2.4. EC report’s and Hilary Sutcliffe’s approach Approach Parameter EC Report (2013) Sutcliffe (2011) Anticipation Vision of the world (Weltanshauung) RRI definition: knowledge about the consequences, ethical assessment, functional design of technology. Importance of social acceptability. Meeting social Economic constraints have a prominent role. RRI both a process (inclusive) and an outcome. Relationship with the future Forecast: importance of acquiring knowledge about consequences. “RRI is about trying to get better at anticipating problems”. Defense of an anticipatory governance. Foresight + scenarios. Tools Traditional Risk assessment. Traditional Ethical, Legal, Societal Implications (ELSI) evaluation. Creating incentive for ethical concern at the of the firm (ethics as a driver, not an Risk assessment. Relying on EU norms. Cost benefit analysis. Ethical assessment. Different governance mechanisms:
impediment) and for research (reward for RRI research). Economic drivers such as competition should also be concerned by meeting ethical achievements. The normative content is given by an anchoring in EU values. Codes of conduct, standards, coordination between Member states, voluntary adoption of norms and standards (flexibility). Standards, (ISO), CSR, Risk management initiatives, Intellectual property, regimes, scientific committees, etc. Product Applicable to every kind of product. Focus on emerging technologies: nanotechnologies, genomics, synthetic biology and geoengineering but also “financial instruments, ICT, public policy or community innovations”. Process (of reflexivity) Transparency No mention. × Promoting self-reflection initiatives individual freely reflect on the impact of their actions) through codes of conducts, (e.g.“hypocratic oath” of scientists).
3.2. The substantive model of responsibility von Schomberg (2011, a, b; 2013) EC Report (2013) Sutcliffe (2011) Participation/ deliberation Consultation for more: Legitimacy (social acceptability) Social desirability Early stakeholder’s involvement helps to define social desirable products. Leads to collective responsibility. Meeting societal needs (beyond sole economic constraints). Reducing of market failures. Meeting societal (beyond sole economic constraints). Reducing of market failures Social acceptability. Shaping institutions Shaping technology (Co-construction ) Aims at shaping innovation beyond economic constraints and cost/ benefit analysis). Ethics by design. Aim at co-shaping innovation. Production of norms (ethical relevance) Substantive Focused on ethical acceptability. Substantive normative horizon anchored in EU Norms. Institutional tools: codes of conduct, standards. Ethical tools: ethical assessment. Focused on ethical acceptability. Substantive normative horizon anchored in EU Norms. Institutional raising awareness for RRI through EU funding. Substantive normative horizon anchored in EU Norms. Institutional tools: codes of conduct, standards, scientific committees, etc.
Ethical traditional ELSI approaches. Ethical tools: traditional ELSI approaches. Procedural Responsiveness: “Technical innovators become responsive to societal needs and societal actors become co-responsible for the innovation process.” Responsiveness (from Owen et al.: “Responsiveness refers to the flexibility and capacity to change research and innovation processes according to public values.” Ethical framework Consequentialist. Consequentialist. Consequentialist. Relation to knowledge (and their related epistemic tools) Rationalistic Foresight in context of unpredictable outcomes ( → Epistemic tools =TA, F + PP). Traditional RA , TA. Traditional TA or RTA, impact assessment. Foresight. Anticipation as a normative tool Scenarios, “Anticipatory Governance.” reflexivity Content reflexivity (1st order) Dealing with ethical issues raised by technology and innovation. RRI implies to “evaluate both outcomes and options in of ethical values (including, but not limited to Traditional ethical assessment (ELSI approaches).