station serves to assess the situation with respect to background water quality and biological aspects, which may vary locally and regionally. Drinking water intake points, irrigation canal off-take points and tail-end entry point should be considered for monitoring. Sampling stations should be located upstream and downstream of significant pollution outfalls like city sewage drains and industrial effluent outfalls and at the entry point of the wetland, lake, Dam and on the outlet side of it. All samples must be representative, which means that the determinants in the sample must have the same value as the water body at the place and time of sampling. In order to achieve this it is important that the sample is collected from well-mixed zone. A homogeneity test must be performed to identify the well-mixed zone. Additional downstream stations are necessary to assess the extent of the influence of an outfall, and you should locate the point of recovery. In large rivers a balance has to be found between the selection of a few stations giving poor coverage, and the selection of more stations having different substrates and dissimilar fauna, which cannot be compared spatially. In order to enable comparisons among sampling stations, it is essential that all stations be sampled approximately at the same time. Not more than two weeks should elapse between the sampling of the first and last station in a river or lake system. Sites for biological sampling should match with sites for chemical sampling. Biological sampling stations need to be selected with proper attention to representative habitats (kind of substrate, depth and flow). All sampling stations in a certain river should preferably be ecologically similar. To increase biological and chemical comparability, they should have similar substrate (sand, gravel, rock, or mud), depth, presence of rifles and pools, stream width, flow velocity, bank cover, human disturbances, etc. The conventional location of macro-invertebrate sampling stations in rivers arises not only from an assumed uniformity of substrate and fauna, but also from the ease with which it may be sampled by means of hand nets and stone lifting or kicking, and from the ease of access. For the estimation of the oxygen exchange rate of the river, a measurement of cross section is required. Any station should be typical with respect to the cross section of the river. The sampling team normally has to carry an appreciable burden of sampling gear and water samples, and the distance they can walk is limited. Easily accessible sites
Type of economic activity Activity Source of water pollution Indicative parameters Agriculture Land tillage Sediments due to loose soil and grasses Turbidity Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) at 100oC BOD5 at 20oC Colour Odour Application of pesticides Organo chlorine pesticides (Cl-) Chlorides (Cl-) Pesticides other than Organo chlorines Phosphorus Total (as P) Nitrates (NO3-) Fertilization Phosphate fertilizers Phosphorus Total (P) Nitrate fertilizers Nitrates (NO3-) Organic manures Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) at 100oC BOD5 at 20oC Turbidity Color Odour pH Irrigation Salinity and hardness pH Total Filterable Residue Total Hardness (CaC03) Calcium Ca Magnesium Mg Magnesium and Sodium sulphates [Mg2+ and Na+ SO42-] Sulphate (S042-) Chloride (CI-) Algae BOD5 at 20oC Nitrogen Leaching to ground H2O Nitrates (NO3-) Phosphorus leaching to ground water Phosphorus Total (P) Livestock keeping Total Coliform Organisms Release of waste water from aquaculture effluents Contamination Total Coliform organisms Table 3: Identification of sources and types of water resources pollution due to Mining activities Type of economic activity Activity Source of water pollution Indicative parameters
Mining Exploration Domestic waste from resident area Nitrates (NO3-) Phosphorus Total (P) Total Coliform Organisms BOD5 at 20oC Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) at 100oC Oil and Grease (fatty matters and hydrocarbons), etc. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (as N) pH Colour Odour Soil Turbidity Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) at 100oC Drilling/Drilling fluids Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) at 100oC Turbidity Diatomaceous Earth (DE) Sodium (Na+) Chloride (Cl-) Potassium (K+) Calcium (Ca+) Bicarbonate (HCO3-) pH Spillage and leakage of Fuel and lubricants from exploration equipment Oil and Grease (fatty matters and hydrocarbons) Construction (Roads, Houses, etc) Spillage and leakage of Fuel and lubricants from construction equipment Oil and Grease (fatty matters and hydrocarbons) Phenols Soil excavation Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) at 100oC Turbidity Mining Spillage and leakage of Fuel and lubricants from mining equipment Oil and Grease (fatty matters and hydrocarbons), etc.
Type of economic activity Activity Source of water pollution Indicative parameters Energy Exploration Domestic waste from resident area Nitrates (NO3-) Phosphorus Total (P) Total Coliform Organisms BOD5 at 20oC Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) at 100oC Oil and Grease (fatty matters and hydrocarbons), etc. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (as N) pH Colour Odour Soil Turbidity Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) at 100oC Drilling/Drilling fluids Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) at 100oC Turbidity CaCl2 (If NaCl Brine not used) Bentonite API Lime (Ca, Cao, Ca(OH)2 Citric Acid Sodium (Na+) Chloride (Cl-) Potassium (K+) Calcium (Ca+) Bicarbonate (HCO3-) pH Spillage and leakage of Fuel and lubricants from exploration equipment Oil and Grease (fatty matters and hydrocarbons) Spillage and/or percolation of Hydrocarbons from discovered reserve Oil and Grease (fatty matters and hydrocarbons) Phenols Construction (Roads, Houses, etc) Spillage and leakage of Fuel and lubricants from construction equipment Oil and Grease (fatty matters and hydrocarbons) Phenols Soil excavation Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) at 100oC Turbidity
Spillage and leakage of Fuel and lubricants from equipment Oil and Grease (fatty matters and hydrocarbons), etc. Odour Oil and Grease (fatty matters and hydrocarbons) Others Others Others Table 5: Identification of sources and types of water resources pollution due to Industrial activities Type of economic activity Activity Source of water pollution Indicative parameters Textile Weaving Fibres Suspended particle Dust Turbidity Beaching Calcium hypochlorite Chlorine Sodium Hypochlorite Chlorine Dyeing Synthetic dye Chromium Colour COD BOD5 Washing Synthetic dye Chromium Colour COD Beverages Washing Bleaching pH BOD5 COD Brewing Fermentations pH BOD5 COD Metal plating Electrolysis Metals Cu Milk processing Pulp &Paper industries Pulping Black liquor Bleaching Fish processing
Photo Processing Table 6: Identification of sources and types of water resources pollution due to Municipal activities Type of economic activity Activity Source of water pollution Indicative parameters Public Services Domestic/ Residential Municipal solid wastes Add BOD, COD and Turbidity Sewerage (Liquid waste) Nutrients (N and P) and Faecal matters Institutions Municipal solid wastes Add BOD, COD and Turbidity Sewerage (liquid waste) Nutrients (N and P) and Faecal matters Public services Municipal solid wastes Add BOD, COD and Turbidity Hazardous solid wastes (Hospitals) Heavy metals and PH Hazardous liquid wastes (Hospitals) Heavy metals and PH Sewerage (Liquid waste) Nutrients (N and P) and Faecal matters Table 7: Identification of sources and types of water resources pollution due to Transportation activities Type of economic activity Activity Source of water pollution Indicative parameters Transport and Navigation Emission Exhaust deposition Heavy metals Spillage Petroleum materials Add hydrocarbons Leakage Liquid chemicals Heavy metals Petroleum materials Add hydrocarbons Waste Disposal Liquid chemicals Heavy metals Petroleum materials Add hydrocarbons Liquid and solid chemicals Heavy metals Solid waste generated by users BOD5 Solid waste generated by users COD Total coliform
Indicative Parameter Test Methods Allowable limits Control mechanism Turbidity APHA Standard Methods: 2130 B. Nephelometric Method 300 NTU Land use planning, runoff management, contour and terrace farming MAFSC. Soil erosion should be prevented by reforestation and other methods Farmers Treatment (physical, chemical, biological) before discharge MAFSC /MoW Total Suspended Solids (TSS) EMDC1 1173: Part 1 - Gravimetric Method 100 mg/L Land use planning, runoff management, contour and terrace farming MAFSC/ Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) at 100oC Land use planning, runoff management, contour and terrace farming Farmers BOD5 at 20oC EMDC1 1173: Part 3 - BOD Method 30 mg/L Algal growth should be prevented by draining swamps and pools around the intake or reservoir Treatment (physical, chemical, biological) before discharge) MAFSC /MoW Colour IO 7887: 1994, Water quality - Examination and determination of colour - Section 3: Determination of true colour using optical instruments. 300 TCU Algal growth should be prevented by draining swamps and pools around the intake or reservoir Treatment (physical, chemical, biological) before discharge MAFSC MoW Odour Algal growth should be prevented by draining swamps and pools around the intake or reservoir Treatment (physical, chemical, biological) before supply for consumption MoW pH TZS 94:1989 (Part 1) clause No.8 (see clause 2) 5.5 - 9.0 Treatment (physical, chemical, biological) before discharge for consumption MAFSC /MoW
Chlorides (Cl) GC ECD (ISO 6468: 1996, Water quality - Determination of certain organo-chlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and chloro-benzenes - Gas Chromatographic method after Liquid-Liquid extraction) 0.0005 mg/l Safe and Effective use of pesticides/Fertilizers Ban of POPs, promote IPM, Review of pesticides registration Avoid/abandon the use of halogenated pesticides MAFSC Phosphorus Total (as P) EMDC1 1173: Part 6 Ascorbic Acid Method 6 mg/l Safe and Effective use of pesticides, follow the pesticide code of conduct MAFSC Nitrates (NO3-) APHA Standard Methods: 4110 B. Ion Chromatography with Chemical Suppression of Eluant Conductivity. 20 mg/l Safe and Effective use of Fertilizers follow the appropriate procedures. MAFSC Total Filterable Residue 500 -2000 mg/l Appropriate irrigation drainage system MAFSC Total Hardness (CaC03) 500 - 600 mg/l Water management for intake and outlet in irrigation schemes MAFSC Calcium (Ca) 75 - 300 mg/l Water management for intake and outlet in irrigation schemes MAFSC Magnesium (Mg) 50 - 100 mg/l Water management for intake and outlet in irrigation schemes MAFSC Magnesium & 500 - 1000 mg/l Water management for intake and outlet in irrigation schemes MAFSC Sulphate (S04) 200 - 600 mg/l Water management for intake and outlet in irrigation schemes MAFSC Total Coliform Organisms ISO 6222:1999, Microbiological methods Good agricultural and Livestock keeping practices (GALP). Domestic livestock and other animals should be kept away from the intake (50m fencing) MAFSC Colorimetric-
Table 11: Recommended Monitoring Mechanism for Mining and Energy activities Indicative Parameter Test Methods limits Control mechanism Responsible institution Chlorides (cl-) APHA Standard Methods: 4110 B. Ion Chromatography with Chemical Suppression of Eluant Conductivity 200 mg/L Wastewater Treatment Mechanism Ministry of Energy and Minerals/ NEMC Sulphides (S-) APHA Standard Methods: 4110 B. Ion Chromatography with Chemical Suppression of Eluant Conductivity 1 mg/L Wastewater Treatment Mechanism Ministry of Energy and Minerals/ NEMC Nitrates (NO3-) APHA Standard Methods: 4110 B. Ion Chromatography with Chemical Suppression of Eluant Conductivity 20 mg/L Wastewater Treatment Mechanism Ministry of Energy and Minerals/ NEMC Sulphates (SO42-) APHA Standard Methods: 4110 B. Ion Chromatography with Chemical Suppression of Eluant Conductivity 500 mg/L Wastewater Treatment Mechanism Ministry of Energy and Minerals/ NEMC Fluorides (F-) APHA Standard Methods: 4110 B. Ion Chromatography with Chemical Suppression of Eluant Conductivity 8 mg/L Wastewater Treatment Mechanism Ministry of Energy and Minerals/ NEMC Arsenic (As) EMDC1 1173: Part 8 - Manual hydride Generation- Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 0.2 mg/L Containment Ministry of Energy and Minerals/ NEMC Barium (Ba) EMDC1 1173: Part 7 - Direct Nitrous Oxide-Acetylene Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 1.5 mg/L Containment Ministry of Energy and Minerals/ NEMC Nickel (Ni) EMDC1 1173: Part 7 - Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 0.5 mg/L Containment Ministry of Energy and Minerals/ NEMC
trace elements using atomic absorption spectrometer with graphite furnace NEMC Tin (Sn) EMDC1 1173: Part 7 - Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 2.0 mg/L Containment Ministry of Energy and Minerals/ NEMC Vanadium ISO 15586: 2003, Water quality - Determination of trace elements using atomic absorption spectrometer with graphite furnace 1.0 mg/L Containment Ministry of Energy and Minerals/ NEMC Zinc (Zn) EMDC1 1173: Part 7 - Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 5.0 mg/L Containment Ministry of Energy and Minerals/ NEMC Phosphorus Total (as P) EMDC1 1173: Part 6 - Ascorbic Acid Method 6 mg/L Wastewater Treatment Mechanism Ministry of Energy and Minerals/ NEMC Total Coliform Organisms ISO 6222:1999, Microbiological methods 10,000 Wastewater Treatment Mechanism Good Hygiene practices Ministry of Energy and Minerals/ NEMC Total Suspended Solids (TSS) EMDC1 1173: Part 1 – Gravimetric Method 100 mg/L Wastewater Treatment Mechanism Ministry of Energy and Minerals/ NEMC Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) at 100oC Evaporation followed by Gravimetric Method Wastewater Treatment Mechanism Ministry of Energy and Minerals/ NEMC Organic Matter mg/L Wastewater Treatment Mechanism Ministry of Energy and Minerals/ NEMC Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (as N) EMDC1 1173: Part 5 - Kjeldahl Method 15 mg/L Wastewater Treatment Mechanism Ministry of Energy and Minerals/ NEMC Turbidity APHA Standard Methods: 2130 B. Nephelometric Method 300 NTU Wastewater Treatment Mechanism Ministry of Energy and Minerals/ NEMC
Radioactive material Gross alpha activity 0.1 Bq/l Containment Ministry of Energy and Minerals/ NEMC Uranium (U23…+) Gross beta activity 0.1 Bq/l Containment Ministry of Energy and Minerals/ NEMC Thorium (Th…..+) Containment Ministry of Energy and Minerals/ NEMC Oil and Grease (fatty matters and Containment Decantation/Filtering Mechanism Ministry of Energy and Minerals/ NEMC Phenols GC ECD (ISO 6468: 1996, Water quality Determination of certain organochlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorobenzenes - Gas Chromatographic method after Liquid-Liquid extraction 0.002 mg/L Containment Decantation/Filtering Mechanism Ministry of Energy and Minerals/ NEMC Methyl Ether GC ECD (ISO 6468: 1996, Water quality - Determination of certain organochlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and chloro-benzenes - Gas Chromatographic method after Liquid-Liquid extraction) 0.05 mg/L Ministry of Energy and Minerals/ NEMC 20-35oC Monitoring Ministry of Energy and Minerals/ NEMC pH EMDC1 1173: Part 2 – Electrometric Method 6.5-8.5 Monitoring Wastewater Treatment Mechanism Ministry of Energy and Minerals/ NEMC Colour ISO 7887: 1994, Water 300 TCU Wastewater Treatment Mechanism Ministry of Energy and
of Eluant Conductivity Phosphorus Total (asP) d EMDC1 1173: Part 6 - Colorimetric- Ascorbic Acid Metho 6 mg/L Wastewater Treatment Mechanism OSHA/ NEMC Selenium (Se) EMDC1 1173: Part 8 - Manual hydride Generation- Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 1.0 mg/L Containment OSHA/ NEMC Silver (Ag) ISO 15586: 2003, Water quality - Determination of trace elements using atomic absorption spectrometer with graphite furnace 0.1 mg/L Containment OSHA/ NEMC Sulphate (SO4 2-) APHA Standard Methods: 4110 B. Ion Chromatography with Chemical Suppression of Eluant Conductivity 500 mg/L Wastewater Treatment Mechanism OSHA/ NEMC Sulphides (S-) APHA Standard Methods: 4110 B. Ion Chromatography with Chemical Suppression of Eluant Conductivity 1 mg/L Wastewater Treatment Mechanism OSHA/ NEMC Tin (Sn) EMDC1 1173: Part 7- Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 2.0 mg/L Containment OSHA/ NEMC Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (as N) EMDC1 1173: Part 5- Kjeldahl Method 15 mg/L Wastewater Treatment Mechanism OSHA/ NEMC Vanadium ISO 15586: 2003, Water quality- Determination of trace elements using atomic absorption spectrometer with graphite furnace 1.0 mg/L Containment OSHA/ NEMC Zinc (Zn) EMDC1 1173: Part 7- Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 5.0 mg/L Containment OSHA/ NEMC 1, 1, 2 GC ECD (ISO 10301: 1997, Water Quality- Determination of highly volatile halogenated hydrocarbons 0.06 mg/L Containment OSHA/ NEMC
cis-1, 2 - GC ECD (ISO 10301: 1997, Water quality Determination of highly volatile halogenated hydrocarbons - Gas chromatographic methods) 0.4 mg/L Containment OSHA/ NEMC GC ECD (ISO 10301: 1997, Water quality Determination of highly volatile halogenated hydrocarbons - Gas chromatographic methods) 0.2 mg/L Containment OSHA/ NEMC Oil and Grease (fatty maters and APHA Standard methods 5520 10 mg/L Containment OSHA/ NEMC Other aromatic and/or aliphatic not used as pesticides GC ECD (ISO 6468: 1996, Water quality Determination of certain organochlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorobenzens Gas Chromatographic method after extraction) 0.05 mg/L Containment OSHA/ NEMC Pesticides other than GC ECD (ISO 6468: 1996, Water quality Determination of certain organochlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorobenzens Gas Chromatographic method after extraction) 0.01 mg/L Containment OSHA/ NEMC Phenols GC ECD (ISO 6468: 1996, Water Quality Determination of certain organochlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and Chlorobenzenes Gas Chromatographic method after extraction 0.002 mg/L Containment OSHA/ NEMC Liquid Liquid
COD EMDC1 1173: Part 4- Dichromate Digestion Method 60 mg/L Waste treatment plant/ Facilities Local Government authorities Turbidity APHA Standard Methods: 2130 B. Nephelometric Method 300 NTU Wastewater treatment plant/ Facilities Local Government authorities pH EMDC1 1173: Part 2- Electrometric Method 6.5-8.5 Wastewater treatment plant/ Facilities Local Government authorities Phosphorous Total (as P) EMDC1 1173: Part 6- Colorimetric- Ascorbic Acid Method 6 mg/L Wastewater treatment plant/ Facilities Local Government authorities Nitrogen (as NO3-) APHA Standard Methods: 4110 B. Ion Chromatography with Chemical Suppression of Effluent Conductivity 20 mg/L Wastewater treatment plant/ Facilities Local Government authorities TSS EMDC1 1173: Part 1-Gravimetric Method 100 mg/L Wastewater treatment plant/ Facilities Local Government authorities Hydrocarbons APHA Standard methods 5520 10 mg/L Containment and awareness Local Government authorities Heavy metals (as Pb) EMDC1 1173: Part 7- Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 0.1 mg/L Containment and awareness Local Government authorities Total Coliform ISO 6222:1999, Microbiological Methods Provision of proper sanitation Tanroads BOD5 EMDC1 1173: Part 30 mg/L Provision of proper sanitation Tanroads
Toxic and strong odour Silica Widespread and always present in dissolved, suspended and colloidal states Essential element for certain aquatic plants - taken up by growth and released by decomposition and decay. Therefore seasonal variations 1-30 mg/l Fluoride (F) Originates from weathering of minerals High concentration is toxic to human Slight increase prevent dental caries; at higher concentrations (> 2 mg/l) mottling of teeth occur 0.05-100 mg/l Boron Arises from weathering of rocks, soil leaching, volcanic actions and other natural processes Boron may be used for increasing the crop yield 0.1-3 mg/l Cyanide Toxic to humans Enters freshwater by industrial discharges (electroplating) APPENDIX 4: SITE SPECIFIC POLLUTION CONTROL CHECKLIST CATEGORY 1: MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES Class Steps in Possible Environmental aspects Metal smelting/ forging Receiving raw materials e.g. scraps, pig iron, sponge iron, oil and chemicals Verify types and origin Check for dust production, emission, collection methods (management), Check for solid waste production, collection, and disposal methods Check for Leakage and spillage, Check for handling and storage of raw materials,
Preparation of raw material - Sorting and separation - Compressing and baling Check for dust, solid waste and spillage/leakages Processing - Smelting kiln - Moulding (Ingot) - Furnace - Rolling - Cooling Check for oil spillage Plastics and Foam Receiving raw materials e.g. Virgin and recyclable materials, chemicals and other additives Verify types and origin Check for raw materials handling and storage Check for solid waste, dust and spillages Preparation -Sorting of plastics -Washing and cleaning of recyclable plastics -Cutting and grinding Check for waste water management. Processing Melting Moulding Check for Spillages management Motor vehicle Fabrication and body building -Spray painting -Welding Check for management of paints, liquid wastes, and spillage Wood industry - Pulp and paper Preparation - Debarking and washing - Chipping Check for solid waste, liquid waste, dust, noise, vibrations, spillages and leakages management,