Bostik Findley Australia Pty Ltd. PO Box 50 Thomastown VIC 3074 Merck Pty Ltd 207 Colchester Road Kilsyth VIC 3137 Bronson and Jacobs Pty Ltd Locked Bag 22 Homebush NSW 2140 Natural Fractions Pty Ltd PO Box 1234 Berri SA 5343 Campbell Brothers Ltd (Campbell Cleantec) PO Box 490 Sumner Park BC QLD 4074 Chemicals 5 Flinders Rd Nowra NSW 2541 Clariant (Australia) Pty Ltd PO Box 23 Chadstone VIC 3148 Orica Australia Pty Ltd PO Box 4311 Melbourne VIC 3001 Colgate-Palmolive Pty Ltd GPO Box 3964 Sydney NSW 2001 Peerless Emulsion Products Pty Ltd PO Box 42 Fairfield VIC 3078 Cosmark Pty Ltd 13/32 Campbell Ave Dee Why NSW 2099 Quantum Chemicals Pty Ltd PO Box 4107 Dandenong South B.C VIC 3164 Cussons Pty Ltd 282-300 Hammond Rd Dandenong VIC 3175 Quest International Australia Pty Ltd 6 Britton St Smithfield NSW 2164 Dragoco Australia Pty Ltd 168 South Creek Rd Dee Why West NSW 2099 Redox Chemicals Pty Ltd Locked Bag 60 Wetherill Park NSW 2164 EKA Chemicals (Australia) Pty Ltd / Akzo 15 Conquest Way Hallam VIC 3803 Selleys Pty Ltd Locked Mail Bag 700 Milperra NSW 1891 Enzacor Pty Ltd. (trade as Fruitmark) 1/944-946 Glenhuntly Rd. Caulfield South VIC 3162 Semal Pty Ltd (trading as Consolidated Chemical Co.) PO Box 999 Dandenong VIC 3175
Fernz Specialty Chemicals Locked bag 2008 Chester Hill NSW 2162 Septone Products Pty Ltd 44 Aquarium Avenue Hemmant QLD 4174 Givaudan Australia Pty Ltd 9 Carolyn St Silverwater NSW 2128 The Product Makers (Australia) Pty Ltd 50-60 Popes Rd Keysborough VIC 3173 G.R.Davis Pty Ltd PO Box 123 Riverstone NSW 2765 Ungerer Aust Pty Ltd PO Box 2143 Taren Point NSW 2229
Chemical Identity and Composition Chemical identity Limonene occurs as the d and l isomers, and the racemic mixture dl-limonene known as dipentene. The chemical identities of these chemicals are listed in Table 4.1. There are some changes in limonene isomer Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) numbers as follows: Chemical name Previous CAS number Superseded with d-Limonene 7705-13-7 95327-98-3 5989-27-5 l-Limonene 7721-11-1 5989-54-8 Dipentene 7705-14-8 138-86-3 Commercial grades of limonene may also be imported under the following CAS numbers: CAS number Chemical name# Terpenes and terpenoids, orange oil 68917-57-7 Terpenes and terpenoids, mixed sour and sweet orange oil 68917-58-8 Terpenes and terpenoids, grapefruit oil and shaddock oil 65996-99-8 Terpenes and terpenoids, turpentine oil, limonene fraction 68956-56-9 Hydrocarbons, terpene processing by product 8024-48-6 Orange, sweet, extract #names listed in AICS. Table 4.1 – Chemical identity of limonene Chemical Identity d-Limonene l-Limonene Dipentene CAS No.: 5989-27-5 5989-54-8 138-86-3 IUPAC Name: ()-para-Mentha-1,8-diene
EINECS No.: 227-813-5 227-815-6 205-341-0 Molecular Formula: C10H16 C10H16 C10H16 Structural Formula: CH3-C6C8-C(CH3)=CH2 CH3-C6C8-C(CH3)=CH2 Molecular Weight: 136.24 136.24 136.24 Synonyms: FEMA 2633 d-(+)-Limonene (+)-(R)-Limonene d-p-Mentha-1,8-diene p-Mentha-1,8-diene NCI-C55572 (-)-Limonene Acintene DP Acintene DP dipentene Cajeputene Cinene Dipanol Inactive limonene Kautschin Limonene dl-limonene 1, 8(9)-p-Menthadiene Nesol -1,8-Terpodiene Unitene Names: Citrus terpenes Orange terpenes Menthadiene Terpene hydrocarbons 1,4-(8)-p-menthadiene Orange oil terpenes Cajeputene None None cyclohexene
A small quantity of limonene (type of limonene not specified) is used in laboratories for testing for quality control and as a general laboratory reagent. Availability of limonene to the general public was not reported. Use of industrial products containing limonene Both imported and formulated products containing limonene are used either directly or further formulated into products for end use. They have a wide range of applications in Australia. d-Limonene Hand cleaners used in workshops The largest use of products containing d-limonene in industry is as hand cleaners. They are used widely in industrial workshops in Australia. Information obtained from suppliers and the NICNAS industry phone survey indicates that the concentration of d-limonene ranges from 2% to 35%. The package sizes and types vary largely between different manufacturers, but in most cases, the package sizes range from 70 g to 200 kg and package types can be soft tube with a screw cap, plastic bottles with a cap or pump dispenser, steel tin with a cap or lid, and pumps and wall bracket. The quantities and number of formulations obtained during the survey are not representative due to the small survey size. Industrial cleaning Industrial cleaning products containing d-limonene have a wide range of applications and concentration of d-limonene varies largely. Information on uses, concentrations of d-limonene and package sizes is listed in the Table 7.3. Table7.3 - Use of products containing d-limonene in industrial cleaning Uses % d-limonene Package size General degreasing and general purpose cleaning of equipment, floor and oven in various industry sectors such as mining, automotive, hospitality, marine and aircraft industry < 1 - > 60 Varies Cleaning of printing press to wash out printing inks 5 - 35 20 L, 25 L and 200 L drums Industrial metal cleaning < 1 Varies Industrial laundry pre-spotter and detergent 2 to 4 Varies Remover and stripper Products containing d-limonene are used as removers and/or strippers for industrial purposes. The applications, concentration of d-limonene and package size are listed in Table 7.4.
Use of limonene and products containing limonene Information on end use of limonene and products containing limonene were obtained mainly through the NICNAS industry survey. Twenty-five out of 40 formulators completing the formulator survey were selected based on the type of products, to identify as many end uses as possible. These formulators were asked to provide 2 to 5 customer contact details to NICNAS for description of end use. In total, 22 end users completed the survey. Information sought by NICNAS end user survey included detailed use process, PPE and control measures. The survey forms used for the phone survey are presented in Appendix 1. Tables 8.4 and 8.5 detail information on the use of limonene and products containing limonene, respectively. In general, the use of limonene and products containing limonene involves manual handling under open conditions. The applications of limonene and products containing limonene vary largely and include: spraying; brushing; pour in and pour out; bath/dipping; wipe on and wipe off; mopping/hosing; and personal application in the case of heavy-duty hand cleaners. The duration of use varies from a couple of minutes per day to continuous use depending on the feature of work. Information on the total number of workers in Australia using limonene or products containing limonene is not available. All companies reported use of gloves and some companies also use other PPE such as safety glasses, overalls, safety boots, masks or respirators. The majority of workplaces use limonene or limonene products under general ventilation. The use of LEV was reported at some workplaces. In summary, information on the range of end uses and potential exposure is limited due to the relatively small number of end use respondents to the NICNAS survey. However, based on the widespread end uses, modes of use and lack of control measures at some worksites, end use of limonene or limonene products gives the greatest potential for worker exposure.
Appendix 3 Health effects of limonene or limonene products reported by formulators and users in Australia Percentage of limonene in product used Industry sector or use Effect reported 100% Histology lab Headache after using it, even under a hood (extraction). One worker experienced eye irritation or allergic conjunctivitis. 100% Industrial cleaning of containers Isolated incident of minor skin irritation when used without PPE. 100% Cleaning - aircraft components A worker experienced dermatitis, due to his poor work practices, and is now sensitive to many chemicals. 100% Gemmology Strong odour noticed especially when used under microscope, because of heat of microscope light. 100% Wax removal from surfaces in beauty therapy Drying of skin on hands if gloves not worn. 30% Graffiti removal Sometimes workers become tired of strong odour. Some drying of skin if gloves are not worn. 20% Textile scouring No adverse health effects experienced, but when vessel was opened the strong smell could make some people light-headed. 12% Cleaning – product for shower recesses, benchtops, diluted to wet mop traffic areas Atomisation of product caused problems for some people – wheezing or breathing problems, coughing. 5% Cleaning – general purpose for drains, septic tanks etc Dries skin out.