爱克哈特，M.J.

**艾克哈特大師**（德語：Meister Eckhart），本名**艾克哈特・馮・霍赫海姆**（德語：Eckhart von Hochheim），或稱**約翰尼斯・艾克哈特**（德語：Johannes Eckhart），是一位德國神學家、哲學家和神秘主義者，出生在神聖羅馬帝國圖林根邦的 Landgraviate。十多歲時便加入道明會並任高級職務。作為布道者他效力極高，其講道方法給同時代人和後來者留下了極深刻的印象。對於德語哲學術語的創製也作出重大貢獻。其關注的最主要問題是日常生活中持續精神實踐的原理的傳播。他非傳統的，有時甚至是挑釁性的言論常常與當時的普遍信仰相牴觸，故而引起了轟動。比如他認為，「靈魂的根基」不像所有的動物是被上帝所創造的，但是神聖的，非受造的。靈的的原因即神性，是瞬間表現的。

教皇約翰二十二世將他列為異端，他反駁了這些指控。據說他在正式判決之前死亡，雖然沒有發現過他的埋葬地點，沒有死亡記錄。

## 延伸閱讀

* Jeanne Ancelet-Hustache, _Master Eckhart and the Rhineland Mystics_, New York and London: Harper and Row/ Longmans, 1957.
* Leonardo Vittorio Arena, _The Shadows of the Masters_, ebook, 2013.
* James M. Clark, _The Great German Mystics_, New York: Russell and Russell, 1970 (reprint of Basil Blackwell edition, Oxford: 1949.)
* James M. Clark, trans., _Henry Suso: Little Book of Eternal Wisdom and Little Book of Truth_, London: Faber, 1953.
* Cesare Catà, _Il Cardinale e l'Eretico. Nicola Cusano e il problema della eredità "eterodossa" di Meister Eckhart nel suo pensiero_, in "Viator. Medieval and Renaissance Studies", UCLA University, Volume 41, No.2 (2010), pp. 269–291.
* Oliver Davies, _God Within: The Mystical Tradition of Northern Europe_, London: Darton, Longman and Todd, 1988.
* Oliver Davies, _Meister Eckhart: Mystical Theologian_, London: SPCK, 1991.
* _Eckardus Theutonicus, homo doctus et sanctus_, Fribourg: University of Fribourg, 1993.
* Robert K. Forman, _Meister Eckhart: Mystic as Theologian_, Rockport, Massachusetts/Shaftesbury, Dorset: Element Books, 1991.
* Gundolf Gieraths, O.P., '"Life in Abundance: Meister Eckhart and the German Dominican Mystics of the 14th Century", _Spirituality Today Supplement_, Autumn, 1986.
* Joel F. Harrington, 「Dangerous Mystic: Meister Eckhart’s Path to the God Within」, New York: Penguin Press, 2018.
* Aldous Huxley, _The Perennial Philosophy: An Interpretation of the Great Mystics, East and West_, New York: HarperCollins, 1945.
* Amy Hollywood, _The Soul as Virgin Wife: Mechthild of Magdeburg, Marguerite Porete, and Meister Eckhart_, Notre Dame and London: University of Notre Dame Press, 1996.
* Rufus Jones, _The Flowering of Mysticism in the Fourteenth Century_, New York: Hafner Publishing Co., 1971 (facsimile of 1939 ed.).
* Bernard McGinn, "Eckhart's Condemnation Reconsidered" in _The Thomist_, vol. 44, 1980.
* Bernard McGinn, ed., _Meister Eckhart and the Beguine Mystics Hadewijch of Brabant, Mechthild of Magdeburg, and Marguerite Porete_, New York: Continuum, 1994.
* Ben Morgan. _On Becoming God: Late Medieval Mysticism and the Modern Western Self._ New York: Fordham UP, 2013.
* Arthur Schopenhauer, _The World as Will and Representation_, Vol. II, ISBN 0-486-21762-0
* Cyprian Smith, _The Way of Paradox: Spiritual Life as Taught by Meister Eckhart_, New York: Paulist Press, 1988.
* Frank Tobin, _Meister Eckhart: Thought and Language_, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1986.
* Denys Turner, _The Darkness of God: Negativity in Christian Mysticism_, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
* Winfried Trusen, _Der Prozess gegen Meister Eckhart_, Fribourg: University of Fribourg, 1988.
* Andrew Weeks, _German Mysticism from Hildegard of Bingen to Ludwig Wittgenstein: A Literary and Intellectual History_, Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993.
* Richard Woods, O.P., _Eckhart's Way_, Wilmington, Delaware: Glazier, 1986 (Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press, 1991).
* Richard Woods, O.P., _Meister Eckhart: The Gospel of Peace and Justice_, Tape Cassette Program, Chicago: Center for Religion & Society, 1993.
* Richard Woods, O.P., _Meister Eckhart: Master of Mystics_ (London, Continuum, 2010).
* Saeed Zarrabi-Zadeh, _Practical Mysticism in Islam and Christianity: A Comparative Study of Jalal al-Din Rumi and Meister Eckhart_, London and New York: Routledge, 2016.

## 備注