Pressure: the natural or human pressures that influence the state of the environment. Pressures explain why the domains are in the condition they are in. State: the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of each aspect of the environment, and how these aspects are changing over time. Impact: the ecological, economic, social, and cultural consequences of changes in the of the environment. Environmental impacts that have particular significance for Māori are covered under te ao Māori (Māori world view). Emissions to air are an indicator of pressure on air quality. A national home heating emission inventory and other sources evaluation was prepared for 2013 (Wilton et al., 2015) (referred hereafter as the 2013 national inventory). This 2015 inventory builds on the results of the 2013 national inventory to provide an estimate of emissions from all significant anthropogenic sources of particulate, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide. This national estimate of emissions provides an indicator of pressures on air quality and will provide a benchmark to enable future tracking of trends. However, it is important to note that the relative contribution of sources to emissions at a national level does not necessarily reflect the relative contribution of sources to air pollution effects at the local level. For example, industrial emissions can be discharged through high stacks, which improve dispersion and can reduce the effect of the emission at ground level.
Activity Sector Sub sector Emissions PM10 PM2.5 CO NOx SO2 tonnes/annum Industrial Mineral products 232 109 0 0 1,007 Production of chemicals 177 140 14 137 1,822 Metal industries 899 793 42,187 2,031 6,667 Pulp and paper production 1,150 863 0 1,438 2,876 Subtotal 2,459 1,905 42,201 3,606 12,372 Agriculture Animal housings 460 41 Field burning of agricultural residues & biomass burning Field burning of agricultural residues 1,461 1,385 17,101 615 128 Biomass burning: forest land 4,956 3,661 30,131 1,295 282 Biomass burning: grasslands 1,998 1,300 15,645 1,444 84 Subtotal 8,415 6,345 62,877 3,355 494 Waste Incineration of quarantine waste 0 0 0 5 0 Open burning of waste 1,643 1,643 8,625 616 103 Subtotal 1,643 1,643 8,625 621 103 46,099 34,504 531,493 121,364 49,946 Table A-2: Fuel consumption, fuel calorific values and emission factors used by source Sector Sub sector Fuel Fuel consumption (TJ) Fuel calorific value (Gross) MJ/kg Emission factors PM10 g/kg PM2.5 g/kg CO kg/TJ NOx kg/TJ SO2 kg/TJ Energy industries a. Public electricity and heat production Diesel 13.45 45.79 0.139 0.035 16 65 0.47 Coal: 11,994.56 Coal: bituminous 629.55 29.59 1.11 0.8325 8.7 209 436 Coal: sub-bituminous 11,233.77 21.64 1.11 0.8325 8.7 209 436
777 B777 Boeing 777 all pax models B777 300ER Jet 7GE099 2 3,090.84 0.21 0.21 47.54 69.79 2.60 1 IATA Code ICAO Code Manufacturer & aircraft Type of model Engine type Engine ID No. engines LTO emission factors No. of LTOs Fuel consumption (kg) PM10 (kg) PM2.5 (kg) CO (kg) NOx (kg) SO2 (kg) 77L B77L Boeing B777 300ER Jet 7GE099 2 3,090.84 0.21 0.21 47.54 69.79 2.60 15 77W B77W Boeing 777 300ER B777 300ER Jet 7GE099 2 3,090.84 0.21 0.21 47.54 69.79 2.60 85 788 B788 Boeing 787-8 B787 800 Jet 11GE136 2 1,592.36 0.09 0.09 14.51 17.15 1.34 4 789 B789 Boeing 787-9 B787 900 Jet 12RR055 2 1,726.66 0.10 0.10 6.80 34.52 1.45 151 M11 MD11 McDonnell Douglas MD11 pax MD11ER F Jet 2GE049 2 2,627.91 0.17 0.17 18.28 38.17 2.21 1
Methodology (collection & analyses) GAP Forum Manual (Vallack & Rypdal (2012) Limitations to data & analysis Emission factors: Average PM10 emission factors for residential wood and coal from the 2013 inventory (Wilton et al., 2015) Coal, CO and NOx were the multifuel burner emission factors (Wilton et al., 2015). Coal, SO2 was the GAP Forum Manual default value based on New Zealand fuel properties. (Vallack & Rypdal, 2012; MBIE, 2017) Wood, CO, NOx and SO2 were the wood burner emission factors (Wilton et al 2015). PM2.5 was assumed to be 100% of PM10 for wood and 88% of PM10 for coal. Changes to time series References Ministry for the Environment (MfE) (2017). New Zealand’s Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990-2015. Wellington. May. Ministry of Business, Innovation & Employment (MBIE), (2017). Energy in New Zealand 2017: 2016 Calendar Year Edition. Wellington. Vallack & Rypdal (2012). The Global Atmospheric Pollution Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Manual. Version 5.0. Stockholm Environment Institute. York University of York. Wilton et al. (2015). Home heating emission inventory and sources evaluation. Prepared for Ministry for the Environment and Statistics NZ by Environet Ltd and Golders Associates. Title sectors: commercial/institutional and Agriculture/forestry/fishing Source National air emissions inventory - 2015 Description Annual emissions from commercial/institutional and agriculture/forestry/fishing activities in New Zealand. Variables Fuel consumption (TJ/yr) Emission factors (g/kg) Coverage National