SUSTAINABLE CITY = CURITIBA Social Sustainability 26 parks for recreation and exercise. They are also sued as natural flood defences Pedestrianised areas 700 people moved out of the slums into good quality housing Recycling 5kg of rubbish for 1kg of fruit and veg and bus tickets – The Green Swap Programme. 70% of households do this. Economic Sustainability is an Industrial City 10 km West of the city, to provide jobs for its citizens. 200,000 new homes were built in the industrial zone so people could cycle to work 550 factories built to provide a range of jobs e.g. Volvo buses circulate the city and arrive every 60 seconds Environmental Sustainability Sheep mow the 27 parks so petrol lawn mowers are not used Triple articulated come every 60 seconds which are used heavily in the city. They hold more passengers 1.5 million trees planted SUSTAINABLE URBAN LIVING/COMMUNITY = BEDZED Social sustainability 100 homes so people know each other The houses are affordable housing. This means you only pay what you can afford to pay for them, based on your wage Roof top gardens to grown organic fruit and veg with no chemicals Economic sustainability 500m from the nearest train station so people can access their jobs 81% less heating so the bills are cheaper A rated appliance so they used less electricity meaning cheaper bills Environmental sustainability Z Car Share Scheme. The cars run on electricity South facing homes so no need for heating 777m2 of solar panels Recycle rainwater for toilet water How transport strategies are used to reduce traffic congestion Traffic congestion is when there is a huge amount of cars on the road. It has increased because more people have more disposable income to afford cars and there are on average 2 cars per family. ISSUES WITH CONGESTION: Environmental problems = air pollution, release of co2 = global warming
of the population per year. Infant mortality The number of babies who die per year 1 years old per 1000 of the population Health Lower In LICS not all deaths are recorded. People per doctor The average number of people per doctor Health Lower In LICs a lot of people use their mobile phone to see the doctor so these people are not counted for. Literacy rate The % of adults who can read and write Education Higher In poorer countries lots of people live in so a lot of people are not asked as they do not have a registered address. Access to safe The % of people who get clean drinking water Health Higher The rising cost of water in poor cities means that some people do not drink safe water even when they can access it. Life expectancy The average age a person is expected to live to Health Higher In countries where infant mortality us high, the life expectancy of those who survive childhood is actually far higher than the mean life expectancy. Human Development Index (HDI) This is the number that is calculated using life expectancy, education level and income per head. Every country has a HDI value between 0 (least Combination of health, wealth and education Higher The data to make this figure is hard to collect
Some industries dispose of chemical waste onto nearby land and pollute the groundwater. In Kano, factories pour harmful pollutants directly into open drains and channels. They are harmful to people and damage ecosystems downstream. the rate of urban growth. Squatter settlements are common in most cities. Traffic congestion is a major problem in most Nigerian cities and had led to high levels of exhaust emissions. the silting of river channels. Desertification (dry land) is a problem in Nigeria because people are building dams and irrigation schemes. with toxic chemicals. between local people. In 2008/2009, Shell spilt 11 million gallons of oil in the Bodo delta. Lots of fishermen lost their livelihoods. In 2015, Shell had to pay £55 million to the people of Bodo. The money went to build clinics and schools. Shell has also agreed to clean up the swamping grounds. 70-80% of Nigeria’s forests have been destroyed through logging, urban expansion, roads and industrial development Many species have disappeared due to deforestation e.g. giraffes and 500 species of cheetahs. The effects of economic development in Nigeria for the quality of life of the population: Reliable, better-paid in manufacturing industries or services e.g. health care. Higher disposable income to spend on things like school. Better access to safe water and sanitation Improvements to infrastructure e.g. roads Not all people have benefitted and many are still poor. There is unequal access to safe water, sanitation and electricity. of the North are at risk of desertification and crop failure. Boko Haram are kidnapping people and this has put off investment in certain areas.
Energy insecurity leads to jobs being put at risk as the sales of goods and services may fall. In low income countries, energy insecurity means that people (often women) have to spend hours walking to collect wood Modern farming requires lots of energy to power machines and therefore when there is little energy the prices of energy go up. This then means that the farmer has less money. Farmers in countries there energy insecurity have to put the prices of their food up in order to be able to compete with poorer countries. Energy insecurity can lead to people at home having to pay more money for their bills. Energy insecurity leads to an increase in the cost of living e.g. more to run the home, make food and travel. People areas of the rainforest for wood and then use the land to grow biofuels e.g. in the Amazon Rainforest. People have to build wind and solar panels in areas of scenic beauty. People flood valleys e.g. the Three Gorges Dam in China for Power and this means that people have to move house. Energy insecurity may lead to conflict between different countries e.g. Russia and Ulkraine. Energy insecurity can mean that people at home get an unreliable source of energy e.g. having cuts. This happens in Pakistan where regular power cuts can last 20 hours. In areas of energy insecurity, the likelihood of terrorism or hijacking of oil trucks is high. The main impacts of energy insecurity: Economic and environmental costs When a country has fuel they will make their prices higher. The use of coal has caused problems of smog in places, such as China. Food production Growing bio-fuels can take up lots of farmland which can reduce the amount of food that can be grown and cause prices to rise. If energy is in short supply then it costs more to produce and transport goods. Industrial outputs If energy is in supply then manufacturing becomes expensive. The potential for a conflict where demand exceeds supply e.g. Ulkraine The exploration of difficult and environmentally sensitive (see Arctic case study)
OPTION WHAT IS IT COAL (NR) Fuel formed from plants that were buried years ago Can be easily transported to power stations Relatively Some places still have coal Burning it releases o2 Coal miners can get black lung disease It will run out in the next 100 years NATURAL GAS (NR) Fuel formed from the pressure of plants and animals buried years ago It is not dependent on the weather Natural gas can be found in lots of places around the world We can transport gas in pipes by using tankers or ships UK North Sea gas reserves are declining so the UK has to rely more on importing it. The price of gas is very changeable and can rise and fall sharply in response to international events outside the UK’s control. Burning gas releases greenhouse gases. OIL NR Fuel formed from the pressure of plants and animals buried years ago Oil is in lots of places in the world We can transport oil in pipes and by using tankers and ships Environmental damage can be caused when building the rig and by accidental oil spillages Oil is not renewable and will run out. Burning it releases greenhouse gases. This may add to global warming. NUCLEAR NR Using radioactive materials (e.g. uranium) to create heat which turns water into steam to turn a turbine to generate electricity Does not make harmful greenhouse gases You only need a small amount of nuclear fuel to make energy Non-renewable will run out in the next 50 years Nuclear power stations are very expensive to build Radioactive waste
WIND R Made by the wind turning the blades of turbines to create electricity. Wind is free Will not run out No c02 It a lot and can be difficult to set up The energy cannot be stored (so no power if it’s not windy!) If it’s too windy, turbines can be switched off as they are at risk of breaking. They may harm birds if they fly into them. WAVE R The waves spin a turbine Waves are free Waves won’t run out Does not produce c02 Wave energy generators may be a hazard to ships They can be noisy Waves can be small so can’t generate electricity TIDAL R Using the movement of sea water, underwater turbines generate electricity. Free power No CO2 Know when tides happen so can make electricity Can interfere with and wildlife (imagine if you were a bird, fish or seal faced with that!) Not very efficient (only 2% of the tides energy is converted to power) Not as useful for inland areas (away from the coast) Costs a lot to set up GEOTHERMAL R Cold water is pumped to deep beneath the earth’s surface to be heated in a tectonic area No Co2 Free Won’t run out Limited to tectonically active countries Harmful gas and minerals may come up from the ground below = difficult to destroy SOLAR R Using the sun to generate electricity using solar panels Once set up, running costs are very low Governments offer schemes if you have solar panels on your house where you can Energy production is seasonal Solar panel ‘farms’ need a lot of space No energy at night
earn money if you generate more than your household uses. potential in some LICs with a lot of sunshine. HEP R produces electricity via a dam and reservoir Once construction is complete, operating costs are very low No waste or pollution is produced Electricity can be generate constantly, because water can be stored and used as needed People have to move to build the dam The dam is expensive to The area may flood habitats BIOMASS R Growing plants in a managed way (e.g. trees, sugar beat) which can be burnt to generate electricity and heat. Plants can also be grown to create biofuel to be used in vehicles. Fuel is Burns items that we would otherwise put into landfill will never run out Burning organic matter can create smokey unhealthy conditions CO2 released May not have enough space for the fuel The advantages and disadvantages of extracting a fossil fuel: FRACKING (the extracting of natural gas by drilling into rocks which contain shale gas). of fracking It is the cleanest of the fossil fuels with less than 45% less CO2 emissions Less risk of accidental accidents than oil. Provides employment for 1.2 million people. of fracking Wastewater and chemicals contaminate groundwater and minor earthquakes are possible. Contributes to global warming by producing C02 emissions and methane.