FM task performance We hypothesized that adults would succefuly perform FM as would be demonstrated by the following measures in both versions of the study: RT's The RT's for choosing the target picture in novel target trials would be slower than the reaction times for choosing the target picture in familiar target trials. Accuracy Participants would correctly choose the novel target pictures as the referents for the novel labels in the novel target trials at an above chance (50%) level rate. Memory performance Because the revised paradigm includes almost four times as much novel associations as the previous paradigm, we expected the percent of correct recognition to be lower than the previous paradigm, however to remain above chance (25%) performance for both tasks. We expected performance on the EE task to be mediated by the dominant episodic memory system, and as such we expected memory performance in the this task to be higher than memory performance in the FM task, which is hypothesized to be mediated by FM learning processes less dominant in adulthood.
Methods Participants Forty healthy volunteers, native speakers of Hebrew, were recruited for the study. Exclusion criteria were any current or past history of major physical or mental illness, of neurological disease or substance abuse and any history of head trauma causing loss of consciousness. All but one participant were right handed; all signed an informed consent form (appendix 2), an experimental protocol (appendix 12) and a metal screening questionnaire (appendix 13) that was approved by the ethical committee of the Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center. All subjects were trained to perform the task outside the magnet and after confirming that they understood the task and are willing to participate in the scanning experiment, they entered the magnet. The participants received 160 + reimbursement for their participation in the study. Fifteen participants were excluded from the final analysis: three due to technical problems (1 participant from the EE version and 2 from FM version); eight participants were excluded because their memory score was not significantly higher than chance (1 participant from the EE version and 7 from FM version; see procedure section below) and an additional 4 subjects were excluded due to unreliable imaging data (1 participant from the EE version and 3 from FM version; see preprocessing and data analysis section below). Thus, for the statistical analysis, 25 participants were included: thirteen participants who performed the FM paradigm and twelve who performed the EE paradigm. Of these participants, 15 were males and 10 females, their mean age 26.64 (SD=3.41). No significant difference was found neither in the age of the participants in the FM (M=25.38, SD=2.36) and EE paradigms (M=28.09, SD=3.93) [t(23) =2.03, ns], nor in the gender distribution [(1) =0.03, ns].
FM EE Task MNI coordinates of BA MNI coordinates of BA Region of activity z y x z y x Frontal Lobe 5.6 30 26 46 9 r Middle Frontal Gyrus / Superior Frontal Gyrus 4.1 52 12 -28 35 6 l 6.1 54 10 -4 6 4.3 54 24 -24 8 l 4.8 2 54 -6 80 10 l Medial Frontal Gyrus 4.2 40 22 12 29 32 4.3 42 -40 -2 31 l Cingulum/ Cingulate Gyrus Temporal Lobe 15 -18 -68 -42 37 7.5 4 -68 -46 37 l Middle Temporal Gyrus / Fusiform 3.8 0 -34 -62 21 21 4.8 18 -50 -50 41 40 l Superior Temporal Gyrus Parietal Lobe 4.2 46 -58 28 27 7 r Superior Parietal Lobule 4.6 52 -58 -26 7 3.9 60 -42 -12 42 5 l Paracentral Lobule / Precuneus 4.5 60 -40 4 5 r 4.5 14 -58 -12 23 l 4.9 72 -42 -14 3 l Postcentral Gyrus Occipital Lobe -14 -70 44 19 8.8 0 -76 46 19 r Middle Occipital Gyrus Table 6. Experiment 3 peak activations in the 'novel-base line' contrast. Anatomical and approximated Brodmann’s areas, cluster size, MNI coordinates of the maxima within each cluster and T values of the regions that showed an effect in the 'novel-base line' contrast. p value<0.001, minimal cluster size=20. Coordinates are in millimeters: x = distance to right (+) or left (−) of the mid-sagittal plane; y = distance anterior (+) or posterior (−) to vertical plane; z = distance above (+) or below (−) intercommissural (AC–PC) line. BA= Brodmann’s area. L/R= left / right. 34 R
FM EE Task MNI coordinates of BA MNI coordinates of BA Region of activity z y x z y x Frontal Lobe 4.3 2 26 -28 23 47 l Inferior Frontal Gyrus 4.3 18 28 -44 33 46 4.0 26 8 -44 48 9 3.9 36 -4 -42 79 6 l Precentral Gyrus 6.9 52 12 -2 6 l Medial Frontal Gyrus 5.4 30 16 -42 9 l Middle Frontal Gyrus 4.1 54 -2 -34 47 6 4.9 22 28 42 46 r 4.1 28 2 2 49 24 r Cingulum 4.1 30 -16 0 22 23 Parietal Lobe 4.1 42 -58 -32 69 40 Inferior Parietal Lobule 4.8 10 -66 -22 30 l PCC 4.2 -70 12 47 7 l Precuneus 4.5 26 -70 -26 41 7 5.1 6 -86 12 17 r Cuneus 4.1 42 -58 -32 69 40 r Occipital Lobe 3.8 8 -88 32 24 19 4.3 -6 -86 34 75 18 r Middle Occipital Gyrus 4.4 0 -88 -32 20 18 l 3.9 2 -8 10 44 r Thalamus Table 7. Experiment 3 novel-familiar condition Anatomical and approximated Brodmann’s areas, cluster size, MNI coordinates of the maxima within each cluster and T values of the regions that showed an effect in the 'novel-familiar' contrast. P value<0.001, minimal cluster size=20. Coordinates are in millimeters: x = distance to right (+) or left (−) of the mid-sagittal plane; y = distance anterior (+) or posterior (−) to vertical plane; z = distance above (+) or below (−) intercommissural (AC–PC) line. BA= Brodmann’s area. Subsequent memory Finally, a contrast representing the subsequent memory activations was analyzed. In this contrast, the novel items subsequently not remembered in the recognition memory test R
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Appendix 3 – experiment 1, free recall task form, no context version שם . מספר . גרסת הניסוי: FM. Free recall אנא רשום כאן את כל שמות התמונות שאתה זוכר שהיו בניסוי שעברת בעלי חיים פירות וירקות פרחים אחר
Appendix 5 – experiment 1, cued recall task form, no context version שם . מספר . גרסת הניסוי: FM. Cued recall מספר התמונה שם התמונה (אם אינך זוכר, סמן X) האם הכרת את שם התמונה בעבר (הקף בעיגול) 1 כן / לא 2 כן / לא 3 כן / לא 4 כן / לא 5 כן / לא 6 כן / לא 7 כן / לא 8 כן / לא 9 כן / לא 10 כן / לא 11 כן / לא 12 כן / לא 13 כן / לא 14 כן / לא 15 כן / לא 16 כן / לא 17 כן / לא 18 כן / לא 19 כן / לא 20 כן / לא 21 כן / לא 22 כן / לא 23 כן / לא 24 כן / לא 25 כן / לא
Appendix 6 – experiment 1, cued recall task form, context version שם . מספר . גרסת הניסוי: FM_. Cued recall מספר התמונה שם התמונה (אם אינך זוכר, סמן X) מידע שאתה זוכר על התמונות האם הכרת את שם התמונה בעבר (הקף בעיגול) 1 כן / לא 2 כן / לא 3 כן / לא 4 כן / לא 5 כן / לא 6 כן / לא 7 כן / לא 8 כן / לא 9 כן / לא 10 כן / לא 11 כן / לא 12 כן / לא 13 כן / לא 14 כן / לא 15 כן / לא 16 כן / לא 71 כן / לא 18 כן / לא 19 כן / לא
20 כן / לא 21 כן / לא 22 כן / לא 23 כן / לא 24 כן / לא 25 כן / לא 26 כן / לא 27 כן / לא 28 כן / לא 29 כן / לא 30 כן / לא 31 כן / לא 32 כן / לא 33 כן / לא 34 כן / לא 35 כן / לא 36 כן / לא 37 כן / לא 38 כן / לא 39 כן / לא 40 כן / לא 41 כן / לא 42 כן / לא 43 כן / לא
כן ?האם עומדת על בול עץ שמאל עטלף בולדוג תנשמת 8 כן ?האם ראש שחור ימין כוס מפתח 9 לא ?האם המִסְפָּרַיִם שחורות שמאל טלפון מספריים 10 *1 – שמאל למטה; 3 – ימין למטה; 7 – שמאל למעלה; 9 – ימין למעלה
Trails Making Test/ WAIS MR & Sim. A: Z= B: Z=-1.4 Matrices: SS=11 Similarities: SS=11 A: Z= -2.44; B: Z=-1.48 A: Z= -0.93; B: Z=-0.3 Matrices: SS=11 Similarities: SS=7 Matrices: SS=8 Similarities: SS=11 Digit/Spatial Span SS=10/ SS=9 SS=14 /SS=13 SS=11/-- SS=9/ SS=15 SS=10/SS=10 WMI=69 COWAT FAS: Z=0.15; Sem.: Z=0.32 FAS: Z=-0.9; Sem.: Z=-1.0 FAS: Z=1.74; Sem.: Z=-1.39 FAS: Z=0.5; Sem.: Z=-1.14 FAS: Z=-0.74 Sem.: Z=--1.65 FAS: Z=-1.65 Sem.: Z=-2.1 Note: %ile: Percentile; AVLT: Rey's Auditory Verbal Learning Test; COWAT: Controlled Oral Word Association Test; CVLT II: California Verbal Learning Test II; Del.: Delayed recall; FAS: Phonemic fluency for F, A, S (Bet, Gimmel, Shin in Hebrew); FSIQ: Full Scale Intelligence Quotient; IED: Intra/ Extradimensional set shifting; Imm.: Immediate recall; LM I: Logical Memory immediate; LM II: Logical Memory delayed; MQ: Memory Quotient; NART: National Adult Reading Test; Psv. Err.: Perseverative Errors; Recog.: Recognition; Sem.: Semantic fluencey; SS= Scaled Score; VPA I: Verbal Paired Associates immediate; VPA II: Verbal Paired Associates delayed; WAIS-III: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; WASI: Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence; WCST: Wisconsin's Card Sorting Test. Bold= significant deficit.
desman pigeon does the desman have wings? right no chayote akebia grapes is the akebia green? right no karela akebia peach can you see the inside of the akebia? left yes karela langor goldfish does the langor have fur? right yes tenrec langor hamster does the langor havea pink nose? left no tenrec familiar familiar dog long hands does the dog have dark fur? left no dolphin dog flattail is the dog's mouth open? right yes dolphin asparagus nipplefruit is the asparagus tied with a string? right yes carrots asparagus white sapote Is the asparagus white? left no carrots fox flattail does the fox have a flat tail? left no giraffe fox long hands are the fox's ears upright? right yes giraffe flamingo weird parrot is the flamingo's head tilted down? right yes owl flamingo peres is the flamingo's beak black? left no owl turtle longtail does the turtle's shell have spots? right yes snail turtle lizard is the turtle's mouth open? left no snail coconut white sapote does the coconut have a seed? left no onion coconut nipplefruit Is the coconut's exterior brown? right yes onion snake lizard does the snake have brown spots? right yes flamingo snake longtail is the snake on a brach? left no flamingo penguin peres is the pigeon's head tilted down? right yes parrot penguin weird parrot is the pengiun looking straight forward? left no parrot naranjilla orange is the inside of the naranjilla orange? left no bongo Stimuli list for the FM and the EE tasks.
Appendix 15 – experiment 3, subsequent memory effects of the FM task under p<0.01 threshold FM T-score MNI coordinates Number of voxels BA Left/ Right Region of activity z y x 2.86 28 52 -10 7 9 left Superior Frontal Gyrus 2.70 -18 4 -34 6 38 left Temporal Pole 3.10 0 -44 -56 15 22 left Middle Temporal Gyrus 3.10 2 -40 26 9 30 right Hippocampus 2.96 22 -28 -38 6 13 left Rolandic Operculum 2.79 14 -48 -20 18 left Precuneus 2.63 10 -14 -16 7 left Thalamus p<0.01, cluster size=5 Most noteable activations of subsequent memory analysis (p<0.01), FM task. Activations are shown in the left temporal pole (a); left posterior lateral temporal cortex (b); left medial prefrontal cortex (c) and right hippocampus (d).