馬卡斯·加維

**馬科斯・加維**（Marcus Garvey，1887 年 8 月 17 日 —1940 年 6 月 10 日） 是 20 世紀一二十年代牙買加政治家、出版者、記者、創業家及演說家，為世界黑人進步協會創辦者。他是黑人民族主義者與泛非主義者，被認定為黑人民族主義開創者。

## 生平

原籍牙買加，在牙買加創建了世界黑人進步協會，該協會分支機構最多時達到 30 多個，分布在美國和加勒比國家。還創辦了黑人報紙、各種類型的商店、黑星輪船公司。他鼓吹黑人重返非洲，激發黑人種族自豪感。憑藉傑出的演講能力，贏得了中下層黑人的擁護。由於經營黑星輪船公司時欺騙股東，他被判處五年監禁，後獲得減刑，在 1927 年被逐出美國。

## 參考

## 書籍

* _The Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey_. Edited by Amy Jacques Garvey. 412 pages. Majority Press; Centennial edition, 1 November 1986. ISBN 0-912469-24-2. Avery edition. ISBN 0-405-01873-8.
* _Message to the People: The Course of African Philosophy by Marcus Garvey._ Edited by Tony Martin. Foreword by Hon. Charles L. James, president- general, Universal Negro Improvement Association. 212 pages. Majority Press, 1 March 1986. ISBN 0-912469-19-6.
* _The Poetical Works of Marcus Garvey._ Compiled and edited by Tony Martin. 123 pages. Majority Press, 1 June 1983. ISBN 0-912469-02-1.
* Hill, Robert A., editor. _The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers._ Vols. I-VII, IX. University of California Press, ca. 1983- (ongoing). 1146 pages. University of California Press, 1 May 1991. ISBN 0-520-07208-1.
* Hill, Robert A., editor. _The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers: Africa for the Africans 1921-1922._ 740 pages. University of California Press, 1 February 1996. ISBN 0-520-20211-2.
* Burkett, Randall K. _Garveyism as a Religious Movement: The Institutionalization of a Black Civil Religion._ Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press and American Theological Library Association, 1978.
* Campbell, Horace. _Rasta and Resistance: From Marcus Garvey to Walter Rodney._ Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press, 1987.
* Clarke, John Henrik, editor. _Marcus Garvey and the Vision of Africa._ With assistance from Amy Jacques Garvey. New York: Vintage Books, 1974.
* Cronon, Edmund David. _Black Moses: The Story of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association._ Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1955, reprinted 1969 and 2007.
* Garvey, Amy Jacques, _Garvey and Garveyism._ London: Collier-MacMillan, 1963, 1968.
* Grant, Colin. _Negro with a Hat, The Rise and Fall of Marcus Garvey and his Dream of Mother Africa._, London: Jonathan Cape, 2008.
* Hill, Robert A., editor. _Marcus Garvey, Life and Lessons: A Centennial Companion to the Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers._ Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.
* Hill, Robert A. _The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers_. Vols. I–VII, IX. University of California Press, ca. 1983– (ongoing).
* James, Winston. _Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia: Caribbean Radicalism in Early Twentieth-Century America._ London: Verso, 1998.
* Kornweibel Jr., Theodore. _Seeing Red: Federal Campaigns Against Black Militancy 1919-1925._ Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1998.
* Lemelle, Sidney, and Robin D. G. Kelley. _Imagining Home: Class, Culture, and Nationalism in the African Diaspora._ London: Verso, 1994.
* Lewis, Rupert. _Marcus Garvey: Anti-Colonial Champion_. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press, 1988.
* Lewis, Rupert, and Bryan, Patrick, eds. _Garvey: His Work and Impact._ Mona, Jamaica: Institute of Social and Economic Research, 1988.
* Lewis, Rupert, and Maureen Warner-Lewis. _Garvey: Africa, Europe, The Americas_. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press, 1986, 1994.
* Manoedi, M. Korete. _Garvey and Africa._ New York: New York Age Press, 1922.
* Martin, Tony. _Race First: The Ideological and Organizational Struggle of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association._ Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1976.
* Martin, Tony. _Literary Garveyism: Garvey, Black Arts, and the Harlem Renaissance._ Dover, Mass.: Majority Press, 1983.
* Martin, Tony. _African Fundamentalism: A Literary and Cultural Anthology of Garvey's Harlem Renaissance._ Dover, Mass.: Majority Press, 1983, 1991.
* Martin, Tony. _Marcus Garvey: Hero._ Dover, Mass.: Majority Press, 1983.
* Martin, Tony. _The Pan-African Connection: From Slavery to Garvey and Beyond._ Dover, Mass.: Majority Press, 1983.
* Martin, Tony. _The Poetical Works of Marcus Garvey._ Dover, Mass.: Majority Press, 1983.
* Smith-Irvin, Jeannette. _Marcus Garvey's Footsoldiers of the Universal Negro Improvement Association._ Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press, 1989.
* Solomon, Mark. _The Cry Was Unity: Communists and African-Americans, 1917–1936._ Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 1998.
* Stein, Judith. _The World of Marcus Garvey: Race and Class in Modern Society_. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1986.
* Tolbert, Emory J. _The UNIA and Black Los Angeles._ Los Angeles: Center of Afro-American Studies, University of California, 1980.
* Vincent, Theodore. _Black Power and the Garvey Movement_. Berkeley, Calif.: Ramparts Press, 1971.
* Marcus Garvey: A Controversial Figure in the History of Pan-Africanism by Jérémie Kroubo Dagnini for the Journal of Pan African Studies （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

## 外部連結

* Garvey's Legacy in Context: Colourism, Black Movements and African Nationalism （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* "Marcus Garvey: Look for Me in the Whirlwind." PBS documentary film （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Marcus Garvey website （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* UNIA website （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）.
* Marcus Garvey economic principles （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Marcus Garvey speaks - text and audio
* Poem - Ras Nasibu of the Ogaden （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）