沃邦

**塞巴斯蒂安・勒普雷斯特・德・沃邦**（法語：Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban，法語發音：[sebastjɛ̃ lə pʁɛstʁ də vobɑ̃]；1633 年 5 月 1 日 —1707 年 3 月 30 日），法國元帥，著名的軍事工程師。著有《論要塞的攻擊與防禦》、《築城論文集》等。

## 生平

早年參與投石黨叛亂（1648-1653 年），被政府軍俘虜後歸順，十幾歲入伍，八次受傷，升至元帥和首席軍事工程師，1655 年成為國王的常任工程師。1658 年任圍攻格拉沃利訥城的總工程師。路易十四統治時期大小戰役他無所不與。他的築城理論體系對歐洲軍事學術的影響長達一個世紀以上。

沃邦先後領導建築要塞 33 座，改造 300 座，指揮過 53 次要塞圍攻戰。有系統改進並創新了要塞的建築，他設計的五邊形的稜堡（菱堡）在歐洲火炮逐漸盛行的十七世紀及以後影響至深。而在當時，他綜合的攻擊要塞的方法更加著名。在 1673 年，他用一系列平行要塞的塹壕和伸向要塞的蛇形交通壕，攻克了荷蘭馬斯垂克要塞。直到 20 世紀，這仍然是堡壘攻擊的標準方法。

槍口上插固定刺刀的辦法為他發明，改變以往每當射擊時必須取下刺刀的做法。

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