Bidens biternata (Lour.) Merr. & Sherff. Yellow flowered blackjack; five leaved blackjack Weed of disturbed and cultivated areas, paddy fields. Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. Siam weed Coconuts, rubber, tobacco, sugar cane, pastures, oil-palm, fruit, maize forest edges, clearings and river flats. Mikania micrantha Kunth Mile-a-minute Rubber, coconut, oil palm, banana, cocoa, forestry crops, pastures, rice. Boraginaceae Cordia curassavica (Jacq.)nRoem. & Schult. Black sage Environmental weed. Cyperaceae Schoenoplectus juncoides (Roxb.) Palla Rock bulrush; hardstem bulrush; Rice, lowland swamps, open wet places. Equisetaceae Equisetum ramosissimum subsp. debile (voucher) Hauke Branched scouringrush Tea, rice, toxic to livestock, tolerates variable conditions. Euphorbiaceae Croton hirtus L’Hérit. Croton Disturbed land, roadsides, gardens, pastures and cultivated areas. Invades orchards, tea plantations, rice, tobacco, peanuts, sugarcane and vegetable crops. Fabaceae Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC Velvet bean, cow itch Grasslands, bushland, riverine forests, abandoned cultivation. Lamiaceae Clerodendrum chinense (Osbeck) Mabb. Stickbush, glory bower, Honolulu rose, Spanish jasmine Disturbed forests, roadsides, gardens, pastures, plantations, environmental weed. Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link Feng chao cao Fields, dandy grasslands, wasteland, roadsides, overgrazed areas. Limnocharitaceae Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau Sawah-lettuce, velvetleaf, yellow bur-head Wetlands, fresh water pools, rice
Echinochloa glabrescens ex Hook. f. emend. Kossenko Barnyard grass Rice, maize, wetlands, fallow ground. Eragrostis japonica (Thunb.) Trin. Japanese lovegrass, pond lovegrass Arable and rice fields. Imperata conferta (Presl.) Ohwi Cogongrass, lalang jawa Coconut, roadsides, hillsides, streams and trails in dense or open forest. Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees Asian sprangletop, Chinese sprangletop, red sprangletop Rice, sugarcane, vegetables, cotton, corn. Sacciolepis interrupta (Willd.) Rice, irrigation channels and wetlands. Rubiaceae Paederia foetida L. vine Sugarcane, pastures, secondary forests, waste places and cultivated land. Salviniaceae Salvinia cucullata Roxb. Ex Bory Chok huu nuu Slow-moving freshwater bodies, rice fields, shallow pools. Scrophulariaceae Limnophila sessiliflora (Vahl) Blume Ambulia, Asian marshweed, shi long wei swamps, rice fields, wet places along streams. Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze Asiatic witchweed, red witchweed millet, rice, sorghum, sugarcane, sunflower, tomatoes, some legumes.
Convolvulaceae Ipomoea wrightii A. Gray Palmleaf morning Disturbed and cultivated areas. Cyperaceae Bolboschoenus maritimus(L.) Palla (Syn. Scirpus maritimus L.) Sea clubrush, saltmarsh bulrush, puruagrass, prairie rush Rice, bogs, shores, saline soils. Eleocharis congesta D. Don. Spikerush Irrigated and tidal rice fields, marshes. Fimbristylis umbellaris (Lam.) Vahl Globular fimbristylis Rice, pastures, swamps. Elatinaceae Bergia capensis L. Bergia Irrigated and rainfed rice fields, swamps, wet grasslands. Eriocaulaceae Eriocaulon truncatum Buch.-Ham. Ex Mart Rice, wetlands, swamps, riverbanks, floodplains. Haloragaceae Myriophyllum spicatum L. Eurasian watermilfoil Serious weed of Lamiaceae Hyptis brevipes Poit. Lesser roundweed Plantation crops, orchards, vegetables, rice, secondary forests, and disturbed sites in areas of high rainfall. Pogostemon auricularia (L.) Hassk. Rice, moist, disturbed sites. Loganiaceae Spigelia anthemlia L.* Worm grass Disturbed Malvaceae Urena sinuata L. (Syn Urena lobata subsp. sinuata)* Burr mallow, caesarweed, Congo jute, hibiscus burr, pink burr, pink Chinese burr, urena burr Pastures, roadsides and waste land, invades disturbed areas. Mimosaceae Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby & J. W. Grimes (Syn. Albizia falcataria (L.) Fosberg; and Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) I.C. Nielsen) Batai, bataiwood Forests, pastures and open areas. Neptunia oleracea Lour.* Water-mimosa Aquatic floating weed of damp sites. Often cultivated. Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. Madras thorn Pastures, poor soils in dry climates, environmental weed.
Myrtaceae Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. Downy rose myrtle Environmental weed, pastures, rangelands and untended areas. Oleaceae Ligustrum robustum (Roxb.) Blume Ceylon privet, Sri lankan privet, tree privet Environmental weed, agricultural areas, disturbed, areas, natural forests, planted forests, riparian zines, scrub/shrublands, urban areas. Onagraceae Ludwigia prostrataRoxb.* Wet sites such as rice paddies, flood plains and streamsides. Poaceae Aristida adscensionisL.* Six weeks three-awn, annual bristle grass, six weeks needle grass Dry open ground. Coix lacryma-jobi L. Job’s tears Serious weed of waterways, rice. Digitaria fuscescens (J. Presl) Henrard Common crabgrass Tobacco, vegetables, rubber, rice, pastures, disturbed sites, roadsides, coastal dunes, dry forests. Digitaria horizontalis Willd. Jamaican crabgrass Fields, waste places. Echinochloa stagnina (Retz.) P. Beauv. Barnyard grass Rice, maize Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) R.Br. Gophertail, gophertail lovegrass, woolly love Dry places, found along rocky or sandy shores and in open ground. Eriochloa polystachya Carib grass Rice, riverbanks, swamps, drains and ditches, suppresses other vegetation. Ischaemum timorense Kunth Centipede Cloves, cocoa, rubber, coconut, oil palm, sugarcane and rice plantations, weed of roadsides, ditches, forets margins. Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx.* Bluegrass, fall panic grass, fall panicum, Naturalised in mesic, disturbed areas.
smooth witchgrass, western witchgrass Miscanthus floridulus (Labill.) Warb ex K.Schum & Lauterb. (Syn. Saccharum floridulum Labill. & Miscanthus japonicus Andersson)* Miscanthus, giant Chinese silver grass, Japanese silver grass Slopes, valleys and grassy places. Saccharum spontaneum L. Wild sugarcane, wild cane, serio grass, fodder cane Waste areas, fallow fields, marshes, banks of streams and ponds, sand dunes, along railways or highways, and in or around fields. Urochloa plantaginea (Link) R.D. Webster (Syn. Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitchc.)* Alexander grass, marmalade grass, plantain signal grass Disturbed sites. Zizania latifolia (Griseb.) Turcz. Ex Stapf Manchurian wildrice, Asiatic wildrice, water bamboo Shallow of coastland, estuaries, lakes, marine habitats, riparian zones, water courses, wetlands, pastures. Urochloa glumaris (Trin.) Veldkamp (Syn. Brachiaria paspaloides (J. Presl) C.E. Hubb. Common brachiaria, Thurston grass Orchards, tea, coffee, rice, lawns, roadsides, disturbed sites. Rhamnaceae Maesopsis eminii Engl. Umbrella tree, musizi Grasslands, disturbed areas within forests. Rhizophoraceae Rhizophora mangle L.* American mangrove, mangrove, red mangrove, Coastland, range/grasslands, riparian zones, wetlands. Rubiaceae Diodia sarmentosa Sw. Coffee, tea, leucaena, Stevia sp. Plantations. Salviniaceae Salvinia natans (L.) All Floating watermoss Rice, irrigated fields, ditches and shallow pools. Solanaceae Solanum viarum Dunal* Tropical soda apple Agricultural riparian zones, rural/disturbed, water courses.
Origin: South and south-east Asia (Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam). Distribution: South and south-east Asia, southern and tropical Africa, central and northern South America, Pacific (Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Hawaii, Palau, Philippines, Samoa, Tonga, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna), Papua New Guinea. Habitat: Pioneer of sandy or rocky soils in humid areas; forests, dunes, cultivated areas, disturbed sites, roadsides; 0-970 metres in altitude. Propagation and dispersal: Seeds dispersed by water and birds. Vegetative propagation from stolon fragments. Rate of spread: Not known. Economic importance: Weed of perennial crops, rice, vegetables and disturbed areas. A principle weed in Malaysia; noxious in Indonesia. References: Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. 2006, GrassBase - The Online Grass Flora, , accessed 09 November 2007. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) 2006, Digitaria fuscescensi, Institute of Pacific Island Forestry, , accessed 1 November 2007. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program 2006, Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, , accessed 1 June 2006. Waterhouse, B.M. and Mitchell, A.A. 1998, Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy Weeds Target List, AQIS Miscellaneous Publication no. 6/9: Canberra. Digitaria horizontalis Willd. Jamaican crabgrass Synonyms: Milium digitatum Sw. Syntherisma digitata (Sw.) Hitchc. Family: Poaceae Description: Digitaria horizontalis is an annual grass with decumbent, spreading, branching, stoloniferous culm bases and erect floriferous shoots mostly 30-50 centimetres tall. The leaf sheaths are hispid or pilose