4 Limit Maximum Real Power: Limit maximum real power output at an ECP or the PCC upon a direct command from the utility The utility issues a direct command to limit the maximum real power output at the ECP or PCC. The reason might be that unusual or emergency conditions are causing reverse flow into the feeder’s substation or because the total DER real power output on the feeder is greater than some percentage of total load. The command might be an absolute watt value or might be a percentage of DER output. This function is feasible only if the ICT infrastructure is available. It might also be used to ensure fairness across many DER systems. Autonomous Local: Monitor real power output at PCC ICT: Utility issues a command to limit the real power output at the ECP or PCC H H O Larger DERs or large groups of DERs where ICT capabilities are available 5 Set Real Power: Set actual real power output at the ECP or PCC The utility either presets or issues a direct command to set the actual real power output at the ECP or PCC (constant export/import if load changes; constant watts if no load). The reason might be to establish a base or known generation level without the need for constant monitoring. This is the approach often used today with synchronous generators. This function is feasible only if the ICT infrastructure is available. Meter reads could provide 15-minute energy by the end of the day could provide production information for operational planning. Autonomous Local: Monitor real power output at PCC. ICT: utility issues a command to modify the real power output at the ECP or PCC including for charging or discharging storage systems H O O Larger DERs or multiple DERs within a facility
9 Dynamic Current Support: Counteract voltage excursions beyond normal limits by providing dynamic current support The DER system counteracts voltage anomalies (spikes or sags) through “dynamic current support”. The DER system supports the grid during short periods of abnormally high or low voltage levels by feeding reactive current to the grid until the voltage either returns within its normal range, or the DER system ramps down, or the DER system is required to disconnect. Autonomous Local: Monitor voltage anomalies ICT: Utility updates dynamic current settings H H H All DER systems but may not always be activated 10 Watt- Power Factor: Power factor is shifted based on real power output The power factor is not fixed but changes with the power level. It might be slightly capacitive at very low output power levels and becoming slightly inductive at high power levels. Autonomous Local: Monitor real power output ICT: Utility updates power factor settings At the PCC and/or ECP? 11 Smooth Frequency Deviations: Smooth minor frequency deviations by rapidly modifying real power output to these deviations The DER system modifies real power output rapidly to counter minor frequency deviations. The frequency-watt settings define the percentage of real-power output to modify for different degrees of frequency deviations on a second or even basis Autonomous Local: Monitor frequency ICT: Utility updates the frequency-watt settings H-M O H-O Recommended for all DER systems but may not always be activated
20 Backup Power: Provide backup power after disconnecting from grid The DER system, including energy storage and electric vehicles, has the ability to provide real power when the site is disconnected from grid power. The reason is for providing backup power to the facility and possibly black start capabilities. Autonomous Local: Monitor voltage, frequency, and connected load O O O Decision by the DER owner/manager Storage-specific Functions 21 Set Charge Rate: Storage converters should have the ability to set a charge rate DER storage converters should have the ability to have charge (default 10% minute) so that they do not provoke inrush in local utilities Autonomous H 22 Storage Ability to vary active power during frequency changes Storage facilities can charge during overfrequency and discharge during under frequency events. This can support the grid and support grid stabilization. Autonomous ICT: Utility or REP H
23 Schedule Storage: Set or schedule the storage of energy for later delivery, indicating time to start charging, charging rate and/or “charge-by” time For a DER system that has storage capabilities, such as battery storage or a combined PV + storage system or a fleet of electric vehicles. Preset values can be established. Settings are coordinated between the utility and DER operator. Different scenarios could include: Low load conditions at night are causing some renewable energy to be wasted, so charging energy storage DER systems at that time makes power system operations more efficient. DER controller charges at the specified rate (less than or equal to the maximum charging rate) until the state-of-charge (SOC) reaches a specified level. DER controller charges at the necessary rate in order to reach the specified SOC within the “charge-by” time. Autonomous ICT: Utility updates the storage settings and/or schedule O H Recommended for DER systems with storage capabilities
24 Flow Reservation : Storage DER requests either charge or discharge Storage DER requests either charge or discharge of defined amount of energy (kWh) starting at a defined time and completing by a defined time at a rate not exceeding a defined charge or discharge power level. Utility responds with an authorized energy transfer, start time, and maximum power level. The utility can update the response periodically to modulate the power flow during transfer, but cannot change from discharging to charging, or the reverse, without a new flow reservation request by the storage unit. ICT: Utility or REP H Flow Reservation is initiated by the Storage DER. Other immediate charge/discharge functions based on IEC 61850 INV4 are initiated by Utility. (IEEE 2030.5 SEP2) Scheduling and Forecasts 25 Schedule output at PCC: Schedule actual or maximum real power output at specific times The utility establishes (or pre-establishes) a schedule (e.g. on-peak & off-peak) of actual or maximum real output levels at the ECP or PCC, possibly combining generation, storage, and load management. The reason might be to minimize output during low load conditions while allowing or requiring higher output during peak load time periods. Autonomous Local: Monitor real power output at ECP or PCC. ICT: Utility updates the schedule of actual or maximum real power values H O H-O Larger DERs or multiple DERs within a facility 26 Schedule DER Functions: Schedule real power and ancillary service outputs The DER system receives and follows schedules for real power settings, reactive settings, limits, modes (such as autonomous volt/var, frequency-watt), and other operational settings. Autonomous ICT: Utility, REP, or FDEMS issues schedules to DER system H O M Recommended for all DER systems but may not always be activated
27 FDEMS or Aggregator provides generation and storage schedules: Provide schedules to utilities or others The FDEMS or Aggregator provides schedules of expected generation and storage reflecting customer requirements, maintenance, local weather forecasts, etc. This function is feasible only if the ICT infrastructure is available. ICT: Provide scheduling information to Utility, REP, or O O O Optional, and may not always be activated 28 FDEMS or Aggregator provides forecasts of available energy or ancillary services: Scheduled, planned, or forecast of available energy and ancillary services The FDEMS or Aggregator provides scheduled, planned, and/or forecast information for available energy and ancillary services over the next hours, days, weeks, etc., for input into planning applications. Separate DER generation from load behind the PCC. This function is feasible only if the ICT infrastructure is available. ICT: provides information to utility and/or REP O O O Optional, market driven, and based on capabilities of the DER systems
31 Registration: Initiate automated “discovery” of DER systems The DER system supports its automated “discovery” as interconnected to a location on the system and initiates the integration process. This function is feasible only if the ICT infrastructure is available. Otherwise, manual methods must be used. Off-line or ICT: Utility, REP, or FDEMS “discovers” a new or moved DER system M O H Optional for DER systems. Since communications capability is mandatory, can be added later 32 Initiate Periodic Tests: Test DER functionality, performance, software patching and updates Initial DER software installations and later updates are tested before deployment for functionality and for meeting regulatory and utility requirements, including safety. After deployment, testing validates the DER systems are operating correctly, safely, and securely. Off-line, local, or ICT: (may be prior to installation or handled locally) Test DER software H M O Recommended for all DER systems, using appropriate types of testing 33 DC Fault Test during startup: Test the DC circuitry for fault conditions DER tests its primary energy mover (DC solar PV modules) for fault conditions. This feature will try to alarm plant operators, owners, public that the DC side has a potential short that could lead to a fire hazard. Autonomous H 34 DER Configuration Assessment: the DER determines if the feeder’s configuration has changed The DER does an assessment of whether it is on a weak or strong feeder, and learns whether its configuration has changed ICT O Could have some patent conflicts Scenarios for Decision-Making
35 Operate within an islanded microgrid: Operate within an islanded microgrid grid power is lost or disconnected, or upon command, the DER system enters into microgrid “mode” as either “leading” or “following” the microgrid frequency and voltage, while acting either as base generation or as load-matching, depending upon preset parameters. Autonomous ICT: Utility or FDEMS issues “microgrid mode” command H-O O O Optional decision by DER owners/ managers if the DER systems have been designed to support microgrid operations 36 Provide low cost energy Utility, REP, or FDEMS determines which DER systems are to generate how much energy over what time period in order to minimize energy costs. Some DER systems, such as PV systems, would provide low cost energy autonomously, while storage systems would need to be managed. Autonomous for renewables ICT: Utility or REP issues real power output requirement to other DER systems O O O Optional, market driven, and based on capabilities of the DER systems 37 Provide low emissions energy Utility, REP, or FDEMS determines which DER systems are to generate how much energy in order to minimize emissions. Renewable DER systems would operate autonomously. Autonomous for renewables ICT: Utility or REP issues real power output level to other DER systems O O O Optional, market driven, and based on capabilities of the DER systems
38 Provide renewable energy Utility, REP, or FDEMS selects which non-renewable DER systems are to generate how much energy in order to maximize the use of renewable energy. Renewable DER systems would operate autonomously. Autonomous for renewables ICT: Utility or REP issues real power output level to other DER systems O O O Optional, market driven, and based on capabilities of the DER systems Market Interactions 39 Respond to Real Power Pricing Signals: Manage real power output based on demand response (DR) pricing signals The DER system receives a demand response (DR) pricing signal from a utility or retail energy provider (REP) for a time period in the future and determines what real power to output at that time. This function is feasible only if the ICT infrastructure is available. ICT: Utility or REP issues DR pricing signal M-O O M-O Optional, market driven, and based on capabilities of the DER systems 40 Respond to Ancillary Services Pricing Signals: Manage selected ancillary services on demand response (DR) pricing signals The DER system receives a DR pricing signal from a utility or retail energy provider (REP) for a time period in the future and determines what ancillary services to provide at that time. This function is feasible only if the ICT infrastructure is available. ICT: Utility or REP issues DR pricing signal O O M-O Optional, market driven, and based on capabilities of the DER systems