3.Choosing emotions to target wisely Tapping into emotions or feelings as a catalyst for changing attitudes and behaviours While collective guilt is related to not feeling prejudice, because few people report collective guilt (because it is an aversive emotion) less appropriate to tap into More appropriate to encourage empathy, compassion or moral outrage as these are ‘other focused’…described as aiming for participants to ‘walk in somebody else’s shoes’ 4.Emphasise commonality and different Not only emphasising similarity between ‘ingroups’ and ‘outgroups’ but also acknowledging difference as valuable and a source of strength Need to emphasise disadvantage as well as different (ie not a level playing field) Incorporate a decentring of the mainstream Australia as the implicit norm with which all other groups should be compared. 5.Meet local needs in the design and delivery of the intervention (context matters) Local needs need to be taken into account (doing something in USA needs a different strategy to something in Kalgoorlie). Factors such as age, education, how many people of a particular arginalized group lives around the area are important considerations Interventions are more likely to be effective when specific about needs of locality, and time has been spent with local communities to learn about their situations Some mechanisms, such as consensus effects (see 6.) and white privilege (see 10) are more applicable in some locations than others.
6. Using cognitive dissonance with respect to egalitarian values but prejudiced views Pointing out incompatibility among beliefs can be influential in reducing prejudice. Does not involve giving new information but highlights incompatible information Promising but may not always be useful as people can readily hold apparently contradictory beliefs if the issue is not important to the perceiver, why bother reconciling inconsistencies Dissonance may be more effective with highly prejudiced individuals Factors that enhance the effectiveness include recognition of inappropriate past behavior, commitment to appropriate future behavior and declarations of non-prejudice to others, especially in public.7 7.Invoking positive social norms (prejudice is more likely to be reduced when clear social norms exist Based on research that highly prejudiced individuals are significantly more likely to overestimate their support in the community…and that believing oneself to be in the majority can lead to people being more forthright in their opinions and less willing to compromise or modify their views. Giving feedback to people that their negative views were not consensually shared and/or hearing another person oppose racism publically can reduce racism/prejudice 8. Arranging appropriate contact with the ‘outgroup’ Based on the ;contact hypothesis’ that arranging inter-group (where people from mainstream for example meet with or are exposed to people from a minority or non-Western culture) contact under the right circumstances is useful in combating prejudice Research has found that contact does not always lead to positive attitudes. Severe disadvantage for example, means some people engage in what might be considered behavior and this can be responsible for contact in isolation being unable to reduce prejudice While representations of marginalized voices could be included in training, care must be taken to ensure cultural safety for those involved directly in training. The primary responsibility lies with the perpetrators, not the groups that are negatively targeted to rectify issues of prejudice
9.Addressing identity issues Addressing racism and prejudice requires reflecting on our own identity. Two identities have been linked to prejudice. National Identity and the hidden identity of Whiteness The discourse of nationalism is frequently used to undermine the legitimacy of minority group identifications, with minorities viewed as divisive and threatening In Australia, people who score higher on nationalism are more prejudiced against Indigenous Australians, asylum seekers and muslim Australians Useful for antii-prejudice training to examine the meaning of being ‘Australian’and how inclusive this is 10.Finding alternate talk The role of language in maintaining relationships, people often increase or maintain their relationship status by using prejudiced conversations or jokes Need further research on conversation skills or strategies that are effective in dealing with prejudiced talk. See bystander intervention section. 11.Taking into account function of attitudes such as values and experience Participants values, their experiences and what they learn indirectly are important sources of attitudes Addressing people’s violated personal values, and working with indirect sources of experience (such as the media and social networks) to change prejudice attitudes. 12.Use multiple voices from multiple disciplines. It is preferable to have multiple voices from multiple disciplines and repeating major points Prejudice and racism need to be tackled from a number or angles and any one discipline does not have all the answers. 13.Interventions are more likely to be successful if there is the time to go into depth into the issues. Having time to reflect on issues is important. A longer format for interventions has been found to be more effective.