household pigeon peas and chicks. Villages: Each village received two soccer balls during the annual visit. Other ways of compensating villages included giving them a map of their village, a book on local plant knowledge (), and booklets on the cultivation of pigeon peas (, ). Tsimane’ Council: There was no annual compensation to the governing body of the Tsimane’, but we helped them prepare documents for the government and project proposals, and supplied them with computers, printers, and maps of the Tsimane’ territory. A problem common with the successful implementation of panel studies is panel fatigue. Study participants get tired of answering the same questions year after year. This produced at least three outcomes. First, some Tsimane’ refused to take part in some of the later surveys. Second, expectations of payment for taking part in the surveys increased and made the panel costlier. Third, some study participants might have answered “no” when asked about branching questions because they knew that answering “yes” would lead to more questions. During our presence in the field the volume of research by the TAPS team, by other research teams, by development agencies, and by public agencies increased. The increased volume put a strain on the Tsimane’ Council’s ability to monitor work in progress in the Tsimane’ territory. The increasing volume of research among the Tsimane’ led the Tsimane’ Council to establish new formalized procedures for granting permission to work in the area. Through the new procedures they enhanced the transparency and accountability of researchers and organizations working in their territory. Furthermore, the frequent shifts in the leadership of the Tsimane’ Council made it necessary for outsiders working in the area to re/communicate the purpose and results of their activities to the Tsimane’ Council.
Table 6. Panel studies conceived and executed by anthropologists in non-industrial rural societies Study name & Main reference Country Societies age Years & frequency (t) sample Outcome Time-varying covariates Data for public use & (requests) I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X Cultural [1] Gwembe Zambia Tonga All 1956/7, 1962/3, 1972/3, 1981/2, 1978/8, 1992 (6) 10000i, 4c NA Survey dateb (0) [2] change and diarrheal disease: A natural experiment town dwellers, & Chachis All 2003-13; 1 weekly (~3; 176 weeks)a 4196i, 21c 23%c Diarrhea & three marker pathogens Household network, exposure, hygiene, wealth, demographicsa Someb; (2) [3] TAPS Bolivia Tsimane’ All 2002-10; annual (9) 1453i, 13c Table 5 & text Many Wide range All; (~100) Biological [1] Solomon Islands (SI) [1a] [1b] PNG, Nasioib, Nagovisi, Aita, Lau, Baegu, Kwaio, Ulawa, Onton Java 0-19 y 1966-72 & (2) 1710 34% Lipids See note below; (2) 1966-72, 1985-86 (3) 45% BMI Blood pressure Age, muscle, adiposity, height [2] Ribeirinhos Longitudinal Study [2a] Mixed ethnicity river dwellers 0-77 2002 & 2009 (2) 469 56% ∆ in HAZ, WHZ, BMIZ, ZTSF, ZUMA ∆ in cash income, schooling, farming, See note below; (0) 16-59 30 33% ∆ in diet Manioc cultivation [3] IBP-HAP [3a] Canada Inuit 1969-70, 1989-90 (3) 118i 1c NAa Many biological outcomes Age, Unavailable age 5-17 1981-89 (2/year) 547i 1c Height, BMI, skinfold, handgrip Age i=individuals, c=communities. X=# of requests by third parties unaffiliated with study. Anthropometric Anthropometric