutions for the care of people with physical or sensory disabilities. Slum clearances in inner cities and the building of public housing. Victorian Institute for the Blind Precinct Prahran Vic. (care and education of deaf and blind children) North West Hospital Parkville Vic. Maybanke Kindergarten NSW Places of national importance for their ability to represent a political or cultural system such as the convict penal system, Places of national importance for their ability to represent the systems of welfare (state systems, non-government Benevolent Societies and Asylums. Places associated with Melbourne Benevolent Asylum (Kingston Centre) Vic.
communication networks, the establishment of the federal capital, or the defence of Australia. systems and provision of welfare with within institutions). Places associated with philanthropic, charitable and religious organisations that played a key role in shaping society. Catholic and Protestant organisations (including the Salvation Army, Methodist Central Mission, St Vincent de Paul Society and Brotherhood of St Laurence). Places associated with religious orders (including the Sisters of Sisters of the Good Shepherd, Sisters of Charity). Mutual self-help societies. Sydney Benevolent Asylum (Thomas Street) NSW Bendigo Benevolent Asylum (Anne Caudle Centre) Vic. Dunwich Benevolent Asylum QLD Adelaide Destitute Asylum SA Launceston Benevolent Society TAS Convent of the Good Shepherd Abbotsford Vic. Mount St Canice TAS (convent complex similar to Abbotsford) Holy Cross Laundry QLD Places with a high diversity of Places associated with a long
features that best demonstrate a characteristic way of life in one or more periods of the history of Australia. It covers places consisting of many features that collectively tell at least one story of importance to the nation. history of welfare use and demonstrating in their assemblage a rich and history of welfare. Places that best demonstrate key innovations in the provision of welfare that reflect broad changes in social attitudes in Australia. operated over a long period of time and reflect in their fabric changing approaches to welfare delivery. Institutions and other places that demonstrate key innovations in reform/rehabilitation and care. Places that demonstrate deinstitutionalisation from the 1890s (including boarding out and cottage homes). Kew Cottages (former Willsmere hospital and lunatic asylum) Vic. (very separation of the mentally and physically disabled from the mentally ill) The Royal Park Psychiatric Hospital, Parkville Vic. (innovation in mental health care) Derwent Hospital (Willow Court) TAS (long history of care of mentally ill) Kenmore Psychiatric Hospital NSW Renwick Children’s NSW (different types of care for children including early cottage homes, farm home and training centre) Burnside NSW
activity; those demonstrating a past human activity or aspects of culture that is now rare, obsolete or no longer practised; those with uncommon integrity in their national context. integrity. St John’s Park Precinct TAS (very early orphanages from 1833) Caloola Precinct Vic. (formerly used as an industrial school) West Hospital Vic. (former use as an industrial school and immigrant’s depot) Caroline Chisolm Barracks NSW (associated with immigrant Yungaba Immigration Depot QLD Criterion C: The place has outstanding heritage value to the nation because of the place’s potential to provide information that makes a contribution of national importance to the understanding of Australia’s The is of national significance to Australia because it could provide information deriving from records, collections, movable cultural heritage, archaeological resources, architectural fabric or other evidence for the understanding of: The history, ways of life Places of archaeological potential associated with the theme of welfare. Places where there is fragmentary evidence of earlier welfare institutions that have been removed or absorbed into later institutions. Note: Generally outside the Archaeological remains of welfare institutions, their associated cemeteries, or other evidence. Fragments of earlier institutions associated with hospitals etc. Castle Hill NSW (settlement site and site of first lunatic asylum) Dunwich Complex QLD (Benevolent Asylum, Convict Causeway, Cemetery)
exhibiting particular aesthetic characteristics valued by a community or cultural group through the following: Features of beauty, or features that inspire, emotionally move or have other characteristics that evoke a strong human response. Criterion F: The has outstanding heritage value to the nation because of the place’s importance in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period The place demonstrates a high degree of creative achievement which is of national significance to Australia for the following: High degree of achievement in art, design or craftsmanship A high degree of combining built features into a natural of designed landscape for an aesthetic purpose. Generally outside the scope for this study. Criterion G: The has outstanding heritage value to the nation because of the place’s strong or special association with a particular community The place is of national significance to Australia because it has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons that could Indicated through the widespread connection and sharing of stories of individuals associated with particular of care or institutions. Places associated with the separation of families and children – children as ‘Forgotten Australians’ and ‘Stolen Australians’. Places associated with Renwick Children’s Homes NSW Burnside Homes NSW Sydney Benevolent Asylum (Thomas Street)
or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons include: traditional, religious, ceremonial or other social purpose, including a celebratory or commemorative use, or association with community action. Note: Nationally recognised groups may include religious denominations, ethnic communities, societies, incorporated groups, or political groups. Likely to be indicated through strong associations with religious or organisations that have provided welfare over a number of widespread but related institutions. Likely to be indicated in national organisations with a long history of welfare provision that have become an integral part of communities or of family life. Likely to be indicated through significant national events that are recognised widely and/or commemorated. Likely to be indicated through stories that resonate for the nation and that shed on subjects of a difficult nature, validate experiences, provide lessons for the future, and seek to provide healing. religious orders. Places associated with other national organisations. Places associated with the apologies to the Stolen Generations and the Forgotten Australians (National Sorry Day for example). Intangible heritage in the form of life stories of who were either institutionalised, the givers or the recipients of welfare. NSW (Representing Benevolent Societies in Australia) Convent of the Good Shepherd Abbotsford Vic.
Little Sisters of the Poor Benevolent Asylum Liverpool NSW Benevolent Asylum Benevolent Asylum Newington NSW Benevolent Asylum Benevolent Asylum Melbourne Vic. (dem.) now Kingston Centre Cheltenham Benevolent Asylum Benevolent Asylum Beechworth Vic. Benevolent Asylum Benevolent Asylum Ballarat Vic. Orphanage Benevolent Asylum Bendigo Vic. Benevolent Asylum Immigrant’s Aid Society Sisters of Mercy Benevolent Asylum Dunwich QLD Benevolent Asylum Destitute Asylum Adelaide SA Benevolent Asylum Adelaide Benevolent and Stranger’s Friend Society Mt Eliza Poor House WA Poor House New Norfolk Invalid Depot also known as New Norfolk Hospital (Royal Derwent Hospital) TAS Hospital Fremantle Lunatic Asylum, now Museum and Art Gallery Lunatic asylum King’s Orphan Schools, New Town TAS Orphanage Emily Clark Benevolent Asylum Launceston TAS Benevolent Asylum Little Sisters of the Poor convent, Northcote Vic. Convent Masonic Charitable Institution Prahran Vic. Aged care Masonic societies
Glenside Lunatic Asylum, Parkside SA Lunatic asylum Adelaide Asylum, Adelaide SA Lunatic asylum Kew Insane Asylum (Willsmere) Kew Vic. Lunatic asylum Yarra Bend Asylum, Kew Vic. (dem) Lunatic asylum Ararat Lunatic Asylum Vic. Lunatic asylum Beechworth Lunatic Asylum Vic. Lunatic asylum Sunbury Lunatic Asylum (Caloola) Sunbury Vic. Lunatic asylum Kew cottages for the intellectually disabled, Kew Vic. Cottage homes Woogaroo Lunatic Asylum (Goodna) Lunatic asylum Dr Byam Ellerton Female Immigrants Home (Hyde Park Barracks) Sydney Immigrants Home Immigration Depot Kangaroo Point Brisbane (Yungaba) Immigrants Queensland Government Old Colonists Homes Aged Care Homes George Coppin 3 Soldier settlement schemes Dunwich Asylum Aged care Gippsland and central Victoria Village settlements Horace Tucker Charles Strong Pitt Town NSW Labour camp Southport TAS Village settlements Great Ocean Road Sustenance schemes Shrine of Remembrance Sustenance schemes
preparation for the introduction of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act. 1. 2. 3. 4. & 5. 6. 1.1. Fossil sites that contribute to an understanding of the evolution of Australia’s biota 1.2. Geological sites which demonstrate the early development of the continent 1.3. Living fossils 2.1. The drying of Australia 2.2. The influence of drought, water and fire 2.3. The influence of human occupation 2.4. The country’s unique fauna and flora 3.1. The antiquity of Indigenous settlement in Australia 3.2. Changing the ways of life over the last 60,000 years 3.3. Contact between Aboriginal people and people from neighbouring islands 3.4. Migrants by choice or coercion (travellers, refugees, convicts) 4.1. Indigenous Management and modification of the landscape through fire-stick farming 4.2 Indigenous art, law and the land 4.3 Indigenous use of aquatic resources 4.4. Indigenous use of mineral resources and stone 4. 5. Exploration and settlement 4.6 Land and resource use 4.7 Inspirational landscapes 5.1. Indigenous people and European contact 5.2. Expansion of settlement – pre and post Federation 5.3. The recognition of Indigenous land and native title rights 5.4. Urban planning 5.5. Developing democracy, Federation 5.6. Transport and communication 5.7. Government, administration, education, science, health and social welfare development. 5.7.1 Benevolent and other Care Institutions. 5.8. Defending the Nation 6.1. Ingenuity, creativity and achieving excellence 6.2. Recreation, entertainment and sport 6.3. Beliefs, spirituality and worshiping 6.4. Memorialising events and people