蒙哥马利罢车运动

**聯合抵制蒙哥馬利巴士運動**（Montgomery Bus Boycott），美國一場大規模反對種族隔離的社會運動，起因是黑人羅莎・帕克斯在 1955 年 12 月 1 日拒絕聽從蒙哥馬利巴士司機詹姆斯・F・布萊克的命令，不肯讓位給一名白人乘客而引起。參與聯合抵制的馬丁・路德・金開始在民權運動中引起注目。

## 誘發抵制的事件

1955 年 12 月 1 日，在阿拉巴馬州的蒙哥馬利，帕克斯拒絕服從公共汽車司機詹姆斯布萊克的命令，在白人座位滿後，拒絕把有色座位讓給白人乘客。 帕克斯不是第一個抵抗公共汽車隔離的人。 其他人也採取了類似的措施，包括 1942 年的 Bayard Rustin，1946 年的 Irene Morgan，1952 年的 Sarah Louise Keys，以及最終成功的 Browder 訴 Gayle 1956 年訴訟的成員（Claudette Colvin，Aurelia Browder，Susie McDonald 和 瑪麗・路易斯・史密斯）在蒙哥馬利因為沒有讓出公共汽車座位而在帕克斯事件幾個月前被捕。美國全國有色人種協進會認為，帕克斯是用公民不服從的行為違反阿拉巴馬州隔離法而被逮後被通過法院挑戰的最佳候選人，儘管最終她的案件在州法院陷入困境，當 Browder 訴 Gayle 案成功。 [4]

## 羅莎・帕克斯

## E・D・尼克森

## 抵制

## 勝利

## 引述

## 更多閱讀

* Berg, Allison, "Trauma and Testimony in Black Women's Civil Rights Memoirs: The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It, Warriors Don't Cry, and From the Mississippi Delta", _Journal of Women's History_, 21 (Fall 2009), 84–107.
* Branch, Taylor. _Parting The Waters: America In The King Years, 1954-63_ (1988; New York: Simon & Schuster/Touchstone, 1989). ISBN 0-671-68742-5
* Carson, Clayborne, et al., editors, _Eyes on The Prize Civil Rights Reader: documents, speeches, and first hand accounts from the black freedom struggle_ (New York:Penguin Books, 1991). ISBN 0-14-015403-5
* Freedman, Russell, "Freedom Walkers: The Story of the Montgomery Bus Boycott"
* Garrow, David J. _Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference._ (1986) ISBN 0-394-75623-1
* Garrow, David J., editor, _The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It: The Memoir of Jo Ann Gibson Robinson_ (Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1987). ISBN 0-87049-527-5
* King, Martin Luther, Jr., _Stride Toward Freedom._ ISBN 0-06-250490-8
* Morris, Aldon D., _The Origins Of The Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing For Change_ (New York: The Free Press, 1984). ISBN 0-02-922130-7
* Parks, Rosa. My Story. New York: Dial Books. 1992.
* Raines, Howell, _My Soul Is Rested: The Story Of The Civil Rights Movement In The Deep South._ ISBN 0-14-006753-1
* Walsh, Frank, _Landmark Events in American History: The Montgomery Bus Boycott._
* Williams, Juan, _Eyes on The Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965_ (New York: Penguin Books, 1988). ISBN 0-14-009653-1

## 參考

* Alabama Civil Rights Collection - Jack Rabin Collection on Alabama Civil Rights and Southern Activists, at Penn State University, includes oral history interviews and materials concerning Montgomery Bus Boycott
* Montgomery Bus Boycott article, Encyclopedia of Alabama （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Montgomery Bus Boycott - Story of Montgomery Bus Boycott
* Encyclopedia entry on the Montgomery Bus Boycott （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） ~ Includes cross-referenced text, historical documents and streaming audio, presented by the King Research Institute at Stanford University
* The Montgomery Bus Boycott - African-American History
* Montgomery Bus Boycott （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans
* Learning From Rosa Parks, The Indypendent
* Montgomery Bus Boycott - Presented by the _Montgomery Advertiser_ （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Civil Rights Era Mug Shots, Montgomery County Sheriff's Office, Alabama Department of Archives & History
* Martin Luther King and the "Montgomery Story" Comic Book （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） - 1956
* Montgomery Bus Boycott Documents （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Online collection of original boycott documents & articles by participants ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans.