法蘭克·奈特

**法蘭克・海克曼・奈特**（英語：Frank Hyneman Knight，1885 年 11 月 7 日 —1972 年 4 月 15 日），生於美國伊利諾州麥克萊恩縣，經濟學家，曾提出奈特氏不確定性。芝加哥大學教授，為芝加哥學派的先驅與建立者之一。

## 生平

他在康乃爾大學取得經濟學博士學位。由博士論文，他發展出他的成名作《風險、不確定性與利潤》（Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit）。

取得學位後，他長期在芝加哥大學經濟系任教，被認為是芝加哥經濟學派的壂基者之一。其學生中，包括米爾頓・佛利民、喬治・斯蒂格勒、詹姆斯・麥基爾・布坎南等人皆是諾貝爾獎得主。羅納德・科斯雖然不是他的學生，但曾說過他的思想受到法蘭克・奈特作品的影響很大。

1950 年，擔任美國經濟學會主席。

## 著作

* "The Concept of Normal Price in Value and Distribution", 1917, _QJE_.
* "Cassel's Theoretische Sozialökonomie", 1921, _JPE_.
* "Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit", 1921
* "Ethics and the Economic Interpretation", 1922, _QJE_ (repr. in 1999, I)
* "The Ethics of Competition", 1923, _QJE_ (repr. in 1999, I)
* "Business Management: Science or Art? （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）", 1923 _Journal of Business_.
* "Some Fallacies in the Interpretation of Social Cost", 1924, _QJE_ (repr. in 1999, I)
* "The Limitations of Scientific Method in Economics", 1924, in Tugwell, editor, _Trend of Economics_ (repr. in 1999, I)
* "Fact and Metaphysics in Economic Psychology", 1925, _AER_ (repr. in 1999, I)
* "A Note on Professor Clark's Illustration of Marginal Productivity", 1925, _JPE_.
* "Economic Psychology and the Value Problem", 1925, _QJE_.
* "Economics at its Best: Review of Pigou", 1926, _AER_.
* "Historical and Theoretical Issues in the Problem of Modern Capitalism", 1928, _Journal of Econ & Business History_ (repr. in 1956 & 1999, I)
* "A Suggestion for Simplifying the Statement of the General Theory of Price", 1928, _JPE_.
* "Freedom as Fact and Criterion", 1929, _Int J of Ethics_
* "Statics and Dynamics: Some queries regarding the mechanical analogy in economics", 1930, _ZfN_ (repr. in 1956 & 1999, I)
* "Professor Fisher's Interest Theory: A case in point", 1931, _JPE_.
* "Modern Economic Society Further Considered", 1932, _JPE_.
* "The Newer Economics and the Control of Economic Activity", 1932, _JPE_ (repr. in 1999, I)
* _The Economic Organization_, 1933.
* "Capitalistic Production, Time and the Rate of Return", 1933, in _Essays in Honor of Gustav Cassel_ (repr. in 1999, I)
* "The Nature of Economic Science in Some Recent Discussion", 1934, _AER_.
* "Social Science and the Political Trend", 1934, _Univ of Toronto Quarterly_
* "Common-Sense of Political Economy: Wicksteed Reprinted", 1934, _JPE_ (repr. in 1956)
* _The Ethics of Competition and Other Essays_, 1935.
* "The Ricardian Theory of Production and Distribution", 1935, _Canadian JE_ (repr. in 1956 & 1999, I)
* "A Comment on Machlup", 1935, _JPE_.
* "Professor Hayek and the Theory of Investment", 1935, _EJ_.
* "The Theory of Investment Once More: Mr. Boulding and the Austrians", 1935, _QJE_.
* "Some Issues in the Economics of Stationary States", 1936, _AER_.
* "The Place of Marginal Economics in a Collectivist System", 1936, _AER_.
* "The Quantity of Capital and the Rate of Interest", 1936, _JPE_ (repr. in 1999, I)
* "Pragmatism and Social Action: Review of Dewey", 1936, _Int J of Ethics_
* "Note on Dr. Lange's Interest Theory", 1937, _RES_.
* "Unemployment: and Mr. Keynes's revolution in economic theory", 1937, _Canadian JE_ (repr. in 1999, I)
* "On the Theory of Capital: In reply to Mr. Kaldor", 1938, _Econometrica_.
* "Bertrand Russell on Power", 1939, _Ethics_.
* "The Ethics of Liberalism", 1939, _Economica_.
* "Socialism: The Nature of the Problem", 1940, _Ethics_ (repr. in 1999, II)
* "'What is Truth' in Economics", 1940, _JPE_ (repr. in 1956 & 1999, I)
* "The Significance and Basic Postulates of Economics: a rejoinder", 1941, _JPE_
* "Religion and Ethics in Modern Civilization", 1941, _J of Liberal Religion_
* "The Meaning of Democracy: its politico-economic structure and ideals", 1941, _J of Negro Education_
* "Social Science", 1941, _Ethics_ (repr. in 1956)
* "The Business Cycle, Interest and Money: A methodological approach", 1941, _REStat_ (repr. in 1956 & 1999, II)
* "Professor Mises and the Theory of Capital", 1941, _Economica_.
* "The Role of the Individual in the Economic World of the Future", 1941, _JPE_.
* "Anthropology and Economics" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, 1941, _JPE_.
* "Science, Philosophy and Social Procedure", 1942, _Ethics_
* "Fact and Value in Social Science", 1942, in Anshen, editor, _Science and Man_
* "Some Notes on the Economic Interpretation of History", 1942, _Studies in the History of Culture_ (repr. in 1999, II)
* "Social Causation", 1943, _American Journal of Sociology_ (repr. in 1956)
* "Diminishing Returns Under Investment", 1944, _JPE_.
* "Realism and Relevance in the Theory of Demand", 1944, _JPE_ (repr. in 1999, II)
* "The Rights of Man and Natural Law", 1944, _Ethics_ (repr. in 1999, II)
* "Human Nature and World Democracy", 1944, _American J of Sociology_.
* "Economics, Political Science and Education", 1944, _AER_
* _The Economic Order and Religion_, with T.W. Merriam, 1945.
* "Immutable Law in Economics: Its reality and limitations", 1946, _AER_.
* "The Sickness of Liberal Society", 1946, _Ethics_ (repr. in 1999, II)
* "Salvation by Science: The gospel according to Professor Lundberg", 1947, _JPE_ (repr. in 1956)
* _Freedom and Reform: Essays in economics and social philosophy_, 1947.
* "Free Society: Its basic nature and problem", 1948, _Philosophical Review_ (repr. in 1956)
* "The Role of Principles in Economics and Politics", 1951, _AER_ (repr. in 1956 & 1999, II)
* "Institutionalism and Empiricism in Economics", 1952, _AER_.
* _On the History and Methods of Economics: Selected essays_, 1956, ISBN 978-0-226-44689-9.
* _Intelligence and Democratic Action_, 1960.
* "Methodology in Economics", 1961, _Southern EJ_
* "Abstract Economics as Absolute Ethics", 1966, _Ethics_.
* "Laissez Faire: Pro and con", 1967, _JPE_ (repr. in 1999, II)
* "The Case for Communism: From the Standpoint of an Ex-liberal." (published posthumously) in _Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology_, edited by Warren J. Samuels, archival supplement 2 (1991): 57–108.
* _Selected Essays by Frank H. Knight, Volume 1: "What is Truth" in Economics?_, (ed. by Ross B. Emmett), 1999, ISBN 978-0-226-44695-0
* _Selected Essays by Frank H. Knight, Volume 2: Laissez Faire: Pro and Con_, (ed. by Ross B. Emmett), 1999, ISBN 978-0-226-44697-4

## 延伸閱讀

* Burgin, Angus (November 2009). "The Radical Conservatism of Frank H. Knight," _Modern Intellectual History,_ 6:513–38.
* Emmett, Ross B. (1999). "Introduction", in _Selected Essays by Frank H. Knight_, 2 vols., (ed. by Ross Emmett).
* Emmett, Ross B. (2009). "Did the Chicago School Reject Frank Knight?", in _Frank Knight and the Chicago School in American Economics_, ISBN 978-0-415-77500-7.
* Fonseca, Gonçalo L. Frank H. Knight, 1885–1972. The History of Economic Thought Website. The New School for Social Research. [2008-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於 2008-04-29）.
* Boyd, Robert. Knight, Frank H. (1885–1972). Hamowy, Ronald (編). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; Cato Institute: 274–75. 2008 [2020-04-26]. ISBN 978-1412965804. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n164. （原始內容存檔於 2019-07-23）.
* Kasper, Sherryl (2002). _The Revival of Laissez-Faire in American Macroeconomic Theory: A Case Study of Its Pioneers_. ch. 2.
* Stigler, G. (1985). "Frank Hyneman Knight", University of Chicago Press – Center for the Study of the Economy and the State, Working Papers Series, Working Paper No. 37.
* White, Harrison C. (2002). _Markets from Networks: Socioeconomic Models of Production_, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.