APUSH REVIEW The following is a list of major themes, concepts, people and events to know and be able to explain why they are important. UNIT ONE: 1607-1763 Columbus (reasons for exploration) Order of colonization of colonies Mayflower Compact (1620) Contrast between Pilgrims and Puritans (!) Puritan migration (1630s) Church of England John Winthrop (Puritan, “city upon a hill”) Calvinism Congregational Church (stems from Puritanism) Roger Williams (sep. of church and state) Anne Hutchinson covenant theology Half-way covenant Thomas Hooker (CT) Fundamental Orders of Founding of Harvard (1636) Confederation (1643) King Philips War (1675-1676) Dominion of (1868) Sir Edmund Andros SOUTHERN COLONIES: Jamestown, first colony (1607) joint stock company Virginia: purpose, failures, successes headright system John Smith John Rolfe slavery begins (1619) House of Burgesses (1619) Bacon’s Rebellion (1676) Georgia: reasons, successes James Oglethorpe (GA) staple crops MIDDLE COLONIES William Penn Holy Experiment : Dutch Patroon system Peter Stuyvesant Five Nations Crops in the Colonies Leisler’s Rebellion (1689-1691) Religion in the colonies Johnathan Edwards, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God Old Lights, New Lights George Whitefield Lord Baltimore Toleration Act Deism Huguenots COLONIAL ECONOMY: Mercantilism sectional differences Navigation Acts triangular trade Currency Act COLONIAL SOCIETY: Witch Trials Primogeniture indentured servants Phyllis Wheatly-African American poet “salutary neglect” Enlightenment town meetings John Peter Zenger-libel court case John Locke-“natural rights” (“life, liberty and property”…Jefferson changed it to “life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness” in the Dec. of Indep) COMING OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION: writs of assistance
’s Rebellion Paxton Boys Grenville Program virtual representation Stamp Act (1765)/Stamp Act Congress-first time colonies come together to oppose British policies Revolves James Otis Proclamation of 1763 Navigation Acts (1660) Sugar Act non-importation actual representation Sons of Patrick Henry internal taxes external Declaratory Act (1766) Townshend Acts (1767) The Association Boston Massacre (1770) Crispus Attucks Regulators Governor Thomas Hutchinson Lord Tea Party (1773) East India Company Coercive Acts/Intolerable Acts Boston Port Act (1774) Act (1774) First Continental Congress-convened in response to Intolerable Acts Resolves Continental Association Paul Revere George Washington Branch Petition (1775)-offered to King George III (colonists trying to make peace); he rejects it and announces that colonies are “in rebellion” “natural rights” philosophy Richard Lee’s Resolution, July 2 Abigail Adams Edmund Burke Benedict Arnold Articles of Confederation-weak central gov. Quartering Act (Mutiny Act by the British) Sam Adams John Adams Gaspee Incident (1772) Committees of Correspondence Plan and (1775) Second Continental Congress Thomas Paine, Common Sense (Jan, 1776-this pamphlet encouraged colonists to seek independence from Great Britain) George III-King of England during A.R. Committee on Dec. of Jefferson, Adams, Sherman, Franklin and Livingston Mercy Otis Warren (wrote about the Revolution) George Rogers Robert Morris UNIT TWO: 1783-1800 Land Ordinance of 1785 Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Shays’ Rebellion Jay-Gardoqui Treaty (b/w and , guaranteed Spanish right to , treaty never ratified) Convention Noah Webster Alexander Hamilton James Madison Montesquieu, Spirit of Laws Voltaire (freedom of speech, religion) Jean Jacques Rousseau Constitution Plans:
(large states plan) New Jersey Plan (small states plan) Compromises in Constitution: 3/5’s Great Compromise (two houses) Federalists (those for the Constitution) Anti-Federalists (those against Constitution) Patrick Henry (“give me ..or give me Death”) Federalist Papers-encouraged ratification of U.S. Constitution, written by Hamilton, Madison and Jay John Fisk, critical period George Mason, Bill of Rights POLITICS OF THE 1790s: Bill of Rights adopted becomes president Judiciary Act of 1789 (set up courts) Hamilton, Sec. of Treasury Jefferson, Sec. of State excise taxes implied powers clause strict (Jefferson) v. loose (Hamilton) interpretation Location of capitol: Whiskey Rebellion Washington’s Farewell Address-warned nation to stay out of foreign entanglements as Vice President under and Sedition Acts (1798)-Dem-Rep claimed they were designed to protect the Federalist Party/censorship and Resolutions Election of 1800, Burr v. Revolution of 1800 (smooth transfer of power from one party to another) John Singleton Copley, Charles Wilson Peale, and Gilbert Stuart artists, painted portraits of founding fathers, etc. FOREIGN AFFAIRS IN THE 1790s: French Alliance, 1777-after Battle of Saratoga French Revolution (1789) Citizen Neutrality Proclamation (1793) XYZ Affair Talleyrand Undeclared naval war with (1799) Convention of 1800 Jays Treaty (1794, ratified 1796, b/w U.S and , averted war) Pinckney’s Treaty (1795, ratified in 1796, set up borders and “friendship” with Spain) Treaty of Pirates UNIT THREE: 1800-1840 Themes: Election of 1800 Thomas Jefferson Jefferson’s inaugural address “ judges” Louisiana Purchase (1803) Justice Samuel Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804) Hamilton-Burr Duel (Hamilton dies) Pike Expedition (1805) Berlin and Decrees (1807)-made by Napoleon, tried to force European nations NOT to trade with Great Britain Orders in Council Impressment-forcing American sailors to join British ships Chesapeake-Leopard Affair Case Non-intercourse Act Macon Bill #2-bill intended to motivate France and Britain to stop seizing American vessels during the Napoleonic wars Tecumseh War hawks Causes of War of 1812 Federalist opposition to war Treaty of (1814)-ended War of 1812 ’s Victory at (1815)
Nationalism and Sectionalism: Tariff of 1816 bill veto Agreement (1817)- Panic of 1819 -Onis Treaty (1819)- gains Quadruple Holy Monroe Doctrine (1823)-warned European powers to stay out of Western hemisphere Era of Good Feelings (1817-1824) decisions (pro-federalist) Compromise (1820) Tallmadge Amendment (anti-slavery, was not included in the Missouri Compromise) Clay’s American System (internal improvements such as road building, nat’l bank. tariffs) Samuel Slater Robert Fulton Eli Whitney Daniel Webster John C. Calhoun John Quincy “corrupt bargain” (election of 1824) Conference Tariff of Abominations (1828) Exposition and Protest (SC would secede if Tariff of Abominations was not (author) resigned in protest) Nullification-idea that states could reject federal laws (i.e. tariffs) Jacksonian Democracy, 1828 to 1840: Jacksonian Revolution Common man theory Franchise (vote) expanded (to property holders) Spoils system-giving jobs to campaign supporters Caucus system National nominating conventions Kitchen cabinet-group Jackson met with regularly after he fired most of his cabinet Cherokee Indian Removal Trail of Tears (1830s) Whigs Maysville Road Veto Anti-Masonic Party Nicholas Biddle-president of 2nd B.U.S. Bank Re-chartering (1832) Webster-Hayne Debate (RE: tariffs) Peggy Eaton Affair Calhoun resigns vice-presidency Clay: Compromise Tariff (1833) Force Bill (enforce tariffs on states claiming nullification) specie circular/Coinage Act (1836)-executive order by Jackson that government land had to be paid for in gold or silver of 1837 Independent Treasury Act Pre-emption Act Tariff of 1842 B. Taney Social, Education, Intellectual and Religious Reforms: Transcendentalism Waldo Emerson “self reliance” Henry David Thoreau, On , “Essay on Civil Disobedience” James Fenimore Cooper, Last of the Mohicans Herman Melville, Moby Dick Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Scarlet Letter Edgar Allan Poe, “Tell Tale Heart”
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Margaret Fuller Hudson River School of Art-landscape painters Walt Whitman Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in studied effects of social equality on democracy Charles G. Finney (Second Great Awakening) “burned over district” lyceum movement Mormons, Joseph Smith, Farm Community Shakers Dorothea Dix (advocate for mentally ill) Rise of Labor Leaders American Temperance “Ten Nights in a Bar Room” (prohibitionist play) Nativism Irish/German immigration Lucretia Mott (“first American feminist”) Samuel B. Morse (morse code) Convention (1848) Women’s Rights “cult of domesticity”/Cult of True Womanhood Emma Willard Anti-Slavery movement (1830s) Prison reform UNIT FOUR: 1840-1877 Manifest Destiny: “Manifest Destiny” Horace Greely Stephen Austin Jedediah Alamo Anna Sam Houston Party James K. Polk “54-40 or FIGHT”-slogan to obtain NW land Rio Grade river John Slidell General Zachary Taylor Stephen Kearny Mexican War: Causes and Results Nicholas John C. Fremont Mexican Cession Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo-ended Mexican American War, territory gain for U.S. of present day CA, AZ, etc. Caroline and Creole affairs Webster-Ashburton Treaty John Jacob Astor-first multi-millionaire Aroostook War (1838)-undeclared war b/w and over border Election of 1848: Cass v. 49th Parallel Wilmot Proviso Hegemony Great Salt Lake/Brigham Young Economy: “transportation revolution” National Road Lowell Factory-“ girls” Cyrus McCormick/mechanical reaper Elias Howe Ten-hour movement Clipper ships Field Robert Fulton Walker Tariff Independent Treasury System Martin Van Buren The South and Slavery:
Free silver 16:1 ratio (16 oz. of silver=1 oz. of gold) Coxey’s Army Farmer’s Populist Platform, 1892 Mary Ellen Lease William of Gold” speech Election of 1896 UNIT SIX: 1900-1920 Imperialism, Progressivism, and War I: James G. Blaine Pan-Americanism Venezuelan Boundary Dispute Controversy “yellow journalism” de Lome letter-written by Spanish Ambassador that criticized President McKinley and fired up the American public to go to war with Maine explodes Commodore Dewey President Cleveland and Queen Liliuokalani-last monarch of Rough riders Treaty of , 1899 , , Walter Reed Teller Amendment-U.S. could not annex Platt Amendment-U.S. withdrawal from protectorate spheres of influence Open Door Notes (policy) Philippine Insurrection Boxer Rebellion (1900) extraterritoriality most favored nation status Big Stick policy (T. Roosevelt) Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850) Hay-Pauncefort Treaty Hay-Herran Treaty Hay-Banau-Varilla Treaty revolution Venezuelan Crisis Corollary Russo-Japanese War Treaty of School Board Incident Gentlemen’s Agreement Great White Fleet Root-Takahira Agreement Lansing-Ishii Agreement (1917) Progressivism: The Age of Reform: Democracy, efficiency, and pragmatism “muckrakers”-journalists that wrote to expose problems in society to the public Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives Steffens, The of the Cities Norris, The Octopus Ida Tarbell, The History of Standard Oil Company Upton Sinclair, The Jungle John Spargo, The Bitter Cry for the Children Charlotte Gilman Perkins, Woman and Economics John Dewey, The School and Society Oliver Wendell Holmes Margaret Sanger-birth control (1920s) “Fighting Bob” LaFollette Direct primary, Initiative, referendum, recall (political progressivism) 16th Amendment-income tax 17th Amendment-direct election of senators 18th Amendment-Prohibition (no alcohol) 19th suffrage Charles Hughes WCTU Anti-Saloon League Square Deal, 3 C’s (TR) Newland Reclamation Act Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902 Reserve Act
Elkins Act (1903)-imposed fines on railroads offering rebates Hepburn Act (1906)-gave ICC power to regulate railroad rates Trustbusters Northern Securities Case Meat Inspection Act (1906) Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) Conservation Act, 1908 Election of 1908 Mark Hanna scientific management Kelley-fought for child labor laws and better working conditions for workers regulatory commissions Department of Labor established Payne-Aldrich Tariff Department of Commerce established Ballinger-Pinchot controversy “Dollar Diplomacy” (Taft) Taft-Roosevelt Bull Moose Party Teddy Roosevelt’s “New Nationalism” The Promise of American Life Daniel DeLeon, IWW, “Big Bill” Herbert Croly arbitration of disputes Federal Commission Louis Brandeis, “Brandeis Brief” Adamson Act Jones Jones Act, Mexican Revolution Pancho Villa and General Pershing ABC Powers The First World War Era: 1912-1920: sickman of () Triple Triple Entente British blockade loans to the Allies Election of 1916 , Pledge Zimmerman note (telegram to from , intercepted by British) unrestricted submarine warfare War Declared by on , April 1917 Russian Revolution, 1917 Woodrow Wilson, “make the world safe for democracy” Creel Committee (propaganda) Bernard Baruch Eugene V. Debs imprisoned Herbert Hoover selective service War Industries Board Rationing: “meatless Mondays”, “wheatless Wednesdays” total war Conference Self-determination new nations reparations (war payments) Article 10-members of will help each other if attacked Article 231-full blame on Senate rejection of treaty Strikes: Steel, Coal, Police Irreconcilables: Borah, Johnson, Smoot, Lodge Depression of 1920 UNIT 1920-1940 The 1920s: “normalcy” Esch-Cummins Transportation Act (1920)- returned railroads back to private ownership after WWI with much regulation. Harding Scandals of Harding Secretary Mellon, tax cuts “The Business of America is Business”-Coolidge Senator Norris, Muscle Shoals McNary-Hagen Bill (1924)-vetoed twice by Coolidge (never passed), this bill aimed at helping farmers by raising ag prices
Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes Miller-Tydings Act (1937) Democratic coalition: blacks, unions, Southern intellectuals, and Big City machines Dr. Francis Townshend Hatch Act Father Charles Coughlin UNIT 1940-1960 Tydings-McDuffie Act Buenos Aires Conference Nye Committee-studied America’s involvement in WWI (amid charges munitions manufacturers promoted U.S. entrance into WWI) Benito Mussolini Quarantine Speech “Panay” incident Hitler, Nazism Munich Conference, appeasement, Neville Chamberlin Axis Powers (Germany-Italy-Japan) Blitzkrieg Invasion of Poland, Sept. 1, 1939 (WWII begins) “cash and carry” policy Fall of France Isolationism, America First Committee, Charles Lindberg Smith Act (1940)-makes it a criminal offense to plot against the government General Tojo (Japan) destroyer deal, Lend-Lease Act (1941) Election of 1940 Atlantic Charter, August 1941 Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941 Navajo codetalkers Tuskegee Airmen (African American pilots) during WWII 442nd Regiment (Japanese American unit) Japanese Internment Korematsu v. United States War Labor Board Office of Stabilization General Dwight D. Eisenhower, D-Day (6-6-44) Battle of Stalingrad (turning point in Europe) Battle of Midway (turning point in Pacific) Winston Churchill Casablanca Conference Teheran Conference “unconditional surrender” Okinawa, Iwo Jima Battle of the Bulge (last German offensive) Manhattan Project, J. Robert Oppenheimer Atomic Bomb, Hiroshima and Nagasaki Cold War Years: Conference (Feb. 1945) Potsdam Conference (July 1945) Partitioning: Germany, Korea, Vietnam Charles de Gaulle Bretton Woods Conference Iron Curtain Speech (Churchill) San Francisco Conference United Nations Charter Atomic Energy Conference socialism communism superpowers satellites Nuremberg War Trials Department of Defense created George F. Kennan-containment theory Truman Doctrine, used in Greece and Turkey ($400 million in aid) Marshall Plan Point Four Program Israel created, 1948 NATO SEATO CENTO collective security
Fall of China (1949), Mao Zedong Korean War (1950-53) Truman-Macarthur Controversy Gandhi, non-violent protest John Foster Dulles, “policy of boldness” “massive retaliation” brinkmanship preemptive strike Khrushchev, Geneva Summit Hungarian Revolt, 1956 Organization of American States Nasser, Suez Eisenhower Doctrine Fidel Castro’s Revolution Domestic Affairs of the 1940s and 1950s: G.I. Bill of Rights postwar inflation Baby Boom suburbs “white flight” Employment Act of 1946 Taft Hartley Act (1947) laws Election of 1948 Dixiecrats: J.Strom Thurmond McCarthyism House Un-American Activities Commission Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Alger Hiss Army-McCarthy hearings Whittaker Chambers, Pumpkin Papers, Nixon 22nd Amendment-term limits on president (2), passed 1947 Ike and Modern Republicanism Federal Interstate Highway Act (1956) Jimmy Hoffa Sputnik (1957) NASA (1958) AFL-CIO merger “military industrial complex” Civil Rights, 1940s and 1950s: desegregation of military (1948) Jackie Robinson breaks MLB color line Double V campaign (WWII) CORE (Congress on Racial Equality), James Farmer Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Rosa Parks Montgomery Bus Boycott Martin Luther King, Jr. NAACP Little Rock Nine, Central High School (1957) George Wallace, “segregation today, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever!” UNIT NINE: 1960 to Present Civil Rights, 1960s: Sit-in movement SNCC (Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee)-Stokley Carmichael Freedom Riders Freedom Summer Birmingham, Alabama Children’s Marches 16th Street Church Bombing MLK, Jr: Letters from a Birmingham Jail- advocated non-violent resistance March on Washington, I have a Dream speech Civil Rights Act of 1964 Voting Rights Act of 1965 24th Amendment-abolish poll tax (1964) Malcolm X (assassinated 1965) Black Power Pride Black Panther Movement (Oakland, CA) Assassination of Dr. King (1968) in Memphis “New Frontier” (JFK) Election of 1960, electronic media Camelot Bay of Pigs Invasion Alliance for Progress Peace Corps Cuban Missile Crisis Assassination of JFK by Lee Harvey Oswald, Nov. 22, 1963 The Feminine Mystique, Friedan