Chapter Three presents design and methodology used in the study. It explains the population, the sampling design, and data collection instruments and data analysis. Chapter Four presents the data, analysis and discusses the findings of the study as per research objectives. Chapter Five presents a summary of the study, conclusion and offers recommendations. It also provides areas for further studies. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction The review of literature is critical in any research work (Kothari, 2007). This is because it enables the researcher to get enlightened on different theories related to the identified topic and gain clarity of the research topic. It also enables the researcher to know the kind of additional data needed in the study (Kombo and Tromp, 2006). The literature review assists the researcher in understanding what has been explained by other authors theoretically and empirically and what has not been explained. This chapter provides theoretical reviews, empirical reviews and research model of the study. Theoretical reviews In discussing the underlying the theoretical reviews the social, economic and academic challenges will be discussed. Social challenges facing undergraduate OUT learners from the Tanzania police force using ODL mode. Willems and Bossu (2012) argue that there are critical social challenges that face undergraduate learners using open and distance mode. For Tanzanian undergraduate
Table 2.2: Relationship between evidence-based attributes, conceptual-based attributes and the end-impacts Evidence-based attributes Conceptual-based attributes Resulting outcomes Social Economic Academic Study expenses Family obligations Community activities Examination techniques ODL study skills Lack of face to face sessions Orientation Availability of study materials Distance to and from regional centres Study permit acquisition difficulties Instructional language barriers Possession of study materials Late completion of studies Discontinuation from studies Poor performance Postponement of studies Supplementary exams Source: Adapted from models of (2001) and Salmon (2000) 2.5 Research Gap In Tanzania’s context, socio-economic and academic challenges facing OUT undergraduate learners using ODL from the TPF are inherent to the characteristics of this mode. ODL espouses values of flexibility and accessibility; it assumes learners to have sense of both autonomy and responsibility for learning. According to the literature review
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