Table I: Traceability of Measurement Objectives for Science Program Aspect Relation. to NASA Goals Science or Exploration Objective Investigation Required Measurements MSR Primary Decadal Survey Priority Progress on Sample Return Rendezvous & Capture in Mars orbit Science High Decadal Survey Priority S-A. Distribution & Origin of Ice Reservoirs A1. Distribution of buried water & CO2 ice plus relationship to surficial polar deposits Extent & volume of water ice in non-polar regions Extent & volume of buried CO2 ice in the polar caps Shallow subsurface structure of polar cap & layered terrain Improved mapping of cap morphology, structure, & composition - as a function of season A2. Volatile cycling between high & low latitudes Seasonal mapping of surface water & CO2 frost Polar radiative balance: visible & thermal IR wavelengths Polar atmospheric environment: Water vapor, temperature, wind, clouds New Discoveries /High MEPAG priority S-B. Dynamic Surface Processes on Modern Mars B1. Role of liquid water in Recurring Slope Lineae (RSL) Fine morphology as a function of season & time of day Mineralogy, hydration state, & surface temp. Water vapor changes within lowermost atmos. B2. Active sediment transport & surface change processes Sediment flux in key locales: including dunes, gullies, dust streaks S-C. Dynamic Processes in Current Martian Atmosphere C1. Atmospheric circulation Vertical profiles of horizontal wind components & T(p) with good precision, even in dusty atmosphere changes C2. Atm. transport & state Vertical profiles of aerosol (dust & ice) & water vapor C3. global weather Daily global mapping of dust, clouds, & surface frost S-D. Geologic Evidence for Environmental Transitions Diversity of ancient aqueous deposits composition & morphology in ancient terrain Martian S-E. Phobos/ Deimos Fly-by Science (with SEP) E1. Comparative bulk densities of satellites Satellite morphology, gravity E2. Satellite composition & regolith properties Satellite mineral composition & thermophysical properties
Table III: Mapping Measurement Requirements to Instrument Type/Proof-of-Concept for Science Required Measurements (from ) PSAR SWIR Mapper Mapper Camera Sub-mm: T, wind, water (v) Sounder Coverage Nadir Polar Coverage S-A1 Extent & volume of water ice in non-polar regions B T T Extent & Volume of buried CO2 ice in the polar caps B T B B Shallow subsurface structure of cap & layered terrain (PLDs) B T Improved mapping of cap morphology, structure, & composition - as a function of season T B B S-A2 Seasonal mapping of surface water & CO2 frost B T T T Polar Radiative Balance B T B T Polar Atmospheric Environment: water vapor, temperature, wind, clouds B B T T S-B1 Fine scale morphology as a function of season & time of day T Mineralogy, hydration state, & surface temperature B B T T Water vapor changes in lowermost atmosphere B S-B2 Sediment flux in key locales: including dunes, gullies, dust streaks T S-C1 Vertical profiles of horizontal wind components & T(p) with good precision even in dusty atmosphere; T S-C2 Vertical profiles of aerosol (dust & ice), & water vapor T T S-C3 Daily global mapping of dust, clouds, & surface frost T S-D Fine-scale composition & morphology in ancient terrain T B T B S-E1 Phobos/Deimos shape, morphology, gravity T B B S-E2 Phobos/Deimos surface mineral composition & thermophysical properties T T Angle
Table IV: Mapping Measurement Requirements to Instrument Type/Proof-of-Concept for Resources, SKGs & Reconnaissance Required Measurements (from ) Imaging PSAR Radar SWIR Mapper Mapper Wide Camera Sub-mm: T,wind, (v) Sounder Coverage Nadir Polar Coverage RS-A1 Detection of very shallow (<10 m depth) water ice B T B RS-A2 Characterize material properties & thickness of dry overburden B B T RS-B Characterization of water in hydrated minerals B T B RS-C Mineral abundances and particle sizes; slopes; surface texture, and load bearing strength T B T T RS-D Globally monitor dust, temperature, and wind at all local times and under very dusty conditions T T T ✔ ✔ RS-E1 Gravity field, density, & internal structure of the Phobos and Deimos T B B RS-E2 Identification of geologic units on Phobos & determine regolith physical properties and composition within those units T T T Site Certification: ≤30 cm/pixel resolution required T Site Characterization: Morphology, mineral composition & abundances, particle sizes, induration, geologic context T B T T Site Environment: Atmospheric density & winds T B Site Environment: Weather T Legend for Tables III-V: Investigation: S=Science/RS= Resource & SKGs, -# = Objective/Investigation T = Threshold B = Baseline (includes Threshold)
Table V: Mission Concepts Mission Concept Investigations Addressed (See Tables III-IV) Imaging PSAR SWIR Mapper Mapper Wide Angle Camera Sub-mm: T, wind, water (v) Sounder Coverage Nadir Polar Coverage Estimated Payload Mass [kg] for Threshold (and Baseline) ALL All Functions and Objectives T T T T T T T 225 Ground Ice Detection of very shallow ice, structure, and overburden: RS-A1, RS-A2, S-A1; baseline adds S-A2 (partial: frost) T T B T B 130 (175) Signs of current and ancient water RSL & Environmental Transitions (mineralogy & stratigraphy): RS-B, RS-C, S-B2, S-D T B T T B ✔ 105 (210) Atmosphere Science & SKGs +Recon Current Martian Atmosphere studies and global monitoring: RS-D, S-C1, S-C2, S-C3, S-B2 + Reconnaissance (partial: certify sites) T T T T 105 (105) (SEP only) Identify geologic and constrain densities of Mars moons: RS-E, S-E T B T T B 105 (175) Basic Reconnaissance (threshold: Certification and S-B2; baseline adds characterization of new sites and atmospheric conditions) T B B B B B (one of these) 50 (185 or 215) Estimated instrument mass [kg] 50 65 40 15 5 40 10 Note: Representative instrument payload mass limits for Mission Options A, B, C are 80, 200 & >200 kg (see ). Legend for Tables III-V: Investigation: S=Science/RS= Resource & SKGs, -N# = Objective/Investigation T = Threshold B = Baseline (includes Threshold)