Program, Policy, or Practice Risk/Protective Factor How? Example: Summer Reading Program S1 Builds literacy skills of elementary school children Risk Factors (Youth): Characteristics that are associated with increases in the development of problem behaviors. Community (C) Family (F) School (S) Individual/Peer (IP) C1 Availability of drugs C2 Availability of firearms C3 Community laws and norms favorable toward drug use, firearms, and crime C4 Media portrayals of violence C5 Transitions & mobility C6 Low neighborhood attachment & community disorganization C7 Extreme economic deprivation F1 Family history of the problem behavior F2 Family management problems F3Family conflict F4 Favorable parental attitudes and involvement in the problem behavior S1 Academic failure beginning in late elementary school S2 Lack of commitment to school P1 Early and persistent antisocial behavior P2 Rebelliousness P3 Friends who engage in the problem behavior P4 Favorable attitudes toward the problem behavior P5 Early initiation of the problem behavior P6 Constitutional factors Protective factors P1 Individual characteristics P2 Opportunities P3 Skills P4 Recognition P5 Bonding P6 Healthy beliefs and clear standards
Determinants are factors that contribute to or cause a health behavior to occur. Determinants can be contributing factors, risk factors, or protective factors. Many risk and protective factors can be measured via the . Contributing Factors: Contributing Factors are attitudes, behaviors, and other characteristics associated with a likelihood of the health behavior. Contributing Factors Visible enforcement Laws Community norms Promotion Price Retail Availability ( and ) Social availability Use beliefs Family, school, and peer influence Context Perceived risk of arrest Community concern about harm Risk Factors (Youth): Risk factors are characteristics of an individual, family, school, or community environment that are associated with increases in the development of problem behaviors (alcohol and other drug use, delinquency, teen pregnancy, school dropout and violence) among youth and adolescents. Community (C) Family (F) School (S) Individual/Peer (IP) Availability of drugs Availability of firearms Community laws and norms favorable toward drug use, firearms, and crime Media portrayals of violence Transitions and mobility Low neighborhood attachment and community disorganization Family history of the problem behavior Family management problems Family conflict Favorable parental attitudes and involvement in the problem behavior Academic failure beginning in late elementary school Lack of commitment to school Early and persistent antisocial behavior Rebelliousness Friends who engage in the problem behavior Favorable attitudes toward the problem behavior Early initiation of the problem behavior
The next few questions ask about your use of and attitudes toward tobacco, alcohol, and other substances. Think back over the past 30 days and report how many times, if any, you used the following substances: Never 1-5 Times 6-19 Times 20-39 Times 40 Times or More Cigarettes: Include menthol and regular cigarettes and loose tobacco rolled into cigarettes During the past 30 days, how many times did you smoke part or all of a cigarette? Other tobacco products: Include any tobacco product other than cigarettes such as snuff, chewing tobacco, and smoking tobacco from a pipe During the past 30 days, how many times did you use other tobacco products? Alcoholic beverages: Include beer, wine, wine coolers, malt beverages, and liquor During the past 30 days, how many times did you drink one or more drinks of an alcoholic beverage? Marijuana or hashish: Also known as grass, pot, hash, or hash oil During the past 30 days, how many times did you use marijuana or hashish? Methamphetamine: It is a highly addictive stimulant, also known as meth, crystal, ice or speed During the past 30 days, how many times did you use methamphetamine? Cocaine or crack cocaine: A highly addictive stimulant, also known as coke, snow or smack (usually a white powder) During the past 30 days, how many times did you use crack or crack cocaine? Heroin: A highly addictive drug that relieves pain (usually injected) During the past 30 days, how many times did you use heroin? Hallucinogens: Drugs that cause people to see or experience things that are not real, such as LSD (sometimes called acid), Ecstasy (sometimes called MDMA), PCP or peyote (sometimes called angel dust) During the past 30 days, how many times did you use any hallucinogens?
Methamphetamine: A highly addictive stimulant, also known as meth, crystal, ice or speed Ever used methamphetamine? Cocaine or crack cocaine: A highly addictive stimulant, also known as coke, snow or smack (usually a white powder) Ever used cocaine? Heroin: A highly addictive drug that relieves pain. (usually injected) Ever used heroin? Hallucinogens: Drugs that cause people to see or experience things that are not real, such as LSD (sometimes called acid), ecstasy (sometimes called MDMA), PCP or peyote (sometimes called angel dust) Ever used hallucinogens, like LSD, ecstasy, PCP, or peyote? Inhalants or sniffed substances: Such as glue, gasoline, paint thinner, cleaning fluid, or shoe polish to get high Ever used inhalants or sniffed substances? Prescription drugs without a doctor’s orders: Just to get high Ever used prescription drugs without a doctor’s orders? For each of the five questions below check one box that shows HOW MUCH you think people RISK HARMING themselves physically or in other ways when they do the following things:
Other tobacco products: Include any tobacco product other than cigarettes such as snuff, chewing tobacco, and smoking tobacco from a pipe During the past 30 days, how many times did you use other tobacco products? Alcoholic beverages: Include beer, wine, wine coolers, malt beverages, and liquor During the past 30 days, how many times did you drink one or more drinks of an alcoholic beverage? Marijuana or hashish: Also known as grass, pot, hash, or hash oil During the past 30 days, how many times did you use marijuana or hashish? Methamphetamine: It is a highly addictive stimulant, also known as meth, crystal, ice or speed During the past 30 days, how many times did you use methamphetamine? Cocaine or crack cocaine: A highly addictive stimulant, also known as coke, snow or smack (usually a white powder) During the past 30 days, how many times did you use crack or crack cocaine? Heroin: A highly addictive drug that relieves pain (usually injected) During the past 30 days, how many times did you use heroin? Hallucinogens: Drugs that cause people to see or experience things that are not real, such as LSD (sometimes called acid), Ecstasy (sometimes called MDMA), PCP or peyote (sometimes called angel dust) During the past 30 days, how many times did you use any hallucinogens? Inhalants or sniffed substances: Such as glue, gasoline, paint thinner, cleaning fluid, or shoe polish During the past 30 days, how many times did you use inhalants? Prescription drugs without a doctor’s orders: Just to get high During the past 30 days, how many times did you use prescription drugs without a prescription?
CTC Risk and Protective Factor Scales Instructions: Mark the Big “NO!” if you think the statement is definitely not true for you. Mark the little “no” if you think the statement is mostly not true for you. Mark the little “yes” if you think the statement is mostly true for you. Mark the Big “YES!” if you think the statement is definitely true for you. Family Attachment Do you feel very close to your mother? NO! no yes YES! Do you share your thoughts and feelings with your mother? NO! no yes YES! Do you feel very close to your father? NO! no yes YES! Do you share your thoughts and feelings with your father? NO! no yes YES! Family Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement My parents give me lots of chances to do fun things with them. NO! no yes YES! My parents ask me what I think before most family decisions affecting me are made. NO! no yes YES! If I had a personal problem, I could ask my mom or dad for help. NO! no yes YES! Family Rewards for Prosocial Involvement My parents notice when I am doing a good job and let me know about it. Never or almost never Sometimes Often All the time How often do your parents tell you they’re proud of you for something you’ve done. Never or almost never Sometimes Often All the time Do you enjoy spending time with your mother? NO! no yes YES! Do you enjoy spending time with your father? NO! no yes YES!