1 3 2 4 6 2 12 1 --- + --- + --- = --- + --- + --- = ---- = 1 --- 2 4 8 8 8 8 8 2 (ON SLIDE #41) (c) Mixed Number Fractions may be added in the following manner. 1. Change fractions to fractions with common denominators. 2. Add fractions. 3. Add whole numbers. 4. If fraction is improper, change it to a mixed number fraction. 5. Combine whole numbers, reduce Example: 2 4 2 --- = 2 --- 3 6 5 5 4 --- = 4 --- + 6 6 . 9 1 6 --- = 7 --- 6 2 (ON SLIDE #42) INTERIM TRANSITION: We have just discussed adding fractions. Are there any questions? Let’s move on to the practical by doing the problems in the student handout. _______________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ PRACTICAL APPLICATION (5). (25 MIN) Have the students complete the problems in the student handout. PRACTICE: There are 28 addition of fractions problems in the student handout for the students to complete. PROVIDE-HELP: Instructor will answer qestions as they arise and assist students having difficulty. 1. Safety Brief: There are no safety concerns.
(ON SLIDE #57) Multiply and reduce a b c d 1) 2 4 --- x --- =8/15 3 5 5 2 --- x --- =10/63 7 9 1 7 --- x --- =7/80 8 10 3 5 --- x --- =15/88 11 8 2) 7 2 —-x --- =14/45 9 5 3 7 --- x --- =21/64 8 8 1 5 --- x --- =5/36 6 6 8 2 --- x --- =16/81 9 9 3) 3 1 3 --- x --- x --- =9/40 5 2 4 5 7 1 --- x --- x --- =5/6 7 3 2 2 1 5 --- x --- x --- =10/81 3 3 9 4) 4 4 1 --- x --- x --- =16/75 5 5 3 2 7 1 --- x --- x --- =14/135 5 9 3 1 4 2 --- x --- x --- =8/63 3 7 3 (ON SLIDE #58) 5) a 2 3 --- x --- = 3/10 5 4 b 4 3 --- x --- = 4/21 9 7 c 5 7 --- x --- = 7/16 8 10 d 6 5 --- x --- = 5/14 7 12 6) a 4 3 --- x --- = 1/6 9 8 b 5 9 --- x --- = 3/8 12 10 c 7 11 --- x --- = 1/4 22 14 d 5 9 --- x --- = 3/4 6 10 7) a 7 2 16 --- x --- x --- = 4/45 b 11 5 8 --- x --- x --- = 2/9
(ON SLIDE #28-35) SCRAPERS 5. INTRODUCTION TO SCRAPERS. (30 mins) Scrapers are designed for loading, hauling, and dumping on long-haul earth moving operations. The scraper has three basic operational parts; the bowl, the apron, and the ejector. The bowl, which is equipped with a cutting edge on the front bottom, is the loading and carrying component. The apron is the front wall of the bowl, and can be raised and lowered independently of the bowl. The ejector is the rear wall of the bowl. It is moved back to load, and forward to discharge materials. a. USE. In the field of heavy construction, tractor-scrapers serve the primary purpose of loading, and hauling material. The distinct advantage of the tractor-scraper, in earth moving, is the ability to load, haul, and spread in one continuous cycle. The tractor-scraper is capable of working alone for leveling but is supplemented with push-tractors for cut and fill operations. b. CLASSIFICATION: Tractor-scrapers are classified according to load capacity, and rated load. Capacity is measured in heaped and struck capacity. A heap load is the maximum load of the machine, and a struck load is the minimum effective load. c. CHARACTERISTICS: Tractor-scrapers are wheeled vehicles characterized by a tractor and scraper. They serve as prime
TABLE #1-1 SOIL CONVERSION FACTORS SOIL CONVERTED FROM: BANK LOOSE COMPACTED SAND OR GRAVEL BANK LOOSE COMPACTED * .90 1.05 1.11 * 1.17 .95 .86 * LOAM BANK LOOSE COMPACTED * .80 1.11 1.25 * 1.39 .90 .72 * CLAY BANK LOOSE COMPACTED * .70 1.11 1.43 * 1.59 .90 .63 * ROCK (BLASTED) BANK LOOSE COMPACTED * .67 .77 1.50 * 1.15 1.30 .87 * CORAL COMPARABLE TO LIMESTONE BANK LOOSE COMPACTED * .67 .77 1.50 * 1.15 1.30 .87 * EXAMPLE: If your requirement is 4,500 compacted cubic yards and you are moving 152 loose cubic yards per hour, you must convert the loose cubic yards per hour to compacted cubic yards per hour. 152 x .63 = 95.76 or 95 ( C CYPH) (LCYPH) X CON FACTOR (TABLE #1-1)= SOIL CONVERTED ( CYPH) ROUND DOWN (CYPH) (ON SLIDE #160) (4) STEP #3: Total Hours required: (a) Quantity to be moved divided by the hourly rate multiplied by the number of dozers you have equals the total time in hours to complete the job. (b) The formula:
(d) STEP #4: SOIL CONVERSION (IF NEEDED): If your requirement, or quantity to be moved, is expressed in either CCY or BCY, you must use the following formula to convert your net production. NET PRODUCTION (LCYPH) x SOIL CON FACTOR (Table # 1-1) = CONVERTED CYPH NOTE: ROUND DOWN CYPH TABLE #1-1 SOIL CONVERSION FACTORS SOIL CONVERTED FROM: BANK LOOSE COMPACTED SAND OR GRAVEL BANK LOOSE COMPACTED * .90 1.05 1.11 * 1.17 .95 .86 * LOAM BANK LOOSE COMPACTED * .80 1.11 1.25 * 1.39 .90 .72 * CLAY BANK LOOSE COMPACTED * .70 1.11 1.43 * 1.59 .90 .63 * ROCK (BLASTED) BANK LOOSE COMPACTED * .67 .77 1.50 * 1.15 1.30 .87 * CORAL COMPARABLE TO LIMESTONE BANK LOOSE COMPACTED * .67 .77 1.50 * 1.15 1.30 .87 * INSTRUCTOR DEMONSTRATION (10 min) Present the below example, reference the students to the power point and white board. Ensure this is explained step by step.
INTERIM TRANSITION: Are there any questions? Now I will give you several demonstrations on the first eleven steps of dump truck estimations? INSTRUCTOR DEMONSTRATION (10 min) Present the below example, reference the students to the power point and white board. Ensure this is explained step by step. example: EARTH LOAM DRY IS 2200 lbs. per cubic yard TABLE #2-2 APPROXIMATE WEIGHT OF SOIL SOIL CONVERTED FROM: BANK LOOSE COMPACTED SAND OR GRAVEL BANK LOOSE COMPACTED * .90 1.05 1.11 * 1.17 .95 .86 * LOAM BANK LOOSE COMPACTED * .80 1.11 1.25 * 1.39 .90 .72 * CLAY BANK LOOSE COMPACTED * .70 1.11 1.43 * 1.59 .90 .63 * ROCK (BLASTED) BANK LOOSE COMPACTED * .67 .77 1.50 * 1.15 1.30 .87 * CORAL COMPARABLE TO LIMESTONE BANK LOOSE COMPACTED * .67 .77 1.50 * 1.15 1.30 .87 * (a) MOISTURE CONTENT Initial soil weight x moisture content = actual soil weight INSTRUCTOR DEMONSTRATION (10 min) Present the below example, reference the students to the power point and white board. Ensure this is explained step by step. EXAMPLE: 2200 LBS. WEIGHT OF DRY EARTH LOAM PER CY FROM TABLE 2-2 X 1.07 100% OF SOIL WEIGHT + 7% MOISTURE 2354 LBS. actual soil weight (ASW)
ROUND OFF 5 OR GREATER ROUND UP 4 OR LESS ROUND DOWN * ROLLING RESISTANCE * GRADE RESISTANCE * GRADE ASSISTANCE NEVER ROUND OFF * CONVERTING INCHES INTO FEET * WEIGHT / SHORT TONS * MPH * SIZE OF THE LOAD * TIME REFERENCES: MCRP 4-11A, Vol. Field Reference Guide FM 5-434 Earthmoving Operations FMFM 4-4 Engineer Operations FM 5-34 Engineering Field Data MCRP 4-11-8A Marine Corps Field Feeding Program FM 5-430-00-1 Planning and Design of roads, airfields, and Heliports in the theater of operations- Road Design FM 101-10-1 Staff Officer's Field Manual MCI 1327 Engineer Estimations MCI 13341 Math for Marines