AP Physics 2 Objectives – by Topic These are basically the test questions. Intro and Review Kinematics Students should be able to: Be able to write, from memory, the 4 kinematics equations. Solve basic kinematics problems Show all work in our standard solution form Givens list Variables Numbers Units Unknown’s variable Equation to use with only variables Equation with number, units, & unknown variable Math steps (when needed) Answer with Units Significant figures Projectile Motion For a problem when a “ball” rolls horizontally off a table, students should be able to Calculate The initial velocity The time in the air The range for the impact Show all solution steps Energy Students should be able to: Define (Concept & math model): Kinetic energy Gravitational potential energy Work Use these concepts and the conservation of energy to solve problems Define the “system” exchanging energy. Fluids Student will be able to: Define density Calculate density of an object. Determine the density of a material from a graph
Significant Figures There are three rules on determining how many significant figures are in a number: Non-zero digits are always significant. Any zeros between two significant digits are significant. A final zero or trailing zeros in the decimal portion ONLY are significant. Identify how many significant figures are in each number AND circle the estimated number. 340 0.45 0.630 1.0010 20 200.4 340.600 5000 43.0 54.1 67.004 330 0.005 3.40 0.000403 0.02000 30.45 0.0009 0.03000 4030 5003 99.0 58.005 0.004 34.00 45.45 202 550 402.2 45.0 0.00450 0.00004 4.004 320 10 5 31.0 90 2000 4050 0.003 98.0 35.02 6.001 30, 001 20.4 3 4.0 17.00 2.5400 80 4005 0.00040 400.500 34.002 99.2 400 3506 2.0030 0.0400 20.03 0.40 340 1,000,000 34, 004 47,000.03 25.0 35.002 7400 0.0300 45.0 4 3.00 0.00030 60.0 200 380 909 1000 0.20000 0.03004 2.02005 23.4 8.00 0.000 45.03 90.03 8.40 0.0303 80 For each number write the number of significant digits in the number and identify which one is the estimated number. Number Estimated of Number Number Sig Figs 1. 2300 2. 0.250 3. 100
Scientific Notation Express each number in scientific notation. Number Answer 1. 2300 2. 0.250 3. 100 4. 15 5. 36.258 6. 0.000025 7. 1.0002 8. 14.00125 9. 15.000 10. 200,000 11. 123,505 12. 1,125,215.360 13. 125.00 14. 12.00125 15. 25,802,682 16. 0.002 17. 10 18. 55.02 19. 123.0 20. 12.000 21. 123.0225 23. 125,004 24. 0.00000025 25. 0.2000025 26. 0.00002654 27. 12,358.023150 Number Answer 28. 23.5 X 102 29. 0.0235 X 10–2 30. 56 X 107 31. 200 X 101 32. 456.3 X 10–5 33. 9.605 X 104 34. 200 X 10–7 35. 20.56 X 102 36. 2359 X 105 37. 7000 X 108 38. 535.0 X 101 39. 0.0036 X 10–3 40. 23.08 X 105 41. 9.00001 X 10–2 42. 0.00825 X 102 43. 0.000524 X 10–1 44. 0.0988 X 10–6 45. 2365.80 X 102 46. 0.0050 X 109 47. 9 X 104 48. 585 X 102
Introduction to using math prefixes. Students will be able to: Write the power of ten associated with the prefixes, “G, n, M, μ, k, m and c,” from memory. Write the “math” word that describes “G, n, M, μ, k, m and c.” from memory. Convert to and from any unit with an, “G, n, M, μ, k, m and c” as a unit prefix without a conversion chart. Examples include but are not limited to: Grams to kilograms Meters to kilometers Meters to centimeters Problems 35 g to kg 6.0 cm to m 500 cm to m 10kmi to mi $6M to $ 2400 Gm to m 45 μs to s 15 mNs to Ns 4320 cRad to Rad 35 mft to ft 15 m to cm 14 lb to mlb 13 cs to s 0.001 s to ms 1000 T to MT 1500 A to kA 390s to μs 54 H to cH 0.0400 V to μV 355,944 lumens to Glumens 8000 Mg to g 35 mg to g 9415 m2 to Gm2 7800 F to kF 0.2909 Pa to μPa 6900 m to km 45.00 MΩ to Ω 93 μT to T 5.60 GA to A 5cy to y 35.6 A to mA 8,948 GV to V 12 km to m 55 nC to C 82 V to mV 22,000 cG to G 809,398 MN to N 35 μΩ to Ω 238 H to mH 45Gg to g 1892 A to kA 80,233 F to mF 1.329 MW to kW 0.034 mi to kmi 28,025,400 mN to kN 560,000 cm to km 45 MH to cH 903 kg to g 39 μm to m 890 Gb to Mb
Dimensional Analysis Facts Sheet (Do not memorize. You will receive a clean copy of this on your assessment.) POWERS of TEN Thousand = 103 Million = 106 Billion = 109 Trillion = 1012 Quadrillion =1015 Quintillion = 1018 DISTANCE UNITS Parsec = 1.91738 X 1013 miles Furlong = 1/8 mile Rod2 = 1.00000400417 Perch Rod = 16.5 feet Rod = 25.000 links Football field = 100 yards Soccer field = 100 METERS Rod = 5.50 yards Fathom = 6 feet Yard = 3 feet foot = 12 inches inch = 2.54 centimeters (exactly) centimeter = 10 millimeters decimeter = 10 centimeters meter = 100 centimeters 5280 feet = 1 mile dekameter or decameter= 10 meters Walking pace (avg) = 31 inches Story on a building = 3 m Light year = 9.467 X 1015 meters Barn = 10-24 cm2 League = 3 miles Cubit = 20 inches 4 rods = chain ROTATIONS 1 Revolution = 360° 2π Radians = 1 Revolution TIME UNITS millennium = 1,000 years century = 100 years decade = 10 years years = 365 days day = 24 hours hour = 60 minutes minute = 60 seconds Blink of an eye 1/10 second fortnight = 14 days 1 score = 20 years WEIGHTS and metric masses Pound = 16 ounces Ton = 2000 pounds Tonne = 1000 kilograms (metric ton) Long ton = 2240 pounds Gram = 1000 milligrams Kilogram = 1000 grams Kilogram = 2.205 pounds Pound = 453.5923 grams Newton = 7.233014 Poundal Dram = 27.34375 grains Pound= 7000 grains Pound = 4.448 Newtons Poundal = 14.0980814039 gram Pennyweight = 24 grains Stone = 14 pounds Clove = ½ Stone VOLUME MEASUREMENTS 1 liter = 1000 milliliters 2 liters = 67.63 ounces 1 gallon = 128 ounces 1 milliliter = cm3 1 milliliter = 20 drops 2 pints = 1 quart 4 quarts = 1 gallon peck = 2 gallons
60 Which segment(s) has the most positive acceleration? 61 Which segment(s) shows a positive jerk? 62 What is the instantaneous velocity at 9.0 seconds? 63 What is the instantaneous acceleration at 9.0 seconds? 64 What is the instantaneous acceleration at 4.0 seconds? 65 What is the instantaneous acceleration at 9.5 seconds? Each change or bend is a segment of the line. The letters in the circles identifies them. (NOTE “C” AND “E” ARE CURVES AND “D” and F” are straight lines.) 66 Which line segment(s) shows the fastest constant velocity? 67 Which line segment(s) shows the slowest, constant, non-zero velocity? 68 Which segment(s) shows a positive displacement? 69 Which segment(s) or single point in time shows a constant velocity? 70 Which segment(s) shows a positive acceleration? 71 Which segment(s) shows a negative acceleration? 72 At which time or region is the positive displacement from initial position the greatest? 73 Which segment(s) shows the object speeding up? 74 Which segment(s) shows the object slowing down? 75 What is the instantaneous velocity at 0.8 seconds? 76 How fast is the object moving at 4.2 seconds? 77 What is the instantaneous velocity at 5.0 seconds? 69 Find the displacement from 0 to 2 seconds. 70 Find the displacement from 1 to 3 seconds. 71 Find the displacement from 0 to 4 seconds. 72 Find the total change in velocity from 0 to 1 seconds. 73 Find the total change in velocity from 0 to 3 seconds. 74 Find the displacement from 2 to 4 seconds. 75 Find the displacement from 0 to 1 seconds. 76. What is the displacement from 0 to 4 seconds? 77. What is the displacement from 4 to 6 seconds? 78. What is the displacement from 6 to 12 seconds? 79. What is the displacement from 12 to 14 seconds? 80. What is the displacement from 14 to 22 seconds?
81. What is the displacement from 22 to 30 seconds? 82. What is the acceleration at 2 seconds? 83. What is the acceleration at 5 seconds? 84. What is the acceleration at 13 seconds? 85. What is the acceleration at 17 seconds? 86. What is the acceleration at 19 seconds? Answer the following whenever possible 87. Calculate the displacement from 0 to 10 seconds. 88. Calculate the displacement from 10 to 20 seconds. 89. Calculate the displacement from 20 to 30 seconds. 90. Calculate the displacement from 10 to 30 seconds. 91. Calculate the displacement from 30 to 40 seconds. 92. Calculate the displacement from 40 to 60 seconds. 93. Which lettered 10-second time interval(s) contains a positive displacement and a negative acceleration? 94. Which lettered 10-second time interval(s) contains a negative displacement and a positive velocity? 95. Which lettered 10-second time interval(s) contains a positive displacement, a negative velocity and a negative acceleration? 96. Which lettered 10-second time interval(s) contains a negative displacement, a negative velocity and a negative acceleration? 97. Which lettered 10-second time interval(s) contains a positive displacement, a negative velocity and a positive acceleration? 98 99 98. Which 15-second interval(s) have the greatest positive velocity? 99. Which 15-second interval(s) have the greatest negative velocity? 100. Which 15-second interval(s) have the greatest velocity? 101. Which 15-second interval contains the location that is the greatest absolute value of displacement? 102. Which 15-second interval(s) indicates no movement?
131 What is the acceleration at 20 seconds? 132 What is the acceleration at 46 seconds? 133 How do you find the instantaneous velocity? 134 How can you tell if a piece of the curve is negative acceleration? 135 How can you tell if a piece of the curve is positive acceleration? 136 How do you find displacement? 137 How can you tell if a piece of the curve has a zero acceleration? 138 How can you tell if an acceleration is constant? 139 How can you tell if an acceleration is changing? Putting it all together …Summary How do you find: the velocity at 4 seconds? if the acceleration is positive or negative? the displacement from 1 to 3 seconds?
102 1/9 103 No idea. Mass does not affect by the length of a pendulum arm 104 105 3/2 106 0.125 (1/8) 107 0.08 or 2/25 108 no change 109 Stiffness of the spring. Force to stretch it 1 meter 110 High Spring constant means a stiff spring that is more difficult to compress. 111 300 N/m 112 3.6 N 113 0.10 m 114 2500 N/m 115 2.4 N 116 2 m 117 0.45 s: (1.0204 kg) 118 1.21 N/m 119 19.8 N: (2.0264 kg) 120 100 N/m 121 166.67 N/m 122 30 N 123 4 m 124 0.75 m 125 800 N/m 126 100 N 127 15680 N/m 128 9187.5 N/m 129 2000 N/m 130 0.0015 N 131 31.58 N/m 132 2.81 s 133 22.80 kg 134 1.40 s 135 82.25 N/m 136 108,756 N/m 137 9869.6 N/m 138 3158.27 N/m 139 0.63 s 140 141 1 -no change 142 16/ 9 143 9 144 5/ 4 145 27/ 256
Calculate the circuit’s total resistance Find the voltage drop across and current through each original resistor Find the voltage’s V1 and V2. Calculate the circuit’s total resistance Find the voltage drop across and current through each original resistor Find the voltage’s V1 and V2. Find the power dissapated by each resistor. Calculate the circuit’s total resistance Find the voltage drop across and current through each original resistor Find the voltage’s V1 and V2. Calculate the circuit’s total resistance Find the voltage drop across and current through each original resistor Calculate the circuit’s total resistance Find the voltage drop across and current through each original resistor
Describe an image’s magnification for a plane or spherical mirror. Calculate an image’s position for a plane or spherical mirror. Draw all for possible incident/reflection rays for spherical mirror to visually locate an object’s image. Describe concave and convex mirrors’ characteristics regarding image properties based on an object’s location. Concave Mirror This page is to be printed and used in conjunction with class notes. Convex Mirror This page is to be printed and used in conjunction with class notes. Plane mirror This page is to be printed and used in conjunction with class notes For each object below, draw the position of its image as formed by the mirror using all thee rays when possible. CONCAVE MIRRORS For each object below, draw the position of its image as formed by the mirror using all thee rays when possible. CONVEX MIRRORS
35.04002 7 sig figs “2” is estimated 250.04 5 sig figs “4” is estimated 806 3 sig figs “6” is estimated Leading zeroes before the first non-zero digit are not significant. Examples: 0.005 1 sig fig (underlined numbers) “5” is estimated 0.0000650 3 sig figs (underlined numbers) “0” is estimated 0.000043 2 sig figs (underlined numbers) “3” is estimated Trailing zeroes to the right of the decimal point are always significant. Examples: 15.00670 7 sig figs “0” is estimated 21.0 3 sig figs “0” is estimated 34.5000 6 sig figs “0” is estimated Trailing zeroes left of the decimal point are ambiguous Examples: 4300 Was this measured to the tens or ones place? 56 000 Was this measured to the hundreds, tens or ones place? 300 Was this measured to the tens or one’s place? These numbers need to be expressed in scientific notation showing the significance. For example, all these ambiguous numbers are expressed with 3 sig figs. 4300 4.30 x 103 “0” is estimated“ 56 000 5.60 x 104 “0” is estimated 300 3.00 x 102 “0” is estimated Counting numbers are exact. There are missing estimated digits and do not affect a calculation’s significance. Examples: A gross of donuts 144 donuts are counted out exactly 3 feet equals 1 yard This is exact by definition 1 in = 2.54 cm This is exact by definition A dozen eggs 12 eggs are counted out -exactly (you can’t have a 1/10 of an egg)
Press the APPS key to a list of applications. Press the up arrow to “go around the list and get to “VST APPS.” With VST APPS selected pres the “ENTER” key. After a title screen this menu screen should up. Select “1:DATAMATCH” by pressing the number “1.” SELECT A PROGRAM 1:DATAMATCH 2:DATAGATE 3:DATARAD 4:DAROTARY 5:DATADROP 6:FUNCTGEN 7:QUIT This is the title screen for the subprogram you just selected. VERNIER SOFTWARE DATAMATCH (VER1.00) GRAPH MATCH PROGRAM ROM1.13 (C)2000 Scroll down to “MODE:GRAPHMATCH.” Then press the “ENTER” key. It should then read “MODE:TIMEGRAPH–10.” DIG:MOTION (M) TIMEGRAPH–10 DISPLAY:DISTANCE 1:START 2: QUIT Press the number “2” to check the settings. DIG:MOTION (M) DISPLAY:DISTANCE 1:START 3:GRAPH 2:SETTINGS 4:QUIT If any settings do not match these, select “2” and change them to match these. Otherwise select “1” and continue. TIME GRAPH SETTINGS TIME INTERVAL: .1 NUMBER OF SAMPLES 100 EXPERIMENT LENGTH: 10 1:OK 2:CHANGE TIME SETTINGS Press the number “1.” It will show a graph as you move towards and away from the motion detector. If you are using these settings it will be finished in 10 seconds. DIG:MOTION (M) DISPLAY:DISTANCE 1:START 3:GRAPH 2:SETTINGS 4:QUIT Press the “ENTER” key to see the graph you just made. After the graph is displayed you can press the “ENTER” key again to return to this menu. You scroll up or down to display a different graph from the same data, e.g. Velocity, Acceleration, etc. Press “1”” to make another graph. SELECT GRAPH VELOCITY ACCELERATION 1:RETURN TO MAIN SCREEN 2:AUTOSCALE
Measuring light intensity w/the TI When using the probe you need to either have the light source as the only other light in the room of place a tube made from black paper between the probe and the light source. APPLICATIONS 1:Finance… 2:CBL/CBR 3:CabriJr 4:Conics 5:DataMIn1 6:Inequalz 7:LearnChk Plug the magnetic field probe into, “~CH1,” on the side of the CBL unit. Press the “APPS” button. Use the direction keys to scroll down to a program called, “CBL/CBR.” Press enter to select this application. CBL/CBR APP: 1:GAUGE 2:DATA LOGGER 3:RANGER 4:QUIT A title screen will be displayed. Press any key to continue. SELECT, “1:GAUGE.” PROBE: Temp Volt Sonic TYPE: Bar MIN:0 MAX:5 UNITS: MW/cm2 DIRECTNS: /Off Go... From this screen, move the cursor over the highlighted items and press the, “Enter,” key When they have each been selected, move the cursor over, “Go…” and press, “Enter.” This instruction screen will appear. Press the, “ENTER,” key after the, short, animation is over. This instruction screen will appear. Press the, “ENTER,” key. This instruction screen will appear. Press the, “ENTER,” key. This instruction screen will appear. Press the, “ENTER,” key. ***LINK ERROR*** PUSH IN THE LINK CORD CONNECTORS FIRMLY THEN PRESS [ENTER] TROUBLE SHOOTING AND ERRORS If the CBL is not connected to the calculator, you will see this screen. Just push the link cable in and make sure the CBL is turned on and the batteries are good. Follow the screen’s instructions Here is where the readings will occur. The units are milli-Watt per cm2. So all the displayed values are x10-3 W. Example: 0.1245 mW/cm2=0.1245x10-3 W/cm2.