Operational system for the maintenance and verification of phytosanitary status A system of operational procedures is necessary to maintain and verify the phytosanitary status of fresh breadfruit imported from Fiji, Samoa and Tonga. This is to ensure that the recommended risk management measures, provided below as boxed text, have been met and are maintained. A system of traceability to source The objectives of this proposed procedure are to ensure that: breadfruit are sourced only from orchards producing commercial quality fruit, and orchards from which breadfruit are sourced can be identified so investigation and corrective action can be targeted, rather than applied to all contributing export orchards in the event that live pests are intercepted. It is proposed that the exporting country’s NPPO establishes a system to enable traceability back to each orchard from which breadfruit for export to Australia are sourced. The NPPO would be responsible for ensuring that export breadfruit growers are aware of pests of quarantine concern to Australia. Registration of treatment providers and auditing of procedures The objectives of this proposed procedure are to ensure that: breadfruit are treated only by providers approved by the exporting country’s NPPO, which are processing commercial quality breadfruit, and treatment providers are capable of applying a treatment that suitably manages the target Where breadfruit undergo treatment prior to export, the process must be undertaken by approved treatment providers that have been registered with and audited by the exporting country’s NPPO for that purpose. Records of the NPPO registration requirements and audits are to be made available to the department upon request. Approval of treatment providers must be subject to suitable systems to ensure compliance with treatment requirements. This may include: use of documented procedures to ensure breadfruit is appropriately treated and safeguarded post-treatment training to ensure compliance with procedures record-keeping procedures facilities and equipment suitable for prescribed purposes the exporting country’s NPPO system of oversight of treatment application. Packaging and labelling The objectives of this proposed procedure are to ensure that:
Pest Present in Fiji, or Tonga Present within Australia Potential to be on fresh breadfruit pathway Potential for establishment and spread Potential for economic consequences Pest risk assessment required ARTHROPODS Coleoptera (beetles) Ceresium unicolor (Fabricius, 1787) [Cerambycidae] Long-horned beetle Fiji, Samoa (Stout 1982), Tonga (SPC 2017) No record found No. Breadfruit is a host, but beetle larvae bore into the branches (Stout 1982), and are not associated with fruit. Assessment not required Assessment not required No Ficicis porcatus (Chapuis, 1869) [Curculionidae] Bark beetle Fiji, Samoa (Wood 1960), as Hylesinus subcostatus Eggers, 1923 Yes (Pullen, Jennings & Oberprieler 2014) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Xylothrips religiosus (Boisduval, 1835) [Bostrichidae] Northern auger beetle Fiji, (Stout 1982), Tonga (SPC 2017) Yes (Wardlaw et al. 2012) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Diptera (flies) Atherigona poecilopoda Bezzi, 1928 [Muscidae] Muscid fly Fiji, Samoa, Tonga (Pont 2016) No record found No. Associated with rotting fruit (Stout 1982). Unlikely to be present in export quality fruit. Assessment not required Assessment not required No
Bactrocera distincta (Malloch, 1931) [Tephritidae] fly Fiji, Samoa, Tonga (Hardy & Foote 2016; White & Elson-Harris 1994) No record found No. An old record from breadfruit in Tonga is considered to be doubtful by Leblanc et al. (2012). Bactrocera distincta was not bred from the 545 breadfruit collected during surveys in Fiji, Samoa and Tonga (Leblanc et al. 2012). This species has a preference for hosts in the Sapotaceae plant family (Tunupopo et al. 2002). Assessment not required Assessment not required No Bactrocera facialis (Coquillett, 1910) [Tephritidae] Fruit fly Tonga (White & Elson-Harris 1994) No record found Yes. Breadfruit is a host (White & Elson-Harris 1994). Larvae have been found in fruit (Leblanc, Tora Vueti & Allwood 2013). Yes. This is a polyphagous pest, with hosts widely distributed in Australia. Establishment and spread in warmer regions may be feasible if introduced. Yes. This is a potentially serious pest if introduced into fruit and vegetable growing areas (White & Elson-Harris 1994). Hosts include avocado, capsicum, citrus, mango, peach and tomato (White & Elson-Harris 1994). Yes
Aonidiella inornata McKenzie, 1938 [Diaspididae] Papaya red scale Fiji (Hodgson & Lagowska 2011), Samoa (Williams & Watson 1988a) Yes (Donaldson & 2002; Poole 2010) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Aphis craccivora Koch, 1854 [Aphididae] Cowpea aphid Fiji (Hinckley Samoa, Tonga (Carver, Hart & Wellings 1993) Yes (Hollis & Eastop 2005) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No gossypii Glover, 1877 [Aphididae] Cotton aphid Fiji , Samoa (Stout 1982), Tonga (Carver, Hart & Wellings 1993) Yes (Hollis & Eastop 2005) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Aspidiotus destructor Signoret, 1869 [Diaspididae] Coconut scale Fiji, Samoa (Miller & Davidson 2005) Yes (Donaldson & Tsang 2002; Poole 2010) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Ceroplastes rubens Maskell, 1893 [Coccidae] Pink wax scale Fiji, Samoa, Tonga (Stout 1982) Yes (Qin & Gullan 1994) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Ceroplastes stellifer (Westwood, 1871) [Coccidae] Stellate Fiji (Hodgson & Lagowska 2011); Tonga (as Vinsonia stellifera) (Williams & Watson 1990) Yes (Qin & Gullan 1994). Declared organism (Prohibited – s12) for WA (as Vinsonia stellifera) (Government of Western Australia 2017) No. Recorded on breadfruit leaves in the Federated States of Micronesia (Nafus 1997). Typically associated with leaves and fleshy stems of host plants (Kosztarab 1997) and unlikely to be present on fruit. Assessment not required Assessment not required No
Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus, 1758) [Diaspididae] Florida red Fiji (Williams and Watson 1988a), Samoa (García Morales et al. 2018) Yes (Donaldson & Tsang 2002; Government of Western Australia 2017) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan, 1889) [Diaspididae] Spanish red scale Fiji, Samoa, Tonga (Williams & Watson 1988a) Yes (Donaldson & Tsang 2002). Declared organism (Prohibited – s12) for WA (Government of Western Australia 2017) Yes. Breadfruit is a host. Typically found on the upper surface of the leaves (Stout 1982), but can also infest fruit (Miller & Davidson 2005). Yes. This species has already established in Qld and has a wide distribution globally. It is highly polyphagous (García Morales et al. 2018) and feeds on many plants that are common in Australia. Yes. This species is a serious pest of citrus in the western Mediterranean, Greece and Iran (García Morales et al. 2018). Yes (WA) Coccus capparidis (Sanders, 1906) [Coccidae] Capparis soft Samoa, Tonga (Ben-Dov 1993) No record found No. Unlikely to be present on fruit as it occurs on the under surface of leaves of host plants (Gill, Nakahara & Williams 1977). Assessment not required Assessment not required No Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus, 1758 [Coccidae] Soft Fiji, Tonga (Williams & Watson 1990) Yes (Government of Western Australia 2017; Houston 2002) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Coccus longulus (Douglas, 1887) [Coccidae] Long brown scale Fiji, Samoa (Williams & Watson 1990) Yes (García Morales et al. 2018; Houston 2002) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Coccus viridis 1889) [Coccidae] Green coffee scale Fiji, Samoa, Tonga (Williams & Watson 1990) Yes (Poole 2005) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No
Dialeuropora decempuncta (Quaintance & Baker, 1917) [Aleyrodidae] Breadfruit whitefly Fiji and Tonga (Stout 1982). Yes (Martin & Gillespie 2001). Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell, 1893) [Pseudococcidae] Pineapple mealybug Fiji, Tonga (Williams & Watson 1988b). Yes (García Morales et al. 2018). Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley, 1959 [Pseudococcidae] Grey pineapple mealybug Samoa (Williams & Watson 1988b). No record found. Yes. Reported on breadfruit in Kiribati (Williams & Watson 1988b). This mealybug is found on aerial parts of the host plant, including fruit (Martin Kessing & Mau 2007b). Yes. This species may potentially establish in tropical regions of Australia, and possibly subtropical areas, especially where pineapples are grown (Martin Kessing & Mau 2007b). Yes. This species is one of the most serious mealybug pests in Hawaii. It is implicated in vectoring mealybug wilt and green spot disease in pineapples (Martin Kessing & Mau 2007b). Yes Dysmicoccus nesophilus Williams & Watson, 1988 [Pseudococcidae] Mealybug Fiji, Samoa, Tonga (Williams & Watson 1988b). No record found. Yes. Intercepted in New Zealand on breadfruit imported from the Pacific (Williams & Watson 1988b) Yes. This polyphagous species has spread throughout much of the South Pacific (Williams & Watson 1988b), so establishment is considered feasible. Yes. A number of plant hosts are reported, including avocado, citrus, mango and papaya (Williams & Watson 1988b). Yes Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell, 1893) [Pseudococcidae] Striped mealybug Fiji, Samoa, Tonga (Williams & Watson 1988b). Yes (Poole 2010). Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No
Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner, 1861) [Coccidae] Nigra scale Fiji, Samoa, Tonga (Williams & Watson 1990) Yes (García Morales et al. 2018) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley, 1899) [Diaspididae] Hibiscus snow scale Fiji, Samoa, Tonga (Williams & Watson 1988a) Yes (Brooks 1964) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Planococcus citri (Risso, 1813) [Pseudococcidae] Citrus mealybug Fiji (Hinckley Samoa, Tonga (Williams & Watson 1988b) Yes (Poole 2010; Smith, Beattie & Broadley 1997) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Planococcus minor (Maskell, 1897) [Pseudococcidae] Pacific mealybug Fiji, Tonga (García Morales et al. 2018) Yes (Cox 1989). Declared organism (Prohibited – s12) for WA (Government of Western Australia 2017) Yes. Breadfruit is a host (Williams & Watson 1988b). This species can be spread via trade in fruit (Venette & Davis 2004). Yes. This species is polyphagous, has a high reproductive rate, and has successfully established in a number of countries following its introduction (Francis et al. 2012). Yes. This species is a serious pest in some countries. It can affect crops such as banana, citrus, cocoa, coffee, corn, grape, mango, potato and soybean (Venette & Davis 2004). Yes (WA) Prococcus acutissimus (Green, 1896) [Coccidae] Banana-shaped scale Samoa (Ben-Dov 1993) No record No. This species is usually found on the underside of leaves, positioned alongside the leaf veins (Gill, Nakahara & Williams 1977). Assessment not required Assessment not required No
Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti, 1867) [Pseudococcidae] Long-tailed mealybug Fiji (Williams & Watson 1988b) Yes (Ben-Dov 1994) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Pyrrhoneura saccharicida Kirkaldy, 1906 [Derbidae] Sugarcane derbid planthopper Fiji (Hinckley 1965b; Wilson 2009), Samoa (Muir 1927), Tonga (Fennah 1967) No record found No. Recorded on breadfruit leaves in Fiji (Hinckley 1965b). Derbidae are phloem feeders (Fletcher 2014) and are unlikely to be present on mature breadfruit at harvest. Assessment not required Assessment not required No Russellaspis pustulans (Cockerell, 1892) [Asterolecaniidae] Oleander pit scale Fiji (Williams & Watson 1990) No record found No. Breadfruit is a host, but it is only associated with leaves (Stout 1982). Unlikely to be present on fruit. Assessment not required Assessment not required No Saissetia coffeae (Walker, 1852) [Coccidae] Brown scale Fiji, Tonga (Williams & Watson 1990) Yes (García Morales et al. 2018) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Tinginotum knowlesi (Kirkaldy, 1908) [syn.: Nesodaphne knowlesi Kirkaldy [Miridae] Mirid bug Fiji (Hinckley 1965b), Samoa (Eyles 2000), Tonga (SPC 2017) No record found No. Recorded on breadfruit in Niue (Eyles 2000). Mirid bugs feed on meristems, new foliage, flower buds, flowers and developing seeds (Wheeler 2000). This species is unlikely to be present on mature fruit. Assessment not required Assessment not required No Toxoptera aurantii de Fonscolombe, 1841) [Aphididae] Soursop aphid Fiji, Tonga (Carver, Hart & Wellings 1993). Yes (Hollis & Eastop 2005) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No
Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) C.T. Wei [Corynesporascaceae] Leaf spot Fiji, Tonga (Dingley, Fullerton & McKenzie 1981) Yes (Hyde & Alcorn 1993) Declared organism (Prohibited – s12) for WA (Government of Western Australia 2017). No. Usually on leaves, often as a secondary pathogen on damaged tissue (Dingley, Fullerton & McKenzie 1981). Not likely to be present on fruit. Assessment not required Assessment not required No Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. and Sacc [Syn: Glomerella cingulata (Stonem.) Spaulding and H. Schrenk] [Glomerellaceae] Anthracnose Fiji, Samoa, Tonga (Dingley, Fullerton & McKenzie 1981) Yes (Cook & Dubé 1989; Letham 1995; Sampson & Walker 1982; Shivas 1989; Simmonds 1966) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Earliella scabrosa (Pers.) Gilb. & Ryvarden [syn.: Trametes corrugata (Pers.) Bres. [Polyporaceae] Wood rot Fiji, Tonga (Dingley, Fullerton & McKenzie 1981) Yes (Government of Western Australia 2017; Simmonds 1966) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Erythricium salmonicolor (Berk. & Broome) Burds. [Syn.: Corticium salmonicolor (Berk. & Broome); Phanerochaete salmonicolor (Berk. & Broome) Jülich] [Corticiaceae] Pink disease Fiji, Samoa (Dingley, Fullerton & McKenzie 1981) Yes (Hyde & Alcorn 1993) Declared organism (Prohibited – s12) for WA (Government of Western Australia 2017) No. Causes die-back of woody shrubs and trees. Usually on dead wood (Dingley, Fullerton & McKenzie 1981) on the trunk, stems and twigs (Sangchote, Wright & Johnson 2003). Not likely to be present on fruit. Assessment not required Assessment not required No
Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. [Syn.: Haematonectria haematococca (Berk. & Broome) Samuels & Rossman; Nectria haematococca Berk & Broome] [Nectriaceae] Stem and root rot Fiji, Samoa, Tonga (Dingley, Fullerton & McKenzie 1981) Yes (Cook & Dubé 1989; Shivas 1989) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Hysterostomella spurcaria (Berk. & Broome) Höhn. [Syn.: Cocconia spurcaria (Berk. & Broome)] [Parmulariaceae] leaf fleck Fiji, Samoa (Dingley, Fullerton & McKenzie 1981) No record No. Recorded on breadfruit in Fiji and Samoa. Infection results in circular black cuticular spots 1-4 mm diameter on upper leaf surfaces (Dingley, Fullerton & McKenzie 1981). Not likely to be present on fruit. Assessment not required Assessment not required No Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl. [Botryosphaeriaceae] rot Fiji, Samoa, Tonga (Dingley, Fullerton & McKenzie 1981) Yes (Shivas 1989; Simmonds 1966) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No Phellinus noxius (Corner) G. Cunn. [Hymenochaetaceae] Basal rot Fiji, Samoa, Tonga (Dingley, Fullerton & McKenzie 1981) Yes (Simmonds 1966) Assessment not required Assessment not required Assessment not required No