Section 2: Structures and functions in living organisms h) Transport 2.56B understand that transpiration is the evaporation of water from the surface of a plant 2.57B understand how the rate of transpiration is affected by changes in humidity, wind speed, temperature and light intensity 2.58B practical: investigate the role of environmental factors in determining the rate of transpiration from a leafy shoot. 99-101 Section 2: Structures and functions in living organisms h) Transport 2.59 describe the composition of the blood: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma 2.60 understand the role of plasma in the transport of carbon dioxide, digested food, urea, hormones and heat energy 2.61 understand how adaptations of red blood cells make them suitable for the transport of oxygen, including shape, the absence of a nucleus and the presence of haemoglobin. 102-104 Section 2: Structures and functions in living organisms h) Transport 2.62 understand how the immune system responds to disease using white blood cells, illustrated by phagocytes ingesting pathogens and lymphocytes releasing antibodies specific to the pathogen 2.63B understand how vaccination results in the manufacture of memory cells, which enable future antibody production to the pathogen to occur sooner, faster and in greater quantity 2.64B understand how platelets are involved in blood clotting, which prevents blood loss and the entry of micro-organisms. 105-017 Section 2: Structures and functions in living organisms 2.65 describe the structure of the heart and how it functions 2.66 explain how the heart rate changes during exercise and under the influence of adrenaline. 109
h) Transport Section 2: Structures and functions in living organisms h) Transport 2.68 understand how the structure of arteries, veins and capillaries relate to their function 2.69 understand the general structure of the circulation system, including the blood vessels to and from the heart and lungs, liver and kidneys. 112 Section 2: Structures and functions in living organisms h) Transport 2.67 understand how factors may increase the risk of developing coronary disease. 109 Section 2: Structures and functions in living organisms i) Excretion 2.70 understand the origin of carbon dioxide and oxygen as waste products of metabolism and their loss from the stomata of a leaf 2.71 know the excretory products of the lungs, kidneys and skin (organs of excretion) 2.72B understand how the kidney carries out its roles of excretion and osmoregulation 2.73B describe the structure of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. 76 124 125-128 Section 2: Structures and functions in living organisms i) Excretion 2.74B describe the structure of a nephron, including the Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus, convoluted tubules, loop of Henle and collecting duct 2.75B describe ultrafiltration in the Bowman’s capsule and the composition of the glomerular filtrate 2.76B understand how water is reabsorbed into the blood from the collecting duct 2.77B understand why selective reabsorption of glucose occurs at the proximal convoluted tubule. 125-128
Section 2: Structures and functions in living organisms i) Excretion 2.78B describe the role of ADH in regulating the water content of the blood 2.79B understand that urine contains water, urea and ions. 127-128 Section 2: Structures and functions in living organisms j) Coordination and response 2.80 understand how organisms are able to respond to changes in their environment 2.81 understand that homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment, and that body water content and body temperature are both examples of homeostasis 2.82 understand that a co-ordinated response requires a stimulus, a receptor and an effector. 138 144-146 Section 2: Structures and functions in living organisms j) Coordination and response 2.83 understand that plants respond to stimuli 2.84 describe the geotropic and phototropic responses of roots and stems 2.85 understand the role of auxin in the phototropic response of stems. Section 2: Structures and functions in living organisms j) Coordination and response 2.86 describe how nervous and hormonal communication control responses and understand the differences between the two systems 2.87 understand that the central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord and is linked to sense organs by nerves 2.88 understand that stimulation of receptors in the sense organs sends electrical impulses along nerves into and out of the central nervous system, resulting in rapid responses 2.89 understand the role of neurotransmitters at synapses 146 139 138-140 140-141