it is heavy duty or passenger vehicle in Korea. Now, OLEV system is in and licensed at one site. 5.3 ISM bands used on a national basis for WPT 6 765-6 795 kHz 13.56 MHz i) Magnetic resonance 6 7656 795 kHz supports magnetic resonant WPT of low power in some countries. 6 7656 795 kHz is designated as an ISM band in No. 5.138 of the Radio Regulations. In Japan, ISM equipment up to a transmitted RF power limit of 50 W can use this band without permission. New rules on the “type specification”, which exempt permission of individual equipment installation application for WPT equipment, allowing transmission power greater than 50 W, came into effect in 2016. The reasons why 6 7656 795 kHz may be favoured for magnetic resonance WPT technology are summarized as follows: – ISM band. – Several standardization development organizations are developing WPT standards for use in 6 765-6 795 kHz. – Small physical dimensions are possible for WPT components for example; power transmitter coils and receiver coils. In Korea, the 13.56 MHz band is used for WPT charged 3D glasses to watch 3D TV. TABLE 7 Frequency ranges assigned or designated, or under study, key parameters, incumbent systems on WPT systems for mobile/portable devices and home/office equipment Magnetic induction (low power) Magnetic resonant coupling Magnetic induction (high Capacitive coupling Application Mobile devices, tablets, note-PCs Mobile devices, tablets, note-PCs Home appliances, office equipment (incl. higher power applications) Portable devices, tablets, note-PCs Technology principle Resonant magnetic induction High resonance WPT via electric of countries considering Commercially available in Japan, Korea Japan, Korea Japan Frequency ranges under consideration Japan: 110205 kHz 20.05-38 kHz, 42-58 kHz, 62-100 kHz
Frequency ranges assigned or designated nationally Korea: 100-205 kHz Korea: 6 765-6 795 kHz Japan: 6 765-6 795 kHz Japan: 425-471 kHz; 480-489 kHz; 491-494 kHz; 506-517 kHz; 519-524 kHz Power range Japan: Several W – up to 100 W Japan: Several W – 1.5 kW Japan: Up to 100 W TABLE 7 (end) Magnetic induction (low power) Magnetic resonant coupling Magnetic induction (high power) Capacitive coupling Advantage Global harmonized spectrum Higher power transmission efficiency – Global spectrum availability possible – Flexibility for placement and distance of receiving end – Transmitter can supply power for several receivers within a wide range contemporary. – Increased – Flexibility for placement and distance of receiving end – Transmitter can supply power for several receivers within a wide range contemporary. High efficiency (7085%) – No heat generation at the electrode – Low emission level – horizontal position freedom Application Areas Portable devices, CE, Industrial Fields, Specific Portable devices, tablets, note-PCs, home appliances (low power) Home appliance (high power), office equipment Portable devices, tablets, note-PCs, home and office equipment Related Alliances/ international standards Wireless Power Consortium (WPC) [6] A4WP (AirFuel Alliance) [4 ] Concerned incumbents for spectrum sharing Japan: mobile/fixed radio systems Korea: ISM band Japan: Standard clockradios (40 kHz, 60 kHz) railway safety radio systems (10250 kHz) Japan: AM Broadcast (5251 606.5 kHz), maritime/ NAVTEX (405526.5 kHz), and amateur radio (472479 kHz).
(b) WPT for mobile devices using 6.78 MHz Not specified 0.15- 0.50 MHz: 66-56 dBuV (linearly decreasing with log(f) Average 56- 46 dBuV (linearly decreasing with log(f) 0.50- 5 MHz: 56 dBuV, Average 46 dBuV 5- 30 MHz: 60 dBuV, Average 50 dBuV, except ISM 6.765- 6.776 MHz: 44.0 dBuA/m at 10 m (quasi-peak); 6.776- 6.795 MHz: 64.0 dBuA/m at 10 m (quasi-peak) Not specified Taking basis on CISPR 11 Ed. 5.1, converting to values at 10 m distance, emission limit linearly decreases with log(f) from 39 dBuA/m at 0.15 MHz to 3 dBuA/m at 30 MHz. MHz: 4.0 dBuA/m at 10 m (quasi-peak). 606.5 kHz: –2.0 dBuA/m at 10 m (quasi-peak) Taking basis on CISPR 11 Ed. 5.1, the following is MHz: 30 dBuV/m; 80.872- 81.88 MHz: 50 dBuV/m; 81.88- 134.786 MHz: 30 dBuV/m; MHz: 50 dBuV/m; 136.414- 230 MHz: 30 dBuV/m; 230- 1 000 MHz: 37 dBuV/m In the case CISPR 32 (Ed. 1.0) should be applied, the limits at 3 m in Table A.5 is applied. Exception: 33.825- 33.975 MHz: 49.5 dBuV/m at 10 m (quasi-peak) In the case 32 (Ed. 1.0) (1) should be applied, the limits at 3 m in Table A.5 of (1) is applied 80.872 134.786- 136.414 peak peak
TABLE 13 Emission limits for WPT mobile devices 400 kHz band (capacitive coupling) in Japan WPT target application Conductive emission limits Radiated emission limits of fundamental wave Radiated emission limits in other bands 9-150 kHz 150 kHz - 30 MHz 425-471 kHz; 480-489 kHz; 491-494 kHz; 506-517 kHz; 519-524 kHz 9-150 kHz 150 kHz - 30 MHz 30 MHz - 1 GHz 1-6 GHz (d) WPT for mobile devices using 400 kHz band coupling) Not specified 0.15- 0.50 MHz: 66- 56 dBuV (linearly decreasing with log(f) Average 56- 46 dBuV (linearly decreasing with log(f) 0.50 5 MHz: 56 dBuV, Average 46 dBuV 5-30 MHz: 60 dBuV, Average 50 dBuV, except ISM bands Taking basis on CISPR 11 Ed. 5.1, converting to values at 10 m distance, emission limit linearly decreases with log(f) from 39 dBuA/m at 0.15 MHz to 3 dBuA/m 30 MHz Not Taking on CISPR 11 Ed. 5.1, converting to values at 10 m distance, emission limit linearly decreases with log(f) from 39 dBuA/m at 0.15 MHz to 3 dBuA/m at 30 MHz. Exception: 526.5 kHz 606.5 kHz: –2.0 dBuA/m at 10 m (quasi-peak) is applied Taking basis on CISPR 11 Ed. 5.1, the following is applied: 30- MHz: 30 dBuV/m; 80.872- 81.88 MHz: 50 dBuV/m; 81.88- 134.786 MHz: 30 dBuV/m; MHz: 50 dBuV/m; 136.414- 230 MHz: 30 dBuV/m; 230- 1 000 MHz: 37 dBuV/m In the case CISPR 32 (Ed. 1.0) should be applied, the limits at 3 m in Table A.5 is applied In the case CISPR 32 (Ed. 1.0) (1) should be applied, the limits at 3 m in Table A.5 of (1) is applied peak
TABLE 14 Emission limits for WPT for EV applications in Japan WPT target Conductive emission limits Radiated emission limits of wave Radiated emission limits in other bands 9-150 kHz 150 kHz - 30 MHz 79-90 kHz 9-150 kHz 150 kHz - 30 MHz 30 MHz - 1 GHz 1-6 GHz WPT for EV charging Not 0.15- 0.50 MHz: 66- 56 dBuV (linearly decreasing with log(f) Average 56- 46 dBuV (linearly with log(f), 0.50- 5 MHz: 56 dBuV, Average 46 dBuV 5- 30 MHz: 60 dBuV, Average 50 dBuV, except ISM bands 68.4 dBuA/m at 10 m. 23.1 dBuA/m at 10 m. (quasi-peak), except 79-90 kHz Taking basis on CISPR 11 Ed. 5.1, converting to values at 10 m distance, linearly decreasing with log(f) from 39 dBuA/m at 0.15 MHz to 3 dBuA/m at 30 MHz (1). Exception-1: For 158- 180 kHz, 237-270 kHz, kHz, and 3 965- 450 kHz, emission limits is higher than (1) above by 10 dB. Exception-2: For 606.5 kHz, –2.0 dBuA/m (quasi-peak) Taking basis on CISPR 11 Ed. 5.1, the following is applied: 30- 80.872 MHz: 30 dBuV/m; 80.872- 81.88 MHz: 50 dBuV/m; 81.88- 134.786 MHz: 30 dBuV/m; MHz: 50 dBuV/m; 136.414- 230 MHz: 30 dBuV/m; 230- 1 000 MHz: 37 dBuV/m Not b) RF exposure assessment In Japan, the Radio-Radiation Protection Guidelines (RRPG) is applied to conformity assessment on RF exposure to human bodies from the WPT systems. The RRPG provides recommended guidelines used when a person uses radio waves and whose body is exposed to an electromagnetic field (in a frequency range of 10 kHz through 300 GHz) to ensure that the electromagnetic field is safe without producing an unnecessary biological effect on the human body. These guidelines peak peak peak
TABLE 17 Spectrum use of incumbent wireless systems Radio systems Frequency Communication technologies Remarks Standard frequency and time signal service 19.95 kHz – 20.05 kHz (20 kHz, Global) 39 kHz – 41 kHz (40 kHz, Japan) 49.25 kHz – 50.75 kHz (50 kHz, Russia) 59 kHz – 61 kHz (60 kHz, UK, US and Japan) 65.85 kHz – 67.35 kHz (66.6 kHz, Russia) 68.25 kHz – 68.75 kHz (68.5 kHz, China) 74.75 kHz – 75.25 kHz (75 kHz, Switzerland) 77.25 kHz – 77.75 kHz (77.5 kHz, Germany) 99.75 kHz – 102.5 kHz (100 kHz, 128.6 kHz – 129.6 kHz (129.1 kHz, Germany) 157.5 kHz – 166.5 kHz (162 kHz, France) Amplitude modulation (BCD) The clocks and watches that periodically receive digital signals of the standard time transmitted from the transmitting stations to synchronize and adjust own time. Ripple Control Service 128.6 kHz – 129.6 kHz (129.1 kHz, Europe) 138.5 kHz – 139.5 kHz (139 kHz, Europe) Load/demand management system for power plants and their electric power network Train radio systems Automatic Train Stop Systems (ATS) Systems 10 kHz – 250 kHz (Japan) Telecommunication system that applying electric current to coils installed along with railroad track and detects electric current carried through coils which are installed on train vehicles on the rail to control trains. 425 kHz – 524 kHz (Japan) Inductive Train Radio Systems (ITRS) 100 kHz – 250 kHz (Japan) Signal transmission system which uses inductive coupling between transmission line which is installed along with the railroad track and so forth and antenna that is installed on train vehicles. 80 kHz, 92 kHz (Japan, only one station)
17 (end) Radio systems Frequency Communication technologies Remarks Amateur 135.7 kHz – 137.8 kHz Amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, SSB etc. Radio service with transmitter and receiver devices used for technology research and training of amateur radio operators. 472 kHz – 479 kHz Maritime radio 90 kHz – 110 kHz (LORAN) Pulse, FSK etc. Radio system that secures safety of vessel operation which is used at port and harbor or on the sea. 424 kHz, 490 kHz, 518 kHz (NAVTEX) 495 kHz – 505 kHz (NAVDAT) Sound broadcast 148.5 kHz – 283.5 kHz (Region 1) 525 kHz – 526.5 kHz (Region 2) 526.5 kHz – 1606.5 kHz (Global) 1605.5 kHz – 1705 kHz (Region 2) Amplitude modulation/DRM Audio broadcasting service with receiver devices which use medium wave band. FIGURE 12 WPT spectrum considered and incumbent systems (10-300 kHz) FIGURE 13 WPT spectrum considered and incumbent systems (400 kHz-13.56 MHz) In China, different kinds of high power WPT devices have been invented, which include WPT for home appliance operating frequency ranges of 47-53 kHz and WPT for light and heavy duty vehicles operating working frequency ranges of 37-43 kHz and 82-87 kHz. Facing the market requirement, sufficient coexistence research before relevant frequency planning is urgent and necessary. Considering current national frequency planning, the wireless communication system which has been put into practice and other wireless communication requirements, the coexistence studies including dedicated frequency band, shared frequency band, separation distance and so on are ongoing. CCSA TC5 WG8 will initiate a new project to study the coexistence issues of WPT with incumbent radio-communication systems in 2015. Partial research results will be completed in 2016. In Japan, target WPT systems and candidate proposed frequency ranges with fundamental parameters were summarized as shown in Table 18.
Magnetic coupling (low power for mobile devices) 6.765-6.795 kHz Meets coexistence conditions with the following • Avoiding the use of WPT systems transmitting power in the amateur radio frequency ranges Meets coexistence conditions with specific emission limits provided Magnetic coupling (low-high power for home appliances) 20.05-38 kHz NA 42-58 kHz NA 62-100 kHz NA Capacitive coupling (low power for mobile devices) 425-524 kHz NA Coexistence conditions in assessment: (*1) Amateur devices: For capacitive coupling, 472-479 kHz band is an in-band case (sharing the same spectrum). For amateur radios, no official interference level requirements or rules from other systems are found. However, an agreement was to exclude this band allocated to Amateur Radios in the WPT operation frequency range and to set appropriate frequency offset. (*2) Public radio systems: 6 765-6 795 kHz is not designated as an ISM band in Japan. However, the regulations’ provisions allow the use for WPT applications in the band. New emission limits for WPT products in this band have been agreed, which may allow coexistence with the incumbent systems and higher transmission power in this band. 20 Summary of WPT for EV coexistence results in Japan WPT for EV Incumbent systems Candidate frequency ranges SCRD (*1) (40 kHz, 60 kHz) ATS (*2) (10-250 kHz) ITRS (*3) (10-250 kHz) AM broadcast (*4) (526.5- 1 606.5 kHz) Amateur radio devices (*5) (135.7- 137.8 kHz) 42-48 kHz Not meet coexistence conditions Not assessed since another condition did not meet Meets coexistence conditions 52-58 kHz Not meet coexistence conditions Not assessed another condition did not meet Meets coexistence conditions
the possibility of interference to AM broadcast radio receivers. • If harmful interference observed, WPT devices shall take appropriate measures systems transmitting power in the amateur radio frequency ranges 79–90 kHz Meets coexistence conditions with the following note. • Inviting user’s attention to the possibility of interference to Standard Clock radio devices Meets coexistence conditions with the following requirement. • Minimum separation distance from the rail of 4.8 m shall be kept coexistence conditions with the following requirement. • Minimum separation distance from the rail of 45 m shall be kept. • Only one rail operation uses 80 kHz and 92 kHz where this technical requirement shall be applied 140.91- 148.5 kHz Not assessed since another condition did not meet Not meet coexistence conditions