"Case of Lars Vilks and Colleen LaRose ("Jihad Jane")." Background Information Summaries (April 2010): 1. International Security & Counter Terrorism Reference Center, EBSCOhost (accessed July 13, 2014). Cruickshank, Paul. “Love in the Time of Terror.” Marie Claire. May 15, 2009. Accessed July 12, 2014. Cunningham, Karla J. “Cross-Regional Trends in Female Terrorism.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 26 (2003): 171-195. Accessed February 16, 2014. doi: 10.1080/10576100390211419 Cunningham, Karla. “The Evolving Participation of Muslim Women in Palestine, Chechnya, and the Global Jihadi Movement.” in Female Militancy and Terrorism, edited by Cindy Ness, 84-99. New York: Routledge, 2008. Dale, Maryclaire. “Jihad Jane Admits to Conspiracy to Support Terrorists, Murder.” The Christian Science Monitor. February 1, 2011. Accessed July 12, 2014. Dodd, Vikram. “Roshonara Choudhry: Police Interview Extracts.” The Guardian. November 3, 2010. Accessed July 12, 2014. Dodd, Vikram “Profile: Roshonara Choudhry.” The Guardian. November 2, 2010. Accessed July 12, 2014. Dolnik, Adam. “Critical commentary on “Who Are the Palestinian Suicide Bombers?” Terrorism and Political Violence. 16:4 (2004): 845-848. doi: 10.1080/095465590899731 Eager, Paige Whaley. From Freedom Fighters to Terrorists: Women and Political Violence. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2008. Fighel, Yoni. “Palestinian Islamic Jihad and Female Suicide Bombers.” International Institute for Counter-Terrorism. October 6, 2003. Accessed February 16, 2014. http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/tabid/66/Articlsid/167/Default.aspx
an Islamic scholar and inspirational leader, who was born in the Palestinian West Bank and was greatly impacted by events with Israel, including the 1948 creation of Israel and the 1967 Six-Day War. He joined the Muslim in the 1950s and spent time in Cairo again at the height of militant activism (1971-1973), which increased his network and connected him to some of the most famous Islamists, including the family of Sayyid Qutb. Despite his family’s protests, Azzam participated in “Palestinian Jihad” or guerilla warfare against Israel from 1967-1970, which gave him battlefield experience and credibility. Azzam was highly educated in Islam and Islamic law. He attended an Islamic law school in Damascus (1963-1966), received his Master’s in Islamic law from the prestigious Al-Azhar University (1968-1969), and earned his doctorate from Al-Azhar (1971-1973). He also taught at many different schools and universities over the years in Jordan, in Saudi Arabia at the King Abdul Ibn Saud in 1980, and finally in Islamabad in 1981. Azzam moved to Islamabad to join and assist the Afghan jihad after being motivated by Sheikh Kamal al-Sananiri. While stationed in Pakistan, Azzam traveled to Afghanistan in the early 1980s and spent time trying to recruit Arab volunteers to the fight. Azzam is credited for creating the ideology and structural framework for the global jihad building off of and moving beyond the disparate national struggles. He led the drive for jihad to defend Muslims against the Soviet invasion in Afghanistan. Azzam and Osama Bin Laden established the Service Bureau in Islamabad to facilitate international recruitment and training camps for Muslims trying to fight in Afghanistan. Reports indicate that as many as 10,000 individuals were recruited. Azzam traveled
and it is in the program’s interest to reflect success. Saudi Arabian newspapers have reported that the program has changed the beliefs of members of A less bias measure of success is the interest from other countries in the program’s structure and methods with the United States being one of the interested countries. This interest from other countries indicates that others deem the program to be successful. Danish Security and Intelligence Service’s (PET) Dialogue Forum In 2008, the Danish Security and Intelligence Service (PET) launched the Dialogue Forum against militant extremism as part of their larger counter-radicalization efforts; this is around the same time the PET noted a rise in the terrorist threat in Denmark. PET’s Centre for Prevention personnel organize biannual meetings on a regular basis with selected Muslim community leaders, including imams, teachers, housing associations, and welfare professionals. The Danish government believes these Muslim community leaders interact the most with individuals at risk of radicalization. All invited participants must not engage in violence or encourage violence. The program strives to bring together individuals to engage in discussion and “disagreeing dialogue,” or debate, while promoting understanding of PET’s policies for in countering radicalization and terrorism. The program also facilitates a level of trust and communication between government officials and community leaders, so that community leaders can help formulate effective counter-radicalization efforts. PET also brings in subject matter experts to participate in some discussions to “challenge narratives through evidence based discussion.” The purpose of these discussions is to provide the
Table 1: Counter-Radicalization Program Case Study Comparison Data Requirement Question Sakinah Campaign PET Dialogue Forum Quilliam Structure of Program? Independent NGO with online engagement program and research division Biannual In-person Meetings with Anonymous Community Leaders Independent Think-tank: conduct events/debates, write research papers, outreach, media appearance and press releases/publications Messengers? Religious scholars and leaders Former extremists Anonymous local community leader participants Former extremists Academic Scholars Religious Scholars Gov. Funding or Support? Receives Gov. Support Funding (conflicting views) Opaque relationship Gov. Administered Program Receives Gov. Funding Receives Gov. Funding Consults for the Gov. Type of Gov.? Absolute Monarchy Governed by Islamic Law Constitutional Monarchy, Democracy Constitutional Monarchy, Democracy Audience Aware of Support? Level of support and nature of relationship with Gov. unclear so the audience cannot draw a clear connection Gov. openly acknowledges the program but participants are anonymous so the audience cannot draw a clear connection Audience fully aware of program’s funding and ties to the gov. Positive Engagement? Success Metrics? Publish dialogues Program reported stats: prevented 722 men and 155 women Interest from other countries in program structure Participants view as successful and valuable Many participants open about participation and only one received negative response Leaders continue to participate Lost credibility and support due to gov. and media ties
Hellyer, H. A. “Pursuant to prevent: British community counterterrorism strategy: Past, present, and future.” Institute for Social Policy and Understanding (July 2011). Accessed March 2013. Helmus, Todd, Erin York, and Peter Chalk. 2013. Promoting online voices for countering violent extremism. RAND Corporation. Johnson, Toni, and Lauren Vriens. Islam: Governing under sharia. Council on Foreign Relations. January 9, 2013. Accessed March 2013. http://www.cfr.org/religion/islam-governing-under-sharia/p8034 Kean, Thomas, and Lee Hamilton. December 2012. Countering online radicalization in America. Bipartisan Policy Center. Accessed September 2014. Kerbaj, Richard. “Government gives £1m to anti-extremist think-tank Quilliam Foundation.” The Times. January 20, 2009. Access March 2013. http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/politics/article2026766.ece Library of Congress Country Study. “Saudi Arabia.” McHale, Judith, and Richard LeBaron. 2012. Digitally dissuading tomorrow's terrorists. Politico, September 16, 2012, accessed September 2014. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0912/81271_Page2.html Quilliam Website. Sections – FAQs, Staff Biographies, About, and Homepage, Accessed May 4, 2013. http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/ Rascoff, Samuel J. 2012. “Establishing official Islam? The law and strategy of radicalization.” Stanford Law Review Vol. 64: 125-189. Ramsay, Gilbert. “Online arguments against al-qaeda: An exploratory analysis.” Perspectives on Terrorism Vol. 6:1 (March 2012): 54-69. Schmid, Alex P. “The importance of countering al-qaeda's 'single narrative.’” in Countering violent extremist narratives. National Coordinator for Counterterrorism Netherlands (July 2010): 46-57. Shanker, Thom, and Eric Schmitt. “U.S. military goes online to rebut extremists'