eat (Environmental Agency, 2008). Due to these requirements, brown trout are more adapted to survive in cooler waters than warmer ones. Additionally, warm waters can influence the metabolism of the trout in a manner that would cause them to pick up behaviors that are not ecologically sustainable. When trout are exposed to warmer temperatures, they experience faster metabolisms which can cause them to grow bigger, defecate at a faster rate, and require a greater amount of food and oxygen to sustain their larger bodies (Brown, 1946; Elliott, 1973; Elliott, 1976; Armstrong et al., 2003). This increased consumption can become problematic in warmer waters, as aquatic macroinvertebrates that make up a fair portion of the trout’s diet are less likely to survive in higher temperatures, and dissolved oxygen concentrations are lower due to the gas’ ability to escape the liquid when temperatures are increasing (Jensen, 1990; Breder, 1927). It is possible that the trout populations within the Kayaderosseras Creek watershed will soon be experiencing these challenges, as more areas in the watershed are being converted to developed areas with impervious surfaces that contribute warmer runoff into the streams. Since the classification of a stream is dependent upon factors such as pH, temperature, color, hardness and other toxicity pollutant levels. (Zambrano, 1998) The Department of Environmental Conservation carries out the procedures for such site specific standards. These state-wide standards are also influenced by the Environmental Protection Agency standards for all water quality, outlined in the Water Quality Standards Handbook. The standards are primarily put in place to maintain the characteristics of the water body in which sustain the current biological populations and overall aquatic life. The classifications of these water bodies are based on the human interaction level such as recreational or industrial use, which remain contingent upon the quality of the water in all categories. For a class C trout stream, such as the
the watershed to reach the drainage point (Thomson et al. 2008). There are three different flow types associated with time of concentration: sheet flow, shallow concentrated flow, and open channel flow. Sheet flow is the flow of water over a plane surface located near the headwaters of a stream, shallow concentrated flow is the path following the sheet flow that stops at the edge of the stream, and the open channel flow is the path following the stream and ends when the channel is drained into a body of water or is merged with another stream. The Tc for each site is calculated by combining the travel time (Tt) of each flow section, which is calculated using the following equations obtained from the Hydrology National Engineering Handbook: Sheet Flow: (1) Tt = travel time (h) n = Manning’s roughness coefficient L = length of section (ft) P2 = 2-year, 24-hour rainfall (in) S = slope Shallow Concentrated Flow: (2) Paved surface: V = 20.3282 ∙ S 0.5 Unpaved surface: V = 16.1345 ∙ S 0.5 Tt = travel time (h) L = length of section (ft) V = average velocity (ft/s) Open Channel Flow: (3) (4) Tt = travel time (h) L = length of section (ft) V = average velocity (ft/s) R = hydraulic radius (ft) = S = slope n = Manning’s roughness coefficient