Infrared 1mm to 700nm 1011 to1014 Hz Vibration of atom or molecules Thermopiles, Bolometer Infrared Photographic Film Green House effect, looking through haze, fog and mist, Ariel mapping. Light to 400nm 8x1014 Hz Electron in an atom during transition Eye, Photocell, Photographic Film Photography, Illuminations, Emit & reflect by the objects. Ultra- violet 400nm to 1nm 5x1014 to 8x1014 Shell electron in atom moving from one energy level to a lower energy level Photocell & photographic film Preservation of food Detection of invisible writing, finger print in forensic laboratory. Determination of Structure of molecules & atoms. X-rays 1nm to 10-3nm 1016 to 1021 Hz X-ray tube or inner shell Electrons Photographic film, Geiger tube, ionization chamber. Study of crystal structure & atom, fracture of bones. Gamma ray <10-3nm 1018 to 1022 Hz Radioactive decay of the nucleus Photographic film, Geiger tube, ionization chamber Nuclear reaction & structure of atoms & Nuclei. To destroy cancer cells. IMPORTANT DIAGRAMS ELECTROSTATICS ELECTRIC FIELD LINES Two equal and opposite charges Two equal positive charges EQUIPOTENTIAL SURFACES
Liquids and Do not show magnetism, materials move from weaker to stronger magnetic field Weaker to stronger Stronger to weaker Level of substance in U-tube Rises, stronger to weeker Do not rise, from stonger to weeker Strongly magnetized in direction of magnetizing Weekly magnetized Opposite Curie law or graph curve Parallel to temp 16. Properties of magnet: 01.Property of attraction. 2.Repulsion is the surest test to test a magnet. 3.Like poles repel and unlike poles attract. 4.Monopoles do not exist. 5.Force between two poles obeys inverse square law. 17. Magnetic Susceptibility (m) = M/H = MAGNETISATION / MAGNETIC INTENSITY 18. Classification of Ferromagnetic materials: Soft magnetic materials Hard magnetic Soft iron, Steel, alnico, alcomax Electromagnet, of transformer, motor, generator, choke Permanent magnet, loud speakers Permeability, Susceptibility High Low Coercivity, Hysterisis loss, Retentivity Low High FACTORS ON WHICH -------DEPENDS: Galvanometer: MAGNETIC FIELD: Soft iron core, Plane of the coil is parallel to magnetic field. Magnetic field increases. Sensitivity: Large deflection for a small current / I = NAB/k
On a right angled prism ‘abc’ at face ‘ab’. The refractive indices of the material of the prism for red, green and blue wavelengths are 1 × 39, 1 × 44 and 1 × 47 respectively. Out of the three which colour ray will emerge out of face ‘ac’? Justify your answer. Trace the path of these rays after passing through face ‘ab’. IMPORTANT RAY DIAGRAMS: 1. COMPOUND MICROSCOPE 2. TELESCOPE: 3. ELECTRONIC DEVICES The differences between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductor: Sl.No. Intrinsic Semiconductors Extrinsic Semiconductors 01. Pure is called Intrinsic Semiconductor Impure or Doped Semiconductor is called Extrinsic Semiconductor. 02. Examples: Silicon or Germanium Example: Silicon with Boron, Silicon doped with Phosphorous
7 Charge of Alpha particle + 3.2 x 10-19 C 8 Mass of alpha particle 6.4 x 10-27 kg 9 Dielectric constant of water k 80 10 Magnetic permeability of air µ0 4π x 10-7 Tesla meter/Ampere 11 Speed of light c 3 x 108m/s 12 Gyromagnetic ratio 8.8 x 1010 C/kg 13 Planck’s constant h 6.62 x 10-34 Joule-second 14 Boltzmann constant kB 1.38 x 10-23 15 Rydberg Constant R 1.097 x 107 m-1 16 Nuclear density 2.29 x 1017 kg/m3 17 Charge of positron + 1.6 x 10-19C 18 Gravitational Constant G 6.67 x 10-11 N m2/kg2 19 Avgadro number NA 6.022 x 1023 mol-1 20 Universal Gas Constant 8.314 J /(mol Kelvin) 21 Faraday constant 96500 Coulomb/mol IMPORTANT VALUES 1/(4πεo) = 9 x 109 N m2/C2 µ0/ 4π = 10-7 Tesla meter/Ampere 1 Gauss = 10-4 Tesla 1 electron Volt = 1 eV = 1.6 x10-19 J Magnitude of fundamental charge = e = 1.6 x 10-19 C 1 kilo Watt hour (I unit) = 3.6 x 106 J 1 horse power = 746 Watt