3D: Use Le Chatelier’s principle to make qualitative predictions for systems in which coupled reactions that share a common intermediate drive formation of a product. (5.16) 3E: Make quantitative predictions for systems involving coupled reactions that share a common intermediate, based on the equilibrium constant for the combined reaction. (5.17) 3F: Express the equilibrium constant in terms of Go and RT and use this relationship to estimate the magnitude of K and, consequently, the thermodynamic favorability of the process. (6.25) 3G: Explain why a thermodynamically favored chemical reaction may not produce large amounts of product or why a thermodynamically unfavored chemical reaction can produce large amounts of product for certain sets of initial conditions. (5.18) 3H: Analyze the enthalpic and entropic changes associated with the dissolution of a salt, using particulate level interactions and representations. (6.24) 3I: Make qualitative or quantitative predictions about galvanic or electrolytic reactions based on half-cell reactions and potentials and/or Faraday’s Law (3.12) 3J: Analyze data regarding galvanic or electrolytic cells to identify properties of the underlying redox reactions (3.13) 2C.3: Calculate G using multiple combinations and rearrangements of stepwise equations. 2D: Calculate G using G = -RTlnK 2E: Define coupled reactions. 2F: Relate K to Gibbs' Free Energy (triangle G). 2G.1: Identify conditions that must be considered when enthalpy and entropy and Gibbs’ Free Energy are thermodynamically favorable. 2G.2: Identify conditions that must be considered when enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs Free Energy are not thermodynamically favorable. 2H: Identify and define a salt, dissolution, particulate level interactions. 2I.1: Define: electrochemistry, electrochemical cells, voltaic (galvanic) cells, electrolytic cells, cathode, anode, salt bridge, cell potential, electron flow, Faraday’s Law, current, reduction potential 2I.2: Describe the function of the salt bridge. Diagram movement of ions in the salt bridge.
2J.1: Calculate cell potential in galvanic and electrolytic cells 2J.2: Use reduction potentials to determine which species is oxidized and which species in reduced in a galvanic cell. Laboratory Techniques (Semester 2) Topic 4 3 2 Laboratory Technique In addition to score 3.0 performance, the student demonstrates inferences and applications that go beyond the learning goal. 3A: Always follows appropriate safety protocols in the laboratory 3B: Design and/or interpret the results of an experiment regarding the factors (temperature, concentration, surface area) that may influence the rate of a chemical reaction. 3C: Analyze concentration vs. time data to determine the rate law for a zeroth, first-, or second-order reaction. 3D: Design and/or interpret the results of an experiment to determine the equilibrium constant of a reaction. 3E: Interpret data regarding solubility of salts to determine, or rank, the relevant Ksp values. 6.22 3F: Interpret data regarding the relative solubility of salts in terms of factors (common ions, pH) that influence the solubility. (6.23) 3G: Design and/or interpret data from a reaction between an acid (strong or weak) and a base (strong or weak) to determine quantity of interest (concentration, molar mass, pKa, titration curve) 3H: Design a buffer solution with a target pH and buffer capacity by selecting an appropriate conjugate acid-base 2A: Knows the location, and use, of safety equipment in the laboratory. 2B: Produce data to investigate how factors affect the rate of a chemical data. 2C: Graph data to determine how concentration changes over time. 2D: Produce data to determine the equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction. 2E: Produce data to determine the solubility of a salt. 2F: Describe how factors, such as common ion or pH, can impact the solubility of salts. 2G.1: Determine the equivalence point of an acid/base reaction 2G.2: Produce data and graph a titration curve. 2H: Use a pH product to determine pH of a solution at various points in a titration.
pair and estimating the concentrations needed to achieve the desired capacity. (6.18) 3I: Build a galvanic cell with a desired voltage. 3J: Use qualitative analysis to determine the identities of substances in a mixture. 2I: Use a multi-meter to measure voltage in an electrochemical cell. 2J: Describe how qualitative analysis can be used to determine the identity of substances in a mixture. SRG Scale Score Topic: AP-Style Assessments AP Exam Score Conversion 4 In addition to meeting the learning goal, the student demonstrates in-depth inferences and applications that go beyond the goal. 90-100% 3.5 Student’s performance reflects exceptional facility with some, but not all Level 4 learning targets. 80-89% 3 Learning Goal Student’s performance reflects success on all Level 3 learning targets. 70-79% 2.5 Student’s performance reflects success on some, but not all, Level 3 learning targets 60-69% 2 Student’s performance reflects success on all Level 2 learning targets. 50-59% 1.5 Student’s performance reflects success on some but not all Level 2 learning targets 40-49% 1 Student’s performance reflects insufficient progress towards foundational skills and knowledge. 20-39%