Table 2. Details of Neuroscience Literature Review for Multiple Intelligences. Intelligence Search terms N Years Citations Original Core Cognitive Units Revised Core Cognitive Units Linguistic Verbal skill Reading Writing Speaking Rhetoric 28 1998–2015 362 -Language comprehension -Spoken language -Writing -Reading -Speech -Reading -Writing -Multimodal Communication of Meaning Reasoning Calculations Math skill Abstraction Meaning making 19 2000–2013 177 -Calculations -Logical reasoning -Problem Solving -Mathematical Reasoning -Logical Reasoning Musical Vocal / Singing Instrumental ability Musical appreciation Improvisation emotions 42 1985-2013 288 -Perceiving pitch, melody, harmony, timbre and rhythm -Vocal singing -Emotional aspects of music -Instrumental -Perception of both music and the sounds of human language Perception -Music and Emotions Production Kinesthetic Large motor movement Fine motor Dexterity Tool use Eye Hand coordination Dance Athletics 41 1977-2015 349 -Fine motor movements motor movements -Expressive Movements -Motor memory -Body Awareness/Control -Whole Body Movement -Dexterity -Symbolic Movement Spatial Mental visualization Imagination Spatial orientation 37 1978–2015 385 -Spatial -Awareness -Working w/Objects -Art Perception -Art Production -Spatial Cognition -Working with Objects -Visual Arts -Spatial Navigation Interpersonal Empathy Theory of mind Interpersonal perspective taking Leadership 53 1989–2013 294 -Empathy -Understanding Others -Leadership -Facilitator / Caregiver -Social Perception -Interpersonal Understanding -Social Effectiveness -Leadership Intrapersonal Metacognition Emotional intelligence Impulse control 73 1998-2014 627 -Self Understanding -Metacognition -Emotional Management -Self-Awareness -Self-Regulation -Executive Functions -Self-Other Management Naturalist Understanding animals 25 1969–2015 172 -Understanding Animals -Pattern Cognition
Table 12. Analysis of Primary Neural Regions: Summary of Relative Citation Frequencies. Intelligences Interpersonal Intrapersonal Logical-Math Linguistic Spatial Naturalist Musical Kinesthetic Rank 1 Frontal Cortex Frontal Cortex Frontal Cortex Temporal Cortex Frontal Cortex Temporal Cortex Frontal Cortex Frontal Cortex 2 Temporal Cortex Cingulate Cortex Parietal Cortex Frontal Cortex Parietal Cortex Subcortical Temporal Cortex Parietal Cortex 3 Cingulate Cortex Temporal Cortex Temporal Cortex Parietal Cortex Temporal Cortex Frontal Cortex Parietal Cortex Occipital Cortex Subcortical Subcortical 4 Parietal Cortex Parietal Cortex Cingulate Cortex Occipital Cortex Subcortical Occipital Cortex - Cerebellum Cerebellum 5 Insular Cortex Subcortical Occipital Cortex Insular Cortex - Subcortical - Parietal Cortex Temporal Cortex 6 Occipital Cortex Subcortical Insular Cortex - Cerebellum Cerebellum Insular Cortex Cerebellum Insular Cortex Cingulate Cortex 7 - Cerebellum Subcortical Cerebellum Cingulate Cortex Insular Cortex Cingulate Cortex - Occipital Cingulate Cortex Insular Cortex 8 Cerebellum - - - Insular Cortex Cingulate Cortex - Occipital Cortex
Table 13. Interpersonal and Intrapersonal: A review of top neural structures Interpersonal Intrapersonal Primary Sub-regions Primary Sub-regions Rank 1 Frontal Cortex PFC Frontal Cortex PFC 2 Temporal Cortex Medial Temporal Lobe Amygdala Superior Temporal Sulcus Cingulate Cortex ACC 3 Cingulate Cortex ACC Temporal Cortex Medial Temporal Lobe Anterior Temporal Lobe Amygdala 4 Parietal Cortex Parietal Cortex Medial Parietal Cortex Inferior Parietal Cortex 5 Subcortical Ganglia Brainstem
16. Musical and Kinesthetic: A review of top neural structures Musical Kinesthetic Primary Sub-regions Primary Sub-regions Rank 1 Frontal Motor Cortex Frontal Cortex Motor Cortex Primary Motor Premotor Supplementary 2 Temporal Cortex Superior Temporal Sulcus Primary Auditory Cortex Parietal Cortex Posterior Parietal Cortex 3 Subcortical Structures Basal Ganglia Subcortical Basal Ganglia Thalamus 4 - - Cerebellum -