preferred repression to reform. The impact of dictatorial regimes on the economy and society of the Russian Empire and the USSR 5 Changes to living and working conditions of urban and rural people including the impact on the peasants of Emancipation, Land Banks, famines, NEP, collectivisation and the Virgin Lands scheme, the impact of industrial growth under the Tsars, War communism, NEP and the Five Year Plans on industrial workers. The attitude of Russian rulers and government to the peasantry. The development of transport systems such as the railway. The development of education, public health, housing and living standards. The impact of economic reform on women and families. Key features of agricultural policies and their positive and negative effects on the peasantry /rural population. Key features of industrialisation and their positive and negative effects on the proletariat, skilled and unskilled workers, urban/rural populations. Similarities and differences in Tsarist and Communist aims, methods and economic theories. Comparative significance and success of economic and financial policies: Reutern, Bunge, Vyshnegradsky, Witte’s ‘Great Spurt’, Stolypin, war communism, NEP , dekulakisation, collectivisation, the Five Year Plans, Virgin Lands scheme, Seven Year Plan. Communist incentives and propaganda such as the Stakhanovites. Corin C. & Fiehn, T. Communist Russia under Lenin and Stalin (2002) Schools History Project, John Murray, London Bromley, J. Russia 1848-1917 (2002) Heinemann, Harlow Evans, D. & Jenkins, J. Years of Russia and the USSR (2001) Hodder and Stoughton, London Hite, J. Tsarist Russia (1989) Causeway Press, Ormskirk Holland, A. Russia and its Rulers 1855-1964 (2010) OCR Historical Themes, Hodder Education, London Laver, J. The Modernisation of Russia 1856-1985 (2002) Heinemann, Oxford Lee, S. Russia and the USSR 1855-1991 (2006) Routledge, Oxford Lynch, M. Reaction and Revolution: Russia 1894-1924 (3rd ed. 2005) Hodder Murray, London Lynch, M. Bolshevik and Stalinist Russia (5th ed.2015) Hodder, London Oxley, P. Russia 1855-1991 From Tsars to Commissars (2001) Oxford University Press, 6 Limitations on personal, Control of movement: the mir,
Oxford Sherman, R. & Pearce, R. Russia 1815-81 (2nd ed. 2002) Access to History, Hodder and Stoughton, London Wells, M. Russia and its Rulers 1855-1964 (2008) OCR History, Heinemann, Harlow political and religious freedom. kolkhozi, sovkhozi, conscription, exile, passports, methods of permission, evacuation. Local authority, the elite and government change: JPs, Land Captains, kulaks, Nepmen, Party officials. Stalinist policy: coercion, force, social engineering and the human cost of economic development. Extent to which cultural policies were repressive or enabled greater personal advantage: music, art, architecture, theatre, education, religion. Impact of forced labour and the gulags. 7 Reasons for and extent of economic and social changes. Reasons economic and social change. Comparative extent to which Russian rulers and governments transformed and modernised Russia. Extent to which everyday life for peasants, industrial workers, students, intelligentsia, religious clerics, middle-classes, ethnic minorities and nationalities was better or worse under the Tsars or Communists. Impact of war and revolution on the development of the 8-9 The effects of the following wars on government, society, The role of war and revolution as principal causes of political change, development and policy. Bromley, J. Russia 1848-1917 (2002) Heinemann, Harlow Corin C. & Fiehn, T. Communist
Russian Empire and the USSR nationalities and the economy: the Crimean War, the War, 1905 Revolution, 1917 Revolutions, First World War, Second World War, the Cold War. Extent of responsibility of Russian government and individuals for instigating or permitting the negative effects of war and conflict on Russian economy and society: Nicholas II and the Great War Lenin, Trotsky and the Civil War Stalin, the Great Patriotic War and early Cold War the Ukraine. Similarities and differences in wartime economies societies during each conflict and/or the immediate post-war period. Impact of war and revolution on Russia during the period on society, politics, nationalities and the economy. Russia under Lenin and Stalin (2002) Schools History Project, John Murray, London Holland, A. Russia and its Rulers 1855-1964 (2010) OCR Historical Themes, Hodder Education, London Lynch, M. Reaction and Revolution: Russia 1894-1924 (3rd ed. 2005) Hodder Murray, London Lynch, M. Bolshevik and Stalinist Russia (5th ed.2015) Hodder, London Snyder, T. Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin (2011) Wells, M. Russia and its Rulers 1855-1964 (2008) OCR History, Heinemann, Harlow Russia: Empire, nationalities and satellite states 10 The Polish Revolt 1863; Finland; the Baltic provinces; impact of the First World War and the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk; Russo-Polish War. Reasons for ‘national’ opposition to Russian governments in European states: national interests and needs desire for independence Russification repression, control, inequality impact of war and revolution. The ‘Polish syndrome’ and significance of the 1863 revolt to Russian policy. Significance of the 1905 revolution on protests and government repression (Riga, Lodz, Baku, Applebaum, A. Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe 1944-56 (2013) Bromley, J. Russia 1848-1917 (2002) Heinemann, Harlow Conquest, R. Stalin: Breaker of Nations (2003) Phoenix, London Corin C. & Fiehn, T. Communist Russia under Lenin and Stalin (2002) Schools History Project, John Murray, London Etkind, A. Internal Colonisation:
Finland). The effect of the 1917 revolutions and Bolshevik policies on Russian government and national/local populations: role of Lenin (aims, actions) loss of Russian territory short-and long-term impact of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on Poland, Ukraine, Finland and the Baltic states Civil War and Russo-Polish war creation of the RSFSR and USSR attitudes and outcome of the Great Patriotic War. Comparative importance of wars on the treatment of European nationalities: WW1, Civil War, Great Patriotic War, Cold War. Russia’s Imperial Experience (2011), Polity Press Evans, D. & Jenkins, J. Years of Russia and the USSR (2001) Hodder and Stoughton, London Hite, J. Tsarist Russia (1989) Causeway Press, Ormskirk Holland, A. Russia and its Rulers 1855-1964 (2010) OCR Historical Themes, Hodder Education, London Hopkirk, P. The Great Game (1990), Oxford University Press, Oxford Hopkirk, P. Setting the East Ablaze: Lenin’s Dream of an Empire in Asia (2006) John Murray, London Hosking, G. Russia: People and Empire 1552-1917 (1997), Cambridge, Massachusetts Laver, J. The Modernisation of Russia 1856-1985 (2002) Heinemann, Oxford Lee, S. Russia and the USSR 1855-1991 (2006) Routledge, Oxford McCauley, M. The Origins of the Cold War 1941-1949 (3rd ed.2003) Pearson, London McKenzie, D. & Curran, M. (ed.) A History of Russia, the Soviet 11 Expansion in Asia. Differing reasons for expansion across the period Differing impact of expansion across the period 11 Russification. Aims, purpose and features of Tsarist Russification. 12 Communist advance into Eastern and Central Europe after the Second World War. Reasons for Soviet control of eastern Europe from 1944. Reasons for and the effect of the actions and tactics of the Red Army in Poland and Germany during the Second World War (e.g. Katyn
Union and Beyond (2001), Wadsworth, Belmont Sherman, R. & Pearce, R. Russia 1815-81 (2nd ed. 2002) Access to History, Hodder and Stoughton, London forest, Warsaw Uprising, occupation of Germany). Impact of Soviet control of Eastern and Central Europe. Y318: – Note: Based on 3x 50 minute lessons per week Terms based on 6 term year. yOU COULD CHOOSE TO INTEGRATE THIS WITHIN THE SECTION ABOVE, SHOULD YOU WISH TO TEACH THIS CHRONOLOGICALLY, HOWEVER PLEASE NOTE QUESTIONS ON THE THEMATIC ESSAY ARE THEMATIC IN NATURE, WHEREAS THE DEPTH STUDIES ARE ROOTED IN INTERPRETATIONS. Key Topic Week Indicative Content Extended Content Resources Alexander II’s domestic reforms 12 The effects of the Crimean War. The aims of Alexander II’s domestic policies. Extent to which the Emancipation of the Serfs was motivated by the failure of the Crimean war or other factors: the difference of Alexander II to his father (aims, priorities) the role of Crimean war in highlighting Russia’s weaknesses (military and Acton, E. Russia (2nd ed. 1995) Longman Anderson, M.S. The Ascendancy of Europe 1815-1914 (2nd ed. 1985) Longman Emmons, T. The Russian
benefits should be praised. Alexander as ‘Tsar Liberator’. The relative success of Alexander’s domestic reforms in terms of: tackling Russia’s problems achieving his aims/intentions different types of policies acceptance by the population improving the lives of the peasants and workers support from the nobility maintenance of ‘autocracy, orthodoxy and nationality’ modernising Russia. The Provisional Government 17 The nature of the government. Circumstances, methods and stages in the formation of the Provisional Government: effect of strikes in Feb.1917 (Putilov factory, Vyborg) abdication of Nicholas II role of the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet role of the Provisional Committee of the Duma Bolshevik propaganda (Izvestia) roles of Guchkov, Milyukov, Kerensky, Grand Duke Mikhail and Prince Lvov in Feb. 1917 Soviet control of the railways, post, telegraphs and army resignations and replacement of ministers. Abraham, R. Alexander Kerensky: First Love of the Revolution (1987) Acton, E. Rethinking the Russian Revolution (1990) Darby, G. The Russian Revolution: Tsarism to Bolshevism (1998) Longman Figes, O. A People’s Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891-1924 (2014) Kowalski, R. The Russian Revolution 1917-1921 (1997) Routledge, London Lieven, D. Towards the Flame: Empire, War and the End of Tsarist Russia
Structure and organisation of the Provisional Government: the Cabinet revolutionary parties influence of the Petrograd Soviet and Dual Authority previous experience and political alignment of ministers such as Milyukov, Guchkov, Prince Lvov, Konavolov and Tereschenko. Role and significance of Kerensky. Extent of political representation and involvement of groups such as the Kadets, Octobrists and Progressive Bloc. (2015) Penguin Lowe, N. Mastering Twentieth-Century Russian History (2002) Palgrave Master Series Lynch, M. Reaction and Revolution: Russia (3rd ed. 2005) Hodder Murray, London Pipes, R. Three Whys of the Russian Revolution (1998) Pipes, R. The Russian revolution 1899-1919 (1990) Read, C. War and Revolution in Russia (2013) Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke Reed, J. Ten Days that shook the World (Penguin ed. 1977) Rogger, H. Russia in the Age of Modernisation and Revolution 1801-81 (1983) Longman Service, R. The Russian Revolution 1900-1927 (4th ed. 2009) Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke Service, R. Lenin (2000) Pan Macmillan, London Smith, S.A. The Russian Revolution: A Very Short Introduction (2002) Oxford 18 Main domestic policies of the Provisional Government. The extent and impact of reform. Changes in urban and rural living and working conditions. Extent of economic and social changes. Nature of Russia’s problems and ways in which government tried to address these: abolition of police departments removal of governors and deputies release of political exiles independent judges, trial by jury and abolition of capital punishment. Reasons for inflation, its impact and government response: wages and cost of living issue of working hours taxes and printing of money creation of conciliation chambers and factory committees
‘storming’ of the Winter Palace nature of the Second Congress of Soviets (25th Oct) role of Petrograd the Kronstadt sailors. Extent to which the Bolsheviks exploited the situation rather than playing a decisive role. Role of the Bolshevik Central Committee and significance of the contributions of Lenin, Trotsky, Bukharin, Zinoviev, Kamenev and Stalin to the events of October 1917. Khrushchev in power 1956–1964 21-22 The aims of Khrushchev. The nature of his government. The extent and impact of reform. Effect of Stalinism and the struggle for power (1953-56) on Khrushchev’s government and leadership style: membership of the Praesidium reactions to Malenkov, Beria and their henchmen Khrushchev’s role as Secretary of the Central Committee role of Bulganin the 20th Party Congress and ‘Secret Speech’ appointments to Party positions reasons for De-Stalinisation development of bureaucracy. Nature and extent of ‘Reform Communism’ , De-Stalinisation and ‘The Thaw’ (politics, economy, society, culture): aims of De-Stalinisation and Russia’s problems by 1956 Filzer, D. The Khrushchev Era: Destalinization and the Limits of Reform in the USSR 1954-1964 (1993) Keep, J. Last of the Empires (1995) Oxford University Press Kenez, P. A History of the Soviet Union from the Beginning to the End (1999) Cambridge University Press Khrushchev, N. Khrushchev Remembers (1971) Laver, J. The Modernisation of Russia 1856-1985 (2002) Heinemann, Oxford Lowe, N. Mastering Twentieth-Century Russian History (2002) Palgrave
government restructure agricultural reform (pricing, costs of equipment and transport, peasant taxation, modernisation, incentives such as the Virgin Lands) aims and methods of economic reforms (Seven Year Plan, light and heavy industry, technology and the Space race) bureaucratic changes and government institutions (e.g. Praesidium, committees, Supreme Economic Council, sovnarkhozi, KGB, local party administrators, apparatchiks and nomenklatura) cultural initiatives (Intourist, sporting exchanges, theatre) attaining ‘socialism’ and plans for ‘transition to communism’ (21st and 22nd Party Congresses). Master Series Medvedev, M. & R. Khrushchev: The Years in Power (1978) Norton Library, Columbia University Press McCauley, M. The Khrushchev Era 1953-1964 (2014) Routledge, Abingdon Taubman, W. Khrushchev: The Man and his Era (2005) Free Press, London Taubman, W & Khrushchev, S. Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower (2001) Volkogonov, D. The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire (2010) 23 Changes in urban and rural living and working conditions. Extent of economic and social changes including economic planning and the Virgin Lands Scheme. Effect of government policies on urban and rural communities within the USSR and its satellites in terms of: extent of influence and control from Moscow cost and standard of living transport facilities education and training housing opportunities (employment, travel, property, relocation)
the West and Cold War mentality (tension, MAD, issue of Germany and Cuba, quest for détente, SALT). Nature and extent of opposition from within the Communist Party in the USSR and its satellites: reactions of individuals such as Malenkov, Molotov, Rakosi, Gomulka, Nagy, Bulganin, Kaganovitch, Voroshilov, Suslov and Brezhnev ideological beliefs personal ambition and nepotism. Impact of the Cold War and foreign policy on domestic policies, Party disagreement, security and state control. Methods of control, security, enforcement and repression: removal from influence within the Communist Party police and secret services in Russia and its satellites (e.g. KGB, Stasi, spies) executions and arrest use of troops (e.g. Hungarian Rising 1956) re-settlement of Russians the arms race U2 incident and the Berlin Wall. Extent to which there was a relaxation of state control (Thaw) or continued