玛瑙螺科

**非洲大蝸牛科**又名**瑪瑙螺科**（學名：Achatinidae）包括超過 100 個屬，都是原生於非洲的大型和中型陸生蝸牛，成蝸每年可以產 3-6 次卵，每次產卵因體形不同，每次產卵約 50-500 顆。

## 分佈

該科的蝸牛分佈於撒哈拉以南非洲。

## 解剖學

該科蝸牛的單倍體染色體大約有 26 到 30。

## 分類學

該科分類在非正式群體彎尿道亞目下，屬於柄眼亞目、真肺目，下領四個亞科。

2017 年，根據《布歇特等人的腹足類分類》，原來柄眼目之下的四大分類重組，本科成為了瑪瑙螺亞目的成員之餘，下領八個亞科的鑽頭螺科亦被併入本科。因此，非洲大蝸牛科成為了一個下領 12 個亞科的龐大分類，而不少亞科之下又再細分為多個族。

### 亞科

以下為非洲大蝸牛科之下的 12 個亞科：

* 瑪瑙螺亞科 Achatininae Swainson, 1840：異名包括 Urceidae Chaper, 1884 及 Ampullidae Winckworth, 1945
* Coeliaxinae Pilsbry, 1907
* Cryptelasminae Germain, 1916
* Glessulinae Godwin-Austin, 1920
* 鑽螺亞科 Opeatinae Thiele, 1931
* Petriolinae Schileyko, 1999
* Pyrgininae Germain, 1916
* Rishetiinae Schileyko, 1999
* 芻螺亞科 Rumininae Wenz, 1923
* Stenogyrinae P. Fischer & Crosse, 1877
* 鑽頭螺亞科 Subulininae P. Fischer & Crosse, 1877
* Thyrophorellinae Girard, 1895

### 屬

Subfamily Achatininae Swainson, 1840

```
 » Tribe Achatinini Swainson, 1840
   » Genus Achatina Lamarck, 1799
   » Genus Archachatina Albers, 1850
   » Genus Atopocochlis Crosse & P. Fischer, 1888
   » Genus Bequaertina Mead, 1994
   » Genus Brownisca Mead, 2004
   » Genus Bruggenina Mead, 2004
   » Genus Burtoa Bourguignat, 1889
   » Genus Cochlitoma A. Férussac, 1821
   » Genus Leptocalina Bequaert, 1950
   » Genus Leptocallista Pilsbry, 1904
   » Genus Lignus Gray, 1834
   » Genus Metachatina Pilsbry, 1904
   » Genus Pseudachatina Albers, 1850
   » Genus Achatinus Montfort, 1810 accepted as Achatina Lamarck, 1799
   » Genus Achatium Link, 1807 accepted as Achatina Lamarck, 1799
   » Genus Agathina J. Férussac, 1807 accepted as Achatina Lamarck, 1799
   » Genus Burtopsis Bourguignat, 1889 accepted as Burtoa Bourguignat, 1889
   » Genus Euaethiops Clench & Archer, 1930 accepted as Achatina (Euaethiopina) Bequaert, 1950
   » Genus Eutaxis Ancey, 1888 accepted as Atopocochlis Crosse & P. Fischer, 1888
   » Genus Geodes Gistel, 1848 accepted as Achatina Lamarck, 1799
   » Genus Livinhacia Crosse, 1889 accepted as Burtoa Bourguignat, 1889
   » Genus Megachatina Bequaert & Clench, 1936 accepted as Archachatina (Calachatina) Pilsbry, 1919 represented as Archachatina Albers, 1850
   » Genus Oncaea Gistel, 1848 accepted as Achatina Lamarck, 1799
   » Genus Parachatina Bourguignat, 1889 accepted as Achatina Lamarck, 1799
   » Genus Pseudotrochus Mörch, 1852 accepted as Lignus Gray, 1834
   » Genus Serpaea Bourguignat, 1889 accepted as Achatina Lamarck, 1799
   » Genus Urceus Mörch, 1857 accepted as Achatina Lamarck, 1799
 » Tribe Callistoplepini Mead, 1994
   » Genus Callistoplepa Ancey, 1888
   » Genus Leptocala Ancey, 1888
   » Genus Ganomidos d'Ailly, 1896 accepted as Callistoplepa Ancey, 1888
   » Genus Petitia Jousseaume, 1884 accepted as Leptocala Ancey, 1888
 » Tribe Limicolariini Schileyko, 1999
   » Genus Columna Perry, 1811
   » Genus Limicolaria Schumacher, 1817
   » Genus Limicolariopsis d'Ailly, 1910
   » Genus Perideriopsis Putzeys, 1898 accepted as Limicolaria Schumacher, 1817
   » Genus Rebmanniella Preston, 1911 accepted as Limicolariopsis d'Ailly, 1910
```

Genus Arabicolaria Harzhauser & Neubauer, 2016 †
Subfamily Coeliaxinae Pilsbry, 1907

```
 » Genus Coeliaxis H. Adams & Angas, 1865
 » Genus Ischnocion Pilsbry, 1907
 » Genus Neosubulina E.A. Smith, 1898
 » Genus Bathyaxis Ancey, 1887 accepted as Coeliaxis H. Adams & Angas, 1865
 » Genus Microbeliscus Weyrauch, 1964 accepted as Ischnocion Pilsbry, 1907
 » Genus Nannobeliscus Weyrauch, 1967 accepted as Ischnocion Pilsbry, 1907
 » Genus Sphalerostoma Girard, 1892 accepted as Coeliaxis H. Adams & Angas, 1865
```

Subfamily Cryptelasminae Germain, 1916

```
 » Genus Cryptelasmus Pilsbry, 1907
 » Genus Thomea Girard, 1893
```

Subfamily Glessulinae Godwin-Austin, 1920

```
 » Genus Glessula E. von Martens, 1860
 » Genus Electra Albers, 1850 accepted as Glessula E. von Martens, 1860
 » Genus Jadukamia Godwin-Austen, 1920 accepted as Glessula E. von Martens, 1860
```

Genus Lissachatina Bequaert, 1950
Subfamily Opeatinae Thiele, 1931

```
 » Genus Eremopeas Pilsbry, 1906
 » Genus Opeas Albers, 1850
```

Genus Pacaudiella Harzhauser & Neubauer, 2016 †
Subfamily Petriolinae Schileyko, 1999

```
 » Genus Bocageia Girard, 1893
 » Genus Ceras Dupuis & Putzeys, 1901
 » Genus Chilonopsis Fischer von Waldheim, 1848
 » Genus Cleostyla Dall, 1896
 » Genus Comoropeas Pilsbry, 1906
 » Genus Dictyoglessula Pilsbry, 1919
 » Genus Homorus Albers, 1850
 » Genus Ischnoglessula Pilsbry, 1919
 » Genus Itiopiana Preston, 1910
 » Genus Kempioconcha Preston, 1913
 » Genus Liobocageia Pilsbry, 1919
 » Genus Mabilliella Ancey, 1886
 » Genus Nothapalinus Connolly, 1923
 » Genus Nothapalus E. von Martens, 1897
 » Genus Oleata L. Ortiz de Zarate & R. Ortiz de Zarate, 1959
 » Genus Oreohomorus Pilsbry, 1919
 » Genus Petriola Dall, 1905
 » Genus Subuliniscus Pilsbry, 1919
 » Genus Subulona E. von Martens, 1889
 » Genus Kempia Preston, 1913 accepted as Kempioconcha Preston, 1913
 » Genus Kenia Preston, 1911 accepted as Nothapalus E. von Martens, 1897
 » Genus Pileata L. Ortiz de Zarate & R. Ortiz de Zarate, 1959 accepted as Subulona E. von Martens, 1889
 » Genus Pseudocerastus Germain, 1918 accepted as Kempioconcha Preston, 1913
 » Genus Trichodina Ancey, 1888 accepted as Petriola Dall, 1905
```

Subfamily Pyrgininae Germain, 1916

```
 » Genus Pseudobalea Shuttleworth, 1854
 » Genus Pyrgina Greef, 1882
```

Subfamily Rishetiinae Schileyko, 1999

```
 » Genus Bacillum Theobald, 1870
 » Genus Eutomopeas Pilsbry, 1946
 » Genus Rishetia Godwin-Austen, 1920
 » Genus Tortaxis Pilsbry, 1906
 » Genus Dikrangia Godwin-Austen, 1920 accepted as Rishetia Godwin-Austen, 1920
 » Genus Ranibania Schileyko & Kuznetsov, 1996 accepted as Rishetia Godwin-Austen, 1920 (objective synonym)
 » Genus Tomopeas Pilsbry, 1906 accepted as Eutomopeas Pilsbry, 1946
```

Subfamily Rumininae Wenz, 1923

```
 » Genus Balfouria Crosse, 1885
 » Genus Krapfiella Preston, 1911
 » Genus Lubricetta F. Haas, 1928
 » Genus Namibiella Zilch, 1954
 » Genus Riebeckia E. von Martens, 1883
 » Genus Rumina Risso, 1826
 » Genus Xerocerastus Kobelt & Möllendorff, 1902
 » Genus Cylindrina Schlüter, 1838 accepted as Rumina Risso, 1826
 » Genus Eburnea Mousson, 1888 accepted as Xerocerastus Kobelt & Möllendorff, 1902
 » Genus Orbitina Risso, 1826 accepted as Rumina Risso, 1826
 » Genus Sira A. Schmidt, 1855 accepted as Rumina Risso, 1826
```

Subfamily Stenogyrinae P. Fischer & Crosse, 1877

```
 » Genus Chryserpes Pilsbry, 1906
 » Genus Cupulella Aguayo & Jaume, 1948
 » Genus Dolicholestes Pilsbry, 1906
 » Genus Lyobasis Pilsbry, 1903
 » Genus Neobeliscus Pilsbry, 1896
 » Genus Obeliscus H. Beck, 1837
 » Genus Ochroderma Ancey, 1885
 » Genus Ochrodermatina Thiele, 1931
 » Genus Ochrodermella Pilsbry, 1907
 » Genus Plicaxis Sykes, 1903
 » Genus Promoussonius Pilsbry, 1906
 » Genus Protobeliscus Pilsbry, 1906
 » Genus Rhodea H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855
 » Genus Stenogyra Shuttleworth, 1854
 » Genus Synapterpes Pilsbry, 1896
 » Genus Zoniferella Pilsbry, 1906
 » Genus Oxycheilus Albers, 1850 accepted as Synapterpes Pilsbry, 1896
 » Genus Rhodina de Morgan, 1885 accepted as Plicaxis Sykes, 1903
```

Subfamily Subulininae P. Fischer & Crosse, 1877

```
 » Genus Allopeas H.B. Baker, 1935
 » Genus Beckianum H.B. Baker, 1961
 » Genus Curvella Chaper, 1885
 » Genus Dysopeas H.B. Baker, 1927
 » Genus Euonyma Melvill & Ponsonby, 1896
 » Genus Fortuna Schlickum & Strauch, 1972
 » Genus Hypolysia Melvill & Ponsonby, 1901
 » Genus Lamellaxis Strebel & Pfeffer, 1882
 » Genus Leptinaria H. Beck, 1837
 » Genus Leptopeas H.B. Baker, 1927
 » Genus Micropeas Connolly, 1923
 » Genus Neoglessula Pilsbry, 1909
 » Genus Paropeas Pilsbry, 1906
 » Genus Pelatrinia Pilsbry, 1907
 » Genus Prosopeas Mörch, 1876
 » Genus Pseudoglessula O. Boettger, 1892
 » Genus Pseudopeas Putzeys, 1899
 » Genus Striosubulina Thiele, 1933
 » Genus Subulina H. Beck, 1837
 » Genus Vegrandinia Salvador, Cunha & Simone, 2013
 » Genus Zootecus Westerlund, 1887
 » Genus Chilogymnus Ehrenberg, 1831 (taxon inquirendum)
 » Genus Beccaria Bourguignat, 1883 accepted as Pseudopeas Putzeys, 1899
 » Genus Chilogymnus Jousseaume, 1894 accepted as Zootecus Westerlund, 1887 (junior synonym)
 » Genus Diaopeas F. Haas, 1962 accepted as Beckianum H.B. Baker, 1961
 » Genus Hapalus Albers, 1850 accepted as Curvella Chaper, 1885
 » Genus Nothus Albers, 1850 accepted as Leptinaria H. Beck, 1837
 » Genus Obeliscella Jousseaume, 1889 accepted as Zootecus Westerlund, 1887 (junior synonym)
 » Genus Synopeas Jousseaume, 1889 accepted as Beckianum H.B. Baker, 1961
```

* Subfamily Thyrophorellinae Girard, 1895
  * Genus _Thyrophorella_ Greeff, 1882

## 參考文獻

## 外部連結

* Lots of African Snail Pictures
* Achatinoidea pictures
* Excellent site (in German) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Achatinidae （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Extensive information on Achatina and Archachatina in captivity with a helpful forum. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* US Dept of Agriculture （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）