Contents Acronyms and abbreviations vii Summary 1 1 Introduction 2 1.1 Australia’s biosecurity policy framework 2 1.2 This risk analysis 2 2 Method for pest risk analysis 5 2.1 Stage 1 5 2.2 Stage 2 Pest risk assessment 6 2.3 Stage 3 Pest risk management 13 3 Vietnam’s commercial production practices for dragon fruit 15 3.1 Assumptions used in estimating unrestricted risk 15 3.2 Dragon fruit production areas 15 3.3 Climate in production areas 15 3.4 Pre-harvest 18 3.5 Harvesting and handling procedures 22 3.6 Post-harvest 23 3.7 Export capability 28 4 Pest risk assessments for quarantine pests 29 4.1 Fruit flies 31 4.2 Mealybugs 32 4.3 Pest risk assessment conclusions 33 5 Pest risk management 35 5.1 Pest risk management measures 35 5.2 Operational system for the maintenance and verification of phytosanitary status 38 5.3 Uncategorised pests 41 5.4 Review of processes 41 5.5 Meeting Australia’s food laws 41 6 Conclusion 43 Appendix A Initiation and categorisation for pests of dragon fruit from Vietnam 44 Glossary 66 References 70
Pest Present in Vietnam Present within Australia Potential to be on pathway Potential for establishment and spread Potential for economic consequences Pest risk assessment required ARTHROPODS Diptera Bactrocera correcta Bezzi, 1916 [Tephritidae] Guava fruit fly Yes (Hoa et al. 2006; PPD 2010) No records found Yes. This species is recorded on the fruit of dragon fruit in Vietnam (Hoa et al. 2006; PPD 2010). Yes. Bactrocera correcta has a wide host range including mango, peach and mandarin (CABI 2016). It has a wide distribution in Asia ranging from China, Japan, India, Sri Lanka and Pakistan to Thailand (Drew & Romig 2013). The wide host range and geographic distribution of this pest suggest that there are suitable environments for this pest to establish and spread in Australia. Yes. Bactrocera correcta is a pest of numerous tropical and subtropical fruit crops and is capable of causing serious economic damage to fruit production (Liu, Yan & Ye 2013). Yes (EP)
Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett, 1899 [Tephritidae] Melon fly Yes (CABI 2016; Hoa et al. 2006; PPD 2012) No. Records of Bactrocera cucurbitae in Australia refer to Christmas Island and occasional outbreaks in the Torres Strait Islands (CSIRO 2005). The Torres Strait Islands is a group of more than 270 islands in a narrow channel (150 km wide) between Australia and Papua New Guinea. There are quarantine measures in place to prevent the spread of B. cucurbitae to mainland Australia from the Torres Strait islands (Australian Government Department of Agriculture 2014). Christmas Island is an external territory of Australia situated in the Indian Ocean lying more than 1500 km northwest of the mainland. Yes. This species has been intercepted in infested dragon fruit consignments from Vietnam to Japan (McQuate 2010). Yes. Bactrocera cucurbitae infests commercially grown cucurbit species including squash, cucumber and watermelon (White & Elson-Harris 1992). It is widely distributed throughout India, South East Asia, and Central Africa (CABI 2016; Dhillon et al. 2005). The host range and current geographic distribution of this pests suggests that there are environments for this pest to establish and spread in Australia. Yes. Depending on the host and season, losses due to Bactrocera cucurbitae can be up to 100% of a crop (Dhillon et al. 2005). Yes (EP)
Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel, 1912 [Tephritidae] Oriental fruit fly Yes (Hoa et al. 2006; PPD 2010) (Drew & Hancock 1994) No. Eradicated from Australia (Hancock et al. 2000). Yes. This species is known to infest the fruit of dragon fruit in Vietnam and has been intercepted in infested dragon fruit consignments from Vietnam to Japan (Hoa et al. 2006; McQuate 2010; PPD 2010). Yes. Bactrocera dorsalis attacks over 300 cultivated and wild fruits, and has a broad global distribution due to its ability to establish when introduced into new environments (Mau & Martin Kessing 2007). Yes. Feeding by Bactrocera dorsalis larvae directly damages fruit and causes rotting due to bacteria and fungi (Mau & Martin Kessing 2007). Yes (EP) Hemiptera Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877 [Aphididae] Cotton aphid Yes (PPD 2010) Yes. NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2001). Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus, 1758 [Coccidae] Brown soft scale Yes (García et al. 2016; PPD 2010) Yes. ACT, NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2001). Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Diaspis echinocacti Bouche, 1833 [Diaspididae] Cactus scale Yes (PPD 2010) Yes. NSW, Qld (Plant Health Australia 2001). Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Dysmicoccus brevipes Cockerell, 1893 Synonym: Pseudococcus brevipes Fernald, 1903 [Pseudococcidae] Pineapple mealybug Yes (García et al. 2016; PPD 2010) Yes. NSW, NT, Qld, SA, WA (Plant Health Australia 2001). Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No
Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley, 1959 [Pseudococcidae] Grey pineapple mealybug Yes (PPD 2010; Williams 2004) No records found Yes. Attacks the flowers, fruit and stems of dragon fruit (PPD 2010). Yes. Dysmicoccus neobrevipes feeds on a wide range of host plants including citrus and mango, and has been reported as an important economic pest of pineapple and banana throughout its pantropical distribution (CABI 2016). The host range and current geographic distribution of this pests suggests that there are environments for this pest to establish and spread in Australia. Yes. Mealybugs directly damage their plant hosts, reducing productivity. Dysmicoccus neobrevipes is an important pest of pineapple and is a vector of pineapple wilt disease (Khoo, Ooi & Ho 1991; Williams 2004). Yes (EP) Ferrisia virgata Cockerell, 1893 [Pseudococcidae] Striped mealybug Yes (García et al. 2016; PPD 2010) Yes. NSW, NT, Qld, WA (Plant Health Australia 2001; Poole 2010). Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Mictis longicornis Westwood, 1842 [Coreidae] Rose coreid Yes (PPD 2010) No records found No. The adults and larvae feed on the stem and shoots of dragon fruit (PPD 2010). Assessment not required Assessment not required No Nezara viridula Linnaeus, 1758 [Pentatomidae] Green vegetable bug Yes (PPD 2010) Yes. ACT, NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2001). Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No
Planococcus lilacinus Cockerell, 1905 [Pseudococcidae] Coffee mealybug Yes (García et al. 2016; Plant Health Australia 2001) No (García et al. 2016; Plant Health Australia 2001) Although detected in the Torres Strait Islands (Plant Health Australia 2001), a group of more than 270 islands in a narrow channel (150 km wide) between Australia and Papua New Guinea, there are quarantine measures in place to prevent spread to mainland Australia (Australian Government Department of Agriculture 2014). Yes. Planococcus lilacinus feeds on fruit of dragon fruit 2008). Yes. Planococcus lilacinus has a wide host range and is distributed throughout many tropical areas (Entwistle 1972). Reproduction is usually parthenogenetic (Khoo, Ooi & Ho 1991). Yes. Planococcus lilacinus is common in Southern Asia and has been reported attacking many economically important crops (Williams 2004). It is considered a major threat to agriculture (Miller, Miller & Watson 2002). Yes (EP)
Planococcus minor Maskell, 1897 [Pseudococcidae] Pacific mealybug Yes (García et al. 2016; PPD 2010) Yes. ACT, NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Vic. (Plant Health Australia 2001) Regulated as a Declared Organism (Prohibited (section 22(2))) of WA Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Act (2007) (Government of Western Australia 2016). Yes. Feeds on the fruit of dragon fruit in Vietnam (PPD 2010). Yes. Planococcus minor has a wide host range including mango, banana, mandarin, potato and grapevine (CABI 2016). It is distributed in the Australian states and territories of ACT, NSW, NT, Qld, SA and Vic. Internationally it is distributed in most of Asia, Eastern Europe and parts of Africa in environments ranging from temperate to tropical (García et al. 2016) Yes. Planococcus minor is a significant pest of over 250 plant species, including several commercial crops (Venette & Davis 2004).The potential economic consequences would only apply to WA should this species enter, establish and spread. Yes (EP, WA)
Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel & Miller, 1996 [Pseudococcidae] Jack Beardsley mealybug Yes (García et al. 2016; PPD 2010) No (García et al. 2016). Although detected in 2010 in the Torres Strait Islands, a group of more than 270 islands in a narrow channel (150 km wide) between Australia and Papua New Guinea, and at Weipa in 2013, there are quarantine measures in place to prevent its further spread on mainland Australia (Australian Government Department of Agriculture 2014). Yes. Feeds on the flowers, fruit and stems of dragon fruit in Vietnam (PPD 2010). Yes. Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi feeds on a wide variety of commercial fruit, including banana, tomato and hibiscus (CABI 2016). It is widely distributed over both tropical and temperate environments (García et al. 2016).The fact that host plants and suitable climatic conditions are available in Australia suggests that this pest can establish and spread in Australia. Yes. Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi is reported on many vegetable and ornamental crop species including banana, tomato, potato, pepper and Hibiscus (García et al. 2016). Yes (EP) Thysanoptera Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, 1919 [Thripidae] Chilli thrips Yes (CABI 2016) Yes. NSW, QLD, NT (Plant Health Australia 2001). Listed as Permitted under s. 11of WA Biosecurity and Agriculture management Act (2007) (Government of Western Australia 2016). Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No
Aspergillus fumigatus Fresen. [Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae] Yes (Farr & Rossman 2015; Le et al. 2000) Yes. NSW, Qld, WA (Plant Health Australia 2001). Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Aspergillus niger Tiegh. [Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae] Collar rot Yes (CABI 2016; PPD 2010) Yes. NSW, NT, Qld, Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2001). Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Aspergillus oryzae (Ahlburg) Cohn [Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae] Yes (Le et al. 2000) No records found No. There has been only one report of this pest on dragon fruit in Vietnam during storage (Le et al. 2000). This quality assurance system report incidentally lists a number of fungi found on the stored fruit used in the study. There is no other evidence supporting the presence of Aspergillus oryzae in Vietnam or being a pest of dragon fruit. Assessment not required Assessment not required No
Aspergillus tubingensis Mosseray [Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae] Yes (Le et al. 2000) No records found No. There has been only one report of this pest on dragon fruit in Vietnam during storage (Le et al. 2000). This quality assurance system report incidentally lists a number of fungi found on the stored fruit used in the study. There is no other evidence supporting the presence of Aspergillus tubingensis in Vietnam or being a pest of dragon fruit. Assessment not required Assessment not required No Bipolaris cactivora (Petr.) Alcorn Synonym: Drechslera cactivora (Petr.) M.B. Ellis, [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae] Stem rot Yes (He et al. 2012) Yes NSW, Vic. (Plant Health Australia 2001). Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Botrytis cinerea Pers. [Helotiales: Screotiniaceae] Grey mould Yes (Nene, Sheila & Sharma 1996) Yes. NSW, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2001). Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. Synonym: Glomerella cingulata (Stonem.) Spaud. & H. Schrenk. [Glomerellales: Glomerellaceae] Anthracnose Yes (CABI 2016; PPD 2010) Yes. NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2001). Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Colletotrichum musae (Burk. & Curtis) Arx. [Phyllachorales: Phyllachoraceae] Tip rot of banana Yes (PPD 2010) Yes. NSW, Qld, Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2001). Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Colletotrichum truncatum (Schwein) Andrus & W.D. Moore Synonym: Colletotrichum capsici (Syd. & P. Syd.) E.J. Butler & Bisby [Phyllachorales: Phyllachoraceae] Yes (PPD 2010) Yes. NSW, NT, Qld, Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2001) Qld, WA (Ash & Gleeson 2014). Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Curvularia crustacea (Henn.) Y.P. Tan & R.G. Shivas Synonym: Bipolaris crustacea (Henn.) Alcorn [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae] Yellow cladode brown spot Yes (Hoa et al. 2014) Yes. Qld, (Plant Health Australia 2001). Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No
Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae] Yes (Le et al. 2000) Yes. NSW, Qld, Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2001). Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Curvularia oryzae Bugnic. [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae] Yes (Farr & Rossman 2015; Le et al. 2000) Yes. Qld (Plant Health Australia 2001). Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No. Diplodia sp. [Botryosphaeriales: Botryosphaeriaceae] Yes (PPD 2010) Uncertain as species not specified. Some Diplodia species have been recorded throughout Australia (Plant Health Australia 2001). No. Mainly reported for affecting leaves and twigs in other plant species (Horst 2008). Assessment not required Assessment not required No Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Sacc. Synonym: Gibberella intricans Wollenw. [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae] Brown rot Yes (Hoa et al. 2014) Yes. NSW, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2001). Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Fusarium lateritium Nees Synonym: Gibberella baccata (Wallr.) Sacc. [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae] Yes (Le et al. 2000; PPD 2010) Yes. NSW, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2001) Listed as Permitted under s. 11 of WA Biosecurity and Agriculture management Act (2007)(Government of Western Australia 2016). Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No
Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl.: Fr. [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae] Yes (Burgess et al. 2008; PPD 2010) Yes. NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2001). Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Fusarium semitectum Berk. & Ravenel Synonym: Fusarium incarnatum (Desm.) Sacc. [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae] Yes (Le et al. 2000) Yes. NSW, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic., WA (Farr & Rossman 2015; Plant Health Australia 2001). Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae] Root rot Yes (Burgess et al. 2008) Yes. NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic., WA (Elmer et al. 1997; Pung & Cox 1999; Sangalang et al. 1995). Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg Synonym: Gibberella moniliformis Wineland [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae] Bakanae disease of rice Yes (PPD 2010) Yes. NSW, Qld, (Plant Health Australia 2001). Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No
Penicillium charlesii G. Sm. Synonym: Penicillium fellutanum Biourge [Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae] Yes (Le et al. 2000) No records found No. There has been only one report of this pest on dragon fruit in Vietnam during storage (Le et al. 2000). This quality assurance system report incidentally lists a number of fungi found on the stored fruit used in the study. There is no other evidence supporting the presence of Penicillium charlesii in Vietnam or being a pest of dragon fruit. Assessment not required Assessment not required No Phoma sp. [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae] Yes (PPD 2010) Uncertain as species not specified. Many Phoma species have been recorded throughout Australia (Plant Health Australia 2001). No. Infects leaves and shoots. In serious infection plant and fruit growth are affected. (Aveskamp, de Gruyter & Crous 2008; Horst 2008; Kishi 1998). Assessment not required Assessment not required No Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn [Cantharellales: Ceratobasidiaceae] Yes(Matsumoto & Cuong 2014) Yes. NSW, NT, Qld, Vic., SA, Tas., WA (Plant Health Australia 2001). Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No
Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk. Synonym: Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn [Ceratobasidiales: Ceratobasidiaceae] Rhizoctonia bud rot Yes (PPD 2010) Yes. NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2001). Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No