BASIC SUBJECTS Topic/Element Content Learning outcomes Module and Content T P SG B1: Mathematics, statistics, theory of observations B1.1 Geometry and Linear Algebra B1.1a Geometry (B) Conic Sections, geometry of the ellipse and of the ellipsoid. Parametric equations of curves and surfaces. Express curves and surfaces in parametric form. Compute lengths and coordinates on an ellipse. B1.1b Linear Algebra (I) Vector and affine spaces, vector and inner products, norms. Linear operators, matrix representation, composition, transpose. Translations, rotations, coordinate transformations, similitudes, orthogonal projection. Derive and compute 2D and 3D transformations, as typically involved in geodesy, surveying and survey data B1.1c Numerical methods for linear systems of equations (I) Systems of linear equations, Gauss elimination. Matrix decomposition, and factorization. Condition number of a matrix. Solve linear equations by numerical methods in a scientific computing environment and analyze error bounds. B1.2 Differential calculus and differential equations B1.2a Differential and integral calculus (B) Real and vector valued functions. Series, Taylor expansions Gradient of a real-valued functions. Jacobian matrix Apply differential calculus to real and vector valued functions from a vector space. Calculate integral of classical functions and approximate numerical values. referencing.
Integrals of real-valued functions. Numerical integration methods. B1.2b Differential equations (I) Linear ordinary differential equations, general solution with hand side. Nonlinear differential equations, and linearization. Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations. Compute explicit solutions for linear ordinary differential equations and apply numerical methods to approximate solutions to non-linear differential equations. B1.2c Numerical solutions of non-linear equation (B) Iterative methods. Rounding and numerical errors. numerical methods to find approximate solutions for non-linear equations. B1.3 Probability and statistics B1.3a Probabilities and Bayesian estimation (B, I) Probability measures, density functions Mathematical expectation, variance Covariance, correlation Conditional probabilities, Bayes law Minimum mean square estimation Distributions including normal, chi-squared, t and F Define probability measures, derive associated formulae and calculate values from data. (B) Select a distribution for a given random variable and apply a Bayesian estimation method. (I)
Application to data exchange, file conversion B2.4 Web and network services (B) Networks (LANs) Network and cloud storage Internet Networks integrity Communication protocols Describe the different network options used in remote data exchange and storage applications. B2.5 Databases (B) File types (binary, text, XML) Relational databases Geospatial databases Database management systems and query languages Describe different of geospatial data and their representation. Construct a database, populate it and query its content using a database language, such as SQL. B3: Physics B3.1 Kinematics (B) Angular and linear velocities, accelerations Angular velocities addition rules, accelerations due to rotational motion, Coriolis Law Explain the principle and the relationship between position, velocity and acceleration for both rotational and linear motion. B3.2 Gravity (B) The inertial frame Newton’s law, forces, accelerations, energy Center of gravity, center of instantaneous rotation Gravitational field Potential fields Differentiate between inertial and Earth fixed frames. Differentiate center of gravity from center of instantaneous rotation. Develop the mathematical relationship between potential and acceleration in a gravitational field. B3.3 Magnetism (B) Magnetic characteristic of ferrous bodies Magnetic field Describe ferromagnetic properties and resulting magnetic
B3.4 Waves (B) Harmonic waves modeling and wave parameters (amplitude, frequency, wavelength, celerity and phase) Longitudinal and transverse waves Intensity, Decibel Attenuation Doppler effect Interferometric principles Explain harmonics in the context of and resulting constructive and destructive interferences patterns from multiple waves and sources. Use the Decibel scale to define intensity and characterize attenuation. Explain the Doppler effect. B3.5 Electromagnetic waves (B) Electromagnetic properties and propagation Radiation, emission and absorption Reflection, refraction, diffraction Optical reflectance Calculate field of view and resolving power of optics. Describe aberrations. Describe the effect of wavelength on the propagation in a medium. Describe the effect of a medium in the propagation of an electromagnetic wave B3.6 Geometrical optics (B) Mirror, prisms, lenses and filters Telescopic optics and magnification law Model a light ray-path through medium with various reflective and refractive properties. Use the characteristics of a lens to calculate geometrical properties of an B3.7 Lasers (B) Principle of lasers Laser parameters (frequency, wavelength) Types of lasers Laser attenuation Describe the operation, unique properties, and applications of stimulated sources of emission.
(I) Forward and inverse computations for geodesic and normal section curves on the ellipsoid. Compare grid and spherical methods with ellipsoidal computations. F1.2d Geodetic Modeling (A) Local and global Cartesian coordinate frames. Reference to physical plumb line and ellipsoidal normal. Geoid heights and deflections of the vertical. 3D observation equations and 3D adjustment. Laplace equation. Explain the mathematical model of 3D geodesy, integrating satellite and terrestrial observations. Evaluate a typical hybrid network, using commercial software. Describe application of 3D Geodesy to hydrographic survey control and 3D positioning of survey vessels. F1.3 Land surveying methods and techniques F1.3a Trigonometric surveys (I) Principles of distance measurement and angle measurement Atmospheric and radiometric corrections for optical measurements. Calibration requirements and documentation Sextant (in legacy context) Theodolite Total Station Intersection, Resection, Polar and Traverse methods for determination of orientation. Establishing ground control GNSS, distance and angle measurements. Select appropriate methods and use corresponding instruments for local positioning. F1.3b Existing survey control (I) Recover survey marks and associated documentation with an appreciation for the datum and accuracy associated with the historical survey. F1.3c Establishing survey control (I) Establish terrestrial control using GNSS in accordance with published quality control procedures F1.3d Instrument tests (I) Field test and use distance and angle measurement instruments.
growth process including fetch and bathymetry Tsunamis Breaking waves, long-shore drift and rip current processes in relation to beach surveys. Beach profiles Describe how survey monitoring strategies are related to wave regimes. F3: Geology and geophysics F3.1 Geology F3.1a Earth structure (B) Plate tectonics and other Earth processes Earthquakes Types of continental margins Ocean basins, trenches, ridges and other ocean floor features Different types of rocks in the marine environment Subsidence and uplift Describe the structure of the Earth and explain the relationship between Earth processes and bathymetric /topographic features of the Earth. F3.1b Geomorphology (A) Types of coast Seafloor features and bed Erosion, transport and deposition Estuaries and inlets Seafloor temporal variability Sediment sampling Interpret geological information and relate expected seafloor features to hydrographic survey methodology and need for repeated hydrographic surveys. F3.1c Substrates (I) Sediment types Outcropping rocks Submerged aquatic vegetation Corals Predict seafloor type and characteristics based on observations of local geological information. F3.2 Geophysics F3.2a Gravity fields and gravity surveys Gravity meters Relative and absolute gravity measurements Explain the principle of operation of gravity meters and the need for corrections.
(B) Bathymetric corrections for gravity measurements gravity anomalies and gravity surveys Influence of gravity on sea surface topography and correlation with seafloor features Discuss the objectives of gravity surveys in relation to seabed features. F3.2b Magnetic fields (B) Magnetic fields of the Magnetic anomalies in relation to rock and tectonic history Temporal variations Magnetic Earth models and databases Describe the Earth magnetic field, its spatial and temporal variability. F3.2c Seismic surveys (I) Continuous reflection/refraction seismic profiling. Typical sound sources, receivers and recorders. Analogue high resolution seismic systems (including pinger, boomers, sparkers, chirp) Frequency and wavelength in relation to resolution and penetration Equipment configuration for towing, launch and recovery Applications such as pipeline or hazard detection, seabed sediment identification for Evaluate coverage and penetration of systems and correlate equipment with applications. Distinguish between noise, outliers, and real seafloor features and sub-seafloor geometry
Data exchange formats and protocols such as RINEX and NMEA H1.2e Quality control (A) Sources of error including multipath, atmospheric effects, base station network, sensor offsets, etc. Measures and monitoring of precision (DOP variations) and reliability (statistical testing). Integrity monitoring of base station data. Verification checks between systems or against known points. Develop a quality control plan for GNSS operations including risk management associated with GNSS components and services. Assess the performance of GNSS positioning against the defined quality control criteria. H1.3 Inertial navigation systems H1.3a Accelerometers and gyroscopes, inclinometers, and compass (A) Accelerometers technology (pendulums, vibrating elements) Gyroscopes (FOG, Ring laser, Sagnac effect) MEMS Inclinometers Flux gate compass Describe accelerometer technologies, and differentiate between inclinometers, compass and gyroscopes. Describe error sources associated with these devices. H1.3b Strapdown inertial measurement units (A) Technologies available for IMU measurements through gyroscopes and accelerometers Sources of error in inertial sensors: bias; scale factor; and, noise. The inertial navigation equation and equations. Static alignment of the IMU. Describe the technologies used in inertial measurements and quantify associated navigation errors. Undertake static alignment of an IMU. Develop strategies for mitigating induced heave and select filter parameters for heave estimation.
Heave estimation from gyros and accelerometers. Induced heave. H1.3c Kalman filtering (I) Bayesian estimation State representation of a dynamic observation equation, observability Continuous, Semi-discrete and discrete Kalman filtering Optimal smoothing Apply Kalman filtering methods to a dynamic observation process. Define the parameters of a Kalman Filter in relation with sensors performances and dynamic model uncertainty. Differentiate between stationary and observation processes H1.3d Aided inertial navigation (I) INS and GNSS loosely and tightly coupled solutions. Velocity and ranging aided INS navigation. Dynamic and aided alignment of INS by Kalman filtering. INS solutions from IMU and other sensors by Kalman filtering and smoothing. Describe the role of aiding sensors to reduce INS navigation drift. Apply appropriate settings to filtering and smoothing for aided navigation solutions. H1.4 Subsea positioning H1.4a Acoustic positioning principles (A) Long base line Short baseline Ultra-short baseline Doppler velocity log Transponders Acoustic modems Subsea INS column structure Acoustic ray multipath Time synchronization Describe the signal structure and observables of mobile and acoustic positioning devices. Relate observables and platform orientation to relative positions through observation equations. H1.4b Acoustic positioning systems Explain how acoustic positioning observables, orientation and surface positioning data are used to achieve subsea rover spatial
H2.1a Transducers and generation of acoustic waves (I) Piezoelectric principles Transducer arrays design, beam-forming, side lobes. Transducer Quality factor and spherical waves in terms of wavelength, amplitude and frequency. Absorption, spherical spreading Frequency, attenuation relationship to range Acoustic units, intensities and sound levels Signal to noise ratio Active Sonar Equation including sound source, causes of propagation loss in relation to water properties together with characteristics of the sea floor and targets, acoustic noise level and directivity Continuous Wavelength (CW), Chirp transmission System parameters including bandwidth, pulse length, pulse repetition rate, gain, detection threshold. Range resolution and spatial resolution. Dynamic range, clipping and saturation Sound speed profile and gradient Analyze the effect of transducer design on beam characteristics and performance. Describe the design and use of wide-bandwidth and parametric transducers. Differentiate between chirp and CW transmission, and characterize their relative performance. Determine source level from typically available sonar specification. H2.1b Propagation of acoustic waves (A) Explain how properties of the acoustic medium and source frequency affect the propagation of acoustic Calculate propagation loss in practical situations, using medium property observations and available tables. H2.1c Acoustic noise (I) Identify the sources of noise and describe the effect of noise on echo sounding. Define the directivity index. Calculate the effect on sonar range of a variety of noise conditions and sonar directivity circumstances. H2.1d Reflection, scattering and system performance. Define the characteristic impedance of an acoustic medium. Assess the effects of varying seafloor composition, texture, and slope on echo strength.
Ray-tracing theory Sound channel Non horizontal speed layers (I) H2.1e Refraction and ray-tracing. (A) Use the sound speed profile to compute the path of sound ray through the water column. H2.2 Single beam systems H2.2a Single beam echo sounders principles (I) Single beam, split beam and dual beam concepts Beam footprint Specification of a single beam echo sounder. Bottom detection principles (matched filtering, thresholding) and range resolution. Full-echo-envelope returns and bottom characterization Explain the principles of operation of a single beam sounder detailing how acoustic parameters influence sounder returns. H2.2b Single beam returns interpretation (A) Interpret single beam returns including analysis of full echo envelopes and features of the sea bed and water column. H2.2c Single beam survey system (A) Components of a single beam echo sounder system to include: positioning system, motion sensor, acquisition system, source of reference level (i.e. tide gauge, GNSS) Acoustic parameters of single beam echo-sounders Reduction of soundings to the specified datum Specify survey system to perform a single beam survey in accordance with application requirements. Select appropriate range, scale, frequency and pulse for specific applications in relation to spatial resolution, bottom penetration, depth of water and water column analysis. H2.2d Processing of single beam data (I, A) Systematic effects in system components: Single Beam IMU/INS Specify processing workflow for single beam data. (I)
Sound speed profilers and other peripheral sensors Single beam echo sounders data processing workflows Integrate and data of various sources and of various types in preparation for product generation. (A) H2.3 imagery systems H2.3a Side-scan sonar systems (A) Principles, components and geometry of side scan sonar systems Range, beam angle Resolution in relation to beam width, sampling rate angle of incidence and pulse length. Evaluate, select and configure side-scan sonar in alignment with survey operational needs. H2.3b Synthetic Aperture Sonar (I) Principles of synthetic aperture imaging Discuss and compare the use of SAS with that of more conventional sonar imaging systems. H2.4 Swath echo sounder systems H2.4a echo sounders (A, I) Principles and geometry of multi-beam sonar systems Combination of transducer elements into transmit and receive arrays. Beam stabilization and beam steering Amplitude and phase bottom detection Variations in beam spacing and footprint size Backscatter recording modes (e.g., beam average, side scan time series, beam time series) Backscatter and seabed classification Explain the basic principles of multi-beam sonar transmit and receive beam forming and beam steering. (I) Explain the effect of aperture size and element spacing on array performance. (I) Analyze the techniques of amplitude and phase methods of bottom detection and relate them to depth uncertainty. (A) H2.4b system parameters (A) Tune acoustic parameters on-line for depth and backscatter. Determine the beam footprint size and sounding spacing across the and assess the limitations and likelihood of
Water column data gain, pulse length Multiple signal returns, aliasing of multiple signals in the water. detecting objects on the seafloor under varying surveying conditions. Explain the use of water column returns and differentiate from bottom detection. H2.4c systems (A) positioning system, telemetry, motion and attitude sensors, acquisition system, source of reference (i.e. tide gauge, GNSS), Speed measurements Specify survey system to perform a survey in accordance with application requirements. H2.4d data processing (A) Multi-beam data elements: Beam and travel-time data IMU/INS Positioning data Time stamping Offsets between sensor reference points Sound speed profile Data file formats Describe how and where data elements are combined to produce geo-referenced soundings. Integrate and merge data elements in preparation for data processing. H2.4e Interferometric (A) Principles and geometry of interferometric measurement) sonar systems Sounding determination principles Mounting methods and towing Transducers arrangement Sounding filtering and binning techniques Analyze the principles and geometry of interferometry and differencing bathymetric sonars and the arrangement of transducer arrays. Explain the need for filtering phase measurement data for depth, object detection and backscatter. Explain the effect of aperture size and transducer geometry on array performance.
Assess the relative merits of multi-beam and phase differencing systems for specific mapping applications in water depths from very shallow to full ocean depths. H2.5 Backscatter H2.5a Backscatter from side scan, interferometric swath sonars and multi-beam echo sounders (A) Relationship between backscatter content and characteristics of the seabed, water column properties and acoustic signal parameters Generation of backscatter information within acoustic systems Principle of backscatter compensation for absorption, incidence angle, gain and power Mosaicing Specify and configure a side scan sonar and a swath echo sounder for backscatter acquisition under varying environmental conditions and for specific application. Monitor and assess quality on-line and apply appropriate compensation. Apply backscatter principles to produce a compensated backscatter mosaic. H3: and Remote Sensing H3.1 LiDAR H3.1a Airborne systems (A) Wavelength, water penetration, ground detection and laser safety. Scanning frequency and pattern in relation to coverage and spatial density. Influence of sea surface roughness, water column turbidity on the beam pattern and penetration. Sea bed optical characteristics and bottom detection. Determine the applicability of topographic and bathymetric LiDAR to specific mapping applications. Specify the appropriate LiDAR technology for given applications and identify supporting survey operations required to conduct the survey and process data. H3.1b Airborne data products Identify potential sources of in combined topographic and bathymetric LiDAR data and apply corrective processing techniques as appropriate. (I)
H3.2a Remotely sensed bathymetry (I) Multispectral imagery and water penetration in relation to wavelength Optical properties of sea water. Model based and empirical inversion methods for determining bathymetry. Atmospheric corrections. Spatial resolution and accuracy in position and depth. Reflectance properties of the sea floor. Explain and compare the methods that enable to be determined from wavelength together with optical properties of both the water and the seabed. H3.2b Satellite altimetry (B) Missions and sensors Products Describe the principles and limitations of satellite altimetry products including topography and derived bathymetry H3.2c Optical methods of shoreline delineation (I) Color imagery and multispectral imagery. Reflectance of multispectral imagery in relation to wavelength and terrain characteristics. Use of imagery in shoreline mapping and identification of other topographic features. Uncertainty associated with map features derived from imagery. Geometrical properties of satellite images and aerial photographs Describe geometrical properties of images and principles of orthorectification. Explain how imagery can be used in planning survey operations and in supporting hydrographic products. Compare image based methods with those of LiDAR for shoreline delineation H4: Survey Operations and Applications H4.1 Hydrographic survey projects
H4.1a Hydrographic survey requirements (A) IHO S-44 and other survey quality standards. Underkeel clearance Procedures and installations required to conduct hydrographic surveys of specific for example: Nautical charting survey Boundary delimitation survey Ports, harbor and waterways surveys. Engineering works and dredging surveys Coastal engineering surveys Inland surveys Erosion and land-sea interface monitoring Oceanographic surveys Deep sea and ROVs /AUVs surveys Seismic, gravity and geomagnetic surveys Pipeline route, pipeline installation, inspection and cable laying surveys Wreck and debris surveys. Establish procedures required to achieve quality standards in hydrographic surveys. Specify the type of survey system and equipment needs together with associated parameters and procedures for various components of the overall survey operation. Evaluate the impact of physical and environmental factors on survey results. H4.1b Hydrographic survey project management Hydrographic instructions and tenders. Estimating and drafting survey work plans and schedules Prepare hydrographic specifications, instructions and tenders associated with survey objectives.
(A) Risk assessment in survey operations associated with the proposed work plan. Assessment and reporting of work progress against the work plan Health and safety compliance Environmental impact of survey activities Emergency Response Situations and Plan Estimate the resources, scheduling and timing associated with hydrographic projects and prepare project plans including health and safety requirements, environmental issues and emergency response. Define, assign and distribute the roles and responsibilities of individuals within a survey team. Prepare progress reports and submit interim project deliverables. H4.2 Hydrographic survey operations H4.2a Survey planning (A) Components of survey planning including on-board equipment, platform’s dynamic positioning, remote installations, data from satellites and telemetry links. Planning of survey operation considering general bottom character, water column variability, weather, currents, tides, coastal features and vessel/flight safety. Logistical considerations for survey operations Maintaining safe working conditions. Plan survey and schedule to accommodate environmental and topographic conditions for the vessel or aircraft and for towed, remote and autonomous vehicles. H4.2b Single Beam operations Transducer mounting Calibration techniques and requirements Specify survey procedures and quality assurance practices to perform a single
Survey speed in relation to sonar system parameters Towfish positioning Target aspect Effects of motion and water properties on images Layback calculations Explain and identify the effects of stratification of the water column and develop mitigating strategies for surveying in a variety of environmental conditions. H4.2g Side-scan data interpretation (A) Side scan sonar backscatter and sea floor reflection. Side scan images and mosaicking Sources of distortion and artefacts from water column properties, motion Determination of height, size and position of seafloor features Sonar signature of wrecks, pipelines, gas, fish and fresh water, etc. Interpret side scan imagery through assessment of individual and overlapping swaths to identify potential sonar targets for further investigation. Interpret side scan imagery to assess differences in seafloor composition and topography. H4.3 Seabed characterization H4.3a Classification from acoustic data (I) SBES full echo envelope Sub-bottom profiler full Side scan sonar images Synthetic aperture sonars images Side scan and swath echo sounders backscatter information Ground-truthing Explain the concept of incidence dependence and describe the signal processing steps required to obtain corrected backscatter data for seafloor characterization. Explain the techniques available and limitations for observing, interpreting and classifying differences in seabed characteristics from acoustic sensors. H4.3b Classification Hyperspectral and multispectral sensors images Explain the techniques available and their limitations for observing and interpreting
from optical data (B) Underwater cameras LiDAR Ground-truthing differences in seabed and inter-tidal zone characteristics from optical sensors. H4.3c Seabed sampling (I) Grabs Corers Use in ground-truthing Plan a sampling campaign to classify the seabed as part of a survey. Use remotely sensed information to select sampling sites. H4.3d Seabed characterization (I) Classification standards Classification methods Consider the combination of remotely sensed information with seabed samples in a seafloor characterization survey. classification standards to seabed characterization results. H5: Water Levels and Flow H5.1 Principles of Levels H5.1a Tide theory (I) Tide generating forces, the equilibrium and real tides. Tide constituents and different types of tide. Amphidromic points and and co-range lines. Geomorphological and basin influences on tidal characteristics Characterize features of the tide in terms of tide raising forces and local hydrographic features. H5.1b water level variations (I) Changes in water level caused by: atmospheric pressure, wind, seiches, ocean temperature and precipitation. level variations occurring in inland waters. Evaluate the effect of non-tidal influences on water levels in the conduct of a hydrographic survey.
Water level variations in estuaries, wet lands and rivers H5.2 Water level measurements H5.2a Water level gauges (A) Principles of operation of various types of water level gauges including pressure (vented and unvented), GNSS buoys, float, radar, acoustic sensors and tide poles. Installing gauges, establishment and levelling of associated survey marks Determination of tide correctors from water level observations Networks of level gauges Use of satellite altimetry in determining levels Uncertainties associated with water level measurement devices Uncertainties associated with duration of observations. Uncertainties associated with spatial separation of water level measurements. Select appropriate type of water level gauge technology according to survey project operations. Install, level to a vertical reference, and calibrate a water level gauge while evaluating sources of errors and applying appropriate corrections. H5.2b Tidal measurement (A) Evaluate and select appropriate sites for water level monitoring. Select water level gauge parameters for logging data, data communication, data download and for network operation with appropriate quality control measures. H5.2c Uncertainty in water level (I) Assess and quantify the contribution of water level observations to uncertainties in survey measurements. Assess the uncertainty in water level observations due to duration of observations and distance from water level gauge. H5.3 Tide modelling H5.3a Harmonic analysis (I) Harmonic constituents from astronomical periods Harmonic coefficients and residuals. Water level time series observations Compute standard harmonic constituents from astronomical periods. Derive harmonic coefficients and residuals from times series observations using Fourier analysis.
H5.5 Currents H5.5a Tidally induced currents (B) The relationship between currents and Rectilinear and rotary currents current meters, acoustic current profilers Drogues Surface current radar observation Static and mobile current measurements Current surveys Portraying current data Explain the forces behind tidally induced currents and describe temporal variations. Differentiate between tidal and non-tidal current. H5.5b Current measurement, portrayal and surveys (I) Select, use techniques and instruments for current measurement. Plan current surveys. Use appropriate methods for processing and displaying current data. H6: Hydrographic Data Acquisition and Processing H6.1 Real-time data acquisition and control H6.1a Hydrographic Data acquisition (A) Integration of data from various sensors in accordance with survey specifications to include equipment such as: Echo-sounder (SBES, MBES) Terrestrial and airborne LiDAR Sound velocity profiler, surface velocity probe Side-scan sonar Surface positioning system IMU / INS Subsea positioning system (USBL) ROVs and AUVs Define, configure and validate a complex survey suite for different types of surveys in accordance with technical specification. Specify and configure communication interfaces between survey devices and system components. H6.1b Real-time data monitoring (A) Evaluate performance of an integrated survey system against survey specifications quality control methods and address deficiencies using troubleshooting methods. Identify type and sources of system errors and undertake system analysis.
Discuss the potential liability of the hydrographic surveyor in common hydrographic endeavors. (I) H8.1b Contracts (I) Invitation to tender and survey work specifications Response to tender Contractual obligations and insurance Survey work and deliverables Develop the technical content of an invitation to tender. Analyze the risk and develop the technical content of a response that include details and cost of necessary resources. Interpret contractual obligations in terms of survey planning, execution and deliverables. H8.2 Maritime H8.2a Delimitations (B) Historical development of 1982 UNCLOS. Base points. Low tide elevations. Baselines: normal (including bay closing straight and archipelagic. Internal waters. Territorial seas. Contiguous zones. Exclusive Economic Zone. Extended continental High seas. Define the types of baselines under UNCLOS and how the territorial sea limit and other limits are projected from them, including the use of low tide elevations. Plan and specify hydrographic surveys to be utilized in the delimitation of baselines and maritime boundaries. Describe the legal operational constraints that apply within maritime zones. E8.2b Impact of surveys (I) Vessel restrictions and permanent and temporary threshold shifts (hearing) and harassment levels for marine mammals. Specify appropriate procedures and limitations for use of surveying equipment in compliance with environmental laws and marine protected area regulations.