conceptualisation of livelihoods, 2) there is limited involvement of men and boys in such interventions, 3) studies have typically been done in stable populations. Pettifor et al. 2012 Review HIV & HIV-related outcomes Global Reviewed 16 interventions (10 completed) which implemented cash transfer programs and measured HIV or HIV-related outcomes; most were targeted at adolescents in developing countries. Most saw changes in sexual behavior but only one saw a reduction in HIV prevalence linked to cash transfers (see Zomba Cash Transfer Program). Bastien et al. 2011 Systematic review Parent-child sexuality communication, sexual behavior Africa Reviewed 23 studies on parent-child communication about sexuality in Africa, finding that such communication tends to be “authoritarian and uni-directional, characterized by vague warnings rather than direct, open discussion”, and often constrained by social and cultural norms. Increases in frequency and comfort of parent-child discussions about sexuality may be associated with positive outcomes in adolescent sexual behavior, although these associations are not yet clear based on available research. Mavedzenge et al. 2011 Systematic review Sexual behavior, biological outcomes Africa Reviewed 23 studies (1990-2008) of HIV prevention interventions for young people in sub-Saharan Africa. School-based interventions were classified according to whether they were curriculum-based or not, and whether they were adult or peer-led; adult-led, curriculum-based interventions were found to be effective in reducing reported risky sexual behavior. Health facility-based interventions were classified according to whether they trained service providers only, or also made health facilities more youth-friendly; interventions which did both were found to be effective. Maticka-Tyndale & Barnett 2010 Review Sexual behavior, STI risk Low- and countries Reviewed 24 peer-led interventions (1994-2008) which aimed to reduce HIV risk of youth in low- and countries, finding that these programs have generally positively impacted knowledge of HIV and
although not more likely to report virginity. Mathews et al. 2012 Cluster RCT, 12,129 youth aged 12-14 Delayed sexual debut & condom use Africa (Tanzania, 2 sites in South Africa) Schools were randomized to intervention or control group. Intervention consisted of 11-17 hours of classroom sessions documented in a teacher’s manual, offered to youth aged 12-14. In Dar es Salaam, students in the intervention schools were less likely to have had their sexual debut (OR = 0.65), although for girls the difference was insignificant. There were no differences in reported condom use. In Cape Town and Mankweng, South Africa, the intervention had no effect. See also Namisi et al. 2009 & 2013 for additional results from same trial. Michielsen et al. 2012 controlled trial, 1950 students mean age 18 Sexual behavior, stigma Rwanda Peer education intervention was implemented in eight intervention schools (which were compared to 6 control schools). Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors were assessed at 12- and 18-month follow-up. No effects were seen on sexual behaviors (being sexually active, condom use at last sex) or knowledge. A reduction was seen on reported stigma, in intervention compared to control. Cowan et al. 2010 Cluster RCT, 4684 youth aged 18-22 HIV & HSV-2 prevalence, current pregnancy, sexual behaviors Zimbabwe Regai Dzive Shiri Project: This intervention was delivered to young people, parents, and clinic staff, largely through trained peer educators, and aimed to achieve change in societal norms within communities, to reduce HIV/STIs and risky sexual behavior, and improve access to ASRH and communication between parents and children. At 4-year follow-up, intervention had had no effect on sexual behavior, HIV or HSV-2 prevalence, or current pregnancy, although there were improvements in knowledge & attitudes, and a decrease in reported pregnancies in intervention group. Jewkes et al. 2008 Cluster RCT, 2776 young people aged HIV & HSV-2 incidence, sexual behavior South Africa Stepping Stones: Clusters were randomized to receive Stepping Stones (50-hour program which aims to improve sexual health by using participatory learning approaches to See also Jewkes et al. 2014