费尔南多·佩索亚

**費爾南多・佩索亞**（葡萄牙語：Fernando Pessoa，1888 年 6 月 13 日 —1935 年 11 月 30 日），生於里斯本，是葡萄牙詩人與作家。 他生前以詩集《使命》而聞名於世。 他被認為是繼路易・德賈梅士之後最偉大的葡語作家。文評家卜倫在他的作品《西方正典》形容為他是與諾貝爾獎得主巴勃魯・聶魯達最能夠代表二十世紀的詩人。在 2007 年票選最偉大的葡萄牙人中，他排名第八。

## 寫作風格

他在文學上以「創造」性格聞名，我們稱這種寫作手法為「異名」(Heteronymy)。各個「異名者」(heteronyms) 有著不同的閱歷、性格與人生哲學。異名者與作者「自我」之間常常互通書信，交流思想。在眾多角色中，以「自我」加上另外三個「異名者」最為成熟及最廣為人知。三個「異名者」分別是 Álvaro de Campos、Ricardo Reis 和 Alberto Caeiro。在他們當中，「自我」通常都是最能夠帶出真理、存在及個性等深層哲學意義的角色。

## 自我 (Ortónimo)

「佩索亞的自我」性格很全面，本身也是個作家，但是總離不開士巴斯梯斯式的愛國主義思想。他的「自我」在某程度上深受一些宗教理念影響，如通神論思想及共濟會的宗教觀。故此，「自我」的詩詞充滿神話及史詩式的氣魄，有時還有一種悲劇的味道。他作為一個普世主義 (Universalism) 詩人，他的世界觀可能受到東方及理性主義哲學思想所影響，顯得相當矛盾，他同時接受單一及多方面的世界觀。所以，這倒令佩索亞有十足的理由把其他的三個「異名者」連同《使命》中的「半自我」－Bernando Soares 從「自我」分開出來。

以葡萄牙歷史人物為背景的詩集《使命》中的佩索亞，就是最能夠代表這個「自我」，這也是他生前唯一出版的詩集。

　
: _por: Rui Alexandre N. Costa 12ºano Escola Secundária Paços de Ferreira '04/'05_

## 延伸閱讀

### 圖書

* Gray de Castro, Mariana (ed.). _Fernando Pessoa's modernity without frontiers: influences, dialogues, responses_ （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK. Rochester, NY; USA: Oxford: Tamesis, 2013, ISBN 9781855662568.
* Jackson, Kenneth David. _Adverse Genres in Fernando Pessoa_. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
* Jennings, Hubert D. and Carlos Pittella. _Fernando Pessoa, the Poet with Many Faces: A biography and anthology_. Providence, RI: Gavea-Brown, 2018.
* Klobucka, Anna and Mark Sabine, (eds.). _Embodying Pessoa: Corporeality, Gender, Sexuality_. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007.
* Santos, Maria Irene Ramalho Sousa. _Atlantic Poets: Fernando Pessoa's Turn in Anglo-American Modernism_. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 2003.
* _Pessoa's Alberto Caeiro_. Dartmouth, Mass.: University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 2000.
* Monteiro, George. _Fernando Pessoa and Nineteenth-century Anglo-American Literature_. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2000.
* Monteiro, George. _The Presence of Pessoa: English, American, and Southern African Literary Responses_. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1998.
* Sadlier, Darlene J. _An Introduction to Fernando Pessoa, Literary Modernist_. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 1998.
* Lancastre, Maria José de and Antonio Tabucchi. _Fernando Pessoa: Photographic Documentation and Caption._Paris : Hazan, 1997.
* Kotowicz, Zbigniew. _Fernando Pessoa: Voices of a Nomadic Soul_. London: Menard, 1996.
* Lisboa, Eugénio and L. C. Taylor. _A Centenary Pessoa_. Manchester, England: Carcanet, 1995.
* Terlinden-Villepin, Anne. _Fernando Pessoa: The Bilingual Portuguese Poet_. Brussels: Facultés universitaires Saint-Louis, 1990.
* McGuirk, Bernard. _Three Persons on One: A Centenary Tribute to Fernando Pessoa_. Nottingham, England: University of Nottingham, 1988.
* Green, J. C. R. _Fernando Pessoa: The Genesis of the Heteronyms_. Isle of Skye: Aquila, 1982.
* Monteiro, George. _The Man Who Never Was: Essays on Fernando Pessoa_. Providence, RI: Gávea-Brown, 1982.

### 文章

* Anderson, R. N., "The Static Drama of Pessoa, Fernando" _Hispanofila_ (104): 89–97 (January 1992).
* Bloom, Harold, "Fernando Pessoa" in _Genius: A Mosaic of One Hundred Exemplary Creative Minds_. New York: Warner Books, 2002.
* Brown, S.M., "The Whitman Pessoa Connection" _Walt Whitman Quarterly Review_ 9 (1): 1–14 SUM 1991.
* Bunyan, D, "The South-African Pessoa: Fernando 20th Century Portuguese Poet", _English in Africa_ 14 (1), May 1987, pp. 67–105.
* Cruz, Anne J., "Masked Rhetoric: Contextuality in Fernando Pessoa's Poems", _Romance Notes_, vol. XXIX, no. 1 (Fall, 1988), pp. 55–60.
* De Castro, Mariana, "Oscar Wilde, Fernando Pessoa, and the art of lying". _Portuguese Studies_ 22 (2): 219, 2006.
* Dyer, Geoff, "Heteronyms" _The New Statesman_, vol. 4 (6 December 1991), p. 46.
* Eberstadt, Fernanda, "Proud of His Obscurity", _The New York Times Book Review_, vol. 96, (1 September 1991), p. 26.
* Ferari, Patricio. "Proverbs in Fernando Pessoa's works." _Proverbium_ vol. 31, pp. 235–244.
* Guyer, Leland, "Fernando Pessoa and the Cubist Perspective", _Hispania_, vol. 70, no. 1 (March 1987), pp. 73–78.
* Haberly, David T., "Fernando Pessoa: Overview" in Lesley Henderson (Ed.), _Reference Guide to World Literature_, 2nd ed. St. James Press, 1995.
* Hicks, J., "The Fascist imaginary in Pessoa and Pirandello" _Centennial Review_ 42 (2): 309–332 SPR 1998.
* Hollander, John, "Quadrophenia" _The New Republic_, 7 September 1987, pp. 33–6.
* Howes, R. W., "Pessoa, Fernando, Poet, Publisher, and Translator", _British Library Journal_ 9 (2): 161–170 1983.
* Jennings, Hubert D., "In Search of Fernando Pessoa" _Contrast 47 – South African Quarterly_, vol. 12 no. 3 (June 1979).
* Lopes J. M., "Cubism and intersectionism in Fernando Pessoa's 'Chuva Obliqua" _Texte_ (15–16),1994, pp.  63–95.
* Mahr, G., "Pessoa, life narrative, and the dissociative process" in Biography 21 (1) Winter 1998, pp. 25–35.
* McNeill, Pods, "The aesthetic of fragmentation and the use of personae in the poetry of Fernando Pessoa and W.B. Yeats" _Portuguese Studies_ 19: 110–121 2003.
* Monteiro, George, "The Song of the Reaper-Pessoa and Wordsworth" _Portuguese Studies_ 5, 1989, pp. 71–80.
* Muldoon P., "In the hall of mirrors: 'Autopsychography' by Fernando Pessoa" _New England Review_ 23 (4), Fal 2002, pp. 38–52.
* Pasi, Marco, "September 1930, Lisbon: Aleister Crowley’s lost diary of his Portuguese trip" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） _Pessoa Plural_, no. 1 (Spring 2012), pp. 253–283.
* Pasi, Marco & Ferrari, Patricio, "Fernando Pessoa and Aleister Crowley: New discoveries and a new analysis of the documents in the Gerald Yorke Collection" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） _Pessoa Plural_, no. 1 (Spring 2012), pp. 284–313.
* Phillips, A., "Pessoa's Appearances" in _Promises, Promises._ London: Faber and Faber Limited, 2000, pp. 113–124.
* Ribeiro, A. S., "A tradition of empire: Fernando Pessoa and Germany" _Portuguese Studies_ 21: 201–209, 2005
* Riccardi, Mattia, "Dionysus or Apollo? The heteronym Antonio Mora as moment of Nietzsche's reception by Pessoa" _Portuguese Studies_ 23 (1), 109, 2007.
* Rosenthal, David H., "Unpredictable Passions", _The New York Times Book Review_, 13 December 1987, p. 32.
* Seabra, J.A., "Pessoa, Fernando Portuguese Modernist Poet", _Europe_ 62 (660): 41–53 1984.
* Severino, Alexandrino E., "Fernando Pessoa's Legacy: The Presença and After", _World Literature Today_, vol. 53, no. 1 (Winter, 1979), pp. 5–9.
* Severino, Alexandrino E., "Pessoa, Fernando – A Modern Lusiad", _Hispania_ 67 (1): 52–60 1984.
* Severino, Alexandrino E., "Was Pessoa Ever in South Africa?" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） _Hispania_ （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, vol. 74, no. 3 (September 1991).
* Sheets, Jane M., "Fernando Pessoa as Anti-Poet: Alberto Caeiro", _Bulletin of Hispanic Studies_, vol. XLVI, no. 1 (January 1969), pp. 39–47.
* Sousa, Ronald W., "The Structure of Pessoa's Mensagem", _Bulletin of Hispanic Studies_, vol. LIX, no. 1, January 1982, pp. 58–66.
* Steiner, George, "A man of many parts" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, _The Observer_, 3 June 2001.
* Suarez, Jose, "Fernando Pessoa's acknowledged involvement with the occult" _Hispania 90_ (2): (May 2007), 245–252.
* Wood, Michael, "Mod and Great" _The New York Review of Books_, vol. XIX, no. 4 (21 September 1972), pp. 19–22.
* Zenith, Richard, "Pessoa, Fernando and the Theater of his Self" _Performing Arts Journal_ (44), May 1993, pp. 47–49.

## 參見

* 惶然錄
* 阿莉塞・維埃拉
* 若澤・薩拉馬戈
* 卡蒙斯

## 外部連結

* Casa Fernando Pessoa （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Biografia de Fernando Pessoa em "Vidas Lusófonas"
* Labirinto MultiPessoa (viagens guiadas para estudantes e curiosos) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Instituto Camões
* Pessoa revisitado
* Um Fernando Pessoa