美國憲法第一章

**美國憲法第一條**確定由美國國會來作為美國聯邦政府中的立法機關，包括其由聯邦眾議院和聯邦參議院兩院組成及兩院議員的選舉方式、任職資格、任期及人數等。同時還規定了立法程序，列舉了立法機構的權力，最後還說明了聯邦國會和各州相應權力的限制。把國會作為憲法第一條，代表國會至上的原則，而國會是國民的代表，有國民主權的意味。

## 概覽

## 第一款：立法權屬於國會

> All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.
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* 譯文：本憲法授予的聯邦立法權，屬於由參議院和眾議院組成的合眾國國會。

 
憲法第一條第一款將聯邦立法權完全賦予聯邦國會。在憲法第二條與第三條中，也有類似條款將行政權賦予聯邦總統，將司法權賦予聯邦法庭。憲法的前三條共同構成了美國聯邦政府三權分立的憲政基礎，也即聯邦政府的立法、行政、司法機構獨立施行憲法所賦予的權力，並且不得侵犯另一機構的憲法權力，以此來維護對人民負責的有限政府。

 
憲法第一條關於國會立法權的規定中特別強調了三權分立的原則。憲法規定國會僅能就憲法第一條明文列出的事項施行立法權（並受到之後的第十修正案的進一步制約）。同時，國會也不得將立法權委任給政府的其他兩個分支（行政分支和司法分支），這項原則被稱為不得委任學說（nondelegation doctrine）。然而，最高法院通過案例確認國會有權將具體事務的監管權賦予個別行政機構，只要國會就此行政機構如何行使其權力制定了清晰的指導原則（intelligible principle）。

 
雖然憲法並未明文規定，但是國會早已事實擁有調查聽證權，並且經由最高法院確認此權力為行使國會立法權所必須之附帶權力。然而，最高法院同時也限制此調查聽證權應當限於與國會立法有關而不可任意濫用。國會調查聽證無可爭議的經常對象之一就是聯邦行政分支，然而國會能否強制總統或聯邦政府官員提交文件或證詞卻充滿了爭議（見「行政豁免權」）。

在實際聽證中，國會受限的聽證權意味著國會不能對個體公民的私人生活進行調查聽證。根據三權分立原則，對於個體公民的調查聽證權力應當屬於法院而非國會。不過，自大蕭條以來，法院傾向於尊重國會的調查聽證權，而非施加不必要的限制。

## 第二款：眾議院

### 第 1 節：眾議員的組成和選舉方式

> The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature.
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* 譯文：聯邦眾議院由各州人民每兩年（直接）選舉產生的眾議員組成。各州選民須具備該州州議會兩院中議席較多之一院的選民資格。。

 
因為聯邦眾議員由選民直接選舉產生，所以當眾議員議席出缺時，州長不能指定臨時眾議員，而應當根據第二款第四節之規定組織補選以填補此空缺。（相對的，聯邦參議員出缺時，州長可指定臨時參議員直至下次參議員選舉。）

憲法制定時，並未明確指出公民擁有直接選舉權。然而，憲法中明確規定了在州議會選舉中擁有選舉權的公民也擁有眾議員的選舉權。立憲先賢們藉此清晰地表明了眾議院應當由公民直接選舉產生。

自南北戰爭以來，通過了若干個憲法修正案以阻止各州對於選民資格的不當限制。例如，憲法第十四修正案賦予所有美國公民以平等的選舉權。第十五修正案禁止基於種族、膚色或之前為奴隸的經歷而剝奪公民的選舉權。第十九修正案禁止基於性別而剝奪公民的選舉權，也即賦予婦女選舉權。第二十四修正案禁止基於選舉稅而剝奪公民選舉權。第二十六修正案則將選舉權年齡降低至十八周歲。

最高法院認為選舉權乃是基本人權之一，因此基於「平等保護條款」而對各州剝奪選舉權的規定進行了異常嚴格的限定。對於選舉權的認定僅基於是否為美國公民，居住於何州，以及年齡。

由於第三節規定每州都應選出至少一名眾議員進入眾議院代表本州，因此眾議院中眾議員數量並非嚴格正比於各州選民數量。因為眾議院議席固定為 435 席，而若干小州的選民人數不足全國選民人數的 1/435，然而這些小州也會選出一名眾議員，相當於小州「侵奪」了大州的一些眾議員名額。然而，最高法院也裁定若任何州選舉產生多名眾議員，則在該州內各聯邦眾議員選區之人口應當基本相等。

### 第 2 節：眾議員的選舉資格

> No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.
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* 譯文：第二款　凡年齡不滿二十五歲，成為合眾國公民不滿七年，在一州當選時不是該州居民者，不得擔任眾議員。

憲法中對眾議員的代表資格做了三條規定：至少 25 歲，在一州當選時必須是該州公民，並且之前 7 年必須是美國公民。憲法中並沒有規定議員必須是其所代表的具體選區的公民，不過實際情況上除一些少數例外情況外通常如此。

### 第 3 節：各州眾議員和直接稅份額分配

> Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse（原文如此） three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New-York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.
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* 譯文：**眾議員名額和直接稅稅額，在本聯邦可包括的各州中，按照各自人口比例進行分配。**各州人口數，按自由人總數加上所有其他人口的五分之三予以確定。自由人總數包括必須服一定年限勞役的人，但不包括未被徵稅的印第安人。人口的實際統計在合眾國國會第一次會議後三年內和此後每十年內，依法律規定的方式進行。每三萬人選出的眾議員人數不得超過一名，但每州至少須有一名眾議員；在進行上述人口統計以前，新罕布夏州有權選出三名，麻薩諸塞州八名，羅德島州和普羅維登斯種植地一名，康乃狄克州五名，紐約州六名，新澤西州四名，賓夕法尼亞州八名，德拉瓦州一名，馬里蘭州六名，維吉尼亞州十名，北卡羅萊納州五名，南卡羅萊納州五名，喬治亞州三名。

### 第 4 節：空缺

> When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies.
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* 譯文：任何一州代表出現缺額時，該州行政當局應發布選舉令，以填補此項缺額。

### 第 5 節：議長、其他官員和彈劾

> The House of Representatives shall chuse（原文如此） their Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment.
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* 譯文：眾議院選舉本院議長和其他官員，並獨自擁有彈劾權。

## 第三款：參議院

### 第 1 節：參議員的人數組成和選舉

> The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote.
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* 譯文：合眾國參議院由每州州議會選舉的兩名參議員組成，任期六年；每名參議員有一票表決權。

### 第 2 節：參議員的選舉方式及出現空缺時的措施

> Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen every second Year; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies.
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* 譯文：參議員在第一次選舉後集會時，立即分為人數儘可能相等的三個組。第一組參議員席位在第二年年終空出，第二組參議員席位在第四年年終空出，第三組參議員席位在第六年年終空出，以便三分之一的參議員得每二年改選一次。在任何一州州議會休會期間，如因辭職或其他原因而出現缺額時，該州行政長官在州議會下次集會填補此項缺額前，得任命臨時參議員。

### 第 3 節：參議員當選資格

> No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen.
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* 譯文：凡年齡不滿 30 歲，成為合眾國公民不滿 9 年，在一州當選時不是該州居民者，不得擔任參議員。

### 第 4 節：副總統任參議院議長及其投票權限制

> The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided.
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* 譯文：合眾國副總統任參議院議長，無投票權，但除非參議員投票時贊成票和反對票相等，將有一票表決權。。

### 第 5 節：臨時議長及其他官員選舉

> The Senate shall chuse （原文如此） their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the Office of the President of the United States.
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* 譯文：參議院選舉本院其他官員，並在副總統缺席或行使合眾國總統職權時，選舉一名臨時議長。

### 第 6 節：彈劾案審判權

> The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present.
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* 譯：參議院獨自擁有審判一切彈劾案的權力。為此目的而開庭時，全體參議員須宣誓或作代誓宣言。合眾國總統受審時，首席大法官主持審判。**無論何人，非經出席參議員三分之二的同意，不得被定罪。**

### 第 7 節：彈劾案判決的權限範圍和罪名成立後的懲罰

> Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States: but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law.
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* 譯文：彈劾案的判決，不得超出免職和剝奪擔任和享有合眾國屬下有榮譽、有責任或有薪金的任何職務的資格。但被定罪的人，仍可依法受起訴、審判、判決和懲罰。

## 第四款：國會選舉

### 第 1 節：選舉時間、地點的確定方式

> The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the Places of chusing（原文如此） Senators.
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* 譯文：舉行參議員和眾議員選舉的時間、地點和方式，在每個州由該州議會規定。但除選舉參議員的地點外，國會得隨時以法律制定或改變這類規定。

### 第 2 節：國會工作日程

> The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day.
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* 譯文：國會每年至少開會一次，除非國會以法律另訂日期外，此會議在 12 月第一個星期一舉行。

## 第五款：程序

### 第 1 節：國會議事法定人數及權限

> Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may provide.
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* 譯文：每院是本院議員的選舉、選舉結果報告和資格的裁判者。每院議員過半數，即構成議事的法定人數；但不足法定人數時，得逐日休會，並有權按每院規定的方式和罰則，強迫缺席議員出席會議。

### 第 2 節：議事及開除議員的規則

> Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behavior, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a member.
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* 譯文：每院得規定本院議事規則，懲罰本院議員和擾亂秩序的行為，並經三分之二議員的同意開除議員。

### 第 3 節：會議記錄

> Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall, at the desire of one fifth of those present, be entered on the Journal.
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* 譯文：每院應有本院會議記錄，並不時予以公布，但它認為需要保密的部分除外。每院議員對於任何問題的贊成票和反對票，在出席議員五分之一的請求下，應載入會議記錄。

### 第 4 節：休會

> Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.
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* 譯文：在國會開會期間，任何一院，未經另一院同意，不得休會三日以上，也不得到非兩院開會的任何地方休會。

## 第六款：報酬、特權及任職限制

### 第 1 節：報酬和法律保護

> The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place.
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* 譯文：參議員和眾議員應得到服務的報酬，此項報酬由法律確定並由合眾國國庫支付。他們除犯叛國罪、重罪和妨害治安罪外，在一切情況下都享有在出席各自議院會議期間和往返於各自議院途中不受逮捕的特權。他們不得因在各自議院發表的演說或辯論而在任何其他地方受到質問。

### 第 2 節：與行政部門分隔

> No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time; and no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office.
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* 譯文：參議員或眾議員不得在當選任期內擔任合眾國政府任何新添設的職位，或在其任期內支取因新職位而增添的俸給；在合眾國政府供職的人，不得在其任職期間擔任國會議員。

## 第七款：議案

### 第 1 節：徵稅議案

> All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills.
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* 譯文：**所有徵稅議案應首先在眾議院提出**，但參議院得像其他議案一樣，提出或同意修正案。（眾議會的征稅權）

### 第 2 節：從提出議案到生效成為法律的程序

> Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of the United States; If he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not be a Law.
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* 譯文：眾議院和參議院通過的每一議案，在成為法律前須送交合眾國總統；總統如批准該議案，即應簽署；如不批准，則應將該議案連同其反對意見退回最初提出該議案的議院。該院應將此項反對意見詳細載入本院會議記錄並進行複議。如經複議後，該院三分之二議員同意通過該議案，該議案連同反對意見應一起送交另一議院，並同樣由該院進行複議，如經該院三分之二議員贊同，該議案即成為法律。但在所有這類情況下，兩院表決都由贊成票和反對票決定；對該議案投贊成票和反對票的議員姓名應分別載入每一議院會議記錄。如任何議案在送交總統十天內（星期日除外）未經總統退回，該議案如同總統已簽署一樣，即成為法律，除非國會休會而使該議案不能退回，在此種情況下，該議案不能成為法律。

### 第 3 節：總統批准

> Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill.
> 
> 

* 譯文：凡須由參議院和眾議院一致同意的每項命令、決議或表決（關於休會問題除外），須送交合眾國總統，該項命令、決議或表決在生效前，須由總統批准，如總統不批准，則按照關於議案所規定的規則和限制，由參議院和眾議院三分之二議員重新通過。

## 第八款：國會權力

### 列舉的權力

國會的立法權列舉在第八款中：

> The Congress shall have power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;
> 
> To borrow Money on the credit of the United States;
> 
> To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes;
> 
> To establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States;
> 
> To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures;
> 
> To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current coin of the United States;
> 
> To establish Post Offices and post Roads;
> 
> To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries;
> 
> To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court;
> 
> To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offenses against the Law of Nations;
> 
> To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;
> 
> To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years;
> 
> To provide and maintain a Navy;
> 
> To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces;
> 
> To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions;
> 
> To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;
> 
> To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings;—And
> 
> To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.
> 
> 

譯文：國會有權：

* 規定和徵收直接稅、進口稅、捐稅和其他稅，以償付國債、提供合眾國共同防務和公共福利，但一切進口稅、捐稅和其他稅應全國統一；
* 以合眾國的信用借款；
* 管制同外國的、各州之間的和同印第安部落的商業；
* 制定合眾國全國統一的入籍規則和破產法；
* 鑄造貨幣，厘定本國貨幣和外國貨幣的價值，並確定度量衡的標準；
* 規定有關偽造合眾國證券和通用貨幣的罰則；
* 設立郵政局和修建郵政道路；
* 保障著作家和發明家對各自著作和發明在限定期限內的專有權利，以促進科學和工藝的進步；
* 設立最高法院屬下的法院；
* 界定和懲罰在公海上所犯的海盜罪和重罪以及違反國際法的犯罪行為；
* 宣戰，頒發捕獲敵船許可狀，制定關於陸上和水上捕獲的條例；
* 招募陸軍和供給軍需，但此項用途的撥款期限不得超過兩年；
* 建立和維持一支海軍；
* 制定治理和管理陸海軍的條例；
* 規定徵召民兵，以執行聯邦法律、鎮壓叛亂和擊退入侵；
* 規定民兵的組織、裝備和訓練，規定用來為合眾國服役的那些民兵的管理，但民兵軍官的任命和按國會規定的條例訓練民兵的權力，由各州保留；
* 對於由某些州讓與合眾國、經國會接受而成為合眾國政府所在地的地區（不得超過十平方英里），在任何情況下都行使獨有的立法權；對於經州議會同意、由合眾國在該州購買的用於建造要塞、彈藥庫、兵工廠、船塢和其他必要建築物的一切地方，行使同樣的權力；以及制定為行使上述各項權力和由本憲法授予合眾國政府或其任何部門或官員的一切其他權力所必要和適當的所有法律。

### 商業條款

> The Congress shall have Power [...] To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes;
> 
> 

* 譯文：國會有權：管制同外國的、各州之間的和同印第安部落的商業；

### 國會的其他權利

### 必要和適當條款

> The Congress shall have Power [...] To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.
> 
> 

* 譯文：國會有權…… 制定為行使上述各項權力和由本憲法授予合眾國政府或其任何部門或官員的一切其他權力所必要和適當的所有法律。

## 第九款：對國會的限制

這一款提出了對國會權力的限制：

> The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person.
> 
> The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it.
> 
> No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed.
> 
> No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken.
> 
> No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State.
> 
> No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another: nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another.
> 
> No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time.
> 
> No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State.
> 
> 

譯文：現有任何一州認為得准予入境之人的遷移或入境，在 1808 年以前，國會不得加以禁止，但對此種人的入境，每人可征不超過十美元的稅。

* 不得中止人身保護狀的特權，除非發生叛亂或入侵時公共安全要求中止這項特權。
* 不得通過公民權利剝奪法案或追溯既往的法律。
* 除依本憲法上文規定的人口普查或統計的比例，不得徵收人頭稅或其他直接稅。
* 對於任何一州輸出的貨物，不得徵稅。
* 任何有關商務或納稅的條例，均不得賦予某一州的港口優惠待遇；亦不得強迫任何開往或來自某一州的船隻，駛入或駛出 另一州，或向另一州納稅。
* 除根據法律規定的撥款外，不得從國庫提取款項。一切公款收支的定期報告書和帳目，應不時予以公布。
* 合眾國不得授予貴族爵位。凡在合眾國屬下擔任任何有薪金或有責任的職務的人，未經國會同意，不得從任何國王、君主或外國接受任何禮物、俸祿、官職或任何一種爵位。

## 第十款：對各州的限制

### 第 1 節：契約條款

> No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility.
> 
> 

* 譯文：任何一州都不得：締結任何條約，參加任何同盟或邦聯；頒發捕獲敵船許可狀；鑄造貨幣；發行紙幣；使用金銀幣以外的任何物品作為償還債務的貨幣；通過任何公民權利剝奪法案、追溯既往的法律或損害契約義務的法律；或授予任何貴族爵位。

### 第 2 節：進出口關稅

> No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing it's [sic] inspection Laws: and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Controul of the Congress.
> 
> 

* 譯文：任何一州，未經國會同意，不得對進出口貨物徵收任何進口稅或關稅，但為執行本州檢查法所絕對必要者，不在此限。任何一州對進出口貨物所征全部關稅和進口稅的純收益均應充作合眾國國庫之用；所有這類法律得由國會加以修正和監督。

### 第 3 節：船稅、軍隊和盟約

> No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay.
> 
> 

* 譯文：任何一州，未經國會同意，不得徵收任何船舶噸位稅，不得在和平時期保持軍隊或戰艦，不得與他州或外國締結協定或盟約，除非實際遭到入侵或遇刻不容緩的緊迫危險時不得進行戰爭。

## 注釋

## 參考資料

## 外部閱讀

* 彼得・H・艾朗斯（1999 年）：_A People's History of the Supreme Court （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）_ . New York: Penguin.
* 李道揆. 《美国政府与政治》（上、下册）. 商務印書館. 1999.
* Davis, Z. (2001). "Presidential Vetoes, 1989–2000." （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Kilman, J. & Costello, G. (Eds). (2000). _The Constitution of the United States of America: Analyis and Interpretation._ （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* CRS Annotated Constitution: Article 1 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* National Cable Satellite Corporation. (2003). "Capitol Questions."