Livelihood Consider the linkage to livelihood programmes. Some HWT technologies, like porous ceramic pots can be produced locally and function and thereby function as an income generating activity. Monitoring and quality control Monitoring should ensure that safe water storages are faecal coliform free. If HWT is chlorine-based, confirming residual levels are sufficient. Before chlorine-based products are introduced, these should ALWAYS be tested for the correct dose appropriate to the water quality. Timely and responsive monitoring has to be pre-developed for programmes to adjust to changing needs. WHO and UNICEF have developed a manual for monitoring of household water treatment and safe storage programmes. This manual, A toolkit for monitoring and evaluating household water treatment and safe storage programmes, can be used to evaluate whether HWT programmes are successful. All WASH need to include the following mandatory programme
Chemicals for disinfection Chemicals with combined treatment Disinfection by UV/heat Ceramic and ultra filters Bio Sand Filtration Iodine treatment For clear water If cloudypre-treatment Disinfection HQ !The use of iodine is not recommended for long-term use by infants, pregnant women, those with a history of thyroid disease and those with known hypersensitivity to iodine unless treatment includes an effective post-disinfection iodine removal device (e.g. activated carbon) () ! Description 1. Tincture of iodine (2% solution) 2. Iodine (10% solution) 3. Iodine tablet 4. Iodinated (triiodide or pentaiodide) resin Instruction of use !Dose should be always be pre-tested! 25 °C—minimum contact for 30 min; increase contact time for colder water Prepare according to package instructions Type and typical dosage: 1. Tincture of iodine (2% solution)—5 drops per litre 2. Iodine (10% solution)—8 drops per litre 3. Iodine tablet—1 or 2 tablets per litre 4. Iodinated (triiodide or pentaiodide) resin—room temperature according to directions and stay within rated capacity HQ Reputable suppliers: N/A advantages ⦁ Easy to transport disadvantages ⦁ Iodine can be harmful for some subgroups ⦁Can influence taste and colour ⦁ Dosage is product specific ⦁Requires that users purchase iodine on a continuous basis Flow rate: Depends on water containers Shelf life/Life span: 5 years (liquid), 7 years (tablets) Steps in operating: Simple Maintenance: None Household storage precautions: - Authorisation: - Weight and volume: - Location to ship from: - Stock capacity: - Cost estimation: - Litres treated: N/A Cost per 1000 litre ratio: N/A Ensure available safe water storage for collecting, treating and storing water (see Annex 3). References Chemicals for disinfection Chemicals with combined treatment Disinfection by UV/heat Ceramic and ultra filters Bio Sand Filtration WATA For clear water If cloudypre-treatment Disinfection Health aspects:
disinfectant). () Instruction of use !Dose should be always be pre-tested! The content of the sachets is added to the water in 10 litres buckets, water should be stirred for 5 minutes and left settling for 20 minutes. The water has to be poured into another bucket using a steering cloth to filter large-sized particles. ! Sachet content has to fit the water container size of the PoC or else the amount may either not be effective or cause adverse taste ! HQ Reputable suppliers: Worldwide Procter & Gamble advantages ⦁Visual improvement in the water ⦁Easily transported ⦁Classified as non-hazardous material for air shipment disadvantages ⦁Multiple steps are necessary to use the product ⦁Need for users to have, employ, and maintain two buckets, a cloth, and a stirring device. Flow rate: N/A Shelf life/Life span: Packet needs to be used within 3 years of manufacture Steps in operating: N/A Maintenance: N/A Household storage precautions: Unknown Authorisation: Classified as non-hazardous material for air shipment Weight and volume: N/A Location to ship from: N/A Cannot be made locally; must be shipped, distributed and sold locally. No special handling required; can be shipped as non-hazardous material. Products should be protected from exposure to temperature extremes or high humidity Stock capacity: N/A Cost estimation: 3.5 cents per sachet Litres treated: 10 litres Cost per 1000 litre ratio: 3.5 $ Ensure available safe water storage for collecting, treating and storing water (see Annex 3). References .csdw.org/csdw/index.shtml Chemicals for disinfection Chemicals with combined treatment Disinfection by UV/heat Ceramic and ultra filters Bio Sand Filtration Water Maker For muddy water Disinfection HQ Health aspects: Bacteria: Highly protective Viruses: Protective Protozoa: Protective ⦿ Residual chlorine prevents recontamination hours after treatment Description Water Maker both makes particles settle
Instruction of use Bring water to a rolling boil for 1 minute and allow to cool. At altitudes greater than 2,000 m, boil water for 3 minutes. () Add salt to improve taste. If water is cloudy or muddy, water can be pre-treated. HQ Reputable suppliers: N/A advantages ⦁ Effectively kills most pathogens ⦁ Simple and widely accepted disadvantages ⦁ Taste may become flat – salt can be added ⦁Time consuming ⦁contributes to deforestation problems in many countries Flow rate: N/A Shelf life/Life span: N/A Steps in operating: Simple Maintenance: N/A Household storage precautions: N/A Authorisation: N/A Weight and volume: N/A Location to ship from: N/A Stock capacity: N/A Cost estimation: US$ 0.272 per month for wood collectors and US$ 1.68 per month for wood purchasers, representing approximately0.48%to1.04%, respectively, of the average monthly income of participating households in Vietnam 2008. () Litres treated: N/A Cost per 1000 litre ratio: N/A Ensure available safe water storage for collecting, treating and storing water (see Annex 3). References Chemicals for disinfection Chemicals with combined treatment Disinfection by UV/heat Ceramic and ultra filters Bio Sand Filtration SODIS For clear water If cloudypre-treatment Disinfection HQ Health aspects: Bacteria: Protective Viruses: Less protective Protozoa: Protective ⦿ Confined storage can prevent recontamination % Requires strong sunlight during the whole day. % Oversimplification can affect users not to treat water correctly. Description A simple and low cost technology using solar radiation from the sun to kill bacteria and viruses. The heating of the water (pasteurisation) can kill protozoa. ()