an essay. This means that your speech organization should have an (a) introduction, (b) a body (consisting of several points that you wish to make), (c) transitions (to move from one point to another), and (d) a conclusion. Physical Aspects Visual Aids Speech Organization ● Avoided reading from papers or notes as much as possible ● Made eye contact with the audience ● Used gestures ● Spoke clearly and with an attractive tone of ● Spoke loudly enough ● Used attractive visuals that might include photographs, notes or sketches, models, powerpoint slides, or web ● Explained them carefully ● Operated a-v equipment smoothly and effectively ● Introduction - Greeting - Overview of main points ● Body of the talk - 1st point examples - Transition - 2nd Examples - Transition - 3rd examples - Conclusion - Reminder of the 3 points - Thanking the audience Just as in IE discussions, transitions are important as you introduce new points. Introducing Moving Concluding Let me begin with… First of all… In the first place… To start off… Next… Now, I’d like to go to… Now, I’ll move to… Concerning… In conclusion… In summary… To sum up… Finally…
VIII. VOCABULARY AND THE IE THEMES Learning vocabulary is a very important part of learning a foreign language. To do that, you need to practice it. Use the vocabulary words from readings in Interchange 2 (4th ed.) and Interactions 2 (6th ed.) in your discussions, in your writing, and even in your journals or blogs. Vocabulary Check You can check your vocabulary level for TOEIC, Business English, and EIKEN at…http://www.wordengine.jp/vcheck. Another vocabulary check is at...http://www.er.uqam.ca/nobel/r21270/levels/.
Food - “I’ve Never Heard of That” (pp.22-27; Interchange14#,p.128) Grammar: 4# Simple past vs. present perfect (p.23); 10#Sequence adverbs(p.25) Vocabulary: bake, barbeque, boil, fry, roast, steam (p.24) “Globalization and Food” (pp.116-126; pp.133-134) Reading Skills: previewing the vocabulary, and the reading, finding the main idea, understanding the literal and figurative meanings of understanding outlines AND understanding inferences Vocabulary: (Previewing Vocabulary, p.118) (nouns) benefit, consumer, extinction, fuel, livestock, nutrients, obstacle, shift, staples; (verbs) contribute, shift; (adjectives) endangered, processed; (adverb) approximately, (expression) in turn Vocabulary: (Focusing on words from the academic word list, p.133) access, areas, chemicals, concept, consumers, globalization, processed, region, shift, traditional
Travel:“Going Places” values history (pp.30-35; Interchange 2# p.115 ) Grammar: 3# Future with be going to and will (p.31); 7# Modals for necessity, suggestion (p.33) Vocabulary: (4# Word Power, p.32): ATM card, backpack, carry-on bag, cash, credit card, kit, hiking boots, medication, passport, plane tickets, sandals, student ID, suitcase, swimsuit, vaccination “The Silk Road: Art and Archeology” (pp.168-179; p.193) Reading Skills: previewing the vocabulary, and the reading checking your understanding, getting meaning from context, recognizing summaries in a reading, understanding outlines, making inferences AND focusing on words from the academic word list Vocabulary: (Previewing Vocabulary, p.171) archeology, architecture, armor, calligraphy, caves, destination, documents, fabric, frescoes, mausoleums, merchants, mosques, network, oasis, pitcher, silk, spices, statues, decorated, depict, flowered, spread, (adjectives) exquisite, fertility, holy, significant, vast, (expression)to this end Vocabulary: (Focusing on words from the academic word list, p.193) continue, culture, founded, project, region, routes, technology, traditional
The Workplace – “I Hate Working on Weekends” (pp.64-69; Interchange 10#, p.124 ) Grammar: 3# Gerunds; short Responses (p.65); 10# Clauses with because (p.68) Vocabulary: (8# Word Power, p.67): creative, critical, disorganized, efficient, forgetful, generous, hardworking, impatient, level-headed, moody, punctual, reliable, strict (pp.67, 69) “Looking for Work in the 21st Century” (pp.81-91) Reading Skills: previewing the topic, skimming for the topic and the main idea understanding pronoun reference, summarizing focusing on from the academic word list, understanding adjective and noun phrases, creating adjective and noun phrases, understanding compound words, creating compound words and phrases faster reading speed Vocabulary: (Focusing on the Academic word list, p.86) areas, benefits, computer, creating, economy, enormous, job, job security, jobs, labor, secure, temporary, traditionally, varies
Geography – “It’s Really Seeing” cultural geography nature remarkable places (pp.72-77; Interchange 5A#, 5B#,p.118, p.120) Grammar: 3# Passive with by (p.73); 9# Passive without by (p.75) Vocabulary: (7# Word p.74) cattle, corn, electronics, goats, lobsters, micro chips, oysters, sheep, shrimp, soybeans,textiles, wheat - two apartments/books/cities/countries /energy resources genders/hobbies/ houses/Japanese Prime Ministers or other political leaders/movies/novels/ part-time jobs/ pop stars/pictures/ seasons/songs/sports teams/ transportation/TV dramas
Cross-Cultural Values – “Let’s Celebrate!” cultural values behavior, customs (pp. 50-55; Interchange 8#, p.122) Grammar: 4# Relative clauses of time (p.51); 10# Adverbial clauses of time (p.54) Vocabulary: (5# Word Power, p.50) eat, give, go to, have, play, send, watch, wear “Fashion: Art of the Body” (pp.180-192) Reading Skills: identifying main by analyzing details, indentifying the topic and main idea recognizing words with similar meanings, understanding general and specific words, understanding connotations, choosing appropriate words, writing words with similar meanings, recognizing words in phrases Vocabulary: (p.189, p.190) aspect, bias, depict, ethnocentrism, express, ignorant, inhuman, indicate, irrational, learn, liberal, memorize, study; cosmetics, crime, dye, lipstick, traveler, theft attractive, beautiful, chubby, emaciated, fat, good-looking gorgeous, heavy, hideous, obese, overweight, plain, plump pretty skinny, slender, slim, ugly
All the work was over. The began to move. Slowly we made our way downstream. Michael Jackson died suddenly. He was preparing for his comeback tour. The tour was called “This is It.” It was going to be his last tour for his fans. 9. People argued whether “The Hurt Locker” was a better movie than “Avatar.” The first film was set in war-time Iraq. The second film was set in outer space in the future. IEIII Exercise: Combine the following sentences: We rose at dawn. We made breakfast. We started the car. We set out at once for the town. He set out on a dangerous journey. He set out in spring. He took just 30 men with him. The unicorn is a mythical beast. The unicorn is the subject of ancient myths. It is also the subject of legends in Europe. It in forests. It could only be captured by young girls. Shakespeare was one of the greatest dramatists in the world. His birthplace was Stratford- Upon-Avon. He was born in 1564. Each student brought his registration form to the office. The principal gave them advice. They were to read the form carefully before answering it. Their answers were to be complete and accurate. The hikers were on a campground. They were not allowed to build a fire. The forest was too dry. It hadn't rained for several There was a danger of a forest fire. climb up Mt. Fuji was difficult. It was exhausting. It was dangerous. There was a great view from the mountaintop. It made the climb seem worthwhile. The boy was He looked dirty and tired. He had not eaten for some time. He was standing on the corner of Cordova Street. "Got any spare change?" he asked. VII. TRANSITIONS & COHERENCE A good paragraph has coherence. Coherence is the way in which the topic sentence, examples, and conclusion, all fit together in a unified, coherent whole. Good transitions, words or phrases, help hold these parts together. The most common transitions have these functions: (1) adding information, (2) providing examples, (3) sequencing a list, (4) comparing and contrasting, (5) reversing earlier points, (6) showing consequences, (7) concluding. Transitions are very important in paragraphs and essays.