The term “sign” is intended here in the meaning used in semiotics. An expression is an abstract entity distinct from the carriers used to record it. An expression is the specific intellectual or artistic form that a work takes each time it is “realized”. Expression encompasses, for example, the specific words, sentences, paragraphs, etc. that result from the realization of a work in the form of a text, or the particular sounds, phrasing, etc. resulting from the realization of a musical work. The boundaries of the entity expression are defined, however, so as to exclude incidental aspects of physical form, such as typeface and page layout for a text, unless, due to the nature of the work, these are integral to the intellectual or artistic realization of the work as such. An expression comes into existence simultaneously with the creation of its first manifestation, no expression can exist without there being (or there having been at some point in the past) at least one manifestation. The process of abstraction leading to the identification of the entity expression indicates that the intellectual or artistic content embodied in one manifestation is in fact the same, or substantially the same, as that embodied in another manifestation even though the physical embodiment may differ and differing attributes of the manifestations may obscure the fact that the content is similar in both. On a practical the degree to which bibliographic distinctions are made between variant expressions of a work will depend to some extent on the nature of the work itself, on the anticipated needs of users and on what the cataloguer can reasonably be expected to recognize from the instance of the manifestation being described. Variations within substantially the same expression (e.g., slight variations that can be noticed between two states of the same edition in the case of hand press production) would be ignored in most applications. However, for some applications of the model (e.g., comprehensive databases of early printed texts, complete listings of the states of prints), each variation may be viewed as a different expression. Inasmuch as the form of expression is an inherent characteristic of the expression, any change in form (e.g., from written notation to spoken word) results in a new expression. Similarly, changes in the intellectual conventions or instruments that are employed to express a work (e.g.,
expression is submitted Scope notes Examples Reproduction is submitted to authorization. [rights expressed in natural language, in English] The play can be read or performed anywhere, by any number of people. Anyone who wishes to do it should contact the author’s agent [...], who will license performances free of charge provided that no admission fee is charged and that a collection is taken at each performance for Medical Aid for Palestinians [...]. [performing rights attached to Caryl Churchill’s play Seven Jewish children, expressed in natural language, in English] Attributes applicable only to specific types of expression ID Entity Attribute Definition LRM-E3-A5 EXPRESSION Cartographic scale A ratio of distances in a cartographic expression to the actual distances they represent Scope notes The cartographic attribute is specific to expressions of cartographic works. The cartographic scale attribute may apply to horizontal, vertical, angular, and/or other distances represented in the expression. Examples Scale 1 : 10,000 [cartographic scale expressed in natural language, in English] 034 1# ‡a a ‡b 100000 [cartographic scale expressed in normalized form in a MARC 21 field] ID Entity Attribute Definition LRM-E3-A6 EXPRESSION Language A language used in the expression Scope notes The language attribute is specific to expressions consisting solely or partially of linguistic signs (either sonic or in notated form). The language attribute of the expression may include a number of languages, each pertaining to an individual component of the expression. Examples it [language Italian expressed as an ISO 6391 code] bre [language Breton expressed as an ISO 6392 code] Slovene [language expressed as an English natural term] Slovenian [alternative name for a language expressed as an English natural term]
a time-span), a title (nomen for a work), a Dewey Decimal Classification number (nomen for a res), a hotel room number (nomen for a res), a MARC 21 field code (nomen for a res) ID Entity Attribute Definition LRM-E9-A3 NOMEN Scheme The scheme in which the nomen is established Scope notes The scheme attribute includes: - encoding schemes (subject heading lists, thesauri, classification systems, name authority lists, etc.) - and syntax encoding schemes (standards for encoding dates, etc.). When the same value of one of the other nomen attributes (such as intended audience, language, script) is applicable to all the nomens in a particular scheme, the value can be implemented at the scheme level. Examples http://id.loc.gov/authorities/performanceMediums [value encoding scheme for medium of performance expressed as a URI] http://id.loc.gov/authorities/classification [value encoding scheme for the Library of Congress Classification expressed as a URI] ISO 8601 [syntax encoding scheme for dates and times] ID Entity Attribute Definition LRM-E9-A4 NOMEN Intended audience A class of users for which the nomen is considered appropriate or preferred Scope notes Indicating the intended audience for a nomen can serve as a basis for a mechanism that selects a nomen from a cluster of equivalent nomens, for use in a particular context. For example, an international multi-lingual authority file can indicate the intended audience for each nomen by recording the language in which the nomen is a preferred form. Examples sj [intended audience of children, expressed as a code used as a prefix in all Library of Congress children’s subject headings] chi [intended audience of Chinese speakers, expressed as a MARC 21 language code] ID Entity Attribute Definition LRM-E9-A5 NOMEN Context of use Information as to the context(s) in which
Definition This relationship links any entity with a given extent of space Scope notes In most implementations this relationship would be refined to reflect the exact nature of the association, for example, place of work conception or creation, place of expression creation (e.g., place of musical performance), place of publication or manufacture, current or former location of an item, and location of an agent. Examples Dickinson has association with Amherst, Mass. [the town where she was born] Zone has association with New York City [the city where this publisher is located] Gone With the Wind has association with Atlanta, Georgia [the city provides the setting for the narrative] ID Domain Relationship name Inverse name Range Cardinality LRM-R34 Place has part is part of Place M to M Definition This is a relationship between two places where one is a component of the other Scope notes Examples California is part of USA Dolomites is part of Alps ID Domain Relationship name Inverse name Range Cardinality LRM-R35 Res has association with is associated with Time-span M to M Definition This relationship links any entity with a temporal extent Scope notes In most implementations this relationship be refined to reflect the exact nature of the association, for example, time of work conception or creation, time of expression creation (e.g., date/time of musical performance), time of publication or manufacture, period of ownership of an item, date of birth of a person, time of validity of the nomen for a particular res. Examples The 1998 publication of Stephen Hawking’s A history of time has association with 1998 The Phi Beta Kappa Society has association with December 5, 1776, when it was founded The term 'Happenings (Art)' has association with the date/time 20151205060018.0, when this term became the valid LCSH heading due to the corresponding authority record being updated, replacing the term 'Happening (Art)' Emily Dickinson has association with the time-span from 1830 to 1886 The recording of the live performance of the song Communication Breakdown by Led Zeppelin in at the Olympia on October 10, 1969 has association with the timespan of October 10, 1969 ID Domain Relationship name Inverse name Cardinality LRM-R36 Time-span has part is part of Time-span M to M Definition This is a relationship between two time-spans where one is a component of the other Scope notes