玻璃海綿

**六放海綿綱**（Hexactinellida）為多孔動物門的一個綱。該綱動物具有矽質骨針，有些骨針能聚合成網狀的骨架。骨骼中無海綿質。本綱又稱為**玻璃海綿**。六放海綿綱動物大多數生活在 200～8500 米的海底。常被用做觀賞用途，主要生存於深海當中，這種海綿也與海裡的甲殼類生物共生，通常會有兩隻，一公一母的蝦類以此為家。在日本，骨骼經過人類製作之後，成為一種愛情的紀念品。英語俗名 Venus' Flower Basket。而受到一定程度的歡迎。

## 型態

形體大，骨骼全由矽質骨針組成，無海綿絲。典型的大骨針多為六射三軸針，互成直角，故又稱六射海綿綱。此外還有四射雙軸針等。骨針往往連線形成立體格架。小骨針呈六射星狀或雙盤狀。簡單複溝型，鞭毛室大；某些古生代種類還有單溝型。元古代晚期至現代。

在眾多能拿來跟玻璃相比的透明物種當中，最接近玻璃的應當屬維納斯花籃。它們長得像一個精緻的花瓶，因此而得名。它們也被稱作玻璃海綿，它們骨骼的主要成分是矽，這也是玻璃的主要成分。

主要特徵還有海綿特有的矽質骨針，並集結成纖巧的幾何網路，如偕老同穴（Venus's flower basket）一般，玻璃海綿中央腔內常寄居一對共生儷蝦，蝦在幼蟲的時候住進去，長大之後就逃不出去了。然後兩隻蝦被囚困其中，靠流進中央腔的水流而獲食物。這樣的海綿動物在日本成為了頗受歡迎的結婚禮物。

## 食性

玻璃海綿以從水中過濾而來的最小浮游生物為食，最大可以生長到兩米以上，它們花瓶般的身體構造為魚類、無脊椎動物以及其它海洋生物提供了完美的躲藏、產卵和生存的環境。玻璃海綿像珊瑚一樣開闢著自己的棲息地，在一定程度上，它們就像海床上的城市，無論它們生長在何處，總是會吸引來其它的海洋生物。

## 分類

六放海綿綱分為兩個亞綱：

* 雙盤海綿亞綱 Amphidiscophora
* 六放海綿亞綱 Hexasterophora

**本綱包含以下目：**

* 雙盤海綿目 Amphidiscosida
* 燈籠海綿目 Lychniscosida
* 松骨海綿目 Lyssacinosida
* 權杖海綿目 Sceptrulophora

**目地位未定的科：**

* Aglithodictyidae
* Asthenospongiidae
* Celyphiidae
* Cliefdenellidae
* Colospongiidae
* Cystispongiidae
* Cystothalamiidae
* Dictyospongiidae
* Dierespongiidae
* Docodermatidae
* Hemidiscellidae
* Hintzespongiidae
* Hyalostellidae
* Hydnodictyidae
* Leptophragmatidae
* Multivasculatidae
* Pachyteichismatidae
* Pattersoniidae
* Pileolitidae
* Pileospongiidae
* Pillaraspongiidae
* Plieolitidae
* Porispongiidae
* Protospongiidae
* Sebargasiidae
* Staurodermatidae
* Stereodictyidae
* Stromatidiidae
* Teganiidae
* Thaumastocoeliidae
* Titusvillidae
* Titusvilliidae
* Triactinellidae
* Uphantenidae
* Wareembaiidae

**目和科地位未定的屬：**

* _Acanthactinella_ Hinde, 1887
* _Aglithodictya_ Hall & Clarke, 1898
* _Antrispongia_ Quenstedt, 1878
* _Arystidictyon_
* _Asociatella_ Hurcewicz, 1985
* _Astroconia_ Sollas, 1881
* _Aulacosia_ Rauff, 1933
* _Aulodomus_ Schrammen, 1936
* _Australispongia_ Xiping & Knoll, 1996
* _Azyrtalia_ Nazarov, 1973
* _Baccispongia_ Quenstedt, 1877
* _Belonisia_ Rauff, 1933
* _Bothroconis_ King, 1850
* _Botryodictya_ Hall & Clarke, 1898
* _Caesaria_ Quenstedt, 1858
* _Calpidospongia_ Wu, 1989
* _Carbonella_ Hurcewicz & Czarniecki, 1986
* _Carinthiaspongus_ Krainer & Mostler, 1992
* _Caseispongia_ Quenstedt, 1878
* _Chelispongia_ Webby & Trotter, 1993
* _Chirospongia_ Miller, 1889
* _Cincliderma_ Hinde, 1883
* _Clepsydrospongia_ Hall & Clarke, 1898
* _Corticospongia_ Caster, 1939
* _Crepospongia_ Wu, 1989
* _Crucispongia_ Quenstedt, 1877
* _Cryptodictya_ Hall, 1890
* _Cyathophycella_ Rigby & Stuart, 1988
* _Cyrtobolia_ Pocta, 1883
* _Czarnockiella_ Hurcewicz & Czarniecki, 1986
* _Decumbispongia_ Botting, Muir, Li & Lin, 2013
* _Dialyscyphia_ Hurcewicz & Czarniecki, 1986
* _Diaretula_ Schmidt, 1879
* _Dilatispongia_ Botting, 2004
* _Diphyllospira_ Herrmann-Degen, 1980
* _Diplopleura_ Regnard, 1925
* _Dvorcia_ Nekvasilová & Štemproková, 1960
* _Emploca_ Sollas, 1883
* _Eubrochus_ Sollas, 1876
* _Euplectinella_ Termier, Termier & Thibieroz, 1990
* _Eutactostomium_ Herrmann-Degen, 1980
* _Farreopsis_ Schrammen, 1924
* _Flosculus_ Xiping & Knoll, 1996
* _Gonamispongia_ Korshunov, 1968
* _Gongylospongia_ Hall & Clarke, 1898
* _Griphodictya_ Hall & Clarke, 1898
* _Haljalaspongia_ Botting & Rhebergen, 2011
* _Hallodictya_ Hall & Clarke, 1898
* _Helicodictya_ Hall & Clarke, 1898
* _Hemidiagoniella_ Botting, 2004
* _Hemidiscella_
* _Hexactractiella_
* _Hexatractiella_ Mehl, 1996
* _Hillendia_ Reid, 1964
* _Hintzesnonaia_
* _Hodsia_ Moisseev, 1939
* _Holasterella_
* _Holasterella_ Carter, 1879
* _Hunteria_ Van Soest & Hooper, 2020
* _Hyalocaulus_ Marshall & Meyer, 1877
* _Hydnocerina_ Clarke, 1920
* _Idiodictyon_ de Laubenfels, 1955
* _Iowaspongia_ Thomas, 1923
* _Irpaspongia_ Mehl & Mostler, 1994
* _Ithacadictya_ Caster, 1939
* _Kaiyangites_ Qian & Yin, 1984
* _Koleostoma_ Regnard, 1925
* _Kometia_ Webby & Trotter, 1993
* _Konyrium_ Nazarov & Popov, 1976
* _Krainerella_ Krainer & Mostler, 1992
* _Laocaetis_
* _Larispongia_ Carrera, 1998
* _Lecanocoelospongia_ Wu, 1989
* _Lithospongia_ Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864
* _Lobospongia_ Hurcewicz, 1985
* _Lonsda_ de Laubenfels, 1955
* _Lopanella_ Pocta, 1883
* _Lysactinella_
* _Mastodictya_ Hall & Clarke, 1898
* _Mastodictyum_ Sollas, 1883
* _Megastylia_
* _Mimeticosia_
* _Multiloqua_ de Laubenfels, 1955
* _Multivasculatus_ Howell & Van Houten, 1940
* _Mysterium_ de Laubenfels, 1955
* _Nephelispongia_
* _Nitidus_ de Laubenfels, 1955
* _Octobrum_ de Laubenfels, 1955
* _Oospongia_ Wu, 1989
* _Oxyrhizium_ Schrammen, 1912
* _Ozospongia_
* _Pachaulidium_ Schmidt, 1880
* _Pachylepisma_ Schrammen, 1902
* _Palaeophragmodictya_ Gehling & Rigby, 1996
* _Palaeorossella_ Li et al., 2019
* _Palaeostauronema_
* _Paleophragmodictya_ Gehling & Rigby, 1996
* _Paleostauronema_ Hurcewicz, 1985
* _Paracraticularia_ Schrammen, 1936
* _Parahexactinella_ Reid, 1963
* _Petalop_e Pocta, 1883
* _Phormosella_ Hinde, 1888
* _Pinnatispongia_ Xiping & Knoll, 1996
* _Placochlaenia_ Pomel, 1872
* _Placospongia_ Wu, 1989
* _Plecteurete_ Herrmann-Degen, 1980
* _Plecteurette_
* _Plectoderma_ Hinde, 1883
* _Plectospyris_ Sollas, 1883
* _Pleodioria_ Öpik, 1961
* _Polonoscyphia_ Hurcewicz, 1985
* _Polyosepia_
* _Polyplectella_ Ruedemann, 1925
* _Polyptycha_ Defretin-Lefranc, 1961
* _Polyschema_ Oppliger, 1915
* _Polystigmatium_ Schrammen, 1912
* _Polysyge_
* _Poriferella_ Hurcewicz, 1985
* _Porospongia_ d'Orbigny, 1849
* _Prenehydnoceras_ Hurcewicz & Czarniecki, 1986
* _Proeurete_ Schrammen, 1902
* _Protoarmstrongia_ Caster, 1941
* _Protremadictyon_ Hurcewicz, 1985
* _Psephosyllogus_ Schrammen, 1936
* _Pseudotragos_ Nutsubidze, 1965
* _Pyrenospongia_ Wu, 1989
* _Ramulospongia_ Hurcewicz, 1985
* _Repospongia_ Hurcewicz & Czarniecki, 1986
* _Retifungus_ Rietschel, 1970
* _Rhabdosispongia_ Hall & Clarke, 1898
* _Rhabdostauridium_ Schmidt, 1880
* _Rhakistella_ Weller, 1931
* _Rhogostomium_ Schrammen, 1936
* _Rhombedonium_ Schrammen, 1936
* _Rhombodictyon_ Whitfield, 1886
* _Rhopalicna_
* _Rigbykia_ Özdikmen, 2009
* _Roemerispongia_ Hall & Clarke, 1898
* _Rosella_ Vassiljeva, 1988
* _Rugosoderma_ Howell, 1957
* _Scotospongia_ Krainer & Mostler, 1992
* _Sestrocladiella_ Howell, 1957
* _Silicunculus_ Bengtson, 1986
* _Solusrectus_ Botting, 2004
* _Spiractinella_ Hinde, 1887
* _Sulugurella_ Pelman, Ermak, Fedorov, Luchinina, Zhuravleva, Repina, Bondarev & Borodaevskaya, 1990
* _Sycodictya_ Ruedemann, 1925
* _Synaulia_ Pocta, 1883
* _Teganiella_ Rigby, 1985
* _Teganium_ Rauff, 1894
* _Testiispongia_ Rigby, 1983
* _Textispongia_ Quenstedt, 1877
* _Thamnodictya_ Hall, 1884
* _Uphantena_
* _Uralonema_
* _Ursaspongia_ Rigby, 1985
* _Ventriculita_
* _Walcottella_ de Laubenfels, 1955
* _Xenoschrammenus_
* _Xylospongia_ Hérenger, 1942
* _Zittelospongia_ Malfatti, 1901

## 參考文獻