Define decidua; name its parts (2 marks). Describe two umbilical cord anomalies that affect the life of the foetus? (2 marks) June 2012 Case 1. A police man presented to the doctor with large tortuous veins in his right leg .The doctor diagnosed varicose veins and advised him not to stand for long periods. Explain the occurrence of varicose veins in this patient? (2 marks) Give beginning, course and termination of the great saphenous vein. (3 marks) What is by perforating veins? (2 marks) Case 2: A 36 year old woman complained of a painless swelling in the groin. The doctor found a 3x3 cms. Mass situated below & lateral to the pubic tubercle on the front of left thigh. If this is a femoral hernia, is it common in males or females? Give reasons. (2 marks) What are the boundaries of the femoral ring? (4 marks) Which structure would be in danger during surgical repair of this hernia? (1 mark) What are the contents of the femoral canal? (2 marks) Case 3: A 32 year old diabetic woman delivered a large baby after a difficult labor in which the baby ,s head emerged ,but the shoulders were stuck requiring the doctor to supply some effort to free it up and complete the delivery. The baby appeared healthy buy his mother noted that the right arm was held in an abnormal position and was not moving as left arm. Name the clinical problem that affected the baby ,s right arm. (1 mark) Which nerve roots are probably affected? (1 mark) Name the deformity resulting from that injury? (1 mark) Explain the position by the affected arm? (1 mark) Can you locate the area of sensory loss in this condition? (1 mark) Case 4: A 52-year-old noted amass in medial of her left breast .the physician noticed that the mass was adherent to the underlying muscle .The surgeon removed the breast mass in addition to some lymph nodes . The pathologist confirms the diagnosis as breast cancer. Which lymph nodes are most likely to be affected? (1 mark) To which muscle was the mass attached? (1 mark) What possibly be the skin changes in breast cancer? (1 mark) If after surgery the patient could not raise her arm to the level of head which nerve could be injured? (1 mark)
List of autonomic ganglia and describe their functions. Describe functions of thrombin . Define humoral immunity and state mechanisms of immunoglobulins action . Describe mechanics of quiet inspiration . Explain neural and local factors that control airway resistance . Name medullary and pontine respiratory centers . Explain role of medullary centers in controlling respiration . Enumerate characteristic that enable the sino-atrial node to be pacemaker of the . Describe the factors affecting its firing rate . list functions of the atrio-ventricular node and outline different degrees of atrio-ventricular heart block. list different phases of ventricular systole of the cardiac cycle .mention changes of left ventricular and aortic pressures during these phases and their relation to the state of aortic valve . Describe long lasting mechanisms of cardiac reserve and explain its limitations. Locate the site of arterial baroreceptors and explain its role in correction of the drop in arterial blood pressure during acute hemorrhage . Outline factors that affect venous return to the heart . Describe the physiological characteristic of coronary circulation and explain causes of following myocardial infarction . June 2012 Answer the Following Questions : Section 1 : Describe saltatory conduction and mention its advantages (3 marks) Describe effect of long duration, moderate, moderate intensity exercise training on the skeletal muscle fibers. (3 marks) Compare between the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation on the eye and on the salivary. (3 marks ) Mention the sites of nicotinic receptors and the mechanism of their stimulation (3 marks ) Describe four functions of plasma protiens. (3 marks) Mention the type and the cause of anemia in gastric mucosal atrophy. (2 marks) Explain the role of B-lymphocytes in immunity. (2 marks) Section 2 : A. Why velocity is slowest in the capillaries ? Mention the significance of this. (3 marks ) B . Describe charactersitic functions of the AV nodal conduction . (3 marks)
Describe the composition of the protein part of normal adult hemoglobin. (2 marks) Cys Stop Trp UGU UGC UGA UGG Tyr Stop UAU UAC UAA UAG Ser UCU UAC UCA UCG Phe Leu UUU UUC UUA UUG Arg CGU CGC CGA CGG His Gin CAU CAC CAA CAG Pro CCU CCC CCA CCG Leu CUU CUC CUA CUG Ser Arg AGU AGC AGA AGG Asn Lys AAU AAC AAA AAG Thr ACU ACC ACA ACG Ile Met AUU AUC AUA AUG Gly GGU GGC GGA GGG Asp Glu GAU GAC GAA GAG Ala GCU GCC GCA GCG Val GUU GUC GUA GUG Case 3: DNA testing of a malignant tumor revealed methylated promoter of p53 tumor suppressor gene in this tumor in a homozygous state. (8 marks) 1. Define epigenetics. (1 mark) 2. Explain how promoter methylation affect gene expression. (3 marks) 3. What is the effect of methylated p53 on p21 gene expression. (1 mark) 4. Explain how does this affect cell cycle progression. (3 marks) Case 4: At age of 6 months a boy showed signs of slow motor development. Both urinary uric acid and serum urate were abnormally increased. Lesch-Nyhan syndrome was suspected. (5 marks) 1. Name the enzyme defective in this case. (1 mark) 2. Explain how this enzymatic defect led to excessive urate excretion. (4 marks) September, 2015 Answer all the following five questions: A 24 year old lady suffering from systemic recently developed massive proteinuria. Lab testing of this patient revealed antibodies against splicesomes. Describe the structure and function of spliceosomes. (4 List the major plasma proteins in a normal person. (2 marks)