Additional file 2 Review of reviews: defining chronic disease self-management Method: ‘self-management’ search terms were combined with ‘review’ search terms, publication lists of below databases were searched. Study (reference) Definition of ‘Self-Management’ Search Period Databases searched Inclusion Search terms Process Warsi et al. [95] Self-management programs facilitate acquisition by the patient of preventive or therapeutic health care activities, often in collaboration with health care providers. Self-management education programs emphasize the role of patient education in preventive and therapeutic health care activities and usually consist of organized learning experiences designed to facilitate adoption of health-promoting January 1, 1964, through January 31, 1999 MEDLINE and HealthSTAR Controlled studies, some randomised, some not. Self-management, self-care, demand management, patient education, self-efficacy, social learning theory, arthritis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes,
behaviors. hypertension, asthma, hypertension, congestive heart failure, and chronic disease Chodosh et al. [96] Chronic disease self-management is a systematic intervention that is targeted toward patients with chronic disease. The intervention should help them actively participate in either or both of the following: self-monitoring (of symptoms or of physiologic processes) or decision making (managing the disease or its impact through self-monitoring). From 1980 to September 2004 An Indexed Bibliography on Self-Management for People with Chronic Disease, published by the Center for Advancement of Health, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL, RCTs, reviews Arthritis, Chronic Illness, Diabetes, Heart Disease, and Hypertension. Keywords used in combination with disease names included Anxiety, Behavior, Compliance, Coping , Depression ,
Cochrane Library, Assessment of Self-Care Manual Disability, Exercise, Family, Isolation, Modeling, Nutrition, Patient Education, Patient Satisfaction, Problem-Solving, Relaxation, Self-care ,and Social Support Devos-Comby et al. [97] Self-management interventions were defined as programs focusing on education about OA, OA self-management or self-care (for example, the Arthritis Self-Help Course), and pain coping skills, as well as diet January 1966 to May 2005 Medline and PsycInfo RCT or quasiRCT “osteoarthritis” and “knee,” with “intervention,” “education,” “exercise,” or Walsh et al. [98] No definition reported. From inception to December Medline, EMBASE, AMED, RCTs ‘osteoarthritis/chronic joint management
helping patients and their families to acquire the skills and confidence to manage their condition. Provide self management tools, referrals to community resources, routinely assessing progress register care Foster et al. [100] Self-management education programmes defined as structured programmes for people with chronic conditions involving an iterative process of interaction between the participant and the tutor Earliest available – July 2006 CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, AMED, CINAHL, DATE, PsychINFO, NHS Economic evaluations database, Science Citation Index, RCTs of programmes for people with chronic conditions Reid et al. [101] Self-management programs differ with respect to target audience, mode of delivery 1980 - 2007 MEDLINE, Cumulative Index Self-management interventions for Self-care, patient education, arthritis, management
(group vs individual) and intervention components; however, share common features: employ strategies to reduce pain by altering behavioural, cognitive or emotional responses and enhance for managing pain. Programmes typically include some combination of: education about pain and its consequences, relaxation skills training, cognitive coping skills training, problem solving, and communication skills training. to Nursing and Allied Health chronic musculoskeletal disorders among older people osteoarthritis, pain, yoga, massage and Tai Chi, aged, chronic pain, Arthritis Foundation Nunez et al. [102] Self-management programs differ from health education in that they are designed to improve the self-management of the condition in From 1985 to 2008 MEDLINE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library RCT or quasiexperimental “adult,” “older adult,” “arthritis,” “rheumatoid arthritis,”
individuals with the disease. Established programs are multicomponent and incorporate information about chronic disease, an overview of self-management principles, exercise, cognitive symptom management, dealing with difficult emotions, nutrition, communication with family and health care providers, and behavioral contracting. This type of intervention aims to enhance perceived ability to control various aspects of disease by improving self-efficacy through skill mastery, modeling, persuasive communication, and reinterpretation of symptoms. “fibromyalgia,” “stiffness,” “standard care,” “primary care,” “functional health,” “functional disability,” “disability prevention,” “quality of life,” “physical mobility,” “disease management,” “social isolation,” “fatigue,” “pain,” “depression,”
and Miles et al. [49] Self-management programmes are defined as multi-component interventions directed at patients, aimed at principally improving participants’ health status or quality of life where there is scope for improvement in patients’ managing their own health, with a taught or self-taught component aimed at increasing participants’ skills and knowledge and enabling participants to deploy these enhanced skills in aspects of their lives beyond the intervention. Psychological components had to be behavioural and/or cognitive and/or structured (not psychodynamic therapy). 1984 – April 2009 MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO, CINAHL, AMED, Web of Science, Cochrane Library RCTs of programmes for chronic musculoskeletal pain chronic musculoskeletal pain, back pain, neck pain, shoulder pain, knee pain, hip pain, fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis self-management, self-care, self-efficacy, self-help, patient education, patient teaching, patient management
training, expert patient, lay-led, professionally-led Carnes et al. [19] Self-management program defined as a multi-component, structured, taught, or course with distinct components, principally aimed at patients with the goal of improving participants’ health status or quality of life by teaching them skills to apply to everyday situations. Contain at least 2 components from the following 5 groups: psychological (including behavioural or cognitive therapy), therapies (including relaxation, meditation, or guided imagery), physical January 1994 – April 2009 MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO, CINAHL, AMED, Social Sciences Citation Index, Cochrane Library RCTs of chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults 18+ years. Chronic pain defined as lasting longer than 3 months. Chronic musculoskeletal pain, back pain, neck pain, shoulder pain, knee pain, hip pain, fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis Self-management, self-care, self-efficacy, self-help, patient education, patient
Must be evidence of multiple components that may include goal setting, self-efficacy, self-monitoring, treatment adherence, as well as an educational component (ie. knowledge, skills and confidence) to be considered self-management Health, Google, National Guideline Clearing House, TRiP Database, National Electronic Library for Health Nolte and Osborne [71] If studies did not directly refer to Stanford SM, studies were selected that evaluated interventions that included at least two of the three keywords ‘problem-solving’, ‘action planning’, and ‘relaxation’. To be included in the review, four characteristics had to be met by the self-management program: studies between 1982 and 2006 MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO RCTs patient education’ or ‘self-management’) and (‘randomised’ or ‘randomized’ or ‘RCT’) and (‘arthritis’ or ‘asthma’ or ‘chronic condition’ or ‘chronic disease’ or ‘chronic
performance of condition activities, and application of the necessary skills to maintain adequate psycho-social functioning. Johnston et al. [108] *Definition same as [106] Self-management refers to an individual’s ability to manage the symptoms, treatment, physical, psychosocial, and lifestyle changes inherent in living with a chronic condition. Self-management programmes seek to empower individuals to cope with disease and live better quality lives with fewer restrictions from their illness by developing self-efficacy, which is the level of confidence that an individual has in his or her ability to succeed in dealing with their own chronic 2006 to February 2008 Medline, CINAHL and EMBASE SRs, Meta-analyses, RCTs and qualitative studies self-management, self-care, self-efficacy, patient education, patient compliance, patient participation, chronic disease, chronic illness care, chronically ill, chronic condition, long term care; cancer, diabetes
studies Coster and Norman [109] Self-management has been defined as ‘the individual’s ability to manage the symptoms, treatment, physical and psychosocial consequences and lifestyle changes inherent in living with a long term disorder’ (DoH) [8] ‘self-care’ is defined by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as including ‘activities that individuals, families, and communities undertake with the intention of enhancing health, preventing disease, limiting illness, and restoring health’ (WHO [95] From inception to 2007 Cochrane database 2007 Cochrane SRs educat*” and “self-care “Patient education” and “Self-care” May [110] Self-management is related to the management of the day-to-day impact of a condition by the individual with that Earliest available to April 2009 MEDLINE, AMED, CINAHL, PSYCHLIT, RCTs of interventions for Self-management, chronic disease, pain
Goal-setting and action-planning Decision-making Problem-solving Self-tailoring Client-clinician partnership education Randomized controlled trial or random Jang and Yoo [111] Self-management refers to an individual’s activities and means for controlling and caring his/her own disease [91] January 2000 to September 2009 Korea Research Information Center for Health, Korea Education and Research Information Service, Korea Library of Congress, Medline, Experimental or design Not given