Study Country Sample Design Timeframe Population Median CD4 at ART initiation, mm3 (IQR) ART eligibility Exclusions Intervention Comparator Amanyire1 Uganda 12024 Cluster RCT 2013-2015 Adults (>18 years) 310 CD4 <350, WHO Stage III/IV, pregnancy, later included key populations + sdc + CD4 <500 None ART initiation within 14 days of eligibility determination (Same Day ART start was reported as a secondary endpoint) Training and coaching, PoC CD4, revised counselling approach and facility feedback SoC (variable but usual practice included 3 pre treatment counselling sessions, requirement for treatment supporter, + overnight CD4 cell count processing); ART at 28 days (mean) Koening2 Haiti 703 RCT 2014-2016 Adults 248 CD4<500 Pregnancy, TB or pneumonia; failure to demonstrate Same Day ART (same day as HIV diagnosis) SoC (with the exception of ART start timing) Chest x-ray SoC= Counselling/ social worker visits1 and transportation subsidy ART at day 21 Rosen3 South Africa 463 (377 eligible for ART) RCT 2013-2014 Adults (>18 years) Median: <200 Rapid arm: 224 SoC arm: 195 CD4 <350 or WHO Stage III/IV Pregnancy Same Day ART (first HIV-related clinical visit) PoC CD4, rapid TB test and PoC baseline blood tests Group and individual counseling as per SoC also provided but condensed version provided all on same day ART at visit 6 (2-4 weeks post visit 1; mean 22 days, Mean 22 days)2 Group and individual counseling Labhardt4 Lesotho 276 Cluster RCT -2017 Adults (>18 years) 380 Treat All Pregnant or breast-feeding, already enrolled in care for another chronic disease, clinical WHO stage 4 or active tuberculosis, or Same Day ART (same day as HIV diagnosis) Home-based HIV testing Post-test counselling and referral to nearest clinic
ANC= antenatal care; ART= antiretroviral therapy; HTC= HIV testing and counseling; MSM= men who have sex with men; NR= not reported; OI= opportunistic infection; PMTCTB+= Prevention of Mother-To-Child HIV Transmission Option B+; PoC= point-of-care; sdc= sero-discordant couples; TB= tuberculosis Table 1c: Qualitative studies Study Focus Design Year Population Age Country Rural/ urban ART eligibility Intervention Comments Black et al, 2014 Acceptability and challenges of the rapid initiation of ART among pregnant women living with HIV 7 key informant interviews and interviews with participants 2011 HIV positive pregnant and postpartum women Mean 29 years (range: 23–36) South Africa Urban PMTCTB+ Rapid initiation at pregnancy, including integrated ART/ANC services allowing same day ART in some cases, single counseling session & PoC CD4 Same intervention as reported by Black et al, 2013, and Myer et al, 2012 Helova et al, 2016 Challenges to the provision of PMTCTB+ at the health facility level 40 individual gender-matched one-on-one in-depth interviews with HIV-positive pregnant or postpartum women (n=20) and their male partners (n=20) and 4 FGD with 30 healthcare providers 2014 HIV positive pregnant and postpartum women Pregnant women 24.7; male partners 33.5; healthcare workers 32.2 Kenya Rural PMTCTB+ Same day ART Katirayi et al, 2016 Barriers and facilitators that affect a woman’s decision to 39 in-depth interviews (pregnant and postpartum women) and 16 FGD (4 healthcare 2013 HIV positive pregnant and postpartum women Mean age 27.2-29.5 Malawi Rural, urban and periurban PMTCTB+ Same day ART
initiate and to adhere to PMTCTB+ workers, 8 pregnant and postpartum women) et al, 2014 Attitudes toward and interest in regular HIV testing and immediate ART Self-administered questionnaire before and after HIV testing 434 MSM (69 HIV positive) Median 26 (IQR Thailand Urban Treat all Annual HIV testing and immediate ART Unclear if immediate ART necessarily refers to same day Nakanwagi et al, 2016 Identify the facilitators and barriers to linkage to HIV care among HIV positive FSWs 28 in-depth interviews with FSW and key informant interviews (5 project staff and 11 peer educators) FSW 85% 20–30 years; 15% >30 years Uganda Periurban Unclear Bi-weekly mobile outreach clinics, brothel based testing, and nocturnal mobile vans for HIV testing. If HIV+ referred for follow up care at the static or mobile clinics (including same day ART start). Follow up included phone calls, peer educators, and home assessments. ANC= antenatal care; ART= antiretroviral therapy; FGD= focus group discussion; FSW= female sex workers; IQR= interquartile range; MSM= men who have sex with men; PMTCTB+= Prevention of Mother-To-Child HIV Transmission Option B+; PoC= point-of-care