P Patient, Problem, Population I Intervention C Comparison (optional) O Outcome when defining “more effective” is not acceptable unless it describes how the intervention is more effective AGE≥ 18years GENDER no restrictions Specific intervention strategies (e.g. educational campaign raising organisational awareness) targeting stigma associated with mental health disorder None Change in attitudes and beliefs in relation to mental health, on measures included in the study
Y N NR NA Quality Criteria Error Categories Were the characteristics of the individual studies reported? III Were baseline demographic and clinical characteristics reported for patients in the individual studies? IV Were the results of the individual studies reported? III E. Were the methods for pooling the data appropriate? Y N NR NA Quality Criteria Error Categories If appropriate, was a meta-analysis conducted? III-IV F. Were the sources of heterogenity explored? Y N NR NA Quality Criteria Error Categories Was a test for heterogeneity applied? III-IV If there was heterogeneity, was this discussed or the reasons expored? III-IV Note: Quality criteria adapted from NHMRC (2000) How to use the evidence: assessment and application of scientific evidence. HNMRC, Canberra. a Assess criterion using Y (yes), N(no), NR (not reported) or NA (not applicable). b Error categories as follows: (I) leads to exclusion of the study; (II) automatically leads to a poor rating; (III) leads to a one grade reduction in quality rating (eg, good to fair, or fair to poor); and (IV) errors that may or may not be sufficient to lead to a decrease in rating.
Appendix 6 Evidence Map Educational Contact (direct or indirect) Multi-Modal Imagined Exposure Interventions n 8 2 9 2 Guidelines*/ Systematic review/ Meta-analysis 1 1 RCT 1 2 Pseudo-RCT Cohort studies Case- controlled Pre –Post 5 2 7 2 Case study 2
Appendix 7 Evidence Profile Study 1 Author’s & Year Abraham, Ravichandren, Mushtaq, Butterworth, & Luty, 2010 Design Pre-post Intervention (I), Comparison (C), & Group (G) I: Educational campaign C: N/A Intervention Delivery methods, frequency, duration "Time to Change" campaign delivered via mail to households (postcard, leaflet and bookmark) Frequency: 1 Duration: NR Country UK Population delivered to Society (general public) Primary Outcome -Change in attitude
perception of severity. Not successful in moderating effect of interactivity on perception of danger or perception of severity. Study 6 Author’s & Year Kiropoulos, Griffiths, & Blashki, 2011 Design RCT (1 week) Intervention (I), Comparison (C), & Group (G) I: Educational campaign C: Control Intervention Delivery methods, frequency, duration I: Delivered via website with 30 minutes explanation/interview time Duration: 1.5 hour Frequency: 1 C: Depression interview Duration: 1.5 hour Frequency: 1 Country Australia Population delivered to Targeted group (non-English speaking background) Primary Outcome domain (Measure(s)) -Change in attitude -Change in knowledge -Change in beliefs (non-validated measures) Characteristics of sample n= 202 Mean age: 65 SD: 8.6 Participants:I n= 110 Mean age: 66 SD: 8.1 46% male Participants:C n= 92 Mean age: 65 SD: 9.0 54% male Study 6 Summary Author Reported Main Findings: Made stigma worse in regard to “perceived stigma”, operationally defined as what the individual believes others in the
Study 2 Author’s & Year Nguyen , Chen, & Design Pre-post Intervention (I), Comparison (C), & Group (G) I: Educational campaign with direct contact intervention (C): Educational campaign with indirect contact intervention Intervention Delivery methods, frequency, duration I: Delivered via workshop with mental health consumer/educated Frequency: 4 Duration: 2 C: Delivered via film of mental health consumer/educated Frequency: 4 Duration: during 90 minutes Country Australia Population delivered to Targeted group (pharmacy students) Primary Outcome domain (Measure(s)) -Change in attitude -Social distance (experimental use of measures SDS; AQ) Characteristics of sample n= 349 76% completion rate Mean age: NR SD: NR Participants:I/G I: n=136
1 Author’s & Year Anderson & Jehannine, 2012 Design Pre-post, follow-up (1 month) Intervention (I), Comparison (C), & Group (G) I: Educational campaign + Film C: N/A Intervention Delivery methods, frequency, duration Delivered via film (documentary “Cracking Up” on sufferers of MI learning stand-up comedy) Frequency: 1 Duration:45 minutes Country NR Population delivered to Targeted group
SD: 7.7 15% male Study 2 Summary Author Reported Main Findings: There were no differences between the DVD and live groups on MICA, ERMIS or RIBS scores. The DVD group had higher SCILO (knowledge) scores. The combined social contact group (DVD/live) had better MICA and RIBS scores than the lecture group, the latter difference maintained at 4 months. The DVD was the most cost effective of the interventions, and the live session the most popular. Study 3 Author’s & et al., 2010 Design Pre-post Intervention (I), Comparison (C), & (G) I: Educational campaign with facilitator (short version) C1: Educational film with facilitator (long version) C2: Educational campaign (live presentation) Intervention Delivery methods, frequency, duration I: “In Our Own program facilitated by one individual recovering from
Study 4 Author’s & Year Economou, Peppou, Louki & Stefanis, 2012 Design Pre-post Intervention (I), Comparison (C), & Group (G) I: Educational campaign with contact intervention C: N/A Intervention Delivery methods, frequency, duration Lecture and psychiatry placements (observations & clinical cases) Duration: 4 weeks Frequency: NR Country Greece Population delivered to Targeted (medical students) Primary Outcome domain (Measure(s)) -Change in attitude -Change in beliefs -Social distance (non-validated measures) Characteristics of sample n = 155 97% response rate
Study 7 Author’s & Year O'Reilly, Bell, & Chen, 2010 Design Pre-post with follow-up (T1: 6 weeks; T2: 12 months) Intervention (I), Comparison (C), & Group (G) I: Educational campaign with contact intervention C: N/A Intervention Delivery methods, frequency, duration Delivered via lectures, weekly placements and tutorials with mental health educators in classes with approximately 25 students Duration: 1 week Frequency: 10 Country Australia Population delivered to Targeted group (pharmacy students) Primary Outcome -Change in attitude
Participants: C NR Study 10 Summary Author Reported Main Findings: Anxiety w significantly lower at Time 2 than Time 1. Imagining a negative encounter at T1 produced higher anxiety compared with imagining a positive encounter. Time 2, despite participants in both conditions imagining a positive encounter, subsequent anxiety was lower after first imagining a negative encounter at Time 1 compared with first imagining a positive encounter at T1. Imagining a positive encounter after imagining a negative encounter resulted in lower anxiety compared with imagining a single positive encounter at T1 Study 11 Author’s & Year Stathi, Tsantila, & 2012 Design Pre-post
1 Author’s & Year Sibitz, Provaznikova, Lipp, Lakeman, & Amering, 2013 Design Pre-post (randomization) Intervention (I), Comparison (C), & (G) I: Therapy C: Control Intervention Delivery methods, frequency, duration Group therapy emphasising empowerment and recovery, 9 people per group Duration: 2 months Frequency: 5 days a week Control: waitlist Duration: NA Frequency: NA Country Germany Population delivered to Targeted group (individuals with schizophrenia) Primary Outcome domain (Measure(s)) -Self stigma (ISMI) Characteristics of sample n= 97 57% completion rate