system that can support loads all the time including emergency situations such as outages, using storage devices is mandatory. Microgrids The distribution system provides major opportunities for smart grid concepts. One way to approach distribution system problems is to rethinking our distribution system to include the integration of high levels of distributed energy resources, using microgrid concepts. Basic objectives are improved reliability, promote high penetration of renewable sources, dynamic islanding, and improved generation efficiencies through the use of waste heat. Managing significant levels of distributed energy resources (DERs) with a wide and dynamic set of resources and control points can become overwhelming. The best way to manage such a system is to break the distribution system down into small clusters or microgrids, with distributed optimizing controls coordinating microgrids. The Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions (CERTSs) concept views grouped generation and associated loads as a grid resource or a microgrid. The clustered sources and loads can operate in parallel to the grid or as an island. This grid resource can disconnect from the utility during events (i.e., outage, faults, voltage collapses), but may also intentionally disconnect when the quality of power from the grid falls below certain standards[25]. Economic, technology and environmental incentives are changing the face of electricity generation and transmission. Centralized generating facilities are giving way to smaller, more distributed energy resources partially due to the loss of traditional economies of scale. Distributed Energy Resources (DER) encompasses a wide range of prime mover technologies, such as internal combustion (IC) engines, gas turbines, microturbines, photovoltaic systems, fuel cells, wind-power and ac storage. Most emerging technologies such as microturbines, photovoltaic systems, fuel cells and ac storage have an inverter to interface with the electrical distribution system. These emerging technologies have lower emissions and the potential to have lower cost negating traditional economies of scale. The
(10) Diesel Generator According to the available two diesel generators are anticipated for emergency goals, however the main goal is to minimizing the usage of the generator because of the environmental considerations. In addition, in the model it is obligated to use the diesel generators just in the emergency cases such as outage for long time. According to different emergency scenarios the capacity of the tank is determined for the worst case scenario which is the one week of supplying the whole site, so 200 hours is forecasted for the tank capacity determination. By using (11) diesel generation is calculated. Total cost of the diesel gen contains the capital cost and operation cost of the diesel gen is derived by (12). In (12) is the consumption rate of diesel gen in and is the cost per gallon in. (11) (12) Storage One important aspect of using renewable energy is reliability. Since most of the renewable sources are intermittent, it is important to have storage backup. In the proposed design, it is focused on battery sizing. Solar energy is available during the day and even during the day it is not guaranteed that panels will get full solar irradiance because of shading, dirt and bad weather condition. A similar behavior is exhibited by wind power generation due to variability of wind speed throughout the day and night. So it is important to have extra energy stored in batteries for night time usage. Furthermore, when having battery storage, it is sometimes more economical to buy electricity from the main grid and store it to use during peak periods. Increased reliability of the overall system is another advantage of buying and storing electricity.
References [1] F. C. P. L, “★COP21 Agreement,” vol. 21930, no. December, 2015. [2] IATA, “IATA Annual Review 2015,” 2015. [3] N. Hatziargyriou, H. Asano, R. Iravani, and C. Marnay, “An Overview of Ongoing Research, Development, and Demonstration Projects 78,” no. august, 2007. [4] J. a P. Lopes, C. L. Moreira, and a. G. Madureira, “Defining control strategies for microgrids islanded operation,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 2006. [5] L. Martirano, S. Fornari, A. Di Giorgio, and F. Liberati, “A case study of a commercial/residential microgrid integrating cogeneration and electrical local users,” 12th Int. Conf. Environ. Electr. Eng. EEEIC 2013, pp. 363–368, 2013. [6] G. T. Heydt, L. F. Ieee, J. P. Zheng, M. Ieee, S. J. Dale, and F. Ieee, “Energy Delivery and Management ( FREEDM ) System : The Energy Internet,” 2010. [7] B. R. H. Lasseter, “Smart Distribution : Coupled Microgrids,” vol. 99, no. 6, 2011. [8] R. Cespedes and I. Xplore, “Capturing Grid Power 32,” no. august, pp. 32–41, 2009. [9] J. Shen, S. Dusmez, and a Khaligh, “Optimization of Sizing and Battery Cycle Life in Battery/UC Hybrid Energy Storage System for Electric Vehicle Applications,” Ind. Informatics, IEEE Trans., vol. PP, no. 99, p. 1, 2014. [10] L. Lu, “Battery Management System,” no. June, pp. 4–16, 2010.
[41] U. D. of Energy, “2008 Solar Technologies Market Report,” US Dep. Energy Energy Effic. Renew. Energy, no. January, p. 131, 2010. [42] IRENA, “Renewable Energy Technologies: Cost Analysis Series - Wind Power,” vol. 1, no. 5, p. 64, 2012. [43] N. Fichaux, J. Beurskens, P. H. Jensen, and J. Wilkes, “Design limits and solutions for very large wind turbines: A 20 MW turbine is feasible,” UpWind, no. March, pp. 1–108, 2011. [44] IEA Wind, 2010 Annual Report. 2011. [45] IEA Wind, 2009 Annual Report. 2009. [46] A. Ho(EWEA) and A. Mbistrova(EWEA), “The European Offshore Wind Industry: Key Trends and Statistics 1st Half 2015,” no. January, pp. 1–6, 2015. [47] S. Krohn, P.-E. Morthorst, S. Awerbuch, and The European Wind Energy Association, “The economics of wind energy,” Int. J. Energy Technol. Policy, vol. 3, p. 158, 2005. [48] M. I. Blanco, “The economics of wind energy,” Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 13, no. 6–7, pp. 1372–1382, 2009. [49] Wind Energy Association, “Annual 2012 report,” Ue, 2012. [50] P. Komor and J. Glassmaire, “Electricity Storage and Renewables for Island Power,” no. May, p. 2012. [51] T. Nguyen and R. F. Savinell, “Flow batteries,” Electrochem. Soc. Interface, pp. 54–56, 2010. [52] D. Rastler and EPRI, “Electricity Energy Storage Technology Options,” p. 170, 2010. [53] Commission for Environmental Cooperation, North American Power Plant Air
Emissions. 2005. [54] T. Ackermann, G. Andersson, and L. Söder, “Distributed generation: A definition,” Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 195–204, 2001. [55] I. and E. R. Larsen, “From planning to strategy in the electricity industry,” Fuel Energy Abstr., vol. 43, no. 4, p. 265 –, 2002. [56] N. D. Strachan, “Emissions from Distributed Generation Carnegie Mellon University Contact : afarrell@cmu.edu.” [57] US EPA, “3.4 Large Stationary Diesel And All Stationary Dual-fuel Engines,” Compil. Air Pollut. Emiss. Factors, Vol. I Station. Point Area Sources, AP-42, p. 11, 1996. [58] “What is Systems Engineering.” [Online]. Available: http://www.incose.org/AboutSE/WhatIsSE. [Accessed: 23-Mar-2016]. [59] B. S. Blanchard and W. J. Fabrycky, “Systems Engineering and Analysis,” p. 804, 2006. [60] US Department of Defense Systems Management College, “Systems Engineering Fundamentals,” 22060-5565, no. January, p. 222, 2001. [61] H. Hoffmann, “Systems Engineering Best Practice with the Rational Solution for Systems and Software Engineering.” [62] C. Ragsdale, Spreadsheet Modeling & Decision Analysis: A Practical Introduction to Management Science. 2010. [63] G. S. Parnell, P. J. Driscoll, and D. L. Henderson, Decision Making in Systems Engineering and Management. John & Sons, 2011. [64] “Optimization Problem Types - Mixed-Integer and Constraint Programming | solver.” [Online]. Available: [Accessed: 23-Mar-2016].