about their child’s future. The current study assessed factors related to parents’ ability to think about the future and whether they conceptualised positive or negative events in their child’s future. This has potential importance in informing recovery-oriented practice for young people and their families. Method: Participants were recruited through parenting websites and social media. 95 parents/carers of young people aged 3-18 completed online measures of perceived child symptom severity, parents’ internalising problems, optimism and intolerance of uncertainty. Perceived child symptom severity ranged from non-clinical to clinical levels of severity. Participants listed experiences they anticipated for their child’s future and rated the likelihood of their child encountering a number of positive and negative life events. Results: Parents who perceived their child’s symptoms as more severe and those with higher intolerance of uncertainty and lower trait optimism rated future negative events as more likely, and future positive events as less likely. Parents of older children rated future negative events as more likely. Perceived child problem severity mediated the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty/optimism and negative/positive future thinking. Conclusions: Findings have implications for the application of recovery models to young people and families. To facilitate the recovery dimension of hope and optimism for the future, psychoeducation may enhance parents’ optimism and reduce uncertainty, helping parents better understand their child’s difficulties and their potential impact on the present and future. Key Practitioner Message
critical examination of the extent to which the recovery model might be translated and applied in services for young people and their families (Friesen, 2007; Simonds, Pons, Stone, Warren, & John, 2013; Ward, 2014). In the first empirical study on this topic in the UK, Simonds et al. (2013) found that mothers of young people treated in child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) had difficulty envisaging a central aspect of mental health recovery: that a meaningful life is possible with symptoms and that symptom eradication is not the only goal of intervention. This finding is important because mental health services for children and adolescents work closely with parents and carers, given they are considered to be the most knowledgeable advocates in a young person’s care (Penzo & Harvey, 2008). Furthermore, parents’ understandings of mental health problems and their potential impact are likely to shape young peoples’ own understanding (Simonds et al., 2013). As such, Simonds et al. (2013) and Ward (2014) argued that the social recovery model, given that it had been developed principally from the accounts of adult service users, could not be applied simply and uncritically to services for young people. Furthermore, it should be considered not only in relation to young people alone but also their family members, due to the social nature of recovery. Parents’ and carers’ opinions are therefore considered integral in the development of mental health services for young people (Ward, 2014). Understanding parent conceptions of their child’s mental health and recovery will be critical to developing recovery-oriented services for young people and to engage families in them. A review of parents’ perceptions of their child’s mental health problems (Harvey, 2015) indicated that parental conceptions were consistent with some aspects of existing models of recovery, such as the importance of connectedness, achieved
in the future (MacLeod, Pankhania, & Mitchell, 1997; MacLeod, Rose, & Williams, 1993). Taken together with the suggestion that perceived problem severity may impact on parents’ future-oriented thinking (Corcoran et al., 2007; Karp & Tanarugsachock, 2000 ; Ma et al., 2002; Riley et al., 2009), these studies indicate that perceived child symptom severity might mediate the relationship between parents’ internalising problems and their future-thinking. Parents’ internalising problems should, therefore, be considered when understanding differences in parents’ future-thinking. Studies of children with a physical illness, such as cancer (e.g. Fotiadou, Barlow, Powell, & Langton, 2008) further support the idea that parents with higher levels of internalising problems perceive their child’s problem as more severe. Additionally, in the same study, Fotiadou et al. (2008) found that parents with higher trait optimism perceived their child’s cancer symptoms as less severe. Optimism has been explored in detail in the literature with regards to future-thinking (e.g. D’Argembeau & Van der Linden, 2004). Optimism about the future is a key feature of adult models of social recovery (Leamy et al., 2011) but has received little exploration within the mental health literature in relation to parents’ thinking about their child’s future. A review of future-thinking literature highlighted the link between adolescents’ optimism and perceived positive achievements in the future (Nurmi, 1991), with lower levels of optimism associated with less hope for the future. Optimism has also been suggested to be related to the ability to generate thoughts about the future in more detail (D’Argembeau & Van der Linden, 2004). To date, this has not been explored in terms of how parents think about their child’s future. Therefore, parental optimism is a factor to consider in relation to parents’ perceptions of the severity of their child’s
over the past week is rated on four-point scales, ranging from zero (Did not apply to me at all) to three (Applied to me very much). Higher scores indicate higher levels of anxiety, depression and stress. Cronbach’s alphas for the scales have previously been reported as .95 .93 and .97 respectively (Henry & Crawford, 2005). Due to the likely multicollinearity between the anxiety, depression and stress subscales in the regression analyses, an aggregate total score representing parents’ internalising problems was used. This method has been used in previous research with parents (e.g. Pennell, Whittingham, Boyd, Sanders, & Colditz, 2012). Cronbach’s alpha for the aggregate score in the current study was α=.92. Parents’ trait optimism: Life Orientation Test - Revised (LOT-R; Scheier, Carver, & Bridges, 1994). Parents’ trait optimism was measured using the Life Orientation Test – Revised (Appendix G), a 10-item self-report questionnaire with items rated on a scale from 0 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree), with three items that are reverse scored. The total score is calculated by adding six of the ten items together. The remaining items are filler questions in the revised version of the scale (Scheier et al., 1994). Scores range from 0-24, with higher scores indicating higher levels of trait optimism. The measure has been widely used in adult populations, including parents of children with health problems (Fotiadou et al., 2008). The measure has previously shown acceptable internal reliability (α=.68, Glaesmer et al., 2012) and a test–retest correlation of .68 over four months (Scheier et al., 1994). A Cronbach’s alpha of α=.86 was found in the current study. Young person’s symptom severity: Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC; Jellinek et al., 1988). The PSC is a 35-item parent-report measure of young peoples’ cognitive, emotional and behavioural symptom severity (Appendix H). Items are
All variables except child age were found through interpretation of skew and kurtosis statistics not to be normally distributed and so Spearman’s Rho correlations were used throughout. Effect sizes for correlation and regression analyses were interpreted with reference to Cohen (1988). Details of descriptive statistics and skew and kurtosis values are displayed in Table 5. Table 5 Descriptive Statistics and Normality Information for the Sample Included In the Analysis (N=94) Mean (SD) Median Interquartile Range Skewness Z-scorea Kurtosis Child Age 11.77 (4.11) 12.03 7.18 -.58 -2.53 Negative Future Events 21.05 (16.80) 16.59 20.32 6.55* 7.70* Positive Future Events 82.24 (13.28) 85.25 15.38 -3.79* .83 Count of Future Events 9.90 (9.43) 7.50 7.00 10.88* 17.75* Word Count of Future List 41.37 (38.70) 26.50 28.75 7.33* 5.76* Paediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC) 15.07 (9.80) 14.00 12.25 4.70* 3.39* Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) 10.64 (8.85) 9.00 11.00 5.15* 3.34* Optimism: Life Orientation Test Revised (LOTR) 15.11 (4.56) 16.00 6.00 -2.80* .21 Intolerance of Uncertainty (IUS) 56.24 (19.17) 54.50 26.25 2.69* .10 aSkewness z-score calculated by skewness divided by standard error of skewness; bKurtosis z-score calculated by kurtosis divided by standard error of kurtosis. *Denotes z-scores above upper cut-off of 2.58/below lower cut-off of -2.58, suggesting variables are not normally distributed (Field, 2005; p72). To assess normality for the purpose of checking assumptions for the regression analyses, normality of residuals was assessed (Field, 2013) and were not found to be markedly skewed (Appendix P). Assumptions of sample size, linearity,
Dugas, M.J., Freeston, M.H., & Ladouceur, R. (1997). Intolerance of uncertainty and problem orientation in worry. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 21(6), Field, A. (2005). Discovering statistics using SPSS (2nd ed.). London: SAGE Publications. Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics and sex and drugs and rock 'n' roll (4th ed.). London: SAGE Publications. Fotiadou, M., Barlow, J. H., Powell, L. A., & Langton, H. (2008). Optimism and psychological well-being among parents of children with cancer: An exploratory study. Psycho-Oncology, 17, 401-409. Fraser, C., & Warr, D. J. (2009). Challenging roles: Insights into issues for men caring for family members with mental illness. American Journal of Men's Health, 3(1), 36-49. Friesen, B. J. (2007). Recovery and resilience in children’s mental health: views from the field. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 31, 38–48. Fritz, M.S. & MacKinnon, D.P (2007). Required sample size to detect the mediated effect. Psychological Science, 18(3), 233-239. Garcia, R., Joseph, T., Turk, J., & Basu, R. (2002). A comparison of parent and therapist ratings of outcome in a child mental health clinic. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 7(4), 168-172. Glaesmer, H., Rief, W., Martin, A., Mewes, R., Brähler, E., Zenger, M., & Hinz, A. (2012). Psychometric properties and population-based norms of the Life Orientation Test Revised (LOT-R). British Journal of Health Psychology, 17 (2), 432-445. Harvey, L. (2015). Parents’ perceptions of their child’s mental health problem: What can they tell us about recovery in young people? Presented as a poster at BPS
** p< .01. Figure 2. Standardised regression coefficients for the relationship between parent optimism and negative future thinking, as mediated by PSC scores. The indirect effect of parent optimism and their negative future thinking through PSC scores is in parentheses. *** p< .001. Figure 3. Standardised regression coefficients for the relationship between parent optimism and positive future thinking, as mediated by PSC scores. The indirect effect of parent optimism and their positive future thinking through PSC scores is in parentheses. ** p< .01. *** p< .001. Figure 4. Standardised regression coefficients for the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and negative future thinking, as mediated by PSC scores. The indirect effect of intolerance of uncertainty and their negative future thinking through PSC scores is in parentheses.
p< .05 ** p< .01. Figure 10. Standardised regression coefficients for the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and positive future thinking, as mediated by PSC scores. The indirect effect of intolerance of uncertainty and their positive future thinking through PSC scores is in parentheses. ** p< .01. Appendix S: Impact upon results if all future-thinking items had been measured as one scale Table 1: Pearsons correlations between future-thinking and child symptom severity (PSC scores), parent internalising problems (DASS-21), parents’ optimism and intolerance of uncertainty scores and child age. PSC Total Score DASS-21 Total Score Optimism Score Intolerance of Uncertainty Score Child age Correlation coefficient -.536 -.184 .229* -.322** .181 Sig p<.001 p=.076 p=.027 p=.002 p=.081 N 94 94 94 94 94
their thinking (Dugas, Freeston, & Ladouceur, 1997) and therefore may have a limited ability to conceptualise the future. The current study aims to assess parents’ ability to conceptualise their child’s future. Furthermore, it aims to establish whether parent factors, such as mental health, optimism and tolerance of uncertainty, and child factors, such as age and perceived problem severity, predict variability in parents’ future-thinking. The findings could potentially help us to understand variability in parent conceptions of the future and this, in turn, might inform development of recovery-oriented practice with young people and families. Main Hypotheses It is hypothesised that parents’ anxiety, depression and stress will be negatively correlated with their ability to conceptualise their child’s future, in line with research suggesting anxiety and depression impedes ability to think about the future, (O’Connor, Connery & Cheyne, 2000; MacLeod & Byrne, 1996). Furthermore, it is hypothesised that parents’ mental health will predict and this will be mediated by perceived severity of the child’s problems. Parental optimism and tolerance of uncertainty will be positively correlated with parents’ future-thinking whereas their intolerance of uncertainty is proposed to be negatively correlated with parents’ ability to conceptualise their child’s future, due to the rigidity of their thinking (Dugas et al., 1997). In line with Fraser and Warr’s (2009) findings, parents of younger children are expected to be more able to conceptualise their child’s future. Child’s age will therefore be negatively correlated with parents’ future-thinking.
psychological well-being among parents of children with cancer: An exploratory study. Psycho-Oncology, 17, 401-409. Fraser, C., & Warr, D. J. (2009). Challenging roles: Insights into issues for men caring for family members with mental illness. American Journal Of Men's Health, 3(1), 36-49. Friesen, B.J. (2007). Recovery and resilience in children’s mental health: views from the field. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 31, 38–48. Glaesmer, H., Rief, W., Martin, A., Mewes, R., Brähler, E., Zenger, M., Hinz, A. (2012). Psychometric properties and population-based norms of the Life Orientation Test Revised (LOT-R). British Journal of Health Psychology, 17 (2), 432-445. Harvey, L. (2014, In preparation). Parents’ perceptions of their child’s mental health problem: What can they tell us about recovery in young people? Holmes, T.H. & Rahe, R.H. (1967). The Social Readjustment Rating Scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 11 (2), 213–8. Henry, J. D., & Crawford, J. R. (2005). The short‐form version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS‐21): Construct validity and normative data in a large non‐clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44 (2), Jellinek, M. S., Murphy, J. M., Robinson, J., Feins, A., Lamb, S., & Fenton, T. (1988). Pediatric Symptom Checklist: screening school-age children for psychosocial dysfunction. The Journal of pediatrics, 112(2), 201-209. Jellinek, M., Patel, B.P., Froehle, M.C. (2002). Bright Futures in Practice: Mental Health—Volume I. Practice Guide. Arlington, VA: National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health.
Sexton, K. A., & Dugas, M. J. (2009). Defining distinct negative beliefs about uncertainty: validating the factor structure of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale. Psychological Assessment, 21(2), 176. Shepherd, G., Boardman, J. & Burns, M. (2010). Policy: Implementing recovery. A methodology for organisational change. London: Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health. Simonds, L. M., Pons, R. A., Stone, N. J., Warren, F., & John, M. (2013). Adolescents with Anxiety and Depression: Is Social Recovery Relevant? Clinical psychology & psychotherapy. DOI: 10.1002/cpp.1841 Trommsdorff, G., Burger, C., & Fuchsle, T. (1982). Social and psychological aspects of future orientation. In M. Irle (Ed.), Studies in decision making. Berlin: de Gruyter. Ward, D. (2014). ‘Recovery’: Does it fit for adolescent mental health? Journal of Child & Adolescent Mental Health, 26(1), 83-90.
Table 2 Characteristics of qualitative studies retained in the review Reference Aims No. of parents/ carers Other participants Setting Quality appraisal score Aarons et al. (2010) Exploring parents' and young people's experiences of services. 275 YPa Outpatient 15/20 Ahuja & Williams (2010) Exploring parents’ and young people’s experience and expectations of CAMHSb input. 15 YP Outpatient 20/20 Attride-Stirling et al. (2004) Exploring factors influencing parents’ engagement in treatment. 19 None Outpatient 17/20 Bailey & Garralda (1989) Exploring parents' and doctors' determinants and expectations of referral. 65 HCPsc Outpatient 10/20 Corcoran et al. (2013) Elucidating the unfolding of symptoms leading up to a first episode of psychosis and the impact on families. 13 Other family members Community 16/20 Fraser & Warr (2009) Exploring the experience of men caring for children and partners with a mental health problem. 20 Other (Partners) Other 16/20
Harden (2005) Exploring parents’ experience of deskilling and reskilling in relation to their child's mental health problem. 25 YP Other 15/20 Karp & Tanarugsachock (2000) Exploring the caregiving and emotion management experience of family members of young people with a mental health problem. 13 YP, Other (Spouses, siblings) Other 16/20 Ma et al. (2002) Understanding parenting distress and investment when a child has a mental health problem. 24 None Outpatient 15/20 Mohr & (2001) Capturing parents' journeys through their child's mental health problem. 8 None Outpatient 17/20 Oldershaw et al. (2008) Exploring parents’ experiences of their child’s self-harm and its impact. 12 None Outpatient 18/20 Ronzoni & Dogra (2012) Exploring parents’ and young people’s hopes and expectations of CAMHS. 60 YP Outpatient 9/20 Schock et al. (2002) Exploring the role of fathers in family interventions and barriers to their involvement in treatment. 4 None Outpatient 9/20 aYP = Young people; bCAMHS = Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services; cHCPs = Healthcare professionals.
Reference Sampling Design/Data collection Analysis Key findings Effect sizes Angold et al. (1998) Self-selected Structured interview Regression Strongest predictor of parental burden was found to be the child’s level of functional impairment. NRa Brown & Wissow (2008) Randomised T-tests and logistic regression Parents did not report receiving mental health counselling in the majority of their visits to the service. Counselling that was not perceived to be treatment did not meet parents’ expectations. NR Cotton et al. (2013) Other Questionnaire Regression Parents’ use of tension reduction, cognitive escape and optimistic coping strategies were the best predictors of parents’ psychological distress regarding their child’s mental health problem. β=0.58***; β=0.34***; β= - 0.14* Day & Reznikoff (1980) Consecutive cases Case-control ANCOVA Parents who had seen the videotape started treatment with a significantly greater number of correct expectations than those in the control group. Those who saw the videotape cancelled fewer appointments than controls. d=1.17**; d=0.85* Garcia et al. (2002) Consecutive cases Questionnaire Weighted Kappa analysis A moderate level agreement was found between parents and therapist regarding their ratings of treatment outcome. NR
Garland et al. (2001) Consecutive cases Correlation, regression Higher parent satisfaction was associated with low caregiver strain at baseline. Clinical change and number of treatment sessions were the greatest predictors of parent satisfaction with treatment. r= - 0.2*; β=0.35**; β=0.20* Ho & Luk (1997) Consecutive cases Chi-square, regression Demographics of young people and their families receiving inpatient and outpatient treatment were similar. In those receiving inpatient treatment, parents were more likely to perceive the cause of the problem to be child factors. NR Kiss et al. (2007) Consecutive cases Not known General Linear Model Mothers’ higher depression scores and higher education predicted their reports of higher symptom severity in their children. Child’s age predicted agreement between mother and child reports of symptom severity, with more agreement in older children. β=0.19***; β=0.13*; β=0.45** McCabe (2002) Consecutive cases Questionnaire Correlation, Logistic regression Treatment dropout was associated with parents with a lower level of education; parents with high self-reliance and a reliance on discipline. A higher number of perceived barriers to treatment was predictive of treatment dropout. r= - 0.29*; r= 0.35*; r=0.30*; β= 0.26* Plunkett (1984) Consecutive cases Questionnaire Chi-square Parents who expected short treatment duration were more likely to reject service input than those who expected longer treatment duration. Those who expected short treatment duration which lasted longer than they anticipated were more likely to drop out. NR Riley et al. (2009) Randomised Questionnaire Multiple linear regression Caregiver hopefulness and severity of young person’s symptoms predicted parent’s satisfaction with service input. NR
Table 4 Sampling, design, data analysis and key findings reported in the qualitative studies included in the review. Reference Sampling Design/ Data collection Analysis Key findings Aarons et al. (2010) Not known Interview Not known Young people valued treatment outcomes, whereas parents more commonly valued the characteristics of the treatment programme. Ahuja & Williams (2010) Purposive Interview Thematic analysis Parents reported difficulties in accessing services, poor communication lack of continuity of care. They also discussed both barriers to receiving a diagnosis for their child and the impact of the problem and the diagnosis on the family. et al. (2004) Consecutive cases Interview Grounded theory Those families who completed treatment focused on the child’s wellbeing and not wider family problems. They more commonly perceived barriers to treatment as hurdles to be overcome. Whereas families who did not complete treatment perceived barriers as insurmountable and were often concerned with multiple personal, parenting and child problems. Bailey & Garralda (1989) Consecutive cases Interview Not known Parents reported seeking professional input both for help for their child and due to their own need to understand the factors underlying their child’s problem. Corcoran et al. (2013) Convenience Interview Not known In describing the onset of their child’s psychosis, parents reported noticing a change in their previously happy child. Many parents described the treatment process as both traumatic and necessary.
Fraser & Warr (2009) Self-selected Interview Not known Fathers described proactive approaches to caring and management of their child with a mental health problem. They described seeking various sources of support, including both social and professional and embedding themselves in their child’s care. Harden (2005) Purposive Interview Thematic analysis Parents described feeling deskilled when they were not listened to by healthcare professionals, by perceiving themselves as the cause of their child’s problems and by feeling helpless. Parents felt reskilled in the management of their child by seeking information and renegotiating their caregiver role. Karp & (2000) Snowball Interview Grounded theory Parents described receiving a diagnosis for their child and representing some hope and eliciting sympathy. Parents described the longer the duration of the young person’s problems, the more angry and resentful parents begin to feel about the diagnosis. Parents went on to describe a stage of acceptance. Ma et al. (2002) Convenience Case study interview Content analysis Parents’ wellbeing was described as being affected by their child’s problems. Parents described their investment in their child’s problem, which included seeking information and taking time out of their normal routine. Parents’ resilience was also noted as a theme. Mohr & (2001) Self-selected Focus group Not known Parents described the early stages of their child’s mental health problem as a nightmare, in which they felt overwhelmed, fearful and guilty. Their child’s problem was described as having an ongoing impact on the functioning of the family. Oldershaw et Self-selected Interview IPA Parents described being aware or suspecting self-harm before its disclosure. They described struggling to understand and communicate with their child
One quantitative study specifically aimed to address parents’ coping styles in relation to their child’s mental health problems. Cotton et al. (2013) addressed coping styles of parents of an adolescent with psychosis and found that both difficult behaviours and negative symptoms of their child’s illness were addressed by parents using distancing and tension-reducing coping techniques. However, the use of a questionnaire design in this study, with few statistics reported, meant it was appraised as relatively low quality. The author’s lack of consideration of the generalisability of their findings further contributes to this. Therefore it was felt that the qualitative studies addressing parents’ coping, although similarly unable to address the problem of generalisibility, at least presented a more complete picture of how the parents in their studies managed and coped with their child’s mental health problem. Ten qualitative studies illuminated themes around coping styles, including positive coping strategies such as seeking information to gain a better understanding of their child’s difficulties (Harden, 2005; Karp & Tanarugsachock, 2000; Ma et al., 2002). Parents in both Bailey and Garralda (1989) and Attride-Sterling et al.’s (2004) studies fulfilled their need for advice by seeking help from friends and their social network. In Fraser & Warr’s (2009) study, fathers sought information from carer support groups, professionals, conferences and self-help literature. This supports the suggestion that parents seek information and support from various sources to better understand their child’s mental health problem but also highlights the individual nature of the experience of parents with a child with a mental health problem. This should be born in mind when designing care packages for young people and their families. Treatment. The variation in parents’ experiences is a theme that continues when addressing parents’ expectations or experiences of treatment. Not surprisingly,
Both qualitative and quantitative studies explored, to some extent, parents’ coping. Quantitative studies focused more on difficulties with coping, including burden and strain (Garland et al., 2007; Kiss et al., 2007; Shin & Brown, 2009). Again, the quantitative studies’ heterogeneity of measures and methods, as well as few reported effect sizes meant that their results were not easily comparable. Qualitative studies allowed for a more holistic exploration of parents’ coping ranging from anguish (Mohr & Regan-Kubinski, 2001) to hopefulness (Riley et al., 2009). The idea of hopefulness is consistent with current models with recovery (Leamy et al., 2011) and suggests that parental coping might align to some degree with the concept of hope in recovery. One theme that arose frequently in the majority of qualitative studies was that of information- or support-seeking. Taken together, studies indicate that information and support-seeking are important strategies for parents. This therefore represents a qualitative evidence base that can be built upon with larger scale quantitative designs. Highlighted in both the qualitative and quantitative studies in the review were the differences in parents’ expectations of treatment (Wiess et al., 1974); factors that determined this (Brown & Wissow, 2008) and the importance of aligning expectations within the system (Day & Reznikoff., 1980; Plunkett, 1984) to enhance parental satisfaction with services (Ronzoni & Dogra, 2011). Simonds et al. (2013) and Ward (2014) argue that recovery should not be applied to young people alone but to their family members too, due to the social nature of recovery. The review was able to highlight aspects of parental conceptions of their child’s mental health problem that are consistent with existing models of recovery, which focuses on living a meaningful life in the continued existence of
Specialist placement For my final placement, I was based in a team working with young people displaying harmful sexual behaviour towards others. In this placement, I conducted comprehensive risk assessments, which required gathering information from multiple sources including the young person, their family, school and other members of their network. The placement involved much liaison and consultation with the multiagency network, advising on safeguarding and supervision plans and sharing evidence-based formulations. Intervention work with young people involved an integration of CBT, attachment-focused and systemic techniques. I contributed to service development in this role by collating service data to feed back to commissioners and by supervising the assistant psychologist in reviewing and collating the outcome data in the team. This placement greatly enhanced my risk assessment skills and my confidence in sharing and managing safeguarding concerns effectively.
Year II Assessments Programme Component title of assessment Professional Issues Essay The Jay report “Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Exploitation in Rotherham 1997–2013” promotes greater cultural competence, engaging with ethnic groups, challenging political correctness and having up front discussions with representatives from ‘minority’ communities’. What will be the challenges for you as a clinical psychologist in taking such an approach? Problem Based Learning – Reflective Account The Stride Family Task Child and Family – Case Report An extended assessment to address concerns within the system about a three-year old boy’s current development and attachment security within his prospective adoptive family Personal and Professional Learning Discussion Groups – Process Account PPLDG Process Account Older People – Oral Presentation of Clinical Activity Individual CBT with Mary, a 70-year old lady with low mood Year III Assessments Programme Component assessment title Research – MRP Portfolio Parent mental health, optimism, intolerance of uncertainty, and perceived child symptom severity as predictors of parents’ future-oriented thinking Personal and Professional Learning – Final Reflective Account On becoming a clinical psychologist: A retrospective, developmental, reflective account of the experience of training People with Learning Disabilities – Case Report A neuropsychological assessment with a woman in her fifties referred to a community team for people with learning disabilities