默里·谢弗

**雷蒙德・默里・謝弗**（英語：Raymond Murray Schafer，1933 年 7 月 18 日 —2021 年 8 月 14 日），是一名加拿大作曲家、作家、音樂教育家和環境論者。他最廣為人知的行動是「世界音景計劃」（_World Soundscape Project_），最著名的出版物是《世界的調音》（_The Tuning of the World_），又名《音景》（_The Soundscape_）。他是第一位朱爾斯 - 聖萊傑獎（Jules Léger Prize）的受領人，也曾獲得加拿大勳章（Order of Canada）。

## 學術

謝弗出生於加拿大安大略省的薩尼亞市。他曾於英國皇家音樂學院、多倫多皇家音樂學院、多倫多大學學習。在多倫多大學期間，他曾是理察・約翰斯頓的弟子。

他的音樂教育理論在全世界都受到推廣。在 1960 年代他在西門菲莎大學開始了音景理論的研究。

為了解釋音景的概念，謝弗在 1969 年提出了「聲音分裂」（英語：schizophonia）這一詞，意味「聲音從它的來源和環境分離」，他解釋道：「我們總是將聲音從它的製造者身上分離出來。原本存在於自然宿主中的聲音被扯離，被賦予響度的放大然後變成獨立的存在。舉例來說，人唱歌或說話的聲音已經不全是直接從嘴裡發出的了，它可能來自世界上的任何一個角落。」

謝弗也是圖像記譜法的實踐者之一。

## 榮譽

1987 年，謝弗被授予了第一屆格連 - 古爾德獎（Glenn Gould Prize）作為對他的貢獻的肯定。謝弗還兩次榮獲朱諾獎的年度最佳古典樂作曲，在 2004 年和 2011 年，獲獎作品分別是《String Quartet No.8》和《Duo for Violin and Piano》。

2005 年，加拿大藝術協會授予謝弗沃爾特 - 卡森獎，這是加拿大藝術家最高榮譽之一。 2009 年，謝弗還榮獲加拿大表演藝術界最高榮譽之加拿大總督表演藝術獎。 2013 年，基於他在「當代音樂領域的國際聲譽和在聲音生態學領域的開創性貢獻」，他被授予雙重榮譽的加拿大勳章。

## 表演藝術作品

### 戲劇

* Job (Schafer _et al._, after the Biblical book of Job). 2011 (Kingston, Ont 2011). Chor (SATB), actors, et cetra. (Premieres 14, 15 May at 8:00 pm EST at Sydenham Street United Church, Kingston, Ontario.)
* Jonah (Schafer _et al._, after the Biblical book of Jonah). 1979 (Maynooth, Ont 1979). Chor (SATB), actors, fl, clarinet, organ, percussion. Arcana 1980
* _Patria_ (1966—)
  * Patria: The Prologue, _The Princess of the Stars_
  * Patria 1: _Wolfman_
  * Patria 2: _Requiems for the Party Girl_
  * Patria 3: _The Greatest Show_
    * Adapted into the film _Carnival of Shadows_
  * Patria 4: _The Black Theatre of Hermes Trismegistos_
  * Patria 5: _The Crown of Ariadne_
  * Patria 6: _Ra_
  * Patria 7: _Asterion_
  * Patria 8: _The Palace of the Cinnabar Phoenix_
  * Patria 9: _The Enchanted Forest_
  * Patria 10: _The Spirit Garden_
  * Patria: The Epilogue: _And Wolf Shall Inherit the Moon_
* Job (Schafer _et al._, after the Biblical book of Job). 2011 (Kingston, Ont 2011). Chor (SATB), actors, et cetra. (Premieres 14, 15 May at 8:00 pm EST at Sydenham Street United Church, Kingston, Ontario.)
* Jonah (Schafer _et al._, after the Biblical book of Jonah). 1979 (Maynooth, Ont 1979). Chor (SATB), actors, fl, clarinet, organ, percussion. Arcana 1980
* _Patria_ (1966—)
  * Patria: The Prologue, _The Princess of the Stars_
  * Patria 1: _Wolfman_
  * Patria 2: _Requiems for the Party Girl_
  * Patria 3: _The Greatest Show_
    * Adapted into the film _Carnival of Shadows_
  * Patria 4: _The Black Theatre of Hermes Trismegistos_
  * Patria 5: _The Crown of Ariadne_
  * Patria 6: _Ra_
  * Patria 7: _Asterion_
  * Patria 8: _The Palace of the Cinnabar Phoenix_
  * Patria 9: _The Enchanted Forest_
  * Patria 10: _The Spirit Garden_
  * Patria: The Epilogue: _And Wolf Shall Inherit the Moon_

### 交響樂

* In Memoriam: Alberto Guerrero. 1959 (Vancouver 1962). Str orch. Arcana 1985. Centrediscs CMC-2887 (Vancouver Symphony Orchestra)
* Partita for String Orchestra. 1961 (Hal 1963). Arcana. CBC SM-15 (CBC Vancouver Orchestra)
* Canzoni for Prisoners. 1962 (Montreal 1963). Full orch. Ber 1977
* Untitled Composition for Orchestra No.1. 1963 (Toronto 1966). Sm orch. Ber 1977
* Untitled Composition for Orchestra No. 2. 1963. Full orch. Ber 1977
* Statement in Blue. 1964 (Toronto 1965). Youth orch. BMIC 1966, UE 1971. 1970. Mel SMLP-4017 (Lawrence Park Collegiate O, J. McDougall conductor)
* Son of Heldenleben. 1968 (Montreal 1968). Full orch, tape. UE 1976. RCI 387/Sel CC-15-101/5-ACM 3 (MSO)
* No Longer than Ten (10) Minutes. 1970. Rev 1972 (Toronto 1971). Full orch. Ber 1977
* East (meditations on a text from Ishna Upanishad). 1972 (Bath, England, 1973). Sm orch. UE 1977. RCI 434/5-ACM 3 (NACO)
* North/White. 1973 (Vancouver 1973). Full orch, snowmobile. UE 1980
* Train. 1976 (Toronto 1976). Youth orch. Ber 1977
* Cortège. 1977(Ott 1977). Sm orch. UE 1981
* Ko wo kiku ('Listen to the Incense'). 1985 (Kyoto 1985). Full orch. Arcana 1989
* Dream Rainbow Dream Thunder. 1986 (Kingston 1986). Full orch. Arcana 1989. CBC SMCD-5101 (Esprit Orchestra)
* Scorpius. 1990 (Toronto 1990). Orch. Arcana 1990
* **交響中的獨唱或合唱**
  * Minnelieder (various Medieval German poets). 1956 (chamber version), 1987 (orch version) (Quebec City 1987 orch version). Mezzo, woodwind quintet or mezzo, orch. Ber 1970 (chamber version), Arcana (rental, orch version, with one additional song 'Über den Linden,' text by Walter von der Vogelweider). (chamber version) RCI 218/RCA CCS-1012/5-ACM 3
  * Protest and Incarceration (East European poets). 1960 (Toronto 1967). Mezzo, orch. Ms
  * Brébeuf, cantata (Brébeuf, transl Schafer). 1961 (Toronto 1966). Bar, orch. Arcana 1981
  * Threnody (Japanese children). 1966, rev 1967 (Vancouver 1967). Choir, orch, tape. Ber 1970. 1970. Mel SMLP-4017 (Lawrence Park Collegiate O and Choir, J. Barron conductor)
  * Lustro. 1970-2 (CBC Toronto 1973). Comprising:
  * Part 1: Divan i Shams i Tabriz (Jalal al din Rumi). 1969, rev 1970. 6 solo voices, orch, tape. UE 1977
  * Part 2: Music for the Morning of the World (various). 1970. V, 4-track tape. UE 1973. 2-Mel SMLP-4035-6 (K. Terrell)
  * Part 3: Beyond the Great Gate of Light (Tagore). 1972. 6 solo voices, orch, tape. UE 1977
  * Arcana (Schafer, transl into Middle Egyptian hieroglyphs by D.B. Redford) 12 of the 14 songs (all but no. 9 and 12) appear in Patria 4. 1972 (Montreal 1973 orch version). V, orch (voice, chamber ensemble). Ms. UE 1977 (chamber version). RCI 434/5-ACM 3 (Morrison)
  * _Adieu Robert Schumann_ (Clara Schumann, adapt Schafer). 1976. Alto, orch. UE 1980. CBC SM-364 (Forrester)
  * Hymn to Night (Novalis) from Patria 7. 1976. Sop, small orch, tape. UE 1981. CBC SM-364 (Turofsky, CBC Vancouver Orchestra)
  * The Garden of the Heart (The Thousand and One Nights). 1980 (Ottawa 1981). Alto, full orch. Arcana 1982
  * Concerto for Flute. 1984 (Montreal 1984). Fl, full orch. Arcana 1985
  * Letters from Mignon. 1987 (Calgary 1987). Mezzo, orch. Arcana 1989
  * Concerto for Harp. 1987 (Toronto 1988). Hp, full orch, tape. Arcana 1988
  * Concerto for Guitar. 1989 (Toronto 1990). Guit, small orch. Arcana 1989
  * The Darkly Splendid Earth: The Lonely Traveller. 1991 (Toronto 1991). Vn, full orch. Arcana
  * Gitanjali (Rabindranath Tagore). 1991 (Ott 1992). Sop, small orch. Arcana 1990
  * Accordion Concerto. 1993. Accordion, orch
  * Concerto for Viola and Orchestra. 1997. Viola, orch
  * The Falcon's Trumpet (Concerto for Trumpet and Orchestra), 1996. Arcana.

### 室內樂

* Concerto for Harpsichord and Eight Wind Instruments. 1954 (Montreal 1959). Arcana 1990. RCI 193 (K. Jones harpsichord)/Centrediscs CMC-CD-3488 (Tilney harpsichord)
* _Sonatina for Flute and Harpsichord (or Piano)_ 1958. Ber 1976
* Five Studies on Texts by Prudentius. 1962. Sop, 4 fl. BMIC 1965
* 4 arias from Loving: The Geography of Eros (1963), and Air Ishtar, Modesty, Vanity (all 1965). Sop, chamber ensemble (Modesty), mezzo, chamber ensemble (Ishtar, Vanity, and Eros). Ber 1979
* Requiems for the Party Girl (Schafer) from Patria 2. 1966. Mezzo, chamber ensemble. BMIC 1967. RCI 299/5-ACM 3 (Mailing mezzo, SMCQ)/Mel SMLP-4026 (Mailing, instr ensemble, Schafer conductor)/CRI SD-245 (Pilgrim soprano, Chicago U Contemporary Chamb Players, Shapey conductor)
* Minimusic. 1967. Any comb of instr or voice. UE 1971, Ber 1972
* String Quartet No. 1. 1970. UE 1973. RCI 353/Mel SMLP-4026 (Purcell String Quartet)/Concert Hall SMS-2902/Mel SMLP-4038/2-Centrediscs CMC-CD-39-4090 (Orford String Quartet)
* Enchantress (Sappho). 1971. V, exotic fl, 8 violoncello. Ber 1978
* String Quartet No. 2 ('Waves'). 1976. Ber 1978. Mel SMLP-4038/2-Centrediscs CMC-CD-39-4090 (Orford String Quartet)/RCI 476/5-ACM 3 (Purcell String Quartet)
* The Crown of Ariadne, from Patria 3 and Patria 5. Ca 1979. Hp, percussion (by the harpist). Arcana 1980. Aquitaine MS-90570/Centrediscs CMC-CD-41-4292 (Loman)/Mark MC-20485 (Mario Falcao)
* Music for Wilderness Lake. 1979. 12 trombone, small rural lake. Arcana 1981
* Beauty and the Beast (Schafer, after de Beaumont) from Patria 3. 1979. Alto with masks, string quartet. Arcana 1983 (Eng text and French transl)
* Wizard Oil and Indian Sagwa (Schafer) from Patria 3. 1980. Speaker, clarinet. Arcana 1982
* String Quartet No. 3. 1981. Arcana 1983. 2-Centrediscs CMC-CD 39-4090 (Orford String Quartet)
* Theseus. 1983. Hp, string quartet. Arcana 1988. Centrediscs CMC-CD-41-4292 (Loman)
* Buskers (formerly Rounds), from Patria 3. 1985. Fl, violin, viola. Arcana
* Le Cri de Merlin. 1987. Guit, tape. Arcana 1987. Chandos ABTD-1419/Chandos CHAN-8784 (CD) (Kraft)
* String Quartet No. 4. 1989. Str quartet, soprano. Arcana 1989. 2-Centrediscs CMC-CD-39-4090 (Orford String Quartet, Wendy Humphreys)
* String Quartet No. 5 ('Rosalind'). 1989. Arcana 1989. 2-Centrediscs CMC-CD-39-4090 (Orford String Quartet)
* String Quartet No. 6 ('Parting Wild Horse's Mane'). 1993
* String Quartet No. 7. Soprano and percussion. 1998
* Four-Forty. String quartet, orch. 2000
* String Quartet No. 8. Tape. 2001
* String Quartet No. 9. 2005
* String Quartet No. 10. 2005
* String Quartet No. 11. 2006
* Symphony No. 1 in C Minor
* String Quartet No. 12. 2012
* String Quartet No. 13. 2015

### 合唱

* Four Songs on Texts of Tagore. 1962. Sop, mezzo, alto, SA. Ms
* Gita (Bhagavad Gita), from Patria 1. 1967. SATB, brass, tape. UE 1977
* Epitaph for Moonlight (invented words by Grade 7 students), from Patria 5. 1968. SATB, bells (optional). BMIC 1969, UE 1971. CBC SM-274/5-ACM 3 (Festival Singers)/Mel SMLP-4017 (Lawrence Park Collegiate Choir, J. Barron conductor)/Grouse GR-101-C (cass) (Vancouver Chamber Choir)/P3-C (cass) (Powell River Academy Singers, Don James dir)/World WRC-257 (University of Alberta Concert Choir, Larry Cook conductor)
* From the Tibetan Book of the Dead (Bardo Thödol) from Patria 2. 1968. Sop, SATB, alto fl, clarinet, tape. UE 1973
* Two Anthems (formerly Yeow and Pax ) (Isaiah). 1969. SATB, organ, tape. Ber 1980
* In Search of Zoroaster (Sacred Books of the East). 1971. Male voice, SATB (at least 150 voices), percussion, organ (tape). Ber 1976
* Miniwanka or the Moments of Water (North American Indian dialects). 1971. SA (SATB). UE 1973. RCI 434 (Vancouver Bach Choir)/Grouse GR-101-C (cass) (Vancouver Chamber Choir)/ARU 8701-CD (F.A.C.E. Senior Treble Choir, Iwan Edwards, dir)/Centrediscs CMC-2285 (Toronto Children's Chor)/Imperial unnumbered (Powell River Boys' Choir, James dir)
* Psalm (formerly Tehillah), from Apocalypsis (Psalm 148). 1972, rev 1976. Mixed chorus, percussion. Ber 1976. RCI 434 (Vancouver Bach Choir)
* Credo (Giordano Bruno, adpt by Schafer), from Apocalypsis. 1977. 12 choirs, tape, optional string and/or synthesizer. Arcana 1986
* Felix's Girls (Henry Felix) from Patria 3. 1979. SATB quartet or choir. Arcana 1980. Grouse GR-101-C (cass) (Vancouver Chamber Choir)
* Gamelan (Balinese solmization syllables), from Patria 3. 1979. Quar or choir (SATB, SASA, TBTB). Arcana 1980. Grouse GR-100/Marquis MAR-106/Grouse 101-C (cass) (Vancouver Chamber Choir)
* Sun (words for sun in 36 languages) from Princess of the Stars (Patria prologue). 1982. SATB. Arcana 1983. 2-Centrediscs CMC-14-1584/RCI 585 (Elmer Iseler Singers)/Grouse GR-101-C (cass) (Vancouver Chamber Choir)
* A Garden of Bells (Schafer _et al._). 1983. SATB. Arcana 1984. Grouse GR-101-C (cass) (Vancouver Chamber Choir)
* Snowforms (Inuit words for 'snow'). 1981, rev 1983. SA. Arcana 1986. Grouse GR-101-C (cass) (Vancouver Chamber Choir)
* The Star Princess and the Waterlilies (Schafer), from And Wolf Shall Inherit the Moon (Patria conclusion). 1984. Narr, children's chorus, light percussion. Arcana 1984. TCC TCC-D-004 (Toronto Children's Chor)
* Fire (Schafer) from Patria 5. 1986. SATB, light percussion. Arcana 1986. Grouse GR-101-C (cass) (Vancouver Chamb Choir)
* Magic Songs (Schafer). 1988. SATB (TTBB). Arcana 1988
* The Death of the Buddha (Mahaperinibbana Sutta). 1989. Mixed chorus, gongs, bell tree. Arcana 1989
* Vox Naturae, from De Rerum Natura. 1997
* Apocalypsis, revised version 2015, Toronto Luminato Festival, June. Multiple choirs, dancers, actors, throat singer

### 人聲

* Three Contemporaries (Schafer). 1956. Mezzo, piano. Ber 1974
* Kinderlieder (traditional, Brecht). 1958. Sop, piano. Ber 1975. CBC SM-141 (Mailing mezzo)
* La Testa d'Adriane (Schafer), from Patria 3. 1977. Sop, accordion. Arcana 1980/in R. Murray Schafer: A Collection. Mel SMLP-4034 (Morrison soprano)
* Sun Father Sky Mother (Schafer) from And Wolf Shall Inherit the Moon (Patria conclusion). 1985. Solo voice in a mountain setting, near water and forest. Musical Canada
* Tantrika (Sanskrit words from Tantric texts), from Patria 3. 1986. Mezzo, 4 percussion. 1986
* Gitanjali (Rabindranath Tagore). 1991. Soprano, orch

### 其他

* Kaleidoscope. 1967. Multi-track tape
* Okeanos (Hesiod, Homer, Melville, Pound, _et al._). 1971. 4-track tape (composed with Bruce Davis, text compiled with Brian Fawcett)
* Dream Passage (Schafer). 1969 (CBC radio 1969). Radio version of Patria 2: Requiems for the Party Girl. Mezzo, chamber ensemble, tape
* Hear Me Out (Schafer) from Patria 3. 1979. 4 speaking voices. Arcana 1980
* One movement for Ontario Variations. 1979. Pf, variations by Ontario composers, on a theme by Jack Behrens
* Harbour Symphony. 1983. Fog horns. Ms. Portion of score printed in Musicworks 25, Summer 1983
* Also a work for piano solo, Polytonality (1954,. Ber 1974), and several works in all categories, now withdrawn by the composer
* _Wolf Music_ (2003)

## 理論著作

* _Ezra Pound and Music_ (1961)
* _The Composer in the Classroom_ (1965)
* _Ear cleaning: Notes for an experimental music course_ (1967) ISBN 0-911320-90-3 – included in _The Thinking Ear_
* _The New Soundscape_ (1968)
* _The Book of Noise_ (1970)
* _When Words Sing_ (1970)
* _The Rhinoceros in the Classroom_ (1975)
* _E.T.A. Hoffmann and Music_ (1975) ISBN 0-8020-5310-6
* _Creative Music Education: A Handbook for the Modern Music Teacher_ (1976) ISBN 978-0-02-872330-3
* _Smoke : A Novel_ (1976) – reprinted as _Ariadne_ (1985)
* _The Tuning of the World (The Soundscape)_ (1977) ISBN 978-0-394-40966-5, republished as _The Soundscape_ (1994) ISBN 978-0-89281-455-8
* _Five Village Soundscapes_ (1977) – editor
* _Music in the Cold_ (1977)
* _The Chaldean Inscription_ (1978)
* _R. Murray Schafer: A Collection_ (1979)
* _The Sixteen Scribes_ (1981)
* _On Canadian Music_ (1984)
* _Dicamus et Labyrinthos: A Philologist's Notebook_ (1984)
* _The Thinking Ear: On Music Education_ (1986) OCLC 15722926
* _Patria and the Theatre of Confluence_ (1991) ISBN 1-895127-11-4
* _A Sound Education: 100 Exercises in Listening and Soundmaking_ (1992)
* _Voices of Tyranny: Temples of Silence: Studies and Reflections on the Contemporary Soundscape_ (1993)
* _Wolf Tracks_ (1997)
* _Patria: The Complete Cycle_ (2002)
* _Shadowgraphs and Legends_ (2004)
* _The Enchanted Forest_ (2005) book & CD
* _HearSing_ (2005)
* _A Little Sound Education_ (2009, 與今田匡彥合著，春秋社，東京) ISBN 978-4-393-93539-2

## 另見

* 音景
* 聲音生態學
* 聲音文化
* 聲音地圖
* 圖像記譜

## 參考文獻

## 延伸閱讀

* Eatock, Colin. "R. Murray Schafer at 75: an appreciation," in _Queen's Quarterly._ Kingston, Ontario: Queen's University Press, Spring 2009, pp. 98–115.
* Steenhuisen, Paul. "Interview with R. Murray Schafer". In _Sonic Mosaics: Conversations with Composers_. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-88864-474-9ISBN 978-0-88864-474-9
* Wilkins, Nigel, _Musical Encounters_, London, Austin Macaulay, 2018.

## 外部連結

* Arcana Editions bibliography （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* R. Murray Schafer （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） at the Canadian Encyclopedia
* R. Murray Schafer biography （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） at the Canadian Music Center
* R. Murray Schafer（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） at the Living Composers Project
* Music Behind Walls, 3:24 min, R. Murray Schafer (RealMedia)
* World Soundscape Project （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* A Tribute to R. Murray Schafer – National Arts Centre / Centre National des Arts (Canada)（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* _Listen_, a short film on Schafer – Governor General's Performing Arts Award for Lifetime Artistic Achievement （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* R. Murray Schafer – National Arts Center musicbox（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Leonardo Acoustic Ecology and the Soundscape Bibliography （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） by Maksymilian Kapelański with special section on R. Murray Schafer