Asthenozoospermia: Low sperm motility. Hyperprolactinemia: Ovum remain trapped inside the follicle. Teratozoospermia: Defective sperm morphology. Idiopathic Infertility: Failure or abnormal fertilization. Cryptorchidism:Failure of Testes to descend in the scrotal sac. Tubal Infertility: Damaged/ligated fallopian tube COMMON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STDs) SL. NO. STD CAUSAL AGENT SYMPTOMS EFFECT ON FOETUS EFFECT ON PERSON AFFECTED 1 CHLAMYDIOSIS Chlamydia trachomatis Painful urination & intercourse Mucus discharge from penis/vagina Premature birth,blindness, Pneumonia Pelvic inflammatory disease, Infertility,Ectopic pregnancy 2 GONORRHOEA Nisseria gonorrhea Painful urination in men Still birth, Blindness Pelvic inflammatory disease, Infertility,Rash,Death 3 TRICHOMONIASIS Tricomonas vaginalis Inflammation, Itching& vaginal white discharge (Leucorrhoea) Not known Valvar erythema, Burning dysuria 4 GENITAL HERPES Herpes simplex virus Genital sores, Fever Still birth, Brain damage Cervical cancer. 5 SYPHILIS Trepanema pallidum Initially sores in genitalia & mouth, Rashes Premature birth, Miscarriage, Still birth Death 6 GENITAL WART Human papilloma virus Warts on genitalia Not known Cervical cancer 7 HEPATITIS-B Hepatitis –B virus Fatigue, Fever, Jaundice, Rash, Abdominal pain Low birth weight Liver cirrhosis, Liver cancer 8 AIDS HIV Fever, Prone to infection, Inflammation AIDS affected Dementia, Death IMPORTANT NOTES
Heart diseases, cardiac tissue damage. Paralysis (spinal cord injury) Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s disease. Burns (damaged skin cells) 5-Marks Questions: What do you mean by PCR? Briefly enumerate the major steps of PCR. Mention the utility of PCR. Ans: PCR is a cycle of three steps: DENATURATION - the strands of the DNA are melted apart by heating to 95°C. ANNEALING - the temperature is reduced to ~ 55°C to allow the primers to anneal to the target DNA. POLYMERISATION/EXTENSION - the temperature is changed to the optimum temperature in order for the DNA polymerase to catalyse extension of the primers, i.e. to copy the DNA between the primers. The cycle is repeated over and over again - as many times as needed to produce a detectable amount of product (DNA). What are the problems of using prokaryotic host like E.coli for production of eukaryotic proteins? Ans: When a eukaryotic gene is expressed in prokaryotic host, there are some problems to be tackled. The foreign gene should ideally be linked to a strong eukaryotic promoter. Otherwise there will not be sufficient expression of eularyotic protein in a prokaryotic system. The non-coding regions or the introns of eukaryotic gene must be excised. This requires use of reverse transcription of mRNA into cDNA. Additionally, the recombinant protein may not be secreted into the medium or its incorrect folding and accumulation intracellularly may generate inclusion bodies. Chapter-12 BIOTECHNOLOGY & ITS APPLICATION Biotechnology is making Genetically modified organisms-microbes, plants, animals for industrial production of Bio-Pharmaceuticals and other useful products. Applications – i) Diagnostic & therapeutic ii) Genetically modified crops iii) Waste treatment iv) Energy production v) Food processing vi) Bioremediation Application in agriculture Genetically modified organisms (GMO)-Plants, bacteria, fungi, animals.whose genes are altered by manipulation. Transgenic crops(GMO) -Crops contain or express one or more useful foreign genes. Advantages -i) More tolerant to stresses (heat, cold, draught).
in major crop plants as bio-pesticides. 9. 'RNAsilencing is a form of genomic defense’. Elucidate the statement taking M. incognitia as an example. RNA-interference technique is adopted to prevent infestation of nematode M. incognitia in the roots of Tobacco plants .Nematode specific genes introduced into host plants by complementary ds RNA developed through ‘transposons’ . 10. Identify a, b, c from the table given below: Nematode specific gene+Agrobacterium a Host plant with nematode gene ds DNA c b a) sense RNA b) Anti sense RNA c)silencing mRNA LIST OF TRANSGENIC PLANTS & ITS USES Sl. No. Transgenic plants Application 01. Bt Pest resistant(Cotton bollworm) , Herbicide tolerant, High yield 02. Flavr Savr Tomato Improved nutrient quality(Increased solid nutrient) 03. Potato Increased nutritional quantity(Starch content) 04. Brassica napus Hirudin protein prevents blood clotting 05. Golden Rice Enriched in Vitamin-A(B-carotene) 06. Wheat Herbicide resistant 07. Maize Herbicide resistant 08. Corn Insecticide resistant LIST OF & ITS USES Sl. No. Transgenic microorganisms Application 01. Bacillus thuringiensis Produces cry protein as plant insecticide 02. Escherichia coli Produces human insulin, interferons,interleukin 03. Pseudomonas fluorescence Prevents frost damage of fruits 04. Pseudomonas putida Scavenging of oil spillage.
3. Desert Thar, Kutch 4. Semi-arid Punjab plains, Gujarat Rajputana 5. Western Ghats Malabar plains, Western Ghats 6. Deccan Peninsula Central highlands, Chotta-Nagpur, Eastern highlands, Central Plateau, Deccan South 7. Gangetic plains Upper and Lower Gangetic plains 8. Coast West and East coast, Lakshadweep 9. North-East Brahmaputra valley, Northeast hills 10. Islands Andaman and Nicobar Source: Wildlife Protected Area Network in India: A Review, Wildlife Institute of India, 2000. The exponential model of population describes an idealized population in an unlimited environment We define a change in population size based on the following verbal equation. Change in population = Births during – Deaths during size during time interval time interval time interval Using mathematical notation we can express this relationship as follows: If N represents population size, and t represents time, then Nis the change in population size and trepresents the change in time, then: N/t = B-D Where B is the number of births and D is the number of deaths We can simplify the equation and use r to represent the difference in per capita birth and death rates. N/t = rN OR dN/dt = rN If B = D then there is zero population growth (ZPG). ideal conditions, a population grows rapidly. Exponential population growth is said to be happening Under these conditions, we may assume the maximum growth rate for the population (rmax) to give us the following exponential growth dN/dt = rmaxN The logistic model of population growth incorporates the concept of carrying capacity Typically, unlimited resources are rare. Population growth is therefore regulated by carrying capacity (K), which is the maximum stable population size a particular environment can support. POPULATION GROWTH RATE LOGISTIC GROWTH RATE