Indiana Academic Standard Clarifying Statement Highlighted Vocabulary Words from the Standard Defined Crosscutting Concept B.1.1 Compare and contrast the shape and function of the essential biological macromolecules (i.e. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids), as well as, how chemical elements (i.e. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur) can combine to form these biomolecules. Macromolecules – molecule (nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids) Carbohydrates – organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Lipids – fatty or waxy organic compound that is readily soluble in nonpolar solvents, used for energy storage, structural components of cell membranes and cell signaling Proteins – polymer of amino acids joined by peptide bonds, contains nitrogen Nucleic acids – group of complex compounds consisting of linear chains of monomeric nucleotides whereby each monomeric unit consists of phosphoric acid, sugar, and nitrogenous base Elements – smallest unit of matter that maintains its unique properties Biomolecules – any molecule present in living organisms Structure and Function
B.1.3 Develop and use models that illustrate how a cell membrane regulates the uptake of materials essential for growth and survival removing or preventing harmful waste materials from accumulating through the processes of active and passive transport. Models – simplified representation of a relationship. Scientific models can be material, visual, mathematical, or computational and are often used in the construction of scientific theories. 1-, 2-, and 3-D graphics, physical 3-d, map overlays, animations, image manipulation and image analysis Cell membrane – semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell Active transport – movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of their higher concentration in the direction against some gradient or other obstructing factor Passive transport – movement of biochemical and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes without need of energy input Selective permeability - allows the cell to control what enters and leaves cell through lipid bilayer fluid mosaic membrane Structure and Function
B.1.5 Develop and use a to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems (cell, tissue, organ, organ system) that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms. Emphasis is on functions at the organism system level such as nutrient uptake, water delivery, and organism movement in response to neural stimuli. An example of an interacting system could be an artery depending on the proper function of elastic tissue and smooth muscle to regulate and deliver the proper amount of blood within the circulatory system Model – simplified representation of a relationship. Scientific models can be material, visual, mathematical, or computational and are often used in the construction of scientific theories. 1-, 2-, and 3-D graphics, physical 3-d, map overlays, animations, image manipulation and image analysis Cell – smallest structural and functional unit of an organism Tissue – distinct type of specialized cell and products Organ – part of an organism that is typically and has a specific vital function Organ system – group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions Multicellular organisms – organism composed of many cells (often times multiple specialized cells to perform specific tasks for the survival of the organism) Structure and Function System and System Models Standard 2: Matter Cycles and Energy Transfer
Indiana Academic Standard Clarifying Statement Highlighted Vocabulary from the Standard Defined Crosscutting Concept B.2.1 Use a model to illustrate how photosynthesis transforms light energy into stored chemical energy. Emphasis is on illustrating inputs and outputs of matter and the transfer and transformation of energy in photosynthesis by plants and other photosynthesizing organisms. Examples of models could include diagrams, chemical equations, and conceptual models. Model – simplified representation of a relationship. Scientific models can be material, visual, mathematical, or computational and are often used in the construction of scientific theories. 1-, 2-, and 3-D graphics, physical 3-d, map overlays, animations, image manipulation and image analysis Photosynthesis – synthesis of complex organic material using carbon dioxide, water, inorganic salts, and light energy captured by pigments Chemical energy – energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds that is released during a chemical reaction Systems and System Models Structure and Function B.2.2 Use a model to illustrate that cellular respiration is a chemical process whereby the bonds of food molecules and oxygen molecules are broken and the bonds in new compounds are formed resulting in a net transfer of energy. Emphasis on the conceptual understanding of the inputs and outputs of the process of cellular respiration. Model – simplified representation of a relationship. Scientific models can be material, visual, mathematical, or computational and are often used in the construction of scientific theories. 1-, 2-, and 3-D graphics, physical 3-d, map overlays, animations, image manipulation and image analysis Cellular respiration – a series of metabolic processes that take place within a cell in which biochemical energy is harvested from organic substance (glucose) and stored as energy carriers (ATP) for use in energy requiring activities of the cell Energy – ability to do work Systems and System Models Structure and Function B.2.3 Use mathematical and/or computational representations to support claims for the cycling of matter and flow of energy among organisms in an ecosystem. Ecosystem – system that includes all biotic factors and abiotic factors functioning together as a unit Systems and System Models
B.2.4 Develop a model to illustrate the role of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the cycling of carbon among the biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. Model – simplified representation of a relationship. Scientific models can be material, visual, mathematical, or computational and are often used in the construction of scientific theories. 1-, 2-, and 3-D graphics, physical 3-d, map overlays, animations, image manipulation and image analysis Biosphere – zone of air, land, and where organisms exist Atmosphere – mixture of gases surrounding the earth Hydrosphere – all of the water, including surface water, groundwater, snowcover, ice, and water in the atmosphere as water vapor Geosphere – core, mantle, and crust of the earth, solid portion of the earth Systems and System Models Standard 3: Interdependence Indiana Academic Standard Clarifying Statement Highlighted Vocabulary from the Standard Defined Crosscutting Concept
B.5.4 Evaluate evidence to explain the role of natural selection as an evolutionary mechanism that leads to the adaptation of species, and to support claims that changes in environmental conditions may result in: (1) increases in the number of individuals of some species, (2) the emergence of new species over time, and/or (3) the extinction of other species. Natural selection – any characteristic of an individual that allows it to survive and reproduce will that characteristic to become more frequent in a population Adaptation – trait with a current functional role in the life of an organism that is maintained and evolved by means of natural selection Species – of closely related organisms that are very similar to each other and are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring Extinction – end/termination of a species Systems and System Models Structure and Function B. 5.5 Construct an explanation based on evidence that the process of evolution primarily results from four factors: (1) the potential for a species to increase in number, (2) the heritable genetic variation of individuals in a species due to mutation and sexual reproduction, (3) competition for limited resources, and (4) the proliferation of those organisms that are better able to survive and reproduce in the environment Emphasis is on evidence to explain the influence each of the four factors has on number of organisms, behaviors, morphology, or physiology in terms of ability to compete for limited resources and subsequent survival of individuals and adaptation of species. Examples of evidence could include mathematical models such as simple distribution graphs and proportional reasoning. Sexual reproduction – mode of reproduction where the fusion of a female gamete and male gamete forms a zygote that potentially develops into genetically distinct offspring Systems and System Models Structure and Function