Appendix 2: Tabular summary of studies included in this review Mental disorder First author, yr published Country Aim of Perspective Costing approach Costs valued Data collection/methods Key findings / recommendations Rating ADHD Schlander, 2007 UK, Germany Estimate future trends of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-related drug expenditures from the perspectives of the statutory health insurance in Germany and National Health Service (NHS) in England for ages 6 to 18 Health sector Modelling Prescription costs Model inputs were derived from demographic and epidemiological data, a literature review and an analysis of new drugs in development for ADHD. Conducted scenario analysis Annual ADHD pharmacotherapy expenditures for children and adolescents will further increase. During this period, overall drug spending by individual physicians may increase 2.3- to 9.5-fold. Even for an extreme low case scenario, a more than sixfold increase of pharmaceutical spending for children and adolescents is predicted N/A Anxiety Waghorn, 2005 Australia To ascertain at a population level, patterns of disability, labour force participation, employment and work performance among people with anxiety disorders in comparison to people without Workforce N/A N/A Survey data from the Survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers, Australia. All health conditions of at least six months duration were coded to ICD-10 Compared to controls, more people with anxiety disorders were: not in the labour force, fewer were employed, worked in agriculture, forestry or fishing, and in transport and storage industries; received Government pensions or allowances; 59.1% with anxiety disorders reported receiving treatment while 40.9% did not N/A Cognitive function Henderson, 2011 UK To test the relationship between childhood cognitive function and long-term sick leave in adult life and whether any relationship was mediated by educational attainment, adult social class or adult mental ill-health N/A N/A N/A Data from the 1946, 1958 and 1970 British birth cohorts In all three cohorts, a clear dose response effect whereby lower childhood cognitive ability was more strongly associated with long-term sick leave. Education is an important policy response N/A
Mental disorder Jacobs, 2010 Canada Report was carried out at the request of the Mental Health Commission of Canada, who wanted to determine the economic of mental health services in Canada Society Top down prices Direct costs Range of sources – Canadian Institute for Health Information’s national databases, IMS Health database, Human Development and Resources Canada, Revenue Canada’s T3010 annual returns Total service cost of $14.3 billion – largest component was pharmaceuticals ($2.8 billion) and then hospitalisation ($2.7 billion). Of the total reported costs, about $10.6 billion was for services and $3.7 billion was for disability payments. In an international context, Canada spends less than most developed countries; the ratio of government mental health to all government health spending is 7.2%, several points lower than the UK and Sweden Good Mental disorder Cawthorpe, 2011 Canada To compare the health costs of groups with and without psychiatric diagnoses (PDs) using nine years of physician billing data Health sector Bottom-up Medical costs Billing records submitted by physicians to Alberta Health and Wellness both for patient and for comparison patient groups Results show a positive association between mental health and overall health care use and cost. For the patient PD group, the average cost per patient accumulated during the period from 1994 to 2003 was $3,437; $3,265 for the comparison patient PD group; and $1,345 for the patient–comparison patient non-PD group Good Mental disorder Smetanin, 2011 Canada Estimate the health and economic impact of major mental illnesses in Canada, beginning in 2011 and annually over the next three decades Society and frictional cost approach to indirect costs Direct and indirect costs RiskAnalytica’s Life at Risk simulation model: mood disorders, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, disorders of childhood and adolescence, .cognitive impairment including dementia, and substance use disorders Mental illness was estimated to cost the Canadian economy over $42.3 billion dollars in 2011 in direct (50% due to direct cost). Approximately two of every nine workers (or 21.4% of the working population) are estimated to suffer from a mental illness that potentially affects their work productivity -translates to an annual wage based productivity impact of over $6.3 billion dollars. Total annual economic costs associated with mental illness are expected to exceed $306 billion by 2041. In 2011 present value terms, the total cumulative costs over the next 30 years could exceed $2.5 trillion dollars Good