risks cannot be reduced to an acceptable level, the goods will not be imported into Australia until suitable measures are identified. Successive Australian Governments have maintained a stringent, but not a zero risk, approach to the management of biosecurity risks. This approach is expressed in terms of the ALOP for Australia, which is defined in the Biosecurity Act 2015 as providing a high level of protection aimed at reducing risk to a very low level, but not to zero. Australia’s risk analyses are undertaken by the Australian Government Department of Agriculture and Water Resources using technical and scientific experts in relevant fields, and involve consultation with stakeholders at various stages during the process. Risk analyses may take the form of a biosecurity import risk analysis (BIRA) or a non-regulated risk analysis (such as scientific review of existing policy and import conditions, pest-specific assessments, weed risk assessments, biological control agent assessments or scientific advice). Further information about Australia’s biosecurity framework is provided in the Biosecurity Import Risk Analysis Guidelines 2016 located on the website.
Table . Pest categorisation of phytophagous thrips Pest thrips Criteria for inclusion (Table 3.1) Distribution Present within Australia Plant parts affected, host plants and/or previous pathway assessment Interception events for Australia (Appendix D), and overseas Considered further as quarantine pest Considered further as an orthotospovirus vector THRIPIDAE Anaphothrips obscurus (Müller) Grass thrips 6 Worldwide in temperate areas (; ) Yes, Southern Australia () Leaves, commonly in leaf axils of grasses (), and seedling cereals and young grasses () Interception group D; on Asparagus spears. Fourteen interceptions from Europe and/or Africa from 1983-1999 and also intercepted from Europe and Africa from 1994-1999 at US ports (). Intercepted on asparagus from New Zealand, Cichorium intybus from USA, strawberry from Korea and cut-flowers of Dianthus sp. from China to Japan (; ; ) No No Anaphothrips sudanensis Trybom 1, 6 Worldwide in tropical and subtropical areas (; ) Yes, widespread () Leaves of grasses and cereal crops (; ) Interception group C; from a variety of pathways. One interception from Mediterranean or Africa from and also being intercepted from Europe and Africa from 1994-1999 at US ports (). Intercepted on Allium fistulosum from China, Asparagus officinalis from Thailand and from Zimbabwe to Japan (; ) No No Arorathrips mexicanus (Crawford) 1 Widespread throughout the world in tropics and subtropics () Yes, Qld, NSW and NT () Leaves of citrus () and also within individual florets of various Poaceae () Interception group C; from rose and vegetables. Intercepted on Asparagus officinalis from Thailand and New Zealand and Chrysanthemum morifolium from South Africa to Japan (; ) No No Asprothrips seminigricornis (Girault) 7 Australia, Marquesas Islands, central and north America () Yes, Eastern Australia () Declared pest, prohibited by WA () On leaves, probably polyphagous, adults have been found on leaves of Gardenia, Citrus and Ricinus () None Yes (WA) No flowers
Dendrothrips minowai Priesner Minowai thrips 6 Taiwan, Mainland China and Japan () No record found () On Camellia sinensis, Cocculus trilobus and Diospyros kaki (; ; ) None Yes No Dendrothrips saltator Uzel 6 Europe () No record found () On Peucedanum officinale () Two interceptions from Europe at US ports from 1983-1999 () Yes No Dichromothrips corbetti (Priesner) 6 Widespread around the world () Yes, NT, QLD () Leaves and flowers of Vanda and other Orchidaceae (; ) Interception group D; from cut orchid One interception possibly from Europe at US ports from (). Intercepted on Aranda sp., Cattleya sp., Dendrobium sp. and/or Vanda sp. from Singapore, Thailand and Hawaii to Japan () No No Dictyothrips betae Uzel 2, 6 Palaearctic Europe () No record found () On sugar beet (); collected by beating many plants at roadsides, in public and private gardens and in waste places () None Yes Yes () Drepanothrips reuteri Uzel 6 Widespread in Europe, also California, Illinois and Chile () No record found () Leaves of Vitis vinifera, Quercus robur, Betula and Corylus (). Assessed as on pathway for table grapes from Chile () Four interceptions from Europe at US ports from 1983-1999 () Yes No Echinothrips americanus Morgan Poinsettia thrips 3, 7 North and Central America, Europe and Asia () Yes, Qld (). Declared Pest, prohibited by WA () Mainly foliage, and flowers when population levels increase; polyphagous on numerous plants, including species traded as nursery-stock () Identified as high priority pest for nursery and One interception from Europe at US ports from 1983-1999 (). Intercepted on Capsicum annuum from Netherland and Echinodorus sp. from Singapore to Japan (; ) Yes (WA) No
Lycopersicon and Lactuca () Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom) 1, 2, 3, 6 Europe, Asia and Pacific North America (; ) No record found () Flowers, buds and fruit; polyphagous; hosts including Asparagus, Capsicum, Fragaria, Gossypium, Prunus and Rosa (). Assessed as on pathways for Citrus fruit from Japan (), Capsicum fruit from South Korea (), stone fruit from USA. (), and Phalaenopsis orchids from Taiwan () Identified as high priority pest for tomato and industries by Plant Health Australia Interception group C; from Asparagus spears, Capsicum fruit and Actinidia fruit. 94 interceptions from Europe and/or Mediterranean from 1983-1999 and 15 interceptions from Europe and Africa from 1994-1999 at US ports (). Intercepted on many plants from Asia, North America and Italy to Japan (; ) Yes Yes () Frankliniella minuta (Moulton) Minute flower thrips 6 North, Central and South America and Hawaii () No record found () Flowers of usually Asteraceae () Intercepted on Craspedia sp. and Limonium sp. from USA to Japan () Yes No Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande Western flower thrips 1, 2, 4, 6, 7 Cosmopolitan (; ) Yes, all states except the NT (). Host plants regulated by NT (). Unwanted quarantine pest for Tas, which is not officially regulated () Vic prohibiting the import of any Flowers, buds, leaves and fruit of numerous host plants (). Assessed as on pathways for truss tomatoes from the Netherland (); table grapes from Chile (), from China () and from South Korea (); stone fruit from NZ () and from USA (); capsicum from South Korea (); and citrus Interception group A; from numerous pathways including cut-flowers, garlic bulbs, Asparagus spears and snow peas. 448 interceptions from Europe, Mediterranean and/or Africa from 1983-1999 and 59 interceptions from Europe and Africa from 1994-1999 at US ports (). Intercepted on numerous plants mainly from USA but also from Europe, Asia and South America to Japan (; ) Yes (NT) Yes () flower
Corn thrips subtropical countries () Declared Pest, prohibited by WA () other Poaceae including Saccharum () from Mexico, Coriandrum sativa from Thailand, and Zea mays from Australia and USA to Japan () virus (considered further in Appendix F) Frankliniella zucchini Nakahara & Monterio 2 South America () No record found () Flowers and foliage of Cucurbit crops () None Yes Yes () Fulmekiola serrata (Kobus) Sugarcane thrips 4 Asia, Africa, and Central and northern South America (; ) No record found () Leaves of mainly sugarcane () None Yes No Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (Bouche) Black tea thrips 1, 4 Widespread in the tropics and subtropics; also in greenhouses of temperate areas () Yes, all states () Leaves and fruit, highly polyphagous () Interception group C; from a range of fruit, vegetable and cut-flower pathways. Five interceptions from Europe, Mediterranean and/or Africa at US ports from 1983-1999 (). Intercepted on Anigozanthos sp. from USA, Erica sp. from Australia, Citrus aurantiifolia from Mexico, Viburnum sp. from Italy and Vaccinium sp. and kiwifruit from New Zealand to Japan (; ; ) No No Heliothrips sylvanus Faure 6 South Africa () No record found () Leaves of grapevines () None Yes No Hercinothrips femoralis Reuter Banded greenhouse thrips 4, 6 Pantropical; also in greenhouses in temperate areas () Yes, WA (; ) Leaves; polyphagous () Interception group E; from stone fruit No No Holopothrips ananasi Da Costa Lima 6 South America () No record found () Potentially on flowers, fruit and leaves of pineapples () None Yes No
[syn: Taeniothrips varicornis Moulton] Megalurothrips usitatus (Bagnall) Bean flower thrips 4, 6 Australasia and Asia () Yes, WA, NT, QLD, NSW () Flowers of various Fabaceae () Intercepted on Limonium sp., Oncidium sp., Phalaenopsis sp. and Pisum sativum from Taiwan to Japan (; ) No No Microcephalothrips abdominalis (Crawford) Sunflower thrips 6 Tropical and subtropical around the world () Yes, NT, QLD, VIC, TAS, WA (; ) Flower of various Asteraceae () Interception group D; from cut-flowers and persimmon fruit. Five interceptions from Africa at US ports from 1983-1999 (). Intercepted on Chrysanthemum sp. from Taiwan, Dianthus sp. from Kenya, Gomphrena sp. from Hawaii and Oncidium sp. from Thailand to Japan () No No Neohydatothrips gracilicornis (Williams) 6 England and Japan () No record found () On clover and meadow grasses () Interception group E; on kiwifruit. Intercepted on leaves of Viburnum sp. from Italy to Japan () Yes No Neohydatothrips samayunkur Kudo 1 North and central Americas, Africa, Asia and Australia () Yes, Eastern Australia () Leaves and in flowers of Tagetes species (Asteraceae) () Interception group C; from Thirteen interceptions from Mediterranean and/or Africa from 1983-1999 and two interceptions from Europe and Africa from 1994-1999 at US ports () No No Neohydatothrips variabilis (Beach) Soybean thrips 2 North America () No record found () Leaves of legumes, including soybeans (), tomato production, including occasionally on flowers (), reported associated with peach orchards in Georgia, USA (). None Yes No
European grape thrips Scirtothrips albomaculatus Bianchi 7 New Caledonia, Australia () Yes, NSW, SA and Qld (). Declared pest, prohibited by WA () Feeding and breeding on leaves of Dodonaea viscosa (Sapindaceae), adults collected from many plants, including Citrus, Rosa and Acacia () None Yes (WA) No Scirtothrips aurantii Faure South African citrus thrips 3, 7 Africa, Australia () Yes, Qld, NSW (). Declared pest, prohibited by WA (). Young leaves and fruits, highly polyphagous, including Bryophyllum delagoense in Australia () Identified as high priority pest for citrus industry by Plant Health Australia as the species in Australia has not switched to citrus in the field to date. As of 2015, this species is not known to be a pest of citrus in Australia (; ) Interception group D; from cut-flowers and snow peas. Five interceptions from Africa at US ports from () Yes (WA) No Scirtothrips citri (Moulton) California citrus thrips 4, 6 North and Central America () No record found () Young tissues of leaves and fruits; pupating on trees or in soil, primarily on Citrus, and also Rhusa (Anacardiaceae) () None Yes No Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood Chilli thrips 1, 2, 4, 6 Widespread across Asia, between Pakistan, Japan and Australia; introduced to Israel and the Yes, widespread across northern Australia () Young leaves and sometimes flowers, highly polyphagous () Interception group B; from numerous pathways, including cut-flowers, Actinidia, Citrus fruit, Asparagus spears. Three interceptions from Africa at US ports from 1983-1999 (). Intercepted on Acacia jarnesian, Asparagus and Oncidium from No Yes (; )
Thrips australis (Bagnall) Gum tree thrips 6 Widespread around the world () Yes, all states (; ) Flowers of Eucalyptus and Melaleuca () Interception group D; from Citrus fruit, table grapes, broccoli and Asparagus spears. Ten interceptions from Europe, Mediterranean and/or Africa from 1983-1999 and two interceptions from Europe and Africa from 1994-1999 at US ports (). Intercepted on a number of plants from USA, Australia, New Zealand, Italy and South Africa to Japan (; ) No No Thrips coloratus Schmutz 6 Widespread from Pakistan to Japan, Australia () Yes, Qld, NSW () Flower of many plants including Citrus and Ficus () Interception group D; from Intercepted on Pisum sativum from Taiwan to Japan () No No Thrips flavus Schrank European flower thrips 1, 4, 6 Widespread across Eurasia from Britain to China, Japan and Taiwan () No record found () Flowers and leaves; highly polyphagous () Interception group C; from cut-flowers and Asparagus spears. 28 interceptions from Europe from and five interceptions from Europe and Africa from 1994-1999 at US ports (). Intercepted on Pisum sativum from Taiwan to Japan () Yes No Thrips florum Schmutz 6 Widespread across Asia and Pacific, Florida, and the Caribbean Islands () Yes, NT, Qld () Flower, highly polyphagous () Interception group E; from various Intercepted on Hedychium coronarium from Hawaii to Japan () No No Thrips fulvipes Bagnall 6 England () and Romania () No record found () On buds and berries of grapevine () and Mercurialis perennis (Euphorbiaceae) (), Six interceptions from Europe at US ports from 1983-1999 () Yes No
New Zealand flower thrips as on pathway for fresh cherry and stone fruit from New Zealand to Western Australia (; ) kiwifruit and strawberries) and vegetables (including capsicum and broccoli). Intercepted on many plants from New Zealand to Japan () Thrips palmi Karny Melon thrips 1, 2, 4, 6, 7 Widespread in tropical countries in Asia, northern Australia, and, Caribbean and southern Florida and Africa (; ; ) Yes, NT, Qld (). Host plants regulated by NT () and SA (){Government of South Australia, 2015 #25576}. Unwanted quarantine pest for Tas, which is not officially regulated (). Listed as an exotic pest under Victoria’s Plant Biosecurity Act 2010 Declared pest by WA () Flowers and leaves , polyphagous, crops including the Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae (). Assessed as on pathway for capsicum from South Korea () and Unshu mandarin from Japan () Interception group B; from Asparagus spears, baby corn and snow peas. Eleven interceptions from Africa at US ports from (). Intercepted on many plants from other Asian countries, New Zealand and Hawaii to Japan () Yes (NT, SA, Vic., WA) Yes () Thrips parvispinus (Karny) 1 Widespread in South East Asia, Australia and Greece () Yes, widespread across northern and western Australia (; ) Flowers and leaves, polyphagous () Interception group C; from cut-flowers and citrus fruit. Intercepted on Heliconia sp. from Mauritius to Japan () No No Thrips physapus Linnaeus 6 Europe () No record found () Leaves, polyphagous, hosts including Leontodon hispidus () One interception from Europe from 1983-1999 and also being intercepted from Europe and Africa from at US ports () Yes No 1999 flowers,
Thrips pillichi Priesner 6 Europe () No record found () On a number of species of Compositae () One interception from Europe at US ports from 1983-1999 () Yes No Thrips setosus Moulton Japanese flower thrips 2, 6 Japan and Korea (; ), Netherlands () No record found () Flowers and leaves of many plants including Capsicum and Cucumis () Interception group E; from cut-flowers and onion bulbs Yes Yes (; ) Thrips simplex (Morison) Gladiolus thrips 1, 6 Widespread around the world () Yes, local, wherever Gladiolus is grown () Flowers and leaves of mainly Gladiolus () Interception group C; from snow peas and tropical fruits. 26 interceptions from Europe, Mediterranean and/or Africa from 1983-1999 and three interceptions from Europe and Africa from at US ports (). Intercepted on many plants from mainland China, Taiwan, Portugal, USA, Colombia, Ecuador, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to Japan (; ). No No Thrips subnudula (Karny) 6 India, Pakistan, Nigeria and Australia (; ) Yes, Qld (a single female was recorded near Brisbane) () and WA () (citing an internal report) Flowers, possibly polyphagous, including Parnthenium hysterophorus (; ) None No No Thrips tabaci Lindemann Onion thrips, potato thrips 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 Worldwide, but rare in wet tropics (; ; ) Yes, widespread across Australia (). Unwanted quarantine pest for Tas, which is not officially regulated () Flowers and leaves, polyphagous (; ) Exotic strains/biotypes of Thrips tabaci identified as high priority pest for onion industry by Plant Health Australia Interception group A; on cut-flowers and foliage, Asparagus spears, fruit, vegetables and Alliaceae bulbs. 474 interceptions from Europe, Mediterranean and/or Africa from 1983-1999 and 81 interceptions from Europe and Africa from 1994-1999 at US ports (). Intercepted on numerous plants from other Asian countries, No Yes () flowers, 1999
Europe, USA, Colombia, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand to Japan () Thrips urticae Fabricius 6 Japan and Europe () No record found () Leaves and flowers of many host plants () Three interceptions from Europe at US ports from 1983-1999 () Yes No Thrips validus Uzel 6 Europe and USA Europe () No record found () Flowers of many herbaceous species, especially in Asteraceae () None Yes No PHLAEOTHRIPIDAE Gynaikothrips ficorum (Marchal) Cuban laurel thrips 4, 5 Pantropical () Yes, WA, NT, Qld, NSW () Within rolled-leaf galls, apparently specific to Ficus microcarpa (Moraceae) () Interception group D; from cut-flowers and foliage, avocado fruit and a variety of vegetables. One interception from Africa at US ports from 1983-1999 (). Intercepted on Chrysanthemum sp. from Taiwan to Japan () No No Haplothrips acanthoscelis (Karny) 6 Europe (; ; ) No record found () On grass (), Diantus barbatus (), Lotus corniculatus, Onobrychis sativa and Zea mays () None Yes No Haplothrips aculeatus (Fabricius) Grass thrips 4, 5, 6 Europe and Asia () No record found () Leaves, polyphagous; major hosts include sugarcane, cereal crops and textile crops () Interception group D; from kiwifruit, cut-flowers and Asparagus spears. Four interceptions from Europe and/or Africa at US ports from 1983-1999 (). Intercepted on Brassica spp. and Amaranthus sp. from China and Cynara scolymus from Italy to Japan (; ) Yes No Haplothrips chinensis Priesner 3, 5, 6 North Asia (; ) No record found () Flowers of cereal grains, vegetable crops and Oryza (; ) Intercepted on Chrysanthemum sp. from Taiwan to Japan () Yes No
Haplothrips tenuipennis Bagnall 6 China, India and Indonesia () No record found () Flowers of host plants including rose and Mangifera () None Yes No Haplothrips tritici (Kurdjumov) Wheat thrips 4, 5 Europe, Asia, and Africa (; ) No record found () Leaves and ripening seed or fruit of wheat and other host plants () None Yes No Hoplandrothrips flavipes Bagnall 1 Africa, Pacific, Asia, Central and South America () Yes, Qld () Calyxes of coconut fruit and inflorescence () Interception group C; from coconut fruit, jasmine, citrus fruit and pineapples. Two interceptions from Africa at US ports from 1983-1999 (). Intercepted on Cocos nucifera from Thailand to Japan () No No Liothrips karnyi (Bagnall) Pepper leaf gall thrips 5 Sri Lanka () No record found () Marginal leaf galls of Piper nigrum () None Yes No Liothrips oleae Costa Olive thrips 5, 6 Mediterranean Europe and the Middle East () No record found () Leaves, sprouts, flowers and fruit of olive trees () None Yes No Liothrips piperinus Priesner 5 China and Japan () No record found () Leaves. Hosts including Castanopsis cuspidate, C. sieboldii, Elaeocarpus sylvestris, Piper kadzura and Piper sp. () None Yes No Liothrips vaneeckei Priesner Lily thrips 5, 7 Widespread (; ) Yes, Vic (). Declared pest, prohibited by WA () Bulbs of lilies and corms of orchids () Intercepted on Fritillaria sp. from Netherlands to Japan () Yes (WA) No Liothrips wasabiae Haga & Okajima 5 Japan () No record found () On Wasabia japonica () None Yes No
Neoheegeria mangiferae Priesner This name is invalid as its identity cannot be verified and it is not included in the thrips database () 6 Ponticulothrips diospyrosi Haga & Okajima Japanese gall thrips 5, 6 Japan (), Korea () No record found () Leaves of Diospyros kaki () None Yes No Pseudophilothrips avocadis Hood 5 Panama and Costa Rica () No record found () Leaves of Persea species () None Yes No Pseudophilothrips perseae Watson 5 Mexico () Guatemala and Honduras () No record found () Leaves and young fruit of Persea americana () None Yes No