霍尔丹，J.B.S.

**約翰・伯頓・桑德森・霍爾丹** FRS（英語：**John Burdon Sanderson Haldane**，1892 年 11 月 5 日 —1964 年 12 月 1 日；通常被稱做 **J.B.S. 霍爾丹**、**霍爾丹**，在他的著作中有時也使用 J.B.S.；姓或譯作**荷頓**）， 出生於大不列顛， 是一名遺傳學家和進化生物學家。霍爾丹是一名堅定的馬克思主義者， 由於對大不列顛政府對於蘇伊士運河危機的政策感到不滿，離開牛津大學去往印度並成為一名印度公民。霍爾丹同羅納德・費雪和休厄爾・賴特一起被認為是種群遺傳學的奠基人。

J.B.S. 霍爾丹在 1929 年發表的一篇關於「生命起源」的文章中提出了「有機物可由無機物形成」的假說，而這個假說已於 1924 年由俄羅斯科學家亞歷山大・伊萬諾維奇・奧巴林提出。由於兩人是分別提出相同的假說，並不互相知情，因此後人稱此假說為「歐帕林 — 霍爾丹假說」。

## 獲獎

1952 年，霍爾丹獲得了英國皇家學會達爾文獎章。1956 年，他獲得英國皇家人類學研究所授予赫胥黎（Huxley）紀念獎章。在其他的榮譽中，他還獲得了 Feltrinelli 獎，科學名譽博士學位，新學院榮譽院士和美國科學院授予的 Kimber 獎。1958 年，他被倫敦林奈學會授予達爾文 - 華萊士獎章。

## 著作

* Daedalus; or, Science and the Future (1924), E. P. Dutton and Company, Inc., a paper read to the Heretics, Cambridge, on February 4, 1923
  * second edition (1928), London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Co.
  * see also _Haldane's_ Daedalus _Revisited_ (1995), ed. with an introd. by Krishna R. Dronamraju, Foreword by Joshua Lederberg; with essays by M.F. Perutz, Freeman Dyson, Yaron Ezrahi, Ernst Mayr,Elof Axel Carlson, D.J. Weatherall, N.A. Mitchison and the editor. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-854846-X
* A Mathematical Theory of Natural and Artificial Selection, a series of papers beginning in 1924
* G.E. Briggs and J.B.S. Haldane (1925). A note on the kinetics of enzyme action, Biochem. J., 19: 338–339
* _Callinicus: A Defence of Chemical Warfare_ (1925), E. P. Dutton
* _Possible Worlds and Other Essays_ (1928), Harper and Brothers. 1937 edition London: Chatto & Windus. 2001 edition Transaction Publishers: ISBN 0-7658-0715-7 (includes On Being the Right Size)
* _Animal Biology_ (1929) Oxford: Clarendon
* _Enzymes_ (1930), MIT Press 1965 edition with new preface by the author written just prior to his death: ISBN 0-262-58003-9
* _The Inequality of Man, and Other Essays_ (1932)
* _The Causes of Evolution_ (1932)
* _Science and Human Life_ (1933), Harper and Brothers, Ayer Co. reprint: ISBN 0-8369-2161-5
* _Science and the Supernatural: Correspondence with Arnold Lunn_ (1935), Sheed & Ward, Inc,
* _Fact and Faith_ (1934), Watts Thinker's Library
* _My Friend Mr Leakey_ (1937), Vigyan Prasar 2001 reprint: ISBN 81-7480-029-8
* _Air Raid Precautions (A.R.P.)_ (1938), Victor Gollancz
* _Marxist Philosophy and the Sciences_ (1939), Random House, Ayer Co. reprint: ISBN 0-8369-1137-7
* _Science and Everyday Life_ (1940), Macmillan, 1941 Penguin, Ayer Co. 1975 reprint: ISBN 0-405-06595-7
* _Science in Peace and War_ (1941), Lawrence & Wishart Ltd
* _New Paths in Genetics_ (1941), George Allen & Unwin
* _Heredity & Politics_ (1943), George Allen & Unwin
* _Why Professional Workers should be Communists_ (1945), London: Communist Party (of Great Britain) In this four page pamphlet, Haldane contends that Communism should appeal to professionals because Marxism is based on the scientific method and Communists hold scientists as important; Haldane subsequently disavowed this position
* _Adventures of a Biologist_ (1947)
* _Science Advances_ (1947), Macmillan
* _What is Life?_ (1947), Boni and Gaer, 1949 edition: Lindsay Drummond
* _Everything Has a History_ (1951), Allen & Unwin -- Includes "Auld Hornie, F.R.S."; C.S. Lewis's "Reply to Professor Haldane" is available in "On Stories and Other Essays on Literature," ed. Walter Hooper (1982), ISBN 0-15-602768-2.
* "The Origins of Life", _New Biology_, 16, 12–27 (1954). Suggests that an alternative biochemistry could be based on liquid ammonia.
* "Origin of Man", _Nature_, 176, 169 (1955)
* "Cancer's a Funny Thing", _New Statesman_, 21 February 1964

## 參見

## 相關書目

## 參考文獻

## 外部連結

* An online copy of _Daedalus or Science and the Future_ （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* A review (from a modern perspective) of _The Causes of Evolution_ （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Unofficial SJG Archive – People – JBS Haldane (1892–1964) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Accessed 22 February 2006. Useful text but the likeness is not of JBS but of his father John Scott Haldane.
* Haldane's contributions to science in India （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Marxist Writers: J.B.S. Haldane （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

There are photographs of Haldane at

* JBS Haldane （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, on the Portraits of Statisticians （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） page.

The biography （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） on the Marxist Writers page has a photograph of Haldane when younger.

* My Friend Mr. Leakey – text – Haldane's most amusing imaginary acquaintance （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）