The next step of the analysis was to discover what other qualities these segments have in common. This will be important for each segment. The demographics data, psychographic, and self-reported sanitation and hygiene related knowledge, attitudes, and behavior among households for each segment were analysed to explore those in common in each segment. 3.4.4 Case studies To complement the surveys of households, suppliers, and masons, four mini case studies on the in-depth interviews were developed. There were four major themes: value exchanges, building sanitation skills, slippage back to open defecation, and handwashing with soap. To support the case studies, the findings from the quantitative study will also be utilised. These case studies will enable a deeper dive into the “real” lives of household, suppliers and masons in terms of toilet purchase and use, as well as handwashing practices, which will help us develop future interventions. Ethics This study was approved by the National Institute of Health (Institutu Nasional da Saúde, Gabinete Diretor Ezekutivo INS) from the Ministry of Health (Ministério Da Saúde). The ethics approval then was sent to the President of Bobonaro Municipality to inform them about the research. The President of Bobonaro Municipality then informed Chefe de Suco and Chefe de Aldeia. PART FOUR RESULTS In total, there were 349 households, 36 masons, and 13 suppliers who participated in the study. The sample characteristics are presented by administrative post. 4.1 Households sample characteristics Of 349 households surveyed, the proportion of households from Maliana Administrative Post was 48.1% (n= 168), 6.7% (n=22) from Cailaco, 23.5% (n=82) from Atabae, and 22.1% (n=77) from Balibo. Proportionate stratified sampling was used in the so that the proportion of sample needed was calculated based on the number of households in each administrative post. Table 4.1 Target sample number for each administrative post Administrative post Suco sampled in this study Number of Target number Actual number
Difficulty in seeing Difficulty in hearing Difficulty walking or climbing steps Difficulty remembering or concentrating Difficulty with such as washing or dressing Difficulty to understand or being understood 39 (11.2) 18 (5.2) 20 (5.7) 4 (1.1) 11 (3.2) 1(0.3) 23 (13.7) 8 (4.8) 11 (6.5) 1 (0.6) 6 (3.6) 0 (0) 2 (9.5) 1 (4.5) 1 (4.5) 1 (4.5) 1 (4.5) 0 (0) 8 (9.9) 5 (6.1) 1 (1.2) 2 (2.4) 1 (1.2) 1 (1.2) 6 (7.8) 4 (5.2) 7 (9.1) 0 (0) 3 (3.2) 0 (0) Number of houses with family member who has difficulty 54 (15.5) 29 (17.3) 2 (9.1) 10 (12.2) 13 (16.9)
from cooking, washing, cleaning, but not include toilet waste water)? ❑ Street drain ❑ on road ❑ Throw on garden /yard ❑ Pour into creek, stream ❑ Other (specify_______________________) ❑ Don’t know HANDWASHING AND HYGIENE Q13. What do the household members use to clean their anus after defecating? ❑ Water ❑ Toilet paper ❑ Used waste paper (e.g. newspaper) ❑ Sticks ❑ Leaves ❑ Stone ❑ Nothing ❑ Others (please specify _____________________) ❑ Don’t know Q14. Where do members of your household usually bath? ❑ House bathroom ❑ Neighbor’s bathroom ❑ Public bathroom ❑ Surface water (river, stream, pond) ❑ Other (please specify _________________________) Q15. Do all household members use this area for bathing? ❑ Yes ❑ No ❑ Don’t know Q16. How far is the bathing facility from the main ❑ <5 meters ❑ 5-10 meters ❑ 11-15 meters ❑ >15 meters ❑ Other (please specify __________________________) Q17. Have you used soap today or yesterday? ❑ Yes Go to Q18 ❑ No Go to Q19 ❑ Don’t know Go to Q19 Q18. When you used soap today or yesterday, what did you use it for? (select all that apply) ❑ Washing clothes ❑ Washing cooking utensils and dishes ❑ Washing my body ❑ Washing child’s bottom ❑ Washing child’s hands ❑ Washing hands after defecating ❑ Washing hands after cleaning child ❑ Washing hands before feeding child ❑ Washing hands before preparing food ❑ Washing hands before eating ❑ Washing hands before going out ❑ Washing hands before receiving visitors ❑ Other (please specify _________________________) ❑ Don’t know Q19. When do you think is it important for a young child to ❑ Before eating ❑ After eating
wash her/his hands or have her/his hands washed for her/him? (select all that apply) ❑ After defecating ❑ Before going out ❑ Before receiving visitors ❑ (please specify _________________________) ❑ Don’t know Q20. What type of soap do you use to wash your hand? ❑ Bar soap ❑ Powder soap ❑ Liquid soap ❑ I don’t use soap ❑ Don’t know If you use soap, what is the brand? Q21. What type of soap do you use to bath? ❑ Bar soap ❑ Powder soap ❑ Liquid soap ❑ I don’t use soap ❑ Don’t know If you use soap, what is the brand? Q22. What type of soap do you use to wash the dishes and clothes? ❑ Bar soap ❑ Powder soap ❑ Liquid soap ❑ I don’t use soap ❑ Don’t know If you use soap, what is the brand? Q23. Where do you usually buy the soap? (Name of the store/owner of the store) Q24. How long does it take to go to the store? (minutes) Q25. How far the store from your house? (km) Q26. Is the soap do you want to buy always available at the soap? ❑ Yes Go to Q27 ❑ No Go to Q26a ❑ Don’t know Go to Q27 Q26a. If NO, do you get the substitute? ❑ Yes ❑ No ❑ Don’t know Q27. What kind of hygiene and sanitation products that you find there? (select all that apply) ❑ Toilet tissue ❑ Toilet cleaner ❑ Floor cleaner ❑ Toothpaste ❑ Shampoo ❑ Other (specify________________) SANITATION Q28. do members of your household usually go for defecation? ❑ Own toilet Go to Q33 ❑ Neighbor toilet Go to Q29 ❑ Shared toilet Go to Q29 ❑ Bucket Go to Q40 ❑ Hanging toilet Go to Q40 ❑ Open Go to Q40 ❑ Other (please specify_______________) Q29. If you use neighbor’s toilet or shared toilet, how many households in total use ❑ Number of households ______
❑ Reduce conflict ❑ Other (specify___________________________) ❑ Don’t know Q45. What do you dislike about the toilet? (select all that apply) ❑ Nothing ❑ ❑ Smell ❑ Unhealthy ❑ Too far away from ❑ Not safe ❑ Have to share with others ❑ Have to wait to use/queue up ❑ It was expensive ❑ Overflow when rains ❑ Use too much water ❑ Animals come in ❑ Using sticks and stones in toilet ❑ Bush, difficult access ❑ Pit fills up quickly ❑ Careless use of toilet/improper disposal of sanitary pads ❑ Conflict/argument with other people who use the toilet ❑ Sometimes not enough water for flushing ❑ Others don’t use toilet properly ❑ Neighbors use toilet without permission ❑ Pooling of around house ❑ Pooling around neighbor’s house ❑ Other (specify_______________) ❑ Don’t know Q46. What are the main factors affecting your decisions in terms of the type of toilet you want to build? (select all that apply) ❑ Cost of materials ❑ promotions ❑ Emulate others ❑ Other family members influence ❑ Quality of materials ❑ Materials that match the house ❑ Materials that will last the longest ❑ Physical accessibility of materials ❑ Other (specify___________________) Q47. What do you think is the main reason for you to build a toilet? (select all that apply) ❑ Emulate others ❑ Regulations ❑ Good health ❑ Convenience/comfort ❑ Cleanliness ❑ Privacy/dignity ❑ Safety ❑ Education program ❑ Other family members influence ❑ promotions ❑ Other people influence (e.g., chef de suco or other government leader) ❑ Other (specify___________________) Designing, Building and Improving Toilet
Q48. Which year was your toilet constructed? Q49. Who paid for the construction of your toilet? ❑ Self ❑ NGO project ❑ Government project ❑ Community project ❑ Family member ❑ Others Q50. Who constructed your toilet? ❑ Self → Go to Q51 ❑ Family → Go to Q52 ❑ Friend/neighbor → Go to Q52 ❑ artisan → Go to Q52 ❑ NGO project → Go to Q52 ❑ Government project → Go to Q52 ❑ Community project/support → Go to Q52 ❑ Others Q51. Did anyone help you build it? ❑ Yes → Go to Q51a ❑ No → Go to Q52 Q51a. If yes, did you pay them? ❑ Yes → Go to Q51b ❑ No → Go to Q51c Q51b.If YES, how much did you pay them? Q51c. If no why did they help you? Q52. Have you helped anyone else build their toilet? ❑ Yes → Go to Q52a ❑ No → Go to Q53 Q52a. If yes, did you get pay? ❑ Yes → Go to Q52b ❑ No → Go to Q52c Q52b. If YES, how much did you get? Q52c. If no money, why did you help them? Q53. How did you transport those materials to your place? (Specify the name of the transportation mode) Good sanitation and Toilet Preferences Q54. What does good sanitation mean to you? (select all that apply) ❑ Increased comfort ❑ Increased privacy ❑ Increased convenience ❑ Increased safety, for especially at night, and for children ❑ and social status ❑ Increased cleanliness, in terms of personal hygiene, and domestic cleanliness ❑ Reduce smell and flies ❑ Less embarrassment with visitors ❑ Reduced conflict with neighbours ❑ Good health in a very broad cultural sense, often linked to disgust and avoidance of faeces, bad “air” smells ❑ Reduced illness and accidents ❑ Peace of mind
Q65. Do you have funding source to build a new toilet/upgrade toilet? ❑ Yes Go to Q65a ❑ No Go to Q66 ❑ Don’t know Go to Q66 Q65a. If YES, where does the funding come from? Q66. If it was possible, you be interested in taking a loan or some other credit to build/improve your toilet? ❑ Yes ❑ No ❑ Don’t know Q67. If you had $40 to improve sanitation in your home, what would you want to buy? Q68. Where do you get this information to build/upgrade toilet? (select all that apply) ❑ General knowledge ❑ My neighbor ❑ My parents or parents-in-law ❑ My children ❑ The chef de suco or other government leader ❑ My wife/husband ❑ Local mason ❑ From suppliers/store ❑ NGO guidance ❑ Poster, leaflet or printed materials ❑ Community meeting ❑ Other (please specify ________) Q69. Do you seek other people advice regarding the materials you need to build/upgrade toilet? ❑ Yes Go to Q70 ❑ No, I already know how to build/upgrade toilet Go to Q71 ❑ Don’t know Go to Q71 Q70. If you seek other people advice, who would you most like to talk to for information and advice about technical options, product, cost, etc? (select all that apply) ❑ Neighbor with toilet ❑ Family member with toilet ❑ Community leader ❑ Local level government ❑ NGO ❑ mason, builder, plumber ❑ Hardware shop ❑ (specify_____________________) ❑ Don’t know Q71. When you buy materials for materials to build/upgrade toilet, do you negotiate the price of the products? ❑ Yes, negotiate to obtain cheaper price ❑ Yes, negotiate to obtain discounts for bulk orders ❑ Yes, negotiate to get free delivery service ❑ No ❑ (specify_____________________) Q72. What do you prefer in terms of payment? ❑ Cash up ❑ Cash over time (step by step) ❑ Goods (barter) up front ❑ Goods (barter) over time Q73. Do you obtain credit from the suppliers/retailers? ❑ Yes ❑ No ❑ Don’t know
D. PRICING INFORMATION Q18. Has the price of construction materials changed in the past year?  No material price increased Go to Q20  Some material prices increased Go to Q18a  All material price increased Go to Q18a Q18a. Which Item? Q19. By what % (in average) Q20. Do customers negotiate the price of your products?  Yes Go to Q20a  No Go to Q21 Q20a. If YES, on what products mostly? Q21. What do the customers negotiate about?  Cheaper price  Discounts for bulk orders  Free Delivery  Other (specify_____________________) Q22. What do you prefer in terms of payment?  Cash up front  Cash over time (step by step)  Goods (barter) up front  (barter) over time Q23. What do your customers usually prefer?  Cash up front  Cash over time (step by step)  Goods (barter) up front  Goods (barter) over time Q24. Do you provide credit to your customer?  Yes  No Q25. Who manages your business finances?  Self  Wife  Manager  Other (Specify__________________) Q25a. Ask them to provide books and their stock systems to review the current stock (if possible obtain the photos)  Yes  No E. CUSTOMER Q26. Who are the main customers buying products?  Households  Wholesalers  Retailers  Construction company  Local NGO/government projects  Other (specify) Q27. Where do your customers come from? Mostly Administrative post: Sucos: Aldeia: Q28. Do customers know  Yes
what materials they need to toilet?  No Q29. Do they seek your advice regarding the materials they need to build toilet?  Yes Go to Q30  No Go to Q31 Q30. What kind of advice do you usually give them/what materials you recommend them? Q31. Approximately how many customers of toilet products did you have in the last year? Q32. Do your suppliers give you marketing materials to promote their products?  Yes  No Q33. Do you do any promotion or marketing of toilets/sanitation products?  Yes  No Q34. How do customers obtain information about products/services you provide? F. SERVICES Q35. Who provides transportations for the goods provided by your supplier? Who provides transportations Price of transportations Km Q36. Have you ever borrowed from banks / other sources?  Never Go to Q39  Yes, money lender Go to Q37  Yes, bank (specify _______________) Go to Q37 Q37. What was this loan for? Q38. Please specify the credit conditions Q38a. Interest rate: Q38b. Duration: Q38c. requirements (collateral, guarantee): Q39. Who are your main competitors in supplying toilet products? Q39a. Where are they? Q40. Do you have any agreement with your competitors (e.g. deciding together price, etc)?  Yes  No Q41. Do you have sales agents?  Yes Go to Q41a  No Q41a. If YES, how do you pay them?  Salary Go to Q41b  Commission Go to Q41b  For free Go to Q42 Q41b. How much do you pay them?
that is selling them in Dili at USD40.50 for a box of 9 pans, which is USD4.50 per pan.) Q49. Why do customers choose you over competitors? (select all that apply)  (I have cheaper prices than my competitors)  Quality (I have better products than my competitors)  Reliability (I always have all the materials they need)  Location  Delivery  Bulk discounts  Other service  Connections  Other (specify____________________________) Q50. What are the main constraints to your business in low income segment of the market/community? (select all that apply)  Access to finance  Cost of inputs  Availability of labour  Availability of material  Bad roads  Corruption  Government fees/regulations  Insufficient demand  Customer not paying  Staff  Training of staff  (specify_________________) Q51. What are the problems related to supply of materials? (select all that apply)  Inconsistent availability  Changing prices  Exchange rate  Financing the purchase of inputs  Transportation problems  Long distances travelled  Other (specify_________________) Q52. What can you do to grow your toilet-related business? (select all that apply)  Providing information to customers on sanitation  Providing information to customers on sanitation  Improve the quality of products  Lower cost of product  Advertisements  Other (specify_________________) Q53. Would you be prepared to sell more to remote or poor communities?  Yes  No Q53a. WHY is that? Q54. Have you ever provide materials or service for government or NGO?  Yes  No  Don’t know Q55. In what ways does government help your business? Q56. How could the
Zinku Simentu Kanu PVC Kanu PVC Kurva Besi betaun Pregu lotuk Besi/bidi-dikur Kanuru Kanuru-ki’ik Au Bloku Nuu tahan Piku / Bebak Ai-kabelak Azulejus Filtru bee Mangeira Fatin fase liman D. INFORMASAUN FOLIN Q18. Folin materiál konstrusaun muda ka lae iha tinan ida ikus ne’e?  aumentu folin materiál Q20  Folin materiál balun sa’e Q18a  Materiál hotu-hotu folin sa’e Q18a Q18a. Item saida? Q19. Ho % hira (iha médiu) Q20. Kliente sira negoseia produtu nia folin ka lae?  Sin Q20a  Lae Q22 Q20a. Se SIN, liuliu ba produtu ida ne’ebé? Q21. Kliente sira negoseia kona-ba saida??  Folin baratu  Diskontu ba enkomenda barak  Tula gratuitu  (espesifika) Q22. Kona-ba pagamentu mak ita prefere liu?  Osan selu kedas  Osan selu tuir tempu (etapa ba etapa)  Sasán (barter) iha oin kedas  Sasán (barter) fó tuir tempu Q23. Ita-nia kliente sira baibain prefere ida  Osan selu kedas  Osan selu tuir tempu (etapa ba etapa)  Sasán (barter) iha oin kedas  Sasán (barter) fó tuir tempu Q24. Ita fó kréditu ba ita-nia kliente ka lae?  Sin  Lae Q25. Sé mak jere ita-nia finansas negósiu ne’e?  An rasik  Ferik-oan  Jestór(a)  Seluk (favór espesifika) Q25a. Husu sira atu fó livru
sentina barak liu?  Tempu bailoron  Tempu udan  Feriadus/okaziaun espesiál D. INFORMASAUN FOLIN P28. Bele esplika ba servisu, ema nain hira halo servisu, no gasta loron hira atu kompletu servisu. Servisu Folin ba Klient # Pessoal Servisu # atu kompletu Worker salary (total) Ke rai kuak Betaun kadeli Blok Kadeli Kloset no sanplat (Fahe detallhu kona ba tipo) Harii uma sentina (espesifika kona ba tipo) P29. Ita-nia ba servisu muda tiha halo nusá iha tinan kotuk?  Sa’e  Nafatin hanesan  Tún P30. Kliente sira hanoin saida kona ba folin ba ita nia servisu harii sentina?  Karu  La diak  Diak  Baratu  Seluk (espesífika) P31. Ita harii setnina ba kliente no la husu ba pagamentu?  Sin P31a  Lae P32 P31a. Se SIN, TAMBA SA? P32. Kliente sira halo negosiasaun folin ba Ita-nia produtu betaun sira ka?  Sin  Lae P33. Entermus pagamentu, Ita prefere maka saida?  Osan selu kedas  Osan fó tuir faze  Sasán (barter) fó kedas ❑ (barter) fó tuir faze P34. Ita-nia kliente sira baibain prefere saida?  Osan selu kedas  Osan fó tuir faze  Sasán (barter) fó kedas ❑ Sasán (barter) fó tuir faze P35. Ita fó kréditu ba Ita-nia kliente ka?  Sin  Lae E. KLIENTE P36. Sé mak kliente prinsipál sira ne’ebé sosa produtu  Umakain sira  Governu