decriminalize marijuana, the overwhelming response was support for the change. All of the following are likely shortcomings of this survey EXCEPT: A) the lack of a representative sample. B) the method of subject recruitment. C) the tendency to lie about touchy subjects. D) the issue of volunteer bias. Answer: C Explanation: C) In this situation, most people probably do not lie. 111) A group of subjects, randomly selected from the population of interest, which matches the population on important characteristics such as age and sex is called: A) volunteer bias. B) a representative sample. C) the control group. D) the experimental group. Answer: B Explanation: B) This is a definition of a representative sample. 112) Dr. Wiseman wants to know about the alcohol consumption patterns among college students in Canada. He should: A) draw a representative sample among college students. B) give the survey to every college student in the country. C) require students' names on each survey to avoid the tendency to lie. D) remember that sample size is the most critical factor in survey research. Answer: A Explanation: A) It is not necessary to survey the entire population of interest as long as the sample used is representative. 113) The editors of Scientific American are able to obtain a representative sample of their readers in order to assess their attitudes toward preservation of the rain forests in Costa Rica. When interpreting the results of their survey, the editors will be able to apply the results to : A) North Americans. B) Costa Rica. C) scientists. D) subscribers of Scientific American. Answer: D Explanation: D) Survey results can be generalized only to people similar to the original respondents. 114) The magazine Lover's Delight publishes a survey of its female readers called "The Sex Life of the Canadian Wife." It reports that 87% of all wives like to make love in rubber boots. The critical flaw in this research would be the fact that: A) rubber boots are not equally available in all regions of the country. B) the sample is not representative of Canadian wives. C) a psychological test, rather than a survey, should have been given.
151) The strongest relationship, as indicted by these correlation coefficients, is: A) +.68. B) -.74. C) +.71. D) -.69. Answer: B Explanation: B) The further a correlation coefficient is from 0, the stronger the relationship. Section: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relations 152) The strongest relationship, as indicted by these correlation coefficients, is: A) -.74. B) +.73. C) +.68. D) -.67. Answer: A Explanation: A) The further a correlation coefficient is from 0, the stronger the relationship. Section: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relations 153) The weakest relationship, as indicted by these correlation coefficients, is: A) +.27. B) -.74. C) -.35. D) +.16. Answer: D Explanation: D) The closer the correlation coefficient is to 0, the weaker the relationship. Section: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relations 154) A researcher finds that there is no correlation between the colour of the house you grew up in and your IQ. This relationship, as indicted by these correlation coefficients, is: A) -.35. B) 0.0. C) +.27. D) -1.00. Answer: B Explanation: B) The closer the correlation coefficient is to 0, the weaker the relationship. A correlation coefficient of 0 indicates no relationship. Section: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relations 155) A researcher finds that there is no correlation between the colour of the house you grew up in and your IQ. This relationship, as indicted by these correlation coefficients, is: A) +10.00. B) -10.00. C) 0.0. D) -1.00. Answer: C
274) A laboratory observation is a controlled test of a hypothesis in which the researcher manipulates one variable to discover its effect on another. Answer: FALSE Explanation: This is a description of an experiment, not a laboratory observation. 275) The variable that an experimenter manipulates is called the dependent variable. Answer: FALSE Explanation: The variable than an experimenter manipulates is the independent variable, not the dependent variable. 276) Ideally, everything in an experiment except the independent variable is held constant. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Statement of fact. 277) The dependent variable depends on the independent variable. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Statement of fact. 278) The variable that an experimenter manipulates is called the independent variable. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Statement of fact. 279) Ideally, everything in an experiment except the dependent variable is held constant. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Ideally, everything in an experiment except the independent variable is held constant. 280) The independent variable depends on the dependent variable. Answer: FALSE Explanation: The dependent variable depends on the independent variable. 281) If a researcher wants to know whether eating chocolate makes people nervous, then the amount of chocolate eaten is the independent variable. Answer: TRUE
296) The arithmetic mean is an average that is calculated by adding up a set of quantities and dividing the sum by the total number of quantities in the set. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Statement of fact. 297) Descriptive statistics are statistical procedures that organize and summarize research data. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Statement of fact. 298) The standard deviation is a commonly used measure of variability that indicates the average difference between scores in a distribution and their mean. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Statement of fact. 299) The standard deviation is an average that is calculated by adding up a set of quantities and dividing the sum by the total number of quantities in the set. Answer: FALSE Explanation: This is a definition of a mean, not a standard deviation. 300) Inferential statistics are statistical procedures that organize and summarize research data. Answer: FALSE Explanation: This is a definition of descriptive statistics, not inferential statistics. 301) If the results of research are not significant at the .05 level then the researchers conclude that their hypothesis was not supported. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Statement of fact. 302) Results from cross-sectional studies find that older people perform as well as younger individuals on tests of mental functioning. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Results from longitudinal, not cross-sectional studies give these results. 303) A study in which subjects of different ages are compared at a given time is called a longitudinal study.
331) The tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that confirms one's own belief. Answer: A Section: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relations 332) A shortcoming of findings derived from a sample of volunteers instead of a representative sample. Answer: B Section: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relations 333) Unintended changes in subjects' behaviour due to cues inadvertently given by the experimenter. Answer: D Section: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relations 334) An inactive substance or fake treatment used as a control in an experiment or given by a medical practitioner to a patient. Answer: C Section: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relations 335) An experiment in which neither the subjects nor the researcher know which subjects are in the control group and which are in the experimental group until after the results are tallied. Answer: E Section: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relations Match these descriptions with the appropriate term. A) independent variable B) dependent variable C) random assignment D) single-blind study E) control condition 336) A variable that an experimenter manipulates. Answer: A Section: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relations 337) In an experiment, a comparison condition in which subjects are not exposed to the same treatment as in the experimental condition. Answer: E Section: Correlational Studies: Looking for Relations 338) An experiment in which subjects do not know whether they are in an experimental or a control group.