Biennial conference 16-19 September 2010, Oxford Evaluating the 20th century in Africa: Linking Colonial and Economic Development Institutional Continuity and Change A century of smallholders’ rights in Meru, Tanzania By Ellen Hillbom Abstract In the late 19th century Meru smallholders established the irrigation furrows on Mount Meru, Tanzania with the intent to prolong farming seasons and improve harvests. Soon neighbouring estate holders followed suit. Since then there has been a continuous construction of furrows by both smallholders and estates in the area. Smallholders’ furrows were from the onset managed as de facto communal property with private user right, while estate furrows were privately owned. Over the whole period, and especially during the last half century, population increase has caused land scarcity, which has encouraged a general intensification of farming methods. The continuous push to keep up production on decreasing plots has made irrigation more important today than ever before. Land scarcity has been accompanied by water scarcity translating into economic constraints that in turn have caused legal conflicts between the two parallel property right systems. Despite institutional and technological change as well as changes in relative prices of factors of production, property rights governing smallholder furrows have been characterised by continuity. The aim of the paper is to map and explain driving forces behind this institutional continuity. INTRODUCTION This paper takes on the challenge to analyze more than a century of institutional continuity and change in property rights governing water resources. The specific case is allocation and management of irrigation water within a local smallholder production system in Meru area, located on the southern and eastern slopes of Mount Meru five kilometres east of Arusha
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