Figure 4.3.4 Synergies for resouce management User needs benefitting from synergies Sensors and technologies’ synergies P SM ET RD ST GW P Irrigation water allocation and scheduling balance Irrigation allocation and scheduling Water allocation and treatment Water allocation Dam operation Water Recharge SM Radar LST MWI Vegetation growth Discharge predict for allocation Leakage from reservoirs Aquifer water availability ET High res LST High res LST LC Maps TBD Storage water loss Aquifer water availability RD Radar TBD Storage change and refill stratgey In mountains, GW discharge ST Radar Soil Type and profile map Surface temp Altimetry level Aquifer recharge GW TBD Data assimilation Soil type and profile map Soil type and profile map Data assimillation Radar, High res LST, MWI High res LST, LC Maps, Radar, Soil maps, Data assimilation Surface temp/LST, LC maps, Soil maps, Radar, Altimetry Soil type and profile map Radar, soil maps, Surface temp. Data assimilation Altimetry Data maps 5. Recommendations on the Virtual Water Constellations The FS demonstrated a viutual water cycle constellation can be constructed with existing and planned components of priority water cycle variable observations, considering synergies among them. Instruments requirement for observing a water variables considering synergies of other variable observations are shown in the following. Figure 5.1 Components of Virtual Water Constellation
July 2012 (ops Jan 2013) Same as 0°W Same as Same as METEOSAT-8 July 2015 (in storage until 2018) Same as In-orbit storage at 3.4 °W Same as Same as METEOSAT-8 MTG-I1 2020 Ops date + 8 9.5°E FCI LI Wavebands: 16 channels, 0.444-13.3 μm Spatial resolution: 1 km (VIS), 2 km (others) at nadir Scan schedule: full disk every 10 min Waveband: 0.7774 μm Spatial resolution: km nadir, 14 km edge Frame rate: 2ms Data Access: Open Access MTG-I2 2023 Same as MTG-I2 Same as Same as MTG-I2 Same as MTG-I2 MTG-I3 2026 Same as MTG-I2 Same as Same as MTG-I2 Same as MTG-I2 MTG-I4 2031 Same as MTG-I2 Same as Same as MTG-I2 Same as MTG-I2 JAXA Oct 2014 (ops Jul 2015) Ops date + 8 years 140.7°E AHI Wavebands: 16 channels, 0.47-13.3 μm Spatial resolution: 0.5 km (VIS), 1 km (NIR), 2 km (IR) at nadir Scan schedule: full disk 10 min Data Access: Constrained Access (limited by bandwidth; third-party re-distribution permitted) JAXA Late 2016 / early 2017 Same as Same as Himawari-8 Same as Himawari-8 Same as Himawari-8 Kalpana-1 ISRO Sep 2002 2016? 74.0°E VHRR Wavebands: 3 channels, 0.65, 6.40, 11.5 μm Spatial resolution: 2 km (VIS), 8 km (WV & IR) at nadir Scan schedule: full disk every hour ISRO Jul 2013 7.7 years 82.0°E VHRR/2 Wavebands: 6 channels, μm Spatial resolution: 1 km (VIS), 8 km (WV), 4 km (others) at nadir Scan schedule: full disk every 30 min ISRO Aug 2016 Same as INSAT-3D Same as INSAT-3D Same as INSAT-3D Same as INSAT-3D 8 12.0
Inclination: 98.2 degree Repeat 16 days LST: 10:30 Descending Spatial resolution: Cloud cover: 250 m (day) and 1000 m (night), Surface temperature: 1000 m Best resolution: 250 m width: 2330 km Accuracy: Long wave radiance: 100 nW/m2, Short wave radiance: 5%, Surface temperature of land: <1 K, Surface temperature of ocean: <0.2 K, Snow and ice cover: 10% Aqua May 2002 Oct. 2019 ditto LST: 13:30 Ascending MODIS ditto Landsat 8 Feb. 2013 May 2023 Sun-synchronous Altitude: 705 km Period: 98.9 mins Inclination: 98.2 degree Repeat cycle: 16 days LST: 10:11 Descending TIRS OLI TIR 10.5 µm and 12 µm TIR Spatial resolution: 100 m Swath width: 185 km Accuracy: Absolute geodetic accuracy of 44 m; geometric accuracy of 32 m or better VIS - SWIR: 9 bands: 0.43 - 2.3 µm Spatial resolution: Pan: 15 m, VIS - SWIR: 30 m Swath width: 185 km Accuracy: Absolute geodetic accuracy of 32 m; relative geodetic accuracy of 18 m (excluding terrain effects); geometric accuracy of 12 m or better Landsat 9 Jan. 2023 Jan. 2033 LST: 10:00 TIRS-2 NPP Oct. 2011 Sep. 2020 Sun-synchronous Altitude: 824 km Period: 101 mins Inclination: 98.7 degree Repeat cycle: 16 days LST: 13:30 Ascending VIIRS Waveband: VIS - TIR: 0.4 - 12.5 µm (22 channels) VIS, NIR, SWIR, MWIR, TIR Spatial resolution: 400 m - 1.6 km Best resolution: 400 m Swath width: 3000 km Accuracy: SST 0.35 K JPSS-1 Jan. 2017 Mar. 2024 ditto LST: 13:30 Ascending VIIRS ditto JPSS-2 ditto July 2021 July 2028 Sun-synchronous Altitude: 833 km Period: 101 mins Inclination: 98.75 degree Repeat cycle: 16 days VIIRS
SWOT 2020 2024 Inclined, Altitude: 891 km Period: Inclination: 78 degree Repeat cycle: 22 days Ka-band MW, Ka-Band Spatial resolution: Vertical resolution is 2 cm Swath width: Accuracy: SARAL Feb. 2012 Dec. 2018 Sun-synchronous Altitude: 799 km Period: 100.59 mins Inclination: 98.55 degree Repeat cycle: 35 days LST: 18:00 Descending AltiKa Waveband: radar altimeter: 35 GHz (Ka-band) Spatial resolution: width: Accuracy: l B, ESA/EC A: Dec. 2025 C:2020 Dec. 2022 Jan. 2024 2027 Type: Sun-synchronous Altitude: 814 km Period: 100 mins Inclination: 98.65 degree Repeat cycle: 27 days LST: 10:00 Asc/desc: Descending SRAL Waveband: radar altimeter, Ku-band, C-band Spatial resolution: 300 m Swath width: Profiling Accuracy: 3 cm Jason-3 Jan. 2016 Jan. 2019 non-sun-synchronous Altitude: 1336 km Period: 112.4 mins Inclination: 66 degree Repeat cycle: 10 days Altimeter Waveband: Microwave: Ku-band (13.575 GHz), (5.3 GHz) Ku-Band, C-Band Spatial resolution: Basic measurement: 1/sec (6 km along track), Raw measurement: 20/sec (300 m along track) Swath width: TOPEX/POSEIDON orbit (10 day cycle): 300 km between tracks at equator Accuracy: Sea level: 3.4 cm B ditto A: 2020 B:2025 2025 2030 non-sun-synchronous Altitude: 1336 km Period: 112 mins Inclination: 66 degree Repeat cycle: Poseidon-4 Altimeter Waveband: Microwave: Ku-band (13.575 GHz), (5.3 GHz) 5. Surface storage Same as 4. missions Satellite Launch (Target) Mission Life LST Instrument Technical characteristics