nerve: (0) absent; (1) present. 172. Hamular process of the pterygoid: (0) splint like; (1) solid, long and subconical; (2) hollow and excavated by pterygoid sinus, lateral side highly concave, may or may not have lateral and inferior laminae; (3) form thin horizontal plates; (4) absent. 173. Hamular processes of pterygoids: (0) rounded over in ventral view; (1) bear anteroposterior keels. 174. Posterior-most point of hamular process of pterygoid, or medial part of pterygoid if the hamular process is absent: (0) in transverse line with the middle of orbit; (1) in line with postorbital process; (2) in line with anterior edge of zygomatic process of squamosal; (3) in line with middle of zygomatic process; (4) in line with the postglenoid process. 175. Fossa for pterygoid sinus on alisphenoid posterior to groove for mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve: (0) absent, bone is flat or not ossified because of enlarged internal foramen ovale; (1) shallow fossa; (2) deep subcircular fossa. 176. Falciform process of squamosal: (0) plate-like with a wide, anteroposteriorly, base; (1) rod-like with narrow base; (2) poorly-developed or absent. 177. Falciform process of the squamosal: (0) medial surface sutured to lateral lamina of pterygoid; (1) not sutured. 178. Tympanosquamosal recess: (0) absent; (1) absent but a small rectangular fossa for sigmoid process of the tympanic present, its long axis is transverse, and it is located medial to postglenoid process of squamosal; (2) present and enlarged, forms a triangular fossa medial and anteromedial to postglenoid process; (3) very large, forms large fossa that borders entire medial edge of glenoid fossa.
the same size much larger with narrow posterior edge. 228. Distance between perilymphatic foramen and fenestra rotunda: (0) no distance, both apertures are confluent; (1) narrow, distance < 89% of the distance between fenestra ovalis and fenestra rotunda; (2) narrow, distance > 89% of the distance between fenestra ovalis and fenestra rotunda; (3) very wide, distance > 146%. 229. Distance between endolymphatic foramen and fenestra rotunda: (0) very narrow, distance < 112% of the distance between fenestra ovalis and fenestra rotunda; (1) narrow, distance between 121% and 185%; (2) wide, distance between 192% and 211%; (3) very wide, distance > 222% the distance between fenestra ovalis and fenestra rotunda. 230. Elongation of pars cochlearis towards cranial cavity, dorsally and medially: (0) absent; (1) present, inner porous bone expanded towards cranial cavity; (2) present, outer periosteal bone of pars cochlearis expanded towards cranial cavity. 231. Excavation of tegmen tympani at base of anterior process: (0) absent; (1) present, fossa on dorsolateral side of tegmen tympani. 232. Dorsal edge of tegmen tympani dorsolateral to internal acoustic meatus and anterior process: (0) present and high, dorsoventral height > 114% the width of pars cochlearis; (1) present, height between 58% and 34% of promontorial width; (2) low, height between 23% and 11%; (3) forms a low ridge or is absent, height < 4% of the width of pars cochlearis. 233. Dorsal edge of tegmen tympani lateral to endolymphatic foramen: (0) present and very high, dorsoventral height > 112% of the width of pars cochlearis; (1) high, height between 95% and 50% the promontorial width; (2) low, height between 12%
length of pars cochlearis; (1) short, length between 88% and 119% of the promontorial length; (2) slightly longer than pars cochlearis, length between 131% and 153%; (3) long, length between 191% and 404%; (4) very long, length > 613% of the length of pars cochlearis. 246. Orientation of posterior process of petrosal: (0) forms an angle < 130° with the long axis of tegmen tympani; (1) forms an angle between 135° and 165°; (2) directed nearly posteriorly, forms an 180° with tegmen tympani. 247. Dorsal edge of posterior process, petrosal in lateral or medial view: (0) straight or convex ventrally; (1) concave ventrally, helps to form the neck of posterior process of 248. Posterior process of petrosal: (0) robust; (1) horizontal plate and very thin for most of its length. 249. Mastoid exposure of posterior process of petrosal on the outside of skull: (0) exposed externally; (1) not exposed, enclosed by the exoccipital and squamosal. 250. Anterior spine, or conical anterior tip, of ectotympanic bulla: (0) absent; (1) present but small; (2) present and long. 251. Shape of ectotympanic bulla: (0) narrow and long, width of bulla at sigmoid process is < 64% the length of bulla along its long axis; (1) wide, width of bulla > 65% of its long axis. 252. Posterior end of ventromedial keel: (0) forms a smooth curve around posterior part of involucrum; (1) protrudes and points medially. 253. Accessory ossicle: (0) absent; (1) present. 254. Accessory ossicle: (0) small and oblong; (1) large and subspherical.
255. accessory ossicle or homologous region on lip of bulla: (0) fused to anterior process of petrosal; (1) not fused. 256. Lateral furrow of ectotympanic bulla: (0) present; (1) absent. 257. Lateral furrow: (0) broad sulcus; (1) narrow crease. 258. Sigmoid process: (0) forms a straight transverse plate that is directed perpendicular to long axis of bulla; (1) forms a curved plate; proximal part is directed posterolaterally while the distal end curves to point laterally. 259. Ventral margin of sigmoid process: (0) present; (1) absent; in its place the lateral margin of sigmoid process smoothly turns into a sulcus on lateral side of bulla. 260. Dorsal edge of sigmoid process: (0) contacts sigmoid fossa of squamosal; (1) distal end expanded anteriorly to articulate with lateral tuberosity of petrosal only; (2) does not articulate with squamosal or petrosal. 261. Elliptical foramen of ectotympanic bulla: (0) present, connection between ectotympanic bulla and its posterior process is split into two pedicles; (1) absent. 262. Anterior edge of posterior process of ectotympanic bulla: (0) contacts postmeatic process of squamosal; (1) contact absence. 263. Posterior process of tympanic: (0) contains sporadic areas of laminated bone at posterodorsal end; (1) almost entire process is laminated bone. 264. Thickness of posterior process of ectotympanic: (0) thick in region ventral to articulating surface with petrosal; (1) forms a thin lamina. 265. Distal end of posterior process of ectotympanic: (0) thinner or approximately the same thickness as more proximal portions; (1) distal end thicker but not hypertrophied; (2) hypertrophied in size, forms large nodular mass.
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