b. concept. c. variable. d. proposition. e. statement. ANS: A REF: Elements of social theory 32. The three main elements in the traditional model of science are: a. science, hope, philosophy b. theory, sampling, data analysis c. operationalization, ethics, theory d. theory, operationalization, observation e. philosophy, science, ethics ANS: D 33. Which one of the following is the best example of a hypothesis? a. Students do not like to study. b. Conflict underlies every type of social relation. c. Older people vote more conservatively than do younger people. d. Love is measured by how often people call each other. e. Juvenile delinquency is a social problem. ANS: C REF: Elements of social theory 34. According to the traditional model of science, scientists begin with: a. a concept or two. b. data. c. a theory. d. a hypothesis. e. literature review. ANS: C REF: Links between theory and research 1 35. Freda developed a theory and a hypothesis about adjustment to retirement as related to gender. She constructed measures for adjustment to retirement. The next step for Freda according to the traditional model of science is: a. to consider the ethics of the b. redevelop the theory. c. analyze the data. d. observation (gathering data). e. conduct a literature review. ANS: D REF: The traditional model of science 36. The first step in conducting research is to:
d. Premodernism e. Deconstructionism ANS: B DIF: Adv REF: Rational objectivity reconsidered 60. Traditionally, the final step in the model of science is: a. observation. b. theory. c. hypothesis testing. d. literature review. e. operationalization. ANS: A REF: The traditional model of science TRUE/FALSE 1. Paradigms are either true or ANS: F REF: Some social science paradigms 2. Social scientists generally believe that the succession from one paradigm to another represents progress from a false view to a true one. ANS: F REF: Some social science paradigms 3. In deduction, we start from observed data and develop a generalization that explains the relationship between the observed concepts. ANS: F 4. Theories seek to provide logical explanations. ANS: T 5. Symbolic interactionists tend to focus on macrotheoretical issues. ANS: F REF: Symbolic interactionism 6. In practice, scientific inquiry typically alternates between deduction and induction. ANS: T REF: Two logical systems revisited 7. The concept of prestige is empirical.
ANS: T REF: Symbolic interactionism 18. A researcher must always use a null hypothesis in conducting research. ANS: F DIF: Adv 0 19. Inductive research is considered the traditional method of conducting research in the social sciences. ANS: F REF: Inductive theory construction 20. Theoretical perspectives can impact the ethics of conducting research. ANS: T REF: Research ethics and theory 2 21. Grounded theory is the same as deductive theory. ANS: F 22. Ethnomethodology argues that is no objective reality in life. ANS: F REF: Ethnomethodology 23. Axioms are fundamental assertions, assumed to be true that a theory is based upon. ANS: T REF: Elements of social theory 24. Postmodernism is the view that is an objective reality that can be studied with positivism. ANS: F DIF: Adv REF: Rational objectivity reconsidered 25. A null hypothesis is the evidence of an independent variable’s effect on a dependent variable. ANS: F REF: The traditional model of science ESSAY 1. Contrast the inductive model of theory construction with the deductive model. Give examples of research that use each of these models. ANS: Not Given