evolution How do phylogenetic trees and cladograms illustrate relatedness. How does this relate to speciation? evolution Explain how phylogenetic trees and cladograms can be constructed. evolution How does the biological data used, new mathematical and computational ideas, and current and emerging knowledge effect phylogenic trees and cladograms? evolution Explain how adaptive radiation and new habitats becoming available effects the speciation rate. evolution Explain how species extinction rates are rapid at times of ecological stress by applying the concept to one of the following examples. ○ Five major extinctions ○ Human impact on ecosystems and species extinction rates evolution Explain how speciation occurs, including allopatric and sympatric speciation. Be sure to discuss pre-and mechanisms that can maintain reproductive isolation and prevent gene flow. evolution What is the rate of most speciation, and how does polyploidy change the rate of speciation. evolution Describe the types of scientific evidence that supports the idea that evolution has occurred in all species. evolution Using an example below, describe the scientific evidence that supports the idea that evolution continues to occur. ○ Chemical resistance (mutations for resistance to antibiotics, pesticides, herbicides or chemotherapy drugs occur in the absence of the chemical) ○ Emergent diseases ○ Observed directional phenotypic change in a population (Grants’ observations of Darwin’s finches in the Galapagos) ○ A eukaryotic example that describes evolution of a structure or process such as heart chambers, limbs, the brain and the immune system evolution List the various hypothesis about the natural origin of life on earth with the scientific evidence that supports each model. evolution Discuss what was required of Primitive Earth for the evolution Identity what could have occurred to these newly
Cell Biology What properties do Phospholipids give the membrane? Cell Biology Describe the orientation of phospholipids in a cell membrane. Explain why the phospholipids are arranged the way they are. Cell Biology Describe the chemical characteristics of membrane proteins, and how this effects their position in the membrane. Cell Biology Describe the movement of the following through the membrane: Small, uncharged polar molecules, small nonpolar molecules (e.g. N2), Hydrophilic substances (e.g. large polar molecules and ions), and water. Cell Biology Describe the function of the cell walls. Describe the composition and location of plant cell walls. Cell Biology Describe the composition and location of cells walls of prokaryotes and fungi. Cell Biology Describe passive transport and explain its role in cellular systems Cell Biology Explain how membrane proteins play a role in facilitated diffusion of charged and polar molecules in general and in relation to the specific molecules below. ○ Glucose transport ○ Na+/K+ transport Cell Biology Explain the terms: hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic in relationship to the internal environments of cells. Cell Biology Describe active transport. Cell Biology Explain the relationship between active transport, free energy and proteins embedded in the membrane. Cell Biology Describe the processes of endocytosis and exocytosis. Name their types if applies. Cell Biology Explain how internal membranes facilitate simultaneous occurrence of diverse cellular processes. Cell Biology Using the examples from below to explain how membranes and membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells localize (compartmentalize)
intracellular metabolic processes and specific enzymatic reactions. ○ Endoplasmic reticulum ○ Mitochondria ○ Chloroplasts ○ Golgi ○ Nuclear envelope Cell Biology Why is compartmentalization limited to eukaryotic cells? Cell Biology List the types of signals involved in communication and where they come from. Cell Biology Describe why signal transduction pathways that are under strong selective pressure. Cell Biology Use an example to explain how signal transduction pathways influence how the cell responds to its environment in unicellular organisms. Cell Biology Using an example to explain how signal transduction pathways coordinate the activities within individual cells that support the function of the organism as a whole in multi-cellular organisms. Cell Biology Use an example to explain how cells communicate by cell-to-cell contact. Cell Biology Use an example to explain how cells communicate over short distances by using local regulators that target cells in the vicinity of the emitting cell. Cell Biology Explain how signals released by one cell type can travel long distances to target cells of another cell type. Cell Biology Describe how signals are received by cells. Cell Biology List the types of different chemical messengers and explain the specific one-to-one relationship with their receptors. Cell Biology Using an example to explain how a receptor protein recognizes signal molecules, causing the receptor protein’s shape to change, which initiates transduction of the signal. Cell Biology Describe the process of signal transduction. Cell Biology Explain the concept of signaling cascades. Cell Biology Use an example to explain how second messengers are often essential to the function of a signaling cascade.
Genetics Explain the evidence that demonstrates the relationship between phenotype and protein activity. Genetics Diagram the process of DNA replication. Discuss all inputs, processes, and outputs. Explain the roles of all pertinent enzymes. Genetics Diagram the process of transcription. Discuss all inputs, processes, and outputs. Explain the roles of all pertinent enzymes. Genetics Diagram the process of translation. Discuss all inputs, processes, and outputs. Explain the roles of all pertinent enzymes, the ribosome, and relevant RNA molecules.. Genetics Compare replication, transcription, and translation among prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Explain the functions of all differences. Genetics Compare regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Genetics Diagram inducible and repressible operons. Give examples of each. Genetics Compare the function of transcription factors and enhancers. Genetics Explain the structures, processes, and functions of regulation that operate at all stages of gene expression in eukaryotes. Genetics Explain the relationship between gene expression and cell differentiation in eukaryotes. Genetics Explain the relationship between gene expression and differences in phenotypes in eukaryotes. Genetics Using examples from cellular communication, explain how signal transduction can effect gene expression in organisms. Genetics Explain the cause and effect of mutations at the DNA sequence level. Provide examples of all types. Genetics Provide examples of all processes discussed in this course (to this point in time) that illustrate the generation of genetic variation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Genetics (did not learn this) Describe the inputs, processes, and outputs of all biotechnological tools and techniques discussed in this course. Provide multiple examples of the applications Genetics(did not learn this) Explain the aspects of molecular biology and DNA that each tool and technique discussed in this course utilizes.
of each of these tools. Genetics(did not learn this) Discuss the ethical and legal considerations that the biotechnology revolution has generated. Provide multiple real-life examples of these issues. Offer multiple lines of evidence to support and refute these considerations. Genetics(did not learn this) Explain the relationship between signal transduction and cellular differentiation. Genetics(did not learn this) Describe how morphogens and HOX genes contribute to the development of an animal. Genetics Diagram all modes of viral replication discussed in this course and provide example viruses that follow each course of replication. Genetics Compare prokaryotic viruses and eukaryotic viruses. Genetics Explain the structure and function of HIV. Genetics Describe how viral processes increase genetic variation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Genetics Diagram and describe the structure and function of transposons. Genetics Explain how gene duplication can lead to an increase in genetic information in an organism. Genetics Explain the structure and function of all major segments of the human genome. Metabolism Explain the consequences of the first and second laws of thermodynamics for living systems. Metabolism Describe the features of metabolic pathways that lead to maximized efficiency and controlled release of free energy. Metabolism Describe the role of ATP in the production of cellular work. Metabolism Compare exergonic and endergonic processes. Provide examples of each. Metabolism Compare anabolic and catabolic processes. Provide examples of each. Metabolism Compare the major features of chemoheterotrophic and photoautotrophic nutritional processes.
processes to selective pressure. long distance cellular communication. Physiology Explain how cells communicate by cell-to-cell contact, by discussing the two examples below: ○ Immune cells interact by cell-cell contact, cells (APCs), helper T-cells and killer T-cells. ○ Plasmodesmata between plant cells that allow material to be transported from cell to cell. Physiology Use the examples below to explain how it relates to cell communication over short distances. ○ Neurotransmitters ○ Plant immune response ○ Quorum sensing in bacteria ○ Morphogens in embryonic development Physiology Use the examples below to explain how endocrine signals are produced by endocrine cells that release signaling molecules, which are specific and can travel long distances through the blood to reach all parts of the body. ○ Insulin ○ Human growth hormone ○ Thyroid hormones ○ Testosterone ○ Estrogen Physiology Use the examples below to explain how the condition relates to signal transduction being blocked or defective and describe if the condition is deleterious, preventative or prophylactic. ○ Diabetes, heart disease, neurological disease, autoimmune disease, cancer, cholera ○ Effects of neurotoxins, poisons, pesticides ○ Drugs (Hypertensives, Anesthetics, Antihistamines and Birth Control Drugs) Physiology Identify the parts of a typical neuron. Physiology Describe the structure of the neuron and explain how it’s structure relates to the detection, generation, transmission and integration of signal information. Physiology Identify the role of Schwann cells in relationship to signal propagation. Physiology Discuss how membranes of neurons are polarized Physiology Describe how local depolarization occurs on neurons. Physiology Explain how membrane potential is maintained. Physiology Explain how transmission of neurotransmitters across synapses occurs, and the effects of each of the following neurotransmitters: ○ Acetylcholine ○ Epinephrine ○ Norepinephrine ○ Dopamine ○ Serotonin ○ GABA Physiology Describe the anatomy of the vertebrate brain and relate the anatomy with the following functions. ○ Vision ○ Hearing ○ Muscle movement ○ Abstract thought and emotions ○ Neuro-hormone production ○ Forebrain (cerebrum), midbrain (brainstem) and hindbrain (cerebellum) ○ Right and left cerebral hemispheres in humans
Physiology Describe how transmission along neurons and across synapses results in a response. Physiology Explain how a response can be stimulatory or inhibitory. Physiology Use the following examples to discuss the importance of Interactions and coordination between organs. ○ Stomach and small intestines ○ Kidney and bladder ○ Root, stem and leaf Physiology Using the following examples to discuss the importance of Interactions and coordination between systems ○ Respiratory and circulatory ○ Nervous and muscular ○ Plant vascular and leaf Physiology Explain how at the cellular level, the plasma membrane, cytoplasm and, for eukaryotes, the organelles contribute to the overall specialization and functioning of the cell. Physiology Explain three evolutionary trends that occurred in the circulatory system of animals. Physiology Using the examples below to illustrate how specialization of organs contributes to the overall functioning of the organism. ○ Exchange of gases ○ Circulation of fluids ○ Digestion of food ○ Excretion of wastes Physiology Using the examples below to explain how Interactions among cells of a population of unicellular organisms can be similar to those of multicellular organisms, and these interactions lead to increased efficiency and utilization of energy and matter. ○ Bacterial community in the rumen of animals ○ Bacterial community in and around deep sea vents Ecology How do energetic considerations contribute to the structure of populations, communities, and ecosystems? Ecology Provide examples of how energetic considerations affect the reproductive and strategies of organisms. Ecology Provide examples of how disruptions to the free energy available in ecosystems can affect the structure of those ecosystems. Ecology Describe how information is communicated between organisms. Ecology Provide examples of how biotic and abiotic factors affect organism behavior, community interactions, and ecosystem structure. Utilize the following examples in your responses: ○ Water availability ○ Sunlight ○ Symbiosis (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism) Ecology Provide examples of how disruptions to ecosystems can affect the dynamics of the ecosystem. Utilize the following examples in your responses: ● Invasive and/or eruptive species ● Human impact ● Hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, volcanoes,