APPENDIX A. Table A1: Detailed characteristics of open innovation grouped into three sub-domains from the literature review. Themes Characteristics Examples References Open innovation defined as: in inbound and outbound innovations. Boundaries become membrane. Industry penetration (from pioneers to established companies), now involved both high- and low-tech industries, enterprises and SMEs, production and service companies, changes in the processes (from stage gate to probe and learn). "Competitive advantage often comes from inbound open innovation, which is the practice of leveraging the discoveries of others. Companies need not and indeed should not rely exclusively on their own R&D. In addition, outbound open innovation suggests that rather than relying entirely upon internal paths to market, companies can look for external organizations with business models that are better suited to commercialize a given technology" (Chesbrough, 2007, p. xxx). Dahlander and Gann (2010); Lichtenthaler Bianchi et al. 2010); Chiaroni et al. (2009); Chesbrough (2007); Gassmann, Enkel and Chesbrough (2010); Chiaroni et al. (2010); Badawy (2010); Bower and Christensen (1996); West and Gallagher (2006) Ronnberg and Frishammor (2010); Enkel et al. (2009) Networks: Increase search breadth and search depth. Establish organizational roles for the implementation of open innovation strategies. Manage the interface for networking with external University laboratories Suppliers Customers Competitors Consultants Public research Organizations Venture capital Startups Intermediaries Intragroup cooperation Separate R&D centers Chesbrough (2003 and 2007); BargeGil (2010); Chiaroni et al. (2009 and 2010); Praest Knudsen and Bøtker Mortensen (2010); Howells (2006); Lichtenthaler
and internal networks. Implement new use of rewarding systems. Incorporate collaborative strategy. Help to provide information on possible coordination, brokering transactions, acting as mediators, helping in providing final advice, founding and supports for innovation outcomes. Collective centers Knowledge agency function Intermediary Bridges Brokers Information intermediaries Superstructure organizations Online communities User involvement Communities of practice Learning organization Virtual corporations Network companies Learning organization Virtual corporationsf Search engineers Peer to peer Wikis Crowdsourcing Second life (2009); Di Gangi and Wasko (2009); Von Hippel, (1988) Hagedoorn (2002); Stam (2009); Johannessen and Olsen (2010); Fichter (2009); Pisano (2006); Albors et al. (2008); Enkel et al. (2009); Howells (2006); Niedergassel and Leker (2010); West and Gallagher (2006) Knowledge flows Consider the various knowledge processes and knowledge flows in the internal use of external knowledge. Explore exploitation retention of knowledge. Identify knowledge. Institute integration Inbound knowledge Outbound knowledge Absorptive capacity Gatekeeping Technology watch Road mapping IP protection Innovation champions Identification of innovation- relevant knowledge (personal, disciplinary, technical, market West and Gallagher (2006); Lakhani and Panetta (2007); Huizingh (2010); Chiaroni, Chiesa, Frattini, (2010); Wallin and von Krogh (2010); Spithoven et al. (2010); Cohen (1990); Chiaroni (2009 and
mechanisms. Institute governance mechanisms. Firms check the external technology and knowledge to import it. Look for external organizations that are suited to commercialize a given technology. Employ knowledge capabilities (inventive, absorptive, transformative, connective and innovative, desorptive capacity). Employ knowledge management system (support the diffusion, sharing internal and external transfer knowledge). geographical) Cooperation (positive climate, shared values, mutual respect for expertise, establishment of social practice) Establish and for integrating knowledge from outside. Problem solving and decision making syndrome 2010); Lichtenthaler (2008a); Kyläheiko et al. (2010); Van De Vrande et al. (2009). Technologies and market for technologies Firms must choose from licensing, sourcing, receiving, or not receiving monetary rewards and the level of protection to apply, whether or not to commercialize products left on the shelf, entering new In licensing Out licensing Equity investments, acquisition contracts, research founding Purchase of services Licensing out Spin in Spin off Formal and informal relationships Dahlander (2010); Chesbrough (2003); Bianchi et al.2010); Lichtenthaler (2008b; 2009; 2010a and 2010b) Murray (2004); Laursen (2006) Chesbrough (2003)
markets, affirming the technology as standards. Joint venture Non equity alliances Acquiring Sourcing selling Revealing Bower and Christensen (1996); Arora and Gambardella (1990); Gambardella, Giuri, and Luzzi (2007); Gambardella (2005) Doganova and (2009); Hurmelinna et al. (2007) Fosfuri (2006. Table A1: Characteristics of open innovation, grouped into three sub-domains