Year 8 Science 8C Breathing and Respiration Expected Attainment Year Group Grade Emerging Confident Advanced Mastery 8 2 Identify and recall the main organs in the human gaseous exchange system. Correctly use the terms: breathing, breathing rate, ventilation, inhalation, exhalation. Describe the functions of the organs in the human gaseous exchange system and what happens during gas exchange. Describe how muscles attached to ribs and the diaphragm produce breathing movements and use a model to explain how lungs expand and contract. Describe the structure of the lungs. Explain how diffusion occurs in terms of movement of particles. Describe how breathing rate and heart rate are affected by exercise. Recall some harmful chemicals in tobacco smoke. Recall ways in which gas exchange in the lungs can be reduced. Describe how substances reach respiring cells from the blood and how waste products are returned to the blood. Describe the effects of nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke. Describe how asthma, emphysema and tobacco tar can reduce gas exchange. Compare respiration in plants and animals. Describe ways in which respiration can be detected (limewater, hydrogen carbonate indicator, heat). Recall what happens in anaerobic respiration in humans. Explain why aerobic and anaerobic respiration occur in humans at the same time. Use a pressure model to explain ventilation. Explain how specialised cells keep the lungs clean (mucus production and ciliated epithelial cells). Explain how the lungs are adapted for efficient gas exchange. Explain the changes in heartbeat and breathing rate during exercise. Explain some of the effects of reduced oxygen supply on the body. Explain the effects of some chemicals in tobacco smoke on the body. Describe how gas exchange occurs in plants. Compare the human gaseous exchange system with those of other animals. Recall that anaerobic respiration releases less energy than aerobic respiration. Model anaerobic respiration using a word equation. Describe how lactic acid is removed from tissues. Explain why anaerobic activity cannot be sustained. Analyse and explain the changes in heartbeat and breathing rate during and Explain how and why a concentration gradient is maintained for oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and lungs. Explain why exercise is recommended to help people with cardiovascular disease. Compare the efficiencies of different gas exchange organs. Identify the limitations of lungs, gills and body surface covering as sites of gas exchange. Explain the effects of poisons that disrupt certain metabolic processes.
Describe how to split light into different colours using a prism and correctly use the terms: spectrum, dispersion. Recall the colours of the visible spectrum, in order. Recall that the appearance of an object depends on the colour of light shining on it. Recall that filters can be used to make coloured light. Describe how secondary colours of white light can be made from primary colours of light. Describe the way our eyes detect different colours. Explain why coloured objects appear coloured. Explain how filters can be used to make coloured light. Explain why objects look different in light of different colours. Explain how different types of lens are used to correct long-sight and short-sight. Explain how paints of different colours can be made by colour subtraction. Year 8 Science 8K Energy Transfers Expected Attainment Year Group Grade Emerging Confident Advanced Mastery 8 2 Recall that energy can be transferred by heating in conduction, radiation and convection. Recall examples of common thermal conductors and insulators. Identify the process(es) in which energy is transferred by heating in a given situation. Describe how energy is transferred in conduction, convection and radiation. Explain why particular materials are used for given purposes. Use the particle model of matter to explain energy transfers by conduction and convection. Recall ways of reducing energy transfer by conduction, convection and evaporation. Apply the idea of different colours being good or poor emitters or absorbers. Explain why particular materials are used for given purposes. Match Sankey diagrams to simple situations. State the meaning of efficiency and recall some advantages of efficient appliances. Identify useful and wasted energies. Compare conduction in thermal conductors and thermal insulators. Explain the process(es) in which energy is transferred by heating in a given situation. Compare conduction, convection, radiation and evaporation as methods of heat energy transfer. Evaluate ways of increasing or decreasing energy transfer by conduction, convection, radiation and evaporation. Compare the effects of different rates of conduction in different materials. Use Sankey diagrams to compare appliances or processes. Calculate energy efficiencies. Explain why the efficiency can never be greater than 100%. Use data to consider cost efficiency by calculating payback times. Evaluate different ways of keeping something warm. Explain the causes and effects of wind chill. Apply the idea of thermal mass to homes. Use the formula relating power, energy and time (in W, J and s). Evaluate energy-saving appliances or modifications. Use data to evaluate methods of reducing carbon emissions.