海什木

**海什木**（阿拉伯語：محمد بن الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم أبو على البصري‎，羅馬化：_Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥasan ibn al-Haytham_，965 年 —1040 年）是阿拉伯學者、物理學家、數學家，全名**穆哈默德・本・哈桑・本・海什木・巴斯拉**，其名在西文中又寫作 Al Hazen，中文譯作「海桑」、「哈金」等。有大量著作和被現代科學證明了的科學發現，尤其在光學研究方面有突出成就。

## 生平

海什木出生於 965 年 7 月 1 日（伊斯蘭曆 354 年）在伊拉克的巴斯拉城。被認為是在不同學科都有傑出的成績，如數學、天文學、醫學等等，他早期學習工程，讀希臘科學的書，和關於安達盧西亞學說的精華，接收並發展了這些學說。當時的埃及哈里發召集他參與控制尼羅河泛濫的工程，但是經過他的研究發現那是不可能實現的，從而招致哈里發非常憤怒。於是海什木就以裝瘋的方式避免了嚴重懲罰，轉而被軟禁，直到哈里發 1021 年死去。在此期間他完成了大量重要的數學論文。

## 科學成就

## 著作

## 流行文化

米哈遊發行的開放世界遊戲《原神》中的可操控人物艾爾海森以海什木作為原型。

## 注釋

## 參考文獻

## 擴展閱讀

### 主要文獻

* Sabra, A. I., ed., The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham, Books I-II-III: On Direct Vision. The Arabic text, edited and with Introduction, Arabic-Latin Glossaries and Concordance Tables, Kuwait: National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters, 1983
* Sabra, A. I., ed., The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham. Edition of the Arabic Text of Books IV-V: On Reflection and Images Seen by Reflection. 2 vols, Kuwait: The National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters, 2002
* Sabra, A. I., trans., The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham. Books I-II-III: On Direct Vision. English Translation and Commentary. 2 vols, Studies of the Warburg Institute, vol. 40, London: The Warburg Institute, University of London, 1989, ISBN 0-85481-072-2, OCLC 165564751 165564771 180528350 180528355 180528359 21530166 230045836 24910015 59836570
* Smith, A. Mark, ed. and trans., 寫於 Philadelphia, Alhacen's Theory of Visual Perception: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of the First Three Books of Alhacen's _De aspectibus_, the Medieval Latin Version of Ibn al-Haytham's _Kitāb al-Manāzir_, 2 vols., Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society), 2001, **91** (4-5), ISBN 0-87169-914-1, OCLC 47168716
* Smith, A. Mark, ed. and trans., Alhacen on the Principles of Reflection: A Critical Edition, with English Translation and Commentary, of Books 4 and 5 of Alhacen's _De Aspectibus_, the Medieval Latin version of Ibn-al-Haytham's _Kitāb al-Manāzir_, 2 vols, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Soc.), 2006, **96** (2–3), ISBN 0-87169-962-1, OCLC 123464885 185359947 185359957 219328717 219328739 70078653

### 其他文獻

* Graham, Mark. _How Islam Created the Modern World_. Amana Publications, 2006.
* Omar, Saleh Beshara, Ibn al-Haytham and Greek optics: a comparative study in scientific methodology, PhD Dissertation, University of Chicago, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, June 1975
* Saliba, George, Islamic Science and the Making of the European Reneissance, MIT Press, 2007, ISBN 0-262-19557-7
* Belting, Hans, _Afterthoughts on Alhazen’s Visual Theory and Its Presence in the Pictorial Theory of Western Perspective_, in: Variantology 4. On Deep Time Relations of Arts, Sciences and Technologies In the Arabic-Islamic World and Beyond, ed. by Siegfried Zielinski and Eckhard Fürlus in cooperation with Daniel Irrgang and Franziska Latell (Cologne: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2010), pp. 19–42. [1]
* Siegfried Zielinski & Franziska Latell, _How One Sees_, in: Variantology 4. On Deep Time Relations of Arts, Sciences and Technologies In the Arabic-Islamic World and Beyond, ed. by Siegfried Zielinski and Eckhard Fürlus in cooperation with Daniel Irrgang and Franziska Latell (Cologne: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2010), pp. 19–42. [2]