Table : Estimation results, all movies critically reviewed and with previous week’s Helsinki admission, n = 205 Model OLS without group dummy variables LSDV, Fixed effects model (FEM) Random effects model (REM) Screens 0,642 (0,050)*** 0,740 (0,103)*** 0,866 (0,052)*** Ticket Price 0,052 (0,529) -0,976 (0,313)** -0,880 (0,301)** Weeks eince released -0,284 (0,076)*** -1,150 (0,059)*** -0,959 (0,054)*** Previous weekäs attendance in Helsinki 0,545 (0,060)*** 0,125 (0,034)*** 0,184 (0,033)*** Constant 3,129 (1,117)* 8,167 (0,665)*** Depending variable is log of weekly admissions, n = 205 Standard deviations in parenthesis Adjusted R-sq 0,841 0,971 0,777 F-test 268,51*** 74,02*** Diagnostic LL 376,61*** 792,65*** Test statistics for the Classical Model Constant term only (1) Log Likelihood = -322,30 LM test vs Model (3) 72,04*** Group effects only (2) LL = -141,72 Hausman test (FEM vs REM): 70,56*** X– variables only (3) LL = -133,99 X-and group effects (4) LL = 74,02 Hypothesis tests (2) vs (1) LR test 361,16*** F test 11,69*** (3) vs (1) 376,60*** 268,51*** (4) vs (1) 792,65*** 106,18*** (4) vs (2) 431,48*** 255,71*** (4) vs (3) 416,04*** 15,62***
On the other hand there is some evidence of both price elastic and price inelastic demand in British football (Simmons 1996). Simmons argues that there is a remarkable difference between season ticket holders and occasional spectators that buy the ticket at the gate. Season ticket holders have lower price sensitivity than occasional spectators. Negative income elasticity or positive effect of unemployment rate on attendance has been found in several studies: Baimbridge, Cameron and Dawson (1996) with British football; Borland and Lye (1992) with Australian football; Falter and Perignon (2000) with football in France but also a positive coefficient with home town incomes in some sports, like basketball in the USA (NBA, Coates and Humpreys 2007) or baseball in the USA (MLB, Depken 2000 or Coates and Harrison 2005) or football in the USA (NFL, Depken 2001). Some games are played outdoors and some indoors and therefore temperature or weather conditions might have different effects on attendance. Especially weather conditions have been shown to have an effect on sports attendance outdoors. Baimbridge, Cameron and Dawson (1995) and Jones, Schofield and Giles (2000) have shown that high temperature and rainless conditions have a positive effect on rugby football attendance in the UK. Spanish football attracts a larger audience when the weather is favorable (Garcia and Rodriguez 2002) which is valid with Australian football (Borland and Lye 1992) or Finnish football (Iho and Heikkilä 2008). During spring the attendance is larger in football in France (Falter and Perignon 2000). When it is raining or snowing the attendance is lower in college football (National College Athletic Association, NCAA, DeSchriver and Jensen 2002). To the contrary Carmichael, Millington and Simmons (1999) show that low temperature is associated with higher attendance in rugby football. Elsewhere Baimbridge, Cameron and Dawson (1996) find no statistical association between weather conditions and British football. Wilson and Sim (1995) show that at the beginning of the season the attendance is higher than later in football in Malaysia.