Humanism/Sydenham Printing Press Royal Society Humanist beliefs led to a new society in which developed their love for learning. This would lead to communication between scientists instead of a conservatism, being told by the Church what to do. Humanism meant that more experimentation began to take place in the field of medicine. This was because the Church had less authority and were communication their ideas less. Proof that Galen had been wrong became more widespread and this became communicated across the country. Sydenham began to communication a different was of communication the cause of disease. He believed that diagnosing people through observation was key. This led to a change in how people were treated as symptoms were grouped. These findings were communicated in books, therefore leading to the cause of disease going AWAY from the Four Humours Printing Press totally changed the communication of the cause of disease and illness, created in 1440 it developed ideas that went against the Church. Ideas were not being communicated by the Church anymore, therefore it could be said that humanist beliefs and new books questioning the cause of disease led to a change in communication over time. Printing led to books critical of Galen to be published. This was because communication was not controlled by the Church and Galen’s ideas were not the accepted beliefs. Royal Society was a group of scientists who changed the face of communication. They met in 1660 and were given a Royal Charter by Charles II in 1662. This led to change as they were instantly credible due to government acceptance. The Royal Society met to disease experimentation on the cause of disease on Renaissance thinking. They furthered communication by writing the journal Philosophical Transactions. This was a range of book reviews and experiments written by scientists in SIMPLE ENGLISH. This would communicate ideas that went against the Middle Age beliefs. The translations were paid for by the Society to be translated from European languages to ENGLISH so it became accessible to all. Question Answer Summarise the role and of Thomas Sydenham Explain how the Printing helped change communication
Alignment of Saturn and Jupiter in October 1664. Punishment from God – Sent to clean up his world. Miasma – People believed that because streets were covered in rubbish and waste, the warm weather spread miasma as it made the rubbish smell more. Some people believed it was caused as it was spread from person to person. THIS WAS LOGICAL IDEA!!! Hard to find treatments as so many were quarantined. Differences – Physicians advised patients be wrapped in thick woollen clothes and laid by a fire so that they could sweat it out. Transference was a different idea also – Strapping a Chicken to the boils. Herbal Remedies continued. Quack Doctors took advantaged by making remedies and selling them as miracle cures. Best piece of advice – DON’T CATCH IT! Religion Carry a pomander – A ball containing perfumed substance. Plague doctors wore bird like mask with in. Birds were meant to attract disease so the bird shaped mask was a way of trying to draw the disease from the person. As symptoms were similar to syphilis, people were told to infect themselves with it. Government did more this time. Charles II decreed that people should fast and made a list of actions to stop spreading plague. LARGE EVENTS WERE BANNED, SUCH AS FUNERALS. Theatres and alleyways were closed. Cats, dogs and pigeons were killed. 40,000 dogs and 200,000 cats! Mayor also appointed searchers and wardens
Pasteur identified that microbes turned wine and vinegar bad. This discovery was called GERM THEORY, the main were: Air contains microorganisms Microbes in air decay Microbes are not evenly distributed. Pasteur also theorised that if germs were causing decay they might be causing disease. He seemed to prove his theory by looking at the death of France’s silkworm population. Published his GERM THEORY OF INFECTION IN 1878. Discovered the bacteria that caused TB in 1882 and Cholera in 1883 and proved it was in 1884. Koch made it easier for scientists to study bacteria by developing new ways of growing them. He used agar jelly in a petri dish and also used industrial dye to make it easier to see microbes. Inspired other scientists to discover other microbes. Koch received Nobel Peace Prize in 1905. Impact of Pasteur Impact of Koch Begin with Pasteur had zero impact as his original work was on food, not humans. Britain followed Spontaneous Generation until 1870’s due to Dr Bastian. Some scientists did use Pasteur’s work, such as Lister who linked Germ Theory to surgical infection. Tyndall also used Germ Theory to look at link between microbes and disease. However Tyndall was not a Idea was an enormous breakthrough Doctors now studied the disease. Identifying microbes allowed scientists to find treatment for a range of serious issues such as Diphtheria in 1883, Cholera in 1883 and others going into the 20th century.
1943 An American scientist named Selman Wakston discovered another antibiotic called Streptomycin. This antibiotic was so powerful that it was even effective against tuberculosis, which had previously been thought to be incurable. 50s/60s Even more antibiotics discovered. Research continues into the development of new antibiotics. UNDERSTANDING: Use the information on p.107-9 to answer the following questions: What is a “magic bullet” and how do they work? They kill the microorganisms without harming the body. How did Prontosil and other bacteriostatic antibiotics work? Prevent the spreading of the antibodies. Why is an antibiotic such as Penicillin different to a “magic bullet”? Made from microorganisms rather than chemicals. Explain why antibiotics are becoming less effective. Body is becoming immune due to over-consumption. Science Technology Better testing and trialling of medicines. Means that people are not harmed. No repeat of thalidomide from the 1960’s (DRUGS WHICH CAUSED DEFORMITIES IN BABIES AS MOTHERS WERE GIVEN IT TO DEAL WITH MORNING SICKNESS). Takes several years for a drug to be trialled. Science has now identified majority of illnesses and what causes them, so medicines can be used to attack. Mass production of allows disruption to happen much easier. Development of capsules – taking drugs that treat disease easier. Dissolve in stomach. Hypodermic needles – Allow precise dose of medicine to be put into bloodstream.
Government had a understanding what caused disease, the government recognised that they now could have an impact. Their laissez-faire attitude was now left behind them. were also some lifestyle initiatives such as Change4life. This encouraged people to eat healthily and prevent diet issues such as type 2 diabetes. During the Second War there was a national campaign put in place to immunise all children against diphtheria. This led to diphtheria becoming a disease that was seen as a thing of the past. Lifestyle campaigns were also helpful in preventing illness. Advertising campaigns warning against dangers to health such as smoking, drinking, drug use and unprotected sex led to an understanding in lifestyle disease prevention. National Vaccination campaign was launched against diphtheria was launched in 1942. Diphtheria was a serious disease in which 3,000 children a year were dying of it. vaccinations were introduced that prevented unborn babies being harmed. For example Rubella and German Measles vaccination were introduced for pregnant women, therefore it was preventing pre-birth issues.