陸龜屬

**陸龜屬**（_Testudo_）是陸龜科的一個屬，其下生物分布於北非、西亞和歐洲等地中海附近地區。除去緣翹陸龜外，所有現存種都因棲息地喪失而處於易危甚至瀕危狀態。陸龜屬的龜體型都不大。

## 分類

陸龜屬的分類一直存在巨大爭議，其下的種也改變過很多次，大量命名甚至已經無效，因此通過學名進行文獻檢索時非常困難。

基因序列研究對陸龜科分類學的幫助很有限。mtDNA 研究顯示，陸龜屬的生物進化非常緩慢。古生物地理學家發現一千多萬年來，其粒線體 12S rRNA 基因的進化速度是每一百萬年 1.0-1.6% ，而 ntDNA 進化速度在很多種（甚至是赫曼陸龜的亞種）之間差異極大。

本屬包括以下物種：

* _Testudo amberiacensis_ Deperet, 1894
* _Testudo amiatae_ Pantanelli, 1893
* _Testudo angusticeps_ (Matthew, 1924)
* _Testudo antiqua_ Bronn, 1831
* _Testudo atlas_ Falconer & Cautley, 1844
* _Testudo boettgeri_ Mojsisovics, 1889
* _Testudo bosporica_ Riabinin, 1946
* _Testudo brevitesta_ Vlachos & Tsoukala, 2015，已滅絕
* _Testudo brontops_ (Marsh, 1890)
* _Testudo cautleyi_ Lydekker, 1889
* _Testudo cernovi_ Khosatzky, 1948
* _Testudo changshanensis_ Wei et al., 1975
* _Testudo chienfutungensis_ Yeh, 1963
* _Testudo coriacea_ Linnaeus, 1766
* _Testudo crassiscutata_ (Leidy, 1889)
* _Testudo craverii_ Portis, 1879
* _Testudo denizoti_ Bergounioux, 1935
* _Testudo despotti_ Szalai, 1937
* _Testudo ducateli_ (Collins & Lynn, 1936)
* _Testudo eocaenica_ Hummel, 1935
* _Testudo escheri_ Pictet & Humbert, 1856
* _Testudo eurysternum_ Gervais, 1848
* _Testudo gilbertii_ (Hay, 1899)
* _Testudo globosa_ Portis, 1890
* 希臘陸龜 _Testudo gracea_
* _Testudo graeca_ Linnaeus, 1758
* _Testudo hellenica_ Garcia et al., 2020
* _Testudo hercegovinensis_ Werner, 1899
* 赫曼陸龜 _Testudo hermanni_ Gmelin, 1789
* _Testudo hexagonata_ Cope, 1893
* _Testudo hipparionum_ Wiman, 1930
* _Testudo honanensis_ Wiman, 1930
* 四爪陸龜 _Testudo horsfieldii_ Gray, 1844
* _Testudo houzei_ Dollo, 1909
* _Testudo hypercostata_ Wiman, 1930
* _Testudo kaiseni_ Gilmore, 1931
* _Testudo (Chersine) kalksburgensis_ Toula, 1896
* _Testudo kenitrensis_ Gmira, 1993
* 埃及陸龜 _Testudo kleinmanni_ Lortet, 1883
* _Testudo lamanonii_ Gray, 1831
* _Testudo larteti_ Pictet, 1853
* _Testudo lohanica_ Perez-Garcia et al., 2022
* _Testudo lunanensis_ (Yeh, 1963)
* _Testudo margae_ Hooijer, 1948
* _Testudo marginata_ Schoepff, 1792
* _Testudo marmorum_ Gaudry, 1862
* _Testudo nanus_ (Gilmore, 1931)
* _Testudo neraudii_ Gray, 1831
* _Testudo orthopygia_ (Cope, 1878)
* _Testudo osborniana_ (Hay, 1904)
* _Testudo oughlamensis_ Gmira et al., 2013
* _Testudo pecorinii_ Abbazzi et al., 2008
* _Testudo phosphoritarum_ (Rage, 1988)
* _Testudo promarginata_ Reinach, 1900
* _Testudo pusilla_ Linnaeus, 1758
* _Testudo shansiensis_ Wiman, 1930
* _Testudo sharanensis_ (Yeh, 1965)
* _Testudo shensiensis_ Wiman, 1930
* _Testudo shilouensis_ Hsu et al., 1973
* _Testudo sloanei_ Lydekker, 1889
* _Testudo sphaerica_ Wiman, 1930
* _Testudo steinheimensis_ Staesche, 1931
* _Testudo tarakliensis_ Riabinin, 1918
* _Testudo terrestris_ Fermin, 1765
* _Testudo tunhuanensis_ Yeh, 1963
* _Testudo turgida_ (Cope, 1892)
* _Testudo ulanensis_ Gilmore, 1931
* 威爾遜陸龜 _Testudo wilsoni_ (Milstead, 1956)
* 雲南陸龜 _Testudo yunnanensis_ (Yeh, 1963)

## 參考文獻

* James F. Parham; J. Robert Macey; Theodore J. Papenfuss; Chris R. Feldman; Oguz Türkozan; Rosa Polymeni; JeVrey Boore. The phylogeny of Mediterranean tortoises and their close relatives based on complete mitochondrial genome sequences from museum specimens (PDF). 2005 [2020-05-07]. （原始內容 (PDF) 存檔於 2015-10-23）.