詹姆斯·艾伯特·麦克尼尔·惠斯勒

**詹姆士・惠斯勒**（**James McNeill Whistler**，1834 年 7 月 11 日 —1903 年 7 月 17 日），著名印象派畫家，父親是美國工程師，全家曾居於聖彼得堡。惠斯勒曾入讀西點軍校，之後自選畫家為職業。

惠斯勒出生於麻薩諸塞州，21 歲時懷著成為藝術家的雄心前往巴黎。他在倫敦建立起事業，從此未曾返回祖國。多年後，他成為 19 世紀美術史上最前衛的畫家之一。作為一名旅居者，惠斯勒沒有受到為道德而藝術的美國趨勢的影響。相反，他甚至追求唯美主義，即「為藝術而藝術」（art for art's sake），這種理論認為美感應當是藝術追求的唯一目標。

在 1870 年代事業達到高峰之際，惠斯勒關注藝術作品的展現。他為自己的畫設計畫框，有時甚至自己安排展覽。在為英國船王、他的主要贊助人弗雷德里克・雷蘭（Frederick Richards Leyland）的倫敦住宅設計餐廳裝飾時，他最終實現了塑造無所不包的整體美感的願望。那間現在被稱為孔雀廳的餐廳提高了惠斯勒作為唯美主義畫家的聲譽，顯示出他對美感的追求遠遠超越了畫框。

惠斯勒的畫作不太重視輪廓和素描，而注重彩色和音樂的效果，尤其喜歡在畫作命名上加上音樂的術語，例如《母親的畫像》又名《灰色與黑色的交響》。

## 作品 (部分)

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## 延伸閱讀

* Bendix, D M (1995). _Diabolical Designs: Paintings, Interiors and Exhibitions of James McNeill Whistler_. Washington D.C. The Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1-56098-415-5.
* Cox, Devon. The Street of Wonderful Possibilities: Whistler, Wilde and Sargent in Tite Street. London: Frances Lincoln. 2015. ISBN 9780711236738.
* Curry, David Park (1984). _James McNeill Whistler at the Freer Gallery of Art_. New York: W. W. Norton and Freer Gallery of Art. ISBN 9780393018479.
* Denker, Eric (2003). _Whistler and His Circle in Venice_. London: Merrell Publishers. ISBN 1-85894-200-4.
* Dorment, R and MacDonald, M. F. (1994). _James McNeill Whistler_. London: Tate Gallery.ISBN 1-85437-145-2.
* Fleming, G. H. James Abbott McNeill Whistler: A Life. Adlestrop: Windrush. 1991. ISBN 0-900075-61-9.
* Fleming, G. H. The Young Whistler, 1834–66. London: Allen and Unwin. 1978. ISBN 0-04-927009-5.
* Glazer, Lee, et al. (2008). _James McNeill Whistler in Context_. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.ISBN 978-0-934686-09-9.
* Glazer, Lee and Merrill, Linda eds. (2013). _Palaces of Art: Whistler and the Art Worlds of Aestheticism._ Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. ISBN 978-1-935623-29-8.
* Gregory, Horace. The World of James McNeill Whistler. London: Hutchinson. 1961. ISBN 0-04-927009-5.
* Grieve, Alastair (1984). _Whistler's Venice_. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08449-8.
* Heijbroek, J. E. and MacDonald, Margaret F. (1997). _Whistler and Holland_. Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. ISBN 90-400-9183-8.
* Levey, Mervyn (1975). _Whistler Lithographs, Catalogue Raisonne_. London: Jupiter Books.
* Lochnan, Katherine A.(1984). _The Etchings of James McNeill Whistler_. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-03283-8.
* MacDonald Margaret F. (2001). _Palaces in the Night: Whistler and Venice_. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23049-3.
* MacDonald, Margaret F. ed. (2003). _Whistler's Mother, An American Icon_. Aldershot: Lund Humphries. ISBN 0-85331-856-5.
* MacDonald, Margaret F., Galassi, Susan Grace and Ribeiro, Aileen (2003). _Whistler, Women, & Fashion_. Frick Collection/Yale University. ISBN 0-300-09906-1.
* MacDonald, Margaret F., and de Montfort, Patricia (2013). _An American in London, Whistler and the Thames_. London: Philip Wilson Publishers. ISBN 978-1-78130-022-0.
* Merrill, Linda (1992). _A Pot of Paint; Aesthetics on Trial in Whistler v. Ruskin_. Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1-56098-300-0.
* Merrill, Linda (1998). _The Peacock Room: A Cultural Biography_. Washington, D.C.: Freer Gallery of Art / Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-07611-8.
* Merrill, Linda, and Ridley, Sarah (1993) _The Princess and the Peacocks; or, The Story of the [Peacock] Room_. New York: Hyperion Books for Children, in association with the Freer Gallery of Art. ISBN 1-56282-327-2.
* Merrill, Linda, et al. (2003) _After Whistler: The Artist and his Influence on American Painting_. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10125-2.
* Munhall, Edgar (1995). _Whistler and Montesquiou_. Paris: Flammarion. ISBN 2-08013-578-3.
* Pearson, Hesketh. The Man Whistler. London: Macdonald and Jane's. 1978 [1952]. ISBN 0-354-04224-6.
* Petri, Grischka (2011). _Arrangement in Business: The Art Markets and the Career of James McNeill Whistler_. Hildesheim: G. Olms. ISBN 978-3-487-14630-0.
* Robins, Anna Gruetzner (2007). _A Fragile Modernism, Whistler and his Impressionist Followers_. Yale University Press.ISBN 978-0-300-13545-9.
* Spencer, Robin (1991). _Whistler: A Retrospective_. New York: Wing Books. ISBN 0-517-05773-5.
* Stubbs, Burns A. (1950). _James McNeill Whistler: A Biographical Outline Illustrated from the Collections of the Freer Gallery of Art_. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
* Sutherland, Daniel E. and Toutziari, G. (2018). _James McNeill Whistler_. Yale University Press.ISBN 978-0-300-20346-2.
* Thompson, Jennifer A. (2017). "_Purple and Rose: The Lange Leizen of the Six Marks_ by James Abbott McNeill Whistler (cat. 1112)." In _The John G. Johnson Collection: A History and Selected Works_, edited by Christopher D. M. Atkins. A Philadelphia Museum of Art free digital publication. ISBN 978-0-87633-276-4.
* Twohig, Edward (2018). Print REbels: Haden – Palmer – Whistler and the origins of the RE (Royal Society of Painter-Printmaker) by Edward Twohig RE. ISBN 978-1-5272-1775-1. Published by the Royal Society of Painter-Printmakers in London, in May 2018.
* Taylor, Hilary. James McNeill Whistler. London: Studio Vista. 1978. ISBN 0-289-70836-2.
* Weintraub, Stanley. Whistler: A Biography. New York: Weybright and Talley. 1974. ISBN 0-679-40099-0.
* Young, MacDonald, Spencer, Miles (1980). _The Paintings of James McNeill Whistler_. Yale University Press.ISBN 0-300-02384-7.

## 外部參考

* James McNeill Whistler 的作品 - 古騰堡計劃
* 網際網路檔案館中 James McNeill Whistler 的作品或與之相關的作品
* 開放圖書館中詹姆士・惠斯勒的著作
* The Correspondence of James McNeill Whistler, Glasgow University （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Edited by M.F.MacDonald, P.de Montfort, N. Thorp.
* Catalogue raisonné of the etchings of James McNeill Whistler （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） by M.F. MacDonald, G. Petri, M. Hausberg, J. Meacock.
* James McNeill Whistler: The Paintings, a Catalogue Raisonné, University of Glasgow, 2014 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） by M.F. MacDonald, G. Petri.
* James McNeill Whistler exhibition catalogs （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* The Freer Gallery of Art which houses the premier collection of Whistler works including the Peacock Room.
* An account of the Whistler/Ruskin affair
* Whistler House Museum of Art official web site （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Works by James Abbott McNeill Whistler （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） at University of Michigan Museum of Art
* Rudolf Wunderlich Collection of James McNeill Whistler Exhibition Catalogs at the Smithsonian's Archives of American Art （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） 維基文庫中的相關文獻：
  * "James McNeill Whistler," poem by Florence Earle Coates
  * Whistler, James Abbott McNeill. The New Student's Reference Work. 1914 （英語）.
  * Whistler, James Abbott McNeill. 大英百科全書 (11th ed.). 1911.
* The Whistler Society, London. Founded 2012. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Jennifer A. Thompson, _"Purple and Rose: The Lange Leizen of the Six Marks by James Abbott McNeill Whistler (cat. 1112)"_ in _The John G. Johnson Collection: A History and Selected Works_, a Philadelphia Museum of Art free digital publication.