7 Building entry loss at 5.1 GHz for elevation 15° and 30° at the four different indoor antenna positions. Numbers 1 and 2 are located close to an outer wall, whereas numbers 3 and 4 are located in the corridor TABLE 5 Average median building entry loss and observed range of the median building entry loss measured at 5.1 GHz for different positions in an office building Type of measurements (helicopter trajectory) Average of the median building entry loss for different receiver positions in the building (dB) Observed range of the median building entry loss (dB) building with seven storeys above ground and one extra storey placed on the former roof, brick-walls and windows placed in strips: behind the brick-wall there is a 10 cm thick concrete wall; windows made of two layers of plain glass, storeys separated by 3.5 m with 2.5 m from floor to ceiling, two layers of plaster with wooden laths in between separate the rooms; interior walls facing the corridor are in most cases made of glass, rooms commonly furnished with desks and bookshelves; each storey has three sections, a corridor with office rooms at the sides Elevation angle measurements (linear, perpendicular to the long side of the building) 19.1 ~ 5-45 Azimuth angle measurements (circular at elevation angles of 15 and 30) 22.3 ~ 10-42 Measurements at 2.57 GHz and 5.2 GHz an igloo shaped flight pattern were performed inward to three different buildings, one of them in the Graz/Austria area, another two in the Vienna/Austria area, covering various building types. The transmitter was carried by a helicopter, on which a steerable helix antenna was mounted. The measurements were performed with a high resolution, pseudo random sequence based channel sounder with a chipping rate of 100 Mcps and 200 MHz bandwidth. The transmit antenna was right-hand circularly polarized (RHCP) while the receive antenna for the channel sounder case consisted of a set of patch antennas with two orthogonal linear polarizations covering a surface that approximates a semi-sphere. Table 6 gives an overview of the inward building locations. TABLE 6 Overview on buildings measured Building Location #RX locations Façade/roof material thermal
T6 –6.8 35.3 4.7 T7 –10.6 35.5 4.7 T8 –18.1 35.4 4.7 T9 –14.9 32.6 4.7 T10 –11.7 31.4 4.7 T11 –15.4 38.3 4.7 T12 –37.9 36.9 4.7 T13 0 30.2 1.8 T14 2.8 30.5 1.8 T15 5.3 34.3 1.8 T16 5.9 35.5 1.8 T17 20.2 35.6 1.8 T18 19.1 40.6 1.8 T19 30.4 33.2 1.8 T20 33.7 17.8 1.8 T21 33.2 22.8 1.8 Some typical transmitting points’ pictures in building A are shown in Figs 21-23. 21 The transmitting in the corridor of the building A 22 The transmitting by the glass door of the building A 23 The transmitting point in the stair channel of the building A 9.1.2 Building B Building B is a modern building combining toughened glass with reinforced concrete. The toughened glass is laid in the wall which is known as a common toughened glass without metal coat. Part of exterior wall is equipped with a brown ceramic tile. There is a parking lot outside the building, the length of which is about 35 m. In order to avoid the influence of vehicle movement, the method is: – The test is taken at the weekend to make sure there are few vehicles and staff. – Make sure the receiving antenna is away from the vehicle. – The height of the receiving antenna is set to 2.3 m to ensure that the connection between the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna is not blocked by vehicles. FIGURE FIGURE FIGURE
T54 14.8 -49.2 7.8 Some transmitting points’ pictures in Building B are shown in Figs 95 to 96. 95 The transmitting point in the lobby on the 1st floor in Building B (In transmitting point the receiving point can be seen through glass) 96 The transmitting point next to the elevator on the 2nd floor in Building B 16.2 Test methodology In Building A and B, 11 frequency points are selected for each frequency band, e.g. 3.5 GHz, 5 GHz, 15 GHz, 24 GHz, 28 GHz and 31 GHz. 16.2.1 Measuring system and instrument The devices of measuring system are shown in Table 40. TABLE 40 The antenna selection consideration Transmitting antenna Omni-directional vertical polarization antenna (for 3.5 GHz) Horn vertical polarization antenna for 5-31 GHz band Receiving antenna Omni-directional vertical polarization antenna. (for 3.5 GHz) Horn vertical polarization antenna for 5-31 GHz band Transmitter Agilent E8267D signal generator RF power amplifier The output power in the test is set to 33 dBm for 3.5 and 20 dBm for GHz band Receiver Agilent N9030A signal analyser We have developed an automatic program in order to control instruments and record test data by LAN. In each location and frequency points, 500 continuous reading is got which will cost about 8 ~ 10 seconds. 16.3 Calculation method of building entry loss The free space loss can be calculated as: (17)
5.2 Building E – Tx1 ‘peak’ and ‘omni’ cases (Frequency 1) NOTES: – Error bars illustrate 95% level [2x SD/sqrt(#points)] – BEL clearly appears to increase with AoA. 25.A6 Appendix 6: Selected Polar Plots 6.1 Building E – Position 84
TABLE 93 Summary of different building measurement scenarios. Building type TX/RX heights distance Azimuth angle (at façade / at RX) Indoor distance AAL1 Traditional TX: 7m RX: 1.6-37.7 m (floors 0-12) ~3 m 54o / 66o 2 m AAL2 Modern TX: 7m RX: 1.6-35.6 (floors 0-11) ~3 m 33o / 18o 3 m AAL3 Modern TX: 7m RX: 1.6-48.7 (floors 0-16) ~2 m 27o / 12o 2.5 m Further details on the measurement setup, overview of the scenarios, measurement procedures and data processing are presented in [1] and some have been summarized in the Annex. 28.3 Measurement results and comparison with KED-based model Figure 231 present the BEL measurement samples, estimated by subtracting the free space path loss (PL) from the calibrated path loss measurement samples, plotted against the different elevation angles (θ) for all the considered scenarios and frequencies. As it can be seen, the results present an irregular behaviour but, the general trends, indicate that BEL increases with absolute elevation incidence angle and frequency. It is also noticeable that different buildings present different BEL absolute magnitude. As the BS antennas were relatively closer to the ground level (in relation to the overall height range explored) it is not possible to derive any clear conclusion on the symmetry of BEL with positive and negative elevation angles. The model presented in [1] provides physical and geometrical explanations to the described behaviours. By assuming that at the considered frequencies, penetration into the buildings (especially in modern buildings) occurs through the windows, the model splits the overall experienced PL into 3 different and independent components: outdoor PL (propagation from the BS to a window), outdoor-to-indoor PL (penetration into the building through the window) and indoor PL (propagation from the window to the indoor terminal). 231 BEL vs elevation incidence angle for all the scenarios and frequencies The key part of the which drives all the dynamics of the model is the outdoor-to-indoor PL computation, assumes diffraction at the frame and attenuation by the glass of the window. The overall outdoor-to-indoor loss is modelled as the normal incidence attenuation value of the glass (which is the only external input parameter to the model) plus a diffraction loss term. This term is