Europe and colonial America. Extent to which the elite participated in and contributed to popular culture. Nature of elite culture and reasons for its development across the period. Arguments relating to the withdrawal of the elite from popular culture: reasons for the distinction nature of withdrawal comparative extent issues of public and private participation. Similarities and differences in social behaviour and attitudes to key features of life, such as: food, marriage, sex, childbirth, illness, hygiene, death, morality. Scarre, G & Callow, J. (2nd ed. 2001) Witchcraft and Magic in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Europe, Palgrave, Basingstoke Scribner, R. (1987) Popular Culture and Popular Movements in Reformation Germany Spierenburg, P. (1991) The Broken Spell, Macmillan, Basingstoke Thomas, K. (1971) Religion and the Decline of Magic, Penguin, London Wiesner-Hanks, M. (2nd ed. 2013) Early Modern Europe 1450-1789, Cambridge University Press 4 The significance of ritual; the role of pageants and the festivals of misrule; public humiliation; the role of magic in society. Types of ritual and their impact on culture: political, social and economic (e.g. civic and royal pageantry) personal and communal superstitious (lucky charms, amulets) religious (doctrine, prayers, use of relics and shrines) communal cultural codes social divisions, groups, membership and exclusion. Nature and extent of public displays
Desiderantes Affectibus) in 1484. Nature and impact of Kramer and Sprenger’s Malleus Maleficarum (Hammer of the Witches) of 1486. Germany and beyond. Nature, course and significance of intellectual or legal arguments, beliefs in witchcraft and the publication of demonology on the development or continuation of persecution. Similarity and difference in belief or disbelief between: the 16th and 17th century regions and localities Protestant groups (e.g. Zwingli) within the Catholic Church academic debate (humanism, scepticism, ‘new’ science) forms of politics and government social and ethnic groups rational and willing acceptance or ‘top down’ influence and submission. Witchcraft Reader, Routledge, Abingdon Pickering, A. (2009) Different Interpretations of Witch-hunting in Early Modern Europe Heinemann, Harlow Scarre, G & Callow, J. (2nd ed. 2001) Witchcraft and Magic in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Europe, Palgrave, Basingstoke Sharpe, J. (2013) Witchcraft in Early Modern England, Routledge, Abingdon Spierenburg, P. (1991) The Broken Spell, Macmillan, Basingstoke Thomas, K. (1971) Religion and the Decline of Magic, Penguin, London Thurston, R. (2013) The Routledge, Abingdon Trevor-Roper, H. (1969) The European Witchcraze of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, Penguin, London 4 Causes of growth and decline, including religious changes and confessional strife, economic causes, social structure, changes and Reasons for the growth, continuation and decline of persecution and witch trials: role of Protestant and Catholic leaders and institutions
by the Great Witch-Hunt Farmer, A. (Mar.2016) The Witchcraze of the 16th and 17th Centuries, Hodder Levack, B. (2006) The Witch Hunt in Early Modern Europe, Longman Levack, B. (ed. ) (2004) The Witchcraft Sourcebook, Routledge, London Oldridge, D. (ed.) (2008) The Witchcraft Reader, Routledge, Abingdon Pickering, A. (2009) Different Interpretations of Witch-hunting in Early Modern Europe Heinemann, Harlow Scarre, G & Callow, J. (2nd ed. 2001) Witchcraft and Magic in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Europe, Palgrave, Basingstoke Sharpe, J. (2013) Witchcraft in Early Modern England, Routledge, Abingdon Spierenburg, P. (1991) The Broken Spell, Macmillan, Basingstoke Thomas, K. (1971) Religion and the Decline of Magic, Penguin, London Thurston, R. (2013) The Routledge, Abingdon gender, age, social and employment composition of those prosecuted for witchcraft. The nature and intensity of witch hunts and trials, and extent of persecution on: Catholics or Protestants male or female elderly, working adults and children elite, middle or lower classes minority groups (ethnic, religious, social) wise women and ‘cunning folk’ perpetrators and witch hunters economic trades or work individuals or communities. Relationship between the social composition of persecutions and geographical location or chronological development. Similarities and differences in social, religious and economic patterns of the witch hunts and the extent of prosecution.
Scarre, G & Callow, J. (2nd ed. 2001) Witchcraft and Magic in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Europe, Palgrave, Basingstoke Sharpe, J. (2013) Witchcraft in Early Modern England, Routledge, Abingdon Spierenburg, P. (1991) The Broken Spell, Macmillan, Basingstoke Thomas, K. (1971) Religion and the Decline of Magic, Penguin, London Thurston, R. (2013) The Routledge, Abingdon Trevor-Roper, H. (1969) The European Witchcraze of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, Penguin, London 3 Campaigns against medieval superstition; survival of popular beliefs, impact on the Reformation. Nature and significance of the withdrawal of the elite from popular culture. Similarity and difference in the nature and extent of the synthesis of religious belief, popular culture and superstition as well as the impact of this on the authorities: 16th and 17th century regional variations dominant religion ethnic and ‘national’ groups within society. Ways in which campaigns against medieval superstition and the survival of popular beliefs shaped intellectual arguments during the Reformation and reactions to perceived witchcraft (e.g. moral regulation, non-conformity, suspicion). 3 Torture, trials, felony, burnings, sleep deprivation, confessions. Nature and impact of the witch trials and systems of prosecution on individuals and communities. Reasons for the types of torture deployed and their immediate impact on the outcomes of witch trials. Effect and significance of torture, trials and confession on the course and extent of the witch hunts (e.g. escalation, decline, legal developments).
situation and their impact on order and conformity; moral regulation and challenges to popular culture in the 1640s; the reasons for the persecution. customs and traditions, religious observances, moral regulation, role of magic and reactions to it, impact of Civil War). Reasons for challenges to popular culture and the beliefs about witchcraft by 1645: war and upheaval urban and rural communities religious institutions, clerics and Puritanism ‘world turned upside down’. Causes of the witch hunts 1645-7 and influence of internal and external factors (e.g. intellectual debate, demonology, precedent, and political conditions, religious tension, financial incentives). The role of individuals such as Hopkins and Stearne. Importance of the Civil War to the development of non-conformity, fear, insecurity and persecution. Comparative impact of confessions on the outcome of witch trials and those prosecuted during the witch hunt. Whether persecution came ‘from above or below’. Role of Puritanism and moral regulation. Historiography, Palgrave Macmillan Cohn, N. Europe’s Inner Demons Gaskill, M. (2005) Witchfinders: A Seventeenth Century English Tragedy, John Murray, London Levack, B. (ed. ) (2004) The Witchcraft Sourcebook, Routledge, London MacFarlane, A. (2nd ed. 1999) Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England, Routledge, Abingdon Sharpe, J. (2013) Witchcraft in Early Modern England, Routledge, Abingdon Thomas, K. (1971) Religion and the Decline of Magic, Penguin, London 3 The frequency, nature and geography of the Nature of accusations of witchcraft specific to the region (e.g. East Anglia).