movements captured by motion-tracking techniques or imagined movements in the perception tasks. Table 1: Review of music-induced movement studies and a summary of motional features and musical factors. Musical factors Motional features Studies pitch, volume, tempo velocity, vertical height, muscular energy, forward-backward movements. Küssner et al., 2014; acceleration, impulsiveness, jerk, smoothness error, directness index, size, height. Maes et al., 2013 ; pulse clarity, percussiveness, spectral flux speed of movement, distance of hand, amount of movement, hip wiggle, shoulder wiggle Burger, Thompson, Luck, Saarikallio, and Toiviainen, 2013; spectral and temporal features of musical sounds maximum acceleration, discontinuity, and total quantity of motion Kozak, Nymoen, and Godøy, 2012; volume, brightness, pitch vertical position, absolute velocity, absolute acceleration, hand distance Nymoen, Godøy, Jensenius, and Torresen, 2012; volume, sharpness position, velocity, and acceleration Caramiaux et al., 2010; dynamics, pitch contour, pitch intervals, attack rate, articulation. motional type, vertical direction, forward-backward movements, right-left movements, speed, external force, energy involved. Eitan and Granot, 2006 The motional features of speed and distance were selected following the review of listed studies to represent the crucial and fundamental characteristics of moving object
paired T-test results showed that the mean value of articulation condition (N = 13, Mean = .40, SD = .14) was significantly smaller than the mean values of slow condition (N = 13, Mean = .58. SD = .14), t (12) = -3.36, p < .01. This means that the tapping performance of participants is more staccato when responding to angular motional feature compared with the slow movements. 4.1.4 Examination of crossed pairs of mapping. Above pairs of examination confirmed the hypothesized pairs of analogies, including musical tempo and walking speed, musical volume and walking distance, and musical articulation and walking continuity. We will further examine whether there is potential occurrence of crossed pairs of analogies. One-way ANOVA was conducted to compare the mean values of musical articulation in three conditions: the high condition, the low condition, and the normal condition. It was found that there was no significant difference of the mean value of articulation between the high condition (N = 13, Mean = .41, SD = .20) and the normal condition (N = 13, Mean = .45, SD = .12), F (1, 12) = .30, p > .05. However, there is a significant difference of the mean value of articulation between the low condition (N = 13, Mean = .60, SD = .17) and the normal condition, F (1, 12) = 9.60, p < .01. That is to say, tapping in the low condition is more legato than in the normal condition. In other words, the analogy not only exists between motional continuity and musical articulation, but also appears between physical height and musical articulation: higher movements induced more staccato tapping while movements with lower position induced more legato tapping. The effect of physical height on the musical volume was examined by comparing the mean difference of velocity between the high condition and the low condition using paired T-test. The results showed that the mean value of velocity in the high condition (N = 13, Mean = .46, SD = .06) is significantly higher than the mean in low condition (N = 13, Mean
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