GROCC1 Russian Onshore Gas Pipeline Without CCS EU-27 2009 Grid Car GROCC2 Russian Onshore Gas Pipeline Without CCS EU-27 2030 Grid Car GRCCC1 Russian Onshore Gas Pipeline With CCS EU-27 2009 Grid Car GRCCC2 Russian Onshore Gas Pipeline With CCS EU-27 2030 Grid Bus GQOCB1 Qatari Offshore Gas LNG Ship Without CCS EU-27 2009 Grid Bus GQOCB2 Qatari Offshore Gas LNG Ship Without CCS EU-27 2030 Grid Bus GQCCB1 Qatari Offshore Gas LNG Ship With CCS EU-27 2009 Grid Bus GQCCB2 Qatari Offshore Gas LNG Ship With CCS EU-27 2030 Grid Bus GQOCC1 Qatari Offshore Gas LNG Ship Without CCS EU-27 2009 Grid Car GQOCC2 Qatari Offshore Gas LNG Ship Without CCS EU-27 2030 Grid Car GQCCC1 Qatari Offshore Gas LNG Ship With CCS EU-27 2009 Grid Car GQCCC2 Qatari Offshore Gas LNG Ship With CCS EU-27 2030 Grid Car Notes (a) Means of transport of natural gas from source to steam reformer in EU. (b) Source of electricity for use in steam reformer, compression of hydrogen for delivery and refuelling station. (c) Carbon capture and storage from natural gas processing as well as steam reformer. Table 3 Summary of Cases for Fuel Cell Road Transport Using Liquefied Delivery of Hydrogen from Natural Gas by Steam Reforming Case Code Main Features of Pathway Source of Gas Means of Transport(a) Steam Reformer Source of Electricity(b) Type of Fuel Cell Vehicle GNOLB1 Norwegian Offshore Gas Pipeline Without CCS Norway 2009 Grid Bus GNCLB1 Norwegian Offshore Gas Pipeline With CCS(c) Norway 2009 Grid Bus GNOLC1 Norwegian Offshore Gas Pipeline Without CCS Norway 2009 Grid Car GNCLC1 Norwegian Offshore Gas Pipeline With CCS(c) Norway 2009 Grid Car GROLB1 Russian Onshore Gas Pipeline Without CCS EU-27 2009 Grid Bus GROLB2 Russian Onshore Gas Pipeline Without CCS EU-27 2030 Grid Bus GRCLB1 Russian Onshore Gas Pipeline With CCS EU-27 2009 Grid Bus GRCLB2 Russian Onshore Gas Pipeline With CCS EU-27 2030 Grid Car GROLC1 Russian Pipeline Without CCS EU-27 2009 Car
OPC Conventional Car Using Petrol from Crude Oil 6.12 GNOLC1 Norwegian Offshore Gas Pipeline Without CCS Norway 2009 Grid 2.67 GNCLC1 Norwegian Offshore Gas Pipeline With CCS(c) Norway 2009 Grid 2.84 GROLC1 Russian Onshore Gas Pipeline Without CCS EU-27 2009 Grid 3.92 GROLC2 Russian Onshore Gas Pipeline Without CCS EU-27 2030 Grid 3.67 GRCLC1 Russian Onshore Gas Pipeline With CCS(d) EU-27 2009 Grid 4.09 GRCLC2 Russian Onshore Gas Pipeline With CCS(d) EU-27 2030 Grid 3.82 GQOLC1 Qatari Offshore Gas LNG Ship Without CCS EU-27 2009 Grid 3.73 GQOLC2 Qatari Offshore Gas LNG Ship Without CCS EU-27 2030 Grid 3.48 GQCLC1 Qatari Offshore Gas LNG Ship With CCS(d) EU-27 2009 Grid 3.93 GQCLC2 Qatari Offshore Gas LNG Ship With CCS(d) EU-27 2030 Grid 3.65 Notes (a) Means of transport of natural gas from source to steam reformer in EU. (b) Source of electricity for use in steam reformer, liquefaction of hydrogen for delivery and refuelling station. (c) Carbon capture and storage from natural gas processing as well as steam reformer. (d) Carbon capture and storage from steam reformer only. Contributions to total primary energy inputs of H2 pathways from H2 production, H2 compression or liquefaction (depending on Case Code), H2 fuel delivery, H2 refuelling and H2 utilisation in fuel cell vehicles are presented in Figures 1 to 4. It should be noted that the contributions from H2 utilisation in fuel cell vehicles is due to vehicle manufacture, maintenance and decommissioning. Figures 1 to 4 indicate that this contribution and that of H2 production dominate estimated total primary energy inputs. Figure 1 Contributions to Total Primary Energy Inputs for Fuel Cell Buses Using Hydrogen Produced from Natural Gas by Steam Reforming and Delivered as Compressed Fuel to Refuelling Stations: Consequential LCA Methodology
Figure 2 Contributions to Total Primary Energy Inputs for Fuel Cell Cars Using Hydrogen Produced from Natural Gas by Steam Reforming and Delivered as Compressed Fuel to Refuelling Stations: Consequential LCA Methodology Figure 3 Contributions to Total Primary Energy Inputs for Fuel Cell Buses Using Hydrogen Produced from Natural Gas by Steam Reforming and Delivered as Liquefied Fuel to Refuelling Stations: Consequential LCA Methodology Figure 4 Contributions to Total Primary Energy Inputs for Fuel Cell Cars Using Hydrogen Produced from Natural Gas by Steam Reforming and Delivered as Liquefied Fuel to Refuelling Stations: Consequential LCA Methodology Primary Energy Inputs for Brown Coal Gasification Hydrogen Pathways Tables 13 to 14 present average estimates of total primary energy inputs to H2 pathways based on H2 production from brown coal by gasification. These results have been derived from the latest versions of the IDEALHY Project workbooks using, in general, default values for parameters, apart from those changed to represent the specified details of given Case Codes. It has been assumed that brown coal would be gasified in Australia, liquefied using Australian grid electricity and shipped to the EU over a round trip distance of 41,155 km (full outward, empty return). As with the estimated primary energy inputs for H2 pathways based on natural gas steam reforming, the totals for fuel cell buses are higher than those for conventional buses suing diesel from crude oil, whilst totals for fuel cell cars are lower than their conventional diesel- and petrol-fuelled counterparts. Table 13 Estimated Average Total Primary Energy Inputs for Fuel Cell Buses Using Hydrogen Produced from Brown Coal by Gasification and Delivered as Liquefied Fuel to Refuelling Stations: Consequential LCA Methodology Case Code Main Features of Pathway Total Primary Energy Inputs (MJ/km) Source of Coal Gasifier Sources of Electricity For Coal Production and H2 Liquefaction For Refuelling Station ODB Conventional Bus Using Diesel from Crude Oil 20.5 CAOLB1 Australia Without CCS Australia 2009 Grid ER-27 2009 Grid 33.9 CACLB1 Australia With CCS Australia 2009 Grid(a) ER-27 2009 Grid 37.3 Note (a) Also source of electricity for carbon capture and storage system operation.
Power ODB Conventional Bus Using Diesel from Crude Oil 20.5 WSCB1 Offshore With Storage ER-27 2009 Grid 22.2 WSCB2 Offshore With Storage ER-27 2030 Grid 14.2 WSCB3 Offshore With Storage Wind Power 12.8 Note (a) Source of electricity for compression for salt cavern storage (where relevant), drying, compression of hydrogen for delivery and refuelling station. Table 16 Estimated Average Total Primary Energy Inputs for Fuel Cell Cars Using Hydrogen Produced from Wind Power by Electrolysis and Delivered as Compressed Fuel to Refuelling Stations: Consequential LCA Methodology Case Code Main Features of Pathway Total Primary Energy Inputs (MJ/km) Type of Wind Power Salt Cavern Storage Sources of Electricity(a) ODC Conventional Car Using Diesel from Crude Oil 5.53 OPC Conventional Car Using Petrol from Crude Oil 6.12 WSCC1 Offshore With Storage ER-27 2009 Grid 2.51 WSCC2 Offshore With Storage ER-27 2030 Grid 2.08 WSCC2 Offshore With Storage Wind Power 1.44 Note (a) Source of electricity for compression for salt cavern storage (where relevant), drying, compression of hydrogen for delivery and refuelling station. Table 17 Estimated Average Total Primary Energy Inputs for Fuel Cell Buses Using Hydrogen Produced from Wind Power by Electrolysis and Delivered as Liquefied Fuel to Refuelling Stations: Consequential LCA Methodology Case Code Main Features of Pathway Total Primary Energy Inputs (MJ/km) Type of Wind Power Salt Cavern Storage Sources of Electricity(a) ODB Conventional Bus Using Diesel from Crude Oil 20.5 WSLB1 Offshore With Storage ER-27 2009 Grid 18.6 WSLB2 Offshore With Storage ER-27 2030 Grid 16.6 WSLB3 Offshore With Storage Wind Power 13.2 Note (a) Source of electricity for compression for salt cavern storage (where relevant), drying, liquefaction of hydrogen for delivery and refuelling station. Table 18 Estimated Average Total Primary Energy Inputs for Fuel Cell Cars Using Hydrogen Produced from Wind Power by Electrolysis and Delivered as Liquefied Fuel to Refuelling Stations: Consequential LCA Methodology Case Code Main Features of Pathway Total Primary Energy Inputs (MJ/km) Type of Wind Power Salt Cavern Storage Sources of Electricity(a)
Table 23 Estimated Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Hydrogen Produced from Natural Gas by Steam Reforming and Delivered as Compressed Fuel to Refuelling Stations: RED Methodology Case Code Main Features of Pathway Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions (kg eq. CO2/MJ) Source of Gas Means of Transport(a) Steam Reformer Source of Electricity(b) kg CO2 eq / km RED1 Fossil fuel comparator 0.0838 RED2 60% net GHG emissions saving on fossil fuel comparator 0.0335 GNOCB1/ GNOCC1 Norwegian Offshore Gas Pipeline Without CCS Norway 2009 Grid 0.0755 GNCCB1 GNCCC1 Norwegian Offshore Gas Pipeline With CCS(c) Norway 2009 Grid 0.0319 0.0367 GROCB1/ GROCC1 Russian Onshore Gas Pipeline Without CCS EU-27 2009 Grid 0.1001 GROCB2/ GROCC2 Russian Onshore Gas Pipeline Without CCS EU-27 2030 Grid 0.0969 GRCCB1/ GRCCC1 Russian Onshore Gas Pipeline With CCS(d) EU-27 2009 Grid 0.0634 GRCCB2/ GRCCC2 Russian Onshore Gas Pipeline With CCS(d) EU-27 2030 Grid 0.0599 GQOCB1/ GQOCC1 Qatari Offshore Gas LNG Ship Without CCS EU-27 2009 Grid 0.0951 GQOCB2/ GQOCC2 Qatari Offshore Gas LNG Ship Without CCS EU-27 2030 Grid 0.0919 GQCCB1/ GQCCC1 Qatari Offshore Gas LNG Ship With CCS(d) EU-27 2009 Grid 0.0580 GQCCB2/ GQCCC2 Qatari Offshore Gas LNG Ship With CCS(d) EU-27 2030 Grid 0.0544 Notes (a) Means of transport of natural gas from source to steam reformer in EU. (b) Source of electricity for use in steam reformer, compression of hydrogen for delivery and refuelling station. (c) Carbon capture and storage from natural gas processing as well as steam reformer. (d) Carbon capture and storage from steam reformer only. Table 24 Estimated Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Hydrogen
Gas GROCB2 Russian Onshore Gas Pipeline Without CCS EU-27 2030 Grid 1.747 GRCCB1 Russian Onshore Gas Pipeline With CCS(d) EU-27 2009 Grid 1.381 GRCCB2 Russian Onshore Gas Pipeline With CCS(d) EU-27 2030 Grid 1.328 GQOCB1 Qatari Offshore Gas LNG Ship Without CCS EU-27 2009 Grid 1.718 GQOCB2 Qatari Offshore Gas LNG Ship Without CCS EU-27 2030 Grid 1.673 GQCCB1 Qatari Offshore Gas LNG Ship With CCS(d) EU-27 2009 Grid 1.317 GQCCB2 Qatari Offshore Gas LNG Ship With CCS(d) EU-27 2030 Grid 1.260 Notes (a) Means of transport of natural gas from source to steam reformer in EU. (b) Source of electricity for use in steam reformer, compression of hydrogen for delivery and refuelling station. (c) Carbon capture and storage from natural gas processing as well as steam reformer. (d) Carbon capture and storage from steam reformer only. Table 31 Estimated Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Fuel Cell Cars Using Hydrogen Produced from Natural Gas by Steam Reforming and Delivered as Compressed Fuel to Refuelling Stations: Consequential LCA Methodology Case Code Main Features of Pathway Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions (kg eq. CO2/km) Source of Gas Means of Transport(a) Steam Reformer Source of Electricity(b) ODC Conventional Car Using Diesel from Crude Oil 0.390 OPC Conventional Car Using Petrol from Crude Oil 0.409 GNOCC1 Norwegian Offshore Gas Pipeline Without CCS Norway 2009 Grid 0.168 GNCCC1 Norwegian Offshore Gas Pipeline With CCS(c) Norway 2009 Grid 0.120 GROCC1 Russian Onshore Gas Pipeline Without CCS EU-27 2009 Grid 0.201 GROCC2 Russian Onshore Gas Pipeline Without CCS EU-27 2030 Grid 0.196 GRCCC1 Russian Onshore Pipeline With CCS(d) EU-27 2009 Grid 0.155
GQOLB2 Qatari Offshore Gas LNG Ship Without CCS EU-27 2030 Grid 1.794 GQCLB1 Qatari Offshore Gas LNG Ship With CCS(d) EU-27 2009 Grid 1.522 GQCLB2 Qatari Offshore Gas LNG Ship With CCS(d) EU-27 2030 Grid 1.383 Notes (a) Means of transport of natural gas from source to steam reformer in EU. (b) Source of electricity for use in steam reformer, liquefaction of hydrogen for delivery and refuelling station. (c) Carbon capture and storage from natural gas processing as well as steam reformer. (d) Carbon capture and storage from steam reformer only. Table 33 Estimated Average Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Fuel Cell Cars Using Hydrogen Produced from Natural Gas by Steam Reforming and Delivered as Liquefied Fuel to Refuelling Stations: Consequential LCA Methodology Case Code Main Features of Pathway Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions (kg eq. CO2/km) Source of Gas Means of Transport(a) Steam Reformer Source of Electricity(b) ODC Conventional Car Using Diesel from Crude Oil 0.390 OPC Conventional Car Using Petrol from Crude Oil 0.409 GNOLC1 Norwegian Offshore Gas Pipeline Without CCS Norway 2009 Grid 0.167 GNCLC1 Norwegian Offshore Gas Pipeline With CCS(c) Norway 2009 Grid 0.121 GROLC1 Russian Onshore Gas Pipeline Without CCS EU-27 2009 Grid 0.224 GROLC2 Russian Onshore Gas Pipeline Without CCS EU-27 2030 Grid 0.210 GRCLC1 Russian Onshore Gas Pipeline With CCS(d) EU-27 2009 Grid 0.178 GRCLC2 Russian Onshore Gas Pipeline With CCS(d) EU-27 2030 Grid 0.163 GQOLC1 Qatari Offshore Gas LNG Ship Without CCS EU-27 2009 Grid 0.216 GQOLC2 Qatari Offshore Gas LNG Ship Without CCS EU-27 2030 Grid 0.202 GQCLC1 Qatari Offshore Gas LNG Ship With CCS(d) EU-27 2009 Grid 0.171 GQCLC2 Qatari Offshore LNG Ship With CCS(d) EU-27 2030 Grid 0.155