Aridisols A soil order of the world; refers to prevailing soils in Puntland; devoid of humic content Baseline survey A survey designed to establish initial conditions against which the effects of a finished project can be compared Desertification A process of land degradation manifested in the extreme diminution of vegetative resources Deyr A season in Puntland (September – November) where most of the annual rains fall Gu’ A rainy season in Puntland, typically occurring between April and June Jilaal A cold dry season in Puntland, running from December till March Pastoralist A person whose main livelihood strategy is animal keeping and in the Somali context leads a nomadic / transitory life Pastoral dropout A person main livelihood strategy was animal keeping but who has lost the livestock and either has no means of livelihood or switched to other occupations Household Basic residential unit; a group of people –whether related or not, who ordinarily share same meals and depend on the same food source Household Head A person looked up to as main decision maker and often the bread winner Natural resources management Refers to the God-given endowment of land, water and air resources, and the existing management practices Nomads Also called pastoralists; are animal keepers who lead a transient life often in search of water and pasture Food security Situation existing “when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life” Key informant Individuals with specific knowledge, who are to share this with researchers. They have access to the study area and variables being studied in a way that is scarcely possible for the researchers OF IN THE
Livelihoods Set of activities, involving securing water, food, fodder, medicine, shelter, clothing and the capacity to acquire above necessities working either individually or as a group by using endowments for meeting requirements of the self and his/her household on a sustainable basis with dignity Xagaa A hot dry season in Puntland, spanning July to August every year Adeso – African Development Solutions (NGO) AEZ – Agro-ecological zone CBA – Cost benefit analysis CBD – Convention on Biological Diversity CC – Climate change CDM – Development Mechanism – Comprehensive Hazard and Risk Management CITES – Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species COP – Conference of the Parties DEM – Digital elevation model DLDD – Desertification, land degradation and drought DIS –Desertification Information Systems DPA – District Pastoral Association EIS – Environmental Information System on the Internet DISMAC – Disaster Management Committee DNA PIN – Designated National Authority Project Identification Number DOE – Department of Environment EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment EMCA – Environment Management and Coordination Act 1999 EU - European Union FAO – Food and Agricultural Organization FGD – Focus Group Discussion GDP – Gross Domestic Product GEF – Global Environment Facility GHG – Greenhouse gases GIS – Geographic Information System
GLADA – Global Assessment of Land Degradation and Improvement GLADSOD – Global Assessment of Human-induced Soil Degradation GPS – Global Positioning System ICZM – Integrated coastal zone management IGA – Income generating activity INGO – International Non-Government Organization InVest – Integrated Valuation of Environmental Services and Tradeoffs IPBES – Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services IT – Information Technology ITCZ – Inter-topical convergence zone KAPB – Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices and Behaviour KII – Key informant interview MoEWT – Ministry of Environment, Wildlife and Tourism MOU – Memorandum of Understanding MPA – Marine Protected Area – National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan NCSA – National Capacity Self Assessment NEMA – National Environment Management Authority NDMO – National Disaster Management Office NDVI – Normalized Difference Vegetation Index NGO – Non-Government Organization NPV – Net present value NRM – Natural resource management NWFP – Non-wood forest product PA – Pastoralist Association PBI – Phosphorus buffering index PEAP – Puntland Environmental Action Plan PES – Payments for ecosystem services PSG – Project steering group Rio+20 – United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (2012) RS – Remote sensing SC – Standing Committee
previously had animals, they are increasingly relying more on crop farming as a livelihood strategy. Table 14a: Existing livelihood systems Livelihood source Proportion reporting Mudug Sanaag Nugaal Sool Bari Karkaar Livestock keeping 82 72 78 69 62 60 Trading 9 18 9 12 16 10 Salaried employment 6 3 8 11 12 13 Remittances from relatives 1 5 2 7 6 10 Others 2 2 3 1 4 7 The study asked the respondents to describe the typical food year in their households. From the responses generated, and from further analysis of household food consumption, we note that on average about 21% of households in Puntland is food insecure. Food insecure households typically spend more than 70% of their total monthly expenditures, which average about SomSh 40,000 or $30, on food items. Table 14b: Percentage of households who are food insecure Food insecure households Percentage of food insecure households Mudug Sanaag Nugaal Sool Bari Karkaar Food insecure 12 18 15 26 36 22 The highest levels of food insecurity households were registered in Bari (36%) and Sool (26%), while the relative food secure households were to be found in Nugaal (15%) and Mudug (12%). It should be noted that this evaluation was conducted during the Jilaal period in Puntland, which was coming off the back of reasonable rains in the preceding Gu’ rains.
• No 4 – Reduce child mortality: by the availability of more vitamins from fruit trees to vulnerable sections of the society such as children • No 5 – Improve maternal health: availing nutrient-rich fruits to expectant and nursing mothers • No 6 – Combat malaria and other diseases: achievable through providing vitamins to counteract the threat of opportunistic diseases in those patients with terminal illnesses • No 7 – Achieve environmental sustainability: through ‘greening’ land
Component: 3. Good governance Overall oversight Establishment of an all-inclusive governance structure at the national level to guide the ministry 6 months Minister Regulations Benchmarking against international best practice in institutional governance Naming and acceptance of task by the members of the governance body Component: 4. Policies development and ratification Establishment of EIA Unit Establishment of Environmental Inspectorate Department 2 years D-G, Minister and Consultant Policies to backstop EIA inspection List of EIA inspectors (freelance) Registration list of EIA inspectors Banking information trail) Public awareness Establishment of a roll of registered EIA experts Publication of EIA reports Licensing formalities NRM conservancies Establishment of rangeland conservancies (two per region) 2 years D-G, Minister Policies supporting land appropriation for establishment of the conservancies Funds to support group formation, capacity building, cohesion, and conflict resolution Twelve natural resources conservancies established Twelve community-based groups supported to manage the conservancies Component: 5. Development of capacity for research and monitoring – establishment of laboratories and GIS facility Establishment of laboratory to analyze and water Building of laboratory that can undertake simple “wet chemistry” 3 years D-G, Minister and Consultant(s) Staff time Land resources (50%) Availability of laboratory staff Consultant’s time Best-practice Soil and water laboratory established
methods for soil and water analyses Establishment of GIS Unit Identification of land, construction of a GIS Unit and equipment of the Unit with software and hardware 3 years D-G, Minister, Consultants Funds Land Acquisition of necessary GIS software and hardware (e.g. GPS, digitizers, etc) Consultants’ time Benchmarking against international best practice (e.g. Construction of the Unit Equipment and software on-site Utility (usage) indicators