recommendations and to “infer public health implications of dietary needs in different social strata” (Deonandan, et al., 2000). One relationship explored in this research is the correlation between SES and health behavior. Health behavior has “often been cited as the major determinant of premature and preventable morbidity and mortality”; however, the relationship to SES is less well understood. studies have shown that people who have low SES are “significantly more likely to lead a sedentary lifestyle, to be overweight, and to smoke cigarettes”, leading to a prominent hypothesis that states that increased mortality risk associated with low income and low levels of education is due in large part to a higher prevalence of health risk behaviors among people who have low SES (Lantz, et al., 1998, p. 1703). The relationship between SES and health status has been established as one with strong associations. It is the principal relationship being explored in this research study, with health behavior as an intermediate. A demographic term which takes into consideration the combination of social and economic factors” (McKenzie et al., 2008, p.620). The variables chosen for this study include: education, home ownership, neighborhood happiness and neighborhood safety. The two most common measurements of socio-economic status are education and income (Braveman, Cubbin, Marchi, Egerter and Chavez, 2001, p. 449). Ross and Mirowsky (2008) assert that socio-economic status has three core elements: “education, employment and work, and economic well-being” (p.165). Because income levels were not measured in the community needs assessment survey, a composite measure of SES was used including the variables, education, home
particular period have not touched majority who are rural dwellers with their main economic activity being agricultural. Therefore, for the economic growth to have impact in economic development, agricultural development should be the priority. Enormous studies indicate that policies and strategies put in place for horticultural development have been well designed in part/theoretically but few have been done in practical. They showed most of the problems facing fruits and vegetable producers but not came up with practical solution on the revealed problems under horticultural development. Unreliable Market, lack of fruits and vegetable processing industries, unsatisfactory capital to run horticultural products processing and un clear Political willingness in horticultural development has seen to be acute impediments to horticultural processing industry. Some of the solutions and efforts made by DADPS and TASAF to develop horticultural in Makete district have mainly being in theoretical because it touches little on post-harvest precaution to farmers. At large efforts concentrated on just selling fresh product abstaining processing strategies which has resulted into demoralized to most of fruits producers as the saw most of their fruits to rote. Effective community participation into various solutions to the problems pertaining at their areas has not been fully applied. Most of the participatory approach applied have been consultative approach in which target group is just been involved at implementation stage. The need for problems solving emerged and rooted from the community in question by coming up with practical solution can help the community to attain the desired development. This mainly results from the Community Needs Assessment (CNA) which is the case of this study. This study therefore intends to
Table 4.3: Project Budget Activity input needed units Quantity unit costs Total costs Sources of project financing Training of 21 ward leaders about leadership and non-farm activities. Handouts Piece 25 2600 65,000 Researcher Trainer allowance Days 4 20,000 80,000 Researcher Flip chart Pieces 1 6,000 6,000 Researcher Marker pen Box 1 3,000 3,000 Researcher Masking Tape Piece 2 500 1,000 Researcher Transport Days 2 5,000 10,000 Researcher Refreshments Lump sum 10,000 Researcher Sub total 175,000 To train 180 Illula ward members about non-farm. Handouts Piece 180 2600 468,000 Researcher Flip chart Pieces 3 6,000 18,000 Researcher Marker pen Box 1 3,000 3,000 Researcher Masking Tape Piece 4 500 2,000 Researcher Training allowance Days 18 80,000 1,440,000 Researcher Transport Days 18 5,000 90,000 Researcher Refreshments Lump sum 70,000 Researcher Sub total 2,091,000 To conduct participatory monitoring and evaluation of the project activities Transport Days 12 5,000 60,000 Researcher Refreshments Lump sum 20,000 Researcher Sub total 80.000 Writing Project Report and Binding Stationary Set 1 150,000 150,000 Researcher Internet time Hours 100 1000 100,000 Researcher Sub Total 250,000 Grand Total 2,596,000
Matata, J. (2001). Socio-Economic Factors Influencing Adaptation Strategies Under Climate Change To Agriculture Production. UK: A.A international publisher,. Mtani, G. (2002). The Women’s Perspective: the Case of Ilula, Dar es Salam Tanzania. Tanzania: UNHABITAT. Natty, T. (2010). Project/Programme Engagement. Iringa: City Council. NBS, A. (2013). Population and Housing Census-2012. Dar es Salaam: Ministry of Finance, President’s Office, Planning Commission. APPENDICES APPENDICESA: APPENDIX QUESTIONNAIRE TO FARMERS IN THE WARD I am Harris Kapiga, a second year student pursuing Masters of science in community economic development at Open University Dar es Salaam Tanzania. I am conducting a study on Community Needs Assessment basically for sustainable development of the society from non-farm activities in Ilula ward, Iringa. AIM AND OBKECTIVES OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE To acquire information from people who are typical farmers in the project in order to analyse benefit and challenge pertaining to agricultural activities. OBJECTIVES:
APPENDIX C: QUESTIONNAIRE TO SELF EMPLOYED AND GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE AIM: To acquire information on the benefit gained by the self-employed or employees from the government. OBJECTIVES To obtain information on how it is beneficial being self-employed and employees To explore how people can be easily self-employed and being official employees 1. What business do you do? 2. How did you manage to employ yourself? ………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. What is your monthly salary? …………………………………………………………… 4. Give reasons for your choice above? 5. What are the prevailing challenges in your working place? ………………………………………………………………………………………… 6. What to be done in order to solve those challenges at your work place?