synthesis, we accessed the full dataset available in online supplementary information with the article and selected available data on herbivory as a proportion of above-ground productivity, then calculated means for each of the major terrestrial biome types distinguished in the dataset. Further, we used the following relationship between Fp and Fc from figure 2 in McNaughton et al. (1989) to predict Fc from Fp measured at our study sites: Log Fc = 2.04 (log Fp) – 4.80 Where both Fp and Fc are in units of kJ m-2 yr-1. We converted units of energy to mass with the same standard factors applied in McNaughton et al. (1989), for tropical rainforest vegetation tissue caloric content of 3897 cal g-1 dry mass (Golley 1961).
Aspect E W W W — — Slope (%) 28 27 0 Mean annual temperature (oC) 12.0 12.5 17.8 18.9 24.4 24.4 Mean annual precipitation (mm) 1706 1560 5302 5302 1894 1894 Geological substrate Paleozoic shales Late Permian granite Pleistocene alluvial terrace Soil pH 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.9 Soil organic nitrogen (g kg-1) — 18.6 — 12.2 — 16.4 Soil organic phosphorus (g kg-1) — 1.1 — 1.1 — 1.4 Gross primary production (Mg C ha-1 yr-1) 22 ± 2 27 ± 3 39 ± 4 32 ± 4 33 ± 4 36 ± 4 Above-ground net primary production (Mg C ha-1 yr-1) 5.3 ± 0.4 5.9 ± 0.6 6.3 ± 0.4 9.4 ± 0.6 11.6 ± 1.1 10.0 ± 1.1
Below-ground net primary production (Mg C ha-1 yr-1) 1.7 ± 0.2 2.2 ± 0.4 1.6 ± 0.2 2.5 ± 0.3 2.6 ± 0.3 5.1 ± 0.7 Foliar production (Mg C ha-1 yr-1) 2.2 ± 0.3 2.8 ± 0.3 3.1 ± 0.3 4.7 ± 0.4 4.3 ± 0.4 4.8 ± 0.4 Foliar biomass (Mg C ha-1) 5.9 ± 0.4 5.7 ± 0.4 6.1 ± 0.4 7.1 ± 0.4 6.3 ± 0.2 6.3 ± 0.2 Canopy turnover (yr) 1.5 ± 0.2 1.1 ± 0.1 1.1 ± 0.1 0.8 ± 0.1 0.8 ± 0.1 0.8 ± 0.1 Dominant plant families Cunoniaceae, Clusiaceae Lauraceae, Rubiaceae, Melastomataceae Myristicaceae, Fabaceae Table 2 Insect herbivore partitioning of ingested carbon, derived from studies summarized in Wiegert & Petersen (1983). Allocation of ingested carbon (% of total) Order Family Species Respiration Excretion Growth Source Orthoptera Acrididae Bootetfix punctatus 13 79 8 Weidemann 1971
Encoptolophus sordidus 13 74 13 1972 Melanoplus bivittatus 25 59 16 Van Hook & Dodson 1974 Melanoplus femurrubrum 22 65 13 Wiegert 1964 Melanoplus sp. 23 63 14 Hinton 1971 Meumoplus sp. 24 63 13 Hinton 1971 Trimerotropis saxatilis 14 80 6 Van Hook et al. 1980 Tettigonidae Orchelimum fidicinium 17 73 10 Llewellyn 1975 Gryllidae Pteronemobius fasciolus 28 59 13 McNeill 1971 Hemiptera Miridae Leptopterna dolabrata 14 69 17 Van Hook 1971 Homoptera Aphididae Acyrthosiphon pisum 4 90 6 Smalley 1960 Eucallipterus tiliae 6 67 27 Webb & Elmes 1972 Cereopidae Neophilaenus lineatus 26 58 15 Wiegert 1965
Philaenus spumarius 53 42 5 Brown & Fitzpatrick 1978 Philaenus spumarius 23 62 16 & Fitzpatrick 1978 Coleoptera Cureulionidae Leplinotarsa decemlineata 40 49 11 Chlodny et al. 1967 Lepidoptera Lepidoptera spp. 15 60 24 Coffman et al. 1971 Gelechiidae Chimobacche tagella 15 79 6 Bailey & Mukerji 1977 Mean ± SE 21.0 ± 2.7 66.1 ± 2.8 12.9 ± 1.4 Table 3 Results of a Spearman’s rank correlation between mean site herbivory (percentage of area removed per leaf) and a range of abiotic and biotic factors. Mean annual temperature residuals show correlations with the residual variation left after accounting for the temperature trend in herbivory. Significant correlations (P < 0.005) are highlighted in bold. Herbivory Ecosystem properties r2 Coefficient P-value Gross primary productivity (Mg C ha-1 yr-1) 0.46 0.771 0.072
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