Lack of services e.g. schools, etc. NE Push Factors – milking by hand, drought + desertification and Pernambuco village Pull factors: Advertising campaigns were run in areas in the 1950s and 1960s to attract workers to the city More schools, doctors and other services in the city Successful migrants encourage people to join them Café, better SOL / IT class better education / Skyline “Bright Lights” • Most have no running water (cholera), toilets, safe electricity, rubbish collection • Overcrowded, disease spreads • High birth-rate, 6 kids per shack! Management of problem – Self-Help Scheme Run by local government and NGOs (Non-government organizations) Local gov provides – breeze blocks, roofing tiles, electricity, clean water, tarred roads, community centre Self-help so favela dwellers – dig ditches for + build houses sense of pride + community spirit Saves money so cheap houses HIV/AIDS: Case Botswana HIV: initial virus caught by the exchanging of bodily fluids, breast milk or blood – can be treated but not cured. AIDS: later stages of HIV virus which attacks the immune system and allows other infections into the body. Where: Africa (see above) Problem: In 2005 an estimated 270,000 people living with HIV population below two million) 24.1% of people have HIV/Aids Life expectancy less than 40 years in 2000-2005, a figure about 28 years lower than it would have been without AIDS. An estimated 120,000 children have lost at least one parent to the epidemic. First case 1985 Many people have more than one sexual partner Ignorance about AIDS and how it is spread Sick people cannot contribute to the economy or to their families Large number of orphans with not enough government money to help them - no education or possibilities for the future Solutions: (1987-89) the screening of blood to eliminate the risk of HIV transmission through blood transfusion. (1989-97) information, education and communication programmes – Botswana National Policy on AIDS. (1997 onwards) education, prevention and comprehensive care including the provision of antiretroviral treatment for 19,000 people. HIV prevention programme: Public education & awareness – “” of AIDS: Abstain, Be faithful and, if you have sex, Condomize. Safe-sex billboards and posters everywhere. Radio drama dealing with culturally specific HIV/AIDS-related issues and encouraging changes in sexual behaviour. Workplace peer counselling. Unit 1.2 Settlements Rural Settlements:
Fold Mountains: e.g. mount Everest Folding sedimentary rocks left beneath the seas or lakes Sea or lake beds are squeezed together and pushed upwards over millions of years Everest is rising! Structure and types of volcanoes Case study: Volcanic eruption LEDC: Mt. Pinatubo volcano in the Philippines 1991 – This was your own choice but if yours is not very good use this one. South East Asia to the East of China What? 600 years dormant Island arc of Luzon in Philippines Philippines oceanic crust subducting under continental Eurasian plate – i.e. destructive plate margin Erupted June 1991 Effects: Short term 847 dead 300 killed by collapsing roofs 100 killed by lahars Aetas tribe refused to leave or died in evacuation centres from disease 1.2 million lost homes Long term: Measles, respiratory and gastric diseases 500,000 migrated to Manila 650,000 lost jobs 80,000 ha of cropland destroyed 1 million farm animals died Responses: 2 steam explosions – vegetation killed and dust on villages PHIVOLCS set up to monitor eruption– 5000 pop evacuated in 10km zone 23 April continuing earthquakes- US Geological Survey set 7 seismographs at Clark Air Base NW slope villages evacuated 9 June 8 hr eruption with pyroclastic flows – Alert 5 - evacuated to 20km 10 June Air Base evacuated 12 June Mushroom cloud 20km high – evacuated 30km – 58,000 people 15 June – eruption 40km high ash and 80km/hr pyroclastic flows – summit collapses. Heavy rain causes mudflows. Affects houses, bridges and river. Manila airport closed. Case study: Volcanic eruption MEDC Mount St Helens Where: Mt St Helens is located on a destructive plate boundary where a continental plate (North American) meets an oceanic plate (Juan de Fuca). Effects: All living things wiped out 27km north of the crater, up rooted trees, 57 people dead. Responses:
Attrition Large rocks and sediment in water collide and wear each other down Corrosion Large rocks and sediment thrown against the cliffs Long shore drift: The movement of sediment along the beach Groynes: beach protection against longshore drift Headlands and bays: Formed where there hard and soft rock. The soft rock is eroded away and the hard rock is not. Formation of caves, arches and stacks. A line of weakness called a appears in the rock This increases in size until it becomes a cave The waves erode the cave until the water breaks through the other side creating an arch The roof of the arch falls into the sea creating a stack The stack is eroded away to form a stump Case study: Coastal erosion: The twelve apostles Victoria, Australia Where: Port Campbell National Park, Victoria, Australia Limestone cliffs formed in layers from the sediment on the sea floor forming sedimentary rock. 9 remaining stacks of rocks off the Victoria coast Formed: Headlands formed where the rock was harder Hydraulic action, corrosion and corrosion eroded along the fault lines Cliff base eroded away to form WAVE CUT PLATFORMS, notches, arches, caves and stacks When the arches collapsed stacks were formed Coastal deposition: Beach Spit Bar Salt Large particles at the top of the beach and smaller particles like Caused by longshore drift Deposition of sediment coast changes If a spit connects two pieces of land (eventually) it becomes a bar and the water The water has very little energy and so deposits more and more sediment behind