Table 1 Hazard identification and refinement Disease Disease agent Susceptible species OIE-listed disease?, emerging disease or adverse consequences in Australia Exotic, nationally notifiable or under official control Present/transmissible in beef carcase and carcase parts Present in one or more applicant countries Outcome Akabane disease Akabane virus Cattle, sheep and goats No No No Yes Not retained Anthrax Bacillus anthracis Cattle, bison, buffalo and multiple other species including humans Yes Yes Yes Yes Retained for further review Referred to DoH / FSANZ for assessment of public health risk Aujeszky’s disease (Pseudorabies) Suid herpesvirus 1 Cattle, bison, pigs (main host) and other mammals excluding humans and apes. Yes Yes Yes Yes Retained for further review Bluetongue Bluetongue virus Cattle, bison, buffalo, sheep, goats and deer Yes Yes No Yes Not retained Bovine anaplasmosis Anaplasma marginale Cattle Yes Yes No Yes Not retained Bovine babesiosis Babesia bovis Babesia bigemina Cattle and buffalo Yes Yes No Yes Not retained Bovine brucellosis Brucella abortus Brucella melitensis Brucella suis Cattle, bison, buffalo, horses, deer, elk, camels, llamas, alpacas and humans Yes Yes Yes Yes Retained for further review Referred to DoH / FSANZ for assessment of public health risk Bovine cysticercosis (Cysticercus bovis) Taenia saginata Cattle Yes Yes Yes Yes Retained for further review Bovine ephemeral fever Bovine ephemeral fever virus Cattle and buffalo Yes No No No Not retained
Haemorrhagic colitis Escherichia coli O157:H7 Cattle and multiple other species including humans No Yes Yes Yes Not retained Referred to DoH / FSANZ for assessment of public health risk Haemorrhagic septicaemia Pasteurella multocida serotypes B:2 & E:2 Cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, pigs, camels, equids, yaks, deer and other wild ruminants Yes Yes Yes No Not retained as not present in applicant countries Refer to section 3.1.4 Heartwater Cowdria ruminantium Cattle and multiple other species Yes Yes No No Not retained Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis / infectious pustular vulvovaginitis Bovine herpesvirus 1 Cattle Yes No No Yes Not retained Influenza D Influenzavirus D Cattle, pigs Yes No No Yes Not retained Jembrana disease Jembrana disease virus Cattle No Yes Yes No Not retained Leptospirosis Leptospira spp. Cattle and multiple other species including humans Yes Yes No Yes Not retained Listeriosis Listeria monocytogenes Cattle and multiple other species including humans No Yes Yes Yes Not retained Louping ill Louping ill virus Cattle, sheep (primary), goats, horses, cervids, pigs and dogs Yes Yes No No Not retained
Screw worm fly Cochliomyia hominivorax Chrysomyia bezziana Cattle and other mammals including humans Yes Yes No Yes Not retained Staphylococcus spp. Cattle and multiple other species including humans No No Yes Yes Retained for further review Referred to DoH / FSANZ for assessment of public health risk Surra Trypanosoma evansi Cattle, buffalo, horses, mules, donkeys, camels, llamas, pigs, sheep, goats, dogs and cats Yes Yes Yes No Not retained as not present in applicant countries Refer to section 3.1.7 Theileriosis Theileria annulata Theileria parva Cattle buffalo, yaks and camels Yes Yes Yes No Not retained as not present in applicant countries Refer to section 3.1.8 Toxoplasmosis gondii Cattle and multiple other species including humans No No Yes Yes Not retained Trichomoniasis Trichomonas foetus Cattle Yes No No Yes Not retained Trypanosomiasis Trypanosoma congolense Trypanosoma brucei brucei Trypanosoma vivax Cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, deer, dogs and camels Yes Yes Yes No Not retained as not present in applicant countries Refer to section 3.1.9 Vesicular stomatitis Vesicular stomatitis virus Cattle, horses, pigs and humans Yes Yes Yes Yes Retained for further review Referred to DoH / FSANZ for assessment of public health risk
Wesselsbron disease Wesselsbron virus Cattle, sheep, goats, cats, dogs and humans Yes Yes Yes No Not retained as not present in applicant countries Refer to section 3.1.10 West Nile fever West Nile virus Cattle, birds, sheep and other mammals including humans Yes Yes No Yes Not retained
Wesslesbron disease No risk management was required for rinderpest as the disease was declared globally eradicated by the OIE in 2011. Additional biosecurity measures The risk assessment determined that the risk of the following disease agents with the importation of fresh beef and beef product from the applicant countries was considered negligible, provided there is compliance or equivalence with Australian standards: anthrax Aujeszky’s disease brucellosis (B. abortus and B. suis) bovine tuberculosis bovine viral diarrhoea virus Cysticercus bovis echinococcosis paratuberculosis Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium DT104 vesicular stomatitis The department referred the above hazards to DoH and FSANZ. It was determined that Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium DT104 represented the hazard of most concern for human health. Preliminary analysis of the risk to human health associated with imports of beef and beef products from Japan, the Netherlands and the United States has shown that the unrestricted risk to human health of DT104 is above Australia’s ALOP and therefore needs to be managed. For this disease agent, relevant information pertaining to both the animal biosecurity risk and human biosecurity risk is summarised below to provide context for proposed risk management measures. DT104 has not been detected in Australian livestock or products derived from Australian livestock. It has never been reported in Vanuatu and is considered exotic in New Zealand. However, it is widespread in cattle populations in the United States, Japan and the Netherlands. DT104 contamination of carcases and beef products has been documented, and outbreaks of salmonellosis in humans due to DT104 have occurred due to the consumption of contaminated beef. Salmonellosis due to DT104 is not a nationally notifiable disease in Australia, nor is it an OIE disease. However, it is a serious zoonosis and the OIE recognises that multiple antibiotic resistant Salmonella spp. are of increasing concern in both public health and primary production. The likelihood of entry of DT104 with imports of beef and beef products from applicant countries where DT104 is not present in the cattle population (New Zealand and Vanuatu) is not