罗伯特·奥特曼

**勞勃・阿特曼**（英語：Robert Altman，1925 年 2 月 20 日 —2006 年 11 月 20 日）是一位美國電影及電視導演，曾經 5 次入圍奧斯卡最佳導演獎，於 2006 年獲得奧斯卡榮譽獎。他也是目前唯三在國際三大影展獲得大滿貫的導演之一（剩下的分別為米開朗基羅・安東尼奧尼及亨利 - 喬治・克魯佐。）知名的作品包括《外科醫師》與《納許維爾》。

阿特曼執導風格獨特，多用自然主義手法，在多部電影都不跟劇本叫演員自發演出，亦時常在一個角色未完成對白時已讓另一個角色開始說話。莉莉・湯姆琳及梅麗・史翠普在第 78 屆奧斯卡金像獎上，頒奧斯卡榮譽獎給阿特曼時的介紹詞即用了此手法。

## 作品

### 電影

* _Honeymoon for Harriet_ (1949) (short industrial film, International Harvester)
* _Modern Football_ (1951) (short industrial film, Official Sports Film Service)
* _The Dirty Look_ (1951) (short industrial film, Gulf Oil)
* _King Basketball_ (1952) (short industrial film, Official Sports Film Service)
* _The Last Mile_ (1952) (short industrial film, Caterpillar Tractor Company)
* _The Sound of Bells_ (1952) (short industrial film, Goodrich Corporation)
* _Modern Baseball_ (1953) (short industrial film, Official Sports Film Service)
* _The Builders_ (1954) (short industrial film, Wire Reinforcement Institute)
* _Better Football_ (1954) (short industrial film, Official Sports Film Service)
* _The Perfect Crime_ (1954) (short industrial film, Caterpillar Tractor Company)
* _The Magic Bond_ (1955) (short industrial film, Veterans of Foreign Wars)
* _The Delinquents_ (1957)
* 《占士甸傳》 _The James Dean Story_ (1957) (documentary) (co-dir: George W. George)
* _The Katherine Reed Story_ (1965) (short documentary)
* _Pot au feu_ (1965) (short)
* _Girl Talk_ (1966) (ColorSonics short)
* _The Party_ (1966) (ColorSonics short)
* _Speak Low_ (1966) (ColorSonics short)
* _Ebb Tide_ (1966) (ColorSonics short)
* 《太陽神登月先鋒》 _Countdown_ (1968)
* 《落花有意》 _That Cold Day in the Park_ (1969)
* 《外科醫師》（_MASH_，1970）
  * 提名奧斯卡最佳導演獎 （得獎者：法蘭克林・沙夫納 《巴頓將軍》）
  * 提名英國電影學院獎最佳導演
  * 提名金球獎最佳導演
* 《空中怪客》 _Brewster McCloud_ (1970)
* 《花村 / 江湖豪客俏佳人》（_McCabe & Mrs. Miller_） (1971)
* _Images_ (1972)
* 《撲朔迷離》 _The Long Goodbye_ (1973)
* 《江洋大盜》 _Thieves Like Us_ (1974)
* 《爛賭仔與小老千》 _California Split_ (1974)
* 《納許維爾》（_Nashville_） (1975)
  * 提名奧斯卡最佳導演獎
  * 提名奧斯卡最佳影片獎
  * 提名金球獎最佳導演
* 《西塞英雄譜》_Buffalo Bill and the Indians, or Sitting Bull's History Lesson_ (1976)
* 《三女性》 _3 Women_ (1977)
* 《婚禮 / 良辰吉日》（_A Wedding_） (1978)
  * 提名英國電影學院獎最佳導演
  * 提名英國電影學院獎最佳劇本
* 《五面受敵》 _Quintet_ (1979)
* 《天生一對》 _A Perfect Couple_ (1979)
* 《選舉風雲》 _HealtH_ (1980)
* 《大力水手》 _Popeye_ (1980)
* 《偶像的失落》 _Come Back to the Five and Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean_ (1982)
* 《出師未捷身先死》 _Streamers_ (1983)
* _Secret Honor_ (1984)
* _O.C. & Stiggs_ (1984) (released in 1987)
* 《錫曬你》 _Fool for Love_ (1985)
* 《盲目錫哂你》 _Beyond Therapy_ (1987)
* 《菩薩蠻 / 末世風情畫》 _Aria_ (1987) - segment: _Les Boréades_
* 《梵谷與我 / 梵谷與提奧》 _Vincent and Theo_ (1990)
* 《超級大玩家》_The Player_ (1992)
  * 英國電影學院獎最佳導演
  * 提名奧斯卡最佳導演獎
  * 提名英國電影學院獎最佳影片
  * 提名金球獎最佳導演
* 《銀色・性・男女》（_Short Cuts_） (1993)
  * 提名奧斯卡最佳導演獎
  * 提名金球獎最佳劇本
* 《雲裳風暴》_Prêt-à-Porter_，英文譯名 _Ready to Wear_ (1994)
* 《肯薩斯的最後一夜》（_Kansas City_，1996）
* 《迷色佈局》 _The Gingerbread Man_ (1998)
* 《藏錯屍體殺錯人 / 玩謝嫌疑犯》（_Cookie's Fortune_） (1999)
* 《浪漫醫生》（_Dr. T & the Women_） (2000)
* 《謎霧莊園》（_Gosford Park_） (2001)
  * 英國電影學院獎最佳影片
  * 金球獎最佳導演
  * 提名奧斯卡最佳導演獎
  * 提名奧斯卡最佳影片獎
  * 提名英國電影學院獎最佳導演
* 《舞動世紀》_The Company_ (2003)
* 《大家來我家》_A Prairie Home Companion_ (2006)，又名 _The Last Show_

### 電視

#### 電視電影及短劇

* _Nightmare in Chicago_ (1964) [previously "_Once Upon a Savage Night_" in _Kraft Suspense Theater_]
* _Precious Blood_ (1982) - TV-Movie written by Frank South
* _Rattlesnake in a Cooler_ (1982) - TV-Movie written by Frank South
* _Secret Honor_ (1984)
* _The Laundromat_ (1985) (60 min.)
* _Basements_ (1987) - two one-act plays by Harold Pinter: _The Dumb Waiter_ and _The Room_ (the former was released to video as its own feature by Prism Entertainment)
* _Tanner '88_ (1988) - six hour mini-series for HBO
* _The Caine Mutiny Court Martial_ (1988) - TV-Movie based on the play by Herman Wouk
* _Vincent & Theo_ (1990) - British Mini-series in 4 parts, later released in edited form worldwide as feature film.
* _McTeague_ (1992) - an opera for PBS
* _The Real McTeague_ (1993) - making of "McTeague", also for PBS
* _Black and Blue_ (1993) - an Emmy nominated filmed play which aired on PBS' "Great Performances"
* _Robert Altman's Jazz '34_ (1996) - PBS special about the music from _Kansas City_
* _Tanner on Tanner_ (2004) - two hour mini-series for the Sundance Channel, a follow-up to _Tanner '88_

#### 電視劇集

* _Alfred Hitchcock Presents_ (1957–58)
  * ep. 3-9: "The Young One" (air-date December 1, 1957)
  * ep. 3-15: "Together" (a.d. January 12, 1958)
* _M Squad_ (1958) ep. 1-21: "Lover's Lane Killing" (a.d. February 14, 1958)
* _The Millionaire_ aka _If You Had A Million_ (1958–59)

　
: _directed by Altman_

  * ep #148 / 5-14: "Pete Hopper: Afraid of the Dark" (a.d. December 10, 1958)
  * ep #162 / 5-28: "Henry Banning: The Show Off" (a.d. April 1, 1959)
  * ep #185 / 6-14: "Jackson Greene: The Beatnik" (a.d. December 22, 1959)
　
: _written by Altman_

  * ep #160 / 5-26: "Alicia Osante: Beauty and the Sailor" (a.d. March 18, 1959)
  * ep #174 / 6-3: "Lorraine Dagget: The Beach Story" [story] (a.d. September 29, 1959)
  * ep #183 / 6-12: "Andrew C. Cooley: Andy and Clara" (a.d. December 8, 1959)
* _Whirlybirds_ (1958–59)
  * ep. #71 / 2-32: "The Midnight Show" (a.d. December 8, 1958)
  * ep. #79 / 3-1: "Guilty of Old Age" (a.d. April 13, 1959)
  * ep. #80 / 3-2: "A Matter of Trust" (a.d. April 6, 1959)
  * ep. #81 / 3-3: "Christmas in June" (a.d. April 20, 1959)
  * ep. #82 / 3-4: "Til Death Do Us Part" (unknown air-date, probably April 27, 1959)
  * ep. #83 / 3-5: "Time Limit" (a.d. May 4, 1959)
  * ep. #84 / 3-6: "Experiment X-74" (a.d. May 11, 1959)
  * ep. #87 / 3-9: "The Challenge" (a.d. June 1, 1959)
  * ep. #88 / 3-10: "The Big Lie" (a.d. June 8, 1959)
  * ep. #91 / 3-13: "The Perfect Crime" (a.d. June 29, 1959)
  * ep. #92 / 3-14: "The Unknown Soldier" (a.d. July 6, 1959)
  * ep. #93 / 3-15: "Two of a Kind" (a.d. July 13, 1959)
  * ep. #94 / 3-16: "In Ways Mysterious" (a.d. July 20, 1959)
  * ep. #97 / 3-19: "The Black Maria" (a.d. August 10, 1959)
  * ep. #98 / 3-20: "The Sitting Duck" (a.d. August 17, 1959)
　
:

  * ep. 4-17: "The Triple Cross"
  * ep. 4-23: "Shortcut to Hell"
  * ep. 4-25: "R.I.P." (a.d. June 6, 1959)
　
: _uncertain; some sources cite Altman on these episodes; no known source cites anybody else_

  * ep. 4-18: "The Third Miracle"
  * ep. 4-31: "Kill or Be Killed"
  * ep. 4-32: "Backfire"
  * ep. "Tapes For Murder"
  * ep. "Special Delivery"
  * ep. "Paper Bullets"
  * ep. "Tarnished Star"
* _Troubleshooters_ (1959) (13 episodes)
* _Hawaiian Eye_ (1959) ep. 8: "Three Tickets to Lani" (a.d. November 25, 1959)
* _Sugarfoot_ (1959–60)
  * ep. #47 / 3-7: "Apollo With A Gun" (a.d. December 8, 1959)
  * ep. #50 / 3-10: "The Highbinder" (a.d. January 19, 1960)
* _Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse_ (1960)
  * ep. "The Sound of Murder" (a.d. January 1, 1960)
  * ep. "Death of a Dream"
* _The Gale Storm Show_ aka _Oh! Susanna_ (1960) ep. #125 / 4-25: "It's Magic" (a.d. March 17, 1960)
* _Bronco_ (1960) ep #41 / 3-1: "The Mustangers" (a.d. October 17, 1960)
* _Maverick_ (1960) ep. #90: "Bolt From the Blue" (a.d. November 27, 1960)
* _The Roaring '20s_ (1960–61)
  * ep. 1-5: "The Prairie Flower" (a.d. November 12, 1960)
  * ep. 1-6: "Brother's Keeper" (a.d. November 19, 1960)
  * ep. 1-8: "White Carnation" (a.d. December 3, 1960)
  * ep. 1-12: "Dance Marathon" (a.d. January 14, 1961)
  * ep. 1-15: "Two a Day" (a.d. February 4, 1961)
  * ep. 1-28&29: "Right Off the Boat" Parts 1 & 2 (a.d. May 13/20, 1961)
  * ep. 1-31: "Royal Tour" (a.d. June 3, 1961)
  * ep. 2-4: "Standing Room Only" (a.d. October 28, 1961)
* _Bonanza_ (1960–61)
  * ep. 2-13: "Silent Thunder" (a.d. December 10, 1960)
  * ep. 2-19: "Bank Run" (a.d. January 28, 1961)
  * ep. 2-25: "The Duke" (a.d. March 11, 1961)
  * ep. 2-28: "The Rival" (a.d. April 15, 1961)
  * ep. 2-31: "The Secret" (a.d. May 6, 1961)
  * ep. 2-32 "The Dream Riders" (a.d. May 20, 1961)
  * ep. 2-34: "Sam Hill" (a.d. June 3, 1961)
  * ep. 3-7: "The Many Faces of Gideon Finch" (a.d. November 5, 1961)
* _Lawman_ (1961) ep. #92 / 3-16: "The Robbery" (a.d. January 1, 1961)
* _Surfside 6_ (1961) ep. 1-18: "Thieves Among Honor" (a.d. Jan 30, 1961)
* _Peter Gunn_ (1958) ep. 3-28: "The Murder Bond" (a.d. April 24, 1961)
* _Bus Stop_ (1961–62)
  * ep. 4: "The Covering Darkness" (a.d. October 22, 1961)
  * ep. 5: "Portrait of a Hero" (a.d. October 29, 1961)
  * ep. 8: "Accessory By Consent" (a.d. November 19, 1961)
  * ep. 10: "A Lion Walks Among Us" (a.d. December 3, 1961)
  * ep. 12: "... And the Pursuit of Evil" (a.d. December 17, 1961)
  * ep. 15: "Summer Lightning" (a.d. January 7, 1962)
  * ep. 23: "Door Without a Key" (a.d. March 4, 1962)
  * ep. 25: "County General" [possibly failed pilot] (a.d. March 18, 1962)
* _Route 66_ (1961)
  * ep. #40/2-10: "Some of the People, Some of the Time' (a.d. December 1, 61)
  * ep. 3-17: "A Gift For A Warrior" (a.d. January 18, 1963) - often incorrectly cited, Altman did not direct this
* _The Gallant Men_ (1962) pilot: "Battle Zone" (a.d. October 5, 1962)
* _Combat!_ (1962–63)
  * ep. 1-1: "Forgotten Front" (a.d. October 2, 1962)
  * ep. 1-2: "Rear Echelon Commandos" (a.d. October 9, 1962)
  * ep. 1-4: "Any Second Now" (a.d. October 23, 1962)
  * ep. 1-7: "Escape to Nowhere" (a.d. December 20, 1962)
  * ep. 1-9: "Cat and Mouse" (a.d. December 4, 1962)
  * ep. 1-10: "I Swear By Apollo" (a.d. December 11, 1962)
  * ep. 1-12: "The Prisoner" (a.d. December 25, 1962)
  * ep. 1-16: "The Volunteer" (a.d. January 22, 1963)
  * ep. 1-20: "Off Limits" (a.d. February 19, 1963)
  * ep. 1-23: "Survival" (a.d. March 12, 1963)
* _Kraft Suspense Theatre_ (1963)
  * ep 1-8: "The Long Lost Life of Edward Smalley" (also writer) (a.d. December 12, 1963)
  * ep 1-9: "The Hunt" (also writer) (a.d. December 19, 1963)
  * ep 1-21: "Once Upon a Savage Night"
  
  　
  : released as TV-Movie _Nightmare in Chicago_ in 1964
* _The Long Hot Summer_ (1965) pilot
* _Nightwatch_ (1968) pilot: "The Suitcase"
* _Premiere_ (1968) ep. "Walk in the Sky" (a.d. July 15 1968)
* _Saturday Night Live_ (1977) ep. #39 / 2-16 "h: Sissy Spacek", seg. "Sissy's Roles" (a.d. March 12, 1977)
* _Gun_ (aka _Robert Altman's Gun_) (1997) ep. 4: "All the President's Women" (a.d. May 10 1997)

　
: this episode, along with another, was released on DVD as _Gun: Fatal Betrayal_; subsequently, the entire six-episode series was released

## 參考

## 延伸閱讀

* Caso, Frank. Robert Altman in the American Grain. London: Reaktion Books. 2015. ISBN 978-1-78023-522-6.
* The director's commentary on the _McCabe & Mrs. Miller_ DVD, while focusing on that film, also to some degree covers Altman's general methodology as a director.
* Judith M. Kass. _Robert Altman: American Innovator_ early (1978) assessment of the director's work and his interest in gambling. Part of Leonard Maltin's Popular Library filmmaker series.
* The English band Maxïmo Park have a song named "Robert Altman", a b-side to their single "Our Velocity"
* The Criterion Collection has released several of Altman's films on DVD (Short Cuts, 3 Women, Tanner '88, Secret Honor) which include audio commentary and video interviews with him that shed light on his directing style.
* Charles Warren, "Cavell, Altman and Cassavetes" in the Stanley Cavell special issue, Jeffey Crouse (ed.), _Film International_, Issue 22, Vol. 4, No. 4, 2006, pp. 14–20.
* Rick Armstrong, "Robert Altman: Critical Essays" Actors, historians, film scholars, and cultural theorists reflect on Altman and his five-decade career...(McFarland, February 18, 2011)
* Mitchell Zuckoff, _Robert Altman: The Oral Biography._ New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009. ISBN 978-0-307-26768-9
* Description and details on the Short Cuts Soundtrack for more in-depth information about this title.
* Helene Keyssar, Robert Altman's America. Oxford, 1991

## 外部連結

* 勞勃・阿特曼在網際網路電影資料庫（IMDb）上的資料（英文）
* 勞勃・阿特曼在豆瓣電影上的簡介（簡體中文）
* 網際網路百老匯資料庫（IBDB）上勞勃・阿特曼的資料（英文）
* Robert Altman bibliography （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館），來自柏克萊加州大學媒體資源中心