September 2009 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday 1 2 3 4 5 6 NO LABS Week 0 >>> 7 8 9 10 11 12 NO LABS <<< Week 0 13 Lab #1 Week 1 >>> Grandparents Day Week 0>>> 14 Lab MK 15:45 – 17:35 Room H-027 15 16 Lab MI 14:45 – 16:35 Room H-027 17 Lab MP 10:45 – 12:35 Room H-027 18 Lab MN 15:15 – 17:05 Room H-027 19 Lab#1 <<< Week 1 Rosh Hashanah 20 Lab #1 Week 2 >>> 21 Lab ML 15:45 – 17:35 Room H-027 22 23 Lab MJ 14:45 – 16:35 Room H-027 24 25 Lab MO 15:15 – 17:05 Room H-027 26 Lab #1 <<< Week 2 27 Lab #2 Week 1 >>> 28 Lab MK 15:45 – 17:35 Room ??? 29 30 Lab MI 14:45 – 16:35 Room ??? Lab #2 <<< Week 1
October 2009 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Lab #1 Week 1 >>> 1 Lab MP 10:45 – 12:35 Room ??? 2 Lab MN 15:15 – 17:05 Room ??? 3 Lab #1 <<< Week 1 4 Lab #2 Week 2 >>> 5 Lab ML 15:45 – 17:35 Room ??? 6 7 Lab MJ 14:45 – 16:35 Room ??? 8 9 Lab MO 15:15 – 17:05 Room ??? 10 Lab #2 <<< Week 2 11 Lab #3 Week 1 >>> 12 NO LAB MK Makeup on 12/07/2009 13 14 Lab MI 14:45 – 16:35 Room H-027 15 Lab MP 10:45 – 12:35 Room H-027 16 Lab MN 15:15 – 17:05 Room H-027 17 Lab #3 <<< Week 1 18 Lab #3 Week 2 >>> 19 Lab ML 15:45 – 17:35 Room H-027 20 21 Lab MJ 14:45 – 16:35 Room H-027 22 23 Lab MO 15:15 – 17:05 Room H-027 24 Lab #3 <<< Week 2
25 Lab #4 Week 1 >>> 26 Lab MK 15:45 – 17:35 Room H-027 27 28 Lab MI 14:45 – 16:35 Room H-027 29 Lab MP 10:45 – 12:35 Room H-027 30 Lab MN 15:15 – 17:05 Room H-027 31 Lab #4 <<< Week 1 November 2009 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday 1 Lab #4 Week 2 >>> 2 Lab ML 15:45 – 17:35 Room H-027 3 4 Lab MJ 14:45 – 16:35 Room H-027 5 6 Lab MO 15:15 – 17:05 Room H-027 7 Lab #4 <<< Week 2 8 Lab #5 Week 1 >>> 9 Lab MK 15:45 – 17:35 Room H-027 10 11 Lab MI 14:45 – 16:35 Room H-027 12 Lab MP 10:45 – 12:35 Room H-027 13 Lab MN 15:15 – 17:05 Room H-027 14 Lab #5 <<< Week 1 15 Lab #5 Week 2 >>> 16 Lab ML 15:45 – 17:35 Room H-027 17 18 Lab MJ 14:45 – 16:35 Room H-027 19 20 Lab MO 15:15 – 17:05 Room H-027 21 Lab #5 <<< Week 2
22 Lab #6 Week 1 >>> 23 Lab MK 15:45 – 17:35 Room ??? 24 25 Lab MI 14:45 – 16:35 Room ??? 26 Lab MP 10:45 – 12:35 Room ??? 27 Lab MN 15:15 – 17:05 Room ??? 28 Lab #6 <<< Week 1 29 Lab #6 Week 2 >>> 30 Lab ML 15:45 – 17:35 Room ??? Lab #6 <<< Week 2 December 2009 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Lab #6 Week 2 >>> 1 2 Lab MJ 14:45 – 16:35 Room ??? 3 4 Lab MO 15:15 – 17:05 Room ??? 5 Lab #6 <<< Week 2
Table of Contents - Introduction 1 Apparatus 2 Theory 9 Experimental Capabilities and Procedure 12 Results 15 Data 17 – Introduction 21 Analyzing Our Design 22 Problems 26 – – Theory 27 Apparatus 33 Procedure 35 Results 36 Data 36 - Introduction 37 Apparatus 40 Theory 42 Procedure 49 Results 51 Nomenclature 52 Data 53 - Introduction 54 Apparatus 58 Procedure 60 Results 62 Data 63 3 4 5 W A T P T # C R # D E B N S B B R L L N L
Figure 1.3: Enthalpy-Entropy Diagram for Steam Thermal Efficiency The thermal efficiency of a plant is the ratio: However, the ways in which the useful work output and the heat input are measured is important and thermal efficiency can be misleading if the bases used are not clearly defined. For example, in a generating station the useful work output is electrical energy but in other applications the mechanical shaft power is the useful output. Similarly, the heat input may be taken as the quantity of fuel consumed multiplied by its lower heating value89 or it may be taken as the actual heat transferred from the combustion products to the working fluid. The thermal efficiency may be determined at any running condition but it is normal to use full load conditions, i.e. at maximum inlet pressure, minimum exhaust pressure and with the turbine load and speed for maximum power output. The useful work output from a steam plant usually does not take into account the work input to feed pump because this value is small in comparison to turbine work. Heat to Power Ratio Condensing Turbine For a given steam inlet condition, a turbine has its greatest power output when the exhaust pressure is at a minimum. A very low exhaust pressure (about 0.1 bar) can be obtained when a steam turbine discharges into a condenser cooled by water from the sea, a river or a cooling tower. Where the production of shaft power is only the consideration (as in most electricity generating stations) this is the normal exhaust arrangement. Assuming this exhaust pressure, the will condense at about 40°C and if the condenser heat transfer surface is to be compact as possible, the cooling water temperature must not exceed 35°C. Water leaving a condenser at this temperature is not generally regarded as useful and is usually rejected to the environment. Back Pressure Turbine Most energy consumers have a demand for both electrical power (for motors, lighting, consumer goods, etc.) and heat (for space heating, process heating, hot water, etc.). The ratio of heat to power varies considerably from one consumer to another, from one climate to another and according to the time of day and year. Where suitable conditions exist a back pressure turbine
A4 14,000 A5 8,000 B1* 4.5 -0.25 38,000 B2 30,000 B3 22,000 B4 14,000 B5 8,000 C1* 4.5 0 38,000 C2 30,000 C3 22,000 C4 14,000 C5 8,000 * Record all temperatures in the “Efficiencies” Data section. At Constant Exhaust Pressure But With Varying Pressure Test No. Turbine Inlet Pressure Turbine Exhaust Pressure Rotational Speed Brake Load Time for 200 cm3 Condensate [ bar g] [ bar g] [RPM] [N] [s] D1 4.0 -0.5 38,000 D2 30,000 D3 22,000 D4 14,000 D5 8,000
1 2 3 4 SINK PROPERTIES Test # CONDH2O [lbm/h] TH2OCND1 [°F] TH2OCND2 [°F] 1 2 3 4 SOURCE PROPERTIES Test # EVPH2O [lbm/h] TH2OEVP1 [°F] TH2OEVP2 [°F] 1 2 3 4
NO2 [ppm] NOx [ppm] Fuel Emissions (After Catalytic Converter) Emission Gas File Name STOCK ________.sfd +3 ________.sfd +5 ________.sfd -3 ________.sfd LIMPHOME ________.sfd % O2 % CO % CO2 HC x 10 [ppm] NO [ppm] NO2 [ppm] NOx [ppm] Date: ____________________ Section: _____________ Signature: ________________________