List of Abbreviations A&RCC – Adaptation & Resilience to Climate Change AAP – Ambient Air Pollution AUM – Assets Under Management BEV – Battery Electric Vehicle CDP – Carbon Disclosure Project CFU – Climate Funds Update CO2 – Carbon Dioxide COP – Conference of the Parties COPD – Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease CPI – Consumer Price Indices DALYs – Disability Adjusted Life Years DPSEEA – Driving ECMWF – European Centre for Weather Forecasts EJ – Exajoule EM-DAT – Emergency Events Database ERA – European Research Area ETR – Environmental Tax Reform ETS – Emissions Trading System EU – European Union EU28 – 28 European Union Member States FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAZ – Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung FISE – Social Inclusion Energy Fund GBD – Global Burden of Disease GDP – Gross Domestic Product GHG – Greenhouse Gas GtCO2 – Gigatons of Carbon Dioxide GW – Gigawatt GWP – Gross World Product HAB – Harmful Algal Blooms HIC – High Income Countries ICS – Improved Cook Stove IEA – International Energy Agency IHR – International Health Regulations IPC – Infection Prevention and Control IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IRENA - International Renewable Energy Agency LMICs – Low and Middle Income Countries LPG – Liquefied Petroleum Gas Mt – Megaton MtCO2e – Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent NAP – National Adaptation Plan NDCs = Nationally Determined Contributions NHMSs – National Meteorological and Hydrological Services NHS- National Health Service NOx – Nitrogen Oxide OECD – Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development PHEV – Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle PM2.5 – Fine Particulate Matter PV – Photovoltaic SDG – Sustainable Development Goal SDU – Sustainable Development Unit SHUE – Sustainable Healthy Urban Environments SO2 – Sulphur Dioxide SSS – Sea Surface Salinity SST – Sea Surface Temperature tCO2 – Tons of Carbon Dioxide tCO2/TJ – Total Carbon Dioxide per Terajoule TJ – Terajoule TPES – Total Primary Energy Supply TWh – Terawatt Hours UN – United Nations UNFCCC – United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNGA – United Nations General Assembly UNGD – United Nations General Debate VC – Vectorial Capacity WHO – World Health Organization WMO – World Meteorological Organization
change alone helps overcome the complexity of accounting for other societal, economic and environmental factors that also influence migration. Based on data derived from peer-reviewed academic publications (see Appendix 2 for full details). A minimum of 4,400 people have been forced to migrate due solely to climate change (Table 1.1). This will be an underestimate, as it excludes cases where more than one factor may be contributing to a migration decision – such as a combination of both climate-related sea level rise and coastal erosion not associated with climate change (possibly such as the village of Vunidogola, relocated by the Fijian Government in 2014 for such reasons, and the planned relocation of the Fijian village of Narikoso by 2018).67-69 Location Population Citation Notes on causes Carteret Islands, PNG 1,200 Connell (2016)70 Strauss (2012)71 Migrating due to sea-level rise Alaska (need to migrate as soon as possible)* Bronen and Chapin III (2013)72 Shearer (2012)73 Migrating due to changing ice conditions leading to coastal erosion and due to permafrost melt, destabilising infrastructure Kivalina 398-400 Newtok 353 Shaktoolik 214 Shismaref 609 Alaska (need to migrate gradually)* Bronen and Chapin III (2013)72 Migrating due to changing ice conditions leading to coastal erosion and due to permafrost melt, destabilising infrastructure Allakaket 95 Golovin 167 Hughes 76 Huslia 255 Koyukuk 89 Nulato 274 Teller 256 Unalakleet 724 Isle de Jean Charles, Louisiana 25 homes Coastal erosion, wetland loss, reduced accretion, barrier island erosion, subsidence, and saltwater intrusion were caused by dredging, dikes, levees, controlling the Mississippi River, and agricultural practices. Climate change is now bringing sea-level rise Table 1.1 Locations migrating now due to only climate change. *The village names and populations are sourced from the US Government Accountability Office’s report, “Alaska Native Villages: Limited Progress Has Been Made on Relocating Villages Threatened by Flooding and Erosion”.70-73
Colorado Boulder), Pauline Scheelbeek (London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine), Jan Semenza (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), Imogen Tennison (National Health Service), Hanna Tuomisto (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine), Armando Valdes Valasquez (Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia) and Shelagh Whitley (Overseas Development Institute). Administrative and communications support was provided by Richard Black (Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit), Pete Chalkley (Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit), Tan Copsey (Climate Nexus), Tom Fern, Jack Fisher (University College London), Sarah Hurtes (European Climate Foundation), Paige Knappenberger (Climate Nexus) and George Smeeton (Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit). Mr Georgeson wishes to express gratitude for funding from the Economic and Social Research Council and the Natural Environment Research Council (grant number ES/J500185/1). The Lancet Countdown is funded through an unrestricted grant from the Wellcome Trust (200890/Z/16/Z). References 1. Kang Y, Khan S, Ma X. Climate change impacts on crop yield, crop water productivity and food security – A review. Progress in Natural Science 2009; 19(12): 1665–74. 2. Lindgren E, Andersson, Y, Suk, J.E, Sudre, B. and Semenza, J.C. Monitoring EU Emerging Infectious Disease Risk Due to Climate Change. Science 2012; 336(6080): 418-9. 3. Reuveny R. Climate change-induced migration and violent conflict. Political Geography 2007; 26(6): 656–73. 4. Watts N, et al. Health and climate change: policy responses to protect public health. The Lancet 2015; 386(10006): 1861–914. 5. Watts N, et al. The Lancet Countdown: tracking progress on health and climate change. The Lancet 2016; 389(10074): 1151–64. 6. World Health Organization. Second Global Conference: Health and Climate (Paris 7-8 July 2016), 2016. 7. United Nations Framework Convention on Change. Paris Agreement. In: United Nations, editor. Paris, France; 2015. 8. United Nations Environment Program. The Emissions Gap Report 2016. In: United Nations, editor. Nairobi, Kenya; 2016.