Table 1: Determinants of transnational trade union initiatives Initiatives: Founding year and countriesa of participating unions Late 1960s: ‚DACH‘ initiative (DE, AT, CH) 1970: ‚Nordiska Metall‘ (SE, FI, DK, NO, IC) 1993, 1998: EMF Collective bargaining coordination guideline 1997: Transnational bargaining network; Strongest in Central-Western Europe (BE, NL, DE) and Nordic Europe (SE, FI, DK, NO and IC) Determinants (Hypotheses) Changes in economic and institutional environments Crises of international monetary regime (Bretton Increasing internationalisation of financial and product markets Coordination of monetary policies (ERM, currency pegs to Deutschmark, except CH) Crises of international monetary regime (Bretton Woods) Oil Shocks Increasing internationalisation of financial and product markets Coordination of monetary policies (ERM, temporary currency pegs to Deutschmark, except FI, IC) Market internationalisation and completion of EU single market European monetary union (EMU, 1998): Centralisation of monetary policy, enhanced fiscal and macroeconomic policy coordination Development of EU ‚social dimension‘ (e.g. European social dialogues, EWCs) ‚Eastern‘ enlargement of EU (2004, 2007) Sources of institutional power: Supportive governance structures (i.e. regulative and normative institutions) are largely confined to national level Coordinated MEB systems (predominantly at sector level; CH sector and company level); High to medium-range union densities, practice to extend collective agreements (CAs), high employer density; high collective bargaining coverage; Coordinated MEB systems (sector level); High union and employer densities; unions in DK, SE and FI administrate unemployment funds (‘Ghent system’), high bargaining coverage, strong role of social partners in public policy making. (Diversity of welfare and IR regimes) Coordinated MEB systems (Nordic and central-western Europe, including Slovenia) Coordinated MEB systems (Nordic and central-western Europe); Central-western Europe: Medium-range union densities (high in BE), practice to extend CAs (lower in DE), medium-range employer density; high CB coverage (lower in DE); Nordic Europe: high union and employer densities; unions in DK, SE and FI administrate unemployment funds (‘Ghent
National industrial relations (IR) regimes Welfare and IR traditions Institutionalisation of conflict to ensure social peace; High-trust relations between unions and employers‘ associations and social partners. Conservative continental welfare tradition based on political exchange and participation of social partners in public (exception CH). CH: Mix of liberal and continental traditions with a shift to more centralized tripartite social policy concertation in the 1970s and 1980s. Institutionalisation of class conflict to ensure social peace; Cooperative relations between unions and employers‘ associations; between employers and employees at enterprise- level. Nordic social-democratic welfare state tradition (general and inclusive welfare state and maintenance of full employment). Cooperative CB and universalistic welfare state tradition in Nordic Europe Cooperative CB and conservative corporatist welfare tradition in Central-Western Europe (incl. Slovenia) system’), high bargaining coverage; Continental welfare state model in BE, NL, DE: highly institutionalised role of social partners in public policy making; Nordic social-democratic welfare state model: highly institutionalised role of social partners in public policy-making; Cooperative CB and universalistic welfare state tradition in Nordic Europe; Cooperative CB and conservative corporatist welfare tradition in Central-Western Europe Supportive institutional logics Cultural beliefs, conceptions and Common language of Germanophonic countries, common conceptions of industrial relations institutions and practices Cultural and linguistic closeness of Scandinavia, long experience of cross-country interaction and cooperation in (Diversity of cultures and practices) Cultural and linguistic closeness of Scandinavia (partly BE and NL); (derived from long experience of cross-country