positively linked with all four sport participation variables; the two arts participation variables for children aged 5-10; libraries and heritage inside school for 11-15 year olds; and museums outside schools for 5-10 year olds. Clearly swimming does not cause participation in other cultural activities. However, higher levels of swimming ability, notably amongst 5-10 year olds, point to culturally engaged families providing their children with a relatively wide range of sporting and cultural opportunities. Enjoyment Whilst it is hardly surprising, enjoyment is identified as a variable is strongly associated with participation in arts and heritage, particularly amongst 11-15 year olds. This finding is useful in confirming individual tastes and preferences as a key determinant of the demand for culture by 11-15 year olds. The theme of tastes and preferences is prevalent throughout the research and is a complex area of human behaviour. There is some evidence that children's tastes and preferences are shaped by their parents' experiences as children; their parents' current behaviours; and their own experiences. There is no pattern to the relative impact of the factors influencing children's tastes and preferences and it is likely that any such impacts will vary by sector and by the age of children. Demand Stimulating demand for and culture is often predicated on the basis of perceived 'barriers' to participation. The majority of the significant associations we found were positive rather negative. There are two possible explanations. First, the CTPS does not include questions about barriers to participation and this is an area for future development of the survey. Second, the decision to participate or not in a particular sport or cultural activity is a function of tastes and preferences. Should the latter point be the case, the role of policy is to influence tastes and preferences such that children value sport and culture more than they do competing products and services. Sectoral overview Arts In the arts sector we find that being a girl is a strong predictor of participation and is consistently associated with participation across the four out of school participation variables. Sport In sport we find that being a girl is systematically negatively associated with all participation variables, that is, the exact opposite to the case with arts participation. These findings suggest that participation in sport and the arts is gender-specific and seemingly a taste or preference that is developed early in life. Heritage In heritage ethnicity and Asian) is negatively associated with participation amongst children aged 5-10. This is a finding that is consistent with the adult Taking Part Survey but it is perhaps surprising that it is a finding that is significant for children aged 5-10 but not
B S.E. Sig. Exp(B) DVL: Whether visited a library in last 12 months .442 .126 .000 .643 DVH: Whether visited a heritage site in last 12 months .365 .134 .007 .694 Swimming ability (5-10s) .360 .052 .000 1.434 Cycling ability (5-10s) .247 .098 .012 1.281 Female -1.072 .122 .000 .342 Age 7 .386 .165 .019 1.471 Hard- pressed -.489 .133 .000 .613 Yorkshire & Humberside .446 .201 .027 1.562 East Midlands .697 .234 .003 2.007 Longstanding illness or disability -.411 .206 .046 .663 Holiday .376 .125 .003 1.456 Rural .641 .181 .000 1.899 Occupation: never worked .587 .283 .038 1.799 art participation in last 12 months, excluding reading .477 .121 .000 1.611 Adult doing sport in free time .429 .123 .000 1.535 Adults, Mixed ethnic origin (base: white) -1.036 .322 .001 .355 Constant -.211 .374 .573 .810 Model Summary Step -2 Log likelihood Cox & Snell R Square Nagelkerke R Square 18 1753,128a ,189 ,263 Figure E30: Logistic (forward) DVS2, Sport, age 5-10, intensive B S.E. Sig. Exp(B) DVL: Whether visited a library in last 12 months .333 .127 .009 1.395 DVH: Whether visited a heritage site in last 12 months .447 .149 .003 1.563 INDV: Swimming ability .265 .051 .000 1.304 INDV: Cycling ability (5-10s) .475 .110 .000 1.609 Quarter 4: Oct December -.509 .139 .000 .601 Female -.679 .116 .000 .507
Revised in Y4 - Sport PSA21 - Whether doing sufficient moderate intensity sport .372 .155 .016 1.450 Personal income £35,000 + -.547 .200 .006 .579 Occupation: Higher managerial or professional (ADochigh) .870 .262 .001 2.387 Arts participation last month adults .511 .163 .002 1.668 Constant -.622 .314 .047 .537 Model Summary Step -2 Log likelihood Cox & Snell R Square Nagelkerke R Square 15 1355.956a .129 .184 Figure E32: Logistic (forward) DVS4, Sport, age 11-15, intensive B S.E. Sig. Exp(B) DVH: Heritage, 12months, 11-15s, outside school .504 .135 .000 1.656 DVM: Museums, age 11-15, with schools, based on year, at least once a year .358 .138 .009 1.430 Swimming ability (11-15s) .251 .065 .000 1.286 Quarter 2: April- June .662 .184 .000 1.938 Quarter 3: July- Sept .509 .149 .001 1.664 Female -.775 .127 .000 .460 Comfortably off, area -.295 .147 .044 .745 Olympics: watching Olympics on TV .592 .179 .001 1.807 Olympics: follow the Games through online or print newspaper .573 .161 .000 1.774 Personal income £35,000 + -.631 .193 .001 .532 Occupation: Higher managerial or professional .424 .216 .050 1.528 Occupation: Lower, semi-routine -.367 .157 .019 .693 children in the household .465 .167 .005 1.593 Adults doing arts and crafts or play music in free time -.318 .142 .025 .728 Practising religion -.313 .138 .024 .732 Constant -2.059 .323 .000 .128 Model Summary Step -2 Log likelihood Cox & Snell R Square Nagelkerke R Square 15 .128 .174
Figure E41: Logistic (forward) DVL3, Libraries, age 11-15, inside school B S.E. Sig. Exp(B) DVM: Museums, age 11-15, with schools, at least once a year .313 .136 .021 1.368 DVS: sports participation, age 11-15, outside, at least two activities .270 .135 .046 1.310 Swimming ability (11-15s) .184 .062 .003 1.202 Quarter 1: Jan-March .550 .169 .001 1.734 Quarter 2: April- June .581 .175 .001 1.787 Quarter 4: Oct - December .687 .167 .000 1.988 Female -.271 .126 .031 .763 Age 12 .635 .156 .000 1.886 Urban prosperity, area -.536 .229 .019 .585 Enjoyment of arts experience .147 .034 .000 1.159 No income / no work or scheme (spontaneous) .522 .231 .024 1.686 No Work (base: ft) .326 .163 .046 1.385 Adults doing art activity when growing up, excluding reading -.348 .122 .004 .706 Adults doing arts and crafts or play music in free time .293 .136 .031 1.341 Adults, Asian (base: white) .528 .244 .031 1.695 Constant -1.907 .321 .000 .148 Model Summary Step -2 Log likelihood Cox & Snell R Square Nagelkerke R Square 16 1605,601c .094 .126 Figure E42: Collinearity statistics (VIF scores)