and not eliminating alcohol, we excluded articles that studied prohibition of alcohol. We excluded studies outside of the United States because violence rates in the United States are much higher than other developed countries such as Australia or European Union countries(). The effect of changing AOD may not be robust in countries with different violence rates so we chose to only include studies conducted inside the United States. We excluded all articles not published in English. We also excluded articles focused primarily on intimate partner violence (IPV) and LGBT violence, because research finds that IPV and LGBT may be a qualitatively different form of violence. Since the AOD and violence relationship may be different in a college setting, we excluded articles that focus on college students around colleges. We did not exclude articles that included college students along with other youths in the community as long as the study took place in the general community and not exclusively in a college setting. Since we are interested the relationship between any type of alcohol outlet and violence, we did not exclude any article based on which alcohol outlet types were included as long as a density was calculated connected with an outlet type. After applying these inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 41 articles were deemed relevant for inclusion in the current review. 3.0 RESULTS 3.1 Study Type: Ecologic, published 1999 and earlier The first study looking at the link between AOD and violence was published by Roncek and Bell in 1981.() The authors looked at bars and violent crime (murders, rapes,
significantly associated with either short (r=-0.001, p=0.86) or long-term (r=0.04, p=0.08) trends in violent crime or assault. Mair et al. used a similar technique to the Gruenewald and Remer study above by looking at AOD and violence in California using zip codes from 1995 to 2008.() To analyze the data they used Bayesian space-time conditional autoregressive models. Mair et al. found that an addition of one AOD per square mile was associated with 1.8% increase in assaults (RR=1.018, 95% CI: 1.011-1.025). When the types of outlets were separated a greater difference between outlets types were found. Lipton et al. compared restaurants selling any type of alcohol, restaurants selling only beer and wine, off-premise, and nonstore/nonrestaurant to violent crime in Boston, MA.() Using Poisson regression models, the authors found that number of restaurants selling any type of alcohol was significantly associated with a slight increase of violent crime (b=0.079, p<0.001) but on-premise outlets (b=-0.035, p>0.05) and off-premise outlets (b=0.067, p>0.05) were not statistically associated with violent crime. For weekday violence, the authors found that number of restaurants selling any type of alcohol was significantly associated with a slight increase of violent crime (b=0.071, p<0.001) but on-premise outlets (b=-0.036, p>0.05) and off-premise outlets (b=0.063, p>0.05) were not statistically associated with violent crime. For weekend violence, the authors found that number of restaurants selling any type of alcohol was significantly associated with a slight increase of violent crime (b=0.091, p<0.001) but on-premise