Your Pre AP biology final exam review KEY: I. Biomolecules: Organic or inorganic? How do you tell?_organic compounds contain carbon__ Categorize organic or inorganic: Inorganic Inorganic Organic Organic What are the 4 classes of compounds? _carbohydrate, lipid, nucleic acid, protein_ How can you tell the difference between Carbohydrates and everything else? Carbs have C:H:O in a 1:2:1: ratio Lipids and everything else? _Lipids have C:H:O but not in any predicable ratio_ Proteins and everything else? Proteins have C, H, O and N but no P Nucleic acids and everything else? Nucleic Acids have C, H, O, P, and N What kind of bond holds together Carbohydrates – glycosidic linkage Lipids – Ester linkages Nucleic acids - phosphodiester bonds Proteins – peptide bonds Starch - carbohydrate Hair - protein DNA – nucleic acid Cellulose – carbohydrate Plant cell walls – carbohydrate Enzymes - proteins Organic product of photosynthesis - carbohydrate protein carbohydrates Carbohydrate Component of cell membrane - lipid if it’s the phospholipid or cholesterol Protein if it’s a transport, channel or surface marker Nucleic acid Lipid Nucleic acid Hemoglobin protein Unsaturated fat Saturated fat
Structure Double bonds, bends in the carbon chain No double bonds, no bends in carbon chain Solid at room temp No yes Examples Plant oils such as olive oil, peanut oil, corn oil Butter, lard How many different amino acids are possible? __20 What determines the order of the amino acids in your proteins? ___DNA____ II. Cells: Prokaryote Eukaryote Size Smaller Larger Age Older Younger Nucleus No Yes Organelles No membrane bound organelles, does have ribosomes Mitochondria, ribosomes, chloroplasts, ER Examples Bacteria All but bacteria Part Function Part Function Nucleus Holds the DNA, control center of the cell Smooth ER Transport in the cell, detoxifying and making lipids and cell membranes Cytoplasm Space inside a cell between cell membrane and nucleus Golgi Body Packaging of proteins for export Ribosomes Protein factories of the cell. Vacuoles Storage Rough ER Endoplasmic reticulum that has ribosomes attached; responsible for making proteins to be exported Lysosome Digestive sac for the cell Plasma membrane Semipermeable barrier Mitochondria Takes carbohydrates and oxygen and breaks them down converting the energy in the stored bonds to ATP Chloroplasts Take sunlight and carbon dioxide and convert it to carbohydrates, giving off oxygen in the process Cell wall Tough outer covering on some cells (not animal). In plants it’s made of cellulose, fungi it’s made of chitin and in bacteria it’s made of peptidoglycan Plant cell and Animal cell comparison and contrast Plant only Both Animal only Cell wall Eukaryotic Lysosome Chloroplast Nucleus Many small vacuoles Large central vacuole Mitochondria Cell membrane Ribosomes
Draw the cross section of a leaf and label the following: cuticle, upper and lower epidermis, stomata, spongy mesophyll, palisade mesophyll What is the function of each of those parts? Upper and lower epidermis – tough clear layer of cells that protect Cuticle – waxy coating that prevents water loss Mesophyll – where most of the photosynthesis occurs: Spongy – has airspaces, palisade does not Stomata (stoma) – holes that allow for air to move in and out of a cell Draw a flower and label the following parts: sepal, petals, carpel, stamen, filament, anther, ovule, style, stigma Which parts are female? Carpel (stigma, style and ovary…also called ovule) Which parts are male? Stamen (anther and filaments) Human Body System Function Major Organs or parts Circulatory to distribute oxygen and nutrients to and pick up wastes from all parts of the body . heart, arteries, veins Respiratory . to serve as the body’s exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases Lungs, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, mouth, nose, alveoli Nervous To receive, interpret, and send messages regulating response to stimuli, coordination, balance, memory, and logic brain, spinal cord, motor and sensory neurons Muscular to move skeleton, food through the digestive system and blood through thecirculatory system smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscle Skeletal to support and shape the body, protect vital organs and make blood cells bones and bone marrow Endocrine to produce hormones that help the body regulate metabolism and homeostasis gland/organs: pancreas, testes, ovaries, adrenals, thymus, thyroid, hypothalamus, liver, pituitary Immune to guard against invasion of foreign particles . white blood cells, lymph nodes