almost certain that it is her boss. Wondering whether her clarification was good enough, she picks it up and finds that one of her friends wants to know if she would go out shopping after work. Jessica gets excited reading that and they keep texting each other the whole time until the class ends. This is a scenario that us although the interruption was unnecessary in a way that it could have been dealt with later after class, but still Jessica liked it and kept going with it. She lost the valuable portion of the lecture which is very important for the upcoming exam. Her school ends for the day and Jessica is in a hurry to go to her office. Before she leaves, she puts her phone on loud ring. While she is driving, Jessica gets a call. She tries to get it out of her purse while driving with one hand. On the freeway, while she was attempting to reach the phone, she gets slightly out of the lane and the car behind honks to alert her. Jessica realizes the mistake and gives up reaching for the phone up until she reaches the parking lot of her office. Although nothing bad happened in this scenario, presumably that is not the case all the time. We already mentioned that a number of road accidents that occur due to cell phones are becoming more and more common. At the office while Jessica is presenting, her friend again texts her to know whether Jessica will be able to pick her up from her house. Jessica forgot to put the phone in silent mode and now she looks really embarrassed. She apologizes and turns her cell phone off. But her boss becomes a bit annoyed at her and thinks she still needs to improve on her professionalism.
Cost Of [6] X X X Systems [19] X X X Context Aware Approach [24] X X Attention Sensitive [25] X X Bayesian Approach [49, 50] X X X This Thesis X X X X X X Table : Comparison table The above table compares this thesis with previous prominent works that have been done to tackle the same problem. Most of the earlier works delved into finding the
according to his/her calendar entry, the employee is supposed to be out from a meeting half an hour ago. To keep brevity of the things, we now denote the probability of a context as the probability of a context in against of a notification. So a high probability outcome will mean not to make any disruption. A P(CL) = 0.8 gives a high probability of employee being busy but a moderate P(CS) = 0.4 denotes the employee may be eligible to receive the notification. This is a perfect conflicting scenario to apply Dempster-Shafer theory. If we prefer to go with the location context, then the probability of Non-Interruption based on Location P(NIL) becomes P(NIL) = [P(CL) * P(CS’)] / [1 – (P(CL) * P(CS))] = [(0.8) * (0.6)] / [1 – (0.8) * (0.4)] ≈ 0.7 Here, P(CS’) is simply the complement of the probability P(CS). So CL puts a high 0.7 degrees of belief toward not interrupting. Likewise, if we go with the schedule context, the probability of non-interruption based on schedule becomes P(NIS) = [(0.4) * (0.2)] / [1 – (0.4) * (0.8)] ≈ 0.1 This suggests a low degree of belief toward non-interruption or a high degree of belief toward interruption. The probability that we cannot interrupt based on neither of these contexts, P(NIO) is P(NIO) = 1 – (0.7 + 0.1) = 0.2 This is inside the range of 0.1 and 0.7. So the bound Dempster-Shafer Theory puts on no-interruption scenario here is [0.1 0.7] instead of traditional probability bound of [0 1].
50. Turney P., “Robust Classification with Context-Sensitive Features”, in the 6th International Conference on Industrial and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems, 1993. 51. Yu Zhiwen, Zhou Xingshe, Zhang Daqing, Chin Chung-Yau, Wang Xiaohang and Men Ji, “Supporting context-aware media recommendations for smart phones”, Pervasive Computing, IEEE, Volume 5, Issue 3, 2006, pp. 68 – 75. 52. Ziebart, B. D., Roth, D., Campbell, R. H., and Dey, A. K., “Learning Automation Policies for Pervasive Computing Environments”, In Proceedings of the Second international Conference on Automatic Computing, June 13 - 16, 2005, pp. 53. Zulkernain S., Stamm K., Madiraju P. and Ahamed S. I., “A Context Aware Interruption Management System for Mobile Devices”, in the proceedings of the third International ICST Conference on MOBILe Wireless MiddleWARE, Operating Systems, and Applications (Mobilware), 2010 (Springer Lecture Notes of ICST). 54. Zulkernain S., Stamm K., Madiraju P. and Ahamed S.I., “A Mobile Intelligent Interruption Management System”, in Journal of Universal Computer Science, Vol. 16, No. 15, 2010, pp. 2060-2080. 55. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 56. Disruptive communication and attentive productivity, 57. International Telecommunication Union, 58. MIT press release, 59. Cross-cultural cell phone study, 60. Statistics and about distracted driving, 61. App Store Metrics, 62. Dempster-Shafer Theory, 63. Cell phone accidents, APPENDIX