Alk: anaplastic lymphoma kinase Aml: myeloid leukemia protein Ap2: Activating enhancer binding Protein 2 alpha (Tfap2) B Bmp: bone morphogenic protein BmpR: bone morphogenic protein receptor C Cas: casanova Cbfa: core-binding factor subunit alpha cNCC: cranial neural crest cells Col: collagen CRE: cyclic AMP (adenosine monophasphate) response element D Disp: dispatched Dlx: distal-less homeobox DMSO: dimethylsulfoxid dnBMPR: BMPR dominant negative dpf: days post fertilization E Ebs: egr1 binding site Egf: epidermal growth factor Egr1: growth response 1 EMC: extracellular matrix Erk: extracellular-signal-regulated kinase F Fgf: fibroblast growth factor Fli1: friend leukemia integration Fsta: follistatin G GAG: glucoaminoglycans GFP: green fluorescent protein Gh: growth hormone I Ihh: indian hedgehog H Hh: hedgehog hpf: hours post fertilization Hox: homeobox Hsp: heat shock protein J Jef: jellyfish K kb: kilo-base pair KO: Krox: krüppel box L Lh: luteinizing hormone Low: lockjaw
M M-csf: Macrophage colony-stimulating factor Map: Mitogen activated protein Mek: Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase mM: millimolar Mmp: matrix metalloproteinase MO: morpholino MO spl: splicing morpholino MO tr: translation morpholino MOcon: control morpholino Moz: monocytic leukemia zinc finger mRNA: messenger ribonucleic acid MyoD: myogenic différentiation N NAB: Ngfi A binding NCC: neural crest cells NCD: NAB conserved domain Nfb : nuclear factor of activated B cells ng: nanogram Ngf: nerve growth factor Ngfi A: growth factor induced clone A Nkx: NK homeobox O OA: osteoarthritis Osx: osterix Otx: orthodenticle homolog P pb: pair base Pdgf: Plateled-Derived Growth Factor pg: picogram Ptc/Ptch: patched R RA: rheumatoid arthritis RT-PCR: reverse transcriptase chain reaction Runx: runt-related S Smad: Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog SRE: serum response element Srf: serum response factor SSD: sterol-sensing domain Shh: sonic hedgehog Smo: smoothened Sox: SRY (Sex determining Region Y) Box Sp1: specific protein 1 T Tbx: T box Tcf: ternary complex factor tgf: beta Timp: tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase V Vegf: vascular endothelial growth factor polymerase
(Kopinke, Sasine et al. 2006) The dermatocranium forms the external surface of the skull and surrounds the neurocranium and the two first pairs of pharyngeal arches. Table 1. Zebrafish viscerocranium and neurocranium composition at 6 dpf (Nüsslein-Volhard and Dahm 2001). Region Cartilage elements Viscerocranium or pharyngeal arches Pharyngeal arch 1 or mandible Meckel’s cartilage Palatoquadrate Pharyngeal arch 2 or Hyosymplectic Interhyal Ceratohyal Basihyal Pharyngeal arch 3 or branchial arch 1 Ceratobranchial 1 Hypobranchial 1 Basibranchial 1 Pharyngeal arch 4 or branchial arch 2 Ceratobranchial 2 Hypobranchial 2 Basibranchial2 Pharyngeal arch 5 or branchial arch 3 Ceratobranchial 3 Hypobranchial 3 Basibranchial 3 Pharyngeal arch 6 or branchial arch 4 Ceratobranchial 4 Hypobranchial 4 Basibranchial 4 Pharyngeal arch 7 or branchial arch 5 Ceratobranchial 5 Basibranchial 5 Neurocranium Anterior Ethmoid plate Trabeculae cranii Anterior basicranial commissure Orbital cartilage Posterior Posterior basicranial commissure Basal plate Parachordal cartilage Otic capsule Occipital arch
The C-terminal α contains the two conserved histidine residues (in blue), while the anti-parallel β sheet in Nterminal contains the two conserved cysteine residues. These four residues chelate a zinc ion. EGR family. Early growth response (EGR) family members are immediate early genes coding for transcription factors involved in transmission of various stimuli that initiate cellular responses such as mitosis, cellular differentiation and apoptosis (Swirnoff and Milbrandt 1995). Activation of immediate early genes is very fast, transient and independent of de novo protein synthesis (Lemaire, Revelant et al. 1988; Cao, Koski et al. 1990). Table 2. EGR family members in various vertebrate species. Genes Synonyms Full name Organisms References Nfgi-A growth clone A Rat (Milbrandt 1987) Zif268 Zinc finger clone 268 Mouse (Lemaire, Revelant et al. 1988) Krox-24 Krüppel box 24 (Sukhatme, Cao et al. 1988) Early growth response 1 (Suggs, Katzowitz et al. 1990) egr1 Early growth response 1 Zebrafish (Drummond, Rohwer-Nutter et al. 1994) EGR2 Krox-20 Krüppel box 20 Mouse (Chavrier, Lemaire et al. 1988) EGR2 Early growth response 2 Human (Joseph, Le Beau et al. 1988) Krox-20 Krüppel box 20 Chicken (Nieto, Bradley et al. 1991) Krox-20 Krüppel box 20 Xenopus (Bradley, Snape et al. 1993) krox-20 Krüppel box 20 Zebrafish (Oxtoby and Jowett 1993) EGR3 EGR3 Early growth response 3 Human (Patwardhan, Gashler et al. 1991) Egr3 growth response 3 Mouse (Patwardhan, Gashler et al. 1991) Egr3 Early growth response 3 Rat (Yamagata, Kaufmann et al. 1994) EGR4 Ngfi-C Nerve growth clone A Rat (Crosby, et al. 1991) Egr4 Early growth response 4 (Barrow, Simin et al. 1994) pAT133 Clone pAT133 Human (Muller, Skerka et al. 1991)