synthesis, prevents pernicious anemia malformed red blood cells synthesized by intestinal bacteria Biotin Protein synthesis, CO2 fixation, amine metabolism Scaly dermatitis, muscle pains, weakness Egg white, synthesized by digestive flora Folic Acid Nucleic acid synthesis. Red blood cells formation Anemia, failure of red blood cells to mature Meats niacin Coenzyme in hydrogen transport Pellagra, skin lesions, digestive disturbances Whole grains Pantho-thenic aciD Forms part of coenzyme A Neuromotor and disorders Most foods C Ascorbic Acid Vital to collagen and ground substances Scurvy, failure to form connective tissues Citrus fruits FAT SOLUBLE A CAROTENE Visual pigment formation, maintains epithelial structure. Nigh blindness, skin lesions Egg yolk, green and yellow D calciferol Increase calcium absorption from but, bone and tooth formation Rickets, defective bone formation Fish oils. Liver E tocopherol Maintains red blood cells Increased fragility of red blood cells Green leafy s s n
muscle contraction and nerve excitability Sodium Principal positive ion in interstitial fluid, important in fluid balance, essential for conduction of nerve impulses Most foods, table salt sulfur Component of many protein, essential for normal metabolic activity Meat, fish, legumes, nuts trace Minerals cobalt Component of vitamin B12, essential for red blood cell production Meat, dairy products copper Component of many essential for melanin and hemoglobin syntheses Lever, eggs, fish, flour, beans Fluorine Component of bone and teeth Some natural waters Iodine Component of hormones that stimulate metabolic rate Seafood, iodized salt, Vegetables grown in iodine-rich soils Iron Component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochrome and other enzymes essential to oxygen transport and cellular respiration Meat specially liver, nuts, egg yolk, legumes manganese Activates many enzymes, essential for urea formation Whole grain cereal, egg yolk, green vegetables zinc Component of enzymes, peptidases important in wound healing and fertilization Shellfish, meats, liver
ventilation. After the stress of increased CO2 levels is relieved, ventilation gradually returns to a level slightly above the ventilation level that occurred before hypercapnia. The reason it returns to a level only slightly above the initial ventilation volume relates to a rise in plasma and CSF bicarbonate levels. As a result of the increased plasma and CSF bicarbonate, pH levels are brought back to normal, even though there may still be a high level of CO2. Diving by air-breathing animals During a dive, animals are subjected to periods of hypoxia. Anoxia, severe hypoxic conditions that can result in permanent damage, is a large problem for a mammal’s central nervous system (CNS) and because of this, oxygen must be continuously supplied to the animal. Throughout a dive, animals combat anoxia by making use of oxygen stores in the lungs, blood, and tissues. Animals that dive have higher hemoglobin levels, which increase the oxygen capacity of the blood, and also have larger oxygen stores in muscle ( ) to efficiently supply the body with O2. In order to utilize the stores efficiently during a dive, blood is delivered to the brain and heart first. The tissues and organs to where blood did not go to resort to an anaerobic pathway. As a result, the heart rate slows and cardiac