Under 5 ha. 8.7% 21.0% 16.2% 5 - 20 ha. 21.3% 41.0% 33.4% 20 - 100 ha. 29.5% 29.9% 29.8% Over 100 ha. 40.5% 8.1% 20.6% (250 acres) Over 20 ha. 70.0% 38.0% 50.4% * East Elbia: Posen and West Prussia, East Prussia, Pomerania, Brandenburg-Berlin, Silesia, Mecklenburg. Table 2. Output of Principal Grain Crops of Selected European Countries, in millions of quintals, in decennial averages, 1871-90 to 1905-14 Decade Great Britain FRANCE Germany Russia 1781-90 35.0 85.3 1800-13 43.0 94.5 268.6 1815-24 49.5 104.0 n.a. 1825-34 n.a. 116.3 n.a. 1835-44 n.a. 131.4 310.1 1845-54 64.0 146.6 122.6 363.3 1855-64 68.0 158.5 153.7 381.2 1865-74 70.0 160.1 204.8 410.1
Table 6. Comparative Crops Yields in Northern Europe, 1790 - 1880 Crop France 1781-90 Germany c.1800 Germany, France, Belgium, c.1880 Germany, France, Belgium, c.1880 quintals/ hectare quintals/ hectare quintals /hectare metric tonnes: millions Wheat 11.50 10.30 13.95 9.950 Rye 8.00 9.00 12.35 8.864 Barley 11.00 8.10 14.52 3.646 Oats 5.00 8.50 13.50 9.589 * 1 quintal = 100 kg. 1 hectare = 2.47 acres Source: Patrick Chorley, ‘The Agricultural Revolution in Northern Europe, 1750 - 1880’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 34 (Feb. 1981), 83. Table 7. The Populations of Selected European Countries in Millions, in decennial intervals, 1800-1910 Great Year Britain Belgium France Germany Russia 1800 10.7 3.1 27.3 n.a. 35.5 1810 12.0 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
GERMANY 24.8 GREAT BRITAIN 29.8 Table 11. Number of European Cities over 100,000 in 1900 COUNTRY POPULATION IN MILLIONS NUMBER OF CITIES OVER 100,000 FRANCE 39.00 15 GERMANY 56.40 48 BRITAIN 37.00 50 Table 12. Proportions of Total Populations Engaged in Agriculture: in England and France, 1500 - 1800
Year ENGLAND FRANCE 1500 76% 73% 1600 70% 69% 1700 55% 63% 1750 46% 61% 1800 40% 59% 1850 22% 52% 1900 7% 43% Sources: E. Anthony Wrigley, ‘Urban Growth and Agricultural Change: England and the Continent in the Early Modern Period’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 15:4 (Spring 1985), 683-728. Special issue with the title Population and Economy: From the Traditional to the Modern World. Robert Allen, ‘The Growth of Labour Productivity in Early-Modern English Agriculture’, Explorations in Economic History, 215:2 (April 1988), 117-46. George Grantham, ‘The Growth of Labour Productivity in the Production of Wheat in the Cinq Grosses Fermes of France, 1750 - 1929’, in Bruce M. S. Campbell and Mark Overton, eds., Land, Labour and Livestock: Historical Studies in European Agricultural Productivity (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1991), pp. 340 - 63.
Income Level in 1970 $US France Britain Birth Rate* France Britain Death Rate* France Britain Labour Force in Agriculture+ France Britain Agri Income as % GNP+ France Britain Manufacturing Income as % of GNP France Britain Gr Dom Inv as % GNP France Britain $343 29.9 25.0 n.a. 38.5 35.9 n.a. $567 35.9 22.2 25.0 24.9 31.5 10.5 $432 26.8 21.4 51.8 33.0 39.3 12.4 $567 $904 25.9 35.2 28.4 22.9 49.3 20.0 33.5 18.8 36.0 33.5 12.5 8.5 $668 $1,130 21.8 30.2 22.8 19.5 45.9 16.3 28.0 13.4 36.8 33.6 14.0 7.3 $883 19.6 25.1 17.8 13.5 41.0 15.1 28.7 10.3 38.6 31.8 13.6 7.0 * Birth and Death Rates: crude rates measured per thousand + Agriculture includes extractive industries as well n.a. = data are not available Source: Nicholas Crafts, ‘Economic Growth in France and Britain, 1830 - 1910: A Review of the Evidence’, The Journal of Economic History, 44 (March 1984), Tables 2-3, pp. 53-54. Table 15. Comparative Statistics on French and British Agriculture: from the Patrick O’Brien articles. 2
A. Demography and Agricultural Employment: Year FRANCE FRANCE FRANCE BRITAIN BRITAIN BRITAIN Population in millions Agricultural Workforce Percent of Total Population Agricultural Workforce Percent of Total 1700 22.5 4.3 19.11 5.42 1.5 27.67 1790 27.0 5.75 21.3 8.29 n.a. 1850 35.8 7.5 20.95 17.92 11.16 1910 39.6 8.5 21.46 36.1 1.6 4.43 B. Agricultural Income in 1910: Agricultural Statistics FRANCE GREAT BRITAIN Agricultural Employment and Related Occupations as Percent of Total Employment 41% 8% Agricultural Income as Percent of NNI 35% 5% C. Farm Scales and Occupancy by Owners and Tenants in 1880: Agricultural Statistics FRANCE GREAT BRITAIN Area covered by farms of 40 hectares (100 acres) or more: 29% 75% Percent of lands worked by owner-occupiers 67% 15% Percent of lands worked by tenants 33% 85%