specific institutional models provide beneficial for the users in sustaining their resources over a long period of time, also known as design principles. In her book Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action, from 1990, Ostrom formulated eight principles for where community based organization would function, based on discussions on the National Research Council appointed panel on the Study of Common Property Resource Management, as well as a long series of field studies from all over the world. Clearly defined boundaries (effective exclusion of external parties) Rules regarding the appropriation and provision of common resources are adapted to local conditions Collective-choice arrangements allow most resource appropriators to participate in the decision-making process Effective monitoring by monitors who are part of or accountable to the appropriators There is a scale of graduated sanctions for resource appropriators who violate community rules Mechanisms of conflict resolution are cheap and of easy access The self-determination of the community is recognized by higher-level authorities In the case of larger common-pool resources: Organization in the form of multiple layers of nested enterprises As mentioned in the method chapter, the last point will not be part of the analysis in this thesis, as the focus of the thesis is not on the large scale organisation of the Indian Commons. To summon up on the theory chapter, the key aspects from the two theories are; from Hardin´s: The individuals are solely motivated by personal they are a homogeneous group with no difference in terms of culture, skills and assets, they have a fear of losing access if they don´t exploit before someone else does, the open access to the resource and that the users are trapped in the Tragedy and are unable to resolve the situation themselves, and thereby unable to create local institutions to manage the commons effectively. As the solution to the Tragedy Hardin has two options; private property or government control. The key aspects from Ostrom, as stated in her design principles, are; cheap and easy exclusion of outsiders, a high cost of enforcing private property, an effective and local decision-making process,
Reports & Documents: India - Alleviating poverty through forest development, World Bank, 2000 Unlocking Opportunities for Forest-Dependent People in India, World Bank, 2005 Conservation Through Cultural Survival: Indigenous Peoples And Protected Areas, Stevens, De Lacy, 1997 Sustainable Management of Pasture and Rangelands, Maraschin, Stuth, CAZRI, Jodhpur, 2000 The Tragedy of the Commons: Twenty Two after, Feeny; Berkes; McCay; Acheson, Human Ecology, vol. 18 no.1, 1990 Tragedy of the Commons, Raymond, De Young, Encylopedia of Environmental Science, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999 Design Principles for Global Commons, P. Stern, The International political economy and International, vol. 6, 1992 Reformulating the Commons, Ostrom, E., The Political Science Review, vol. 6 no. 1, 2000 Questioning the Assumptions of the ‘Tragedy of the Commons’ Model of Fisheries, Feeny, David; Hanna, Susan; McEvoy, F. Arthur, Land Economics, Vol. 72, No. 2, pp. 187-205, 1996 The management of common property resources: collective action as an alternative to privatisation or regulation, Wade, Robert, Cambridge Journal of Economics, vol. 11, pp. 95-106, 1987 The struggle to Govern the Commons, T. Dietz, E. Ostrom, P. Stern, SCIENCE vol. 302, 2003 Rural Common Property Resources, N.S. Jodha, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 25, no. 26, pp. A65-A78, 1990