Divine Right Louis XIV Jean-Baptiste Colbert Enlightened Absolutism Partition of Poland Peter the Great (Russia) Glorious Revolution Dutch Republic Merchant oligarchy Prussia Battle of Vienna Ottoman Empire Louis XIV’s wars Anglo-French rivalry French Revolution Liberal Phase of the FR Execution of Louis XVI Jacobin Republic Robespierre Reign of Terror de-Christianization Revolutionary Army Toussaint L’Ouverture Haitian Revolution Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleonic Military Tactics Nationalism Congress of Vienna Joseph II (Austria) English Bill of Rights Maria Theresa (Austria) War of the Austrian Succession Seven Years War Diplomatic Revolution Frederick William I (Prussia) Dutch War Nine Years’ War War of the Spanish Succession Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen Civil Constitution of the Clergy Constitution of 1791 Departments Georges Danton Jean-Paul Marat Committee of Public Safety Law of the General Maximum Levee en Masse March on Versailles Merit system Civil Code Concordat of 1801 2.2 The expansion of European commerce accelerated the growth of a worldwide economic network. Market Economy Agricultural Revolution Putting-out System Cottage Industry Industrial Revolution Slave labor Consumer Culture Raw materials Atlantic trade Market driven wages and prices Bank of England Middle Passage Triangle trade Plantation economy 2.3 The popularization and dissemination of the Scientific Revolution and the application of its methods to political, social, and ethical issues led to an increased, although not unchallenged, emphasis on reason in European culture. Empiricism Enlightenment Voltaire Diderot Locke Rousseau Natural rights Salons Adam Smith Free trade Free market Deism Skepticism Atheism Religious toleration Baroque nationalism Montesquieu The Spirit of the Laws Cesare Beccaria On Crime and Punishment Social Contract Mary Wollstonecraft Olympe de Gouges Coffeehouses Newspapers Periodicals The Encyclopedia Physiocrats Francois Quesnay David Hume Baron d’Holbach Handel Bach
Socialism Marxism Anarchism Nationalism anti-Semitism Zionism Government reforms Modern Police Force Compulsory education Mass Politics Labor unions Feminism Flora Tristan Edmund Burke Joseph de Maistre Metternich Henry de Saint-Simon Charles Fourier Robert Owen Friedrich Engels August Bebel Rosa Luxemburg Mikhail Bakunin Georges Sorel Giuseppe Mazzini Dreyfus Affair Christian Socialists Karl Lueger Theodor Herzl Public housing Urban redesign Conservatives Liberals Socialists British Labour Party German Social Democrats British Women’s Social and Political Union Emmeline Pankhurst Temperance Movement British Abolitionist Movement Josephine Butler 3.4 European states struggled to maintain international stability in an age of nationalism and revolutions. Concert of Europe Congress System Metternich Conservatism Revolutions of 1848 Crimean War Italian Unification German Unification Napoleon III Cavour Bismarck Dual Monarchy/Austria-Hungary Revolution of 1905 (Russia) Realpolitik Garibaldi Bismarckian System of Alliances Balkans Great Powers Reactionaries Greek War of Independence Decembrist Revolt Polish Revolt July Revolution Alexander II (Russia) Sergei Witte Peter Stolypin Three Emperor’s Alliance Triple Alliance Reinsurance Treaty Congress of Berlin 1878 Bosnia-Herzegovina Crisis 1908 First Balkan War Second Balkan War 3.5 A variety of motives and methods led to the intensification of European global control and increased tensions among the Great Powers. Imperialism Scientific Realism Romanticism Realism Materialism Positivism Charles Darwin Machine gun Louis Pasteur Anesthesia Quinine Berlin Conference 1884-1885 Moroccan Crises 1905, 1911 Jules Verne
Cold War Iron Curtain “Hot wars” Arms Race NATO COMECON Warsaw Pact German reunification European Union European Coal and Steel Community European Economic Community (Common Market) Separatist movements Ethnic cleansing Decolonization Self-determination Mandate System Nationalist Movements Auschwitz Korean War Vietnam War IMF World Bank Euro Palestine Indian National Congress Ho Chi Minh 4.2 The stresses of economic collapse and total war engendered internal conflicts within European states and created conflicting conceptions of the relationship between the individual and the state, as demonstrated in the ideological battle between liberal democracy, communism, and fascism. Russian Revolution Soviets Provisional Government Bolshevik Revolution Russian Civil War Lenin Stalin New Economic Policy Liquidization of the Kulaks Purges Ukrainian Famine Fascism Propaganda Mussolini Hitler Francisco Franco Spanish Civil War Authoritarianism Overproduction 1929 Stock Market Crash Great Depression Extremist Movements Marshall Plan Economic miracle Welfare Programs Soviet bloc Economic Central Planning Nikita Khrushchev de-Stalinization Mikhail Gorbachev Perestroika Glasnost Balkan genocide February/March Revolution Petrograd Soviet Collectivization Five-Year Plan Gulags Great Purge Secret Police John Maynard Keynes (Keynesianism) Popular Front (France) National Government (Britain) Hungary 1956 4.3 During the 20th century, diverse intellectual and cultural movements questioned the existence of objective knowledge, the ability of reason to arrive at truth, and the role of religion in determining moral standards. Existentialism Postmodernism Age of Anxiety Heisenberg
Industrialized warfare Genocide Nuclear Proliferation Totalitarianism Communism Second Vatican Council (Vatican II) Americanization Enrico Fermi Eugenics Birth control Solidarity Pope John Paul II Cubism Futurism Dadaism Surrealism Abstract Expressionism Pop Art Bauhaus Modernism Igor Stravinsky Arnold Schoenberg Franz Kafka James Joyce Erich Maria Remarque Virginia Woolf Jean-Paul Sartre 4.4 Demographic changes, economic growth, total war, disruptions of traditional social patterns, and competing definitions of freedom and justice altered the experiences of everyday life. “Lost Generation” Mass Production Food Technology Consumer Culture Globalization Feminism Baby Boom Green Parties Civil Rights movements Student Revolts 1968 Bourgeois materialism Guest Workers Nationalist Political Parties Telephone Radio Television Computer Cell Phone Internet Simone de Beauvoir Second-wave feminism Child-care Family Allowances The Pill Margaret Thatcher French National Front