African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights v. Great Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriy, (Application No.004/2011) ACHPR Charles Taylor v. ICC, (April 26, 2012) The Hague Michelot Yogogombaye v. Republic of Senegal, 104 Am. J. Int’l L. 620, 620-28 (2010) Laurent Gbagbo v. ICC, (April 2011) The Hague Mohamed Bacar vs Republic of Comoro, ("Court dismisses case against Comoros rebel leader". via ) (March 29, 2008) Mtikila v. Republic of Tanzania, (appeal ACHPR Arusha) 10 of 2010 Muamar Gadafi & Others v. ICC, (July 28, 2011) The Hague Nuremberg War case, "The Law Relating to War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity (1945-1949) Germany President Al-Bashir of Sudan v. ICC, (July, 2009) The Hague Thomas Lubanga v. ICC, (July 11, 2012) (The Hague) Uhuru Kenyata & others v. ICC, (2008) The Hague LIST OF LEGISLATIONS International Instruments
formal complaint processes such as processes, are usually described with the term .There are many tools available to people who work in conflict. How and when they are used depends on several factors such as the specific issues at stake in the conflict and the cultural context of the disputants. In such cases, a is used to show the major issues, which led to the conflict. The list of tools available to practitioners includes: , , , , , , . In real-world conflict situations, which range in scale from small scale to , practitioners will creatively combine several of these approaches as needed. Additionally, conflict resolution is a step towards the conclusion of the management of conflict. This is a process that involves different activities aimed at addressing the root causes of a dispute that led to the conflict. Due to the fact that the causes of conflict vary, the operational resolution of conflict calls upon a multi-faceted response from different components. This means that, different expertises are needed to address the economic, social and political causes of the conflict as they manifest themselves. Conflict resolution can only succeed with the intense involvement of the policy in question, that is; the ideas of solutions to the conflict must be conceived or agreed upon by the locals. The role of the outsiders in resolving the existing conflict must be benevolent one informed by the willingness to support the process of conceiving of these ideas and providing resources to translate them into solutions, as any components in the conflict spectrum, must be viewed as dynamic and not in isolation
The resulting four months stand-off was only ended when Mr Ouattara's forces overran the south of the country, finally capturing Mr Gbagbo and declaring him deposed. In November 2011, Mr Gbagbo was transferred to The Hague to stand trial at the International Criminal Court on charges of crimes against humanity. The international community and the UN then sent a clear message to political and military actors that, they must accept the results of the 28 November vote. Anyone sabotaging the run-off through fraud, intimidation or violence runs the risk of new UN sanctions. During the coming days, Ivorian political leaders must work hard to lower the temperature and build on the gains of an exemplary first round, which disproved the most pessimistic forecasts. After a relatively peaceful campaign, there were no significant incidents during polling on 31st October. International and national observers expressed their satisfaction. Moreover, there was a record turnout of close to 84 per cent, proof of the willingness of citizens to put a tumultuous decade behind them. The laudable attitude of voters contrasted, however, with a poll marked by technical flaws albeit too few to call into question the overall results. Election officials were absent from many polling stations. The tallying and verification of results revealed the weakness of the Independent Electoral Commission (Commission électorale indépendante, CEI), which neglected to keep the public informed of progress for
In June, the Nigerian Government enacted a terrorism prevention bill and an laundering amendment act. It was also working with the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force, the Counter Terrorism Executive Directorate and other relevant international bodies and friendly countries to sharpen its response mechanisms. It would launch its first project with the Task Force in November, aimed at promoting conflict prevention and countering the appeal of terrorism to youth. Boasting that Nigeria’s April general elections had been judged credible and transparent, he said the Government was on course to implement its strategic plan to ready the country for the future. In that context, there was a new sense of activity and self-belief in the ability to create a new Nigeria, founded on the principles of personal freedoms, democracy, good governance and rule of law.Underlining the importance of using preventive diplomacy in resolving armed conflicts around the world, he said the international community had focused too little attention on mediation and preventive diplomacy in favour of the military aspects of peace and security. Cultivating peace and fulfilling the aims of Chapter VI of the United Nations Charter required early identification and appropriate intervention. The goal should always be to present the peaceful alternative as a less costly and effective way of achieving political and social objectives. Among other issues, he voiced support for the Secretary-General’s proposal to deploy an assessment mission to study the situation in the Gulf of Guinea, where
Fujii, Lee Ann. "The Power of Local Ties: Popular Participation in the Rwandan Genocide". Security Studies Issue 17. 2008: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group. p1. Gareth, E., (2000). Cooperating for Peace: The Global Agenda for the 2000 and Beyond. St. Leonards, Unwin, p.110 S., (1996). "Beyond Just War and Pacifism: Nonviolent Struggle toward Justice, Freedom and Peace". Ecumenical Review, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Girard R., "The Scapegoat". (original: Le Bouc Emissaire, Paris, 1982), trad. Y. Freccero, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Voir aussi: R. Girard, Shakespeare- les feux de I'envie. Trad. B. Vincent, Paris, 1990. Green, L.C.,(1993). The Contemporary Law of Armed Conflict. Manchester, Canada: Manchester University Press, Manchester. p.17 Hettne, B.,( 1998). "Regional Cooperation for Security and Development in Africa". PADRIGU, Goteborg University. Hoffman, Danny. "The City as Barracks: Freetown, Monrovia, and the Organization of Violence in Postcolonial African Cities." Cultural Anthropology. Volume 22 #3 August 2007. pp. 400–428. Huband, Mark."The Liberian Civil War". Frank Cass 8 Human Rights Watch, "". September 2010
Murray, W., (2003). . Department of the United States Army, p. 63. Mwajiru, Makumi, (2001). Conflict Management in Africa: Lessons Learnt and Future Strategies. Nairobi: Centre for Conflict Research (CCR) and Friedrich Ebert Stifling (FES). Mwanasali, Musifiky, (2003). From the Organization of African Unity to the African Union. In: Baregn, M. and C. Landsberg (eds), From Cape to Congo: Southern Africa's Ending Security Challenges; London: International Peace Academy. Mwansasu, B. U., (2004). The Implementation of the Arusha Peace and Reconciliation Agreement for Burundi. In: Mpangala and Mwansasu, op.cit. Ndarugagiye, L., (1995). Burundi: The Origins of the Hutu-Tutsi Conflict. Nairobi, Kenya. Newman, L.,& Balachandran, A., (1999). Building the Capacity of OAU in Managing Conflicts in Africa. Conflict Trends. Number 4. Peter.W., (2002). Understanding Conflict Resolution: War, Peace and the Global System. London :Sage Publication. Phillips J.T., (2006). . Fairchild Research Information Center, Maxwell (United States) Air Force Base, Alabama. Punungwe, (1998). "Towards a Ceasefire and the Resolution of Conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC): The Role of the Southern African
Development Community (SADC) Organ on Conflicts, Defence and Security", Harare Workshop on the Crisis in the DRC. René Lemarchand, "Rwanda: The State of Research", Scholarly Review, Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence, Nov 2000, referring to Keana and Dienan, Antecedents to Modern Rwanda. The Nyiginya Kingdom (2004), (Retrieved September 15, 2010) Reychler, L., (1998). Democratic Peace-building and Conflict Prevention: The Devil is in the Transition. CPRS University of Leuven. Robert, M., (2003). “Transnational Policies for Conflict Reduction and Prevention,” Perspectives on Global Development and Technology, pp 615–633, London. Roberts, A.,& Guelff, R., (2002). Documents on the Laws of War. Third Edition; Oxford University press. Romano, A., (1998). “Peace is Possible: Lessons from the Mozambique Peace Process”, Paper for the Workshop on "Learning from Conflict Resolution in Africa". Arusha, Tanzania. , , April 1, 2004, which gives an estimate of 800,000, and , Africa Recovery, Vol. 12 1#1 (August 1998), p. 4, which estimates the number at between 500,000 and 1,000,000. Seven out of every 10 Tutsis were killed. Salim, S. A., (1996). The OAU and the Future In: Abdul-Raheem, T., (ed), Pan-
, Africa Report N°172, 4 Apr 2011 Protocol to the African Charter, supra note 13, arts. 13, 14. Africa Report N°174, 4 May 2011 Samset, I., "", Noref Police Brief No. 9 (June 2010) , Africa Report Nº159, 6 May 2010 , Africa Briefing N°50, 13 March 2008 , Africa Report N°145, 21 October 2008 Newspapers Two Sudans: Managing the World’s Newest Border Demands Careful Planning", Zach Vertin, Reuters AlertNet, 8 July 2011 Abyei Is Burning: Immediate SAF Withdrawal Critical", Zach Vertin, On the African Peacebuilding Agenda, 13 June 2011 Lucas, B., & Rachel, O., (2008). , Daily Nation. Nairobi, Kenya Nyerere, J. K., (1997). In the Daily News Tanzania of June 9,1997. Sudan: Preparing for a peaceful southern secession", comment by Francois Grignon in Reuters The Great Debate, 17 December 2009 Kagoro, J., (2008), Beyond the Juba Peace Talks”, Peace Newsletter, Vol. 6, p.5