as dormant cocoons to parts of south-eastern Australia. The parasite has not been recovered from release sites however and its establishment is not confirmed. Pest risk assessment The outcome of this pest risk assessment is an unrestricted risk estimate for European wasp in association with table grapes imported from other Australian states and territories. The unrestricted risk is estimated in the absence of risk management measures (including inspection). The pest risk assessment considers basic standards of practice for the production and transport of table grapes including cooling table grapes to 0–2oC at 85–98% relative humidity and stored in standard closed box packaging with sulphur pads. Likelihoods and consequences are described using the processes and nomenclature outlined in Appendix A. Probability of entry The probability of entry describes the likelihood that the quarantine pest will be imported into the PRA area and be distributed in a viable state to a suitable host The probability of entry is considered in two parts; the probability of importation factors) and the probability of distribution (post-border factors). The probability of entry is determined by combining the probabilities of importation and distribution using the matrix rules shown in Table A2. Probability of importation The likelihood that European wasps will arrive in Western Australia with the importation of table grapes is based on an assessment of factors in the source and destination area considered relevant to European wasps and includes: Association with the table grape pathway at its origin Commercial table grape production occurs in all mainland Australian states and territories with the exception of the Australian Capital Territory (). European wasp has been recorded from the table grape producing states and territories of Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and the Northern Territory. and (D Cook 2015, pers. comm.) predicted that 3950 tonnes of table grapes could be expected to be imported into Western Australia per year from other Australian states and territories should table grapes be permitted entry. This is considered to be the minimum import volume when estimating the likelihood of importation. European wasps are a recognised pest in vineyards causing occupational health and safety issues with stings to workers, and crop damage and loss of quality in wine (). indicates that some wineries bring harvests forward to reduce losses when wasp numbers are high. European wasps are highly mobile and would have ample opportunity to move off the fruit when harvested and processed through standard packing house operations.
Overall probability of entry, establishment and spread Consequences Unrestricted risk As the URE is Australia’s ALOP of ‘very low’, the basic standards of practice for table grape production Pestalotiopsis menezesiana and P. uvicola Scientific names () Pestalotiopsis menezesiana (Bres. & Torrend) Bissett 1983 [Xylariales: Amphisphaericeae] Pestalotiopsis uvicola (Speg.) Bissett 1983 [Xylariales: Amphisphaericeae] Synonyms () Pestalotiopsis menezesiana: Bres. & Torrend 1909 Pestalotiopsis uvicola: Pestalotia uvicola Speg. 1878 Preferred common name None known Common host plants for P. menezesiana : Actinidia chinenesis, Anasas comosus, Cissus alata Jacq. (as Cissus rhombifolia), Leea spp., Musa spp., Podocarpus macrophyllus, Ravenala madagascariensis, Rhododendron stamineum, Vitis spp. and Wodyetia bifurcata (; ; ; ; ; ; ; ). Shown experimentally to infect Theobroma cacao () Pestalotia uvicola: Ceratonia silique, Cocos nucifera, Cycas revolute, Eucalyptus moluccana, Laurus nobilis, Macadamia integrifolia, Mahonia acanthifolia (syn. Berberis napaulensis), Mangifera indica, Meterosideros kermadecensis and Vitis spp. (; ; ; ; ; ; ; ). Plant part affected Berries, rachis, canes, flowers and leaves (; ; ; ; ). Australian distribution
Criterion Estimate Direct consequences Plant life or health Sooty mould colonies form biofilms covering entire leaves or plants blocking sunlight from leaf chloroplasts and reducing the plants energy production by photosynthesis () Reduction of photosynthesis by sooty moulds results in lower growth rates and reduced yields (). Grape berries in an infested bunch do not develop normally and are shrivelled (). Capnodium species are the most commonly found sooty moulds in gardens and landscapes. Sooty moulds appear to show no preference for a particular host or plant and can occur on both wild and cultivated plants (). Any other aspects of the environment There are no known direct consequences of this pathogen on the natural environment. Indirect consequences Eradication, control etc. First step in the control of sooty mould colonies is to rinse any sticky surfaces with a jet of water to wash off honeydew before the mould can grow (). Sooty moulds are indirectly controlled by reducing the population of sucking insects that excrete honeydew. Ant management is an important consideration to halt development of sooty moulds. Ants are attracted to and use honeydew as a food source they will protect honeydew producing insects from predators in order to harvest honeydew (). Domestic trade Bunches with berries coated in sooty mould are unsightly, resulting in loss of market value due to cosmetic damage, are poor in quality and unfit for human consumption (). Sooty mould is known to be in eastern Australia and it is unlikely that domestic trade would be restricted if this pathogen was to be introduced. International trade It is unlikely that restrictions would be applied to international trade. Environment, including rural and regional economic Where there has been a large number of plant
Pest risk assessment conclusions Table 23: Summary of unrestricted risk estimates for invertebrates of quarantine concern Importation x empty cell Probability of Overall probability (EES) Economic consequence Unrestricted risk Distribution =____Entry Establishment Spread Citrophilus mealybug Citrus planthopper European fruit lecanium scale not assessed not assessed not assessed not assessed at most negligible not assessed at most very low European wasp Flat grain beetle not assessed not assessed not assessed not assessed at most negligible not assessed at most very low Grape phylloxera Kanzawa spider mite not assessed not assessed not assessed not assessed at most negligible not assessed at most very low Metallic shield bug Native tussock moth Peach white scale not assessed not assessed not assessed not assessed at most negligible not assessed at most very low Queensland fruit fly Spanish red scale not assessed not assessed not assessed not assessed at most negligible not assessed at most very low Warehouse beetle not assessed not assessed not assessed not assessed at most negligible not assessed at most very low
Cold treatment Each consignment to be accompanied by an Interstate Plant Health Certificate issued by the quarantine authority in the exporting state or territory or under a quality assurance arrangement approved by the Director General of the Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia as certified as having been treated at a temperature for one of the following options: 1°C for 16 days, or 2°C for 18 days, or 3°C for 20 days Irradiation Each consignment to be accompanied by an Interstate Plant Health Certificate issued by the quarantine authority in the exporting state or territory or under a quality assurance arrangement approved by the Director General of the Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia as certified as having been irradiated at: Dmin 150Gy Dmax 1000Gy (1kGy). Systems approach Each consignment to be accompanied by an Interstate Plant Health Certificate issued by the quarantine authority in the exporting state or territory or under a quality assurance arrangement approved by the Director General of the Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia as certified as having been: Grown and packed under an approved systems approach program Methyl bromide fumigation Each consignment to be accompanied by an Interstate Plant Health Certificate issued by the quarantine authority in the exporting state or territory or under a quality assurance arrangement approved by the Director General of the Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia as certified as having been treated for one of the following options: 48 grams/rn3 for two (2) hours at pulp temperatures of 10 - 14.9°C; or 40 grams/m3 for two (2) hours at pulp temperatures of 15 - 20.9°C; or 32 grams/rn3 for two (2) hours at pulp temperatures of 21 - 25.9°C; or 24 grams/m3 for two (2) hours at pulp temperatures of 26 - 31.9°C Specific phytosanitary measures for bitter rot These conditions should be regarded as alternative – only one of these phytosanitary measures needs to be applied.
Risk Management Measure Importation x Probability of Overall probability (EES) Economic consequence Restricted risk estimate Distribution =____Entry Establishment Spread Option 1: State/territory freedom very low low very low moderate moderate very low moderate very low Option 2: Within state/territory freedom very low low very low moderate moderate very low moderate very low Option 3: Pest free place of production very low low extremely low moderate moderate extremely low moderate very low Option 4: Systems approach very low low very low moderate moderate very low moderate very low Table 27: Restricted risk assessment summary for Phomopsis cane and leaf spot Risk Management Measure Importation x Probability of Overall probability (EES) Economic consequence Restricted risk estimate Distribution =____Entry Establishment Spread Option 1: State/territory freedom very low low very low high moderate very low moderate very low Option 2: Within state/territory freedom very low low very low high moderate very low moderate very low Option 3: Pest free place of production very low low very low high moderate very low moderate very low