elites generate rents and enjoy entitlements while the urban poor negotiate for services. Table 1: Type of settlement and population in New Delhi Type of settlement Population in millions (2006) Percentage Legality Individual Water Supply 1 Jhuggi Jhopri Clusters (JJC) 2.448 14.8% Illegal and unplanned No right 2 Slum Designated Areas 3.148 19.1% Legal but unplanned Right, but restricted for technical reasons 3 Unauthorized colonies 0.874 5.3% Illegal, unplanned but secure No right 4 Resettlement colonies 2.099 12.72% Legal, planned, and informalized Right not delivered 5 Rural village 0.874 5.3% Zone of exception Exempt 6 Regularized – unauthorized colonies 2.099 12.72% Legal but unplanned Good 7 Urban villages 1.049 6.35% Zone of exception Good 8 Planned colonies 3.909 23.7% Legal and Planned Good 10 Total Population 16.5 100.00% Source: Delhi Development Report 2008, Column 3 adapted from Bhan (2011), and Column 4 adapted from Maria (2008). Table 2: Basic Characteristics of Selected Case Studies Settlement Type Settlement name Estimated size in households* Date of foundation Location# Jhuggi Jhopri Clusters (JJC) Anantram Dairy Harijan Basti 311 1972 Core Baljeet Nagar-F 511 1970s
block Indira Kalyan Vihar 5-6,000 1970s Kusumpur Pahari 4220 1974 Semi-core Sanjay Camp 4,250 1992 Core Jai Hind 1,000-1,200 Late 1990s Semi-core Resettlement Colonies Savda Ghevra 10,000 2005 Periphery Mongolpuri 28,000 1975 Semi-core Madanpur Khader 15,000 2000 Semi-core Unauthorized Colony Sangam Vihar B Block K Block J Block 200,000 1979 * Estimate based on compilation of figures reported by officials and residents # “Core” refers to the center of city as identified in first Delhi Master Plan 1962. “Semi-core” refers to areas immediately adjacent to “planned colonies”. refers to areas outside core and not adjacent to planned colonies. Periphery is at the outer boundaries of the city, 20-30 kms from the city center. Table 3: Water and Sanitation in Selected Case Studies Settlement Type Settlement name Water Sanitation JJC Anantram Dairy Harijan Basti Consistent supply from tanker trucks Well maintained CTC* Baljeet Nagar-F block Inconsistent tanker trucks and private purchase# Pit latrines and open defecation Indira Kalyan Vihar Private and some public borewells Pit latrines, open defecation Kusumpur Pahari Consistent supply from tankers trucks Pit latrines, open defecation Sanjay Camp Tanker trucks and CTC and open
community borewells defecation Jai Hind Camp Inconsistent tanker trucks and private trucks CTC and open defecation Resettlement Colonies Savda Ghevra Inconsistent tanker trucks Pit latrines, CTC, open defecation Mangolpuri Piped supply for past Toilettes connected to sewage for past 20 years, CTC Madanpur Khader Private bore-wells, private tankers, private purchase Pit latrines, CTC Unauthorized Colony Sangam Vihar K Block J Block Private borewells Pit latrines * Community Toilette Complex # water bought in portable containers References Agarwala, Rina. 2013. Informal Labor, Formal Politics, and Dignified Discontent in India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Appadurai, Arjun. 2002. “Deep Democracy: Urban Governmentality and the Horizon of Politics.” Public Culture 14(1): 21–47. Arbaci, Sonia. 2007. “Ethnic Segregation, Housing Systems and Welfare Regimes in Europe.” European Journal of Housing Policy 7(7): 401–33. Bardhan, Pranab K. 2010. Awakening Giants, Feet of Clay: Assessing the Economic Rise of China and India. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Bates, Robert H. 1981. Markets and States in Tropical Africa : The Political Basis of Agricultural Policies. Berkeley: University of California Press. Baviskar, A. 2003. “Between Violence and Desire: Space, Power, and Identity in the Making of Metropolitan Delhi.” International Social Science Journal Benjamin, Solomon. 2008. “Occupancy Urbanism: Radicalizing Politics and Economy beyond Policy and Programs.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Studies 32(3):719–29. Bertorelli, Ebony, Patrick Heller, Siddarth Swaminathan, and Ashutosh Varshney. 2014. “Citizenship in Urban India: The Evidence from Bangalore.” A Report by the Janaagraha-Brown Initiative Citizenship Index Bangalore. Bhan, Gautam. 2009. “‘This Is No Longer the City I Once Knew’. Evictions, the Urban Poor and the Right to the City in Millennial Delhi.” Environment and Urbanization 21(1):127–42.