The nature and extent of the ways in which white Americans in the southern states opposed Reconstruction, implemented segregation and prevented civil rights. Reasons for changes in attitudes towards black Americans. Reasons for the ‘Great Migration’ of southern black Americans to the North and their experience in the northern cities (ghettos, employment). Similarities and differences in attitudes to black Americans compared to other minorities (e.g. native Americans, Chicano, Hispanic). Significance of Brown v Board of Education to changing attitudes and expectations. Similarities and differences between North and South in response to key individuals and groups in the Civil Rights Movement. American History 1607-1980 (1983) Oxford Lawson, S. Debating the Civil Rights Movement 1945-68 (2006) Rowman and Littlefield Murphy, D. (ed.) United States 1776-1992 (2001) Harper Collins, London Paterson, D. (ed.) Civil Rights in the USA 1865-1992 (2009) Heinemann, Harlow Sanders, V. Civil Rights in the USA 1945-68 (2008), Hodder, London Spiller, J. (ed.) The United States 1763-2001 (2005) Routledge, Abingdon Verney, K. The Debate on Black Civil Rights in America (2010), Manchester University Press, Manchester White, J. Black Leadership in America: From Booker T. Washington to Jess Jackson (1990) Longman, Harlow 3 The role of African Americans in gaining civil rights (e.g. Booker T Washington, DuBois, Martin Luther King, the Black Panthers). Nature and extent of gains achieved by black Americans (individuals, early campaign groups and the public). Beliefs, methods, actions and comparative significance of key individuals and groups including:
Rights Movement, such as. Trade Union and Labour Rights 2 Union and Labour rights in 1865. Legacy of the Civil War, devastation in the south and effect of Reconstruction on white and black American workers. Similarities and differences in types of employment and working conditions in the northern and southern states (sharecropping, agriculture, industry). Types of employers: the financial sector, big business, landowners and growing industries. Nature of employment and workers’ rights in 1865 across employment sectors (e.g. age limits, length of hours, wages, holidays, dismissal, regulations, legal representation, health and safety, recruitment, opportunity). Positive and negative prospects (or reality) for trade unions and workers in 1865 in comparison to 1992 and other key turning-points such as the 1920s, 1960s and Reagan era. De Pennington, J. Modern America: The USA 1865 to the Present (2005) SHP Hodder, London Field, R. Civil Rights in America 1865-1980 (2002) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Jones, M. The Limits of Liberty: American History 1607-1980 (1983) Oxford Murphy, D. (ed.) United States 1776-1992 (2001) Harper Collins, London Paterson, D. (ed.) Civil Rights in the USA 1865-1992 (2009) Heinemann, Harlow Spiller, J. (ed.) The United States 1763-2001 (2005) Routledge, Abingdon Willoughby, D. & S. The USA 1917-45 (2000) Heinemann, Oxford Zinn, H. A People’s History of the USA 1492-present (1995) New York 2 The impact of New Immigration and industrialisation on union development. The impact of the World Wars on union and labour The impact of immigration, industrialisation, war and economic circumstances on the limitations and/or development of trade unions and labour rights. Reasons for the development, actions, success and limitations of trade unions, union leaders and
Health Act (1971). Comparative role and impact of Federal and state governments, institutions or individual politicians. 4 The significance of the 1960s. Chavez and the UFW. Significance of the Reagan era. Comparative role and impact of unions, union leaders, sector workers, individuals, social groups on the development of labour rights between 1865 and 1992. The role of government and welfare reform in the 1960s. The methods, actions and comparative success of trade unions and workers’ associations from the 1960s onwards, including government and public reactions to their campaigns/actions: Chavez and the UFW. Extent to which the success of the later campaigns for union and labour rights depended upon earlier successes, other civil rights campaigns (e.g. women, Civil Rights Movement) or specific individuals. Significance of the Regan era in relation to trade unions and labour rights. Native American Indians 2 Their position in 1865. The impact of the Plains Wars (1854–1877). Key factors causing change to the lives of Native Americans by 1865. Nature of fighting, resistance and effect of the Plains Wars. The nature of discrimination and life for Native Americans. Bolt, C. American Indian Policy and American Reform (1990) Unwin Brown, D. Bury my Heart at Wounded Knee (1970) Vintage De Pennington, J. Modern
Their relative position in 1865 and 1992 as well as other key America: The USA 1865 to the Present (2005) SHP Hodder, London Field, R. Civil Rights in America 1865-1980 (2002) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Jones, M. The Limits of Liberty: American History 1607-1980 (1983) Oxford Josephy Jnr, A. Red power: the American Indian’s fight for freedom (1971) New York Murphy, D. (ed.) United States 1776-1992 (2001) Harper Collins, London Paterson, D. (ed.) Civil Rights in the USA 1865-1992 (2009) Heinemann, Harlow Spiller, J. (ed.) The United States 1763-2001 (2005) Routledge, Abingdon Weeks, P. (ed.) ‘They made us many promises’: the American Indian experience 1524 to the present (2002) Harlan Davidson Willoughby, D. & S. The USA 1917-45 (2000) Heinemann, Oxford Zinn, H. A People’s History of the USA 1492-present (1995) New York 3 The impact of the Dawes Act 1887, of the acquisition of US citizenship 1924, of the New Deal, of the American Indian Movement in the 1960s and 1970s. Comparative nature and impact of key events, groups or government institutions/positions and policies on the development of civil rights and extent of deprivation, poverty and assimilation, such as: the Commissioner of Indian Affairs roles of the US and State Supreme Courts (e.g. Arizona) role of Congress and Senators presidential action (e.g. Hoover, FDR, Johnson, Nixon) Indian Rights Association (IRA) General Allotment (Dawes) Act US Citizenship Act (1924) ‘Indian New Deal’ (e.g. Wheeler-Howard Act) Impact of the movement in 60s/70s Indian Education Act (1972) Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act (1975) American Indian Policy
Impact of industrialisation, westward expansion and sectional or east-west divides on the nature and methods of campaign groups, their leaders and the extent of civil rights. Reasons and responsibility for limited progress. Significance of the contributions of civil rights groups in the period. Liberty: American History 1607-1980 (1983) Oxford Link, W. & S. (ed.) The Gilded Age and Progressive Era: A Documentary Reader (2012) Wiley Blackwell, Chichester Murphy, D. (ed.) United States 1776-1992 (2001) Harper Collins, London Painter, N.I. Standing at Armageddon: The USA 1877-1919 (1989) Norton, New York Paterson, D.G. & Fink, L. Major Problems in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era (2000) Spiller, J. (ed.) The United States 1763-2001 (2005) Routledge, Abingdon Trachtenburg, A. The Incorporation of America (2007) Zinn, H. A People’s History of the USA 1492-present (1995) New York 1 The varied impact of industrialisation on women, African Americans and workers, and the nature and effectiveness of their responses. Positive and negative effects of industrialisation and American economic wealth on each social group. Extent of the problems caused by industrialisation by c. 1895. Nature and effectiveness of their responses. 1 Nature and effectiveness of government policy towards civil rights issues including varying attitudes of Presidents, Congress and Supreme Court and State governments. Similarities and differences in attitudes and influence between Presidents. Impact of Republican and Democrat principles on the actions of Congress, state governments and the Supreme Court in relation to civil rights. ‘Americanisation’ and policies towards Native Americans. Federal and state governments, the Deep South and the nature of discrimination towards African Americans. Extent to which government action helped or hindered the struggle for civil rights.
regards minority groups. issues of civil liberties. America: The USA 1865 to the Present (2005) SHP Hodder, London Hoftsader, R. The Age of Reform (1955) Jones, M. The Limits of Liberty: American History 1607-1980 (1983) Oxford Kennedy, David M. Freedom From Fear: The American People in Depression and War, (1999) Oxford University Press, New York Leuchtenburg, William E. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932–1940. (1963). Murphy, D. (ed.) United States 1776-1992 (2001) Harper Collins, London Powell, J. FDR’s Folly: How Roosevelt and his New Deal prolonged the Great Depression (2003) Crown Publishing Group, New York Rauchway, E. The Great Depression and the New Deal: A Very Short Introduction (2008) Oxford University Press, New York Spiller, J. (ed.) The United States 1763-2001 (2005) 2 How far the New Deal improved economic status and civil rights for women, African Americans, Native American Indians and workers and trade unions. The nature and extent of developments in the First and Second New Deals in terms of the improvement of economic status and civil rights. Strengths and weaknesses of the New Deal in terms of whether it: ended the Depression extended or constrained freedom 2 Nature, extent and effectiveness of opposition to relevant parts of the New Deal especially the Second New Deal and workers’ rights. Reasons for opposition to New Deal initiatives and reforms which dealt with Civil Rights: political beliefs and opposition to FDR’s methods (accusations of fascism, dictatorial) economic theories and principles southern political mentality and continued segregation Republican sentiments Types of opposition: Republican and Democrat workers American Liberty League Supreme Court Huey Long and Share Our Wealth Francis Townsend FDR’s reactions to opposition and the extent to which this led to progress or
Routledge, Abingdon Zinn, H. A People’s History of the USA 1492-present (1995) New York limitations with civil rights issues. Malcolm X and Black Power 2 Malcolm X as a civil rights leader: aims and motivations, methods, extent of success, and nature and extent of change in these over time. Nature and impact of his leadership in terms of his aims, motivations, methods, success, changing priorities and legacy to the Black Power movement. Autobiography of Malcolm X (2001 ed.; intro by Gilroy, P.) Penguin Classics, London Ball, J. & Burroughs, T.S. A Lie of Reinvention: Exposing Manning Marable’s Malcolm X (2012) Black Classic Press, Baltimore De Pennington, J. Modern America: The USA 1865 to the Present (2005) SHP Hodder, London Field, R. Civil Rights in America 1865-1980 (2002) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Jones, M. The Limits of Liberty: American History 1607-1980 (1983) Oxford Marable, M. Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention (2012) Penguin, London Myers, W.D. Malcolm X: By Any Means Necessary (1993) Scholastic, New York 2 Reasons for the rise of Black Power. Development of the Black Power movement and impact on other civil rights groups and approaches, such as Non-Violent Direct Action. Relationship of Black Power with other civil rights causes, including women and workers. Nature, process and pace of development of Black Power. Methods, appeal and publicity of their campaign for civil rights: militant and peaceful methods extent of active or passive support international and national media attention nature of journalistic reporting eulogies and memory general need for economic justice Contributions of key individuals and activists such as Stokely Carmichael, James Meredith. Positive and negative relations with other civil rights groups or leaders such as Non-Violent Direct Action, Black Panthers, NAACP, Martin Luther King, SCLC, MFDP, CORE, Bobby