Lab 4: Introduction to skeletal and nervous systems 55-79) Quiz #3: Integumentary system Objectives: Describe the composition if bone tissue Describe the microscopic structure of compact bone Be able to identify structures listed on models and under microscope Describe the 3 parts of the neuron List the main divisions of the nervous system Describe the functions of the various neuroglias Skeletal system skeleton: skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, ribs and sternum Appendicular skeleton: Pectoral girdle: clavicle, scapula Upper extremity: humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges Pelvic girdle: hip bone Lower extremity: femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges Composition of Bone Tissue Organic material Collagenous fibers Inorganic material Hydroxyapatite Bone Shapes Long bone Short bones Flat Irregular Bone Morphology Epiphyses Diaphysis Articular cartilage Epiphyseal Epiphyseal line Compact bone
Inferior Serratus Posterior Spinous processes of the lower two thoracic and the upper two or three lumbar vertebrae Lower borders of the bottom four ribs Pulls ribs down, resisting pull of diaphragm T9-T12 Splenius Spinous processes of inferior cervical and superior thoracic vertebrae Mastoid process, occipital bone, and transverse processes of superior cervical vertebrae Extension of the head and neck; lateral flexion and rotation of the head and neck Cervical spinal nerves Scalenes Anterior Middle Posterior Transverse processes of C3-C6 Transverse processes of C2-C7 Transverse processes of C4-C6 1st rib 1st rib 2nd rib and middle: elevates 1st rib, flexes neck forward and laterally, rotates neck Post: elevates 2nd rib, flexes neck laterally, slightly rotates neck Cervical spinal C3-C8.
MUSCLES OF THORACIC WALL ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION NERVE Diaphragm Internal surfaces of xiphoid process and inferior 6 ribs; anterior surfaces of vertebrae L1, L2 and L3 Centra tendon of the diaphragm Increases volume of thoracic cavity by pulling central tendon inferiorly Phrenic nerves (C3-C5) External intercostals Inferior border of rib above Superior border of rib below Elevates rib cage during normal inspiration Intercostal Internal intercostals Superior border of rib below Inferior border of rib Depresses rib cage during forced expiration Intercostal Pectoralis major Medial half of clavicle, sternum, costal cartilages, aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique Lateral lip of intertubercular groove of humerus Flexion, medial rotation and adduction of the arm Lateral and medial pectoral Pectoralis Anterior surface of ribs 3 to 5 Coracoid process of scapula Depression and inferior rotation of scapula Medial pectoral MUSCLES OF THE ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION NERVE
Rectus abdominis Pubis symphysis and crest of pubis Xiphoid process and cartilages of ribs 5 to 7 Flexion of vertebral column; stabilizes pelvis during walking; compresses abdomen to aid in defecation, urination, forced exhalation. Intercostal 7 to 12 External abdominal oblique External surface of lower 8 ribs alba; pubic crest; pubic tubercle; iliac crest Rotation and lateral flexion of trunk; increases intraabdominal pressure during forced expiration Intercostals 8 to 12, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal Internal abdominal oblique Lateral half of inguinal ligament, anterior iliac crest and thoracolumbar fascia Lower four ribs, linea alba and by conjoined tendon to pubis Compresses abdomen, and flex vertebral column; acting singly, laterally flex vertebral column Intercostals 8 to 12, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal Transverse abdominis Lateral third of inguinal ligament, anterior iliac crest, and thoracolumbar fascia alba, pubis crest Compresses abdomen and Increases intraabdominal pressure during forced expiration Intercostals 7 to 12, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal MUSCLES OF THE SHOULDER AND ARM ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION Deltoid lateral third of clavicle, acromion process and spine of scapula Deltoid tuberosity of humerus Anterior fibers: medial rotation and flexion of arm Middle fibers: abduction of arm Posterior fibers: lateral rotation and extension of arm Axillary
Flexor pollicis longus Middle half of radius, interosseous membrane, coronoid process of ulna Distal phalanx of thumb Flexes thumb and wrist Median Palmaris longus Medial epicondyle of the humerus Palmar aponeurosis Weak flexion of Median MUSCLES OF POSTEROLATERAL FOREARM ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION NERVE Brachioradialis Lateral supracondylar ridge Styloid process of radius Flexes forearm Radial Extensor radialis longus Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus Second metacarpal Extends and abducts wrist Radial Extensor carpi radialis brevis Lateral epicondyle of humerus Third metacarpal Extends and abducts wrist Radial Extensor digitorum Lateral epicondyle of humerus Distal and middle phalanges of each finger Extends fingers and hand Radial Extensor digiti minimi Lateral epicondyle of humerus Tendon of extensor digitorum on fifth phalanx Extends 5th and hand Radial Extensor carpi ulnaris Lateral epicondyle of humerus and posterior border of ulna metacarpal Extends and adducts hand at wrist joint Radial Abductor pollicis longus Posterior surface of ulna and radius, and interosseous membrane First metacarpal Abducts and extends thumb Radial Extensor pollicis brevis Posterior surface of middle of radius and interosseous membrane Base of proximal phalanx of thumb Extends thumb Radial
Gracilis Body and inferior ramus of pubic bone Medial surface of tibia near the knee joint Adducts thigh at hip joint, medially rotates thigh, and flexes leg at knee joint. Obturator Pectineus Superior ramus of pubis Just inferior to the lesser trochanter Adducts and flexes thigh, assists with medial rotation of thigh Femoral MUSCLES OF THE POSTERIOR LEG ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION NERVE Tibialis posterior Posterior surfaces of tibia and fibula; interosseous membrane Navicular, with slips to cuneiform; cuboid; metatarsals 2-4 Plantar flexion and inversion of foot Tibial Flexor digitorum longus Posterior surface of tibia Distal phalanges of digits 2-5 Plantar flexion of foot; flexion of toes Tibial Flexor hallucis longus Posterior surface of fibula; interosseous membrane Distal phalanx of great toe Plantar flexion of foot; flexion of great toe Tibial Soleus Head of fibula; posterior surface of fibula; medial aspect of tibia With gastrocnemius into calcaneus via calcaneal tendon Plantar flexion of foot Tibial Gastrocnemius Medial and lateral condyles of With soleus into calcaneus via calcaneal tendon Plantar flexion of foot; flexion of the leg Tibial Popliteus Lateral surface of lateral condyle Posterior surface of tibia just below condyles Flexion of leg; medial rotation of leg to unlock knee prior to leg flexion Tibial Plantaris Lateral supracondylar line of femur Posterior calcaneus via calcaneal tendon Assists in plantar flexion of foot and flexion of leg Tibial
MUSCLES OF THE ANTEROLATERAL LEG AND DORSUM OF THE FOOT ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION Tibialis anterior Lateral condyle and lateral surface of tibia and interosseous membrane Base of first cuneiform and first metatarsal Dorsiflexes and inverts foot Deep fibular Extensor hallucis longus Anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane Distal phalanx of toe Dorsiflexes foot and extends great toe Deep fibular Extensor digitorum longus Lateral condyle of tibia; medial surface of fibula & interosseous membrane Middle and distal phalanges of digits 2-5 Dorsiflexes foot and extends toes Deep fibular Fibularis longus Head and lateral surface of fibula First metatarsal and first cuneiform and Eversion of foot Superficial fibular Fibularis brevis Lateral surface of fibula Fifth metatarsal Eversion of foot Superficial fibular Extensor digitorum brevis Dorsal surface of calcaneus By four tendons into extensor expansion Extends toes Deep fibular Extensor hallucis brevis Medial surface of calcaneus Proximal phalanx of great toe Extends toes Deep fibular MUSCLES OF THE SOLE OF THE FOOT ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION NERVE Abductor hallucis Tuberosity of calcaneus Medial aspect of proximal phalanx of great toe Abducts and flexes great toe; supports medial longitudinal arch Medial plantar Flexor digitorum brevis Tuberosity of calcaneus By four tendons into middle phalanx of lateral four toes Flexes lateral four toes Medial plantar