Table 4 − Reviewed ICT services Possible areas of improvement Selected 14 services Transportation Virtual meetings Reduced building space through design HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) automation Home energy management system Building energy management system Remote appliance power management Voltage optimization Real-time navigation Bus information system E-logistics Telepresence Smart work Home energy management system Smart grid E-health care E-learning E-commerce E-government E-civil service Digital contents Smart motor Smart work Smarter transport infrastructure GPS route and fleet management Smart building Planning and construction Telecommuting Virtual office On-board telematics Loading optimization Real-time freight management Intelligent transportation system Personalized public transport GPS navigation system Street light switching Synchronized traffic and alert system Smart appliances Smart occupancy controls Intelligent building controls Smart meters Commerce & services E-commerce E-commerce Online banking Web taxation/Online billing E-book/e-paper Online media/Digital music Government for citizen E-health Online learning Dematerialization of goods E-government E-health E-learning Production & energy supply systems Advanced sensors and controls Smart motor Remote supply control Energy network monitoring Increased renewable energy Smart meter: Grid loading optimization WiFi-stock & flow Energy generation Electricity distribution conference
5 Second order effects of GHG emission abatement by ICT services (use stage) To estimate the impacts of using ICT services to achieve GHG abatement, the potential of 14 ICT enablers was assessed: real-time navigation (RTN), bus information system, e-logistics, telepresence, home energy management system (HEMS), smart grid, e-commerce, e-government, e-civil service, e-health care, digital contents, smart motor, e-learning, and smart work. The list of the services and sectors affected by adopting these ICT enablers is detailed in Table 5. Table 5 − Measurement and quantification by sectors Possible areas ICT enablers Sectors potentially affected by ICT enablers Transport Buildings Industry Transportation Real-time navigation Reduced fuel consumption Not applicable Not applicable Transportation Bus information system Reduced fuel consumption Not applicable Not applicable Transportation E-logistics Reduced fuel consumption Not applicable Not applicable Transportation Telepresence Reduced fuel consumption Not applicable Not applicable Transportation Smart work Reduced fuel consumption Reduced energy consumption Not applicable Smart building Home energy management system Not applicable Reduced energy consumption Not applicable Smart building Smart grid Not applicable Reduced energy consumption Reduced energy consumption Commerce/ Services E-learning Reduced fuel consumption Reduced energy consumption Not applicable Commerce/ Services E-commerce Reduced fuel consumption Reduced energy consumption Not applicable Commerce/ Services E-government Reduced fuel consumption Reduced energy consumption Reduced energy consumption Commerce/ Services E-civil service Reduced fuel consumption Reduced energy consumption Not applicable Commerce/ Services E-health care Reduced fuel consumption Not applicable Not applicable Commerce/ Services Digital contents Not applicable Not applicable Reduced paper consumption Production Smart motor Not applicable Not applicable Reduced electricity consumption 5.1 Estimated GHG emission reductions by each ICT service
5.1.8 E-government Definition and the expected effects The Korean government has been promoting e-government since the early 2000s. According to the e government project report, e-government falls into three main sectors: work efficiency, civil service, and organizational democracy. In this report, the impacts of ICT on administrative affairs are demonstrated in two parts: e-government service and e-civil service, respectively. E-civil service is explained in clause 5.1.9. E-government, defined as G2G (government-to-government) is the service which aims to process government tasks between public organizations, administrative offices, and local governments so as to accomplish a paperless workplace and improve productivity and efficiency. It also induces informatization of whole processes from producing official documents to archiving them. By expanding e-document usage to almost all public offices and encouraging employees to send and receive e-documents, it is predicted that time and money will be saved and work efficiency will be improved. Regarding work efficiency, egovernment has been expected to eliminate unnecessary work processes, simplify complicated processes, and integrate duplicated work. In this report, government tasks in G2G are considered by reducing visits, fuel and electricity consumption and by having a paperless environment. Table 20 − Expected effects by e-government Types of effects Positive effects Negative effects GHG emission First order effects N/A Emission generated by manufacturing and using e-government equipment (+) Increase Second order effects As travel distances of people who visit administrative agencies to acquire documents decreases, the relevant GHG emission is reduced Since the number of people who visit agencies decreases, electricity consumption in buildings is reduced By sharing information through digital documents, paper use is reduced N/A (-) Decrease Other effects Paper reduction can lead to divestment in manufacturing industry and reduce related GHG emission Any efficiency may be exploited to increase work-load. (-) Decrease * Positive effects describe energy and GHG emissions reduction, and negative effects refer to increase in energy consumption and GHG emissions. Scope and scenarios As mentioned, only document exchanges between government and administrative offices are considered in this report. In order to estimate the amount of reduced energy consumption by e-government, the number of information exchanges related to provision among government departments was set at 66.8 million,