Attached Tables Table 2.1. EPBC Act listed Australian cetacean species, fisheries interactions and potential interaction with a large mid-water trawl vessel in Australian waters. E = endangered, V = vulnerable. Sources (SEWPaC, 2013) and those referenced in the table. None of the species listed below appear in a SPRAT search of the EPBC Act listed species for Biological Resource Use: Fishing and Harvesting Aquatic Resources: Incidental capture and death due to trawling fishing activities (SEWPaC, 2011). SEWPaC = Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Populations and Communities. Species Common name Listing E/V Trawl interaction internationally Australian trawl interaction Potential interaction with large mid-water trawl vessel References Balaenoptera borealis Sei Whale Cetacean; Migratory (Bonn); Threatened V Potentially in Northeast U.S mid-water trawl (including pair trawl) Identified as Level 2 PSA Residual Risk Medium in the SPF Entanglement in discarded net pieces, collision (AFMA, 2010; Zollett, 2009b) Balaenoptera musculus Blue Whale Cetacean; Migratory (Bonn); Threatened E Potentially in Northeast U.S mid-water trawl (including pair trawl) Identified as Level 2 PSA Residual Risk Medium in the SPF Entanglement in discarded net pieces, collision (AFMA, 2010; Zollett, 2009b) Balaenoptera physalus Fin Whale Cetacean; Migratory (Bonn); Threatened V Potentially in Northeast U.S mid-water trawl (including pair trawl) Alaska pollock trawl Identified as Level 2 PSA Residual Risk Medium in the SPF Entanglement in discarded net pieces, collision (AFMA, 2010; Zollett, 2009b) Eubalaena australis Southern Right Whale Cetacean; Migratory (Bonn); Threatened E Identified as Level 2 PSA Residual Risk Medium in the SPF Entanglement in discarded net pieces, collision (AFMA, 2010; Zollett, 2009b)
Megaptera novaeangliae Humpback Whale Cetacean; Migratory (Bonn); Threatened V Atlantic ocean trawlers Potentially in Northeast U.S mid-water trawl (including pair trawl) Berring Seal Otter trawl Identified as Level 2 PSA Residual Risk Medium in the SPF Entanglement in discarded net pieces, collision (AFMA, 2010; Fertl & Leatherwood, 1997; Zollett, 2009b) Balaenoptera bonaerensis Antarctic Minke Whale, Minke Whale Cetacean; Migratory (Bonn) Identified as Level 2 PSA Residual Risk Medium in the SPF (AFMA, 2010; Zollett, 2009b) Balaenoptera edeni Bryde's Whale Cetacean; Migratory (Bonn) Identified as Level 2 PSA Residual Risk Medium in the SPF Entanglement in discarded net pieces, collision Competition with fisheries, particularly anchovy (Engraulis australis) (AFMA, 2010; Bannister et al., 1996; SEWPaC, 2013) Caperea marginata Pygmy Right Whale Cetacean; Migratory (Bonn) Identified as Level 2 PSA Residual Risk Medium in the SPF (AFMA, 2010) Lagenodelphis hosei SE Asian population Fraser's Dolphin, Sarawak Dolphin Cetacean; Migratory (Bonn)
Lagenorhynchus obscurus Dusky Dolphin Cetacean; Migratory (Bonn) Argentinian trawl fishery South and southwest Africa trawl interactions NZ interactions Identified as Level 2 PSA Residual Risk Low in the SPF High potential: Common coastal and offshore dolphin, feeds on pelagic fish (AFMA, 2010; Crespo et al., 1997; Dans et al., 2003a; Dans et al., 2003b; Fertl & Leatherwood, 1997) Orcaella heinsohni Australian Snubfin Dolphin Cetacean; Migratory (Bonn) Orcinus orca Killer Whale, Orca Cetacean; Migratory (Bonn) Observed from Dutch pelagic trawlers off Ireland (NE Atlantic). Berring Sea mid-water Pollock trawl and otter trawl. NZ interactions Bering Sea and Aleutian Island trawl fishery Gulf of Alaska and Alaska Identified as Level 2 PSA Residual Risk Medium in the SPF High potential: Overlap spatially and commonly interact in trawl fisheries internationally Most frequently observed scavenger but not recorded in bycatch. (AFMA, 2010; Couperus, 1997; Dalla Rosa & Secchi, 2007; Fertl & Leatherwood, 1997) Phocoena dioptrica Spectacled Porpoise Cetacean; Migratory (Bonn) Physeter macrocephalus Sperm Whale Cetacean; Migratory (Bonn) Incidentally caught in nets in the Mediterranean Identified as Level 2 PSA Residual Risk Medium in the SPF Low-mod potential: Overlap spatially, uncommonly interact in trawl fisheries internationally (AFMA, 2010; Fertl & Leatherwood, 1997)
Sousa chinensis Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin Cetacean; Migratory (Bonn) Incidentally caught in nets in Malaysia Follow trawl boats, feeds in mixed groups with bottlenose dolphins in Moreton Bay, QLD Identified as Level 2 PSA Residual Risk Medium in the SPF Low potential: prefers shallow water habitat (AFMA, 2010; SEWPaC, 2013; Fertl & Leatherwood, 1997; Jaaman et al., 2009) Stenella attenuata E Tropical Pacific, SE Asian populations Spotted Dolphin, Pantropical Spotted Dolphin Cetacean; Migratory (Bonn) Incidentally caught in nets in Malaysia (Atlantic spotted dolphin caught in U.S. NE bottom trawl) Identified as Level 2 PSA Residual Risk Medium in the SPF Potential to interact in pelagic gillnet fishery in Australia and fish off continental shelf and slope on pelagic fish (AFMA, 2010; SEWPaC, 2013; Jaaman et al., 2009) Stenella longirostris E Tropical Pacific, SE Asian populations Long-snouted Spinner Dolphin Cetacean; Migratory (Bonn) Identified as Level 2 PSA Residual Risk Medium in the SPF (AFMA, 2010) Tursiops aduncus (Arafura/Timor Sea populations) Spotted Bottlenose Dolphin Cetacean; Migratory (Bonn) Berardius arnuxii Arnoux's Beaked Whale Cetacean Identified as Level 2 PSA Residual Risk Medium in the SPF (AFMA, 2010)
Delphinus delphis Common Dolphin, Short-beaked Common Dolphin Cetacean Northeast U.S. mid-water trawl (including pair trawl) Mid-Atlantic U.S. trawl (including pair trawl) and bottom trawl, NE bottom trawl Dutch pelagic trawl off Ireland (NE Atlantic) Galicia Spain in gillnets and offshore trawl Argentinian trawl fishery New Zealand trawl interactions, herding fish into nets, take fish swimming in net mouth and bycatch in mid-water trawls North sea, Britain, Eastern Central Atlantic, Mediterranean, Portugal and Africa trawl interactions Australian interactions Identified as Level 2 PSA Residual Risk Medium in the SPF High potential: Overlap spatially in Australia and commonly interact in trawl fisheries internationally and nationally (AFMA, 2010; Couperus, 1997; Crespo et al., 1997; Dans et al., 2003a; Dans et al., 2003b; Du Fresne et al., 2007; Fertl & Leatherwood, 1997; Lo´pez et al., 2003; Morizur et al., 1999; Zollett, 2009b) Feresa attenuata Pygmy Killer Whale Cetacean Identified as Level 2 PSA Residual Risk Medium in the SPF (AFMA, 2010)
Globicephala spp Unident pilot whale Cetacean Northeast U.S. mid-water trawl (including pair trawl) Mid-Atlantic U.S. trawl (including pair trawl) New Zealand, Argentina, Britain, Bay of Biscay, Central Cantabrian Sea Moderate potential: Overlap spatially and interact in trawl fisheries internationally, difficult to identify species (Fertl & Leatherwood, 1997; Zollett, 2009b) Grampus griseus Risso's Dolphin, Grampus Cetacean Northeast mid-water trawl (including pair trawl) Mid-Atlantic U.S. trawl (including pair trawl) Identified as Level 2 PSA Residual Risk High in the SPF Moderate potential: common pelagic dolphin, possible on East Coast Prefer warmer waters and interact with trawl fisheries internationally (AFMA, 2010; Zollett, 2009b) Hyperoodon planifrons Southern Bottlenose Whale Cetacean Identified as Level 2 PSA Residual Risk Medium in the SPF (AFMA, 2010) Indopacetus pacificus Longman's Beaked Whale Cetacean Kogia breviceps Pygmy Sperm Whale Cetacean Identified as Level 2 PSA Residual Risk Medium in the SPF (AFMA, 2010)
Kogia simus Dwarf Sperm Whale Cetacean Identified as Level 2 PSA Residual Risk Medium in the SPF (AFMA, 2010) Lagenodelphis hosei Fraser's Dolphin, Sarawak Dolphin Cetacean Identified as Level 2 PSA Residual Risk High in the SPF Low potential: minimal range overlap with SPF (AFMA, 2010) Lagenorhynchus cruciger Hourglass Dolphin Cetacean Identified as Level 2 PSA Residual Risk High in the SPF Uncertain Likely range overlap only south of Tasmania (AFMA, 2010) Lissodelphis peronii Southern Right Whale Dolphin Cetacean Identified as Level 2 PSA Residual Risk High in the SPF High potential: entire range overlaps with SPF but species not identified in trawl bycatch in this review (AFMA, 2010) Mesoplodon bowdoini Andrew's Beaked Whale Cetacean Identified as Level 2 PSA Residual Risk Medium in the SPF (AFMA, 2010) Mesoplodon densirostris Blainville's Beaked Whale, Whale Cetacean Identified as Level 2 PSA Residual Risk Medium in the SPF (AFMA, 2010) Mesoplodon ginkgodens Gingko-toothed Beaked Whale, Gingko-toothed Whale, Gingko Beaked Whale Cetacean Identified as Level 2 PSA Residual Risk Medium in the SPF (AFMA, 2010)
Mesoplodon grayi Gray's Beaked Whale, Scamperdown Whale Cetacean Identified as Level 2 PSA Residual Risk Medium in the SPF (AFMA, 2010) Mesoplodon hectori Hector's Beaked Whale Cetacean Identified as Level 2 PSA Residual Risk Medium in the SPF (AFMA, 2010) Mesoplodon layardii Strap-toothed Beaked Whale, Strap-toothed Whale, Layard's Beaked Whale Cetacean Identified as Level 2 PSA Residual Risk Medium in the SPF (AFMA, 2010) Mesoplodon mirus True's Beaked Whale Cetacean Identified as Level 2 PSA Residual Risk Medium in the SPF (AFMA, 2010) Peponocephala electra Melon-headed Whale Cetacean Identified as Level 2 PSA Residual Risk Medium in the SPF (AFMA, 2010) Pseudorca crassidens False Killer Whale Cetacean Identified as Level 2 PSA Residual Risk Medium in the SPF (AFMA, 2010) Stenella coeruleoalba Striped Dolphin, Euphrosyne Dolphin Cetacean Identified as Level 2 PSA Residual Risk High in the SPF Low potential: infrequent in Australian waters and minimal overlap with SPF (AFMA, 2010)
Steno bredanensis Rough-toothed Dolphin Cetacean Identified as Level 2 PSA Residual Risk Medium in the SPF (AFMA, 2010) Tasmacetus shepherdi Shepherd's Beaked Whale, Tasman Beaked Whale Cetacean Identified as Level 2 PSA Residual Risk Medium in the SPF (AFMA, 2010) Tursiops aduncus Indian Ocean Bottlenose Dolphin, Spotted Bottlenose Dolphin Cetacean Incidentally caught in nets in Malaysia In Moreton Bay QLD feed in association with benthic trawlers Identified as Level 2 PSA Residual Risk High in the SPF Low potential: prefers shallow water habitat (AFMA, 2010; Chilvers & Corkeron, 2001; SEWPaC, 2013; Jaaman et al., 2009)
Tursiops truncatus s. str. Bottlenose Dolphin Cetacean Globally interacts with trawl fisheries Northeast mid-water trawl (including pair trawl), NE bottom trawl Mid-Atlantic U.S. trawl (including pair trawl) and bottom trawl SE Atlantic U.S. Shrimp trawl Gulf of Mexico U.S. Butterfish trawl Dutch pelagic trawl off Ireland (NE Atlantic) Incidentally caught in nets in Malaysia Galicia Spain in gillnets and offshore trawl NZ trawl interactions In Moreton Bay QLD feed on discarded bycatch, feeding behind trawlers NW Australia, demersal trawl gear, present inside and outside of nets Bycatch in Pilbara Trawl Fishery, WA Identified as Level 2 PSA Residual Risk High in the SPF High potential: Overlap spatially in Australia and commonly interact in trawl fisheries internationally and nationally (Couperus, 1997; Fertl & Leatherwood, 1997; Jaaman et al., 2009; Jaiteh et al., 2012; Morizur et al., 1999; Zollett, 2009b) (AFMA, 2010; Lo´pez et al., 2003, Stephenson et al. 2008) Ziphius cavirostris Cuvier's Beaked Whale, Whale Cetacean Identified as Level 2 PSA Residual Risk Medium in the SPF (AFMA, 2010)
United States Alaska, GOA Pollock pelagic trawl Marine mammals Observer 2005 High Annual average of 2.52 marine mammals (National Marine Fisheries Service, 2011). See pages United States Foreign vessels fishing off the northwest U.S. coast Marine mammals Eight cetacean species and three unidentified baleen whales were caught Common dolphins comprised 93% of catch Observer coverage on foreign vessels was 25-35% during 1977-82. and increased to 58%, 86%, 95%. 98%, 100%, and 100%, respectively, in 1983-88 High Influential biological factors: target species of the fishery, prevalence of marine mammals in the fishing area and time of day. Influential operational considerations include: tow duration, level of tow in water column, size of net opening, haul-back speed and gear design. 68% dolphins caught along shelf edge 538 marine mammals mean±SD marine mammal catch rate for all fisheries combined = 0.059±0.019 (1 per 17.0 tows) or 0.0124±0.0121 (1 per 80.6 h of towing). The mean±SD dolphin catch rate for all fisheries combined was 0.048±0.013 per tow (one dolphin per 20.7 tows), or 0.0185±0.0019 per hour of towing (one dolphin per 98 h of towing) 95% confidence intervals, calculated on untransformed data, for all fisheries combined were 0.4±1.6 dolphins per 100 h of towing (Waring et al., 1990)
NE Atlantic (Western Europe) Fishing areas were in the North Sea and around the British Isles along the continental shelf. Dutch pelagic trawl fisheries 11 to 13 freezer trawlers + an additional 9 vessels The duration of fishing trips varied between 2.5 and 5 weeks, depending on catch rates. Marine mammals Atlantic dolphins (78%) long-finned pilot whale (12%) common dolphin (7%) bottlenose dolphin (1.5%) white-beaked dolphin (1.5%) Independent observer programme 1992-94 covering about 5% of annual effort record book data collected from 1989 to 1991 1989 and 1994 medium Smallest trawler = 70 m long. Four largest trawlers = 115–120 m long, with a 3,000–5,000 tonne storage capacity and engines of 8,000–10,000 horsepower. pelagic trawl vertical opening of between 30 m and 60 m range of horizontal spread of wings = 80–120 m. front net mesh size < 30 m, diminishing to 4 cm at the trawl towed at varying depths depending on the target species, and the duration varied from 5 min to > 10 hours The average annual catch = 420,000 metric tons 71 bycatch incidents involving 312 dolphins. bycatch rate of 0.076 animals per tow, or 0.01 animals per hour of towing. (Couperus, 1997) See text for NE Atlantic for more information.
NE Atlantic (Western Europe) NE Atlantic pelagic trawl fisheries white-sided dolphin (5) common dolphin (12) grey seal (4) bottlenose dolphin (1) Observer and logbook records 3% of annual effort 374 tows totalling 1771 h of towing during 377 days fishing 1994-1995 High See Table 4 in Morizur et al. (1999) for gear and towing practice with marine mammal bycatch rates. Fish pumps used in some fisheries reducing ability to record marine mammal bycatch – data represents minimum bycatch Catch rates of dolphins, in trawl fisheries with dolphin bycatch, ranged from 0.0606 to 0.1000 per tow and from 0.0107 to 0.0137 per hour of towing. The mean±SD dolphin catch rate for all trawl fisheries combined (including those without bycatch) was 0.048±0.013 per tow (1 dolphin per 20.7 tows), or 0.0185±0.0019 per hour of towing (1 dolphin per 98 h of towing). (Morizur et al., 1999) Mediterranean and Black Seas Galicia (northwest Spain) Gillnets and offshore trawling considered the method most likely to catch small cetaceans Most commonly short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) Tursiops truncatus and Globicephala melas survey and onboard observations 1998-1999 Mod The fleet incidentally captured 1,629 small dolphins annually (Lo´pez et al., 2003)
Mediterranean and Black Seas Galicia (northwest Spain) Pairtrawling considered the method most likely to catch small cetaceans Short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) On-board observations 2001 and 2002 High Hauling time, fishing depth, and season of the year were identified as the key factors involved in the incidental capture. The annual bycatch in 2001 and 2002 was an estimated 394 dolphins [95% confidence interval (CI) 230–632]. et al., 2010) See text for Medit. and Black Seas for more info. Western Africa Mauritania and NW Africa 11 pelagic fisheries with European (Dutch and Irish) pelagic factory trawlers Cetaceans make up 8% of the megafauna bycatch shortbeaked common dolphins, bottlenose dolphins, and white-sided dolphins, pilot whales over 1,400 trawl sets observed representing 4–88% of the fishing effort in a month October 2001 and May 2005 High net openings of 90×50m 9,000 and 18,000 hp tunnel “excluder” device used: resulted in 8% cetaceans retained with 0% released alive Trawlers in spring incidentally capture pods of 10–20 pilot whales or groups of 5–30 dolphins 70–720 dolphins, mostly common dolphins (Zeeberg et al., 2006). See text for Western Africa for more info.
Latin America Atlantic Ocean, Southern South America, Eastern South Pacific) Patagonia Nocturnal trawling for shrimp by two-beam factory vessels Mid-water factory trawlers caught a large percentage of the dolphins despite the lower annual effort compared to the remainder of the trawl fleet. Commerson’s dolphin and dusky dolphins Interview of fishers, records and observers 1992-94 Mod Nets were 20 m high and 40 m wide Average catch rate for Commerson’s dolphin was 0.030, with 11 individuals captured by mid-water factory trawlers out of 27 total caught by the trawl fleet (41%). This occurred over 366 days annual effort, which was only 3.4% of the total trawl fleet fishing effort for the year.78% of these dolphins were female. Average catch rate for the dusky dolphins in the factory trawlers was 0.148, with 54 individuals out of 69 total caught for the whole trawl fleet (78%). The total annual effort (days) for the mid-water factory trawler was 366 days, only 1.3 % of the total fleet’s annual effort. 70% of the dolphins were female and half of these were pregnant (Crespo et al., 1997; Dans et al., 2003b). See text for Latin America for more info.
Latin America Atlantic Ocean, Southern South America, Eastern South Pacific) Patagonia Nocturnal trawling for anchovies by factory vessels Factory trawlers caught a large percentage of the dolphins despite the lower annual effort compared to the remainder of the trawl fleet. dolphins Interview of fishers, records and observers 1992-94 Mod Nets were 40 m high and 40 m wide, and catch rates of dolphins reached 9 individuals per day, per vessel (Dans et al., 2003b). See text for Latin America for more info.
New Zealand Mid-water or bottom trawling for the commercial fish species jack mackerel (Trachurus novaezelandiae) Covering six Fisheries Management Areas (FMAs) incidental mortalities of common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) New Zealand fisheries observers Observer coverage (i.e. the percentage of tows observed) ranged from 4% to 27%. 2001/2002 2004/2005 fishing years (i.e. 01 October 2001 to 30 September 2005) High But low % coverage Geographical area (represented by FMAs) had the most influence on dolphin bycatch. All observed bycatch events occurred in three out of eight Fisheries Management Areas. Using classification tree analysis important predictors of bycatch were: fishing depth, total winch time and light conditions. Most dolphin captures occurred during mid-water trawls, and predominantly during dark conditions of little or no moonlight. Out of a total of 55 dolphin captures, 42 occurred at fishing depths equal to or less than 115 m. A further 9 occurred at fishing depths between 115 m and 184 m. Total winch time was the next most important factor, with the bycatch occurring when total winch time exceeded 24 min. (Du Fresne et al., 2007) See text for New Zealand for more info.
New Zealand Mid-water or bottom trawling for the commercial fish species jack mackerel (Trachurus novaezelandiae) incidental mortalities of common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) New Zealand fisheries observers 2006–07 High The probability of a capture event occurring during a trawl: Headline depth had the most explanatory power, most bycatch occurred shallower than 40 m, the model estimated that deepening the headline depth of a tow by 21 metres would have halved the probability of a dolphin capture event. 11 dolphins caught during observed tows. 0.8 capture events per 100 observed tows (Thompson & Abraham, 2009) See text for New Zealand for more info.
Leatherback turtle, Leathery turtle, Luth Endangered; Marine; Migratory All Australian waters, not inc south of Tas. 160 cm 1000 kg Mauritania Globally C, E East Coast Otter Trawl Moderate - spatial overlap but low likelihood because of limited examples of bycatch in literature (AFMA, 2010; SEWPaC, 2009b; Limpus & Reimer, 1994; Poiner & Harris, 1996; Robins & Courtney, 1998; Robins, 1995; Robins, 2002; Robins & Mayer, 1998; Senko et al., 2013; Wallace et al., 2013; Zeeberg et al., 2006) Hawksbill turtle Vulnerable; Marine; Migratory Eastern and northern waters 82 cm 50 kg Mauritania Globally C, E East Coast Otter Trawl and Northern Australia Prawn Fishery Low – spatial overlap in eastern SPF but rarely caught in East Coast Otter Trawl (AFMA, 2010; SEWPaC, 2009b; Limpus & Reimer, 1994; Poiner & Harris, 1996; Robins & Courtney, 1998; Robins, 1995; Robins, 2002; Robins & Mayer, 1998; Wallace et al., 2013; Zeeberg et al., 2006) Olive ridley turtle, Pacific ridley turtle Endangered; Marine; Migratory Northern Australia (QLD to North WA. 70 cm 40 kg Globally B, E East Coast Otter Trawl and Northern Australia Prawn Fishery Low - minimal spatial overlap of range in southern QLD with SPF (SEWPaC, 2009b; Poiner & Harris, 1996; Robins & Courtney, 1998; Robins, 1995; Robins, 2002; Robins & Mayer, 1998; Wallace et al., 2013)