Dallas Yes No Yes No D.C. Yes No No No Seattle Yes No No No SF Yes No No No Oak. No No Yes No Threat Hypothesis In order to test the threat hypothesis, I used five variables to code the level of threat posed by demonstrators. Blockade measures the presence of demonstrators linking arms or otherwise actively preventing access to a building or use of a roadway or sidewalk. This is a highly disruptive form of protest and often results in arrests. Resisting arrest was present when people either linked arms to prevent arrests, pushed police, or attempted to evade arrest. Pushing involves active resistance to police dispersal efforts or an effort to cross police lines. It is a highly contentious activity but does not usually rise to the level of causing injuries. Refusal to disperse was present when demonstrators ignored police orders to leave a place, whether or not the order was lawful. The refusal must have been more than just transitory. Finally, violence measures the use of force against police in the form of thrown objects, fistfights or use of weapons. Injuries to police are often but not always involved. I did not isolate target or ideological variables because these were consistent in all cases. OWS encampments in all ten
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