Hominin Time Locations Features Found Described Brain Size Co-exist Type Specimen Kenyanthropus platyops (flat face) 3.5-3.2 W. Turkana, Ethiopia Small ear hole; thick enamel 1999 Justus Erus Maeve Leakey 2001 400-560 cc 2001 KNM-WT 40000 Australopithecus africanus 3-2.4 Gladysvale, Makapansgar, Sterkfontein, Taung, S. Africa 1st African Hominin fossil 1924 Raymond Dart 1925 (461) 400-560 cc 1925 Taung 1 cranium Australopithecus garhi 2.5 Bouri, M. Awash, W. Turkana, Ethiopia Long legs, large molars 1999 Berhane Asfaw 1999 450 cc 1999 BOU-VP-12/130 Paranthropus aethiopicus 2.7-2.3 W. Turkana, Omo, Ethiopia Camille Arambourg & Yves Coppens 1968 410 cc 1968 Omo 18.18 Australopithecus sediba Malapa, South Africa Precision grip; modern ankle; primitive heel; asym. brain hem. Matthew Berger 2008 Lee Berger, DeRuiter 201-0 420-450 cc Paranthropus boisei Koobi Fora, E. Turkana, Kenya; Omo, Ethiopia; Oldovai, Tanz. Large jaws, molars, sagittal crest B. Wood: meat Mary Leakey 1959 Louis Leakey (530) 430-545 cc 1959 OH 5
Hominin Time Location Features Found Described Brain Size Co-exist Type Specimen Paranthropus robustus 2.0-1.0 Swartkraus; all South AF Robert Broom 1938 (521) 530 or 476 cc 1938 TM 1517 Homo habilis 2.4-1.6 Oldovai, E. Turkana, Koobi For a, Kenya Teeth, craniums, hand bones, left foot 1964, Leakey Louis Leakey 1964 630 cc (510-750) 1964 OH 7 Homo rudolfensis 2.4-1.8 Olduvai, E. Turkana, Koobi Fora = Homo habilis Valery Alexeev 752 cc 1986 KNM-ER 1470 Homo gautengensis 1.9-.6 Sterkfontein, S. Africa Curnoe 2010 Stw 53 Homo ergaster 1.8-1.5 W. Turkana, Koobi Fora, Kenya = early African Homo erectus Colin Groves & Vratislav Mazak 871 cc 1975 KNM-ER 992 Homo erectus 1.9-50T Dmanisi, Georgia; E. Africa; Java; Trinil, Indonesia Teeth, femur, skullcap; Out of Africa 2M 1890/1 Eugene Dubois 870 cc (730-1250 cc) 1894 Trinil 2 calotte 1.7-1.8 Dmanisi, Georgia Oldowan tools W. Turkana Almost complete skeleton = Turkana Boy KNM-WT 15000
Hominin Time Location Features Found Described Brain Size Co-exist Type Specimen (Sinanthropus pekinensis)( = Homo erectus) 1927 Davidson Black 1927 Zhoukoudian (Choukoutien) teeth Homo heidelbergensis (.6-.1) Mauer, Germany; Boxgrove, England; Bodo, Ethiopia; Kabwe, Zambia Larger brain 1908 Schoetensack 1908 1270 cc 1908 Mauer 1 mandible Homo antecessor 780T (.7-.5) Gran Dolina, Atapuerca, Spain Jose-Maria Bermudez de Castro 1997 ATD 6-5 Homo neanderthalis in Spain Kleine Feldhofer, Germany; sites in Europe, Near East, Asia 1-4% DNA in Europeans/ Asians 1856 1864, King 1420 cc H. sapiens Neanderthal 1 calotte (Kleine Feldhofer skeleton); 40KYA Also Engis, Belgium 1824 Forbes’ Quarry, Gibraltar 1848 200T-
Hominin Time Location Features Found Described Brain Size Co-exist Type Specimen Homo sapiens Cro-Magnon, Les Eyzies, France; many sites Brain size, globe skull, art, only survivor; In Europe, 45 TYA 1868 1350 cc H. neand. Also Paviland, Gower Peninsula, Wales 1st fossil of H. sapiens 1822/3 Homo floresiensis Liang Bua, Island of Flores, Indonesia 100 specimens/ 14 individuals 2003 Peter Brown 2005 400cc 2005 LB 1 Denisovans 41-50T Denisovia, Siberia Finger bone, molar, toe bone 2008 Maria Mednikova 2010 David Reich 5% DNA in New Guineans, Aborigines, Melanesia
Hominid Teeth Mandible Leg Fingers & Arms Brow bridge Face & Chin Pelvis Notable Non Skeletal Height Weight Sahelanthropus tchadensis Small canines worn at tip; thick enamel thick Massive bb, moder. face Toumai skull; small braincase and widely spaced eye sockets Chimp size Orrorin tugenensis Thick enamel, Large canines outer/ cortical bone is thickest at top and bottom of neck Curved fingers Origin in forested habitat Ardipithecus kadabba 70-80 lbs. Ardipithecus ramidus thin dental enamel ; smaller canines strongly built arm bones Anterior Foramen magnum Origin in forested habitat 70-80 lbs. Australopithecus anamensis Rectangular arcade; Thick enamel Modern bipedal tibia tiny external ear canal c
Hominid Teeth Mandible Leg Arm Brow bridge Face & Chin Pelvis Notable Non Skeletal Height Weight Australopithecus bahrelghazli mandible fragment, a lower second incisor, both lower canines, all 4 of its premolars Abel name Australopithecus afarensis Smaller incisors, larger molars; thick enamel large Basin shaped Lucy 1974, 3.2 M; Bipedal; 3.3 M tool use on ungulates Laetoli, Tanz. footprints 1979, 3.6 M 3-4 ft. 75-125 lbs. Kenyanthropus platyops Deformed cranium Like rudolfensis? Australopithecus africanus Large molars Limbs more ape Taung child; Grassy woodland Bipedal & climber
Hominid Teeth Mandible Leg Arm Brow bridge Face & Chin Pelvis Notable Non Skeletal Height Weight Homo rudolfensis Body proportions unknown = h. habilis Home gautengensis Homo ergaster Teeth smaller than Aust. Long, robust lower leg = long distance Cooked Food? Homo erectus Femur & tibia more flattened than modern Bony ridge; sulcus behind; blunt ridge in midline (sagittal torus) Large socket for head of femur; with bipedal & Low crania, greatest width low on cranium; angulated occipital region Use of hand axes
Hominid Teeth Mandible Leg Arm Brow bridge Face & Chin Pelvis Notable Non Skeletal Height Weight Homo heidelbergensis Smaller Smaller Thick & strong Not thick Homo neanderthalis Thick shafts & large joints in 30-100K East Large nasal opening; face projects in midline; 202 positions in the mtDNA differ; 1-4% DNA of modern Cranial cavity larger than H. sapiens; burial of dead Homo sapiens Home florsensis Homo like limbs; primitive ankle Primitive wrist 400 cc brain; homo like skull 40 inches Denisovans X-woman; 385 positions differ; 5% of Melanesians, New Guineans European