(on average 5.6) Fishing mortality Circalittoral hard bottom High variability (SD 1.0) Productive surface waters High variability (standard deviation 1.0) Input of continuous sound Baltic esker islands Low assessed confidence (on average 1.4) Input of hazardous substances Submarine structures made by leaking gases Low assessed confidence (on average 1.3) Mudflats and sandflats, Estuaries Low assessed confidence (on average 1.4 in both cases) Input of litter Submarine structures made by leaking gases Low assessed confidence (on average 1.2) Baltic esker islands, Boreal Baltic islets Low assessed confidence (1.4 and 1.3, respectively) Breeding seabird colonies Low assessed confidence (on average 1.4) Input of other forms of energy Baltic esker islands Low assessed confidence (on average 1.4) All habitats and all habitat-forming species Few replies (on average 6.5) Inputs of radionuclides Grey seal abundance and Harbour seal abundance High variability (SD 1.0 in both cases) Many (34 of 40 ecosystem components) Low assessed confidence (from 1.0 to 1.4) Introduction of species Distribution of harbour porpoise, Harbour seal haul-outs, Grey seal haul-outs, Migration routes for birds, Breeding seabirds colonies, Wintering seabirds, and Submarine structures made by leaking gas Low assessed confidence (on average 1.2 to 1.4) Mammal mortality Productive surface waters High variability (SD 1.0) Oil spills Submarine structures made by leaking gases Low assessed confidence (on average 1.3)
Dredging (capital) Area of polygon or a 25/50 m buffer for <5000 m3 / >5000m3 sites - Calculate lost area (polygon/buffer) Exposure affects recovery, but this is not included Oil platforms 25 m buffer As above. Calculate lost area. In a grid cell: calculate proportion of the cell area. Not relevant Pipelines 15 m buffer Between cables and wind farms Calculate lost area. In a grid cell: calculate proportion of the cell area. Not relevant Wind turbines (operational) 30 m buffer around each turbine van der Wal & Tamis 2014 Calculate lost area. In a grid cell: calculate proportion of the cell area. Not relevant Cables 1.5 m buffer Estimate based on side-scan sonar photos case study in Bight) Calculate lost area. In a grid cell: calculate proportion of the cell area. Not relevant Harbours Polygon with 200 m buffer Orviku et al. 2008; and as for dredging’ Calculate lost area. In a grid cell: calculate proportion of the cell area. Not relevant Marinas and leisure harbours Point with 200 m buffer Eriksson et al. 2004, et al. 2005 Calculate lost area. In a grid cell: calculate proportion of the cell area. Not relevant Bridges 2 m buffer TAPAS project: based on erosion Calculate lost area. In a grid cell: calculate proportion of the cell area. Not relevant Oil terminals, refineries Point with 200 m buffer Based on harbours (Orviku et al. 2008) Calculate lost area. In a grid cell: calculate proportion of the cell area. Not relevant Finfish mariculture 150 m buffer Leskinen et al. 1986 Calculate lost area. In a grid cell: Not relevant
All the pressure intensities of specific pressure layers are summed per grid cell. Wind farms (operational) 0.1 km buffer with sharp decline. See Table A.2.1 for type and A.2.4 for extent Not relevant Cables (under construction) 1 km buffer with sharp decline after 0.5 km for cables under construction. See Table A.2.1 for type and A.2.4 for extent Presence of constructed cables, intensity scaled by their area in the grid cell Weighted by the exposure map Pipelines (operational) 0.3 km buffer with linear decline. Based on the wind farms (see Table A.2.2) Presence of operational pipelines, intensity scales by their area in the grid cell Fishing intensity (subsurface swept area ratio average 2011-2013) 0.05 x 0.05 c-square degree grid (reporting unit for VMS data from ICES) - Average subsurface swept area ratio average 2011-2016, converted to 1x1km raster grid Not relevant Coastal defence and flood protection (under construction) 500 m buffer with sharp decline. See Tables A.2.1-2 based on wind farms and cables. Area of coastal defence and flood protection under construction. Weighted by the exposure map Finfish mariculture 1 km buffer linear decline Based on ‘Disposal of dredged material’. Average P load 2011-2015, if values missing 25% percentile was given, normalized Weighted by the exposure map Shellfish mariculture area of polygon Based on ‘Disposal of dredged material’. Average production in 2011-2015, if values missing, 25% percentile was given, normalized Weighted by the exposure map Furcellaria harvesting No buffer considered - Calculated amount/area of harvested material, normalized Not relevant Scallop and blue mussel dredging No buffer considered, - Sum of scallop and blue mussel dredged per year, averaged for normalized Not relevant Changes to conditions (e.g. by impeding water Cum. Water course modification 1 km buffer Extent based on wind farms and cables, but expanded to 1 km Location of water course modifications Not relevant Spatial extents and potential attenuation gradients are assigned to the specific operation
Polluting ship accidents Point, converted directly to 1 x 1 km grid See next column. 9/24 accidents with oil spills were missing spilled oil volume, thus a mean of reported volumes was given to accidents with missing oil volume. Spill volume in m3 was converted to grid Not relevant sum of spill volume Relative distribution of nutrient and nitrogen) Interpolated nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in separate layers Values are aggregated to 5x5km grid and annual seasonal averages calculated. - Total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations (annual seasonal averages) from surface layer for 2011-2016. Lowest and highest 5 percentile of values grouped together to avoid overestimation of extreme values. Generalized, and normalized. Not relevant Not relevant (separate data layers) Disturbance of species due to human presence Recreational boating and sports Total fuel consumption of recreational boats modelled directly to 1 km grid cells. - Total fuel consumption of recreational boats presented as presence / absence. Rescaled with depth, and normalized. Rescaled with depth: 0-10m= 100% 10-15 m= 70% 15-20 m= 50% 20-30 m= 20% 30-40 m = 10% 45m < =0% 1 km buffer. Bathing sites, beaches Point data converted directly to 1 km grid cells Estimate by TAPAS project of the human (noise, water sports, visual Location of beaches presented as presence / absence Not relevant Specific pressure layers first modified by spatial extents and depth influence. Each of them is considered as of equal
importance (same weight). Calculate the sum of the pressure in a cell. Urban land use Urban land use data was first converted to 1 km grid cells and expanded with 1 km. Estimate of the human (noise, visual Urban land use data was first converted to 1 km grid cells and expanded with 1 km. Thus, coastal urban areas extended also to the sea. These areas were given value 1 and other sea areas, value 0. Not relevant Extraction of, or to fish 0 km. Extraction of fish species by recreational fishery. Reported per country for eel, cod and salmon (tonnes). - Extraction of fish species by recreational fishing, average of For cod, recreational landings (tonnes/km2) were added to commercial catches. Not relevant values for cod, summed with tonnes/km2 values from commercial catches. Log 0 km. Extraction of target fish species (cod, herring, sprat) in commercial fishery Reported per ICES Rectangles, covers the whole Baltic Sea. Values are redistributed with fishing effort data (all gears) 2011-2013. Effort values missing from Russia and sub basin average values given. - Extraction of fish species (landings) per ICES c-squares, average of Landings calculated per km2. Not relevant Log For cod, recreational fisheries catches were added (see below). Extraction of, or to seabirds (e.g. hunting, predator control) 0 km. Game hunting of seabirds Varying reporting units, from counties to HELCOM subdivisions, seaward boundary 3nm from coastline including islands and skerries. - Species summed together, average of killed seabirds of years 2011-2015 per reporting unit, numbers of killed birds / km2 calculated and generalized for the whole reporting unit, normalized Not relevant 0 km. Predator control of seabirds Varying reporting units, from counties to HELCOM subdivisions, seaward boundary - Total number of killed cormorants per year averaged for 2011-2015, numbers of killed Not relevant Normalized values summed together
Circalittoral mud Intermediate siltation impacts. Altered size distribution (juveniles die). Mortality takes place but recovery is rather fast. typically 2.5-6 years Moderate Essink 1999, Orviku et al. 2008, Powilleit et al. 2009, Vatanen et al. 2012 Habitat forming species Furcellaria lumbricalis Sedimentation effects are high. High sensitivity Eriksson & Johansson 2005 Zostera marina Sedimentation effects are high. 4-6 years High sensitivity Oulasvirta & Leinikki 2003, Erftemeijer et al. 2006, Munkes et al. 2015 Charophytes Sedimentation and altered wave energy impact highly. High sensitivity Eriksson et al. 2004, Munsterhjelm 2005, Sandström et al. 2005, Torn et al. 2010 Mytilus edulis Sedimentation effects are high. High sensitivity Kotta et al. 2009 Fucus spp. No colonization and 80% loss of coverage at impact zone. >4 years High sensitivity Bonsdorff 1980, Bonsdorff et al. 1986, Eriksson & Johansson 2005, Vatanen et al. 2012, Syväranta et al. 2013, Syväranta & Leinikki 2015 Table A.2.4. Sensitivity of benthic habitats to ‘Changes in hydrographical conditions’ based on the literature review. The sensitivities are estimated based on activities causing impacts. [Moved from main text to annex] Benthic habitat Reported impacts Sensitivity category References Broad-scale seabed habitats Infralittoral hard bottom Accumulation of finer sediments to landward side of coastal structures -> high biological impact on sessile species. High Martin et al. 2005 Infralittoral sand Accumulation of finer sediments to landward side of coastal structures -> biological change. Abrasion around an installation changes seabed morphology and substrate. Moderate Martin et al. 2005, Eastwood et al. 2007 Infralittoral mud Accumulation of finer sediments to landward side of coastal structures -> biological change. Abrasion around an installation changes seabed morphology and substrate. Moderate Martin et al. 2005, Eastwood et al. 2007 Circalittoral hard bottom No information