Name: Class: Teacher: This is the whole course in one booklet. It is set up in exam order. You should use this to accompany any other notes you have. There is also a command word mat which tells what each command word means, how many points to make, what words in the question mean. 1 Paper 2 Paper 3 Date: 22nd May 2018 5th June 2018 11th June 2018 Length: 1 hour 30 minutes 1 hour 30 minutes 1 hour 15 minutes Time of day: PM PM PM Total number of marks: 88 3 marks for SPaG 88 3 for SPaG 76 6 marks for SPaG Equipment needed: 2 black or blue pens 2 pencils Ruler Calculator 2 black or blue pens 2 pencils Ruler Calculator 2 black or blue pens 2 pencils Ruler Calculator Topics covered: Section A – Question 1: Challenges of Natural hazards – 33 marks – answer all questions Section B – Question 2: The living world – 25 marks – answer all questions Section C: Question 3 – Coasts – 15 marks Question 4 – Rivers – 15 marks Question types: multiple-choice, short answers, 2 x 9 markers Section A – Question 1: Urban issues and challenges – 33 marks – answer all questions Section B – Question 2: The changing economic world -30 marks – answer all questions Section C: Answer Question 3 and question 6 (ENERGY) – 25 marks Question types: multiple-choice, short answers, 2 x 9 markers Section A – Question 1: Evaluation – 37 marks – answer all questions Section B – Question 2: Geographical skills and fieldwork – 39 marks – answer all questions Question types: multiple-choice, short answers, 2 x 9 markers.
Seismometers and lasers monitor earth movement to predict for earthquakes. Volcanoes give off signs such as sulphur dioxide gas or bulges to indicate magma is rising. Monitor tectonic plate movement Well monitor the volcano to predict when it will go off so people can evacuate Sometimes you can’t predict them! Buildings are designed to withstand earthquakes e.g. steel frames. Automatic shut off switches to gas and electricity in case there is an earthquake. Emergency services prepare for disasters. People educated on what to do if is an earthquake e.g. Japan. Emergency supplies e.g. food are stockpiled. WEATHER HAZARDS Global atmospheric circulation helps to determine patterns of weather and climate General atmospheric circulation model: pressure belts and surface winds Air circulates between high and low pressure belts as surface winds: Winds are large scale movements of air caused by differences in air pressure. Differences in air pressure are caused by differences in temperature between the equator and the poles. Winds move FROM the areas of high pressure TO the areas of low pressure. Winds are part of global atmospheric circulation loops (or cells). These loops have warm rising air which creates low pressure belt. are loops in each hemisphere and it works as below:
Use a named example of a tropical storm to show its effects and responses: Typhoon Haiyan (2013) Causes: Typhoon Haiyan was a tropical cyclone that affected the Philippines in South East Asia in November 2013. It was one of the strongest tropical cyclones ever recorded with winds of 313 km/h. In some areas, 281.9 mm of rainfall was recorded, much of which fell in under 12 hours. Waves of up to 7 m in height battered the coast. The Philippines is a fairly poor part of the world with minimal investment in prediction, planning and protection schemes. Economic effects The overall economic impact of Typhoon Haiyan is estimated at $5.8 billion (£3.83 billion). Six million workers lost their sources of income. rice, corn and sugar-producing areas for the Philippines were destroyed affecting the country's international trade and farmers' incomes. Social effects More than 7,000 people were killed by Typhoon Haiyan. 1.9 million people were left homeless and more than 6,000,000 displaced. There were outbreaks of disease due to the lack of sanitation, food, water, shelter, and medication. In the city of Tacloban, widespread looting took place in the days following the typhoon. Environmental effects Widespread floods damaged and in many destroyed homes and businesses in coastal areas. Thousands of trees were uprooted leading to a massive release of carbon dioxide and loss of habitat with resulting effects on wildlife. Major roads were blocked by trees, and were impassable. Responses Even though the loss of life was significant, it could have been much worse if not for the efforts of the Philippines' meteorological agency. It broadcast warnings leading to the evacuation of approximately 750,000 residents. The UK government provided food, shelter, clean water, medicine and other supplies for up to 800,000 victims. Several charities provided emergency aid such as water, food and shelter. The United Nations launched an international aid appeal in December 2013 for £480 million to finance the humanitarian relief effort for 2014.
How monitoring, prediction, protection and planning can reduce the effects of tropical storms. MONITORING SATELLITES -The classic cloud pattern is monitored -Rain clouds at 16km in the sky indicate a tropical storm The Global Precipitation Measurement satellite monitors the clouds 65 degree north and south of the equator to look for these clouds AIR CRAFT -Drones from planes fly through tropical storms at 10,000 feet to collect data on air pressure, rainfall and wind speed. -NASA monitors weather patterns across the Atlantic using unmanned aircraft called Global Hawk. This monitors the data PREDICTION In 2013, NOAA developed two computers to give 5 days warnings and an accurate location of within 400 km The National Hurricane centre in Florida predicts a tropical storms path for 7 days using ‘track clone’. This is 70% accurate. Early warnings are issued so people have time to evacuate due to prediction. However some people do not both as it is costly, time consuming and not always accurate PROTECTION Buildings have areas of weakness which can be reinforced. FEMA advises home owners to: -install hurricane straps (metal strips) between roofs and walls -storm shutter on windows -install emergence generators -tie down objects like garden furniture that could blow away -reinforce garage doors -remove trees close to buildings Trees and mangroves can reduce wind energy can trap debris Do not build on low lying areas Build levees and flood walls to reduce the impact of a storm surge (like a tsunami wall of water) Build a house on stilts PLANNING American National Hurricane Preparedness Week in May encourages people to plan what they need. For example: -supply kits (long life food and medical kits) -fuel in cars -knowing evacuation centres are -storing loose objects
The last glacial period 15,000 years ago and since then the climate has been warming. Global warming is the term used to describe the sharp rise in global temperatures over the last century and is a type of climate change. Evidence of climate change: Modern evidence (temperature records): Climate change is the long-term change in the weather Occurs over thousands of Earth’s average surface air temperature has increased by approximately 1 degree Celsius over the last 100 years Sea-levels have by 19cm since 1900 – due to thermal expansion and ice sheets melting temperatures are the warmest they have been since 1850 World’s glaciers and ice sheets are decreasing in size Antarctica loses 134 billion tonnes per year Past evidence: TREE As a tree grows it forms a new ring each year – the tree rings are thicker in warm, wet conditions. Scientists take cores and count the rings to find the age of a tree. The thickness of each ring show what the climate is like. Tree rings are a reliable source of evidence of climate change for the past 10,000 years ICE CORES: Ice sheets are made up of layers of ice – one is formed each year. Scientists drill into ice sheets to get long cores of ice. By analysing the gases trapped in the layers of ice they can tell what the temperature was each year. Oxygen isotopes (the amount of oxygen in the ice) are used to estimate temperatures. One ice core OCEAN SEDIMENTS: The remains of organisms found in cores taken from ocean sediments can also be analysed. can extend the temperature record back at least 5 million years. Plankton can reveal information such as past surface water temperatures and levels of oxygen and nutrients FOSSIL POLLEN: Pollen from plants gets preserved in sediment, e.g. at the bottom of or in peat bogs. Scientists can identify the preserved pollen to show which species were living at that time. Scientists know the conditions that plants live in now, so preserved pollen form similar plants shows that climate conditions were similar.
from Antarctica shows the temperature changes over the last 400,000 years The causes of climate change: HUMAN – Caused by man PHYSICAL/NATURAL – Caused naturally Physical causes of climate change: SOLAR OUTPUT The amount of energy off by the sun can be measured by observing sunspots. Sunspots = A dark patch that appears from time to time on the sun. Lots of sunspots = lots of solar energy = warm Over the last 50 years, the amount of sunspots have not changed so this shows that solar energy alone can not be responsible for climate change. VOLCANIC ACTIVITY: Violent volcanic eruptions lots of ash, gas and liquids into the atmosphere. Volcanic ash can block out the sun causing the temperature to drop. Sulphur dioxide can turn to sulphuric acid after an eruption and reflect the radiation from the sun. When there is a cooling of the atmosphere = a volcanic winter. ORBITAL CHANGES: The way the moves around the sun changes. For example, the path of the Earth’s orbit around the sun changes from an almost perfect circle to an ellipse (an oval) and back again over 96,000 years. These changes affect the amount of solar radiation the Earth receives. If the Earth receives lots of energy then it gets warmer. Orbital changes may have caused glacial and interglacial cycles in the Quaternary Human causes of climate change: What is the enhanced greenhouse effect? The atmosphere allows most of the heat from the sun (short wave radiation) to pass straight through to warm up the Earth’s surface. However, when the Earth gives off heat in the form of long-wave radiation, some gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane (caused by huamns) are able to absorb it. Therefore, the greenhouse effect the Earth warm. Causes of the greenhouse effect:
GLOBAL - Inter-government agreements on hardwoods and endangered species – the FSC put their logo on sustainably logged hardwood and CITIES bocks the illegal trade of endangered animals GLOBAL – Conservation and education - Protect-An-Acre teaches children about conservation work and tourists can volunteer in the rainforest GLOBAL – Reducing the debt – Debt for nature swaps are done by the WWF; they pay some of Brazil’s debts in return for protecting the rainforest. The USA have also paid £13.5 million of debt in 2010 so they protect the rainforest Cold Environments Cold environments (polar and tundra) have a range of characteristics POLAR CLIMATE TUNDRA CLIMATE Temperatures are never normally above 0˚C Winters from -40˚C to -90˚C Cold summers and even colder winters Rainfall/snowfall = <100mm a year Temperatures from 10˚C in summer months to -50˚C in winter months Cold summers and even colder winters Rainfall/snowfall = <380mm a year POLAR SOIL: Covered in ice sheets so there is no soil exposed TUNDRA SOIL: Thin, acidic and not very fertile A of permafrost POLAR PLANTS: Very few plants – lichens and mosses and some grasses on the coast of Antarctica where it’s warmer TUNDRA PLANTS: Plants grow slowly and don’t grow very tall Some small, short trees can grow here POLAR ANIMALS: Polar bears, penguins, whales, seals and walrus TUNDRA ANIMALS Lemmings, Arctic hares, wolves, reindeer and caribou POLAR PEOPLE Almost uninhabitable except for scientists some of the year in Antarctica TUNDRA PEOPLE Home to many people including indigenous people and oil/gas workers in larger towns Cold environments are fragile, interdependent ecosystems: The biotics and abiotic features in a cold environment are closely related.
Different management strategies can be used to protect the coastlines from the effects of physical processes: are 3 types of management used to defend the coast: Hard engineering – artificial structure e.g., sea wall Soft engineering – more environmentally friendly method e.g. beach nourishment Managed retreat – allowing the sea to flood over low-lying land HARD ENGINEERING WHAT IS IT AND SEA WALL It is a concrete or rock barrier against the sea. It is placed at the foot of cliffs or the top of a beach. It has a curved face to reflect the waves back into the sea. The sea walls can last for years which is good economically Often has a promenade for people to walk along They do not stop longshore drift so they don’t disadvantage other beaches £10,000 per metre Can look ugly and they can stop people getting to the beach. Very expensive to build and repairs are expensive. GROYNES They are timber or rock structures built out to sea from the coast. They trap sediment being moved by longshore drift and enlarge the beach. The wider beach acts as a buffer to reduce wave damage. Creates a wider beach, which can be popular with tourists. Provide useful structures for people interested in fishing. Last for 40 years £150,000 It stops longshore drift which can reduce sand on beaches They are unnatural and unattractive ROCK ARMOUR of large boulders dumped at the foot of a cliff. The rocks force waves to break which absorbs the energy and protects the cliffs. The rocks are brought by barge to the coast. They are cheap and easy to maintain They can be built in months rather than years. Can be used for fishing Rocks are usually used from other parts of the coastline or abroad e.g. Norway. Other countries can get annoyed about this. They can be a hazard for people getting to the beach. Do not fit in with the local geology (rocks)
CHARACTERISTICS AND FORMATIONS OF LANDFORMS RESULTING FROM DEPOSITION LANDFORM FORMATION FLOODPLAIN This is the wide valley floor on either side of the river which occasionally gets flooded. May contain reeds and marshes. When a river floods onto the floodplain, the water slows down and deposits the eroded material that it’s transporting. This builds up the floodplain (makes it higher). Meanders migrate (move) across the floodplain making it The deposition that happens on the slopes of the meanders also builds up the floodplain. LEVEES Raised river banks (2-8m high) Made of gravel and stones These are natural embankments (raised bits) along the edges of a river channel. During a eroded material is deposited over the whole floodplain. The heaviest material is deposited closest to the river channel because it gets dropped first when the river slows down. Over time, the deposited material builds up, creating levees along the edges of the channel. ESTUARIES Estuaries form when rivers meet the sea Rivers near their mouth have a large amount of load causing the river to slow down and lose energy If the rate of deposition is greater then the rate of Estuaries are found at the mouth of the river where it meets the sea. The is tidal and the river level rises and falls each day. The water floods over the banks of the river carrying silt and sand onto the valley floor. As the tide reaches the highest point, the water is moving very slowly so the sediment is deposited. Over time more and more mud builds up creating mudflats At low tide the wide muddy banks are exposed.
erosion by the sea then sediment will be deposited An example of a river valley in the UK to identify its major landforms of erosion and deposition = THE RIVER TEES HIGH FORCE = WATERFALL AND GORGE YARM – MEANDER, LEVEES AND FLOODPLAINS MIDDLESBOROUGH = ESTUARY Flooding A river flood occurs when a river channel can no longer hold the amount of water flowing in it so overlaps the banks onto the adjacent land (floodplain). PHYSICAL FACTORS 1. Heavy precipitation – leads to flash floods as the river channel cannot contain the volume of water. 2. Geology – impermeable rocks (shale/clay) prevents water soaking through so it remains on the surface and directs the water to the river. 3.Relief– steep slopes/mountainous environments causes the water to runoff the surface into the river. HUMAN FACTORS Urbanisation – building on a floodplain creates impermeable surfaces (tarmac roads) means water cannot infiltrate into the ground. Drains can also block. Deforestation – reduces the amount of evapotranspiration so is more water on the surface and in the river channel. Agriculture – loose soil is moved into rivers through surface runoff.
raised so that more water can fit into the channel. This means that the river channel holds more water before flooding occurs. This reduces the flood risk. security and don’t prepare for the flood. Embankments have high maintenance costs and need repairing a lot! They sometimes put concrete in to line the channel and this can animals to lose their habitats! Can be used as a riverside footpath for people Cheaper than other HE methods Can provide habitats for water voles. FLOOD RELIEF CHANNELS A flood relief channel is an artificially made channel that is designed to back up the main river channel for a river that often floods. It does this so that urban areas do not flood. During times of high discharge (lots of water in the river), gates open to allow the excess water to go into the flood relief channel) to stop flooding. Footpaths and tracks can be built along the new channel. This means people can bird watch. A relief channel protects 3000 properties in Exeter Some relief channels have artificial reed beds in them which give animals a habitat. However, some relief channels can destroys animal’s habitats. People who used to live where the relief channel is built in Exeter have to move. Settlements downstream of the relief channel can be flooded. SOFT ENGINEERING: STRATEGY HOW IT and Floodplain Zoning the land is used to minimise the risk of flooding. The Environment Agency categorises land into four The most important buildings are built in zone 1 and the least important buildings are built in zone 3b. In some cities, building has already taken place on the floodplain. There is a housing shortage in the UK so a restriction on building houses is not helpful Habitats are destroyed due to building on other greenfield sites. Cheap Provides green space Less flooding due to not building on floodplain Flood warnings and preparation The Environmental Agency have an action plan for areas that are at risk. The MET It is a cheap way of protecting people and their property. If people are warned then they can keep their valuables safe.