Unit Its Nature & David Harvey Also Globalization Space-Time Compression (better/more efficient production has opened new markets and brought places closer) is similar to Space-Time Convergence (reduction of the importance of distance) Capitalism has accelerated the pace of life. Compression - EG. stock market impacts on Toronto. Convergence – EG. Airplane brings people closer together than before. Unit 2: Population Warren Thompson Also: Development Demographic Transition – Birth Rates and Death Rates – 4 Stages relating to Natural Increase 1. BR – DR are high 2. BR high – DR drops 3. BR drops 4. BR – DR are low Unit Notable Geographers Briefly explain their theory Importance of model and further notes Unit 2: Population Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) Population Malthusian theory – Population growth relating to Food supply Gave a dystopian (not Utopian) view of the future (1798); food production increases arithmetically (1,2,3,4,5), whereas human reproduction increases geometrically (doubling each generation) (1,2,4,8,16); despite checks on population (e.g., plague, famine) there would continue to be starvation. Neo-Malthusians – R. Kaplan, T.F. Homer-Dixon – look at Africa Critics - E. Boserup – More people more growth, Science will find a way, distribution of wealth etc. Esther Boserup (1910-1999) In 1965, Boserup discussed that population growth stimulates intensification in agricultural development (stimulates technology) … rather than being increased by
Henry Carey Migration & Urban Gravity model: interaction is proportional to the multiplication of the two populations divided by the distance between them; this phenomenon is distance decay (the effect of distance on cultural or spatial interactions). Proposed that the quantity of movement between two locations increases as their size increases and decreases with an increase in distance. Therefore the greater the size of a location, the greater the interaction. Gravity Model in relation to cities Interaction between urban centers can be calculated by size and distance Large cities have greater draw power Gravity Model states that spatial interaction between places (e.g. migration) is directly related to the population size and inversely related to the distance between them. Distance decay curve- Decreasing interaction as distance increases Unit Notable Geographers Briefly explain their theory Importance of model and further notes Unit 2: Migration Torsten Hagerstrand Space Time Prism possible places a person could travel in a certain time period Everett Lee Migration Carl Sauer 1889-1975 Culture Cultural Landscape – activity superimposes itself on the physical landscape – each Cultural group leaves imprints “The Morphology of Landscape” “Agricultural Origins and Dispersal” (Domestication, vegetative and seed and their diffusion) Unit Notable Geographers Briefly explain theory Importance of model and further notes
Unit Notable Geographers Briefly explain theory Importance of model and further notes Unit7: Urban Geography Gideon Sjoberg Cities are products of societies (4 stages – 1. 2. Feudal 3. Pre-industrial 4. Urban/industrial) “The Pre-Industrial City: Past and Present” William Alonso Economic / Urban Bid Rent Theory Explains how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the CBD increases. Farther distances require greater transportation cost and thus reduce the amount of rent that can be paid. The land use that creates the highest return can the most for the location. Because a seller sells land to the highest bidder, the land use that produces the highest rent is the one that gets to occupy the site. Net returns are the difference between the amount a business receive in revenue minus their costs or expenses. Economic geographers call this difference, or net return, location (or land) rent. This theory is based upon the reasoning that the more accessible an area, the more profitable it is going to be and the higher is its land value. When the cost gets too high certain land uses drop out. Ernest Burgess (1886-1966) Concentric Zone Model (1925): structural model of the American central city (based on Chicago in the 1920s); the zones identified are 1) the CBD; 2) the transition zone of mixed residential, factory, and commercial use; 3) low-class residential homes (inner city); Chicago
Urban Patterns parts of giant conurbations; self-sufficient suburban sectors (focused on their own independent CBD) Edge cities “Suburban downtowns” Garreau Urban Edge Cities 1. The area must have more than five million square feet of office space (about the space of a good-sized downtown) 2. The must include over 600,000 square feet of retail space (the size of a large regional shopping mall) 3.The population must rise every morning and drop every afternoon ( there are more jobs than homes) 4.The place is known as a single end destination (the place "has it all;" entertainment, shopping, recreation, etc.) 5.The area must not have been anything like a "city" 30 ago (cow pastures would have been nice) “Suburban downtowns” Unit Notable Geographers Briefly explain their theory Importance of model and further notes Unit7: Urban Geography C.D. Harris Urban Peripheral Edge City Similar to edge cities/urban realms, edge cities connected by transportation route (loop, beltway etc) Griffin-Ford Model of Latin American City Upper class/Commercial Spine Market in the center of town with a mall Squatter settlements on periphery T. G. McGee 1967 Urban/Development Land Use in Southeast Asian cities. Old colonial port cities surrounded by a new commercial district with no formal CBD. EG. Manila, Jakarta, Lumpur. Western commercial Zone and Alien (Asian ) commercial zone Peter Mann Urban UK City Concentric Circles and Sectors Unit Notable Geographers Briefly explain theory Importance of and further notes Urban Geography Haram DeBlij Urban Model of Subsaharan African city Edward Ullman Ullman’s Conceptual Frame: proposed that trade was an interaction based on three phenomena: complementarity, intervening opportunities, and transferability of commodities.