舌形動物

**舌形動物類**（學名：**Pentastomida**），又稱**五口動物類**，是動物界的一個分類。屬於無脊椎動物，介乎於環節動物和節肢動物之間，均為寄生性動物。其特徵是體軟、扁而長，無色，透明，無足。身長從數毫米到十數厘米，體表分近百個清晰的節段，內部卻並不分節。舌形動物均為雌雄異體的專性寄生物：牠們的身體沒有呼吸系統、排泄系統和循環系統，蟲體前埠部突出，呈橢圓形，周圍有兩對可伸縮的鉤，用以附著在寄主組織上。
本物種的名稱是因為從其部分物種的外型酷似脊椎動物的舌頭，因而為名；而其學名及另一名稱「五口動物」的來源，則是因為其口器的五個鉤，好像有五個口一樣，因而為名。這五個「鉤」，其實只有一個是真的口器、其餘四個只是顎足。過往由於對本分類物種的分類不明，單單從外形來判斷，所以將其歸類到門一層。後來到了 2001 年，研究證據顯示五口動物實為退化了的寄生性節肢動物，本物種生物跟其他物種的關係得到確認，所以被降至歸入成為顎足綱的一員，是為**舌形亞綱**。隨著顎足動物的分類被重組，舌形亞綱亦被重新分類，成為了寡甲總綱魚介形綱的成員。

現時本分類有物種約 130 個，皆為被動式寄生物，其部分解剖結果為退化性。成年的舌蟲長約 1 至 14 公分（0.4 至 5.5 英寸） ，多數於宿主的呼吸系統黏付著。

## 分類

以下為這是馬丁和戴維斯在 2001 年成立的分類，將五口動物置於甲殼亞門顎足綱。以下包含現存的目、超科、科、屬和種：

* 頭行目 **Cephalobaenida** Heymons, 1935

　
: * **Cephalobaenidae** Heymons, 1922

　
: : * _Cephalobaena_ Heymons, 1922

　
: * _Cephalobaena tetrapoda_ Heymons, 1922

* **孔頭舌蟲目 Porocephalida**

　
: * **Linguatuloidea**

　
: * **Linguatulidae** Haldeman, 1851

　
: * _Linguatula_ Frölich, 1789

　
: * _Linguatula arctica_ Riley, Haugerud & Nilssen, 1987
* _Linguatula multiannulata_ Haffner & Rack _in_ Haffner, Rack & Sachs, 1969
* _Linguatula recurvata_ (Diesing, 1850)
* _Linguatula serrata_ Frölich, 1789

* _Neolinguatula_ Haffner & Rack _in_ Haffner, Rack & Sachs, 1969

　
: * _Neolinguatula nuttalli_ (Sambon, 1922)

* **Subtriquetridae** Fain, 1961

　
: * _Subtriquetra_ Sambon, 1922

　
: * _Subtriquetra megacephalum_ (Baird, 1853)
* _Subtriquetra rileyi_ Junker, Boomker & Booyse, 1998
* _Subtriquetra shipleyi_ Hett, 1924
* _Subtriquetra subtriquetra_ (Diesing, 1836)

* **孔頭舌蟲總科 Porocephaloidea**

　
: * **孔頭舌蟲科 Porocephalidae** Sambon, 1922

　
: * 舌蟲屬 **Armillifer** Sambon, 1922

　
: * _Armillifer aborealis_ Riley & Self, 1981
* _Armillifer agkistrodontis_ Self & Kuntz, 1966
* _Armillifer armillatus_ (Wyman, 1845)
* _Armillifer australis_ Heymons, 1935
* _Armillifer grandis_ (Hett, 1915)
* _Armillifer mazzai_ (Sambon, 1922)
* _Armillifer moniliformis_ (Diesing, 1836)
* _Armillifer yoshidai_ Kishida, 1928

* _Cubirea_ Kishida, 1928

　
: * _Cubirea annulata_ (Baird, 1853)
* _Cubirea pomeroyi_ (Woodland, 1921)

* _Elenia_ Heymons, 1932

　
: * _Elenia australis_ Heymons, 1932

* _Gigliolella_ Chabaud & Choquet, 1954

　
: * _Gigliolella brumpti_ (Giglioli, 1922)

* _Kiricephalus_ Sambon, 1922

　
: * _Kiricephalus clelii_ Riley & Self, 1980
* _Kiricephalus coarctatus_ (Diesing, 1850)
* _Kiricephalus constrictor_ Riley & Self, 1980
* _Kiricephalus gabonensis_ Riley & Self, 1980
* _Kiricephalus pattoni_ (Stephens, 1908)
* _Kiricephalus tortus_ (Shipley, 1898)

* _Parasambonia_ Stunkard & Gandal, 1968

　
: * _Parasambonia bridgesi_ Stunkard & Gandal, 1968
* _Parasambonia minor_ Riley & Self, 1982

* _Porocephalus_ Humboldt, 1812

　
: * _Porocephalus basiliscus_ Riley & Self, 1979
* _Porocephalus benoiti_ Fain, 1960
* _Porocephalus bifurcatus_
* _Porocephalus clavatus_ (Wyman, 1845)
* _Porocephalus crotali_ Humboldt, 1812
* _Porocephalus dominicana_ Riley & Walters, 1980
* _Porocephalus stilesi_ Sambon _in_ Vaney & Sambon, 1910
* _Porocephalus subuliferum_ (Leuckart, 1860)
* _Porocephalus taiwana_ Qiu, Ma, Fan & Lu, 2005
* _Porocephalus tortugensis_ Riley & Self, 1979

* _Waddycephalus_ Sambon, 1922

　
: * _Waddycephalus calligaster_ Riley & Self, 1981
* _Waddycephalus komodoensis_ Riley & Self, 1981
* _Waddycephalus longicauda_ Riley & Self, 1981
* _Waddycephalus porphyriacus_ Riley & Self, 1981
* _Waddycephalus punctulatus_ Riley & Self, 1981
* _Waddycephalus radiata_ Riley & Self, 1981
* _Waddycephalus scutata_ Riley & Self, 1981
* _Waddycephalus superbus_ Riley & Self, 1981
* _Waddycephalus teretiusculus_ (Baird, 1862)
* _Waddycephalus vitiensis_ Heymons, 1932

* **Sebekidae** Sambon, 1922

　
: * _Alofia_ Giglioli _in_ Sambon, 1922

　
: * _Alofia ginae_ Giglioli _in_ Sambon, 1922
* _Alofia indica_ (von Linstow, 1906)
* _Alofia merki_ Giglioli 'in _Sambon, 1922_
* _Alofia nilotici_ Riley & Huchzermeyer, 1995
* _Alofia parva_ Riley & Huchzermeyer, 1995
* _Alofia platycephalum_ (Lohrmann, 1889)
* _Alofia simpsoni_ Riley, 1994
* _Alofia travassosi_ (Heymons, 1932)

* _Diesingia_ Sambon, 1922

　
: * _Diesingia kachugensis_ (Shipley, 1910)
* _Diesingia megastomum_ (Diesing, 1836)

* _Selfia_ Riley, 1994

　
: * _Selfia porosus_ Riley, 1994

* _Leiperia_ Sambon, 1922

　
: * _Leiperia australiensis_ Riley & Huchzermeyer, 1996
* _Leiperia cincinnalis_ (Sambon _in_ Vaney & Sambon, 1910)
* _Leiperia gracilis_ (Diesing, 1836)

* _Sambonia_ Noc & Giglioli, 1922

　
: * _Sambonia clavata_ (Lohrmann, 1889)
* _Sambonia parapodum_ Self & Kuntz, 1966
* _Sambonia solomenensis_ (Self & Kuntz, 1957)
* _Sambonia varani_ (Self & Kuntz, 1957)
* _Sambonia wardi_ (Sambon _in_ Vaney & Sambon, 1910)

* _Agema_ Riley _et al._, 1997

　
: * _Agema silvaepalustris_ Riley _et al._, 1997

* _Pelonia_ Junker & Boomker, 2002

　
: * _Pelonia africana_ Junker & Boomker, 2002

* _Sebekia_ Sambon, 1922

　
: * _Sebekia cesarisi_ Giglioli _in_ Sambon, 1922
* _Sebekia divestei_ Giglioli _in_ Sambon, 1922
* _Sebekia johnstoni_ Riley, Spratt & Winch, 1990
* _Sebekia microhamus_ Self & Rego, 1985
* _Sebekia minor_ (Wedl, 1861)
* _Sebekia mississippiensis_ Overstreet, Self & Vliet, 1985
* _Sebekia multiannulata_ Riley, Spratt & Winch, 1990
* _Sebekia novaeguineae_ Riley, Spratt & Winch, 1990
* _Sebekia okavangoensis_ Riley & Huchzermeyer, 1995
* _Sebekia oxycephalum_ (Diesing, 1836)
* _Sebekia purdieae_ Riley, Spratt & Winch, 1990
* _Sebekia trinitatis_ Riley, Spratt & Winch, 1990

* **Raillietiellida** Almeida & Christoffersen, 1999

　
: : * **Raillietiellidae** Sambon, 1922

　
: * _Raillietiella_ Sambon, 1910

　
: * _Raillietiella aegypti_ Ali, Riley & Self, 1982
* _Raillietiella affinis_ Bovien, 1927
* _Raillietiella agcoi_ Tubangui & Masiluñgan, 1936
* _Raillietiella ampanihyensis_ Gretillat, Brygoo & Domergue, 1962
* _Raillietiella amphiboluri_ Mahon, 1954
* _Raillietiella belohaensis_ McAllister, Riley, Freed & Freed, 1993
* _Raillietiella bicaudata_ Heymons & Vitzthum, 1935
* _Raillietiella boulengeri_ (Vaney & Sambon, 1910)
* _Raillietiella bufonis_ Ali, Riley & Self, 1982
* _Raillietiella cartagenensis_ Ali, Riley & Self, 1985
* _Raillietiella chamaeleonis_ Gretillat & Brygoo, 1959
* _Raillietiella colubrilineati_ (Leuckart, 1860)
* _Raillietiella congolensis_ Fain, 1961
* _Raillietiella crotali_ Ali, Riley & Self, 1984
* _Raillietiella freitasi_ (Motta & Gomes, 1968)
* _Raillietiella furcocercum_ (Diesing, 1836)
* _Raillietiella gehyrae_ Bovien, 1927
* _Raillietiella gigliolii_ Hett, 1924
* _Raillietiella gowrii_ Rajalu & Rajendran, 1970
* _Raillietiella hebitihamata_ Self & Kuntz, 1960
* _Raillietiella hemidactyli_ Hett, 1934
* _Raillietiella indica_ Gedoelst, 1921
* _Raillietiella kochi_ Heymons, 1926
* _Raillietiella mabuiae_ Heymons, 1922
* _Raillietiella maculatus_ Rao & Hiregaudar, 1962
* _Raillietiella maculilabris_ Ali, Riley & Self, 1984
* _Raillietiella madagascariensis_ McAllister _et al._, 1993
* _Raillietiella mediterranea_ (Hett, 1915)
* _Raillietiella monarchus_ Ali, Riley & Self, 1984
* _Raillietiella morenoi_ Abreu-Acosta _et al._, 2006
* _Raillietiella mottae_ Almeida, Freire & Lopes, 2008
* _Raillietiella namibiensis_ Riley & Heideman 1998
* _Raillietiella orientalis_ (Hett, 1915)
* _Raillietiella piscator_ Nair, 1967
* _Raillietiella rileyi_ Krishnasamy _et al._, 1995
* _Raillietiella schoutedeni_ Fain, 1960
* _Raillietiella scincoides_ Ali, Riley & Self, 1984
* _Raillietiella spiralis_ Hett, 1924
* _Raillietiella teagueselfi_ Riley, McAllister & Freed, 1988
* _Raillietiella tetrapoda_ (Gretillat, Brygoo & Domergue, 1962)
* _Raillietiella trachea_ Riley, Oaks & Gilbert, 2003
* _Raillietiella venteli_ (Motta, 1965)

* _Yelirella_ Spratt, 2010

　
: * _Yelirella petauri_ (Spratt, 2010)

* **Reighardiida** Almeida & Christoffersen, 1999

　
: : * **Reighardiidae** Heymons, 1926

　
: * _Hispania_ Martínez _et al._, 2004

　
: * _Hispania vulturis_ Martínez _et al._, 2004

* _Reighardia_ Ward, 1899

　
: * _Reighardia lomviae_ Dyck, 1975
* _Reighardia sternae_ (Diesing, 1864)

## 參考文獻

## 參看

* 舌形蟲病或人舌形蟲病

## 外部連結

* 維基物種上的相關資訊：舌形動物類