Conflict: Anyone browsing through newspapers in Cyprus will see that conflict is the good news, as it means “the Cyprus Conflict for the Cypriot press.” The Cypriot press tends to focus on Cyprus-conflict related news stories, and columnists write articles on it. The definition of the conflict in the Cypriot press is thus an important factor in the Cyprus conflict itself, as through the media each side considers itself the victim and blames the other side. Because of the nationalist character of the press in Cyprus, journalists are always on the side of what they understand as their state or nation, and evaluate the Cyprus conflict for its benefit. Thus the members of each community try to be on the “right side” against the “Other” side. Peace: The understanding/definition of “peace” varies from person to person in Cyprus, and there is no consensus on the definition of peace between the communities. There are similar examples elsewhere in the world; for example, what Israelis and Palestinians understand about peace. One can say that “every peace is different”; the definition of peace may not be the same for different people even if they are neighbors, as in the case of the communities in Cyprus. Some believe that there is peace on the island, whereas others do not; some believe that there is a cease-fire; others believe that there will be peace only if all of Cyprus enters the European Union. The reality of the island is that there is legally a cease-fire situation and Cypriots are suffering from a lack of political settlement; however, because of differences of interpretation, it is difficult to separate Turkish and Greek Cypriots’ definitions of peace. Each newspaper has a different definition: for instance, in the press in the north, the leftist Yenidüzen newspaper has a
• CYPRUS (English, weekly) is a commercial newspaper which is privately owned. It does not belong to any political party. • ÇİVİ (Turkish, weekly) is a rightist newspaper which supports a two state solution. It does not belong to any political party. • DEMOKRAT BAKIŞ (Turkish, daily) is owned by the Democrat Party, and supports a two-state solution on the island. • GÜNEŞ (Turkish, daily) is owned by the National Unity Party which is currently in power, and it supports a two-state solution. • HABERDAR (Turkish, daily) is a “new” newspaper in the North. It published its first issue on 22 December, 2009. • HALKIN SESİ (Turkish, daily) is the oldest Turkish language newspaper on the island. It is privately owned and can be described as right-of-center. • HAVADİS (Turkish, daily) is privately owned, and supports unification of the island. It does not belong to any political party. • KIBRIS (Turkish, daily) has the highest circulation in the North. It is a commercial newspaper and is highly influential. It does not belong to any political party.
According to Alankus in her book Gazetecilik ve Habercilik (2003) “... news is something which pretends to be impartial, objective and by this way acts as if it tells the truth, but in fact it tells us a fictional story” (p. 30). Alankus’s news definition (2003) stresses how media cannot be objective and how this affects news production. It is hard to believe that news is objective because the journalist tries to describe the event for the audience, and during this description the journalist is affected by ideology, experience, and education level and news values. The journalist constructs his/her reality in the news in order to describe the news for the audience; this is why, if two journalists cover the same event, both journalists’ news articles would be different. As Jamieson and Campbell (1982) explain, “[n]ews is gathered, written, edited, produced, and disseminated by human beings who are part of organizations and who have beliefs and values” (p. 16). It is hard to escape these boundaries which have been with us since we were born; as Gans (1979) mentions, “Journalists try hard to be objective, but neither they nor anyone else can in the end proceed without values” (p. 39). According to the Liberal Pluralist Approach, the journalist is accepted as objective and this reflects his or her understanding of news. The liberal approach believes that journalism is the mirror of reality. In other words, there is an event, and the journalist simply reports the fact as it is. Critical Approaches, however, look with doubt at the “journalist is the mirror that reflects reality” understanding. As Dursun (2003) stresses, “Critical approaches, first of all, due to the fact that media operates in a capitalist society and hence reflects the benefits of certain classes, emphasize that ‘objective and impartial reporting cannot exist’” (p. 64). It can be said that, in addition to the capitalist world
structures within which they act. Events are described in terms of the effects on individuals. Political conflict is seen as debates between personalities, not policies. 11) Human Interest: This is related to personalization and novelty, but refers specifically to “soft” stories about missing dogs being found or other “feel good” episodes in day-to-day life. Often television newscasts will end with a human-interest story in order to soften the impact of the rest of the newscast. 12) on elite personalities/nations: Celebrities, politicians, and major economic nations gain far more focus than the non-elites. Herbert Gans (1980) reviewed the American television networks CBS, NBC, and Newsweek and Time magazines and found that the news was dominated by known, prominent people, with officials accounting for three-quarters of all news sources. 13) Sensationalism: death, conflict and drama. Studies have noted an over-emphasis on violence in the news (relative to the amount of violence in real life)—represented mostly in the coverage of violent crime. Death resulting from violence is more likely to be covered than from disease. British studies have noted that crime reporting has no relationship to the relative frequency of crime and the over-reported crimes in both TV and print news were murder, fraud, black mail and drug offences. Other
Table : Story/Item types in the Turkish Cypriot press on the Cyprus conflict, Greece, or Greek Cypriots. 4.2.12 Story Topics in the Turkish Cypriot Press One of the minor hypotheses of this study is that the Cypriot media prefer to publish negative stories on topics such as crime, rape, and drug use rather than other positive stories from the other side. This hypothesis is partly supported. News from the other side on the police, courts, accidents and disasters could be counted as stories in the negative category. The percentage of all this news is 8.5%. The significant result is that the Cyprus conflict (47.5%) and Turkey (36.5%) related story topics are high. Another significant result is that most of the Turkish Cypriot newspapers publish 36.5% of stories on Turkey. Table 24 shows that there is a general tendency in the Greek Cypriot press to pinpoint Turkey as the basic cause of the Cyprus Conflict; Turkish Cypriot authorities thus publish press releases about Turkey in order to respond to the claims published in the Greek Cypriot press. Social and cultural activity related story topics are low in number (4.7%); Turkish Cypriot editors are not interested in events related to socio-cultural activities. Table : Story topics in the Turkish Cypriot press on the Cyprus conflict, Greece, or Greek Cypriots.
c. Applause Oriented: This frame was added to the diagram as an opposite to “blame”. If there is something nice and praiseworthy in any of the communities, this should be “applauded” and praised, no matter which community it is in. Articles that applaud good works without any ethnic discrimination are placed in this category. Thus in his article “You harvest what you sow...” Kıbrıs newspaper columnist Hasan Hastürer uses an example of an “applause frame” when he praises Greece and the Greek Cypriots: “By speaking in the European language and by achieving the necessary work according to those principals, Greece and the Greek Cypriots have arrived at this point. They have succeeded in bringing their demands and the European criteria together. They have not harmed themselves with zigzags, with back and forths, or with machinations” (7 October, 2006). No articles in the “Applause Oriented” frame were encountered in the Greek Cypriot press during the period of this study (October, 2006). (iii) Empathy Frames have three subcategories: a. Understanding the Other Oriented, b. Trust Oriented, c. Unprejudiced Oriented, d. Accept Other As It Is Oriented, e. Other In The Self Oriented. Below are some examples for each category of the empathy frames: a. Understanding the Oriented: Ideas and thoughts in articles trying to understand the views and thoughts of the opposite side were evaluated in this category. Vasos Georgiou’s article published in Alithia newspaper is an example of this frame: “Independent from whether I consider them to be right or wrong, Turkish Cypriots feel unwanted and their pride is hurt after the strong ‘no’ reply. Even though most Greek Cypriots would not believe me, I found out that Turkish Cypriots have pride, too” (3 October, 2006). Yenidüzen columnist Sevgül Uludağ’s article dealing with the process
about how much light we are able to sho light to the dark side of our history. From the traumas of war, from the anger of our communities hit squads, from harassments, from rapes, from actions of suppression, the dark face of our commun history formed by eyes blinded by nationalism is looking at us through the mirror… How much are we disturbed by this? Do we find serenity from living on this island like this?” (4 October, 2006). No article in the “History-Culture Oriented” frame was encountered in Greek Cypriot newspapers in the period (October, 2006) of the study. There are five main categories under “CONFLICT FRAMES”: (i) Status Quo Frame, (ii) Unbalance Frame, (iii) Antipathy Frame, (iv) Win – Lose Frame, (v) Nationalist Frame. (i) Status Quo Frames have five subcategories: a. Exclusive Oriented, b. They Are Our Enemy Oriented, c. Just War Oriented, d. Hate Speech Oriented. Examples for each category of the status quo frames are provided below: a. Exclusive Oriented: These kinds of conflict frames exclude the opposite side and practice ethnic discrimination; they consider the opposite side as the “other” and see it as apart from themselves. Simerini columnist Lazaros Mavros in his article specifically excludes the TRNC citizens who are of Turkish mainland origin with this frame: “First of all, they see a fantastic mirage. Especially in the ‘Turkish Cypriots’ factor. The dream of sharing is being established together with the ‘Turkish Cypriots.’ Above all, as if they do not see, they do not understand, and they do not know that this factor is a population created by the Turkish military administration... The majority of the settlers ... together with the present leadership are obedient organs of the
and 4% voice to the wo/man on the street. Table 35 shows how Greek Cypriot columnists do not give voice to experts and NGOs as the source of their articles. Table : Greek Cypriot unofficial sources mentioned in the Greek Cypriot papers’ opinion articles. Newspaper Experts NGO’s Journalists/ newspapers Wo/man on the street Cnt. Percent Cnt. Percent Cnt. Percent Cnt. Per. Phileleft.os 0 .0% 0 .0% 2 2.0% 0 .0% Alithia 0 .0% 0 .0% 5 5.0% 2 2.0% Haravghi 0 .0% 0 .0% 1 1.0% 0 .0% Politis 0 .0% 0 .0% 0 .0% 2 2.0% Simerini 0 .0% 0 .0% 0 .0% 0 .0% TOTAL 0 .0% 0 .0% 8 8.0% 4 4.0% 5.1.2.1 The Unofficial Quoted Sources in Cypriot Columnists’ Articles According to results of Table 36, the majority of Greek Cypriot columnists use only one quoted unofficial source (22%) in their articles on the Cyprus conflict, Turkey, or Turkish Cypriots. : Unofficial sources identified in the Greek Cypriot columnists’ articles.
this is why Greek Cypriot columnists tend to politically describe the Turkish Cypriots as: the “Turkish Side (6%), Cyprus Turkish Side (4%) and Turkish Cypriot Community (4%).” Turkish Cypriot columnists politically emphasize Greek Cypriots as the “Republic of Cyprus” (24.8%), and this is followed by “Other” descriptions. •CYPRIOT COLUMNIST ANTAGONISTIC DESCRIPTIONS: According to the results, Turkish Cypriot columnists’ articles consist of more antagonistic descriptions (85%) than of Greek Cypriot columnists (34%). •CYPRIOT COLUMNISTS’ DOMINANT FRAMES: In general, both Turkish and Greek Cypriot columnists tend to use the “Conflict Frame” when they are writing about the “Other” side. As the results indicate, the percentage of “Peace Frames” usage is very low in the press of both sides. •CYPRIOT COLUMNISTS’ CONFLICT FRAMES FOR THE “OTHER” BY NEWSPAPER: The extreme nationalist and leftist newspapers such as Simerini (100%) and Volkan (80.2%) columnists are the top of the league for using conflict frames for the “Other”. Since Alithia politically supports unification initiatives, the writers of Alithia use “Conflict Frames” (8%) less. The same is also true for Yenidüzen in the north. The columnists of Yenidüzen politically believe in re-unification and peace initiatives, and this is why they do not prefer to use “Conflict Frames” in their articles (11%).
Volkan (35.8%) used the “Status Quo Frame” which is exclusive-oriented, oriented, just-war oriented and hate-speech oriented. The columnists who write in favour of peace initiatives in newspapers such as Alithia, Politis, Yenidüzen, Afrika and Kıbrıs, rarely use “status quo frames” in their articles. •CYPRIOT COLUMNISTS’ UNBALANCED FRAMES FOR THE “OTHER” FROM NEWSPAPER TO NEWSPAPER: The unbalanced frame, which is accuses-other-side’s-government oriented and blame-oriented, is mostly used by Haravghi (56%) on the Greek Cypriot side and Halkın Sesi (36%) on the Turkish Cypriot side. It could be said that the writers who write for pacifist newspapers do not use unbalanced frames in their articles. •CYPRIOT COLUMNISTS’ WIN-LOSE FRAMES FOR THE FROM NEWSPAPER TO NEWSPAPER: The columnists of Haravghi (25%) and Halkın Sesi (31.1%) tend to use the “Win-Lose Frame,” which emphasizes one side’s pains and is good-and-evil oriented. Nationalist newspapers Simerini (22.2%) and Volkan (29.6%) use the “Win-Lose Frame” in the second rank. Bailie and Azgin’s (2008) research on the Cypriot media described how the Win-Lose Frame is used by editors as a news value: “…conflict is never presented as multi-sided, neither are the beliefs or pain of the “Other” ever considered (p. 72).” •CYPRIOT COLUMNISTS’ NATIONALIST FRAMES FOR THE “OTHER” FROM NEWSPAPER TO NEWSPAPER: As we have already seen, the history of the Cypriot press is based on nationalism, which means the Greek and Turkish communities
Reframe from past to future: The Cypriot press should stop blaming each other about what happened in the past and who was “guilty” or “victim”. They should concentrate more on the future. Reframe from hostile to neutral: Cypriot should stop seeing each other as “enemy” or “hostile”. They should stop antagonistic discourse in their news stories and opinion articles. Reframe from individual interests to community interests: The Cypriot should reframe the issues in a way that underlines community interests rather than individual interests. Reframe from compliant to vision: The Cypriot press should stop being compliant because of the past events or issues. They should look at the future, and create a positive vision of the island of Cyprus. Reframe from criticism to request: The Cypriot press should stop criticizing/blaming each other. They should spend more time talking about what kind of requests they have from each other. Some principles in presenting events in a positive/negative frames were given under the title “Ten Commandments of Peace Journalism” by Majid Tehranian (2002). Two of these principles are as follows: “Your representation of conflict problems can become part of the problem if it exacerbates dualisms and hatreds. Your representation of conflict problems can become part of the solution if it employs the creative tensions in any human conflict to seek common ground and nonviolent solutions” (p. 80).
Another suggestion is to create an association for peace journalists on the island. In this association, the journalists on both sides could come together to work on guidelines for reporting. This association will encourage reporters to practice peace journalism. REFERENCES Adam, G. & Holguin, L. (2003). The media’s role in peace-building: asset or liability?, Paper presented at the conference of the Our Media 3 Conference, Barranquilla, Colombia. Akkurt, A. (2007). Barış gazeteciliği ve Güney’deki şehitlerimiz. Volkan Newspaper, p. 2. Alankuş, S. (2003). Gazetecilik ve habercilik, habercinin el kitabi dizisi: 4. İstanbul, Turkey: IPS İletişim Vakfı Yayınları: 7. Alankus, S. (2005). Writing for peace without the words for peace. Unpublished manuscript. Alankus, S. (2008). Türkiye’de bir demokrasi için, “başka” bir medya ve habercilik. In İ. Cangöz (Ed), Uygun Adım Medya: Bir Bilinç Körleşmesi, Ankara, Turkey: Ayraç Production.
8. ‘Sport’ Frame (representing the issues like sport match perspective) 9. ‘Unbalance Background’ Frame (providing unbalance background information) 10. ‘Criticize Other Side’s Government Policy’ (criticizing the “Other” side’s government policies) 11. ‘Emphasize One Side’ Frame (emphasizing only own side pains) 12. ‘They are our Enemy’ Frame (representing the “Other” in eternal enemy prespective) 13. ‘Win-Lose’ Frame (includes distinct satisfaction) 14. ‘Inferior’ Frame (underestimate the “Other”s ideas) 15. ‘Nationalist’ Frame (emphasizing red lines and as a national problem) 16. ‘Who The First Stone’ Frame (providing no historical and cultural information and emphasizing who started the conflict) 17. ‘Hate Speech’ Frame (providing hate speech and insultive statements to the opposition side) 18. ‘Blame’ Frame (blaming the “Other” and show them as a cause of the problem) 19. ‘Self and Other’ Frame (making self and other distinction) 20. ‘Just War’ Frame (emphasizing only war related with the opposition side) 21. ‘Good and Evil’ Frame (we are good and they are evil perspective) NEUTRAL (DESCRIPTIVE) 1. It just describes what happened without passing comment. 2. Transferring the information without questioning it.
3. Providing direct quotation in the headline from the source of the story. Appendix B: The Turkish and Greek Cypriot Columnists Antagonistic, Political Descriptions (Other) Newspapers Dates Columnists Political Descriptions For Turkish Cypriots in OTHER category Political Descriptions For Cypriots in OTHER category Antagonistic Descriptions in OTHER category YENIDÜZEN 03Oct06 Ferdi S.Soyer Kıbrıs Türk Halkı Rum Toplumu YENIDÜZEN 03Oct06 Hüseyin Aktığ Zone of Cyprus Greek YENIDÜZEN 04Oct06 Sevgül Uludağ North Side of Cyprus Greek YENIDÜZEN 09Oct06 Hasan Erçakıca Side of Cyprus Greek YENIDÜZEN 09Oct06 Sami Özuslu Greek Cypriot Community YENIDÜZEN 11Oct06 Niyazi Kızılyürek Greek Cypriot Community YENIDÜZEN 11Oct06 Sami Özuslu North YENIDÜZEN 12Oct06 Sami Özuslu Leadership of Cyprus Turks YENIDÜZEN 14Oct06 Nazım Beratlı The Greek Cypriot Administration VOLKAN 01Oct06 Hasan Keskin North VOLKAN 01Oct06 Seyyan Uzunoğlu Pirate Republic of Cyprus VOLKAN 02Oct06 Hasan Keskin “Rum” - Greeks together VOLKAN 02Oct06 Sabahattin İsmail State of “Rum” “Rum” - Greeks together VOLKAN 02Oct06 Seyyan Uzunoğlu Republic of Cyprus “Rum” “Rum” - Greeks together , Non-Moslem or atheist VOLKAN 02Oct06 Tanju Müezzinoğlu The Greek Cypriot Administration
VOLKAN 08Oct06 Ethem Durak Non-Moslem or atheist VOLKAN 08Oct06 Sabahattin İsmail State of “Rum” VOLKAN 09Oct06 Abdullah Azizoğlu Side of Rum VOLKAN 09Oct06 Akkurt Community of Cyprus “Rum” - Greeks together VOLKAN 09Oct06 Hasan Keskin Zone of Cyprus Greek VOLKAN 09Oct06 Sabahattin İsmail Community of Cyprus State of “Rum” VOLKAN 10Oct06 Sabahattin İsmail Community of Cyprus Turks, North State of “Rum”, Rum Administration VOLKAN 11Oct06 Günay Yorgancıoğlu Socalled of "Omorfo" VOLKAN 12Oct06 Rauf R. Denktaş Community of Cyprus Turks “Rum” - Greeks together VOLKAN 12Oct06 Günay Yorgancıoğlu Community of Cyprus Turks VOLKAN 12Oct06 Sabahattin İsmail Community of Cyprus “Rum” - Greeks together VOLKAN 12Oct06 Müezzinoğlu State of “Rum” VOLKAN 13Oct06 Günay Yorgancıoğlu Socalled of Maraş VOLKAN 13Oct06 Sabahattin İsmail Community of Cyprus Turks VOLKAN 14Oct06 Aydın Akkurt Community of Cyprus Turks “Rum” - Greeks together VOLKAN 14Oct06 Mehmet S. Bayram Community of Cyprus Turks The Greek Cypriot Administration, Community of Rum, Administration of South Cyprus Propoganda of Fascist Rum VOLKAN 15Oct06 Kamil Özkaloğlu Occupier “Rum”s
VOLKAN 15Oct06 Seyyan Uzunoğlu Non-Moslem or atheist VOLKAN 15Oct06 Müezzinoğlu State of “Rum” HALKIN SESI 01Oct06 Ersin Tatar Community of Cyprus Turks HALKIN SESI 01Oct06 Reşat Akar North Cyprus HALKIN SESI 02Oct06 Ata Atun Republic of Cyprus (Rum) HALKIN SESI 02Oct06 İsmet Kotak Occupier Rum HALKIN SESI 03Oct06 Çetinel North HALKIN SESI 04Oct06 Kotak Occupied “Republic of Cyprus” by Rum HALKIN SESI 04Oct06 Orhan Aydeniz Administration in the South HALKIN SESI 04Oct06 Özcanhan The Leadership of Cyprus Rum HALKIN SESI 06Oct06 Rauf R. Denktaş Administration of Rum HALKIN SESI 06Oct06 Kotak Occupier Rum HALKIN SESI 06Oct06 Reşat Akar Ferocious leader of EOKA HALKIN SESI 07Oct06 Kotak Occupier Rum HALKIN SESI 07Oct06 Osman Güvenir Terrorist president HALKIN SESI 08Oct06 İsmet Kotak Republic of Cyprus “Rum” Occupier Rum HALKIN SESI 08Oct06 Özer Hatay The Cypriot Administration HALKIN SESI 09Oct06 Rauf R. Denktaş State of “Rum” HALKIN SESI 10Oct06 Eşref Çetinel North HALKIN SESI 10Oct06 Güvenir Bloody hand Papadopulos, spoiled child of spoiled Greek’s HALKIN SESI 10Oct06 İsmet Kotak Republic of Cyprus (Rum) Republic of Cyprus which occupied by Rum
HALKIN SESI 11Oct06 Adnan Işıman South of the Cyprus HALKIN SESI 11Oct06 Eşref Çetinel Community of Cyprus HALKIN SESI 11Oct06 İsmet Kotak Community of Cyprus Turks HALKIN SESI 11Oct06 Özer Hatay Administration of Rum HALKIN SESI 12Oct06 Akay Cemal Community of Cyprus Turks HALKIN SESI 12Oct06 Ata Atun Zone of Cyprus Greek HALKIN SESI 12Oct06 Mehmet S. Bayram The Greek Cypriot Administration Propaganda of Fascist Rum HALKIN SESI 13Oct06 Rauf R. Denktaş Administration of Rum, Leadership of Rum HALKIN SESI 13Oct06 Eşref Çetinel HALKIN SESI 13Oct06 İsmet Kotak Republic of Cyprus (Rum) Propaganda of Rum, Occupier Rum HALKIN SESI 15Oct06 Eşref Çetinel Turkish Community AFRIKA 01Oct06 Şener Levent racist, nationalist, chauvinist AFRIKA 02Oct06 Mehmet Levent The Greek Cypriot Administration AFRIKA 04Oct06 Damla Özhan North of the Cyprus AFRIKA 05Oct06 Damla Özhan North of the Cyprus AFRIKA 05Oct06 Şener Levent North of the Cyprus AFRIKA 06Oct06 Elvan Levent The administration of South Cyprus AFRIKA 06Oct06 Serhat İncirli Artificial AFRIKA 07Oct06 Mehmet Levent Community of Rum AFRIKA 08Oct06 Şener Levent North AFRIKA 10Oct06 Ali Osman North of the Cyprus
AFRIKA 10Oct06 Şener Levent North AFRIKA 11Oct06 Mehmet Levent Güney Republic of Cyprus “Rum” AFRIKA 15Oct06 Mehmet Levent Community of Cyprus Turks AFRIKA 15Oct06 Levent The government of Rum KIBRIS 04Oct06 Bilbay Eminoğlu No supporter Community of Rum KIBRIS 05Oct06 Ahmet Tolgay Community of Cyprus Turks Fanatic “Rum”s, Terrorists of KIBRIS 13Oct06 Hasan Hastürer The Greek Cypriot Administration KIBRIS 13Oct06 Başaran Düzgün Zone of Cyprus Greek PHILELEFTHEROS 01Oct06 Paris Potamitis Socalled isolation, illegal Ercan PHILELEFTHEROS 01Oct06 Yanakis Turkish occupier army ALITHIA 01Oct06 Pampos Haralmabus Turkish occupation SIMERINI 01Oct06 Marios Manusopulos Illegal structure and institutions, socalled isolation ALITHIA 01Oct06 Glafkos Ksenos Semi occupation PHILELEFTHEROS 02Oct06 Sütunu Socalled isolation, illegal airport PHILELEFTHEROS 03Oct06 Görüş Sütunu Socalled isolation SIMERINI 03Oct06 Simerini gazetesinin görüşü Socalled isolation SIMERINI 04Oct06 Savvas Yakovidis PHILELEFTHEROS 04Oct06 Mihalis Pasardis Atilla, barbarianian, invasion,
Turkish occupation ALITHIA 04Oct06 Alithia'nın görüşü Soldier of occupation PHILELEFTHEROS 04Oct06 Mihalis Ignatiu Egoistic, boast HARAVGHI 04Oct06 Sütunu Socalled isolation ALITHIA 04Oct06 Mihalis Papapetru Occupation and invasion, Turkish occupation PHILELEFTHEROS 04Oct06 Andonis Kutalyanos Socalled economical isolation, socalled direct trade regulation ALITHIA 05Oct06 Alekos Konstantinidis Cyprus State of “Rum” HARAVGHI 05Oct06 Lenia Stilyanu socalled isolation HARAVGHI 05Oct06 Andrula Giurof Occupation of Ankara, occupier Türkey SIMERINI 05Oct06 Hristoforus Papastilianu Turkish ogre PHILELEFTHEROS 05Oct06 Kiriakos Cimillis State of Cyprus Occupation. Pillage of Ankara SIMERINI 05Oct06 Lazaros Mavros Conquest, settler HARAVGHI 06Oct06 Niki bully HARAVGHI 06Oct06 Lenia Stilyanu Turkish occupation HARAVGHI 06Oct06 Makale Sütunu socalled isolation, dispute of ALITHIA 06Oct06 Alekos Konstantinidis settler ALITHIA 07Oct06 Alekos Konstantinidis North under occupation HARAVGHI 08Oct06 Makale Sütunu occupation PHILELEFTHEROS 08Oct06 Stefanos Konstantinidis Occupation PHILELEFTHEROS 08Oct06 Sütunu Bargaining culture
PHILELEFTHEROS 08Oct06 Paris Potamitis Illegal Ercan SIMERINI 08Oct06 Lazaros Mavros Atilla SIMERINI 08Oct06 Simerini gazetesinin görüşü Turkish bargaining ALITHIA 09Oct06 Glafkos Ksenos occupation army SIMERINI 10Oct06 Simerini gazetesinin görüşü Turkish boast, Turkish rejection, Turkish bargaining POLITIS 10Oct06 Görüş Sütunu Illegal Ercan, occupied North. ALITHIA 10Oct06 Takis Agathokleus The Greek Cypriot Administration SIMERINI 11Oct06 Lazaros Mavros Atilla SIMERINI 11Oct06 Savvas Yakovidis Atilla PHILELEFTHEROS 11Oct06 Phileleftheros occupation ALITHIA 12Oct06 Alithia'nın görüşü Free zones ALITHIA 12Oct06 Alekos Konstantinidis Ground of Cyprus Turks HARAVGHI 12Oct06 Niki Kulermu occupation HARAVGHI 13Oct06 Andrula Giurof Occupier Turkey HARAVGHI 13Oct06 Makale Sütunu Leadership of Cyprus Turks POLITIS 13Oct06 Andreas Parashos occupation POLITIS 15Oct06 Vangelis Vasiliu Free zones SIMERINI 15Oct06 Yannos Haralambidis Leader of occupation, illegal Ercan, socalled isolation Appendix C: General Results of the News Stories Coverage
Appendix D: General Results of the Columnist’s Articles Coverage GREEK CYPRIOT PRESS TURKISH CYPRIOT PRESS TOPIC OF THE ARTICLES % 46 The Cyprus Conflict. % 39 Turkey-EU Affairs. % 15 other. % 74 The Cyprus Conflict. % 5.7 Turkey-EU Affairs. % 13.8 other. IF ARTICLE IS THE CYPRUS CONFLICT % 12 Plan in general. % 10 Finland Proposal. % 4 property issue. % 5.3 Plan in general. % 27.6 Finland Proposal. % 5.3 Missing persons/mass graves % 2.8 political activity USAGE OF THE OFFICIAL GOVERNMENT SOURCES % 9 Greek Cypriot. % 6 Turkey. % 6 International. % 3 Turkish Cypriot. % 2 Greek. % 12 Greek Cypriot. % 15.9 Turkey. % 10 International. % 25.2 Turkish Cypriot. % 1 Greek. TURKISH CYPRIOT OFFICIAL GOVERNMENT SOURCE IDENTIFIED IN CYPRIOT COLUMNIST ARTICLES % 1 President. % 0 Prime minister. % 0 Minister(s). % 1 Public officials. % 17.5 President. % 5 minister. % 0.4 Minister(s). % 4 Public officials. GREEK CYPRIOT OFFICIAL GOVERNMENT SOURCE IDENTIFIED IN CYPRIOT COLUMNIST ARTICLES % 9 President. % 7 Public officials. % 5 General assembly. % 1 Minister(s). % 6.5 President. % 2 Public officials. % 4 General assembly. % 1.2 Minister(s). HOW MANY OFFICIAL QUOTED GOVERNMENT SOURCE IDENTIFIED? % 33 one quoted sources. % 9 two quoted sources. % 58 no source. % 26 one quoted sources. % 14 two quoted sources. % 55 no source. UNOFFICIAL GOVERNMENT SOURCE IDENTIFIED IN THE CYPRIOT COLUMNIST ARTICLES % 2 Turkish Cypriot % 12 Greek Cypriot % 4 Turkish % 0 % 3 International % 11.8 Turkish Cypriot % 6 Cypriot % 3.3 Turkish % 0 Greek % 2 International TURKISH CYPRIOT UNOFFICIAL SOURCE IDENTIFIED IN THE CYPRIOT COLUMNIST ARTICLES % 12 NGO % 4 Journalist/newspaper % 2 experts % 0 Wo/man on the street % 2 NGO % 2 Journalist/ newspaper % 4.9 experts % 4 Wo/man on the street GREEK CYPRIOT UNOFFICIAL SOURCE IDENTIFIED IN THE CYPRIOT COLUMNIST ARTICLES % 8 journalist/newspaper % 4 wo/man on the street % 0 NGO % 0 Experts % 4.1 journalist/ newspaper % 1 wo/man on the street % 0 NGO
Humanization of all more so the worse the weapons. Proactive: prevention before any violence/war occurs. Focus on invisible effects of violence. (trauma and glory, damage to structure/culture) Dehumanization of “them”; more so the worse the weapon. Reactive: waiting for violence before reporting. Focus only on visible effect of violence. (killed, wounded and material damage) II. Expose untruths on all sides / uncover all cover-ups. II. PROPAGANDA-ORIENTATED Expose “their” untruths / help “our” cover-ups/lies. III. PEOPLE-ORIENTATED Focus on suffering all over; on women, aged children, giving voice to voiceless. Give name to all evil-doers. Focus on people peace-makers. III. ELITE ORIENTATED Focus on “our” suffering; on able-bodied elite males, being their mouth-piece. Give name to their evil-doers. Focus on elite peace-makers. IV. SOLUTION ORIENTATED Peace = non-violence + creativity. Highlight peace initiatives, also to prevent more war. Focus on structure, culture, the peaceful society. Aftermath: resolution, reconstruction, reconciliation. IV. VICTORY ORIENTATED Peace = victory + ceasefire. Conceal peace-initiative, before victory is at hand. on treaty, institution, the controlled society. Leaving for another war, return if the old flares up again.