艾德華·斯皮爾

**愛德華・薩皮爾**（德語：Edward Sapir，/səˈpɪər/，1884 年 1 月 26 日 —1939 年 2 月 4 日），又譯**沙皮爾**、**薩丕爾**，生於普魯士王國倫堡（今屬波蘭），美國人類學家和語言學家。

## 生平

沙皮爾在德國出生。他 1904 年從哥倫比亞大學畢業。畢業以後兩年，他參與了 Wishram 和 Takelma 語言的實地研究。沙皮爾在哥倫比亞的時候認識了他的恩師法蘭茲・鮑亞士。

他專門研究美洲原住民語言。曽指納 - 德內語系與漢藏語系同源。

沙皮爾曾在芝加哥大學和耶魯大學任教，於 1931 年直至去世，他擔任耶魯大學人類學系的主席。他是首先考慮語言學與人類學之間的關係的語言學家之一。他的學生包括班傑明・李・沃夫、瑪莉・哈斯、查爾斯・F・霍克特、哈利・霍耶和李方桂。

他於 1939 年因心臟病而逝世，享年 54 歲。

## 沙皮爾部分著作

### 書籍

* Sapir, Edward. Herder's "Ursprung der Sprache". Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1907. ASIN: B0006CWB2W.
* Sapir, Edward. On the etymology of Sanskrit asru, Avestan asru, Greek dakru. Modi, Jivanji Jamshedji (編). Spiegel memorial volume. Papers on Iranian subjects written by various scholars in honour of the late Dr. Frederic Spiegel. Bombay: British India Press. 1908: 156–159.
* Sapir, Edward; Curtin, Jeremiah. Wishram texts, together with Wasco tales and myths. E.J. Brill. 1909. ISBN 0-404-58152-8. ASIN: B000855RIW.
* Sapir, Edward. Yana Texts. Berkeley University Press. 1910. ISBN 1-177-11286-8.
* Sapir, Edward. A sketch of the social organization of the Nass River Indians. Ottawa: Government Printing Office. 1915.
* Sapir, Edward. Noun reduplication in Comox, a Salish language of Vancouver island. Ottawa: Government Printing Office. 1915.
* Sapir, Edward. Time Perspective in Aboriginal American Culture, A Study in Method. Ottawa: Government Printing Bureau. 1916.
* Sapir, Edward. Dreams and Gibes. Boston: The Gorham Press. 1917. ISBN 0-548-56941-X.
* Sapir, Edward. Language: An introduction to the study of speech. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company. 1921 [2016-10-10]. ISBN4-87187-529-6. ASIN: B000NGWX8I. （原始內容存檔於 2009-09-24）.
* Sapir, Edward; Swadesh, Morris. Nootka Texts: Tales and ethnological narratives, with grammatical notes and lexical materials. Philadelphia: Linguistic Society of America. 1939. ISBN 0-404-11893-3. ASIN: B000EB54JC.
* Sapir, Edward. Mandelbaum, David , 編. Selected writings in language, culture and personality. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1949. ISBN 0-520-01115-5. ASIN: B000PX25CS.
* Sapir, Edward; Irvine, Judith. The psychology of culture: A course of lectures. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 2002. ISBN 978-3-11-017282-9.

### 論文或文章

* Sapir, Edward. Preliminary report on the language and mythology of the Upper Chinook. American Anthropologist. 1907, **9**: 533–544. doi:10.1525/aa.1907.9.3.02a00100.
* Sapir, Edward. Some fundamental characteristics of the Ute language. Science. 1910, **31** (31): 350–352. doi:10.1126/science.31.792.350.
* Sapir, Edward. Some aspects of Nootka language and culture. American Anthropologist. 1911, **13**: 15–28. doi:10.1525/aa.1911.13.1.02a00030.
* Sapir, Edward. The problem of noun incorporation in American languages. American Anthropologist. 1911, **13**: 250–282. doi:10.1525/aa.1911.13.2.02a00060.
* Sapir, E. Southern Paiute and Nahuatl, a study in Uto-Aztekan. Journal de la Société des Américanistes. 1913, **10** (2): 379–425. doi:10.3406/jsa.1913.2866.
* Sapir, Edward. The Na-dene languages: a preliminary report. American Anthropologist. 1915, **17**: 765–773. doi:10.1525/aa.1915.17.3.02a00080.
* Sapir, Edward. Do we need a superorganic?. American Anthropologist. 1917, **19**: 441–447. doi:10.1525/aa.1917.19.3.02a00150.
* Sapir, Edward. The grammarian and his language. The American Mercury. 1924, (1): 149–155.
* Sapir, Edward. Culture, Genuine and Spurious. The American Journal of Sociology. 1924, **29** (4): 401–429. doi:10.1086/213616.
* Sapir, Edward. Memorandum on the problem of an international auxiliary language. The Romanic Review. 1925, (16): 244–256.
* Sapir, Edward. Sound patterns in language. Language. 1925, (1): 37–51. doi:10.2307/409004.
* Sapir, Edward. The function of an international auxiliary language. Romanic Review. 1931, (11): 4–15. （原始內容存檔於 2009-10-28）.
* Sapir, Edward. Internal linguistic evidence suggestive of the Northern origin of the Navaho. American Anthropologist. 1936, **38**: 224–235. doi:10.1525/aa.1936.38.2.02a00040.
* Sapir, Edward. Grading: a study in semantics. Philosophy of Science. 1944, (11): 93–116. doi:10.1086/286828.
* Sapir, Edward. The relation of American Indian linguistics to general linguistics. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. 1947, (1): 1–4.

### 自傳型著作

* Koerner, E. F. K.; Koerner, Konrad. Edward Sapir: Appraisals of his life and work. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 1985. ISBN 978-90-272-4518-2.
* Cowan, William; Foster, Michael K.; Koerner, Konrad. New perspectives in language, culture, and personality: Proceedings of the Edward Sapir Centenary Conference (Ottawa, 1–3 October 1984). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 1986. ISBN 90-272-4522-3.
* Darnell, Regna. Edward Sapir: linguist, anthropologist, humanist. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1989. ISBN 978-0-520-06678-6.
* Sapir, Edward; Bright, William. Southern Paiute and Ute: linguistics and ethnography. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 1992. ISBN 978-3-11-013543-5.
* Sapir, Edward; Darnell, Regna; Irvine, Judith T.; Handler, Richard. The collected works of Edward Sapir: culture. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 1999. ISBN 978-3-11-012639-6.

### 通信著作

* Sapir, Edward; Kroeber, Alfred L.; Golla (ed.), Victor. The Sapir–Kroeber correspondence: Letters between Edward Sapir and A.L. Kroeber 1905–1925 (PDF). Reports from the Survey of California and other Indian languages. 1984, **6**: 1–509 [2016-10-10]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF) 於 2016-03-03）.

## 相關條目

* 沙皮爾 - 沃夫假說
* 邏輯語

## 參考資料

## 外部連結

* National Academy of Sciences biography （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Robert Throop and Lloyd Gordon Ward: Mead Project 2.0 at spartan.ac.brocku.ca
* Interlingua: Communication Sin Frontiera. Biographia, Edward Sapir （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Edward Sapir 的作品 - 古騰堡計劃
* 網際網路檔案館中愛德華・沙皮爾的作品或與之相關的作品