梭菌

**梭菌屬**（學名：_Clostridium_），菌體呈梭狀，又稱**梭狀芽孢桿菌屬**或**厭氧芽孢桿菌屬**，芽孢常比菌體大，是一類能產生內生孢子的厭氧性革蘭氏陽性菌。

梭菌屬廣泛分佈於自然界，以土壤中最多，芽孢圓形或橢圓形。除了產氣莢膜梭菌無鞭毛外，大多有鞭毛。大部份的梭菌屬可以水解糖、蛋白質，又可產生外毒素，成為一些疾病的原因。

該屬的模式種為丁酸梭菌（_Clostridium butyricum_）。

## 下屬物種

本屬包括以下物種：

* 不同梭菌 _Clostridium absonum_ Nakamura et al., 1973
* 醋酸梭菌 _Clostridium aceticum_ (ex Wieringa 1940) Gottschalk and Braun, 1981，丙酮丁醇桿菌，丙酮丁醇梭菌，醋酪酸梭狀芽孢桿菌，醋酪酸梭狀芽胞桿菌
* _Clostridium acetireducens_ Örlygsson et al. 1996
* 丙酮丁醇梭桿菌 _Clostridium acetobutylicum_ McCoy et al. 1926
* _Clostridium acidisoli_ Kuhner et al. 2000
* _Clostridium aciditolerans_ Lee et al. 2007
* _Clostridium acidiurici_ (Liebert 1909) Barker 1938
* 尿酸發酵梭狀芽胞桿菌 _Clostridium acidurici_ corrig. (Liebert 1909) Barker 1938，尿酸梭菌
* 腐氣梭狀芽胞桿菌 _Clostridium aerofoetidum_ ，臭氣桿菌，臭氣梭菌
* 產氣梭菌 _Clostridium aerogenes_，產氣梭狀芽孢桿菌
* 耐氧梭菌 _Clostridium aerotolerans_ van Gylswyk and van der Toorn 1987
* _Clostridium aestuarii_ Kim et al. 2007
* _Clostridium akagii_ Kuhner et al. 2000
* _Clostridium aldenense_ Warren et al. 2007
* _Clostridium aldrichii_ Yang et al. 1990
* _Clostridium algidicarnis_ Lawson et al. 1995
* _Clostridium algidixylanolyticum_ Broda et al. 2000
* _Clostridium algifaecis_ Wu et al. 2014
* _Clostridium algoriphilum_ Shcherbakova et al. 2010
* 鹼性纖維素梭菌 _Clostridium alkalicellulosi_ Zhilina et al. 2006 = _Clostridium alkalicellum_ Zhilina et al. 2006
* 亞馬遜梭菌 _Clostridium amazonense_ O'Neal et al. 2015
* _Clostridium aminophilum_ Paster et al. 1993
* _Clostridium aminovalericum_ Hardman and Stadtman 1960
* _Clostridium amygdalinum_ Parshina et al. 2003
* _Clostridium amylolyticum_ Song and Dong 2008
* _Clostridium arbusti_ Jung et al. 2010
* _Clostridium arcticum_ corrig. (ex Jordan and McNicol 1979) Cato et al. 1988
* _Clostridium argentinense_ Suen et al. 1988
* _Clostridium articum_ (ex Jordan and McNicol 1979) Cato et al. 1988
* _Clostridium asparagiforme_ Mohan et al. 2007
* _Clostridium aurantibutyricum_ Hellinger 1944
* 產乙醇梭菌 _Clostridium autoethanogenum_
* _Clostridium barati_ (Prévot 1938) Holdeman and Moore 1970 = 巴氏梭菌 _Clostridium baratii_ (Prévot 1938) Holdeman and Moore 1970
* _Clostridium barkeri_ Stadtman et al. 1972
* _Clostridium bartlettii_ Song et al. 2004
* _Clostridium beihaiense_ Dong et al. 2018
* 拜氏梭菌 _Clostridium beijerinckii_ Donker 1926
* 雙酶梭菌 _Clostridium bifermentans_ (Weinberg and Séguin 1918) Bergey et al. 1923
* _Clostridium bolteae_ Song et al. 2003
* _Clostridium bornimense_ Hahnke et al. 2014
* 肉毒桿菌 _Clostridium botulinum_ (van Ermengem 1896) Bergey et al. 1923
* _Clostridium bovifaecis_ Zhu et al. 2018
* _Clostridium bowmanii_ Spring et al. 2003
* _Clostridium bryantii_ Stieb and Schink 1985
* _Clostridium budayi_ (Le Blaye and Guggenheim 1914) Bernard et al. 2018
* 丁酸梭菌 _Clostridium butyricum_ Prazmowski 1880
* 屍毒梭菌 _Clostridium cadaveris_ (Klein 1899) McClung and McCoy 1957
* _Clostridium caenicola_ Shiratori et al. 2009
* _Clostridium caminithermale_ Brisbarre et al. 2003
* 食一氧化碳梭菌 _Clostridium carboxidivorans_ Liou et al. 2005
* _Clostridium carnis_ (Klein 1904) Spray 1939
* _Clostridium cavendishii_ Bowman et al. 2010
* _Clostridium celatum_ Hauschild and Holdeman 1974
* _Clostridium celerecrescens_ Palop et al. 1989
* _Clostridium cellobioparum_ Hungate 1944
* _"Clostridium cellulofermentans"_ He et al. 1991
* _Clostridium cellulolyticum_ Petitdemange et al. 1984
* _Clostridium cellulosi_ He et al. 1991
* _Clostridium cellulovorans_ Sleat et al. 1985
* _Clostridium chartatabidum_ Kelly et al. 1996，瘤胃纖維分解細菌
* 氣腫疽梭菌 _Clostridium chauvoei_ (Arloing et al. 1887) Scott 1928，鳴疽梭狀芽孢桿菌，肖氏芽孢梭菌
* _Clostridium chromiireducens_ Inglett et al. 2011
* _Clostridium citroniae_ Warren et al. 2007
* _Clostridium clariflavum_ Shiratori et al. 2009
* 梭狀梭菌 _Clostridium clostridiiforme_ (Burri and Ankersmit 1906) Kaneuchi et al. 1976
* _Clostridium clostridioforme_ corrig. (Burri and Ankersmit 1906) Kaneuchi et al. 1976
* _Clostridium coccoides_ Kaneuchi et al. 1976
* _Clostridium cochlearium_ (Douglas et al. 1919) Bergey et al. 1923
* _Clostridium cocleatum_ Kaneuchi et al. 1979
* _Clostridium colicanis_ Greetham et al. 2003
* 鵪鶉梭菌 _Clostridium colinum_ (ex Berkhoff et al. 1974) Berkhoff 1985
* _Clostridium collagenovorans_ Jain and Zeikus 1988
* _Clostridium combesii_ (Prévot and Laplanche 1947) Bernard et al. 2018
* _Clostridium composti_ Shin et al. 2018
* 克薩氏梭菌 _Clostridium coskatii_，一種新的產乙醇梭菌屬物種
* 柱盤孢梭菌 _Clostridium cylindrosporum_ (ex Barker and Beck 1942) Andreesen et al. 1985
* 艱難梭菌 _Clostridium difficile_ (Hall and O'Toole 1935) Prévot 1938
* _Clostridium diolis_ Biebl and Spröer 2003
* _Clostridium disporicum_ Horn 1987
* 德可氏梭菌 _Clostridium drakei_ Liou et al. 2005
* _Clostridium durum_ Smith and Cato 1974
* _Clostridium estertheticum_ Collins et al. 1993
* 譎詐梭菌 _Clostridium fallax_ (Weinberg and Séguin 1915) Bergey et al. 1923
* _Clostridium felsineum_ (Carbone and Tombolato 1917) Bergey et al. 1939
* _Clostridium fermenticellae_ Xu et al. 2019
* _Clostridium fervidum_ corrig. Patel et al. 1987
* _Clostridium fervidus_ Patel et al. 1987
* _Clostridium fessum_ Seo et al. 2020
* _Clostridium fimetarium_ Kotsyurbenko et al. 1997
* _Clostridium formicoaceticum_ Andreesen et al. 1970 = 自養乙酸梭菌 _Clostridium formicaceticum_ Andreesen et al. 1970
* _Clostridium frigidicarnis_ Broda et al. 1999
* _Clostridium frigoris_ Spring et al. 2003
* _Clostridium ganghwense_ Kim et al. 2006
* _Clostridium gasigenes_ Broda et al. 2000
* _Clostridium ghoni_ Prévot 1938
* _Clostridium ghonii_ corrig. Prévot 1938
* 乙二醇梭菌 _Clostridium glycolicum_ Gaston and Stadtman 1963
* _Clostridium glycyrrhizinilyticum_ Sakuma et al. 2006
* _Clostridium grantii_ Mountfort et al. 1996
* 廣西梭菌 _Clostridium guangxiense_ Zhao et al. 2017
* 溶血梭菌 _Clostridium haemolyticum_ (Hall 1929) Scott et al. 1935
* _Clostridium halophilium_ Fendrich et al. 1991
* _Clostridium halophilum_ corrig. Fendrich et al. 1991
* 矛形梭菌 _Clostridium hastiforme_ MacLennan 1939
* _Clostridium hathewayi_ Steer et al. 2002
* _Clostridium herbivorans_ Varel et al. 1995
* _Clostridium hiranonis_ Kitahara et al. 2001
* 溶組織梭菌 _Clostridium histolyticum_ (Weinberg and Séguin 1916) Bergey et al. 1923
* _Clostridium homopropionicum_ Dörner and Schink 1991
* _Clostridium huakuii_ Ruan et al. 2014
* _Clostridium hungatei_ Monserrate et al. 2001
* _Clostridium hydrogeniformans_ Bowman et al. 2010
* _Clostridium hydroxybenzoicum_ Zhang et al. 1994
* _Clostridium hylemonae_ Kitahara et al. 2000
* 印度梭菌 _Clostridium indicum_ Gundawar et al. 2019
* _Clostridium indolis_ McClung and McCoy 1957
* 無害梭菌 _Clostridium innocuum_ Smith and King 1962，無害芽胞梭菌
* _Clostridium intestinale_ corrig. Lee et al. 1989
* _Clostridium intestinalis_ Lee et al. 1989
* _Clostridium irregulare_ corrig. (Choukévitch 1911) Prévot 1938
* _Clostridium irregularis_ (Choukévitch 1911) Prévot 1938
* _Clostridium isatidis_ Padden et al. 1999
* _Clostridium jeddahense_ Lagier et al. 2016
* _Clostridium jejuense_ Jeong et al. 2004
* _Clostridium josui_ Sukhumavasi et al. 1988
* _Clostridium kluyveri_ Barker and Taha 1942
* _Clostridium lactatifermentans_ van der Wielen et al. 2002
* _Clostridium lacusfryxellense_ Spring et al. 2003
* _Clostridium laramie Kalchayanand_ et al. 1993
* _Clostridium laramiense_ corrig. Kalchayanand et al. 1993
* _Clostridium lavalense_ Domingo et al. 2009
* _Clostridium lentocellum_ Murray et al. 1987
* _Clostridium lentoputrescens_ Hartsell and Rettger 1934
* _Clostridium leptum_ Moore et al. 1976
* 泥渣梭菌 _Clostridium limosum_ André 1948
* _Clostridium liquoris_ Yin et al. 2016
* _Clostridium litorale_ Fendrich et al. 1991
* _Clostridium lituseburense_ (Laplanche and Saissac 1948) McClung and McCoy 1957
* _Clostridium ljungdahlii_ Tanner et al. 1993
* _Clostridium lortetii_ Oren 1984
* _Clostridium lundense_ Cirne et al. 2006
* _Clostridium luticellarii_ Wang et al. 2015
* _Clostridium magnum_ Schink 1984
* _Clostridium malenominatum_ (Weinberg et al. 1937) Spray 1948
* _Clostridium mangenotii_ (Prévot and Zimmès-Chaverou 1947) McClung and McCoy 1957
* 最大梭菌 _Clostridium maximum_ (Lindner 1888) Lawson and Rainey 2016
* _Clostridium mayombei_ Kane et al. 1992
* 食甲氧基苯甲酸梭菌 _Clostridium methoxybenzovorans_ Mechichi et al. 1999
* _Clostridium methylpentosum_ Himelbloom and Canale-Parola 1989
* _Clostridium moniliforme_ (Repaci 1910) Lawson and Rainey 2016
* _Clostridium neonatale_ Bernard et al. 2018
* _Clostridium neopropionicum_ Tholozan et al. 1995
* _Clostridium neuense_ Zhao et al. 2017
* _Clostridium nexile_ Holdeman and Moore 1974
* _Clostridium nitritogenes_ (Prévot 1940) Bernard et al. 2018
* _Clostridium nitrophenolicum_ Suresh et al. 2007
* 諾氏梭菌 _Clostridium novyi_ (Migula 1900) Bergey et al. 1923，諾威氏梭狀芽孢桿菌
* _Clostridium oceanicum_ Smith 1970
* _Clostridium orbiscindens_ Winter et al. 1991
* _Clostridium oroticum_ (Wachsman and Barker 1954) Cato et al. 1968
* _Clostridium oryzae_ Horino et al. 2015
* _Clostridium oxalicum_ Dehning and Schink 1990
* _Clostridium pabulibutyricum_ Kobayashi et al. 2017
* _Clostridium papyrosolvens_ Madden et al. 1982
* _Clostridium paradoxum_ Li et al. 1993
* _Clostridium paraperfringens_ Nakamura et al. 1970
* 類腐敗梭菌 _Clostridium paraputrificum_ (Bienstock 1906) Snyder 1936
* _Clostridium pascui_ Wilde et al. 1997
* 巴氏梭菌 _Clostridium pasteurianum_ Winogradsky 1895
* _Clostridium peptidivorans_ Mechichi et al. 2000
* _Clostridium perenne_ (Prévot 1940) McClung and McCoy 1957
* 產氣莢膜梭菌 _Clostridium perfringens_ (Veillon and Zuber 1898) Hauduroy et al. 1937
* _Clostridium phytofermentans_ Warnick et al. 2002
* 毛狀梭菌 _Clostridium piliforme_ (ex Tyzzer 1917) Duncan et al. 1993
* _Clostridium polyendosporum_ (Duda et al. 1996) Rainey et al. 2016
* _Clostridium polysaccharolyticum_ (van Gylswyk 1981) van Gylswyk et al. 1983
* _Clostridium populeti_ Sleat and Mah 1985
* _Clostridium prolinivorans_ Huang et al. 2020
* _Clostridium propionicum_ Cardon and Barker 1946
* _Clostridium proteoclasticum_ Attwood et al. 1996
* _Clostridium proteolyticum_ Jain and Zeikus 1988
* _Clostridium psychrophilum_ Spring et al. 2003
* _Clostridium punense_ Lanjekar et al. 2015
* _Clostridium puniceum_ Lund et al. 1981
* _Clostridium purinilyticum_ corrig. Dürre et al. 1981
* _Clostridium purinolyticum_ Dürre et al. 1981
* _Clostridium putrefaciens_ (McBryde 1911) Sturges and Drake 1927
* _Clostridium putrificum_ (Trevisan 1889) Reddish and Rettger 1922
* _Clostridium quercicolum_ Stankewich et al. 1971
* _Clostridium quinii_ Svensson et al. 1995
* 拉氏梭菌 _Clostridium ragsdalei_，拉格斯代爾梭菌
* 多枝梭菌 _Clostridium ramosum_ (Veillon and Zuber 1898) Holdeman et al. 1971
* _Clostridium rectum_ (Heller 1922) Holdeman and Moore 1972
* _Clostridium roseum_ (ex McCoy and McClung 1935) Cato et al. 1988
* _Clostridium saccharobutylicum_ Keis et al. 2001
* _Clostridium saccharogumia_ Clavel et al. 2007
* _Clostridium saccharolyticum_ Murray et al. 1982
* _Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum_ Keis et al. 2001
* _Clostridium sardiniense_ corrig. Prévot 1938
* _Clostridium sardiniensis_ Prévot 1938
* _Clostridium sartagoforme_ corrig. Partansky and Henry 1935
* _Clostridium sartagoformum_ Partansky and Henry 1935
* _Clostridium saudiense_ corrig. Angelakis et al. 2016
* _Clostridium saudii_ Angelakis et al. 2016
* _Clostridium scatologenes_ (Weinberg and Ginsbourg 1927) Prévot 1948
* _Clostridium schirmacherense_ Alam et al. 2006
* _Clostridium scindens_ Morris et al. 1985
* 塞內加爾梭菌 _Clostridium senegalense_ Mishra et al. 2015
* 敗毒梭菌 _Clostridium septicum_ (Macé 1889) Ford 1927
* 索氏梭菌 _Clostridium sordellii_ (Hall and Scott 1927) Prévot 1938
* 楔形梭菌 _Clostridium sphenoides_ (Douglas et al. 1919) Bergey et al. 1923
* _Clostridium spiroforme_ Kaneuchi et al. 1979
* 生孢梭菌 _Clostridium sporogenes_ (Metchnikoff 1908) Bergey et al. 1923
* _Clostridium sporosphaeroides_ Soriano and Soriano 1948
* _Clostridium stercorarium_ Madden 1983
* _Clostridium sticklandii_ Stadtman and McClung 1957
* _Clostridium straminisolvens_ Kato et al. 2004
* 近端梭菌 _Clostridium subterminale_ (Hall and Whitehead 1927) Spray 1948
* _Clostridium sufflavum_ Nishiyama et al. 2009
* _Clostridium sulfidigenes_ Sallam and Steinbüchel 2009
* _Clostridium swellfunianum_ Liu et al. 2015
* _Clostridium symbiosum_ (Stevens 1956) Kaneuchi et al. 1976
* _Clostridium tagluense_ Suetin et al. 2009
* _Clostridium tarantellae_ (Udey et al. 1977) Lawson and Rainey 2016
* _Clostridium tepidiprofundi_ Slobodkina et al. 2008
* _Clostridium tepidum_ Dobritsa et al. 2017
* _Clostridium termitidis_ Hethener et al. 1992
* 第三梭菌 _Clostridium tertium_ (Henry 1917) Bergey et al. 1923
* 破傷風梭菌 _Clostridium tetani_ (Flügge 1886) Bergey et al. 1923，破傷風芽孢梭菌
* _Clostridium tetanomorphum_ (ex Bulloch et al. 1919) Wilde et al. 1989
* _Clostridium thermaceticum_ corrig. Fontaine et al. 1942
* _Clostridium thermarum_ Liu et al. 2021
* _Clostridium thermautotrophicum_ corrig. Wiegel et al. 1982
* 熱醋酸梭菌 _Clostridium thermoaceticum_ Fontaine et al. 1942
* 熱嗜酸梭菌 _Clostridium thermoacidophilus_
* 熱產氣梭菌 _Clostridium thermoaerogenes_
* 嗜熱鹼梭菌 _Clostridium thermoalcaliphilum_ Li et al. 1994
* _Clostridium thermoautotrophicum_ Wiegel et al. 1982
* 熱丁酸梭菌 _Clostridium thermobutyricum_ Wiegel et al. 1989
* 熱介纖維素梭菌 _Clostridium thermocellulaseum_
* 熱纖梭菌 _Clostridium thermocellum_ Viljoen et al. 1926
* _Clostridium thermocopriae_ Jin et al. 1988
* 溫水硫磺梭菌 _Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum_ Klaushofer and Parkkinen 1965
* 嗜熱乳酸梭菌 _Clostridium thermolacticum_ Le Ruyet et al. 1988，熱乳梭菌
* 熱棕櫚梭菌 _Clostridium thermopalmarium_ Soh et al. 1991，帕姆酒耐熱梭菌
* _Clostridium thermopapyrolyticum_ Méndez et al. 1991
* 嗜熱梭菌 _Clostridium thermophilum_
* 熱腐梭菌 _Clostridium thermoputrificum_
* 嗜熱化糖梭狀芽胞桿菌 _Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum_ McClung 1935
* _Clostridium thermosuccinogenes_ Drent et al. 1995
* _Clostridium thermosulfurigenes_ corrig. Schink and Zeikus 1983
* _Clostridium thermosulfurogenes_ Schink and Zeikus 1983
* _Clostridium thiosulfatireducens_ Hernández-Eugenio et al. 2002
* 酪丁酸梭菌 _Clostridium tyrobutyricum_ van Beynum and Pette 1935
* _Clostridium uliginosum_ Matthies et al. 2001
* 烏爾蒂納梭菌 _Clostridium ultunense_ Schnürer et al. 1996
* _Clostridium ventriculi_ (Goodsir 1842) Lawson and Rainey 2016
* _Clostridium villosum_ Love et al. 1979
* _Clostridium vincentii_ Mountfort et al. 1997
* 綠梭菌 _Clostridium viride_ Buckel et al. 1995
* _Clostridium vulturis_ Paek et al. 2015
* 魏氏梭狀芽孢桿菌 _Clostridium welchii_
* _Clostridium xylanolyticum_ Rogers and Baecker 1991
* _Clostridium xylanovorans_ Mechichi et al. 2000

## 參考文獻