Communities, households and individuals ↓ additional support services & health & safety measures not funded by employer ↓ lobbying & advocacy in relation to workplace PFOS issues ↓ testing, upgrading or replacing household water supply ↓ substituting for domestically produced food ↓ seeking professional advice ↓ opportunity of selling or financing property ↓ need to substitute for seafood & other wild foods ↓ services & support to address community concerns ↓ lobbying & advocacy in relation to local PFOS issues ↓ opportunity costs of PFOSrelated expenditure ↓ altered recreation and tourism behaviours in response to concern PFOS ↓ altered food purchase behaviours in response to concern PFOS ↓ altered health behaviours in response to concern about PFOS ↓ lobbying, advocacy & litigation in relation to producer responsibility ↓ lobbying & advocacy in relation to broader PFOS environmental impacts & human health concerns Businesses (including PFOS users) ↓ litigation and compensation ↓ uncertainty ↑ demand for PFOS waste transport, disposal & destruction services ↓ fisheries closures or restrictions ↓ contamination, environmental impact & human health monitoring ↓ advertising and publicity to maintain or restore brand value & goodwill ↑ demand for products from businesses directly reliant on the environment & broader multiplier benefits ↓ opportunity costs of PFOSrelated expenditure ↑ economic productivity of environmental assets ↓ increased pressure on waste management & landfill services ↓ contamination of biosolids ↓ opportunity cost of expenditure on PFOS ↓ monitoring for businesses directly reliant on the environment Governments ↓ litigation & compensation ↓ monitoring of onsite contamination ↓ monitoring of contamination downstream from site ↓ onsite management when polluters cannot pay ↓ monitoring of contamination, environmental impacts & health concerns ↓ responding to lobbying & advocacy ↓ offsite management, remediation, welfare & compensation when polluter cannot pay ↓ increased demand on health services, including mental health services and testing services ↓ contamination of biosolids ↓ increased complexity & risk of urban & regional planning processes ↓ opportunity cost of PFOSrelated expenditure Notes: ↑ = increased effect / impact ↓ = decreased effect / impact 14. Unquantified social impacts of phasing out PFOS Type At PFOS sites Linked to PFOS sites Society-wide
Communities, households and individuals ↓ anxiety, stress and uncertainty for site managers and workers due to PFOS concerns ↓ anxiety, stress and uncertainty for residents due to PFOS concerns ↓ changed health behaviours due to PFOS concerns ↓ lifestyle disruption, such as travelling to access PFOSrelated services ↓ externally imposed major disruption to PFOS contamination, such as having to move house ↑ maintenance of family and community connections ↓ loss of amenity from changed consumption and recreation behaviours ↓ conflict with PFOS-using industry and government ↑ certainty regarding community priorities and sustainability ↑ public confidence and trust in the ability of business and all levels of government to manage environmental risks and health concerns ↓ inequity due to uneven distribution of impacts ↓ loss of amenity from changed food consumption behaviours, e.g. seafood ↓ anxiety, stress and uncertainty due to PFOS concerns) ↓ loss of amenity from changed tourism and recreation behaviours ↓ loss of amenity from changed health behaviours ↑ preservation of nonuse value of environment ↓ conflict with business and government due to PFOS concerns ↓ uncertainty community sustainability due to PFOS concerns ↑ public confidence and in the ability of business and government to manage environmental risks and health concerns Businesses (including PFOS ↓ uncertainty about business continuity, social licence to operate and liability due to PFOS concerns ↓ conflict with businesses, the community and government due to PFOS concerns ↑ risk management outcomes due to transition from PFOS ↓ anxiety, stress and uncertainty due to business impacts of PFOS concerns, particularly for small businesses ↑ public confidence and trust in the ability of business to manage environmental risks and health concerns ↓ anxiety, stress and uncertainty due to business impacts of PFOS concerns, particularly for small business ↑ public confidence and trust in the ability of business to manage environmental risks and health concerns Governments ↓ change or uncertainty due to PFOS concerns ↑ public confidence and trust in the ability of government to manage environmental risks and health concerns ↑ public confidence and trust in the ability of all levels of government to manage environmental risks and health concerns Notes: ↑ = increased effect / impact ↓ = decreased effect / impact Community impacts The following discussion of community impacts includes households and individuals. The analysis has not identified any costs of the proposed regulation to the community, households and individuals. Consumer costs are not expected to rise significantly due to the regulation of PFOS. The marketplace is highly competitive, with alternatives available for most uses, and the costs of
Total 28,351 1,146,587 10,713,940 11,888,878 Option 4 Industry\Costs related to licensing Cost of alternatives Waste management Total - Hard Chromium Plating 2,581 201,774 204,355 - Decorative Chromium Plating 16,630 51,471 68,101 - Plastics etching 37,415 37,415 - Photography 815 58,787 59,602 - fire fighting foam 2,231,632 386,308 2,617,940 - 1,021,895 1,021,895 Total 20,026 2,522,291 1,466,990 4,009,307
Subordinate legislation – a law passed to support the implementation of higherlevel legislation; for an example, see the definition of regulations Stormwater – rainwater and melt water running off surfaces Surfactant – a substance that reduces the surface tension of a liquid and therefore acts as a detergent, wetting agent, emulsifier, foaming agent or dispersant Treaty – agreement between two or more countries Voluntary action – action taken by a business or individual without any coercion from an industry association, professional association or government Waste – material left over from an industrial, manufacturing, agricultural, domestic or other human activity, especially unusable material management – collection, transport, recovery and disposal of waste, along with strategies that aim to reduce the likelihood of waste being produced Waste water – water used for an industrial, manufacturing, agricultural, domestic or other human activity, including sewage, usually containing pollutants Abbreviations AFFF – aqueous film forming foam CBA – cost-benefit analysis CCD – charge-coupled device LPOS – lithium perfluorooctane sulfonate mg – milligram (one thousandth of a gram) mg/kg – milligrams per kilogram ml – millilitre NEPM – National Environmental Protection Measure NICNAS – National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme ng – nanogram (one billionth of a gram) ng/g – nanograms per gram OBPR – Office of Best Practice Regulation – per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances
PFCs – perfluorinated chemicals or perfluorocarbons PFOA – perfluorooctanoic acid PFOS – perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, perfluorooctane sulfonates, and related substances including perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride PFOSF – perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride POP – persistent organic pollutant PV – present value STP – sewage treatment plant