C2 Revision Helpsheet Lesson Objectives Tasks Describe the structure of the earth Draw and label a diagram showing the 4 main layers of the earth State what the lithosphere is How do we know what the structure of the earth is? Explain how the molten rock reaches the earth’s surface Where are volcanoes usually found? (Use the phrase tectonic plates in your answer) Explain in terms of density why the magma rises through the crust. Describe the theory of plate tectonics Explain what a convection current is. are more dense – oceanic or continental plates? Explain what subduction is. Describe how the theory of plate tectonics developed Describe the evidence that Wegener had for his continental drift theory. Give two reasons why Wegener was not believed. Give three new pieces of evidence that have led to plate tectonics theory being believed. Explain how igneous rocks form What is the difference between and lava? Describe the appearance of igneous rock (e.g. crystals or grains, does it contain layers?) Describe how the size of crystals in igneous rock depends on the rate of cooling. Describe the work of geologists in studying volcanoes State two reasons why people might choose to live near a volcano. Which is likely to give a more violent and deadly explosion – a volcano with runny lava or one with thick lava? Describe two reasons why geologists study volcanoes.
Explain the use of limestone in construction What is an ore? What is aggregate and what is it used for? Describe the typical texture of a sedimentary rock. Describe the typical texture of a sedimentary rock. Describe how sedimentary rocks form. Describe how metamorphic rocks form. Describe the environmental, social and economic effects of mining limestone Describe what a quarry is. State three advantages of living near a quarry. three disadvantages of living near a quarry. Explain how metal carbonates may be decomposed by heating Explain what is meant by thermal decomposition. Write a word and symbol equation for the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate. Do carbonates of more reactive metals need a high or low temperature to decomposition? Describe how cement and concrete are made What is the chemical name for limewater and what do we use it for? Write a word and symbol equation for the reaction of calcium oxide with water. State two uses of calcium hydroxide. What is calcium used for? What is mortar made from? What is concrete made from? Describe the advantages of reinforced concrete What is a composite material? What is reinforced concrete? State two uses of reinforced concrete and explain two advantages it has over normal steel.
Describe how copper can be extracted and purified State the properties of copper. Explain why copper is useful for (a) wires (b) water pipes What is the chemical formula for the copper ore malachite? Write word and symbol equations for the thermal decomposition of copper carbonate. Write a word and symbol equation for the reduction of copper oxide using carbon. Explain how electrolysis is used to purify impure copper. Describe the benefits and drawbacks of recycling copper Why is copper mining more difficult than it used to be? State two reasons why recycling copper is useful. Give one reason why recycling copper is difficult. Recognise some common alloys and their uses State the main metal in amalgalm and its typical use. State the main metals in brass and a typical use for it. State the main metal in solder and a typical use for it. Relate the properties of an alloy to a particular use Draw a diagram to show how the atoms are arranged in an elemental metal. Draw a diagram to show how the are arranged in an alloy. Explain why alloys are stronger and harder than the elements that make them up. Explain the use of ‘smart alloys’ What is a shape memory alloy? State the two elements that are used in nitinol. Name one use of nitinol. Explain why aluminium does not corrode Is aluminium more or less reactive than iron? Draw a particle diagram to show the oxide layer which forms on aluminium. Use the diagram you have drawn to explain why aluminium does not corrode. Describe the conditions needed for rusting to Which two substances are needed for iron to rust? Name two substances which speed up rusting. Explain why painting an iron object prevents it from rusting.
Describe the similarities and differences between iron and aluminium two properties that iron and aluminium both share. Compare the densities of iron and aluminium Compare the magnetic properties of iron and aluminium List the major materials used in a car and explain why they are used State the materials commonly used for the following car parts: (a) car body (b) engine block (c) electrical wiring (d) windows (e) bumpers (f) seats and carpets Give three reasons why car manufacturers are continually looking at new materials. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of building cars from steel/aluminium Compare the densities of aluminium and Link this to fuel economy. Compare the resistance to corrosion of aluminium and steel. Link this to their suitability for making cars. Compare the cost of aluminium and steel. Link this to their suitability for making cars. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of recycling cars State two reasons why cars should be recycled. Describe the European Union Directive about car recycling. Describe factors affecting the cost of making new substances State and explain 5 factors which affect the cost of making a chemical Describe some of the uses of ammonia two uses of ammonia other than making fertilisers. a word equation for making ammonium nitrate. Explain why nitrogen is needed for plants. Describe how ammonia is made Write word and symbol equations for making NH3. Describe the conditions used in the Haber process. Why is the unused nitrogen and hydrogen recycled?
Describe neutralisation in terms of H+ ions and OH– ions Write a general word equation for the reaction between an acid and a base. Write an ionic equation for neutralisation. Predict the name of the salt produced in a neutralisation reaction Predict the name of the salt made when hydrochloric acid reacts with potassium carbonate. Predict the name of the salt made when sulphuric acid reacts with lithium Predict the name of the salt made when nitric acid reacts with sodium hyroxide Write word equations for neutralisation reactions Write a word equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide. a general word equation for the reaction between an acid and a metal carbonate. Write a word equation for the reaction of sulphuric acid with lithium oxide. Write balanced symbol equations for neutralisation reactions Write a balanced symbol equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide. Write a balanced symbol equation for the reaction between nitric acid and sodium hydroxide Write a balanced symbol equation for the reaction of sulphuric acid with lithium oxide. Recall three essential elements needed for plant growth Which three elements are essential for plant growth? Which of these are found in ammonium nitrate? Which of these are found in potassium phosphate? Explain that fertilisers increase crop yields Why do we use fertilisers? Why do fertilisers need to be soluble in How is the use of fertilisers linked to the increase in world population?
Describe some uses of the products of electrolysis of brine one use of hydrogen. State three uses of chlorine. State two uses of sodium hydroxide. Describe the key features of the electrolysis of Draw and label a diagram showing the electrolysis of sodium chloride. Include the products at the anode and cathode. Explain why a diaphragm is needed to separate the chlorine and the sodium hydroxide. Explain why the electrodes need to be made from an inert substance such as titanium. Describe a laboratory test for chlorine What is the appearance of chlorine? Is a solution of chlorine acidic, or neutral? Describe the test for chlorine and the typical result. Explain the electrolysis of in terms of loss or gain of electrons What does the acronym OILRIG stand for? Write an equation to show the oxidation of chloride ions at the anode. Write an equation to show the reduction of hydrogen ions at the cathode.