状语从句

在複合句中作狀語的從句，叫做**狀語從句**（the Adverbial Clause）.

## 時間狀語從句

---

### when, as, while

when 引出的時間狀語從句，其中的動詞既可以是**延續性動作**的動詞，也可以是**瞬間性動作**的動詞，而且可以表示主語的動作和從句的動作**同時發生**，或者從句的動作發生在主句的動作之前。

e.g.

```
  When you apply for a job, you must present your credentials.
```

```
  When the students heard the teacher's footsteps, they all stopped talking.
```

when 還可以表示 just then (正在那時，突然) 的意思，此時其所引導的從句只放在主句之後。

e.g.

```
  We were about to start when it began to rain.
```

as 引出的時間狀語從句，其動作是**延續性**的，而且側重表示主句和從句的動作**同時發生**.

e.g.

```
  As the students walked to their dormitories,they sang happily.
```

while 表示 "在某一段時間裡" 或 "在... 期間"，其所引出的從句的動作是**延續性**的，且側重表示主句和從句的動作**同時發生**。

e.g.

```
  While the teacher paraphrased the text in English,the students listened attentively and took notes.
```

while 還可用作並列連詞，相當於 **whereas**，連接一個表示對比的並列分句。

e.g.

```
  Mary was dressed in blue while Jane was dressed in red.
```

### whenever,every time,each time 任何時候；每當

e.g.

```
  Whenever I met her,she was studying.
```

```
  Every time I met her,she was staying with him.
```

```
  Each time I met her,she was listening to the music.
```

### since (自從，從... 以來),ever since (從那時起一直到現在；此後一直)

since,ever since 引導的從句通常用**一般過去時**，主句中的謂語動詞通常用**完成時**.

e.g.

```
  We've never met since we graduated from the college.
```

```
  It is six years since we parted.
```

### before (在... 之前),after (在... 之後)

before 引導的從句一般表示主句的動作發生在**從句動作之前**，如**從句**是**過去時**,**主句**一般用**過去完成時**.

e.g.

```
  I had written my dissertation before my supervisor went abroad.
```

after 引導的從句，表示主句的動作發生在**從句動作之後**，如**主句**是**過去時**,**從句**一般用**過去完成時**.

e.g.

```
  After the boy had finished his homework,he played football with his friends.
```

### till,until

until 比較正式，可**用於句首**，而 till 一般**不用於句首**.till 和 until 所表示的意義相同，但要**注意**以下情況:

如主句的謂語動詞是**延續性動詞**，就常用**肯定式**表示 "直到... 為止"

e.g.

```
  He will remain in college until(till) he finishes his Ph.D course.
```

如主句的謂語動詞是**非延續性動詞**，就常用**否定式**表示 "直到... 才" 或 "在... 之前（不）". 此時的 till 和 still 可用 **before** 替換，意義差別不大。

e.g.

```
  I won't go with you until(till) I finish my homework.
```

### as soon as,immediately,directly,once,the minute/moment (that) etc.

as soon as,immediately,directly,once,the minute/moment (that) 等引導的從句都表示從句的動作一發生，主句的動作**隨即就發生**，常譯為 "一... 就...".

e.g.

```
  As soon as we got home,the telephone rang.
```

```
  I recognized her immediately I saw her.
```

```
  Directly the teacher came in everyone was quiet.
```

```
  Once you understand this rule,you'll have no further difficulty.
```

```
  I want to see her the minute/moment (that) she arrives.
```

### no sooner...than,hardly(scarcely)...when

no sooner...than,hardly (scarcely)...when 引導的從句也表示 "一... 就","剛... 就" 的含義。但它們只用於**過去時**: 主句中的動詞一般用**過去完成時**，從句用**過去時**.no sooner,hardly 位於句首時，主句的謂語要**部分倒裝**.

e.g.

```
  He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey.
```

```
  No sooner had he arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey.
```

```
  No sooner had the words been spoken than he realized that he should have remained silent.
```

```
  Hardly had he reached the airport when the plane took off.
```

## 地點狀語從句

---

引導地點狀語從句的連詞有:where (在.. 地方),wherever (無論哪裡，在任何地方),everywhere (每一... 地方，到處),anywhere（任何地方）.where 總是放在主句後，絕不提前。

e.g.

```
  Where there is a will,there is a way.
```

```
  You can go wherever(anywhere) you like these days.
```

```
  Wherever (Everywhere) they went,they were warmly welcomed.
```

```
  I'll take you anywhere you like.
```

## 原因狀語從句

---

引導原因狀語從句的連詞有:because,as,since,for,now that,seeing that,considering (that),in that 等。

e.g.

```
  I didn't go abroad with her because I couldn't afford it.
```

```
  Since traveling by air is much faster, they decided to take a plane.
```

```
  As it is snowing, we shall not climb the mountain.
```

```
  It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.
```

```
  Now (that) you've passed your test, you can drive on your own.
```

```
  Seeing (that) the weather is bad, we'll stay at home.
```

```
  Considering (that) he's only been learning English a year, he speaks it very well.
```

```
  Advertisement is distinguished from other forms of communication in that the advertiser pays for the message to be delivered.
```

```
  I'm in a slightly awkward position, in that he's not arriving until 10th.
```

## 條件狀語從句

---

引導條件狀語從句的連詞或詞組:if（如果）,unless（除非）,as (so) long as（只要）,on condition that (條件是...),provided/providing that（假如）,suppose/supposing（假如）,in case（如果）,for fear (that/lest)(惟恐；以免),only if (只要；只有),if only (但願；要是... 該多好) 等。如果主句是**將來時**，條件狀語從句用**一般現在時**表示。

### if,unless

unless 的意義相當於 "if...not"，而且語氣較強，一般**不用於虛擬語氣**.

e.g.

```
  I'll buy a computer if I am able to save up enough money.
```

```
  Unless the weather was bad,my father always used to take a walk in the evening.
```

### suppose/supposing that,provided/providing (that) 假如

e.g.

```
  Suppose you had a million pounds -- how would you spend it?
```

```
  Supposing (that) it rains,can we play the match indoors?
```

```
  I will agree to go provided/providing (that) my expenses are paid.
```

### as(so) long as,on condition that,in case

as (so) long as (只要... 就...),on condition that (在... 條件下；倘若),in case (以防萬一，萬一，如果).

e.g.

```
  As long as you love me.
```

```
  As long as it doesn't rain,we can play.
```

```
  You can go out on condition that you wear an overcoat.
```

```
  You'd better take an umbrella in case it rains.
```

### only if ,if only

only if 引導**真實條件句**，用於**句首**，主語謂語**倒裝**.

e.g.

```
  Only if a teacher has given permission,is a student allowed to enter this room
```

if only 一般引導**虛擬條件狀語從句**或**感嘆句**.

用**一般過去式**或 **would/could do** 表與**現在或未來**事實相反的願望；用**過去完成時**表與**過去**事實相反的願望，意為『但願』.

e.g.

```
  If only he had come,he would have met you.
```

```
  If only I could swim.
```

## 讓步狀語從句

---

讓步狀語從句的連詞或詞組有:although 雖然，though 雖然，even if/though 即使；縱然；儘管，as 儘管，while 儘管，whoever (no matter who) 不管誰，whatever (no matter what) 無論什麼，whenever (no matter when) 無論什麼時候，wherever (no matter where) 無論哪裡，however (no matter how) 無論怎樣，whether..or 不論... 還是。

### although 雖然 though 雖然 even if/though 即使；縱然；儘管

e.g.

```
  Although they have been talking for a long time,he cannot make her believe him.
```

```
  Though they lack offcial support,they continue their struggle.
```

```
  Though he is old,yet(still,nevertheless) he works day and night.
```

```
  Even if I failed again,I will not give up the experiment.
```

```
  I like her even though she can be annoying.
```

### whatever(whoever,whichever,whenever...)/no matter what(who,which,when...)

e.g.

```
  Whoever(No matter who) wants to speek to me on the phone,tell them I'm busy.
```

```
  Wherever(No matter where) you go,I'm right here waiting for you.
```

```
  Whenever(No matter when) you call on us,you are welcome.
```

### as 雖然；儘管

as 引導讓步狀語從句時，常放在作表語，狀語或謂語的一部分的形容詞，名詞，副詞或動詞原形之後。如果是單數名詞或形容詞的最高級作表語，不再用冠詞。

e.g.

```
  Strong as you may be,you cannot lift it.
```

```
  Late as it was,they continued to study.
```

```
  Youngest as he is in our class,he studies very well.
```

```
  Child as she is,She knows a lot.
```

```
  Hard as he tried,he was unable to make much progress.
```

```
  Much as I like you,I couldn't live with you.
```

```
  Much as I would like to stay,I really must go home.
```

```
  Call as you may,he will not come.
```

```
  Published as it was such a time,his work attracted much attention.
```

### whether..or 不管；無論

e.g.

```
  Whether it rains or not, we're playing football on Sunday.
```

```
  Whether she is sick or well, she is always cheerful.
```

## 目的狀語從句

---

引導目的狀語從句的連詞或詞組一般有:so that 以便，in order that 以便，in case 免得；以防，for fear (that) 惟恐；以免，lest & for fear that 惟恐；以免；為不使；now that & given that 因為。

e.g.

```
  She wanted tea ready at seven so she could be by eight.
```

```
  They started early so that they might arrive in time.
```

```
  They stopped at Hangzhou in order that they could go around West Lake.
```

```
  She explained again and again in case we should misunderstand her.
```

```
  They spoke in whisper for fear (that) they might wake the baby.
```

```
  Lest anyone should think it strange,let me assure you that it is quite true.
```

## 結果狀語從句

---

結果狀語從句一般由 so,that,so that,so...that,such that 等引導放在主句之後。

e.g.

```
  He spoke so fast that nobody could understand what he was saying.
```

```
  He made such repid progress that he soon began to write articles in English.
```

```
  There is so little time left that I have to tell you about it later.
```

```
  He told us such a story that we all laughed.=He told us so funny a story that we all laughed.
```

```
  The shops were closed so I didn't get any milk.
```

```
  He phoned me on arrival so that I knew he was safe and sound.
```

```
  Suddenly it began to rain heavily,so that it was almost impossible to carry on driving.
```

注意：So that 引導結果狀語從句時：so that 前常有逗號，從句中常無情態動詞；引導目的狀語從句時：so that 前常無逗號，從句中常有情態動詞。

## 方式狀語從句

---

方式狀語從句一般由連詞 as (正如；就像),as if/though (好像；宛如) 引導。

### as 引導的方式狀語從句，意思為 "in the way or manner that"

e.g.

```
  Why didn't you catch the last bus as I told you to?
```

```
  She enjoys all kinds of music,as I do.
```

```
  Like me,she enjoys all kinds of music.
```

```
  Nobody understands him like/as I do.
```

### as if/though

e.g.

```
  They looked at me as if/as though I were mad.
```

```
  They look as if/as though they know each other.
```

## 比較狀語從句

---

比較狀語從句一般由 than（比）,as...as (和... 一樣),not as/so...as...(和... 不一樣),the + 形容詞比較級 / 副詞比較級 + the + 形容詞比較級 / 副詞比較級 (越... 越...) 等引導。

### than

e.g.

```
  She likes reading better than (she likes) going to parties.
```

```
  He has lived here longer than I (has lived).
```

```
  They love the girl than (they love) him.
```

```
  He has more friends than she (does).
```

```
  Air in the country is much fresher than that in the city.
```

```
  She is younger than me.   <Spoken English>
```

```
  You are more industrious than her.   <Spoken English>
```

### as..as 或 not so/as..as

e.g.

```
  We were as fortunate as them (they were).
```

```
  I hope she will make as much progress as you (have done).
```

```
  She runs as fast as a boy (does).
```

### the...the...

e.g.

```
  The more you listen to English, the easier it becomes.
```

```
  The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.
```

```
  The more pictures I take,the more skilled I　become.
```