Clearinghouse on Supervised Visitation Phone Conference Agenda July 18, 2018 12PM/11CT Study (authors, year) Sample/Respondents Study Design Measures Main Findings (1) Allen et al., 2010 434 couples consisting of active duty Army husbands married to civilian wives. Cross-sectional PCL, PAI PTSD symptoms associated with decreased parenting alliance. (2) Blow et al., 2013 1,143 National guard couples/parents Cross-sectional AUDIT, PSS, PCL, BDI-2 Depression, alcohol use, PTSD symptoms were correlated with parenting stress for service members and spouses. (3) Brockman et al., 2016 184 male National Guard or Reserve military service A subset of military service members and DRRI-2; Service members experiential avoidance and
members, partners and target child between 4 and 13 years of age their families participating in a larger intervention study videotaped interactions PTSD symptoms associated with increased distress avoidance during the observed interaction with children; experiential avoidance associated with less positive engagement with children. (4) Creech et al., 2016 134 women veterans Cross-sectional DRRI-2; PCL;AUDIT; CSI; PSOC No association between PTSD symptoms or alcohol misuse with parenting or parenting satisfaction; stress predicted parenting satisfaction. (5) Davis et al., 2015 282 National Guard/Reserve fathers Baseline data from longitudinal prevention study PCL; DAS; Fathers’ parenting practices – observation PTSD symptoms, negative life events, and battle experiences not associated with observed parenting. (6) Gewirtz et al., 2010 468 National Guard fathers from a brigade combat team Prospective longitudinal study PCL, APQ, parent-child relationship quality Increases in PTSD symptoms over time associated with self-reported poorer parenting practices. PTSD symptoms predicted parenting challenges independent of their impact on couple adjustment deployment year
(7) Gewirtz et al., 2014 181 women; 34 deployed mothers and 147 mothers who had experience of a partner/spouse. Baseline measure part of the ADAPT evaluation PCL; APQ-9; PLOC; BERS-2 Deployed mothers reported greater distress; more PTSD and depression symptoms, and more in emotion regulation than non-deployed; deployed and mothers did not differ in their reports of couple adjustment, parenting, or child behavior. (8) Herzog et al., 2011 54 Army National Guard service members and their spouses/partners observational single cohort design that included a survey PCL-M; STS; HITS; RAFFT; CBCL Parental PTSD symptoms associated with internalizing – but not externalizing – problems in children in this study. Spouse secondary PTSD symptoms mediated between soldier PTSD symptoms and child secondary traumatic stress symptom (9) Khaylis et al., 2011 36 Army National Guard Soldiers with children who had been previously deployed to OEF or OIF Cross-sectional PC-PTSD; Parenting concern and parenting stress assessed by parents’ 1 item self-rating Parents reported being concerned about their practices and felt that parenting was more stressful after deployment. (10) Lester et al., 2010 272 children aged from 171 United States Army and Marine families Cross-sectional Child: CBCL, CDI, MASC Parent: BSI, PDS, PCL-M Active duty parent PTSD symptoms predicted child depression, as well
as CBCL internalizing and externalizing behaviors; greater parent symptoms related to greater child symptoms. (11) Lester et al., 2016 150 active duty or reserve component service members with at least one child under the age of 10; 301 primary caregiving parents and 150 primary military parents who a focal child Single sample from the active duty family and reserve duty family database; Community norms comparison for child outcomes. Child: ASQ-SE, PAS, SDQ. Parent: PHQ8, PCL-M, AUDIT, Parental sensitivity, FAD, marital instability. Parental depressive and posttraumatic stress symptoms associated with impairments in social emotional adjustment in young children, increased anxiety in early childhood, and adjustment problems in children. Parental sensitivity associated with improved social and emotional outcomes across childhood. (12) Mustillo et al., 2014 206 National Guard member fathers Cross-sectional Parenting Combat exposure; PHQ-9 Symptoms of PTSD are not associated with more parenting (13) Sayers et al., 2009 199 Veterans recruited via VA (referred for behavioral health evaluation) Cross-sectional PHQ-9; MINI; Family Among partnered veterans with children, PTSD was associated with children acting afraid or not acting warm toward the veteran (14) Sherman et al., 2016 19 veteran fathers (recruited via VA hospitals) Mixed method study Qualitative Veterans reported parenting PTSD symptom clusters,
including avoidance, alterations in arousal and reactivity, and negative alterations of cognitions and mood. (15) Sherman et al., 2015 19 veteran fathers (recruited via VA hospitals) Qualitative and quantitative, sequential, mixed method study 10 interviews PCL-C; AUDIT-C; PHQ-9; DAR-5 Veterans indicated strong desire to communicate with children about PTSD but also discussed barriers to doing so. (16) Sullivan et al., 2016 513 Veteran parents with at least a child Cross-sectional PCL-C; PHQ-15; Child functioning measured using a list of challenges often experienced by children in military/veteran families. Veterans with higher PTSD symptoms more likely to report concerns about adverse child functioning; female veterans were more likely to endorse adverse child functioning compared with male veterans. (17) TomassettiLong et al., 2015 104 active duty parents with children under 13 Cross-sectional Symptoms of PTSD accounted for parenting stress; dysphoria a unique predictor of parenting stress. (18) VaughnCoaxum et al., 2015 318 single (n=74) and partnered (n=244) veteran parents with at least 1 dependent child Random sample; (drawn from larger project) DRRI-2; PCL-M; BDI-PC; BAI Single parents reported higher PTSD symptoms than partnered parents. (19) Waliski et al., 2013 172 OEF/OIF National Guard veteran parents with at least one Baseline survey results from an evaluation of an ACT-based Parental measures for anxiety, depression, and Parental mental health symptoms associated with 171% increase in
deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan educational workshop PTSD combined to produce a single variable; Children’s problems by asking veterans to report whether their children had any adjustment problems. likelihood of service member reporting a child with an emotional, behavioral, or adjustment problem. (20) Yablonsky et al., 2016 111 active duty Navy fathers with young children Cross-sectional PSI; PC-PTSD; PHQ-8 Symptoms of depression mediate association between deployment factors (exposure to combat, perceived threat) and increased parenting stress after deployment. Creech, S.K. & Misca, G. (2017) Parenting with PTSD: A review of research on the influence of PTSD on parent-child functioning in military and veteran families. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(1101). doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01101
The rates of grandparents raising children are increasing are increasing because of parental substance abuse Finally, implications for supervised visitation monitors and social service providers The Connection Between Substance Abuse and Child Maltreatment Numerous researchers have studied the connection between substance abuse and child maltreatment and how the increasing usage of substance abuse further increases the likelihood of child abuse or neglect. With increased usage of substance abuse, parental functioning decreases. Additionally, the frequency of child maltreatment is based on the extent of parental substance abuse. One study, in particular, found that substance-abusing mothers typically showed less warmth and responsiveness and instead, harsher interaction styles compared to abusing mothers. This creates children of substance-abusing parents to develop less secure attachment patterns. Effects on Children through Adulthood Substance abuse and child maltreatment will affect a child throughout their development and into their adulthood. Research has shown that physical abuse can lead youth to substance abuse as a means of coping. Child neglect also serves as a risk factor for drug use in adolescence and young adulthood. For children whose parents have a substance abuse problem, the risk for negative outcomes is increased and associated with poor academic skills. Children of substance-abusing parents are at an increased risk for emotional, behavioral, and social problems. Adolescent polysubstance usage has been connected with behavior problems, internalizing problems such as depression or anxiety, risky sexual behaviors, and dependency for the substance of choice. As parental functioning is poor because of substance abuse, this negative relational interaction between the parent and child negatively affects the adolescent’s In adulthood, researchers have found that the combination of child maltreatment and intimate partner violence during adulthood increases the chance for a substance use disorder. Furthermore, a background of child maltreatment increases the chance that an adult will be exposed to intimate partner violence. Grandparents as Caretakers Though there is evidence that a key protective factor for children against substance usage and further abuse is living with biological parents, more than ever, grandparents are becoming the primary caretakers of their grandchildren whose parents have a substance abuse problem.