Chartists, socialists, and communists all sought a reshaping of society to provide protections or equality for the working classes. Rapid urbanization accompanied the rise of industry. As more and more people moved to industrial centers in pursuit of employment, urbanization accelerated throughout Europe. The rapid urbanization which accompanied industrialization led to new and expanded urban, social problems. Large numbers of poor and unemployed crowded the city streets without a means to support themselves. Crime increased as did the numbers of orphans left in the cities, increasing demands upon civil government to house and rehabilitate such persons. Disease and pollution became increasingly disturbing problems as industrialization and urbanization spread. Advances in technology and transportation made possible the increased production and trade of manufactured goods and its accompanying specialization of production. The steam engine and its accompanying advances of the steam ship and railroad reshaped transportation and production. The development of canals expedited trade and travel throughout the continent. European economies became increasingly dependent upon foreign markets for their goods and foreign resources to feed industrial production. This dependency led to increased competition for international markets and the acquisition of colonies. Labor became increasingly organized in opposition to industrial exploitation. Labor unions pushed for women’s and child labor laws. Labor agitated for better wages, shorter work-weeks, and safer working conditions. Industrialization provided the opportunity for an increase in the size and importance of the middle class. The growing middle class placed increased importance upon education and expertise in employment. The expendable income of the middle class professionals led to the development of consumerism and its stress upon luxury, leisure and acquisition of status items. While working class women were employed outside the home in increasing numbers, middle class women adopted the “cult of domesticity” and the premium it placed upon women’s domestic sphere. Application of Historical Thinking Skills Students earn points by using the evidence offered in support of their argument to identify and illustrate continuity and change over time. Examples include, but are not limited to, the following: The earlier agricultural revolution allowed the dramatic growth of the Industrial Revolution. Without the increased production of agriculture goods, the urban workforce of the Industrial Revolution would have been untenable.
Students can earn the point for synthesis by crafting a persuasive and coherent essay. This can be accomplished by providing a conclusion that extends or modifies the analysis in the essay or by connecting to another historical period or context. Examples could include, but are not limited to, the following. The rise of religious divisions within Europe accompanied the rise of stronger states and monarchies throughout the continent, as religion was frequently used as a pretext by states to justify war. Question 10. Evaluate the extent to which the rise of fascism reshaped the worldview of Europeans. Provide specific evidence to justify your answer. Learning Objective Historical Thinking Skill Key Concepts in the Curriculum Framework PP-8 Analyze socialist, communist and fascist efforts to develop response to capitalism and why these efforts gained support during times of economic crisis. OS-9 Explain how new theories of government and political ideologies attempted to provide a coherent explanation for human behavior and the extent to which they adhered or diverged from traditional explanations based on religious beliefs. SP-6 Explain how new ideas of political authority and the failure of democracy led to world wars, political revolutions, and the establishment of totalitarian regimes in the 20th century. SP-8 Explain how and why various groups, including communists and fascists, undermined parliamentary democracy through the establishment of regimes that maintained dictatorial control while manipulating democratic forms. IS-10 Analyze how and why Europeans have marginalized certain populations (defined as “other”) over the course of their history. Patterns of Continuity and Change over Time Historical Argumentation Appropriate use of Relevant Historical Evidence 4.1.III 4.2.II ANSWER Thesis: Possible thesis statements addressing continuity and change include the following: