PAPER 2 – Option A: Freshwater - issues and conflicts (Higher Level Only) Topic Syllabus point Case studies The water system The hydrological cycle. Examine the inputs, outputs, stores and transfers of the hydrological cycle. Discuss the causes and consequences of the changing balance between water stored in oceans and ice. Diagrams The water balance. Explain the concept of maximum sustainable yield of freshwater in terms of a balance between inputs and outputs. Worksheets & graph tasks. Drainage basins and flooding Drainage basins. Examine the functioning of a drainage basin as an open system with inputs, outputs, transfers, stores and feedback loops. Worksheets no attributed case study Discharge. Define stream discharge. Examine its relationship to stream flow and channel shape. Bradshaw Model Hydrographs. Describe the characteristics of a hydrograph. Examine the reasons for spatial and temporal (short-term and long-term) variations in hydrographs. Examine the role of hydrographs in forecasting the magnitude, spatial extent and timing of floods. Your own constructed model from GATW & work on Pakistan Floods. Discuss the natural and human causes and consequences of a specific river flood. Pakistan 2010 Management issues and strategies Dams and reservoirs. Examine the hydrological changes resulting from the construction of dams and reservoirs. Examine the costs and benefits of dams and reservoirs as part of multi‑purpose schemes. Three Gorges Dam, China Floodplain management. Explain the stream channel processes (erosion, transport, deposition) and explain the resultant landforms found on floodplains. Examine the human modifications of a floodplain and their effect on the size and probability of floods. Evaluate the costs and benefits of alternative stream management strategies. Previously completed student booklet with features and annotations in colour. A3 corseted and free reign river Toulouse flood management strategy. Groundwater management. Explain the functioning and management of artesian basins and aquifers, distinguishing between natural and artificial recharge. Examine the environmental impacts of groundwater abstraction. SW USA Great Artesian Basin, Australia
PAPER 2 – Option E: Leisure, sport and tourism Topic Syllabus point Case studies Leisure Definitions. Discuss the difficulties in attempting to define leisure, recreation, tourism and sport. Discuss the influence of accessibility, changes in technology and affluence upon the growth of these activities. Notes and worksheets. Leisure at the international scale: tourism Changes in demand. Explain the long- and short‑term trends and patterns in international tourism. 4 scenarios for the future of tourism from the Guardian. Changes in supply. Examine the changes in location and development of different tourist activities. Explain the growth of more remote tourist destinations. Kelly Woolford & First Contact. Leisure at the international scale: sport International participation and success. Examine the social, cultural, economic and political factors affecting participation and success in two major international sports. Premier League football v F1 Grand Prix Case study of a contemporary international sports event. Analyse the geographic factors that influenced the choice of venue(s). Examine the factors affecting the sphere of influence for participants and supporters. Evaluate the short- and long-term geographic costs and benefits of hosting such an event at both the local and national level. London 2012 Olympics (Contrast with recent reports on the legacy of Rio) Leisure at the national/regional scale: tourism Case study of a national tourist industry. Examine the economic, social and environmental impacts of tourism. Thailand / Spain Case study of ecotourism. Evaluate the strategies designed to manage and sustain the tourist industry. Choice from geographypods Tourism as a development strategy. Examine the importance of tourism as a development strategy for low‑income countries. The Gambia
Leisure at the national/regional scale: sport Case study of a national sports league. Explain the hierarchy of a league and the location of its teams. Examine the relationship between team location and the residence of its supporters. Ligue 1 – France (with a focus on Toulouse FC, Paris & Marseille). Leisure at the local scale: tourism Tourism management in urban areas. For one named city or large town: • describe the distribution and location of primary and secondary tourist resources • discuss the strategies designed to manage tourist demands, maximize capacity and minimize conflicts between local residents and visitors, and avoid environmental damage. Sitges & Calafell Coursework. Tourism management in rural areas. Examine the concept of carrying capacities in a rural tourist area. Discuss strategies designed to maximize capacity and minimize conflicts between local residents and visitors, and avoid environmental damage. Machu Picchu Leisure at the local scale: sport and recreation The leisure hierarchy. Explain the relationship between urban settlements and recreational and sports facilities in terms of frequency, size, range and catchment area. Local area Intra‑urban spatial patterns. Examine the distribution and location of recreational and sports facilities in urban areas and relate the patterns to accessibility, land value and the physical and socio‑economic characteristics of each urban zone (from the central business district to the rural–urban fringe). Local area & model from revision guide Urban regeneration. Discuss the role of sport and recreation in regeneration strategies of urban areas. London 2012 Olympics Sustainable tourism Sustainable tourism. Define sustainable tourism. Examine the extent to which it might be successfully implemented in different environments. See above case studies & coursework.
PAPER 2 – Option D: Hazards Topic Syllabus point Case studies Tectonic Hazards We did not study volcanoes, just two contrasting earthquakes. Remember this in the exam. MEDC – Japan 2011. LEDC – Haiti 2010. Atmospheric Hazards (refers to cyclones & drought) MEDC – Hurricane Katrina 2005 LEDC – Typhoon Haiyan 2013 MEDC – California (USA) Drought 2014 LEDC – Horn of Africa (a number of countries) to 2017 Human Induced or Technological Disaster ASF Toulouse 2001
PAPER 3 – HL extension: Global interactions Topic Syllabus point Case studies Measuring global interactions Global participation. Describe and evaluate one of the following two globalization indices: the AT Kearney index or the KOF index, as a measure of global interaction. Describe how the globalization index may be represented spatially. Global core and periphery. Discuss the spatial pattern of global interactions through the mapping of core areas at the focus of interaction (network hubs/nodes), the peripheries and areas relatively unaffected by these interactions. IB 5 & A3 map with Ikea, ports etc. Changing space - the shrinking world Time–space convergence and the reduction in the friction of distance. Explain how a reduction in the friction of distance results in time–space convergence. Examine the relative changes in the speed and capacity of two types of transport (air, ocean, road, rail, pipeline) responsible for the flow of goods, materials and people. Air and ocean transport Extension and density of networks. Examine the changes in a transport, internet or telecommunications network in terms of the extension of links and nodes and the intensity of use at a national or global scale. Describe the role of information and communications technology (ICT) in civil society and the transmission and flow of images, ideas, information and finance. Examine the contrasting rates, levels and patterns of adoption of an element of ICT in two countries. Internet Mobile phone usage in the USA & Kenya Economic interactions and flows Financial flows. Examine the importance of loans, debt repayment, development aid, remittances, foreign direct investment and repatriation of profits in the transfer of capital between the developed core areas and the peripheries. Examine the influence of governments, world trading organizations and financial institutions (such as the World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund and World Bank) in the transfer of capital. Obama in India Cameron in China
Labour flows. Explain the causes and effects of one major flow of labour between two countries. Use migration case study from Core. Information flows. Explain the role of ICT in the growth of international outsourcing. Apple in China Environmental Change Degradation through raw material production. Identify the effects of agro‑industrialization and changes in international production and consumption on the physical environment. Discuss the environmental consequences of increasing international demand for one raw material. Examine the concept of food miles and the environmental consequences of increasing volumes of air freight. Agro-Industry Peruvian asparagus Kenyan flowers Food Miles/Fair Miles Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, 2010 The effects of transnational manufacturing and services. Discuss the reasons for and consequences of the relocation of polluting industries (such as some TNCs) and waste disposal (such as ICT, chemical and nuclear waste) to countries with weaker environmental controls and safety regulations. e-waste trail from UK to Ghana, etc Transboundary pollution. Describe one major pollution event affecting more than one country and examine the consequences of and responses to this event. Examine the growth of environmental awareness as a consequence of these global interactions. Examine the role of one international civil society organization in fostering improved environmental management. Pacific Gyre Homogenization of landscapes. Explain the evolution of uniform urban landscapes; the effects of common commercial activity, structures, styles of construction and infrastructure. Dubai Sociocultural Exchanges Cultural diffusion: the process. Describe cultural traits in terms of language, customs, beliefs, dress, images, music, food and technology. Examine the diffusion of cultural traits resulting from the international movement of workers, tourists and commodities. A number of different case studies relating to France.
Consumerism and culture. Describe the role of TNCs and the media in spreading consumer culture. Select two different branded commodities and examine the spatial and temporal pattern of adoption on a global scale. McDonalds/Coca-Cola Sociocultural integration. Examine the role of diasporas in preserving culture in one country and the adoption of minority traits by host societies. Examine the impact of cultural diffusion on one indigenous and remote society through the influence of international interactions. Examine the ways in which international interactions may result in the homogenization and dilution of culture. Define and exemplify the concept of cultural imperialism. France & Britain. (British in Toulouse) Jose Bove etc…. Political outcomes Loss of sovereignty. Discuss the links between the diminishing effectiveness of political borders and the flow of goods, capital, labour and ideas, and the role of one multi‑governmental organization such as the European Union (EU), the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and MERCOSUR (the common market of South America). Discuss the shift of power from nation state to TNCs as a result of their economic size and dominance. Compare the wealth of TNCs with that of nation states. Various TNCs (see above) EU Responses. Examine the resurgence of nationalism in one country as it attempts to retain control of its resources and culture. Discuss anti‑globalization movements. Discuss the attempts to control migration into one country. Marine Le Pen & Front National Global interactions at the local level Defining glocalization. Distinguish between the terms globalization and glocalization. Various & McDonalds. Adoption of globalization. Examine the extent to which commercial activities at a local scale have become globalized. Examine the reasons why the level and rate of adoption varies from place to place. McDonalds Local responses to globalization. Discuss civil society responses to globalization; the adoption, adaptation (glocalization) or rejection of globalized goods, services and cultural traits. Case study sheets (produced by previous class and exam response). Slow Food Movement Survival International