By age-group Age was significantly associated with gambling status (p=0.0046). Those aged ‘25-34’ and ‘45-54’ were approximately three and a half times more likely (OR=3.4 and OR=3.6 respectively) than those aged ‘65 or older’ to satisfy the criteria for moderate-risk/problem gambling. Figure 17 illustrates the odds-ratios for moderate-risk/problem gambling by age-group. Figure 17: Moderate-risk/problem gambling, by age-group, total population aged 15 years and over (unadjusted prevalence; N=12,594) 1 Notes: Source: 2011/12 New Zealand Health Survey. Error bars are indicative of 95% confidence intervals. By ethnicity A significant association was observed between ethnicity and gambling status (<0.0001). Figure 18 illustrates the odds ratios for ethnicity and gambling status and shows that Māori and Pacific people were approximately three times more likely (OR=3.2 for Māori, OR=3.0 for Pacific) than European/Other to be categorised as moderate-risk/problem gamblers. Figure 18: Moderate-risk/problem gambling, by ethnicity, total population aged 15 years and over (unadjusted prevalence; N=12,594) 1 Notes: Source: 2011/12 New Zealand Health Survey. Error bars are indicative of 95% confidence intervals. Changes over time – comparison of 2006/07 and 2011/12 NZHS: Prevalence of problem gambling by ethnicity Results from the 2006/07 and 2011/12 New Zealand Health Surveys were compared to assess if there had been changes over time in the prevalence of problem gambling for different ethnic groups. A
Post-secondary school qualifications were defined as including: National Certificate level 1 - level 4; Trade certificate; Diploma or Certificate level 5; Advanced Trade Certificate; Diploma or Certificate level 6; Teachers Certificate/Diploma; Nursing Diploma; Bachelor; Bachelor Hons; Postgraduate Certificate/Diploma; Masters Degree; PhD; Other. Table 27: Gambling status by socio-demographics, total population aged 15 years and over - Odds ratios and p-values 1 GAMBLING STATUS p-value 4 People with no gambling problems 2 Low-risk Combined and problem 3 Odds ratio Odds ratio (95% CI) Odds ratio (95% CI) HIGHEST LEVEL OF EDUCATION 1 1.1 (0.8 - 1.6) 1.1 (0.7 - 1.6) 0.74 EMPLOYMENT STATUS: LEVEL OF EMPLOYMENT 1 1.2 (0.8 - 1.8) 1.3 (0.8 - 2.2) 0.36 LENGTH OF TIME LIVING IN NEW ZEALAND 5: NZ RESIDENT FOR ≤ 5 YEARS 1 1.0 (0.5 - 2.2) 6.4 (1.2 - 32.4) 0.08 RESIDENT OF CHRISTCHURCH AT TIME OF THE 22 FEBRUARY 2011 EARTHQUAKE 1 0.7 (0.4 - 1.2) 1.0 (0.5 - 2.0) 0.44 Notes: Source: 2011/12 New Zealand Health Survey. ‘People with no gambling problems’ have been defined as non-gamblers and recreational gamblers. Due to small cell sizes / denominators (n<30), the ‘problem’ and ‘moderate-risk’ categories have been combined to enable their inclusion in these analyses. Logistic regression analyses have controlled for gender, age, ethnicity, neighbourhood deprivation, and geography (urban/rural). Applies only to those born outside of New Zealand. Dangerous consumptions and gambling Table 28: Dangerous consumptions and gambling status (PGSI categorisation), total population aged 15 years and over (unadjusted prevalence) 1 VARIABLE TOTAL ADULT GAMBLING STATUS
Table 31: Gambling status by health status, total population aged 15 years and over – Odds ratios and p-values 1 VARIABLE GAMBLING STATUS p-value 4 People with no gambling problems 2 Low-risk Combined and problem 3 Odds ratio Odds ratio (95% CI) Odds ratio (95% CI) General health self-rated as fair/poor 1 1.3 (0.9 - 1.9) 2.5 (1.6 - 4.0) 0.0003 Kessler 10-item scale (K10) – high/very high probability of anxiety or depressive disorder 1 2.1 (1.4 - 3.2) 5.7 (3.5 - 9.4) <0.0001 Common mental disorder 1 1.3 (0.8 - 1.9) 2.7 (1.8 - 4.2) <0.0001 Depression 1 1.1 (0.8 - 1.6) 3.0 (1.9 - 4.7) <0.0001 Bi-polar disorder 1 1.0 (0.2 - 4.2) 1.7 (0.7 - 4.2) 0.53 Anxiety disorder 1 1.6 (0.9 - 3.0) 1.8 (0.9 - 3.5) 0.11 Notes: Source: 2011/12 New Zealand Health Survey. ‘People with no gambling problems’ have been defined as non-gamblers and recreational gamblers. Due to small cell sizes / denominators (n<30), the ‘problem’ and ‘moderate-risk’ categories have been combined to enable their inclusion in these analyses. Logistic regression analyses have controlled for gender, age-group, prioritised ethnic group, neighbourhood deprivation and geography (urban/rural). Use of health services and gambling Table 32: Use of health services and gambling status (PGSI categorisation), total population aged 15 years and over (unadjusted prevalence) 1 VARIABLE TOTAL ADULT POPULATION GAMBLING STATUS Non-gambler Non-problem / recreational Low-risk Combined moderate-risk and problem 2 n (N) % (95% CI) n (N) % (95% CI) n (N) % (95% CI) n (N) % (95% CI) n (N) % (95% CI)