STUDY GUIDE WORLD HISTORY: 1500 to the Present STANDARD WHII.2 STANDARD WHII.2a –1500A.D. Major States and Empires Location of some of the major states and empires in the Eastern Hemisphere Western Hemisphere • England • Incan Empire • France • Aztec Empire • Spain • Russia • Ottoman Empire • Persia • China • Mughal India • Songhai Empire STANDARD WHII.2b – The Renaissance WHAT WERE THE ARTISTIC, LITERARY, AND INTELLECTUAL IDEAS OF THE RENAISSANCE? Renaissance • “Rebirth” of classical knowledge, “birth” of the modern world • Spread of the Renaissance from the Italian city states to northern Europe Contributions of the Renaissance • Accomplishments in the visual arts—Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci • Accomplishments in literature (sonnets, plays, essays)— Shakespeare • Accomplishments in intellectual ideas (humanism)—Erasmus STANDARD WHII.2d – Trade WHAT WERE THE REGIONAL TRADING PATTERNS AROUND 1500 A.D.? Traditional trade patterns linking Europe with Asia and Africa • Silk across Asia to the Mediterranean basin • Maritime routes across the Indian Ocean • Trans-Saharan routes across North Africa • Northern European links with the Black Sea • Western European sea and river trade • South China Sea and lands of Southeast Asia WHY WERE THE REGIONAL TRADING PATTERNS IMPORTANT? • Exchange of products and ideas STANDARD WHII.2e –Eastern inventions WHAT TECHNOLOGICAL AND SCIENTIFIC ADVANCEMENTS HAD BEEN MADE AND EXCHANGED BY 1500 A.D.? Advancements exchanged along trade routes • Paper, compass, silk, porcelain (China) • Textiles, numeral system and Middle East) • Scientific transfer—Medicine, astronomy, mathematics STANDARD WHII.3 – REFORMATION
• A major element of the economy was the mining of precious metals for export. HOW DID SPAIN AND PORTUGAL MAINTAIN CONTROL OF THEIR LATIN AMERICAN DOMAINS? Rigid class structure • Viceroys / colonial officers • Creoles • Mestizos • French, Spanish, and Portuguese colonies gained independence. Selected countries that gained independence during the • Mexico • Haiti • Colombia • Venezuela • Brazil STANDARD WHII.7c --L’Ouverture and Bolivar WHAT WERE THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF TOUSSAINT L’OUVERTURE AND SIMÓN BOLIVAR TO REVOLUTIONS IN LATIN AMERICA? Contributions of Toussaint L’Ouverture • Former slave who led Haitian rebellion against French • Defeated the armies of three foreign powers: Spain, France, and Britain Contributions of Simón Bolivar • Native resident who led revolutionary efforts • Liberated the northern areas of Latin America STANDARD WHII.7d –Monroe Doctrine HOW DID THE MONROE DOCTRINE IMPACT REVOLUTIONS IN LATIN AMERICA? Impact of the Monroe Doctrine • The Monroe Doctrine was issued by President James Monroe in 1823. • American nations were acknowledged to be independent. • The United States regard as a threat to its own peace and safety any attempt by European powers to impose their system on any independent state in the Western Hemisphere. Standard WH II.8 – Political and Philosophical Developments in Europe STANDARD WHII.8a -- Napoleon WHAT WAS THE LEGACY OF NAPOLEON? • Unsuccessful attempt to unify Europe under French domination • Napoleonic Code • Awakened feelings of national pride and growth of nationalism WHAT WAS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA? STANDARD WHII.8b – Great Britain HOW DID NATIONALISM AND DEMOCRACY INFLUENCE NATIONAL REVOLUTIONS? National pride, economic competition, and democratic ideals stimulated the growth of nationalism. The terms of the Congress of Vienna led to widespread discontent in Europe. especially in Italy and the German states. Unsuccessful revolutions of 1848 increased nationalistic tensions.
• Republic of India – World’s largest democratic nation - Federal system, giving many powers to the states Indian democracy • Jawaharlal a close associate of Gandhi, supported western-style industrialization. • 1950 Constitution sought to prohibit discrimination. • Ethnic and religious differences caused problems in the development of India as a democratic nation. • New economic development has helped to ease financial problems of the nation. • South Africa: Black South Africans’ struggle against apartheid led by Nelson Mandela, who became the first black president of the Republic of South Africa STANDARD WHII.14c – Middle East WHAT WERE THE RESULTS OF THE UNITED NATIONS’ DECISION TO END THE MANDATE SYSTEM IN TERMS OF STATES CREATED (LOCATIONS) AND THEIR SUBSEQUENT PROBLEMS? Mandates in the Middle East • Established by the League of Nations • Granted independence World War II • Resulted in Middle East conflicts created by religious differences French Mandates in the Middle East • Syria • Lebanon British Mandates in the Middle East • Jordan • Palestine (part became independent as the State of Israel) WHAT WAS THE ROLE OF GOLDA MEIR AND GAMAL ABDUL NASSER IN THE CREATION OF THE STATES IN THE MIDDLE EAST? Golda Meir • Prime Minister of Israel • initial setbacks, led Israel to victory in Yom Kippur War Abdul Nasser • President of Egypt • Nationalized Suez STANDARD WHII.15 – Religions STANDARD WHII.15a – Religious Beliefs WHAT ARE SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FIVE MAJOR WORLD RELIGIONS? Judaism • Monotheism • Ten Commandments of moral and religious conduct • Torah—Written record and beliefs of Hebrews Christianity • Monotheism • as Son of God • Life death • New Testament—Life and teachings of • Establishment of Christian doctrine by early church councils Islam • Monotheism • Muhammad the prophet • Qur’an / Koran • Five Pillars of Islam • Mecca and Medina STANDARD WHII.15b – Geography of Religion WHERE ARE THE FOLLOWERS OF THE FIVE WORLD RELIGIONS CONCENTRATED? Geographical distribution of world’s major religions • Judaism—Concentrated in Israel and North America • Christianity —Concentrated in Europe, North and South America • Islam—Concentrated in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia • Hinduism—Concentrated in India • Buddhism—Concentrated in East and Southeast Asia
WHAT IMPACT ARE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND RAPID POPULATION GROWTH HAVING ON THE ENVIRONMENT? Environmental challenges • Pollution • Loss of habitat • Global climate change Social challenges • Poverty • Poor health • Illiteracy • Famine • Migration STANDARD WHII.16c – Economic Interdependence HOW IS ECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE CHANGING THE WORLD? Economic interdependence • Role of rapid transportation, communication, and computer networks • Rise and influence of multinational corporations • Changing role of international boundaries • Regional integration (European Union) • Trade agreements—North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), World Trade Organization (WTO) • International organizations— United Nations (UN), International Monetary Fund (IMF) STANDARD WHII. 16d – Terrorism WHAT ARE EXAMPLES OF INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM IN OUR WORLD TODAY THAT HAVE IMPACTED DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING NATIONS? Examples of International Terrorism • Munich Olympics • Terrorist attacks in the United States (e.g. 9/11/2001) - motivated by extremism (Osama bin Laden). • Car bombings • Suicide bombers • Airline hijackers HOW HAS TERRORISM IMPACTED DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING NATIONS IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD? Governmental responses to terrorist activities • Surveillance • Review of privacy rights • Security at and airports • Identification badges and photos