review is conducted in order to ensure that the applied measures continue to provide the appropriate level of protection for Australia. Review of processes Verification of protocol Prior to or during the first season of trade, the Australian Government Department of Agriculture and Water Resources will verify the implementation of agreed import conditions and phytosanitary measures including registration, operational procedures and treatment providers, where applicable. This may involve representatives from the Australian Government Department of Agriculture and Water Resources visiting areas in Indonesia that produce dragon fruit for export to Australia. Review of policy The Australian Government Department of Agriculture and Water Resources will review the import policy after the first year of trade to ensure it is achieving the required biosecurity outcomes. In addition, the department reserves the right to review the import policy as deemed necessary, for example, if there is reason to believe that any pest or phytosanitary status in Indonesia has changed. IAQA must inform the Australian Government Department of Agriculture and Water Resources immediately on detection in Indonesia of any new pests of dragon fruit that are of potential quarantine concern to Australia. Meeting Australia’s food laws Imported food for human consumption must comply with the requirements of the Imported Food Control Act 1992, as well as Australian state and territory food laws. Among other things, these laws require all food, including imported food, to meet the standards set out in the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code (the Code). The Australian Government Department of Agriculture and Water Resources administers the Imported Food Control Act 1992. This legislation provides for the inspection and control of imported food using a risk-based border inspection program, the Imported Food Inspection Scheme. More information on this inspection scheme, including the testing of imported food, is available from the . Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) is responsible for developing and maintaining the Code, including Standard 1.4.2 - Agvet chemicals. This standard is available on the or through the . Standard 1.4.2 and Schedules 20 and 21 of the Code set out the maximum residue limits (MRLs) and extraneous residue limits (ERLs) for agricultural or veterinary chemicals that are permitted in food, including imported food. Standard 1.1.1 of the Code specifies that a food must not have, as an ingredient or a component, a detectable amount of an Agvet chemical or a metabolite or a degradation product of the Agvet chemical unless expressly permitted by the Code.
Pest Present in Indonesia Present within Australia Potential to be on pathway Potential for establishment and spread Potential for economic consequences Pest risk assessment required ARTHROPODS Diptera Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett, 1899) [Tephritidae] Melon fly Yes (CABI 2018; Drew & Romig 2013) No. Records of Bactrocera cucurbitae in Australia refer to Christmas Island and occasional outbreaks in the Torres Strait Islands (CSIRO 2017). The Torres Strait Islands are a group of more than 270 islands in a narrow channel (150 km wide) between Australia and Papua New Guinea. There are quarantine measures in place to prevent the spread of B. cucurbitae to mainland Australia from the Torres Strait Islands (Department of Agriculture and Water Resources 2017b). Christmas Island is an external territory of Australia situated in the Indian Ocean lying more than 1500 km northwest of the mainland. Yes. This species has been intercepted in infested fruit of commercial dragon fruit consignments (McQuate 2010). Yes. Bactrocera cucurbitae infests commercially grown cucurbit species including squash, cucumber and watermelon (White & Elson-Harris 1992). It is widely distributed throughout India, South East Asia and Central Africa (CABI 2018; Dhillon et al. 2005). The host range and current geographic distribution of this pest suggest that there are suitable environments for this pest to establish and spread in Australia. Yes. Depending on the host and season, losses due to Bactrocera cucurbitae can be up to 100% of a crop (Dhillon et al. 2005). Yes (EP)
Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel, 1912) Synonyms: Bactrocera invadens Drew, Tsuruta & White, 2005, B. papayae Drew & Hancock, 1994 and B. philippinensis Drew & Hancock, 1994 have recently been synonymised with B. dorsalis (Schutze et al. 2014). [Tephritidae] Oriental fruit fly Yes (Drew & Hancock 1994; IAQA 2016) No. An incursion into Australia was eradicated in 1996 (Hancock et al. 2000) Yes. This species is known to infest the fruit of dragon fruit in Indonesia (IAQA 2016). Yes. Bactrocera dorsalis attacks over 300 cultivated and wild fruits, and has a broad global distribution due to its ability to establish when introduced into new environments (Mau & Martin Kessing 2007). Yes. Feeding by Bactrocera dorsalis larvae directly damages fruit and causes rotting due to bacteria and fungi (Mau & Martin Kessing 2007). Bactrocera dorsalis can infest unprotected fruit crops with rates up to 100% (CABI 2018). Yes (EP) Hemiptera Aphis gossypii Glover, 1877 [Aphididae] Cotton aphid Yes (CABI 2018; Waterhouse 1993) Yes. NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2018) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Atrococcus mamillariae (Bouche, 1844) Synonym: Spilococcus mamillariae (Bouche, 1844) [Pseudococcidae] Cactus Mealybug Yes (Suh, Yu & Hong 2013) Yes. NSW, SA, Tas. (García et al. 2018; Plant Health Australia 2018) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Bemisia tabaci, (Gennadius, 1889) [Aleyrodidae] Tobacco whitefly Yes (IAQA 2016) Yes. NSW, NT, Qld, SA, WA (Plant Health Australia 2018) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No
Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell, 1893) [Pseudococcidae] Striped mealybug Yes (García et al. 2018) Yes. NSW, NT, Qld, WA (Plant Health Australia 2018; Poole 2010) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green, 1908) [Pseudococcidae] Pink hibiscus mealybug Yes (CABI 2018; García et al. 2018; Kalshoven 1981) Yes. NSW, NT, Qld, Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2018) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Mictis longicornis Westwood, 1842 [Coreidae] Rose coreid Yes (CABI 2018; Kalshoven 1981) No records found No. Attacks the stem and shoots of dragon fruit (PPD 2010). Assessment not required Assessment not required No Nezara viridula (Linnaeus, 1758) [Pentatomidae] Green vegetable bug Yes (CABI 2018; Kalshoven 1981) Yes. ACT, NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2018) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992 [Pseudococcidae] Papaya mealybug Yes (IAQA 2016; Plant Health Australia 2018) No records found Yes. Attacks the stem and fruit of dragon fruit (IAQA 2016). Yes. Paracoccus marginatus is widely distributed throughout the tropics and feeds on a broad range of hosts including papaya, hibiscus, pineapple, orange and avocado (CABI 2018). The host range and current geographic distribution of this pest suggest that there are suitable environments for this pest to establish and spread in Australia. Yes. Mealybugs directly damage their plant hosts, reducing productivity. Paracoccus marginatus is an important pest of papaya and cassava across its tropical distribution (CABI 2018). Yes (EP)
Pentalonia nigronervosa Coquerel, 1859 [Aphididae] Banana aphid Yes (CABI 2018; Kalshoven 1981) Yes. NSW, NT, Qld, limited distribution in WA (Plant Health Australia 2018). Regulated as a Declared Organism (Prohibited (s22(2))) of WA Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Act (2007) (Government of Western Australia 2017). No. Attacks the stems of dragon fruit (PPD 2010). Assessment not required Assessment not required No Planococcus citri (Risso, 1813) [Pseudococccidae] Citrus mealybug Yes (CABI 2018; García et al. 2018; Kalshoven 1981) Yes. NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2018) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Planococcus lilacinus (Cockerell, 1905) [Pseudococcidae] Coffee mealybug Yes (García et al. 2018; Plant Health Australia 2018) Yes. However, distribution is limited to the northern tip of Cape York (Government of Queensland 2016) and there is legislation in place to prevent the spread of this species (Department of Agriculture and Water Resources 2017b; Office of the Queensland Parliamentary Counsel 2016). Yes. Planococcus lilacinus attacks the fruit of dragon fruit 2008). Yes. Planococcus lilacinus has a wide host range and is distributed throughout many tropical areas (Entwistle 1972). Reproduction is usually parthenogenetic (Khoo, Ooi & Ho 1991). Yes. Planococcus lilacinus is common in southern Asia and has been reported attacking many economically important crops (Williams 2004). It is considered a major threat to agriculture (Miller, Miller & Watson 2002). Yes (EP)
Planococcus minor (Maskell, 1897) [Pseudococcidae] Pacific mealybug Yes (García et al. 2018) Yes. ACT, NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Vic. (Plant Health Australia 2018). Regulated as a Declared Organism (Prohibited (s12)) of WA Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Act (2007) (Government of Western Australia 2017). Yes. As this species attacks the fruit of dragon fruit in Vietnam (PPD 2010) it is likely to be asociated with dragon fruit across its distribution. Yes. Planococcus minor has a wide host range including mango, banana, mandarin, potato and grapevine (CABI 2018). It is distributed in the Australian states and territories of ACT, NSW, NT, Qld, SA and Vic. Internationally it is distributed in most of Asia, Eastern Europe and parts of Africa in environments ranging from temperate to tropical (García et al. 2018). Yes. Planococcus minor is a significant pest of over 250 plant species, across almost 80 families, and including several commercial crops (Venette & Davis 2004).(Roda et al. 2013) Yes (EP, WA) Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel & Miller, 1996 [Pseudococcidae] Jack Beardsley mealybug Yes (García et al. 2018) Yes. However, distribution is limited to the northern tip of Cape York (Government of Queensland 2016) and there is legislation in place to prevent the spread of this species (Department of Agriculture and Water Resources 2017b; Office of the Queensland Parliamentary Counsel 2016). Yes. As this species attacks the flowers, fruit and stems of dragon fruit in Vietnam (PPD 2010) it is likely to be asociated with dragon fruit across its distribution. Yes. Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi feeds on a wide variety of commercial fruit, including banana, tomato and hibiscus (CABI 2018). It is widely distributed over both tropical and temperate environments (García et al. 2018). The host range and current geographic distribution of this pest suggest that there are suitable environments for this pest to establish and spread in Australia. Yes. Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi is reported on many vegetable and ornamental crop species including banana, tomato, potato, pepper and Hibiscus (García et al. 2018). Yes (EP)
Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret, 1875) Synonym: Pseudococcus affinis (Maskell, 1894) [Pseudococcidae] Yes (García et al. 2018) Yes. NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2018) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Thysanoptera No thrips species associated with dragon fruit were identified by Indonesia. Application of the Final group pest risk analysis for thrips and orthotospoviruses on fresh fruit, vegetable, cut-flower and foliage imports (Australian Government Department of Agriculture and Water Resources 2017) did not identify any thrips that are associated with the fresh dragon fruit export pathway from Indonesia. A further literature search found no thrips species that are likely to be present on the fresh dragon fruit pathway. BACTERIA Enterobacter cloacae (Jordan, 1890) Hormaeche and Edwards 1960 [Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae] Yes (Suprapta, Maulina & Khalimi 2014) Yes. NSW, Qld, WA (Plant Health Australia 2018) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Erwinia chrysanthemi Burkholder et al., 1953 [Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae] Fruit soft rot Note: Erwinia chrysanthemi has been split into at least six Dickeya species. It is not certain which Dickeya species the records reported here refer to. Yes (Haerani & Damayanti 2015) No. This species has been reclassified into multiple species within a new genus (Marrero et al. 2013; Samson et al. 2005). Due to the uncertainty around the taxonomy of this complex, the identity of the species recorded from either Australia or Indonesia cannot be confidently assessed without indepth molecular examination. No. This species infects flowers and young fruit, forming water-soak blisters and obvious secondary infections that can spread to the whole fruit within 1224 hours (Hieu & Hoa 2015; Hoa et al. 2014). Infected fruits will be culled during standard commercial production practices. Assessment not required Assessment not required No
Pectobacterium carotovorum (Jones, 1901) Waldee 1945 (approved lists) emend. Hauben et al. 1998 Synonym: Erwinia carotovora (Jones, 1901) Berge et al. 1923 (Approved lists 1980) [Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae] Yes (IAQA 2016) Yes. NSW, Qld, SA, Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2018) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No CHROMALVEOLATA Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert & Cohn) J. Schröt. [Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae] Apple collar rot Yes (CABI 2018; Drenth & Guest 2004) Yes. NSW, Qld, Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2018) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan Synonym: Phytophthora parasitica Dastur [Peronosporales: Peronosporaceae] Black shank Yes (CABI 2018; Discover Life 2017; Farr & Rossman 2018) Yes. NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Vic. (Plant Health Australia 2018). Listed as Permitted under s11of WA Biosecurity and Agriculture management Act (2007) (Government of Western Australia 2017). Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp [Peronosporales: Pythiaceae] Damping-off Yes (CABI 2018; Farr & Rossman 2018) Yes. NSW, Qld, WA (Plant Health Australia 2018) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No
FUNGI Aspergillus awamori Nakaz. Synonym: Aspergillus niger var. awamori [Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae] Yes (Hong Mien et al. 2012; Le et al. 2000) No records found No. There has been only one report of this pest on dragon fruit (Le et al. 2000). This Vietnamese quality assurance system report incidentally lists a number of fungi found on the stored fruit used in the study. There is no other evidence supporting Aspergillus awamori being a pest of dragon fruit. Assessment not required Assessment not required No Aspergillus clavatus Desm. [Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae] Yes (Sjamsuridzal & Lisdiyanti 2008) Yes. Qld, Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2018) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Aspergillus fumigatus Fresen. [Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae] Yes (Sjamsuridzal & Lisdiyanti 2008) Yes. NSW, Qld, WA (Plant Health Australia 2018) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Aspergillus niger Tiegh. [Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae] Collar rot Yes (CABI 2018) Yes. NSW, NT, Qld, Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2018) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No
Aspergillus oryzae (Ahlburg) Cohn [Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae] Yes (Discover Life 2017) No records found No. There has been only one report of this pest on dragon fruit (Le et al. 2000). This Vietnamese quality assurance system report incidentally lists a number of fungi found on the stored fruit used in the study. There is no other evidence supporting Aspergillus oryzae being a pest of dragon fruit. Assessment not required Assessment not required No Aspergillus tubingensis Mosseray [Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae] Yes (Nugroho et al. 2013) No records found No. There has been only one report of this pest on dragon fruit (Le et al. 2000). This Vietnamese quality assurance system report incidentally lists a number of fungi found on the stored fruit used in the study. There is no other evidence supporting Aspergillus tubingensis being a pest of dragon fruit. Assessment not required Assessment not required No Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) C. C. Tu & Kimber. Synonym: Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. [Atheliales: Atheliaceae] Sclerotium rot Yes (CABI 2018; Farr & Rossman 2018; IAQA 2016) Yes. NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2018) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No
Colletotrichum fructicola Prihastuti, L. Cai & K.D. Hyde Synonym: Glomerella cingulata var. minor Wollenw. [Glomerellales, Glomerellaceae,] Bitter rot Yes (Farr & Rossman 2018; Liu et al. 2015) Records of this species in Indonesia are only from Camellia sinensis. However, this fungus has hosts from multiple genera in multiple families (Farr & Rossman 2018) with a single unsubstantiated record of dragon fruit as a host (CABI 2018). Yes. Qld (Plant Health Australia 2018; Simmonds 1966) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. Synonym: Glomerella cingulata (Stonem.) Spaud. & H. Schrenk. [Glomerellales: Glomerellaceae] Anthracnose Yes (Farr & Rossman 2018) Yes. NSW, NT, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2018) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Colletotrichum musae (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Arx. [Glomerellales: Glomerellaceae] Tip rot of banana Yes (Discover Life 2017; Farr & Rossman 2018) Yes. NSW, Qld, Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2018) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No
Colletotrichum truncatum (Schwein) Andrus & W.D. Moore Synonym: Colletotrichum capsici (Syd. & P. Syd.) E.J. Butler & Bisby [Glomerellales: Glomerellaceae] yes (IAQA 2016) Yes. NSW, NT, Qld, Vic. (Plant Health Australia 2018) Qld, WA (Ash et al. 2014) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. and M.A. Curtis) C.T. Wei [Pleosporales: Corynesporascaceae] Leaf spot Yes (CABI 2018; IAQA 2016) Yes. NSW, Qld, Vic., NT (Plant Health Australia 2018). Regulated as a Declared Organism (Prohibited (s12)) of WA Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Act (2007) (Government of Western Australia 2017). No. This species causes a foliar disease, which presents as a leaf spot on capsicum, tomato (Vallad 2011), soybean (Virginia Tech 2014) and dragon fruit (IAQA 2016). Assessment not required Assessment not required No Curvularia clavata B.L. Jain [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae] Leaf spot of sorghum Yes (IAQA 2016) Yes. NSW, NT, Qld, WA (Plant Health Australia 2018). Listed as Permitted under s11 of WA Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Act (2007) (Government of Western Australia 2017). Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No
Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn Synonym: Cochliobolus lunatus R.R. Nelson & F.A. Haasis [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae] Yes (Farr & Rossman 2018) Yes. NSW, Qld, Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2018) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Exserohilum rostratum (Drechsler) K.J. Leonard & Suggs Synonym: Drechslera halodes (Dreschler) Subrum. & B.L. Jain [Pleosporales: Pleosporaceae] Leaf spot of grasses Yes (CABI 2018; Farr & Rossman 2018; IAQA 2016) Yes. NSW, Qld, NT, Vic., Tas. (Plant Health Australia 2018). Listed as Permitted under s11 of WA Biosecurity and Agriculture Management Act (2007) (Government of Western Australia 2017). Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Fusarium fujikuroi Nirenberg [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae] Stem rot Yes (Farr & Rossman 2018) Yes. NSW, Qld (Plant Health Australia 2018) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Fusarium lateritium Nees Synonym: Gibberella baccata (Wallr.) Sacc. [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae] Yes (Farr & Rossman 2018) Yes. NSW, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2018). Listed as Permitted under s11 of WA Biosecurity and Agriculture management Act (2007) (Government of Western Australia 2017). Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No
Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl.: Fr. [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae] There are more than 150 host-specific ‘formae speciales’ (f.sp.) in the Fusarium oxysporum complex (Baayen et al. 2000; Bertetti et al. 2017), however Indonesia did not indicate the f. sp. infecting Hylocereus spp. Fusarium oxysporum on representatives of Cactaceae has been assigned to F. oxysporum f.sp. opuntiarum (Baayen et al. 2000; Bertetti et al. 2017), however, there are no known records of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. opuntiarum on Hylocereus spp. Yes (IAQA 2016) Uncertain. Fusarium oxysporum has been recorded on various hosts in all states and territories in Australia (Plant Health Australia, 2018 #30228}. However due to the uncertainty around the formae speciales infecting dragon fruit in Indonesia, a definitive status in Australia cannot be established. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. opuntiarum has not been recorded in Australia (Summerell et al. 2011). No. Fusarium oxysporum infects the roots and stem of dragon fruit (Choi et al. 2007; IAQA 2016; Wright et al. 2007) and is not associated with the fresh dragon fruit export pathway. Assessment not required Assessment not required No Fusarium incarnatum (Desm.) Sacc. Synonym: Fusarium semitectum Berk. & Ravenel [Hypocreales: Nectriaceae] Yes (IAQA 2016) Yes. NSW, Qld, SA, Tas., Vic., WA (Plant Health Australia 2018) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No
Thanatephorus cucumeris (A.B. Frank) Donk Synonym: Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn [Cantharellales: Ceratobasidiaceae] Yes (Farr & Rossman 2018) Yes. NSW, NT, Qld, Vic., SA, Tas., WA (Plant Health Australia 2018) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No