is no special interference source except TV signal. Use the similar TV Channel frequencies all over the world - Security features: required - Reliability: high - Device category: as regulations applied to all applications Intelligent Transportation System TV bands make signal travel longer distance and less vulnerable in rural areas, which can enable multiple applications between car and fixed node. Information delivery Traffic management Logistics tracking/Vehicle location Environment: Outdoor Data rate: Generally <1Mbps, Up to 10Mbps Operating range: One controller covers up to 1 square km Data flow: two-way, 100 end devices (mobile) to 1 controller Transmission Obey regulations all over the world type: Mains powered or powered by car engine 15-11-0194-00 15-11-0279-01 Surveillance, control and monitoring network Larger coverage areas due to excellent propagation characteristics, which make it attractive for surveillance, control and monitoring networks - Environment: Indoor/outdoor - Data rate: up to - Operating range: up to 1 Km - Mobility: support (e.g., up to 10Km/h) 15-11-0215-02 Infrastructure moditoring network Larger coverage areas due to excellent propagation characteristics, which make it attractive for infrastructure monitoring - Environment: outdoor - Data rate: less than 100Kbps - Operating up to several Km - Reliability: high - Mobility: fixed - Energy efficiency: high 15-11-0215-02 network in (M2M) Larger coverage areas due to excellent propagation characteristics, which make it attractive for local networks in M2M - Environment: Indoor/outdoor - Data rate: depends on M2M applications (40Kbps~2Mbps) - Operating depends on M2M applications (up to several Km) - Mobility: depends on M2M applications (up to 20~30Km/h) 15-11-0215-02 Digital Signage System Larger coverage areas due to excellent propagation characteristics, which make it attractive for the proposed system - Environment: Indoor/outdoor - Data rate: typical, up to 10Mbps - Operating range: up to several Km - Mobility: fixed - Frame rate: ≥15fps - Power type: mains powered 15-12-0060-00 White Space Related Regulations Summary of Regulations Region TVWS Device Type Transmitted Power GDB * Sensing
/Country Channel Band Requirements US (FCC) Related document: FCC 10-174 Final order: almost finalized 6MHz channel allocation FD only: TV channel 2 TV channel 5 to 20 (76-512MHz) FD and PPD: TV channel 21 to 35 (512 to 602MHz) and TV channel 39 to Device (FD): capable of geolocation and TV bands database access Personal/Portable Device (PPD): Mode I: list of available channels through fixed or Mode II devices; Mode II: capable of geolocation and TV bands database access; Sensing-only PPD: with no geolocation and TV bands database access. FD: 30dBm (1W) delivered to antenna, 4W EIRP; Mode I and II PPD: 20dBm (100mW) EIRP if the adjacent channel separation requirement is met; 16dBm (40mW) EIRP if the adjacent channel separation requirement is not met; Sensing-only PPD: 17dBm (50mW) EIRP Transmit power control required Must be supported in both and PPD Mode II devices. Optional for Fixed and PPD Mode I and II devices, Mandatory for PPDs UK (Ofcom) Related document: 9 Nov 2010 Consultation Final rules pending 8MHz channel allocation Possibly and and FM bands and other bands to be identified Master device: direct connect to database; Slave device: no need to contacct database, managed by master device Determined by the database; Transmit power control required Must be supported in Master devices. Not to be used in the UK but included to aid Europe (CEPT (ECC)) Related document: ECC Report 159 Still in progress 8MHz channel allocation 470-790 MHz Not defined as devices with specific Determined by the database; Transmit power control required Must be supported. Optional Canada (Industry Related document: Still in progress 6MHz channel allocation 54-72, 76-88, 174-216, Mobile: Mode I: slave device- no direct access to database); Mode II: master device- direct access to database Fixed: Max EIRP 6dBW; Mobile: Mode I: Max EIRP; 20dBm; Mode II: Max 16dBm EIRP; Must be supported in both Fixed and Mode II devices. To be considered in the future when technology is mature. only 11
Case 1: Indoor-outdoor or outdoor-indoor Median path loss: L(indoor -outdoor) = L (outdoor-outdoor) + Lwe where Lwe is the attenuation due to external walls (default value = 10 dB). Case 2: Indoor-indoor are two different scenarios possible: The transmitter and receiver are in the same or in different buildings. i) Selection of the scenario The first step is to determine whether the indoor-indoor scenario corresponds to transmitter and receiver in the same building or not. ii) Indoor-indoor, different buildings Median path loss: L(indoor -indoor) = L (outdoor-outdoor) + 2Lwe It is noticealbe that the loss due to 2 external walls is to add. iii) Indoor-indoor, same building Median path loss: with Lwi = loss of internal wall (in dB) (default value = 5 dB) Lf = loss between adjacent floor (in dB) (default value = 18.3 dB) b = empirical parameter (default value = 0.46) droom = size of the room (in m) (default value = 4 m) hfloor = height of each floor (in m) (default value = 3 m). the fix function returns the integer portion of a number. ITU-R P.1546-1 Propagation Prediction Model The propagation prediction contained in ITU-R Recommendation P.1546-1 has been developed over the years for the point-to-area prediction of field-strength for the broadcasting, land mobile, maritime mobile and certain fixed services (e.g., those employing point-to-multipoint systems) in the frequency range of 30 MHz to 3 000 MHz and for the distances range 1 km to 1000 km. This model consists of a set of propagation curves that represent field-strength values for 1 kW effective radiated power (e.r.p.) at nominal frequencies of 100, 600 and 2 000 MHz, respectively, as a function of
Multipath Delay Spread Models Bandwidth Related Channel Models Bandwidth related channel models can be considered to model small-scale fading. Additional variations of the signal attenuation are led by multipath wave propagation with rapid changes when moving the antenna positions locally or there are moving objects between a transmitter and a receiver. Dispersion in the time domain and in a frequency selectivity of the channel is caused by dispersion led by multipath for broadband transmission. The dispersion of the transmitted signal induced by the channel is modelled by a convolution with the channel impulse response. For this impulse response, statistical models can be defined. Discrete Time Multipath Channel Model The discrete-time impulse response model suitable for baseband Monte Carlo simulations is given by , where tΔ is the sampling interval. The complex-valued coefficients h0, h1, … for the tapped-delay-line model are randomly generated. It is reasonable to assume uncorrelated scattering, i.e., E[hk (hl)*] = 0 for k ≠ l. Also, a zero-mean complex Gaussian distribution is assumed for each coefficient with the variance given by , , k = 1, 2,…. The complex Gaussian distribution of all tap coefficients to a Rayleigh fading characteristic in the absence of a direct path (i.e. c0 = 0), whereas otherwise a Rician fading results. Taking the location variability into account, the parameters c0 and c1 are also random variables having a log-normal distribution. Power Delay Profile (PDP) PDP provides statistical a-priori information about the impulse response. PDP provides the expected signal energy arriving at a specific delay from the transmission of a Dirac impulse. The earliest arriving contribution is assigned delay zero and normally originates from the signal part travelling in a direct transmitter-receiver path, resulting in a peak in the PDP. The energies in the indirect, reflected or scattered signal parts typically decay exponentially in the mean. This leads to the common shape of the PDP, given by , τ 0, δ(·) is the Dirac delta function. c0 and c1 determine the mean energies in the direct and indirect signal parts, respectively, and τ1 specifies the exponential decay in the indirect components. The mean
signal being reflected by structures close to the receiver or the transmitter which are most important, and pre-echoes. Various Multipath Profiles Various multipath delay spread models adopted or considerd for other technologies are listed in this section to help TG4m proposers to select a model for their proposal evaluation: 802.15.4g Channel models from 15-09-0279-01-004g-channel-characterization-for-sun Channel Models taken from ETSI EN 300 392-2 V3.2.1 (2007-09) for phase modulation Propagation Model Tap Number Relative Delay (us) Average Relative (dB) Tap gain process Rural Area (Rax) 1 0 0 Rice Typical Urban (Tux) 1 0 0 2 5 -22.3 Bad Urban (Bux) 1 0 0 Class 2 5 -3 Class Hilly Terrain (HTx) 1 0 0 Class 2 15 -8.6 Class Channel models from 15-09-0263-01-004g-channel-characteristics-4g 1.Dense City Deployment: typical of dense apartment complexes where dozens of end points might be located in a narrow utility alley or across the street in another alley City Deployment 100m Path Distance of reflector to LOS bore Path length difference Multipath delay Multipath amplitude relative to 1’st path Fading rate 1 0 0 0 0dB 40mph 2 100m 40m .13us 0dB 40mph 2.Residential / Industrial: where the end points are either within, or around, the home or business park Residential / Industrial 500m Path Distance of reflector to LOS bore Path length difference Multipath delay Multipath amplitude relative to 1’st path Fading rate 1 0 0 0 0dB Quasi static 2 100m 40m .13us 0dB Quasi static 3 100m 40m .13us -6dB Equivalent to 75mph