蜾蠃

**蜾蠃（ㄍㄨㄛˇ ㄌㄨㄛˇ）亞科**（學名：Eumeninae）是胡蜂科之下五個亞科之一，是一類分佈於全球的黃蜂，也是胡蜂科之下生物多樣性最高的一個亞科。有部份文獻將本亞科提升至科級，是為**蜾蠃科**（學名：Eumenidae）。

## 形態描述

本亞科物種普遍均為色黑或棕，常帶有鮮明的黃色、白色、橙色、紅色、甚或上述各色混合的斑紋。

## 生物學

蜾蠃亞科物種在築巢的方法多樣化：有些會利用現有由其他鞘翅目或膜翅目物種曾在木塊上建立的廢棄管道裡棲息；也有些會在人工建築（如：建築物或電子部件上的鑽孔或釘孔）裡棲息；但大多數會在地底或地面上利用沙泥築成的巢穴。牠們的巢穴不像其他蜂類那樣有多室，而是一般只有一個窩室，少數會有多於一個。因此，過往有假設認為蜾蠃亞科物種正處於從獨居到的有階級真社會性結構的過渡期。蜾蠃用來築巢的泥沙會以反吐出來的水黏合，但有不少物種會用咀嚼過後的植物來黏合。

## 分類

蜾蠃亞科是胡蜂科五個亞科之中生物多樣性最高的一個：有接近 200 個屬、3000 個物種，佔整個胡蜂科的 4500 個物種約三分之二。Zethinae 亞科的成員過往亦屬於蜾蠃亞科，但近年的研究認為這些物種在存在會令本亞科成為一個並系群，因為將牠們抽出來自組一個亞科。

蜾蠃亞科包括以下屬：

* _Abispa_ Mitchell, 1838
* _Acanthodynerus_ Gusenleitner, 1969
* _Acarodynerus_ Giordani Soika, 1962
* _Acarozumia_ Bequaert, 1921
* _Afrepipona_ Giordani Soika, 1965
* _Afreumenes_ Bequaert, 1926
* _Afrodynerus_ Giordani Soika, 1934
* _Afrogamma_ Giordani Soika, 1987
* _Afroxanthodynerus_ Giordani Soika, 1979
* _Alastor_ Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1841
* _Alastorynerus_ Blüthgen, 1938
* _Alfieria_ Giordani Soika, 1934
* _Allepipona_ Giordani Soika, 1987
* _Allodynerus_ Blüthgen, 1938
* _Allorhynchium_ Vecht, 1963
* _Alphamenes_ Bertoni, 1934
* _Ancistroceroides_ Saussure, 1855
* _Antamenes_ Giordani Soika, 1957
* _Antepipona_ de Saussure, 1855
* _Anterhynchium_ de Saussure, 1863
* _Antezumia_ de Saussure, 1875
* _Antherhynchium_
* _Antodynerus_ Saussure, 1855
* _Apodynerus_ Giordani Soika, 1993
* _Araucodynerus_ Willink, 1968
* _Archancistrocerus_ Giordani Soika, 1986
* _Argentozethus_ Stange, 1979
* _Aruodynerus_ Giordani Soika, 1993
* _Asiodynerus_ Kurzenko, 1977
* _Astalor_ Schulthess, 1925
* _Australodynerus_ Giordani Soika, 1962
* _Australozethus_ Giordani-Soika, 1969
* _Belonogaster_ de Saussure, 1854
* _Brachymenes_ Giordani Soika, 1961
* _Brachyodynerus_ Bluethgen, 1938
* _Brachypipona_ Gusenleitner, 1967
* _Calligaster_ de Saussure, 1852
* _Carinstrocerus_ Giordani Soika, 1989
* _Catilostenus_ Meunier, 1888
* _Cephalastor_ Giordani Soika, 1982
* _Cephalochilus_ Blüthgen, 1939
* _Cephalodynerus_ Parker, 1965
* _Chartergus_ Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1836
* _Chelodynerus_ Perkins, 1902
* _Chlorodynerus_ Bluethgen, 1951
* _Chlunodynerus_
* _Clorodynerus_
* _Coeleumenes_ Vecht, 1963
* _Coelodynerus_
* _Convextrocerus_ Giordani Soika, 1989
* _Crassodynerus_
* _Crastinocerus_
* _Crestocranius_
* _Ctenochilus_ Saussure, 1856
* _Cuyodynerus_ Willink, 1968
* _Cyphodynerus_
* _Cyphomenes_ Giordani Soika, 1978
* _Cyrtalastor_ Giordani Soika, 1989
* _Cyrteumenes_ Giordani Soika, 1991
* _Cyrtolabulus_ Van der Vecht, 1969
* _Delta_ Saussure, 1855
* _Deuterodiscoelius_ Dalla Torre, 1904
* _Diemodynerus_ Giordani Soika, 1962
* _Discoelius_ Latreille, 1809
* _Dolichodynerus_ Bohart, 1939
* 外舌蜾蠃屬 _Ectopioglossa_ Perkins, 1912
* _Elimus_ de Saussure, 1852
* _Elisella_ Soika, 1974
* _Epiodynerus_ Giordani Soika, 1957
* _Epsilon_ Saussure, 1855
* _Eremodynerus_ Blüthgen, 1939
* _Erodynerus_ Giordani Soika, 1993
* _Eudiscoelius_ Friese, 1904
* _Eumenemorphus_ Gusenleitner, 1995
* _Eumenestiferus_ Meunier, 1888
* _Eumenidiopsis_ Giordani Soika, 1939
* _Eumicrodynerus_ Gusenleitner, 1972
* _Eunortonia_ Carpenter, 1985
* _Euodynerus_ Blüthgen, 1938
* _Euodynerus_ Ma, Chen & Li, 2017
* _Eustenancistrocerus_ Blüthgen, 1938
* _Flammodynerus_ Giordani Soika, 1962
* _Flavoleptus_ Giordani Soika, 1992
* _Gamma_ Zavattari, 1912
* _Gastrodynerus_ Bohart, 1984
* _Gibberhynchium_
* _Gioiella_ Giordani Soika, 1985
* _Giordania_ Gusenleitner, 1995
* _Globepipona_ Gusenleitner, 1998
* _Globodynerus_ Giordani Soika, 1987
* _Gribodia_ Zavattari, 1912
* _Gymnomerus_ Blüthgen, 1938
* _Harmorhynchium_ Zhang, Sun & Zhang, 1994
* _Hemipterochilis_
* _Hemipterochilus_ Ferton, 1909
* _Hirtocoelius_ Giordani Soika, 1992
* _Hoplomerus_
* _Hypalastoroides_ Saussure, 1856
* _Hypancistrocerus_ Saussure, 1855
* _Incodynerus_ Willink, 1968
* _Intereuodynerus_ Gusenleitner, 1997
* _Interzumia_ Gusenleitner, 2002
* _Irianmenes_ Giordani Soika, 1993
* _Ischnocoelia_ Perkins, 1908
* _Ischnogasteroides_ Magretti, 1884
* _Jucancistrocerus_ Bluethgen, 1938
* 黃斑蜾蠃屬 _Katamenes_ Meade-Waldo, 1910
* _Kennetia_
* _Knemodynerus_ Blüthgen, 1940
* _Labochilus_ Bluthgen, 1939
* 小柄蜾蠃屬 _Labus_ de Saussure, 1867
* _Laevimenes_ Giordani Soika, 1978
* _Lamellodynerus_ Gusenleitner, 1999
* _Latimenes_ Giordani Soika, 1992
* _Latrodynerus_
* _Leionotus_ Saussure, 1853
* _Leptocheilus_
* _Leptochiloides_ Bohart, 1940
* _Leptochilus_ de Saussure, 1853
* _Leptodynerus_ Blüthgen, 1938
* _Leptomenes_ Giordani Soika, 1939
* _Leptomenoides_ Giordani Soika, 1962
* 細盾蜾蠃屬 _Leptomicrodynerus_ Giordani Soika, 1985
* _Leptopterocheilus_ Giordani Soika, 1953
* _Leucodynerus_ Bohart, 1982
* _Lissepipona_ Giordani Soika, 1995
* _Lissodynerus_ Giordani Soika, 1993
* _Macrocalymma_ Perkins, 1908
* _Malagassodynerus_ Gusenleitner, 1992
* _Malayepipona_ Giordani Soika, 1993
* _Malgachemenes_ Gusenleitner, 1992
* _Maricopodynerus_ Viereck, 1908
* _Mecodynerus_
* _Micreumenes_ Ashmead, 1902
* _Microdynerus_ Thomson, 1874
* _Minixi_ Giordani Soika, 1978
* _Mitrodynerus_
* _Monobia_ de Saussure, 1852
* _Monodynerus_ Gusenleitner, 1982
* _Montezumia_ de Saussure, 1852
* _Nannodynerus_ Blüthgen, 1938
* _Nesodynerus_ Perkins, 1901
* _Nestocoelius_ Giordani Soika, 1992
* _Nirtenia_ Giordani Soika, 1989
* _Nortonia_ de Saussure, 1869
* _Nortozumia_ Van der Vecht, 1937
* _Odontodynerus_ Blüthgen, 1938
* _Okinawepipona_ Yamane, 1987
* _Omicrabulus_ Giordani Soika, 1987
* _Omicroides_ Giordani Soika, 1935
* _Omicron_ de Saussure, 1855
* _Onychopterocheilus_ Bluethgen, 1955
* _Orancistrocerus_ Vecht, 1963
* 奧蜾蠃屬 _Oreumenes_ Bequaert, 1926
* _Oreumenoides_ Giordani Soika, 1961
* _Ovodynerus_ Giordani Soika, 1985
* _Pachodynerus_ Saussure, 1875
* _Pachycoelius_ Giordani-Soika, 1969
* _Pachymenes_ de Saussure, 1852
* _Pachyminixi_ Giordani Soika, 1978
* _Parachilus_ Goirdani Soika, 1960
* _Paragymnomerus_ Blüthgen, 1938
* _Paralastor_ Saussure, 1856
* _Paraleptomenes_ Giordani Soika, 1970
* _Paralionotulus_ Blüthgen, 1938
* _Paramischocyttarus_ Magretti, 1884
* _Parancistrocerus_ Bequaert, 1925
* _Paranortonia_ Bertoni, 1934
* _Pararaphidoglossa_ Zavattari, 1912
* _Pararrhynchium_ de Saussure, 1855
* _Paraslator_
* _Paravespa_ Radoszkowski, 1886
* _Paravespula_ Blüthgen, 1938
* _Parazumia_ Saussure, 1855
* 秀蜾蠃屬 _Pareumenes_ de Saussure, 1855
* _Parifodynerus_ Soika, 1962
* _Parodontodynerus_ Blüthgen, 1938
* _Parodynerus_ de Saussure, 1855
* _Philippodynerus_ Gusenleitner, 1996
* _Phimenes_ Giordani Soika, 1992
* _Phimenes_ de Saussure, 1855
* _Pirhosigma_ Giordani Soika, 1978
* _Plagiolabra_ Schulthess, 1903
* _Plocancistrocerus_
* _Polistepipona_ Giordani Soika, 1989
* _Polistes_ Latreille, 1802
* _Polybia_ Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1836
* _Postepipona_ Soika, 1974
* _Proepipona_ Giordani Soika, 1977
* _Protodiscoelius_ Dalla Torre, 1904
* _Pseudabispa_ Vecht, 1960
* _Pseudacaromenes_ Giordani Soika, 1978
* _Pseudagris_ Saussure, 1863
* _Pseudalastor_ Giordani Soika, 1962
* _Pseudepipona_ Dalla Torre
* _Pseudepipona_ Saussure, 1856
* _Pseudochilus_ Saussure, 1856
* _Pseudodontodynerus_ Blüthgen, 1939
* _Pseudodynerus_ de Saussure, 1855
* _Pseudoleptochilus_ Blüthgen, 1938
* _Pseudomicrodymerus_
* _Pseudomicrodynerus_ Blüthgen, 1938
* _Pseudonortonia_ Timon-David, 1944
* _Pseudopterocheilus_ Perkins, 1901
* _Pseudosymmorphus_ Blüthgen, 1938
* _Pseudozethus_ Perkins, 1914
* _Pseudozumia_ Saussure, 1875
* _Pseumenes_ Giordani Soika, 1935
* _Psiliglossa_ S.S.Saunders, 1852
* _Pterocheilus_ Klug, 1805
* _Pterochilus_
* _Pteromenes_ Giordani Soika, 1960
* _Raphiglossa_ S.S.Saunders, 1850
* _Raphiglossoides_ Giordani Soika, 1936
* _Rhaphiglossa_
* _Rhynchagris_ Maidl, 1915
* _Rhynchalastor_ Meade-Waldo, 1910
* _Rhynchium_ Spinola, 1806
* _Rotundipetiolus_ Zhang, 1989
* _Rugomenes_ Giordani Soika, 1992
* _Rygchium_ Spinola, 1806
* _Santamenes_ Giordani Soika, 1990
* _Smeringodynerus_ Snelling, 1975
* _Sphaeromenes_ Giordani Soika, 1978
* _Spinilabochilus_ Kurzenko, 1981
* _Stellepipona_ Giordani Soika, 1973
* _Stenancistrocerus_ Saussure, 1863
* _Stenodyneriellus_ Giordani Soika, 1962
* _Stenodynerus_ Saussure, 1864
* _Stenonartonia_ Giordani Soika, 1973
* _Stenosigma_ Giordani Soika, 1978
* _Stroudia_ Gribodo, 1892
* _Subancistrocerus_ de Saussure, 1855
* _Symmorphus_ Wesmael, 1836
* _Synagis_
* _Synagris_ Latreille, 1802
* _Synargris_
* _Syneuodynerus_ Blüthgen, 1951
* _Tachyancistrocerus_ Giordani Soika, 1952
* _Tachymenes_ Giordani Soika, 1983
* _Trachyodynerus_ Giordani Soika, 1989
* _Tricarinodynerus_ Giordani Soika, 1952
* _Trichodynerus_
* _Tropidodynerus_ Blüthgen, 1939
* _Tuleara_ Gusenleitner, 2000
* _Xanthodynerus_ Blüthgen, 1954
* _Xenorhynchium_ Vecht, 1963
* _Zeta_ de Saussure, 1855
* _Zeteumenes_ Bertoni, 1921
* _Zeteumenidion_
* _Zethus_ Fabricius, 1804

 

## 圖庫

* * * * * * * * * *

## 參考文獻

* James M. Carpenter. A synonymic generic checklist of the Eumeninae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) (PDF). Psyche (entomological journal). 1986, **93**: 61–90 [2019-05-16]. doi:10.1155/1986/12489. （原始內容 (PDF) 存檔於 2019-07-18）.
* Carpenter, J. M. & B. R. Garcete-Barrett. 2003. A key to the neotropical genera of Eumeninae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Boletín del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay 14: 52–73.
* Giordani Soika, 1989. Terzo contributo alla conoscenza degli eumenidi afrotropicali (Hymenoptera). Societa Veneziana di Scienze Naturali Lavori 14(1) 1989: 19–68.
* Giordani Soika, A. 1992. Di alcuni eumenidi nuovi o poco noti (Hymenoptera Vespoidea). Societá Veneziana di Scienze Naturali Lavori 17 1992: 41–68.
* Giordani Soika, A. 1993. Di alcuni nuovi eumenidi della regione orientale (Hym. Vespoidea). Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Venezia 42, 30 giugno 1991(1993): 151–163.
* Gusenleitner. 1992. Zwei neue Eumeniden-Gattungen und -Arten aus Madagaskar (Vespoidea, Hymenoptera). Linzer Biologische Beiträge 24(1) 1992: 91–96.
* CSIRO Entomology Division. 1991. The Insects of Australia: a textbook for Students and Research. 2nd Edition. Melbourne University Press and Cornell University Press. 1137 pp.

## 外部連結

* 維基物種上的相關資訊：蜾蠃亞科
* _Eumenes_ spp., potter wasps of Florida （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
* Vespidae: Potter wasps; Vespid wasps; Social wasps; Hornets; Paper wasps; Yellowjackets （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Subfamily Eumeninae - Potter and Mason Wasps （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）