Type of nanomateriala Patent Location Patented use in food packaging # patents found Nanosilver USA - Antimicrobial film - Catalyst for production of polymers used in food contact coatings - Antistatic-Antimicrobial 11 Europe - Antimicrobial - Laminate (food wrap) preservation 2 Asia - Antimicrobial 1 b Aust/NZ Nil Found 0 Total 14 Copper NPs USA - Conductivity 1 Europe - Antimicrobial - Barrier properties in food wrap 3 Asia Nil Found 0 Aust/NZ Nil Found 0 Total 4 Nano-clays USA - Polymer nano composites to improve mechanical properties (e.g. toughness, ductility, strength) - Flexible barrier packaging - Moisture barrier layer - Flexible (oxygen) barrier packaging 18 Europe Nil Found 0 Asia Nil 0 Aust/NZ Nil 0 Total 18 Graphite nanoplatelets USA - Barrier and/or conductive properties 1 Europe Nil 0 Asia Nil 0 Aust/NZ Nil Found 0 Total 1 Nano- Titanium Dioxide USA - Flexible barrier packaging 1 Europe Nil Found 0 Asia Nil Found 0 Aust/NZ Nil Found 0 Total 1 Nano- phosphonates USA - Barrier properties 1 Europe Nil Found 0 Asia Nil Found 0 Aust/NZ Nil Found 0 Total 1 Nano-silicon dioxide (SiO2) USA - Hydrophobic coating - ‘Active’ packaging for food preservation 5 Europe Nil Found 0
the table, the migration rates of elemental constituents have been converted to standardised units of mg/kg foodstuff in order to facilitate comparison. Table 4.3.1: Summary of migration experiments conducted with nanosilver containing food packaging material Study Packaging material Food or Simulant Migration a (mg/kg food) Were NPs detected? Type Production method Commercially sourced? Cushen et al. 2013 PVC films Casting No Food (raw chicken breast) 0.06 – 2.76 Not investigated Cushen et al. 2014a PE composite Mixing & extrusion b No Food (raw chicken breast) 0.018 – 0.03 Not investigated Metak and Ajaal 2013 Nanosilver/ nano-TiO2 polymer composite - Yes Food (various) 0.002 – 0.0057 Not investigated Chaudhry et al. 2008 PP container - Yes Simulant (3% acetic acid) Food (apple sauce, pizza, lasagne) None (Ag, Sn, Ba) <0.002 (Ag) No Jokar and Rahman 2014 LDPE Melt blended or deposition (i.e. coating) No Simulant (distilled water, 3% acetic acid, 10% ethanol) Food (apple juice) Melt-blended: 0.4 – 1 Coated: 0.6 – 1.4 Not investigated Nobile et al. 2004 PE films Coating No Simulant (distilled water) Food (malt broth extract, apple juice) 1 – 1.9 (distilled water) 0.26 – 0.38 (malt broth extract) 0.2 – 0.25 (apple juice) Not investigated
Bott et al. 2014b LDPE films Mixing & extrusion b No Simulant (3% acetic acid, 10% & 95% ethanol) 0.014 – 6 (aqueous simulants) None (fatty simulant) No c Artiaga et al. 2015 HDPE bag - Yes Simulant (distilled water, 3% acetic acid, 10% & 95% ethanol) 0.017 Yes d (40 nm aggregates) Cushen et al. 2014b PE films (made with AgNPs or AgionTM Ag ion filler) Mixing & extrusion b No Simulant (distilled water, 3% acetic acid) 0.05 – 0.5 (Ag NPs) 0.0003 – 0.05 (AgionTM) Yes e Echegoyen and Nerin 2013 LDPE bag 2 x PP containers - Yes Simulant (3% acetic acid, 50% ethanol) 0.001 – 0.019 Yes Fortunati et al. 2013 PLA composites (unmodified or Casting No Simulant (10% ethanol, isooctane) Unmodified: 0.0018 – 0.004 (ethanol) – 0.0012 (isooctane) Modified: 0.061 – 0.087 (ethanol) 0.00079 – 0.023 (isooctane) Not investigated Huang et al. 2011 PE bags - Yes Simulant (pure water, 4% acetic acid, 95% ethanol, hexane) 0.0045 – 0.024 No f (300 nm in size) Panea et al. 2014 LDPE film (Ag/ZnO NP) Melting & injection moulding No Simulant (aqueous, no further details provided) <0.001 (Ag) 2.44 (Zn) Not investigated Song et al. 2011 PE film - Yes Simulant (3% acetic acid, 95% ethanol) 3.9 – 13 (acetic acid) 0.5 – 0.6 (ethanol) Not investigated