Annex 3: Characteristics of the studies included Reference and country Study design Composition Participants Funding Diet S M P T Mensink and Katan, 1987 Mensink et al., 1989 The Netherlands Randomized parallel design with two interventions Experimental period: 35 days 1. 2. 6.7 9.8 9.3 24.0 5.2 5.1 Initial: 57, final: 48 Reason for loss: influenza (n=3), change in smoking habits (n=2), weight loss (n=4) Diet 1: 12 men, 12 women Diet 2: 12 men, 12 women Mean age: 27 years The Commission of the European Communities Mattson and Grundy, 1985 USA Randomized crossover design with three interventions Experimental period: 1. 2. 3. 19.1 3.3 4.3 15.4 28.2 5.6 3.9 6.9 28.1 Initial: 12, final: 12 No dropouts reported 12 men Mean age: 59 years Veterans Administration National Institutes of Health Moss Heart Foundation
Sex distribution not reported. Age: 18-28 years Brussaard et al., 1982 The Netherlands Randomized parallel design with two interventions Experimental period: 91 days 1. 2. 9.0 7.0 10.0 8.0 11.0 4.0 Initial: 35, final: 35 No dropouts reported Diet 1: 11 men and 6 women Diet 2: 12 men and 6 women Age: 19-30 years The Netherlands Heart Foundation Mensink and Katan, 1989 The Netherlands Randomized parallel design with two interventions Experimental period: 35 days 1. 2. 12.9 12.6 15.1 10.8 7.9 12.7 Initial: 60, final: 58 No reason for loss reported Diet 1: 14 men and 15 women Diet 2: 13 men and 16 women Mean age: 25 years Netherlands Nutrition Foundation The Netherlands Heart Foundation The Netherlands Ministry of Health
USA with two interventions Experimental period: 21 days 2. 3.1 30.6 4.7 Grundy et al., 1986 USA Randomized crossover design with two interventions Experimental period: 60 days 1. 2. 9.6 9.6 12.5 9.6 16.3 9.6 Initial: 9, final: 9 No dropouts reported 9 men Mean age: 63 years Veterans Administration / National Institutes of Health Southwestern Medical Foundation Moss Heart Foundation Katan et al., 1988 The Netherlands Randomized crossover design with two interventions 1. 2. 23.4 11.6 14.1 11.7 5.2 20.9 1.9 0.5 Initial: 54, final: 47 Reason for loss: illness, weight loss, poor compliance 24 men and 23 women Mean age: 44 years The Netherlands Heart Foundation
Experimental period: 21 days Grande et al., 1972 USA Randomized crossover design with four interventions Experimental period: 28 days 1. 2. 3. 4. 2.3 3.3 5.2 8.7 1.6 6.5 16.9 7.1 0.6 2.7 6.7 13.3 Initial: 48, final: 38 Reason for loss: transport to another institution, illness, poor eating habits 38 men Mean age: 56 years Public Health Service Research Grants Anderson et al., 1976 USA Randomized crossover design with two interventions Experimental period: 14 days 1. 2. 19.6 4.8 8.4 5.1 5.2 22.7 Initial: 12, final: 12 No dropouts reported 12 men Mean age: 21 years Public Health Service Research Grants
Anderson et al., 1976 USA Randomized crossover design with two interventions Experimental period: 14 days 1. 2. 19.4 4.8 8.4 5.1 5.1 22.9 Initial: 12, final: 12 No dropouts reported 12 men Mean age: 21 years Public Health Service Research Grants Grundy et al., 1988 USA Randomized crossover design with two interventions Experimental period: 42 days 1. 2. 6.7 6.7 25.9 6.7 5.8 5.8 Initial: 10, final: 10 No dropouts reported 10 men Mean age: 64 years Veterans Administration National Institutes of Health Moss Heart Foundation Reiser et al., 1985 USA Randomized crossover design with two interventions 1. 2. 9.4 1.6 10.4 2.2 0.4 16.2 Initial: 19, final: 19 No dropouts reported 19 men Mean age: 26 years National Heart and Blood Vessel Research National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
Experimental period: 35 days National Institutes of Health Clinical Research USDHS Grant Lipid Research Clinics National Live Stock and Meat Board The Texas Cattle Feeders Association The Standard Meat Co of Fort Worth Laine et al., 1982 USA Randomized crossover design with three interventions Experimental period: 20 days 1. 2. 3. 8.6 2.6 3.0 7.7 4.6 4.2 1.8 11.1 11.1 Initial: 24, final: 24 No dropouts reported 13 men and 11 women Mean age: 25 years American Soy Bean Association General Clinical Research Centers Program National Institutes of Health
Lewis et al., 1981 United Kingdom Randomized crossover design with three interventions Experimental period: 35 days 1. 2. 3. 9.6 9.4 13.4 9.2 9.2 13.2 7.2 7.3 11.7 Initial: 12, final: 12 No dropouts reported 12 men Mean age: 45 years Not reported McDonald et al., 1989 Canada Randomized crossover design with two interventions Experimental period: 18 days 1. 2. 5.1 6.8 20.2 7.4 10.3 21.6 Initial: 8, final: 8 No dropouts reported 8 men Age: 19-32 years Canola Council of Canada Mensink and Katan, 1990 The Netherlands Randomized crossover design with two interventions 1. 2. 9.3 19.4 23.7 13.6 4.4 3.0 0.0 0.7 Initial: 59, final: 59 No dropouts reported 25 men and 34 women Mean age: 26 years The Netherlands Nutrition Foundation The Netherlands Ministry of Welfare, Public Health, and Cultural Affairs
Experimental period: 21 days The Commission of the European Communities Valsta et al., 1992 Finland Randomized crossover design with two interventions Experimental period: 25 days 1. 2. 12.4 12.7 16.2 10.2 7.6 13.3 Initial: 59, final: 59 No dropouts reported 29 men and 30 women Mean age: 30 years Food Research Foundation The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry The Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation The Academy of Finland The Finnish Cultural Foundation Wahrburg et al., 1992 Germany Randomized crossover design with two interventions Experimental period: 23 days 1. 2. 10.2 10.1 16.0 9.9 4.1 10.3 Initial: 40, final: 38 Reason for loss: illness (n=1), genetic anomaly of lipid metabolism (n=1) 21 men and 17 women Mean age: 24 years The Commission of the European Communities
Wardlaw and Snook, 1990 USA Randomized crossover design with two interventions Experimental period: 35 days 1. 2. 6.7 7.7 26.9 13.4 5.8 18.2 Initial: 22, final: 20 Reason for loss: not reported 20 men Mean age: 35 years SVO Enterprises Ginsberg et al., 1990 USA Randomized parallel design with two interventions Experimental period: 70 days 1. 2. 9.0 8.8 10.6 17.2 10.0 10.1 Initial: 39, final: 36 Reason for loss: allergy (n=1), poor compliance (n=2) Diet 1: 12 men Diet 2: 12 men Diet 3: 12 men Mean age: 23 years The National Institutes of Heath Best Foods Kraft Inc. Bertolli Chan et al., 1991 Canada Randomized crossover design with four interventions 1. 2. 3. 6.5 5.3 7.1 18.7 18.3 8.4 7.4 8.5 16.8 Initial: 8, final: 8 One subject dropped out and was replaced 8 men Age: 20-34 years Canola Council of Canada Flax Council of Canada
Experimental period: 18 days 4. 6.4 9.9 16.1 Wardlaw et al., 1991 USA Randomized parallel design with two interventions Experimental period: 56 days 1. 2. 6.7 6.7 21.1 8.6 10.6 21.1 Initial: 34, final: 32 Reason for loss: medication (n=1), unusual lipid values (n=1) Diet 1: 16 men Diet 2: 16 men Mean age: 33 years The Procter & Gamble Company Berry et al., 1991 Israel Randomized crossover design with two interventions Experimental period: 84 days 1. 2. 8.0 7.1 15.9 6.2 7.5 16.0 Initial: 26, final: 18 Reason for loss: drop out (n=4), incomplete blood sampling (n=4) 18 men Mean age: not reported The National Institutes of Health
Berry et al., 1992 Israel Randomized crossover design with two interventions Experimental period: 84 days 1. 2. 6.6 4.7 16.6 6.8 7.5 5.7 Initial: 25, final: 17 Reason for loss: not reported 17 men Age: 18-24 years The National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service Kris-Etherton et al., 1993 USA Randomized crossover design with three interventions Experimental period: 26 days 1. 2. 3. 6.0 6.3 21.0 27.2 10.1 10.1 2.3 17.8 1.7 Initial: 19, final: 18 Reason for loss: not reported 18 men Mean age: 26 years The American Cocoa Research Institute The Pennsylvania Agricultural Experimental Station Denke and Grundy, 1992 USA Randomized crossover design with two interventions 1. 2. 2.6 18.9 29.1 15.4 6.0 3.8 Initial: 14, final: 14 No dropouts reported 14 men Mean age: 63 years Southwestern Medical Foundation Moss heart Foundation Veterans' Affairs
Experimental period: 21 days National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Bonanome et al., 1992 Italy Randomized crossover design with two interventions Experimental period: 21 days 1. 2. 9.6 9.6 28.8 4.8 4.8 28.8 Initial: 11, final: 11 No dropouts reported 11 men Mean age: 22 years The European Economic Community Judd et al., 1994 USA Randomized crossover design with two interventions Experimental period: 42 days 1. 2. 14.0 20.1 16.4 10.9 5.9 5.8 0.7 0.7 Initial: 64, final: 58 Reason for loss: illness (n=1), no reason reported (n=1), other commitments (n=3), (n=1) 29 men, 29 women Mean age:43 years Institute of Shortening and Edible Oils and its member companies
Experimental period: 42 days meta-analysis Judd et al., 1988 Marshall et al., 1986 USA Randomized crossover design with two interventions Experimental period: 42 days 1. 2. 6.7 10.6 11.4 10.4 6.5 3.3 Initial: 24, final: 23 Reason for loss: personal 23 men Age: 35-60 years Not reported Sundram et al., 1995 Malaysia Randomized crossover design with two interventions Experimental period: 28 days 1. 2. 6.0 13.0 17.5 14.3 7.7 4.1 Initial: 24, final: 23 Reason for loss: not reported 23 men Mean age: 22 years Not reported
Denmark with two interventions Experimental period: 14 days The Danish Agricultural and Veterinary Research Council Howard et al., 1995 USA Randomized crossover design with four interventions Experimental period: 42 days 1. 2. 3. 4. 8.2 8.0 9.4 9.5 14.2 12.1 8.5 5.7 3.1 4.8 7.2 12.5 Initial: 77, final: 63 Reason for loss: employment obligations (n=4), poor compliance (n=9), loss of blood samples (n=1) 30 men and 33 women Mean age: 46 years National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Best Foods Fielding et al., 1995 USA Randomized parallel design with two interventions 1. 2. 10.3 15.3 16.5 15.4 8.5 5.8 Initial: 48, final: 42 Reason for loss: not reported (n=5), incomplete data (n=1) 42 men Diet 1: 21 men Diet 2: 21 men Mean age: 29 years National Institutes of Health Arteriosclerosis SCOR National Dairy Promotion and Research Board
Experimental period: 28 days Fielding et al., 1995 USA Randomized parallel design with two interventions Experimental period: 28 days 1. 2. 10.0 16.7 14.9 12.7 9.9 4.7 Initial: 48, final: 42 Reason for loss: not reported (n=5), incomplete data (n=1) 42 men Diet 1: 20 men Diet 2: 22 men Mean age: 29 years National Institutes of Health Arteriosclerosis SCOR National Dairy Promotion and Research Board Cater et al., 1997 USA Randomized crossover design with two interventions Experimental period: 21 days 1. 2. 23.3 5.7 18.4 39.8 6.0 4.9 Initial: 9, final: 9 No dropouts reported 9 men Mean age: 66 years NIH Endocrinology and Metabolism Training Grant NIH-NHLBI Clinical Investigator Award National Institutes of Health
Tholstrup et al., 1998 Denmark Randomized crossover design with two interventions Experimental period: 28 days 1. 2. 19.1 24.4 11.6 7.7 4.5 5.2 1.6 0.1 Initial: 18, final: 18 No dropouts reported 18 men Mean age: 25 years The Danish Dairy Research Foundation The Danish Research Development Program for Food Technology Mazier and Jones, 1997 Canada Randomized crossover design with two interventions Experimental period: 13 days 1. 2. 11.0 10.9 24.0 9.2 4.1 17.9 Initial: 9, final: 9 No dropouts reported 9 men Mean age: 26 years The Heart and Stroke Foundation of British Columbia and Yukon Ginsberg et al., 1998 USA Randomized crossover design with three interventions 1. 2. 3. 14.4 8.6 5.8 12.5 12.5 12.5 5.8 5.8 5.8 Initial: 118, final: 103 Reason for loss: not reported 46 men and 57 women Mean age: 38 years National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute National Center for Research Resources
Experimental period: 56 days Müller et al., 1998 Norway Randomized crossover design with two interventions Experimental period: 17 days 1. 2. 12.5 7.3 11.4 11.4 5.5 9.8 0.1 0.2 Initial: 30, final: 27 Reason for loss: not reported (n=2), poor compliance (n=1) 27 women Mean age: 27 years The Nordic Industrial Fund Mills DA Hunter et al., 2000 United Kingdom Randomized crossover design with two interventions Experimental period: 14 days 1. 2. 6.8 7.3 25.0 14.4 4.5 14.4 Initial: 9, final: 6 Reason for loss: not reported 6 men Mean age: 28 years Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries Scottish Executive Rural Affairs Department
Judd et al., 2002 Baer et al., 2004 USA Randomized crossover design with three interventions Experimental period: 35 days 1. 2. 3. 12.8 12.6 20.8 10.5 17.6 10.5 3.8 3.8 4.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 Initial: 54, final: 50 Reason for loss: not reported (n=3), poor compliance (n=1) 50 men Mean age: 42 years Technical Committee on Dietary Lipids, International Life Sciences Institute Vega-López et al., 2006 Randomized crossover design with two interventions Experimental period: 35 days 1. 2. 14.8 6.4 10.9 15.4 3.5 8.7 0.6 1.0 Initial: 15, final: 15 No dropouts reported 5 men and 10 women Mean age: 64 years National Institutes of Health / US Department of Agriculture Lichtenstein et al., 1999 USA Randomized crossover design with two interventions 1. 2. 7.3 8.6 8.1 8.1 12.5 13.5 0.6 0.9 Initial: 36, final: 36 No dropouts reported 18 men and 18 women Mean age: 63 years National Institutes of Health US Department of Agriculture
Experimental period: 35 days Lovejoy et al., 2002 USA Randomized crossover design with two interventions Experimental period: 28 days 1. 2. 5.9 10.9 14.7 8.8 6.3 6.4 0.0 0.0 Initial: 31, final: 25 Reason for loss: not reported 12 men and 13 women Mean age: 28 years US Department of Agriculture Berglund et al., 2007 USA Randomized crossover design with three interventions Experimental period: 49 days 1. 2. 3. 15.0 8.4 7.7 13.8 20.0 14.9 5.6 6.0 5.3 Initial: 110, final: 85 Reason for loss: not reported 52 men and 33 women Mean age: 36 years National Institutes of Health
Experimental period: 24 days 4. 7.7 17.3 9.6 Nielsen et al., 2002 Denmark Randomized crossover design with three interventions Experimental period: 21 days 1. 2. 3. 10.5 11.5 11.5 14.5 16.9 7.6 6.5 2.3 11.7 Initial: 18, final: 18 No dropouts reported 18 men Mean age: 24 years Not reported Poppitt et al., 2002 New Zealand Randomized crossover design with two interventions Experimental period: 21 days 1. 2. 19.2 14.4 5.8 7.7 13.4 15.4 Initial: 20, final: 20 No dropouts reported 20 men Mean age: Not reported New Zealand Dairy Board Auckland Uniservices Maurice & Phyllis Paykel Trust
Rajaram et al., 2001 USA Randomized crossover design with two interventions Experimental period: 28 days 1. 2. 8.2 8.8 11.0 18.9 6.3 10.7 Initial: 24, final: 23 Reason for loss: not reported 14 men and 9 women Mean age: Not reported National Pecan Sellers Association Sanders et al., 2003 United Kingdom Randomized crossover design with two interventions Experimental period: 14 days 1. 2. 9.8 10.5 19.9 12.3 6.3 6.1 0.1 0.1 Initial: 36, final: 29 Reason for loss: personal reasons (n=7) 29 men Mean age: 24 years Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries The Medical Research Council Wagner et al., 2001 Austria Randomized crossover design with two interventions 1. 2. 8.5 8.4 9.8 14.5 11.5 6.9 Initial: 28, final: 28 No dropouts reported 28 men Mean age: 24 years Not reported
Experimental period: 14 days Kratz et al., 2002 Germany Randomized parallel design with three interventions Experimental period: 28 days 1. 2. 3. 9.1 10.7 10.0 19.3 23.3 8.7 9.0 3.4 18.5 Initial: 69, final: 58 Reason for loss: illness (n=6), poor compliance (n=5) Diet 1: 10 men and 8 women Diet 2: 11 men and 9 women Diet 3: 10 men and 10 women Mean age: 26 years Central Marketing Agency of the German Agricultural Industry The German Union for the Promotion of Oil and Protein Plants The Austrian Science Foundation The Brökelmann Ölmühle Company Lichtenstein et al., 2006 USA Randomized crossover design with four interventions 1. 2. 3. 4. 6.5 4.9 5.8 6.8 6.3 6.1 18.8 6.7 12.3 14.1 2.3 13.2 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.5 Initial: 42 (including 10 replacers), final: 30 Reason for loss: time constraints (n=3), poor compliance (n=4), change in medical 14 men and 16 women Mean age: 63 years The National Institutes of Health US Department of Agriculture
Gillingham et al., 2011 Canada Randomized crossover design with three interventions Experimental period: 28 days 1. 2. 3. 11.2 5.6 6.1 16.1 22.9 15.9 6.5 5.7 12.3 Initial: 39, final: 36 Reason for loss: relocation of residence (n=2), work-related issues (n=1) 13 men and 23 women Mean age: 48 years Flax Canada 2015 Canola Council of Canada Agri-Food Research & Development Initiative Iggman et al., 2011 Sweden Randomized crossover design with two interventions Experimental period: 21 days 1. 2. 19.6 7.9 11.1 17.4 3.9 9.6 Initial: 20, final: 20 No dropouts reported 14 men and 6 women Mean age: 51 years Not reported Marin et al., 2011 Spain Randomized crossover design with two interventions 1. 2. 8.8 8.8 13.0 23.4 5.0 4.6 Initial: 59, final: 59 No dropouts reported 31 men and 28 women Mean age: 21 years Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion / Spanish Ministry of Health CIBER Fisiopatologia de la
Experimental period: 28 days Obesidad y Nutricion Consejeria de Innovacion Consejeria de Salud Roussell et al., 2012 USA Randomized crossover design with two interventions Experimental period: 35 days 1. 2. 6.0 6.0 9.0 11.0 8.0 7.0 Initial: 42, final: 36 Reason for loss: job change (n=1), illness (n=1), poor compliance (n=4) 15 men and 21 women Mean age: 50 years Beef Checkoff Program National Institutes of Health Zhao et al., 2004 USA Randomized crossover design with three interventions Experimental period: 42 days 1. 2. 3. 12.7 8.5 8.2 13.2 12.2 12.3 8.7 16.4 17.2 Initial: 23, final: 23 No dropouts reported 20 men and 3 women Mean age: 50 years California Walnut Commission Walnut Marketing Board
Sabaté et al., 2003 USA Randomized crossover design with three interventions Experimental period: 28 days 1. 2. 3. 8.2 8.0 7.7 12.1 16.5 19.4 6.2 7.5 8.7 Initial: 27, final: 25 Reason for loss: poor compliance (n=2) 14 men and 11 women Mean age: 41 years Almond Board of California Curb et al., 2000 USA Randomized crossover design with three interventions Experimental period: 30 days 1. 2. 3. 13.4 8.6 8.6 11.5 14.4 19.2 8.6 6.7 5.8 Initial: 34, final: 30 Reason for loss: not reported 15 men and 15 women Age: 18-53 years US Army Medical Research Acquisition Activity Lacroix et al., 2012 Canada Randomized crossover design with two interventions 1. 2. 9.9 10.3 14.2 12.8 5.9 5.8 0.6 1.8 Initial: 72, final: 61 Reason for loss: protocol too demanding (n=8), change of menopausal status 61 women Mean age: 64 years Dairy Farmers of Canada Dairy Australia Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada The Canadian Dairy Commission