Table 1: Summary of population estimates from Waterbird Population Estimates 5 (Wetlands International 2012). Subspecies Season Population Name Start Year End Year Minimum (ind.) Maximum (ind.) Estimate Quality 1% Threshold References N. a. arquata Non-breeding Europe/Europe North & West Africa 1990 2000 700,000 Expert Opinion 8,400 BirdLife 2004b, Thorup 2006 N. a. orientalis Non-breeding Western Siberia/SW Asia E & S Africa 1987 1991 25,000 100,000 Best 1000 Perennou et al. 1994 N. a. orientalis Non-breeding S Asia 1987 1991 10,000 100,000 Best Guess 1000 Perennou et al. 1994 N. a. orientalis Non-breeding E & SE Asia 2008 2008 100,000 100,000 Expert Opinion 1000 Cao et al. 2009 N. a. suschkini Breeding Southeast Europe & South-west Asia 2009 2009 1 10,000 Best 100 Delany et al. 2009
Country/ Subspecies Wintering Population (Individuals) Year(s) of the estimate Quality Year(s) of the estimate Quality Long-term trend Year(s) of the estimate Quality References Austria N. a. arquata 700-900 1995-2010 1995-2010 Good 1980-1995 Increase Good Schuster 2011; Egretta; Jürgen Ulmer, Anne Puchter, Alwin Schönenberger & Bianca Burtscher, 2012; Schuster 2010 Belgium N. a. arquata 8,872-25,925 2008-2012 2001-2012 Good Unknown 1980-2012 Moderate EU Article 12 Reporting Bulgaria N. a. arquata 10-95 2008-2012 2000-2012 Good Decline 1980-2012 Poor EU Article 12 Reporting Denmark N. a. arquata 15,300 2008 2000-2011 Good Increase 1980-2011 Moderate Birds in Europe 3 in prep. France N. a. arquata 20,000-65,000 2008-2012 2000-2012 Good Increase 1980-2012 Good Wetlands International & 2010, 2011 & 2012. Fouquet M. 2013. EU Article 12 Reporting Germany N. a. arquata 100,000 2000-2005 1997-2009 Moderate Decline 1987-2009 Moderate EU Article 12 Reporting Greece* N. a. arquata N. a. orientalis 1,000-2,000 1987-1991 Unknown Unknown Stable 1970-1990 Unknown BirdLife International 1994 N. a. arquata N. a. orientalis 4148 2010s 1990s-2010s Unknown Decrease Unknown Unpublished data, AEWA conservation status review Guinea N. a. arquata N. a. orientalis 3940 2000s Trolliet & Fouquet 2004 ease
Iraq N. a. orientalis 3,000-7,000 No - - No - - Salim, M.A. et al. 2007 Ireland N. a. arquata 27,830 1999-2011 Good Decrease 1987-2011 Moderate EU Article 12 Reporting; Crowe & Holt 2013; Italy* N. a. arquata 6,207-7,218 2000-2009 Good Increase 1991-2009 Good Birds in Europe 3 in prep. Kuwait* N. a. orientalis 490-860 - - - - - - BirdLife International 2014 Mauritania N. a. arquata N. a. orientalis 4,000 2010s 1990s-2010s Tbc Decrease tbc Unpublished data, AEWA conservation status review Morocco N. a. arquata 308 2010s 1990s-2010s Tbc Decrease tbc Unpublished data, AEWA conservation status review Netherlands N. a. arquata 143,390-219,237 2000-2011 Good Increase 1981-2011 Good EU Article 12 Reporting Norway N. a. arquata 100-500 2006 1995-2005 Moderate Stable/ Fluctuating 1980-2011 Moderate Svorkmo-Lundberg et al. 2006; Ranke et al. 2011, Wold et al. 2012. Oman N. a. orientalis 8,250-8,500 Poor Stable 1986-2013 Moderate De Fouw. J. et al in prep; Eriksen & Victor 2013. Portugal N. a. arquata 1,218 2001-2012 Good Stable 1988-2012 Moderate EU Article 12 Reporting Romania* N. a. arquata 40-60 - - Fluctuating 1990-2002 Unknown BirdLife International 2004 2002
Applicable to: All States (except Russia) that host breeding and non-breeding N. a. arquata. 4.3.3. Support the expansion of productivity monitoring schemes at important breeding sites across the breeding range, so as to gain a better understanding of how productivity varies across the range. Applicable to: All Range States (except Russia) that host breeding N. a. arquata. Continuous Government conservation agencies & NGOs 4.4. The impact of other threats is investigated 4.4.1. Further investigate the impact of wind farms on local breeding populations. Address current knowledge gaps including the cumulative impact of multiple wind farms and the population response both during construction and post-construction. Studies should also investigate productivity and potential changes in predation pressure arising from wind farms. Applicable to: All Range States with breeding populations and increasing numbers of wind farms. Other Medium to long Government conservation agencies, NGOs and academic institutions 4.4.2. Investigate the impact of pollution at wintering sites on adult and juvenile survival rates and subsequent breeding success. Applicable to: Any non-breeding Range States. Other Medium to long Government conservation agencies, NGOs and academic institutions 4.4.3. Undertake a study that investigates the impact of disturbance on daily energy budgets and individual survival. Applicable to: Any non-breeding Range States. Medium to long Government conservation agencies, NGOs and academic institutions 4.4.4. Investigate the effectiveness of all mitigation techniques designed to offset the loss or degradation of breeding habitat. Applicable to: Any breeding Range States. Other Medium to long Government conservation agencies, NGOs and academic institutions