rights treaties. These "treaty bodies" monitor the implementation of the individual conventions by the States parties. Over the years, the United Nations has also developed an independent and ad hoc system of fact-finding outside the treaty framework, which is referred to as extra-conventional mechanisms or "Special Procedures". Independent experts report in their personal capacity as special rapporteurs or as members of working groups. Treaty Bodies (Conventional Mechanisms) Treaty bodies have been set up for the six core United Nations human rights treaties to monitor States parties' efforts to implement the provisions of the international instruments. The Human Rights Committee monitors the implementation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Composed of 18 independent experts of recognized competence in the field of human rights. The First Optional Protocol, which entered into force together with the Covenant, authorizes the Committee to consider also allegations from individuals concerning violations of their civil and political rights. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights monitors the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Composed of 18 internationally recognized independent experts in the relevant fields. The members of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights are elected by ECOSOC, to which they report. The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination ) monitors the implementation of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. Composed of 18 independent experts, and is the oldest treaty body. The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, composed of 23 independent experts, has monitored the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women since 1981. The Committee Against Torture monitors the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. Composed of 10 independent experts, the Committee was established in 1987. The Committee on the Rights of the Child , composed of 10 independent experts, has monitored the Convention on the Rights of the Child since 1991.
From the preamble the primary objectives of the Act are to provide the following: the continuation of leaseholds and leasehold tenure; the continuation of vesting land in the President and alienation of land by the President; to provide statutory recognition and continuation of customary tenure; to provide for the conversion of customary tenure into leasehold tenure; to establish a land development fund and a lands tribunal; and to repeal the following Acts (i) The Land (Conversion of Titles) Act, (ii) The Zambia (State lands and Reserves) Order 1924 to 1964 (iii) The Zambia (Trust land) Orders 1947 to 1964 (iv) The Zambia (Gwembe District) Orders 1959 to 1964, and (v) The Western Province [Land and Miscellaneous] Provisions Act 1970 Vesting Of Land in The President, Powers To Alienate Land And Administration Of Land.; Conditions on Alienation of Land And Presidential Consent; Customary Holdings to Be Recognised and To Continue; Conversion of Customary Tenure into `Leasehold Tenure; Prohibition of Unauthorised Occupation of Land Renewal of Leases; Re-Entry; The Land Development Fund; Dispute Settlement: The Lands Tribunal. The political changes that swept through the country in 1991 inevitably led to the changes in the economic policies. Whilst the UNIP Government essentially pursued socialist oriented economic policies, the Government which came to power after the 1991 elections, pursued liberal economic policies. A private sector driven economy where both local and foreign investors would participate was seen as the engine of economic growth. Under the repealed 1975 Act, the land market was a controlled or regulated one. The economic liberalization pursued by the Government, also entailed the liberalization of the land market or less interference by the State in the land market. This in turn required that all the obstacles to a free land market embedded under the 1975 Act had to be dropped. These obstacles, as pointed out in the preceding chapter, included the notion that bare land had no exchange value, severe restrictions on alienation of land to non-Zambians, and fixing of maximum consideration for various transactions or dealings in land. The 1995 Lands Act introduced a radical definition of land. Whether bare or virgin, land has value by itself without having regard to human labour or capital expended