Prehistoric Ancient Egypt Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Middle Ages Medical Renaissance 1750-1900 Twentieth Century Government Govt. responsible for public health e.g. Latrines & aqueducts. Limited attempts to sort out poor hygiene in towns. Limited attempts to sort out poor hygiene in towns. Up to 1850 = laissez-faire = no govt. action. After 1850 = laws on public health e.g. 1875 Public Health Act. Govt. fully involved. Loads of laws. NHS = cradle to grave healthcare. Govt. Fund research. Religion Thought evil spirits caused illness. Embalming bodies better knowledge of body. Dissection forbidden. Belief in spirits. Dissection forbidden except in Alexandria. Belief in gods to cure i.e. Asclepios. Still prayed to gods to cure illnesses. Church VERY powerful. = no dissection or criticism. & hospitals. Reformation = power of Church declined. Some dissections allowed. Criticism still discouraged. Religious individuals and organisations = duty to help poor & sick pressure on govt. Religious individuals and organisations = duty to help poor & sick pressure on govt. Science & Technology Few tools Some tools. Improved iron & steel stronger instruments and better surgery. Improved engineering better public health e.g. baths Improved surgical instruments. Printing watches & clocks. Increased interest in science. ‘Royal Microscope improved germs found. Chemistry anaesthetics etc. X-rays. Electron microscopes. Dialysis machines.
Society’ founded. Syringes, thermometers. Lots of new inventions. Individuals Hippocrates Galen Avicenna. Rhazes. Vesalius. Paré. Harvey. Nightingale. Pasteur. Koch. Jenner. Simpson. Chadwick. Ehrlich. Flemming. Barnard. Crick & Watson (DNA) War Wounds surgical Roman army had doctors & surgeons. Wars practise in surgery.BUT time & money spent on weapons etc. not medicine. Wars continuing practise in surgery. Opportunity for Paré. Crimean war = Nightingale better nursing. BUT wars money diverted from research. X-rays & blood transfusions. Social care, NHS & penicillin. Limited writing and travel. Ideas not spread or recorded Writing & papyrus spread of knowledge. Trading = herbs etc. University & library at Alexandria spread of Centralised govt.&roads spread of ideas & trade. Herbs etc. Fall of Roman Empire breakdown in & loss of ideas. Printing press spread of ideas. Travel to new world more trade, herbs etc. Better roads & rail = better education & travel increased knowledge. Cheap flight, TV, radio, telephones & Internet ideas shared & spread easily.
Chance Paré ran out of oil & better treatment. Pasteur’s chicken cholera vaccine. Flemming and penicillin. Prehistoric Ancient Egypt Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Middle Ages Medical Renaissance 1750-1900 Twentieth Century Natural Causes Theory of blocked channels. Theory of Four Humours. Theory of Four Humours. Common sense. Theory of Four Humours. Miasma or bad air. Worms. Theory of Four Humours. Miasma or bad air. Miasma 'Spontaneous Generation’ Germs found by Pasteur in 1860s. Germ theory firmly established. Supernatural Causes Illnesses caused by evil spirits. Illnesses caused by evil spirits. Illnesses caused by evil spirits or gods. Illnesses caused by evil spirits or gods. Illnesses caused by devil, sin or punishment from God. Astrology. Illnesses caused by devil, sin or punishment from God. Some superstitions still alive. Some superstitions still alive. Treatments Herbs & Trepanning Spells. Laxatives to ‘unblock channels.’ Asclepion. Prayer. Herbs. Treatments on Prayer. Herbs. Humours Treatments e.g. Purging. Prayer & penance e.g. flagellation. Humours Treatments. Prayer. Treatments based on humours esp. Bleeding using cups & leeches. Herbs. Tonics & remedies Sulphonamides. Magic bullets. Penicillin & other antibiotics.
humours e.g. purging Galen = treatment of opposites. Things to up miasma. Herbs. Some chemical medicines e.g. 1890s = Asprin. use of herbs. Still use of herbs. Anatomy & Physiology Hunting & killing animals basic knowledge of anatomy. some knowledge of anatomy. Dissection forbidden Some knowledge of body but dissection forbidden. Galen dissected pigs & wrote books on anatomy but made mistakes. Dissection forbidden. Greek & Roman ideas followed. Vesalius & others Galen wrong about heart & jawbone. Harvey explained circulation. Detailed knowledge of anatomy & physiology. Detailed knowledge of anatomy & physiology. Healers Women. Medicine Men. Trained physicians /priests. Women. Trained physicians. Priests & Asclepius. Women. Trained doctors & Army surgeons. Priests. Women. Doctors for rich. Monasteries & church hospitals. Women. Doctors for rich. Church. Barber surgeons. Women. Rich = Doctors. Poor = ‘Quacks’ Medical profession closed to women. NHS Trained nurses, doctors & surgeons. Women doctors. Hygiene & prevention No public health or Hygiene. Importance of cleanliness stressed. Importance of cleanliness, diet & exercise stressed. Cleanliness, diet & exercise. Public Health baths, sewers, settlements. Some attempts made to keep towns clean. Monks had healthy lifestyle. Inoculation in some places e.g. Turkey & China. Germ theory prevention. Inoculation, vaccination, antiseptics & public health. NHS Disease prevention campaigns e.g. AIDS, smoking.
Science and Technology in the 20th Century The 20th Century has seen dramatic changes in every day people’s lives. These changes have had a major, direct impact on people’s health. Source A shows how the average age that people reach has soared since the turn of the century. This is due to a number of factors but most have a direct link to science and technology. MEDICAL IMPROVEMENTS