5 Adjusting for cost differentials An overview of the Steering Committee’s approach to prorating mainstream expenditure between services to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and nonIndigenous Australians is provided in chapter 2. Service use measures are used to identify the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander share of expenditure: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander share of mainstream expenditure = mainstream expenditure × Service use measure [1] The approach in equation [1] is extended to recognise that the service use measure might need to be adjusted for: Indigenous under-identification — the degree to which the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander status of service users is not correctly identified or recorded in data collections Indigenous cost differential — to account for the fact that the average cost of providing a government service to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians may be more/less than the cost of providing the same service to nonIndigenous Australians. This chapter focuses on the concepts, sources and methods used to adjust measures of service use to reflect the difference in the cost of providing services to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and nonIndigenous Australians for each expenditure category. An overview of the concepts is provided in section 5.1. Section 5.2 discusses the data sources and estimation methods for the Indigenous Expenditure Report. Section 5.3 contains frequently asked questions on appropriate use of cost differentials. 5.1 Cost differential concepts An Indigenous cost differential factor is defined as ‘a measure of the relative cost of providing mainstream services to an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander person compared to the cost of providing the same service to a nonIndigenous person’. The provision of services to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians might be more costly on average, than providing the same services to nonIndigenous Australians, due to: usage patterns — Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians often access a different range of services from government agencies than nonIndigenous Australians,
Indigenous specific direct expenditure — equals Indigenous specific expenditure less Indigenous specific indirect expenditure. The expenditure relates solely to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians but the state and territory share of this expenditure must be estimated using information on the state and territory share of service users: State or territory share of Australian Government Indigenous specific direct expenditure = National Australian Government Indigenous specific direct expenditure X State or territory share of total Indigenous specific service users [1] The total Indigenous specific expenditure in a state or territory is: Total Indigenous specific expenditure in a state or territory = State or territory share of Australian Government Indigenous specific direct expenditure State or Territory Government Indigenous specific expenditure [2] Indigenous mainstream expenditure — equals expenditure less total Indigenous specific expenditure. The state and territory Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander share of this expenditure is estimated in three steps: Estimate total mainstream indirect and direct expenditure: mainstream indirect expenditure — this expenditure can be identified from information on payments ‘to’ and ‘through’ State and Territory governments total mainstream direct expenditure — equals total mainstream expenditure less mainstream indirect expenditure. Estimate state and territory share of mainstream indirect and direct expenditure: state and territory share of mainstream indirect expenditure — no estimation is required for this expenditure because payments ‘to’ and ‘through’ each State and Territory government can be identified and territory share of mainstream direct expenditure — must be estimated using information on the state and territory share of service users: State or territory share of Australian Government mainstream direct expenditure = National Australian Government mainstream direct expenditure X State or territory share of mainstream service users [3] The mainstream expenditure in a state or territory is: Total mainstream expenditure in a state or territory = State or territory share of Australian Government mainstream direct expenditure State or Territory Government mainstream expenditure [4] Estimate Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander share of Australian Government mainstream expenditure in each state and territory — must be estimated using service use measures. Where possible, adjustments should be made to service use measures to account for underidentification and cost differential factors:
0190 Other general public services The information on this category was last updated on: 31 August 2017 Service description The ABS GPC definition identifies six types of other general public services: legislative and executive affairs financial and fiscal affairs external affairs foreign economic aid general research general services. A detailed definition of expenditure included under this category is provided in the 2017 Report Expenditure Data Manual (http://www.pc.gov.au/ier2017). Cost drivers general public services cover a range of programs. As a consequence, the key cost drivers are varied and cannot be linked closely with a particular service area or cohort of service users. It is assumed that the costs associated with this expenditure are driven by the population on a uniform basis. Service use measures Data Measurea Data source 200809 Estimates 201213 Estimates Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander resident population ABS Estimates and Projections, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 2001–2026 (Cat. no. 3238.0) June 2009 June 2011 June 2013 June 2016 Resident population ABS Australian Demographic Statistics (Cat. no. 3101.0) June 2009 June 2011 June 2013 June 2016 a NonIndigenous estimates are available for census years only. In the intervening years, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population figures are derived from assumptions about past and future levels of fertility, mortality and migration. In the absence of nonIndigenous population figures for these years, it is possible to derive denominators for calculating nonIndigenous rates by subtracting the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population from the total population. Such figures have a degree of uncertainty and should be used with caution, particularly as the time from the base year of the projection series increases. 2010 2015
In Australia, State and Territory governments have the primary responsibility for delivering fire protection services. The role of fire service organisations varies across jurisdictions, but mainly includes: urban fire incidents — activities related to residential and commercial structure fires, incidents involving hazardous materials, and road accidents within major urban centres rural fire incidents — activities related to local structure fires and other events outside major urban centres, rural nonstructure fires (including crop, bushland and grassland fires on private property), and fires in national parks and State forests. A detailed definition of expenditure included under this category is provided in the 2017 Report Expenditure Data Manual (http://www.pc.gov.au/ier2017). Cost drivers The key cost drivers of expenditure on fire protection services are mainly associated with nonpopulation related factors (for example, weather, topography, house design/construction and so on). Expenditure in this category is not linked closely with a particular service area or cohort of service users. However, there is likely to be a difference between the nature of fire incidents in urban versus nonurban locations. It is assumed that the associated with this expenditure are driven by the population on a uniform basis, in urban and nonurban locations, respectively. Service use measures Data Measurea Data source 200809 Estimates 201213 Estimates ‘Major city’ resident population (‘Inner regional’ for Tas, ‘outer regional’ for NT)b ABS Estimates and Projections, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 2001–2026 (Cat. no. 3238.0); Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, Jun 2011, (Cat. no. 3238.0.55.001); Regional Population Growth, Australia (cat. no. 3218.0) June 2009 June 2011 June 2013 June 2016 Other than ‘major city' resident population (other than 'inner regional' for Tas & 'outer regional' for NT)c ABS Estimates and Projections, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 2001–2026 (Cat. no. 3238.0); Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, Jun 2011, (Cat. no. 3238.0.55.001); Regional Population Growth, Australia (Cat. no. 3218.0) June 2009 June 2011 June 2013 June 2016 (continued next page) (continued)
0330.2 Other prisons and corrective services The information on this category was last updated on: 31 August 2017 Service description prisons and corrective institutions is a subcategory of prisons and corrective services (GPC 0330). In Australia, State and Territory governments are responsible for correctional services to support the judicial process. These services can be provided by government directly, or through contractual arrangements with the private sector (or a combination of both). Prison and corrective services this category relate to adult contact with either: facility based detention — includes fulltime and periodic detention in prisons, prison farms, remand centres and centres for offenders requiring involuntary mental health treatment communitybased correction services — include a range of noncustodial sanctions and deliver postcustodial interventions under which prisoners released into the community continue to be subject to corrective services supervision. A detailed definition of expenditure included under this category is provided in the 2017 Report Expenditure Data Manual (http://www.pc.gov.au/ier2017). Cost drivers The key cost drivers of expenditure on other prisons and corrective services are closely linked to the number of offenders under supervision. The impact of supervised offenders on cost varies by the duration of supervision and the level of supervision required (low security compared with high security services). There may also be cost differences associated with scale and location of the service, or with the characteristics of the offenders (such as cultural or physical needs). Service use measures Data Years Measure Data source 200809 Estimates 201011 Estimates 201213 Estimates 201516 Estimates Adults in communitybased corrections SCRGSP Report on Government Services Corrective Services Collection (State and Territory Governments unpublished) 2008-09 2010-11 2012-13 2015-16 Adults in facilitybased detention SCRGSP Report on Government Services Corrective Services Collection (State and Territory Governments unpublished) 2008-09 2010-11 2012-13 2015-16
0390 Other public order and safety The information on this category was last updated on: 31 August 2017 Service description Other public order and safety services relate to a diverse range of activities, including: animal control programs — animal welfare beach safety — beach inspectors and lifesaving patrols emergency services — coordination of infrastructure and services and state emergency service agencies. A detailed definition of expenditure included under this category is provided in the 2017 Report Expenditure Data Manual (http://www.pc.gov.au/ier2017). Cost drivers The services included under other public order and safety are diverse and it is difficult to identify a link between costs and any unique cohort of service users. It is assumed that the costs associated with this expenditure are driven by the population on a uniform basis. Service use measures Data Years Measurea Data source 200809 Estimates 201213 Estimates Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander resident population ABS Estimates and Projections, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 2001–2026 (Cat. no. 3238.0) June 2009 June 2011 June 2013 June 2016 Resident population ABS Australian Demographic Statistics (Cat. no. 3101.0) June 2009 June 2011 June 2013 June 2016 a NonIndigenous estimates are available for census years only. In the intervening years, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population figures are derived from assumptions about past and future levels of fertility, mortality and migration. In the absence of nonIndigenous population figures for these years, it is possible to derive denominators for calculating nonIndigenous rates by subtracting the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population from the total population. Such figures have a degree of uncertainty and should be used with caution, particularly as the time from the base year of the projection series increases.
0412 Secondary education The information on this category was last updated on: 31 August 2017 Service description In Australia, State and Territory governments provide, regulate, and administer secondary education provided in government schools and the regulation of nongovernment schools. Expenditure on secondary education in government schools is primarily made through State and Territory governments, through a range of models. Australian Government expenditure on secondary education in government schools is made through specific purpose payments to states and territories. Expenditure on secondary education in nongovernment schools is primarily made through the Australian Government. State and territory government expenditure on secondary education in nongovernment schools generally take the form of grants to schools. A detailed definition of expenditure included under this category is provided in the 2017 Report Expenditure Data Manual (http://www.pc.gov.au/ier2017). Cost drivers The key cost drivers of expenditure on secondary education provided in government schools are the number of students and (for State and Territory governments) the location and size of schools. The key cost drivers of expenditure on secondary education provided in nongovernment schools are the number of students and (for the Australian Government) the location and size of schools and the socioeconomic profile of their students. Service use measures Data Measure Data source 200809 Estimates 201011 Estimates 201213 Estimates 201516 Estimates Students enrolled at government secondary schoola ABS Schools, Australia (Cat. no. 4221.0) 2008-09 2010-11 2012-13 2015-16 Students enrolled at non-government secondary schoola ABS Schools, Australia (Cat. no. 4221.0) 200809 201011 201213 201516 a Data are the average of two of enrolments. 0419 Primary and secondary education nec
Service use measures Data Measure Data source 200809 Estimates 201011 Estimates 201213 Estimates 201516 Estimates ‘Major city’ resident population aged 5–19 (‘Inner regional’ for Tas, ‘outer regional’ for NT) ABS Estimates and Projections, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 2001–2026 (Cat. no. 3238.0); ABS Australian Demographic Statistics (Cat. 3101.0); ABS Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, Jun 2011 (Cat. no. 3238.0.55.001); and ABS Population by Age and Sex, Regions of Australia, 2013 (Cat. no. 3235) June 2009 June 2011 June 2013 June 2016 ‘Major city’ tertiary students(‘Inner regional’ for Tas, ‘outer regional’ for NT) DEEWR Higher Education Statistics Collection; NCVER Student and courses collection June 2009 June 2011 June 2013 June 2016 0490 Education nec The information on this category was last updated on: 31 August 2017 Service description Australian, State and Territory governments may provide services that support education in Australia that cannot be classified elsewhere. This category includes Australian government financial assistance — such as income support payments to students (for example Austudy and ABSTUDY). A detailed definition of expenditure included under this category is provided in the 2017 Report Expenditure Data Manual (http://www.pc.gov.au/ier2017). Cost drivers The cost driver of student financial assistance expenditure in this category is the number of students receiving student assistance and average level of that assistance. The cost driver of all other education nec expenditure is the number of students using education services that cannot be allocated elsewhere. Service use measures
Data Years Measure Data source 200809 Estimates 201011 Estimates 201213 Estimates 201516 Estimates Students receiving financial assistance Australian Government Students receiving financial assistance administrative data 2008-09 2010-11 2012-13 2015-16 Resident population aged 024a ABS Australian Demographic Statistics (Cat. no. 3101.0); ABS Estimates and Projections, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 2001–2026 (Cat. no. 3238.0) June 2009 June 2011 June 2013 June 2016 a For all other education not elsewhere classified. 0490.1 Assistance for school education The information on this category was last updated on: 31 August 2017 Service description Australian, State and Territory governments may provide services that support education in Australia that cannot be classified elsewhere. This category includes Australian government financial assistance — such as income support payments to students (for example Austudy and ABSTUDY). A detailed definition of expenditure included this category is provided in the 2017 Report Expenditure Data Manual (http://www.pc.gov.au/ier2017). Cost drivers The cost drivers of expenditure related to education nec (GPC 0490) were: student financial assistance — the number of students receiving student assistance and average level of that assistance, and other assistance — resident population aged 0–24. Service use measures Data Years Measure Data source 200809 Estimates 201011 Estimates 201213 Estimates 201516 Estimates
Service description In Australia, and Territory governments have primary responsibility for: psychiatric hospitals — about 20 specialised psychiatric hospitals are operating nationwide. Public psychiatric facilities are provided by State and Territory health departments psychogeriatric nursing homes — State and Territory health departments have expenditure on governmentrun psychogeriatric nursing homes, with part of this funding coming from Commonwealth grants for general nursing home care. The AIHW maps services in this category to NMDS codes 101 and 104. An overview of how the AIHW method has been adapted for the Indigenous Expenditure Report, and the service use measures, Indigenous underidentification, and cost differential factors provided by the AIHW for the 2017 Report is presented in section 5.1. A detailed definition of expenditure included under this category is provided in the 2017 Report Expenditure Data Manual (http://www.pc.gov.au/ier2017). Cost drivers The key cost drivers for mental health institutions are: the number of patients receiving treatment in mental health institutions the extent of their needs and length of care. The costs are assumed to be proportional to the number of patients in hospital (weighted by the nature of their treatment). These cost drivers are based on development and research undertaken by the AIHW for the Expenditure on Health for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People reports. Service use measures Data Years Measure Data source 200809 Estimates 201213 Estimates the number of patients receiving treatment in mental health institutions the extent of their needs and length of care Unpublished AIHW estimates based on AIHW Expenditure on Health for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People 2008-09 2013-14 (continued next page) (continued)
The key cost drivers for community mental health services are: the number of patients receiving community mental health treatment the location where community mental health treatment is delivered. For example, whether in capital cities, remote or very remote locations the extent of patients’ needs and length of care. These cost drivers are based on development and research undertaken by the AIHW for the Expenditure on Health for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples reports. Service use measures Data Years Measure Data source 200809 Estimates 201213 Estimates Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander share of expenditure provided by jurisdictions Unpublished AIHW estimates based on AIHW Expenditure on Health for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People 2008-09 2013-14 (continued next page) (continued) AIHW method Service use measures: The service use measure used by AIHW for community mental health services is Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander share of expenditure provided by jurisdictions. Estimation methods vary, but included identified Indigenous specific programs and grants and an estimation of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander share of mainstream services based on service use. The AIHW does not explicitly publish expenditure estimates for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community mental health services in its Expenditure on Health for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People reports. However, information is provided by the states and territories which identifies expenditure on community mental health programs. It is relatively straightforward to estimate expenditure on community health services funded through Australian Government programs — as grants to Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisations (ACCHOs) fund the majority of them. However, funding to ACCHOs is also received from states and territories and medical services provided in ACCHOs are billed to Medicare. It is also assumed that around 12 per cent of all client contacts in ACCHOs are nonIndigenous Australians, which must be taken account when developing expenditure estimates. Data provided by the states and territories depends on the accuracy of information collected in administering community mental health programs and providing services to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander patients. The quality of this information varies across states and territories.
Measure Data source 200809 Estimates 201011 Estimates 201213 Estimates 201516 Estimates Resident aged population (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians aged 50 years or over and nonIndigenous Australians aged 70 years or over) ABS Estimates and Projections, Indigenous Australians, 2001 to 2021 (cat. no. 3238.0); ABS Australian Demographic Statistics (cat. no. 3101.0) June 2009 June 2011 June 2013 June 2016 People receiving permanent and respite residential aged care services AIHW Residential Aged Care in Australia 200910 (Cat. no. AGE 66) Australian Government administrative data for aged care (unpublished) (for data years 201011 and 201213) SCRGSP (2017) Report on Government Services 2017 Department of Health (unpublished); Victorian and WA governments (unpublished) (for 2015-16) 30 June 2009 30 June 2011 30 June 2013 30 June 2016 People receiving home and community care services DoHA Home and Community Care Minimum Data Set (unpublished) 2008-09 2010-11 2012-13 2012-13 People receiving services provided under Community Aged Care Packages AIHW Aged Care Packages in the Community 200809 (Cat. no. AGE 65) Australian Government administrative data for aged care (unpublished) (for data years 201011 and 201213) SCRGSP (2017) Report on Government Services 2017 Department of Health (unpublished); Victorian and WA governments (for 201516) (unpublished). 30 June 2009 30 June 2011 30 June 2013 30 June 2016 (continued next page)
(continued) Data Years Measure Data source 200809 Estimates 201011 Estimates 201213 Estimates 201516 Estimates People receiving services provided under EACH and EACHD programs AIHW Aged Care Packages in the Community 200809 (Cat. no. AGE 65) Australian Government administrative data for aged care (unpublished) (for data years 201011 and 201213) SCRGSP (2017) Report on Government Services 2017 Department of Health (unpublished); Victorian and WA governments (for 201516) (unpublished). 30 June 2009 30 June 2011 30 June 2013 30 June 2016 People receiving services provided under the Transition Care Program Australian Government administrative data for aged care (unpublished) SCRGSP (2017) Report on Government Services 2017 Department of Health (unpublished); Victorian and WA governments (for 201516) (unpublished). 30 June 2009 30 June 2011 30 June 2013 30 June 2016 0623 Welfare services for people with a disability The information on this category was last updated on: 31 August 2017 Service description
(continued) Data Years Measure Data source 200809 Estimates 201011 Estimates 201213 Estimates 201516 Estimates Recipients of community access services AIHW Commonwealth State/Territory Disability Agreement National Minimum Data Set (unpublished); SCRGSP (2017) Report on Government Services 2017 2008-09 2010-11 2011-12 2014-15 Recipients of respite services AIHW Commonwealth State/Territory Disability Agreement National Minimum Data Set (unpublished); SCRGSP (2017) Report on Government Services 2017 2008-09 2010-11 2011-12 2014-15 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander share of disability employment services (Australian Government only) Australian Government administrative data (unpublished) June 2009 2010-11 2012-13 2015-16 Recipients of employment services AIHW Commonwealth State/Territory Disability Agreement National Minimum Data Set (unpublished); SCRGSP (2017) Report on Government Services 2017 2008-09 2010-11 2011-12 2014-15
1010 Agriculture The information on this category was last updated on: 31 August 2017 Service description The Australian, State and Territory governments undertake administrative, regulatory, planning, and management activities to support domestic agriculture. State and territory departments often work in conjunction with local government or community organisations to administer agricultural programs. Agricultural programs include land and resources management, support schemes, research and extension services, and financial support schemes such as export enhancement measures designed to increase the competitiveness of Australian agricultural products. A detailed definition of expenditure included under this category is provided in the 2017 Report Expenditure Data Manual (http://www.pc.gov.au/ier2017). Cost drivers The key cost drivers of expenditure on agriculture are varied and cannot be linked closely with a particular service area or cohort of service users. It is assumed that the associated with this expenditure are driven by the population on a uniform basis. Service use measures Data Years Measurea Data source 200809 Estimates 201213 Estimates Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander resident population ABS Estimates and Projections, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, 2001–2026 (Cat. no. 3238.0) June 2009 June 2011 June 2013 June 2016 Resident population ABS Australian Demographic Statistics (Cat. no. 3101.0) June 2009 June 2011 June 2013 June 2016 a NonIndigenous estimates are available for census years only. In the intervening years, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population figures are derived from assumptions about past and future levels of fertility, mortality and migration. In the absence of nonIndigenous population figures for these years, it is possible to derive denominators for calculating nonIndigenous rates by subtracting the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population from the total population. Such figures have a degree of uncertainty and should be used with caution, particularly as the time from the base year of the projection series increases.
Other than ‘major city' resident population (other than 'inner regional' for Tas & 'outer regional' for NT) ABS Estimates and Projections, Indigenous Australians, 2001 to 2021 (Cat. no. 3238.0); Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, Jun 2011 (Cat. no. 3238.0.55.001); Regional Population Growth, Australia (Cat. no. 3218.0) June 2009 June 2011 June 2013 June 2016 1231 Urban rail transport services The information on this category was last updated on: 31 August 2017 Service description Urban rail services operate in all Australian capital cities except for Canberra and Hobart. These services are usually contracted out to private operators, who may also undertake construction activities on urban rail networks. Expenditure on administration, planning, and regulation of these operators is normally carried out by transport departments and authorities in each jurisdiction. Governments provide rail concession entitlements to eligible groups through direct payments to the transport provider, which are then passed on to the service user in the form of a subsidised fare. A detailed definition of expenditure included under this category is provided in the 2017 Report Expenditure Data Manual (http://www.pc.gov.au/ier2017). Cost drivers The key cost driver of expenditure on urban rail transport services is the number of urban rail transport service users. As urban rail transport services are available for use by the wider population, the costs associated with this expenditure are driven by the urban population on a uniform basis. Service use measures Data Years Measure Data source 200809 Estimates 201011 Estimates 201213 Estimates 201516 Estimates ‘Major city’ resident population (‘Inner regional’ for Tas, ‘outer regional’ for NT) ABS Estimates and Projections, Indigenous Australians, 2001 to 2021 (Cat. no. 3238.0); Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, Jun 2011 (Cat. no. 3238.0.55.001); Regional Population Growth, Australia (Cat. no. 3218.0) June 2009 June 2011 June 2013 June 2016
The information on this category was last updated on: 31 August 2017 Service description The Australian, State and Territory governments provide a range of regulation, support and operation of nonurban rail transport passenger facilities services. A detailed definition of expenditure included this category is provided in the 2017 Report Expenditure Data Manual (http://www.pc.gov.au/ier2017). Cost drivers The key cost driver of expenditure on nonurban rail transport passenger services is the number of nonurban rail transport passengers. As nonurban rail transport passenger services are available for use by the wider population, the costs associated with this expenditure are driven by the nonurban population on a uniform basis. Service use measures Data Years Measure Data source 200809 Estimates 201011 Estimates 201213 Estimates 201516 Estimates Other than ‘major city' resident population (other than 'inner regional' for Tas & 'outer regional' for NT) ABS Estimates and Projections, Indigenous Australians, 2001 to 2021 (Cat. no. 3238.0); Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, Jun 2011 (Cat. no. 3238.0.55.001); Regional Population Growth, Australia (Cat. no. 3218.0) June 2009 June 2011 June 2013 June 2016 124 Air transport The information on this category was last updated on: 31 August 2017 Service description Government services include activities such as: airport planning, development and land use airport insurance compliance airport environment and building control regulation payment of government rates and taxes. A detailed definition of expenditure included under this category is provided in the 2017 Report Expenditure Data Manual (http://www.pc.gov.au/ier2017).
Data Years Measure Data source 200809 Estimates 201011 Estimates 201213 Estimates 201516 Estimates Employed Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people (industrial relations) ABS National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey, 201415 (Cat. no. 4714.0) .. .. .. 2014-15 Employed people (industrial relations) ABS Labour Australia (Cat. no. 6202.0) May 2009 May 2011 May 2013 May 2016 People receiving employment program assistance (labour market assistance) Jurisdictions’ administrative data (unpublished) 2008-09 2010-11 2012-13 2015-16 People receiving Jobs Service Australia services Australian Government administrative data (unpublished) 2008 na 2012-13 .. ABS National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey (Cat. no. 4714.0) ABS (unpublished) General Social Survey, 2014 .. .. .. 2014-15 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander share of Job Services Australia expenditure Australian Government administrative data (unpublished) na 2010-11 2012-13 .. ABS National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey (Cat. no. 4714.0) .. .. .. 2014-15 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander share of job capacity assessment expenditure Australian Government administrative data (unpublished) na 2010-11 2012-13 2015-16 (continue next page)