chrysotile is not handled, all personal samples were <0.5 f/mL. Although data were only provided for a few workers at each location, Richard Klinger have stated that locations monitored represent the highest CAF usage areas. Table 7 - Worker exposure at Richard Klinger sites Category of workers No. of workers Max. exposure/employee (h/day/year) Booragoon, Perth, WA - CAF production Raw material preparation 6 4 h/231 days/year Calendering 10 4 h/231 days/year Finishing 4 4 h/231 days/year Stores 5 1 h/231 days/year Gasket cutting 3 3 h/231 days/year Maintenance personnel 5 1 h/231 days/year Laboratory staff 1 0.75 h/231 days/year Melbourne, VIC - Gasket production Gasket cutting 16 6 h/231 days/year Spiral wounding 10 6 h/231 days/year Stores 6 3 h/231 days/year data provided by Richard Klinger 8 - Asbestos air monitoring data (1989 - 1996) at Richard Klinger, (Melbourne plant).* Year Location Sampling type No. samples Concentration (f/mL) 1989 Spiral wound gasket area na na 0.04 1991 Industrial cutting shop personal 2 limit of detection static 2 < 0.01, 0.01 Handcut area personal 1 below limit of detection static 1 < 0.01 Stores personal 1 limit of detection Spiral Wound area personal 2 limit of detection static 2 0.01 1993 Cutting shop na na 0.04 1995 Handcut area personal 1 < 0.05 Press personal 3 <0.05 Press static 2 0.01 guillotine static 1 < 0.01 Packing area static 1 < 0.01 na = not available * data provided by Richard Klinger
motor vehicles, trailers and technical equipment where suitable alternatives are available (from 30 June 1988). Table 27 – Current status of prohibition of asbestos-containing friction materials and gaskets (by country) (cont.) Country Product Prohibition/exemptions Comments Denmark (cont.) Asbestos-containing friction materials for lifts. Asbestos or (except crocidolite and amosite) bonded gasket materials Prohibition date: 30 June 1989. Exemption (‘until further notice’) for manufacture, import or use. Prohibited for gaskets used for water systems with a temperature of under 110 deg C. France Friction linings for heavy industrial equipment and installations, certain machines and heavy vehicles. Friction components for compressors and vacuum pumps with pallets. Second hand vehicles or specified vehicles in place at 1996 Exemption until 1 January 1999. Exemption until 31 Dec 2001. Exemptions to be reviewed annually. Importer/introducer must make annual declaration to the Minister for Employment in relation to activities involving listed exempt articles. Friction linings for aircraft and seals and linings used in industrial processes of high temperature or pressure. Exemption until 1 January 2002. Germany Clutch linings for vehicles. shoe inserts for rail vehicles and friction pads for industrial applications. Cylinder head gaskets for vehicles and industrial use. Prohibition date: 31 December 1992 - except no asbestos-free alternatives are available from a safety perspective. Prohibition date: 31 December 1994 - except no asbestos-free alternatives are approved under transport legislation. Exemption for brake linings in old lifts and lorries (no time constraint) Prohibitions do not to asbestos preparations and products manufactured before 14 October 1993. Legislation enacted in 1986 Italy Friction gaskets for motor vehicles, industrial machines and plant. Prohibition date: 27 March 1994
Carbon 650 1-14 Good heat dissipation, high shaft speed in packings, excellent chemical resistance Brittle, not resistant to oxidising agents, high price Graphite 650 conditions eg. steam), 3000 conditions) 1-14 Good heat dissipation, very high speed in gland packings, excellent chemical resistance Brittle, not resistant to oxidising agents, high price Vegetable fibres, cork composites 100 5-10 Inexpensive Limited applications, non-chemical resistant, for low pressure use Source: Hodgson et al. (1989) 11.6.1 Use of alternative materials in gaskets in Australia Investigations from industry surveys have shown that the use of non-asbestos gaskets are increasing in proportion in Australia. The NICNAS vehicle aftermarket survey found that only one company (Ford Australia) still use asbestos head gaskets in new vehicles, and in only one model (Ford Econovan). Richard Klinger is the only manufacturer of compressed fibre (CF) sheeting (asbestos and non-asbestos) for gasket manufacture in Australia, although there are at least two other manufacturers of gaskets plus a large number of processors of gaskets from CF sheeting. Richard Klinger states that currently, 55% of ‘all gaskets’ and 70% of ‘compressed fibre gaskets’ in Australia are non-asbestos and that these proportions are increasing due to industry preference for non-asbestos products. Richard Klinger manufactures two major types of non-asbestos products: compressed non-asbestos fibre jointing and non-asbestos spiral wound gaskets. These non-asbestos products are used in a broad range of industrial applications including sealing solutions for steam, oil, fuel gases, acids and alkalis. Alternative materials used by Richard Klinger are graphite, carbon, glass, aramid and ceramics. Technical advantages and disadvantages of these materials in regard to use in gaskets are outlined in Table 33. (non-
Poor adhesion to binders in virgin state: Low load capabilities without correct formulation for calendering process Carbon Fibres Advantages: Heat resistance: Chemical resistance: Resists hydrolysis: Enables use in higher temperature ranges approaching that of asbestos fibres Can be used for a wide range of chemicals and is to be used over the full pH scale (0-14) Can be used in materials required to seal medium pressure steam Disadvantages: Cost: Lower adhesion to binders compared to compressed asbestos fibres (CAF): Initial outlay high, but offset by longer serviceability and safer sealing Without correct formulation with support fibres and other ingredients, stress relaxation problems may arise Table 34 - Alternatives for gaskets in use in Australia Alternative Industrial: Cylinder head gaskets Exhaust manifold gaskets Gaskets for petrochemical and package boiler industry Gaskets for sealing and rotating equipment and associated equipment Insulation for industrial machinery Pipeline/flanges for petroleum industry Automotive: Head, manifold and exhaust pipe gaskets Insulator for automobiles Outboard Engine: Cylinder head gaskets Cylinder head cover gaskets Exhaust plate gaskets Exhaust manifold gaskets Water pump gasket paper (cellulose) gaskets " graphite sheets graphite and mineral ceramic fibre and graphite laminate carbon fibre, aramid, stainless steel, cellulose/glass fibre, copper, aramid fibre, cellulose, rubber coated steel, cellulose, cellulose/aramid fibre vegetable fibres aramid fibres " " " " 11.7 Health effects of alternative materials