What did he do?______________________________________________________ How did he correct Galen?______________________________________________ What did he do differently?______________________________________________ What was the book called he wrote?______________________________________ Why did his ideas have a limited impact?__________________________________ What factors were important in helping him make his discoveries and why?________ RENAISSANCE KEY INDIVIDUAL 3: AMBROSE PARE
WHY WERE BATHS IMPORTANT? WHY WERE SEWERS IMPORTANT? WHAT ROLE DID THE GOVERNMENT PLAY IN PUBLIC HEALTH? WHO DID THE ROMANS CREATE HOSPITALS FOR? THE ROLE OF RELIGION AND THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN CARE FOR THE SICK Who were monastery hospitals for?_______________________________________ Give an example of a medieval hospital?___________________________________ What does the medieval picture show us about the care and treatment received in medieval monastery hospitals?_________________________________
Who did most people rely on for treatment?_________________________________ CHANGES IN MEDICAL TRAINING Read these statements and colour code according to whether they are examples of continuity or change in medical training between the Roman and Medieval periods KEY EXAMPLES OF CHANGE EXAMPLES OF CONTINUITY Doctors were not respected Galen’s ideas were still taught. In the Roman period doctors were not highly respected The church became very powerful Dissection was frowned upon or banned. By the 12th century there was a separate course for doctors based on texts called the Ars Medicinae (Art of Medicine) Doctors had to prove their qualifications to practice by the 13th century There was little change as many doctors continued to read books or work with a successful doctor Education and training were controlled by the church in the Middle Ages The Theory of the Opposites was adopted from the Theory of the Four Humours Students in the Middle Ages were not encouraged to anatomy or look for mistakes in Galen’s teachings. Bloodletting was common CHANGES IN PUBLIC HEALTH Read these statements and colour code according to whether they are examples of continuity or change in public health between the Roman and Medieval periods KEY EXAMPLES OF CHANGE EXAMPLES OF CONTINUITY
Taxes were not collected for public health There were few aqueducts, public baths and toilets. When the Roman empire collapsed so did public health. Strong government meant public health was good. Animals were slaughtered in the street. was no strong government so public health was worse Wealthy medieval people still had good public health. Towns were not built near swamps because the Romans feared malaria. There were public toilets in London, Leicester and other places in the Middle Ages Human excrement was common on the street. Taxes were collected for public health. In the 13th century lead pipes were laid in London. In 1281 the government attempted to stop pigs allowed onto London’s streets. The people in the Middle Ages were not taxed to pay for public health. The standard of hygiene for monks and nuns was high in the Middle Ages. In 1347 a Sanitary Act was passed to try and keep the streets cleaner. CHANGES IN IDEAS ABOUT CAUSES AND TREATMENTS Read these statements and colour code according to whether they are examples of continuity or change in public health between the Roman and Medieval periods KEY EXAMPLES OF CHANGE EXAMPLES OF CONTINUITY Jews were blamed for the Black Death. People still followed Galen’s ideas. The Catholic church discouraged dissection. The Theory of the Opposites was developed from the Theory of the Four Humours. Prevention of disease was important for the Romans. Astrology or the movement of the planets was blamed for disease. The Romans believed in the Gods. People preyed to god. Strapping a live chicken to your head was thought a cure for the Black Death. Bloodletting was common Flagellants whipped themselves during the Black Death of 1348 Miasma or bad smells was a cause of disease. Most people relied on herbal remedies and cannot afford a doctor The Romans didn’t build near swamps as they feared malaria Most people relied on the wife or mother to provide simple healthcare. CHANGES IN MEDICAL TRAINING
Success Criteria: Spend 8-10 minutes on this type of question Aim for one PEA paragraph Explain the key features and give specific examples QUESTION 1: The below show two different periods. Choose one and describe the key features of the care that was available to patients in English hospitals during that period. The late middle ages The late nineteenth century, after the work of Florence Nightingale QUESTION 2: The boxes below show two different periods. Choose one and describe the key features of medical training in that period. Training of doctors in the middle ages Training of doctors in the Twentieth Century QUESTION 3: The boxes below show two different periods. Choose one and explain the key features of public health in that period The middle ages The beginning of the nineteenth century QUESTION 4: The boxes below show two different periods. Choose one and explain the key features of the role of government in that period. The Roman period The Twentieth Century THE 8 MARK USEFULNESS QUESTION Success Criteria Explain why the source might be useful to a historian Explain why the source might not be useful to a historian Reach a judgement on the reliability of the source using usefulness QUESTION 1: How useful is this cartoon to a historian investigating public health in the 19th century? Source A: A cartoon about the Broad Street Pump, called ‘Death’s Dispensary’.
EXAMPLE QUESTION 2: How useful is this source to a historian investigating the role of government and public health in the 20th century? Source A: a poster issued by the Ministry of Health advertising immunisation THE 12 MARK QUESTION Success Criteria: Spend 15 minutes on this type of question Three paragraphs A conclusion-especially if it is a how far question QUESTION 1: Why have science and technology been so important in improving medical understanding 1850? (12) Louis Pasteur published his germ theory in 1861. X-Rays were discovered in 1895. Crick and Watson discovered the structure of DNA in 1953. QUESTION 2: How important for the prevention of disease was Edward Jenner’s discovery of a smallpox vaccination in 1796? (12) Lady Mary Wortley Montague had her children inoculated against smallpox in 1721. The British government made vaccination against smallpox compulsory in 1852.