test environments have therefore been chosen such that typical and different deployments are modelled and critical aspects in system design and performance can be investigated. Focus is thus on scenarios testing limits of performance. 8.1 Usage scenarios As defined in Recommendation ITU-R M.2083, IMT-2020 is envisaged to expand and support diverse usage scenarios and applications that will continue beyond IMT-Advanced. There are three usage scenarios for IMT-2020 as follows: – Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB): This usage scenario will come with new application areas and requirements in addition to existing Mobile Broadband applications for improved performance and an increasingly seamless user experience. This usage scenario covers a range of cases, including wide-area coverage and hotspot, which have different requirements. – Massive machine type communications (mMTC): This usage scenario is characterized by a very large number of connected devices typically transmitting a relatively low volume of non-delay-sensitive data. – and low latency communications (URLLC): This usage scenario has stringent requirements for capabilities such as throughput, latency and availability. Some examples include wireless control of industrial manufacturing or production processes, remote medical surgery, distribution automation in a smart grid, transportation safety, etc. 8.2 Test environments A test environment reflects a combination of geographic environment and scenario. There are five selected test environments for IMT-2020 as follows: − Indoor Hotspot-eMBB: An indoor isolated environment at offices and/or in shopping malls based on stationary and pedestrian users with very high user density. − Dense Urban-eMBB: An urban environment with high user density and traffic loads focusing on pedestrian and vehicular users. − Rural-eMBB: A rural environment with larger and continuous wide area coverage, supporting pedestrian, vehicular and high speed vehicular users. − Urban Macro–mMTC: An urban macro environment targeting continuous coverage focusing on a high number of connected machine type devices. − Urban Macro–URLLC: An urban macro environment targeting ultra-reliable and low latency communications. The mapping of the five test environments and the three usage scenarios is given in Table 4. TABLE 4 Mapping of test environments and usage scenarios Usage scenarios mMTC Test environments Indoor Hotspot – eMBB Dense Urban – eMBB Rural – eMBB Urban Macro – mMTC Urban Macro – URLLC
Spectral Efficiency, Mobility, and Area Traffic Capacity Evaluations Configuration A Configuration B Configuration C UE antenna element gain 0 dBi 5 dBi 5 dBi Thermal noise level ‒174 dBm/Hz ‒174 dBm/Hz ‒174 dBm/Hz Traffic model Full buffer Full buffer Full buffer Simulation bandwidth 20 MHz for TDD, 10 MHz+10 MHz for FDD 80 MHz for TDD, 40 MHz+40 MHz for FDD 80 MHz for TDD, 40 MHz+40 MHz for FDD UE density 10 UEs per TRxP randomly and uniformly dropped throughout the geographical area 10 UEs per TRxP randomly and uniformly dropped throughout the geographical area 10 UEs per TRxP randomly and uniformly dropped throughout the geographical area UE antenna height 1.5 m 1.5 m 1.5 m b) Evaluation configurations for Dense Urban-eMBB test environment Parameters Dense Urban-eMBB Spectral Efficiency and Mobility Evaluations User Experienced Data Rate Evaluation Configuration A Configuration B Configuration C Baseline evaluation configuration parameters Carrier frequency for evaluation 1 layer (Macro) with 4 GHz 1 layer (Macro) with 30 GHz 1 or 2 layers (Macro + Micro). 4 GHz and 30 GHz available in macro and micro layers BS antenna height 25 m 25 m 25 m for macro sites and 10 m for micro sites TABLE 5 (continued) b) Evaluation configurations for Dense Urban-eMBB test environment Parameters Urban-eMBB Spectral Efficiency and Mobility Evaluations User Experienced Data Rate Evaluation Configuration A Configuration B Configuration C
Total transmit power per TRxP 44 dBm for 20 MHz bandwidth 41 dBm for 10 MHz bandwidth 40 dBm for 80 MHz bandwidth 37 dBm for 40 MHz bandwidth e.i.r.p. should not exceed 73 dBm Macro 4 GHz: 44 dBm for 20 MHz bandwidth 41 dBm for 10 MHz bandwidth Macro 30 GHz: 40 dBm for 80 MHz bandwidth 37 dBm for 40 MHz bandwidth e.i.r.p. should not exceed 73 dBm Micro 4 GHz: 33 dBm for 20 MHz bandwidth 30 dBm for 10 MHz bandwidth 30 GHz: 33 dBm for 80 MHz bandwidth 30 dBm for 40 MHz bandwidth e.i.r.p. should not exceed 68 dBm UE power class 23 dBm 23 dBm, e.i.r.p. should not exceed 43 dBm 4 GHz: 23 dBm 30 GHz: 23 dBm, e.i.r.p. should not exceed 43 dBm Percentage of high loss and low loss building type 20% high loss, 80% low loss 20% high loss, 80% low loss 20% high loss, 80% low loss Additional parameters for simulation Inter-site distance 200 m 200 m Macro layer: 200 m (NOTE – Density and layout of Micro layer are in § 8.3) Number of antenna elements per TRxP Up to 256 Tx/Rx Up to 256 Tx/Rx Up to 256 Tx/Rx Number of UE antenna elements Up to 8 Tx/Rx Up to 32 Tx/Rx 4 GHz: Up to 8 Tx/Rx 30 GHz: Up to 32 Tx/Rx
5 (continued) c) Evaluation configurations for test environment Parameters Rural-eMBB Spectral Efficiency and Mobility Evaluations Average Spectral Efficiency Evaluation Configuration A Configuration B Configuration C (LMLC) Device deployment 50% indoor, 50% outdoor (incar) Randomly and uniformly distributed over the area 50% indoor, 50% outdoor (incar) Randomly and uniformly distributed over the area 40% indoor, 40% outdoor (pedestrian), 20% outdoor (in-car) Randomly and uniformly distributed over the area UE mobility model and identical speed |v| of all UEs, randomly and uniformly distributed direction Fixed and identical speed |v| of all UEs, randomly and uniformly distributed direction Fixed and identical speed |v| of all UEs, randomly and uniformly distributed direction UE speeds of interest Indoor users: 3 km/h; Outdoor users (in-car): 120 km/h; 500 km/h for evaluation of mobility in high-speed case Indoor users: 3 km/h; Outdoor users (in-car): 120 km/h; 500 km/h for evaluation of mobility in high-speed case Indoor users: 3 km/h; Outdoor users (pedestrian): 3 km/h; Outdoor users (in-car): 30 km/h Inter-site interference modeling Explicitly modelled Explicitly modelled Explicitly modelled BS noise figure 5 dB 5 dB 5 dB UE noise figure 7 dB 7 dB 7 dB BS antenna element gain 8 dBi 8 dBi 8 dBi UE antenna element gain 0 dBi 0 dBi 0 dBi Thermal noise level ‒174 dBm/Hz ‒174 dBm/Hz ‒174 dBm/Hz Traffic model Full buffer Full buffer Full buffer Simulation bandwidth 20 MHz for TDD, 10 MHz+10 MHz for FDD 20 MHz for TDD, 10 MHz+10 MHz for FDD 20 MHz for TDD, 10 MHz+10 MHz for FDD UE density 10 UEs per TRxP Randomly and uniformly distributed over the area 10 UEs per TRxP Randomly and uniformly distributed over the area 10 UEs per TRxP Randomly and uniformly distributed over the area UE antenna height 1.5 m 1.5 m 1.5 m
FIGURE A1-3 Definition of a global coordinate system showing the zenith angle θ and the azimuth angle ϕ TABLE A1-10 Notations in the global coordinate system (GCS) Parameter Comments LOS AOD defined by ϕ LOS AOA defined by ϕ LOS ZOD defined by θ LOS ZOA defined by θ AOA for cluster n ϕn,AOA defined by ϕ AOD for cluster n ϕn,AOD defined by ϕ AOA for ray m in cluster n defined by ϕ AOD for ray m in cluster n defined by ϕ ZOA for cluster n θn,ZOA defined by θ ZOD for cluster n θn,ZOD defined by θ ZOA for ray m in cluster n defined by θ ZOD for ray m in cluster n defined by θ Receive antenna element u field pattern in the direction of the spherical basis vector Frx,u,θ Receive antenna element u pattern in the direction of the spherical basis vector Frx,u,ϕ Transmit antenna element s field pattern in the direction of the spherical basis vector Ftx,s,θ Transmit antenna element s field pattern in the direction of the spherical basis vector Frx,s,ϕ 4.1 General parameter generation In the following, the procedure for generating general parameters is described. Step 1: Set environment, network layout, and antenna parameters a) Choose one of the scenarios. Choose a global coordinate system and define zenith angle θ, azimuth angle ϕ, and spherical basis vectors, as shown in Fig. A1-3. b) Give number of BS and UT.
ASD vs ASA 0 0.4 0 0 0.4 0 0 0.4 0 ASD vs  0 N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A ASA vs  -0.2 N/A N/A -0.2 N/A N/A ‒0.2 N/A N/A DS vs  -0.4 N/A N/A -0.4 N/A N/A ‒0.4 N/A N/A SF vs  0 N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A Cross-Correlations 1) ZSD vs SF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ZSA vs SF -0.8 -0.4 0 -0.8 -0.4 0 -0.8 -0.4 0 ZSD vs K 0 N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A ZSA vs K 0 N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A 0 N/A N/A ZSD vs DS -0.2 -0.5 -0.6 -0.2 -0.5 -0.6 -0.2 -0.5 -0.6 ZSA vs DS 0 0 -0.2 0 0 -0.2 0 0 -0.2 ZSD vs ASD 0.5 0.5 -0.2 0.5 0.5 -0.2 0.5 0.5 -0.2 ZSA vs ASD 0 -0.1 0 0 -0.1 0 0 -0.1 0 ZSD vs ASA -0.3 0 0 -0.3 0 0 -0.3 0 0 ZSA vs ASA 0.4 0 0.5 0.4 0 0.5 0.4 0 0.5 ZSD vs ZSA 0 0 0.5 0 0 0.5 0 0 0.5 Delay distribution Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp Exp TABLE A1-18 (end) UMa_A
ZOD offset µoffset,ZOD 0 -10^{-0.55log10(max(10, d2D))+1.6} 6GHz < fc ≤ 100 GHz ZOD spread (ZSD) lgZSD=log10(ZSD/1) lgZSD max[-0.21, -14.8(d2D/1000) + 0.01|hUT-hBS| + 0.83] max[-0.5, -3.1(d2D/1000) + max(hUT-hBS,0) +0.2] lgZSD 0.35 0.35 ZOD offset µoffset,ZOD 0 -10^{-1.5log10(max(10, d2D))+3.3} UMi_B 0.5 GHz≤ fc ≤ 100 GHz ZOD spread (ZSD) lgZSD=log10(ZSD/1) lgZSD max[-0.21, -14.8(d2D/1000) + 0.01|hUT-hBS| + 0.83] max[-0.5, -3.1(d2D/1000) + max(hUT-hBS,0) +0.2] lgZSD 0.35 0.35 ZOD offset µoffset,ZOD 0 -10^{-1.5log10(max(10, d2D))+3.3}
A1-22 (end) Parameters RMa_A: 0.5 GHz≤ fc ≤ 6 GHz RMa_B: 0.5 GHz≤ fc ≤ 7 GHz LOS NLOS O2I Cluster DS () in [ns] N/A N/A N/A Cluster ASD () in [deg] 2 2 2 Cluster ASA () in [deg] 3 3 3 Cluster ZSA () in [deg] 3 3 3 Per cluster shadowing std  [dB] 3 3 3 Correlation distance in the horizontal plane [m] DS 50 36 36 ASD 25 30 30 ASA 35 40 40 SF 37 120 120 K 40 N/A N/A ZSA 15 50 50 ZSD 15 50 50 TABLE A1-23 ZSD and ZOD offset parameters for RMa 0.5 GHz≤ fc ≤ 6 GHz, RMa_B: 0.5 GHz≤ fc ≤ 7 Parameters LOS NLOS O2I ZOD spread (ZSD) lgZSD=log10(ZSD/1) max(-1, -0.17*( d2D /1000)-0.01*( hUT max(-1, -0.19*( d2D /1000)-0.01*( hUT max(-1, -0.19*( d2D /1000)-0.01*( hUT lgZSD 0.34 0.30 0.30 ZOD offset µoffset,ZOD 0 arctan((35-3.5)/ d2D) - arctan((35-1.5)/ d2D) arctan((35-3.5)/ d2D) - arctan((35-1.5)/ d2D)
5 Advanced Modelling Components for IMT-2020 Channel Model This section describes the detailed realization of advanced features given in § 2 of this Annex. The procedure of each advanced modeling components is added after each step of main procedure as substeps. Since each advanced modelling component is related to several steps of the main procedure, the correspondence main steps modified for each of the advanced modelling components are listed in Table A1-24. The use of the following advanced modeling components is optional and up to the proponents to decide. TABLE A1-24 A summary of advanced modelling components Subsection Number Advanced modelling component Corresponding steps in main procedure Recommended condition 5.1 Oxygen absorption Step 11 From 52 to 68 GHz 5.2.1 Large bandwidth and large antenna array – Modelling of propagation delay Step 11 When the bandwidth B is greater than c/D Hz, where  D is the maximum antenna aperture in either azimuth or elevation (m)  c is the speed of light (m/s) 5.2.2 bandwidth and large antenna of angular and delay spread Step 7 When inverse of bandwidth is smaller than the delay spread or angular resolution of the antenna array is better than per-cluster anglular spread. 5.3.1 Spatial consistency procedure Steps 5-11 To ensure that the channel evolves smoothly without discontinuities which can be important when evaluating the system performance, including beam tracking or Multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) performance etc. 5.3.2 Spatial consistent UT mobility modeling 5, 6, 7 5.3.3 Spatial consistent LOS/NLOS, indoor states and O-I parameters Steps 2-12 5.4 Blockage Step between 9 and 10 When the transmitter and receiver are blocked by the stationary or moving objects, especially for the higher frequency bands. 5.5 Modeling of correlation of large scale parameters Step 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8-11 For simulations in multiple frequency band simultaneously. 5.6 Time-varying Doppler frequencies Step 11 For nonlinear UT movement or when direction of arrival is time-varying, such as when using the feature in 5.3. 5.7 UT rotation Step 1 For simulation that UT rotation is considered. 5.8 Ground reflection Step 11 To increase the model accuracy in LOS conditions, especially in higher frequency band. 5.9 Random cluster number Steps 5, 7 To better capture the cluster characteristics of the channel.
whereand are the tx and rx antenna array response vectors, respectively, of rays in cluster , given by (187) (188) where is the wavelength of carrier frequency , and are the corresponding angular 31 spherical unit vectors of the tx and rx, respectively. and are the location matrices of the tx and rx antenna elements in 3D Cartesian coordinates. The location matrices in the vectored impulse response above are provided for an antenna configuration that is a uniform rectangular array consisting of cross polarized antenna elements and arranged in the following manner. FIGURE A1-11 Uniform rectangle antenna array sturcture FIGURE Illustration of distance of uniform antenna array Here BS antenna model is a uniform rectangular panel array, comprising MgNg panels, as illustrated above: – Mg is number of panels in a column. – Ng is number of panels in a row. – Antenna panels are uniformly spaced in the horizontal direction with a spacing of dg,H and in the vertical direction with a spacing of dg,V. – On each antenna panel, antenna elements are placed in the vertical and horizontal direction, where N is the number of columns, M is the number of antenna elements with the same polarization in each column. • Antenna numbering on the panel illustrated in the figure assumes observation of the antenna array from the front (with x-axis pointing towards broad-side and increasing for increasing column number). • The antenna elements are uniformly spaced in the horizontal direction with a spacing of dH and in the vertical direction with a spacing of dV. • The antenna panel is either single polarized (P=1) or dual polarized (P=2). In case of a single cross polarized antenna, . In case of a uniform rectangular array of cross polarized antennas with no sub arrays, For a URA configuration shown above, or is a matrix of dimension. Take for example, (189) where: (190) The spherical unit vectors are: (191)