edition. NFPA 54, National Fuel Gas Code, 2012 edition. NFPA 68, Standard on Explosion Protection by Deflagration Venting, 2013 edition. NFPA 69, Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems, 2008 edition. NFPA 70®, National Electrical Code®, 2011 edition. NFPA 72®, National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code, 2013 edition. NFPA 85, Boiler and Combustion Systems Hazards Code, 2014 edition. NFPA 86, Standard for Ovens and Furnaces, 2011 edition. NFPA 91, Standard for Exhaust Systems for Air Conveying of Vapors, Gases, Mists, and Noncombustible Particulate Solids, 2015 edition. NFPA 221, Standard for High Challenge Fire Walls, Fire Walls, and Fire Barrier Walls, 2012 edition. NFPA 484, Standard for Combustible Metals, 2012 edition. NFPA 505, Fire Safety Standard for Powered Industrial Trucks Including Type Designations, Areas of Use, Conversions, Maintenance, and Operations, 2013 edition. NFPA 654, Standard for the Prevention of Fire and Dust Explosions from the Manufacturing, Processing, and Handling of Combustible Particulate Solids, 2013 edition. NFPA 750, Standard on Water Mist Fire Protection Systems, 2010 edition. NFPA 2001, Standard on Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems, 2012 edition. NFPA 2112, Standard on Flame-Resistant Garments for Protection of Industrial Personnel Against Flash Fire, 2012 edition. NFPA 2113, Standard on Selection, Care, Use, and Maintenance of Flame-Resistant Garments for Protection of Industrial Personnel Against Flash Fire, 2012 edition. 2.3 Other Publications. 2.3.1 ASME Publications. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990. ASME B31.3, Process Piping, 2012. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, 2010. 2.3.2 ASTM Publications. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor P.O. Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. ASTM E 1226, Standard Test Method for Explosibility of Dust Clouds, 2012.
Aluminum 22 — — — — — — 5 (N) BGIA3 Aluminum <44 — 5.8 650 50 45 2 ( C) BuMines RI 6516 Aluminum <44 6.1 650 20 45 <3 ( C) BuMines RI 6516 Aluminum <10 515 11.2 560 — 60 — — Aluminum 580 Not — — — — — — BGIA Beryllium 4 Not — — — — — — BuMines RI 6516 Boron <44 — — 470 60 <100 — — BuMines RI 6516 ~3 — 6.0 ≈110 Cashdollar & Zlochower Bronze 18 31 4.1 390 — 750 BZ 4 Eckhoff Chromium 6 — 3.3 660 5120 770 14 ( C) BuMines RI 6516 Chromium 3 — 3.9 580 140 230 — — BuMines RI 6517 Copper ~30 Not Cashdollar & Zlochower Hafnium ~8 — 4.2 — — ~180 — — Cashdollar & Zlochower Iron 12 50 5.2 580 500 — Eckhoff Iron ~45 — 2.1 — — ~500 — — Cashdollar & Zlochower Iron < 44 — 2.8 430 80 170 — 13 ( C) BuMines RI 6516 Iron, carbonyl < 10 111 6.1 310 125 BZ 3 Eckhoff Manganese < 44 — — 460 305 125 — BuMines RI 6516
6 0.70 75 174 15,690 294 500 (Pmax), 1,000 (dP/dtmax) 3 5 1.00 70 4 4 0.78 75 167 15,480 291 1,000 (Pmax), 750 (dP/dtmax) 3.5 Spherical Powders 63 0.15 120 101 1,220 23 1,250 (Pmax), 1,000 N.I. Ignition @1 8.0% @ 7.5% 1,750 36 0.25 60 124 4,770 90 1,250 13 30 0.10 60 140 5,940 111 1,000 13 15 0.50 45 148 10,812 203 1,000 7 15 0.30 55 8 6 0.53 75 174 16,324 306 750 6 5 1.30 167 14,310 269 750 Ignition @ 6.0% @ 5.5% 750 5 1.00 70 155 14,730 276 1,250 6 Ignition @ 6.0% @ 5.5% 1,250 3 2.50 95 165 15,900 298 1,250 4 2 3.00 130 For U.S. conversions: 1 m2/g = 4884 ft2/lb; 1 g/m2 = 0.000062 lb/ft2; 1 bar/sec = 14.5 psi/sec; 1 bar·m/sec = 0.226 psi·ft/sec. BET: surface area per unit mass; MEC: minimum explosible concentration; MIE: minimum ignition energy; LOC: limiting oxygen (O2) concentration.
Information about the hazardous characteristics of the materials Information the performance capabilities of protective systems Heretofore unrecognized hazards Intentional changes to process materials, technology, equipment, procedures, and facilities are controlled by Section 9.9. 6.1.4 Sources of Data. 6.1.4.1 Data sources shall be identified and documented for each input data requirement that must be met using a source other than a design fire scenario, an assumption, or a building design specification. 6.1.4.2 The degree of conservatism reflected in such data shall be specified, and a justification for the sources shall be provided. 6.1.5* Maintenance of the Design Features. To continue meeting the performance goals and objectives of this standard, the design features required for each hazard area shall be maintained for the life of the facility subject to the management of change provisions of 9.9. A.6.1.5 As used in this section, maintenance includes the preventative maintenance required for the design features that are part of the performance-based design, as well as the requirement to maintain the design itself. 6.1.5.1* This shall include complying with originally documented design assumptions and specifications. A.6.1.5.1 Design features, including methods and means and administrative controls, should be included in preventative maintenance programs to ensure their continued operability. 6.1.5.2* Any variation from the design shall be acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. A.6.1.5.2 This is not intended to prohibit future variations in the design features, but only that when modified these features are again subject to AHJ review. [SR No. 34] 6.2 Risk Component and Acceptability. (Reserved) The specified performance criteria of 6.3 and the specified fire and explosion scenarios of 6.4 shall be permitted to be modified by a documented risk assessment acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. The final performance criteria, fire scenarios, and explosion scenarios for the performance-based design shall be documented. [SR No. 35, related to PC 440]
The fuel object that produces the greatest total heat release during startup, normal operating conditions, or shutdown shall be included as a fire scenario. 6.4.1.5 The fuel object that produces the greatest total heat release under conditions of a production upset or single equipment failure shall be included as a fire scenario. 6.4.1.6 Each fuel object that can produce a deep-seated fire during startup, normal operating conditions, or shutdown shall be included as a fire scenario. 6.4.1.7 Each fuel object that can produce a deep-seated fire under conditions of a production upset or single equipment failure shall be included as a fire scenario. 6.4.2 Explosion Scenarios. 6.4.2.1 Each duct, enclosed conveyor, silo, bunker, cyclone, dust collector, or other vessel containing a combustible dust in sufficient quantity or conditions to support the propagation of a flame front during startup, normal operating conditions, or shutdown shall be included as an explosion scenario. 6.4.2.2 Each duct, enclosed conveyor, silo, bunker, cyclone, dust collector, or other vessel containing a combustible dust in sufficient quantity or conditions to support the propagation of a flame front under conditions of production upset or single equipment failure shall be included as an explosion scenario. 6.4.2.3 Each building or building compartment containing a combustible dust in sufficient quantity or conditions to support the propagation of a flame front during startup, normal operating conditions, or shutdown shall be included as an explosion scenario. 6.4.2.4 Each building or building compartment containing a combustible dust in sufficient quantity or conditions to support the propagation of a flame front under conditions of production upset or single equipment failure shall be included as an explosion scenario. 6.4.2.5* Where combustible dust can cause other explosion hazards, such as generation of hydrogen or other flammable gases, those hazards shall be included as explosion scenarios. A.6.4.2.5
temperature test, whereas fluidized bed dryers are more suited to the aerated powder ignition temperature test. Where the internal surface temperature is not known, the hot air temperature can be conservatively used. 8.5.5 Bearings. 8.5.5.1 This section shall not be required to be applied retroactively. 8.5.5.2* Bearings that are directly exposed to a combustible dust atmosphere or subject to dust accumulation, either of which poses a deflagration hazard, shall be monitored for overheating. A.8.5.5.2 The intent of this requirement is to address bearings that can have accumulations of dust on them or be in a suspended dust cloud. The concern is that if the bearing overheats it can present an ignition source to the dust cloud or the dust layer. Such equipment can include, but is not limited to, the following: Bucket elevator head and boot areas Particulate size-reduction equipment Blenders Belt-driven fans where combustible dust is present In addition to monitoring bearing temperatures directly, precursors to bearing or overheating can also provide early warnings of bearing or shaft deterioration. These precursors include excessive shaft vibration or speed reduction. Monitoring can consist of periodic manual checks, installed devices, or automated monitoring. 8.5.5.3 The owner/operator shall establish frequencies for monitoring bearings in 8.5.5.2. 8.5.5.4* It shall be permitted to eliminate bearing monitoring based on a risk assessment acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. A.8.5.5.4 The risk assessment should include the potential for propagation of an explosion from an unmonitored unit. 8.5.6 Electrical Equipment and Wiring. 8.5.6.1* The identification of the possible presence and extent of Class II and Class III locations shall be made based on the criteria in NFPA 70, National Electrical Code, Article 500.5(C) and (D). A.8.5.6.1
Institution of Chemical Engineers, Davis Building, 165-171 Railway Terrace, Rugby, Warwickshire, CV21 3HQ, England. Prevention of Fires and Explosions in Dryers, 1990. D.1.2.7 IEC Publications. International Electrotechnical Commission, 3, rue Varembe, P.O. Box 131, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland. IEC 61241-2-1, Electrical Apparatus Use in the Presence of Combustible Dust — Methods for Determining the Minimum Ignition Temperatures of Dust, 1994. D.1.2.8 ISO Publications. International Standards Organization, 1 rue de Varembé, Case Postale 56, CH-1211 Genève 20, Switzerland. ISO 6184-1, Explosion Protection Systems — Part 1: Determination of Explosion Indices of Combustible Dusts in Air, 1985. IEC 61340-4-4, Electrostatics — Part 4-4: Standard Test Methods for Specific Applications — Electrostatic Classification of Flexible Intermediate Bulk Containers (FIBC). 2005. D.1.2.9 U.S. Government Publications. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. DOE Handbook, Primer on Spontaneous Heating and Pyrophoricity, DOE-HDBK-1081-1984. OSHA 1910.119, “Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals.” Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 1910.119, “Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals.” 29, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 1910.146, "Permit-Required Confined Spaces." D.1.2.10 Other Publications. Babrauskas, V., Ignition Handbook, Fire Science Publishers, Society of Fire Protection Engineers (SFPE), 2003. Bowes, P.C., Self-Heating: Evaluating and Controlling the Hazards, Elsevier, 1984. Britton, L., Avoiding Static Ignition Hazards in Chemical Operations. New York: CCPS, 1999 Dorsett, Henry G., "Laboratory Equipment and Test Procedures for Evaluating Explosibility of Dusts," Report RI5624. Bureau of Mines, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 1960.