松木

**松屬**（學名：_Pinus_）為松柏目松科的一屬，多為常綠喬木，但有些種卻是灌木。是裸子植物中最大的屬，約有 110 餘種，廣泛分布於北半球，僅蘇門答臘松分布在赤道以南。松樹的木質輕，木紋獨特，經常用於家具製作。

## 特徵

松樹都是常綠植物，高 3－80 公尺（9.8－262.5 英尺），但大部分在 15－45 公尺（49－148 英尺）之間。最矮的是偃松和波托西果松，最高的是西黃松、糖松。

松樹嫩枝上長有針葉。而每條嫩枝上的針葉數（兩，三，四或五）是判斷該樹種的特徵之一，例如：

* 五針松樹：
  * 北美喬松 (_P. strobus_)
  * 華山松 (_P. armandii_)
  * 瑞士五葉松 (_P. cembra_)
* 三針松樹：
  * 剛松 (_P. rigida_)
* 兩針松樹：
  * 歐洲黑松 (_P. nigra_)
  * 歐洲赤松 (_P. sylvestris_)
  * 歐洲山松 (_P. mugo_)
  * 班克松 (_P. banksiana_)
  * 扭葉松 (_P. contorta_)

## 分類

松屬分為 2 個亞屬： 松亞屬 (Subg. _Pinus_) 和白松亞屬 (Subg. _Strobus_)。兩個亞屬的物種針葉內分別具有兩個和一個維管束，因此又稱雙維管束亞屬和單維管束亞屬。

本屬包括以下物種：

* _Pinus abies_ Siev.
* _Pinus acapulcensis_ G.Don, 1839
* _Pinus adunca_ Bosc ex Desf., 1815
* _Pinus ajanensis_ Berk.
* _Pinus albicaulis_ Engelm.
* _Pinus altamirani_ Shaw
* _Pinus altissima_ Ledeb. ex Gordon, 1858
* _Pinus amamiana_ Koidz.
* _Pinus americana_ Steud., 1821
* _Pinus andraei_ Coemans, 1867
* _Pinus anthraciticus_ Dawson, 1892
* _Pinus aristata_ Engelm.
* _Pinus arizonica_ Engelm.
* _Pinus armandii_ Franch.
* _Pinus armstrongi_ Heer, 1868
* _Pinus attenuata_ Lemmon
* _Pinus australis_ Dum.Cours., 1811
* _Pinus australis_ Hort.Berol. ex Steud.
* _Pinus ayacahuite_ Ehrenb. ex Schltdl.
* _Pinus ayacahuite_ Ehrend.
* _Pinus balfouriana_ A.Murray bis et al.
* _Pinus balfouriana_ Balf.
* _Pinus banksiana_ Lamb.
* _Pinus bathursti_ Heer, 1868
* _Pinus benthamii_ Endl.
* _Pinus bhutanica_ Grierson et al.
* _Pinus boothiana_ Roezl ex Gordon, 1862
* _Pinus brutia_ Ten.
* _Pinus bungeana_ Zucc. ex Endl.
* _Pinus cairica_ D.Don ex Gordon, 1858
* _Pinus canariensis_ C.Sm.
* _Pinus canariensis_ C.Sm. ex DC.
* _Pinus caramanica_ Bosc, 1809
* _Pinus caramaniensis_
* _Pinus caribaea_ Morelet
* _Pinus carpathica_ Ungrisches
* _Pinus caucasica_ Fisch. ex Gordon, 1858
* _Pinus cavendishiana_ hort. ex Carrière, 1867
* _Pinus cedrus_ Uspensk.
* _Pinus cembra_ L.
* _Pinus cembroides_ Gord.
* _Pinus cembroides_ Zucc.
* _Pinus cernua_ P.K.Lôc ex Aver., K.S.Nguyen & T.H.Nguyên
* _Pinus chinensis_ Knight ex Gordon, 1858
* _Pinus clausa_ (Chapm. ex Engelm.) Sarg.
* _Pinus clausa_ (Chapm.) Vasey
* _Pinus columbiana_ Penhallow, 1907
* _Pinus concolor_ Engelm. ex Gordon, 1858
* _Pinus conoides_ Perkins, 1904
* _Pinus contorta_ Bol., 1866
* _Pinus contorta_ Douglas ex Loudon
* _Pinus coulteri_ D.Don
* _Pinus craigana_ 1855
* _Pinus cubensis_ Griseb.
* _Pinus cubensis_ hort. ex Gord.Pinet., 1858
* _Pinus culminicola_ Andresen & Beaman
* _Pinus cuneatus_ Perkins, 1904
* _Pinus dalatensis_ Ferré
* _Pinus damarra_ Steud., 1821
* _Pinus davurica_ Ledeb., 1850
* _Pinus delicatulus_ Berry, 1904
* 高山松 _Pinus densata_ Mast.
* 赤松 _Pinus densiflora_ Siebold & Zucc.
* _Pinus densithunbergii_ Uyeki
* _Pinus denticulata_ Steud.
* _Pinus devoniana_ Lindl.
* _Pinus divaricata_ hort. ex Gordon, 1858
* _Pinus dixoni_ Gardner, 1890
* _Pinus domestica_ Matthews
* _Pinus douglasiana_ Martínez
* _Pinus durangensis_ Martínez
* 萌芽松 _Pinus echinata_ Mill.
* _Pinus edulis_ Engelm.
* 濕地松 _Pinus elliottii_ Engelm.
* _Pinus engelmannii_ Carrière
* _Pinus eslavae_ Shaw, 1914
* _Pinus fenzeliana_ Hand.-Mazz.
* _Pinus fertilis_ Roezl ex Godr.
* _Pinus fertilis_ Roezl ex Gordon
* _Pinus finlaysoniana_ Wall.
* _Pinus firma_ W.R.McNab
* _Pinus fischeri_ Booth ex Lodd.
* _Pinus flexilis_ E.James
* _Pinus florissanti_ Lesquereux, 1883
* _Pinus fordi_ Chandler, 1978
* _Pinus fremontiana_ Gord.
* _Pinus futilis_ Sarg.
* _Pinus geitneri_ Roezl
* _Pinus genitor_ Ducampopinus
* _Pinus genitor_ Strobus
* _Pinus georginae_ Pérez de la Rosa
* _Pinus gerardiana_ Wall. ex D.Don
* _Pinus ghiesbrechtii_ Carrière
* _Pinus ghiesbreghtii_ Linden ex Seneclanze
* _Pinus gingko_ Royle, 1840
* _Pinus glabra_ Walter
* _Pinus gracilistrobus_ Knowlton, 1899
* _Pinus grandis_ Douglas, 1836
* _Pinus greggii_ Engelm. ex Parl.
* _Pinus haguenensis_ Loud. ex Beissn.
* _Pinus haguenensis_ hort. ex Lavallée, 1877
* _Pinus haguenoviensis_ hort. ex Parl., 1868
* _Pinus hakkodensis_ Makino
* _Pinus halepensis_ M.Bieb., 1808
* _Pinus halepensis_ Mill.
* _Pinus hambachi_ Kirchner, 1898
* _Pinus hartwegii_ Lindl.
* _Pinus heldreichii_ H.Christ
* _Pinus henryi_ Mast.
* _Pinus herrerae_ Martínez
* _Pinus herrerai_ Martínez, 1940
* _Pinus heterophylla_ Small.
* _Pinus hugelii_ Roezl ex Gordon, 1862
* _Pinus hwangshanensis_ W.Y.Hsia
* _Pinus iddingsi_ Knowlton, 1899
* _Pinus intermedia_ Lodd.
* _Pinus intermedia_ Wangh.
* _Pinus jaliscana_ Pérez de la Rosa
* _Pinus japonica_ Parl., 1868
* _Pinus japonica_ hort. ex Carrière, 1867
* _Pinus jeffreyi_ A.MurrayBis
* _Pinus jeffreyi_ Balf.
* _Pinus kesiya_ Royle ex Godr.
* _Pinus kesiya_ Royle ex Gordon
* _Pinus khasya_ Royle ex Gord.
* _Pinus khutrow_ Royle, 1839
* _Pinus koraiensis_ Siebold & Zucc.
* _Pinus krempfii_ Lecomte
* _Pinus kwangshanensis_ W.Y.Hsia
* _Pinus lambertiana_ Douglas
* _Pinus lambertiana_ Douglas ex R.Taylor & R.Phillips, 1827
* _Pinus lardyana_ Heer, 1855
* _Pinus laricio_ L.
* _Pinus larix_ Douglas, 1836
* _Pinus larix_ Siev.
* _Pinus latifolia_ H.Mayr.
* _Pinus latteri_ Mason
* _Pinus lawsonii_ Roezl ex Godr.
* _Pinus lawsonii_ Roezl ex Gordon
* _Pinus leiophylla_ Schiede & Deppe
* _Pinus leiophylla_ Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham.
* _Pinus lindgreni_ Knowlton, 1901
* _Pinus lindleyi_ Carrière
* _Pinus llaveana_ Schiede, 1838
* _Pinus longaeva_ D.K.Bailey
* _Pinus longifolia_ Roezl ex Hemsl.
* _Pinus longifolia_ Roxb.
* _Pinus luchuensis_ Mayr
* _Pinus lumholtzii_ B.L.Rob & Fernald
* _Pinus lundgreni_ (Nathorst, 1878)
* _Pinus luzmariae_ Pérez de la Rosa
* _Pinus macclurii_ Heer, 1868
* _Pinus macrolepis_ Knowlton, 1899
* _Pinus massoniana_ D.Don
* _Pinus massoniana_ Lamb.
* _Pinus mattewanensis_ Berry, 1903
* _Pinus maximartinezii_ Rzed.
* _Pinus maximinoi_ H.E.Moore
* _Pinus maximowiczii_ Parl., 1868
* _Pinus mcvaughii_ Carvajal, 1985
* _Pinus merkiana_ Gurd., 1875
* _Pinus merkusii_ Jungh. & de Vriese
* _Pinus miocenica_ Tanai, 1961
* _Pinus monophylla_ Torr. & Frém.
* _Pinus monophylla_ hort. ex Parl., 1868
* _Pinus monspeliensis_ Salzm. ex Dunal
* _Pinus montana_ Du Roi
* _Pinus montana_ Schur, 1866
* _Pinus monteragensis_ Godefr. ex Carrière, 1855
* _Pinus montezumae_ D.Don, 1832
* _Pinus montezumae_ Lamb.
* _Pinus montialleggrii_ Roezl
* _Pinus monticola_ Douglas ex D.Don
* _Pinus monticola_ Douglas ex Lamb
* _Pinus morrisonicola_ Hayata
* _Pinus mugo_ Turra
* _Pinus mugo × sylvestris_
* _Pinus mukdensis_ Ueki, 1919
* _Pinus muricata_ D.Don
* _Pinus nanfengensis_ Wang et al., 2017
* _Pinus neilreichiana_ Reichardt
* _Pinus nelsonii_ Shaw
* _Pinus nepalensis_ Royle ex Lindl. & Gord.
* 歐洲黑松 _Pinus nigra_ J.F.Arnold
* _Pinus nobilis_ Douglas ex Loudon
* _Pinus nordenskioeldi_ Heer, 1876
* _Pinus nova-hollandica_ Lodd. ex Gordon, 1858
* _Pinus novae-hollandiae_ Lodd. ex Carrière
* _Pinus obovata_ Antoine
* _Pinus occidentalis_ Sw.
* _Pinus oocarpa_ Schiede
* _Pinus oocarpa_ Schiede ex Schltdl.
* _Pinus otteana_ Roezl ex Vilm.
* _Pinus padufia_ Ledeb. ex Gordon, 1858
* _Pinus pallasiana_ D.Don
* _Pinus pallasii_ Parol.
* _Pinus palmiensis_ hort. ex Gordon, 1862
* 長葉松 _Pinus palustris_ Mill.
* 日本五針松 _Pinus parviflora_ Siebold & Zucc.
* _Pinus parvifolia_ hort. ex Carr, 1867
* _Pinus patula_ Schiede & Deppe ex Schiede.
* _Pinus patula_ Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham.
* _Pinus peloponnesiaca_ hort. ex Beissn.
* _Pinus pentaphylla_ Carrière, 1867
* _Pinus peregrinus_ Hickey, 1977
* _Pinus pescatarei_ Roezl ex Vilm.
* _Pinus peuce_ Griseb.
* _Pinus picea_ Hablitz
* _Pinus pinaster_ Aiton
* _Pinus pinaster_ Besser, 1809
* _Pinus pinaster_ Loudon, 1838
* _Pinus pinaster_ Soland.
* _Pinus pinceana_ Godr.
* _Pinus pinceana_ Gordon
* _Pinus pindrow_ Royle, 1839
* _Pinus pinea_ Gordon, 1858
* _Pinus pinea_ Hablitz
* _Pinus pinea_ L.
* _Pinus pinsapo_ Boiss., 1842
* _Pinus pithyusa_ Strangw. ex Gord.
* _Pinus ponderosa_ Douglas ex C.Lawson
* _Pinus ponderosa_ Douglas ex Loudon, 1838
* _Pinus ponderosoides_ Axelrod, 1987
* _Pinus praetermissa_ Styles & McVaugh
* _Pinus prekesiya_ Xing et al., 2010
* _Pinus premurrayana_ Knowlton, 1899
* _Pinus prestwichi_ Gardner, 1884
* _Pinus pringlei_ Shaw
* _Pinus protoscleropitys_ Holden, 1913
* _Pinus pseudopatula_ hort. ex Bois
* _Pinus pseudopumila_ Beck
* _Pinus pseudostrobus_ Lindl.
* _Pinus pseudotaeda_ Ten.
* 偃松 _Pinus pumila_ (Pall.) Regel
* _Pinus pungens_ Lamb. ex Michx.
* _Pinus pygmaea_ Fisch. ex Endl., 1847
* _Pinus pygmaea_ hort. ex K.Koch, 1873
* _Pinus pyramidalis_ Reum. ex Antoine
* _Pinus pyramidalis_ hort. ex Gordon, 1858
* _Pinus quadrifolia_ Parl. ex Sudw.
* _Pinus quadrifolia_ Parry ex Parl., 1868
* _Pinus quenstedti_ Heer, 1869
* _Pinus quinquefolia_ David
* _Pinus quinquefolia_ Hollick & Jeffrey, 1909
* _Pinus radiata_ D.Don
* _Pinus raritanensis_ Berry, 1910
* _Pinus reginae-ameliae_ K.Koch
* _Pinus remota_ (Little) D.K.Bailey & Hawksw.
* 美國赤松 _Pinus resinosa_ Soland，多脂松
* _Pinus rhaetica_ Brügger
* 剛松 _Pinus rigida_ Mill.
* _Pinus romana_ hort. ex Loudon
* _Pinus romania_ hort. ex Steud.
* _Pinus romaniae_ Dum.Cours.
* _Pinus romeniaca_ Cels
* 西藏長葉松 _Pinus roxburghii_ Sarg.
* _Pinus roylei_ Lindl. ex Gordon, 1858
* _Pinus rubra_ Lamb.
* _Pinus rubra_ Miq., 1867
* _Pinus rubra_ Sieber ex Gordon, 1862
* _Pinus rubraeflora_ Loud. ex Gordon, 1858
* _Pinus rudis_ Roezl ex Gordon, 1862
* _Pinus rzedowskii_ Madrigal & M.Caball.
* _Pinus sabineana_ Douglas, 1832
* _Pinus sabiniana_ Douglas
* _Pinus sabiniana_ Douglas ex D.Don
* _Pinus saskatchawensis_ Hook. ex Parl., 1868
* _Pinus scariosa_ Lodd.
* _Pinus scituatensiformis_ Bailey, 1911
* _Pinus sebirica_ Du Tour
* _Pinus serotina_ Michx.
* _Pinus shastensis_ Fontaine, 1905
* _Pinus sheppyensis_ Ettinghausen & Gardner, 1879
* 新疆五針松 _Pinus sibirica_ DuTour
* 油松 _Pinus sinensis_ Endl.
* _Pinus sinensis_ Lamb.
* _Pinus skinneri_ hort. ex Carrière, 1855
* _Pinus smithiana_ D.Don ex Lamb.
* 巧家五針松 _Pinus squamata_ X.W.Li
* _Pinus squammosa_ Bosc, 1809
* _Pinus squarrosa_ Kalenicz.
* _Pinus steenstrupiana_ Heer, 1908
* _Pinus strobiformis_ Engelm.
* 北美喬松 _Pinus strobus_ L.
* _Pinus sturgisi_ Cockerell, 1908
* _Pinus subarctica_ Schur, 1866
* _Pinus subgenitor_ Balfouria
* _Pinus subgenitor_ Ducampopinus
* _Pinus subgenitor_ Pinea
* _Pinus subgenitor_ Sabinia
* _Pinus subgenitor_ Strobus
* _Pinus subpatula_ Roezl ex Gordon
* _Pinus suffruticosa_ Roezl ex Gordon, 1862
* _Pinus susquaensis_ Dawson, 1882
* 歐洲赤松 _Pinus sylvestris_ L., 1753

  * 長白松 _Pinus sylvestris_ var. _sylvestriformis_
* 油松 _Pinus tabuliformis_ Carrière
* 火炬松 _Pinus taeda_ L.
* 台灣二葉松 _Pinus taiwanensis_ Hayata
* _Pinus tatarica_ hort. ex Carrière, 1855
* _Pinus tatarica_ hort. ex K.Koch, 1873
* _Pinus taurica_ Lodd.
* _Pinus taurina_ Steud.
* _Pinus tecumumani_ Schwerdtfeger
* _Pinus tecunumanii_ Eguiluz & J.P.Perry
* _Pinus teocote_ Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham.
* _Pinus tetraphylla_ Jeffrey, 1908
* _Pinus thilemannii_ Roezl, 1857
* 黑松 _Pinus thunbergii_ Parl.
* _Pinus tomacocaensis_ Roezl
* _Pinus torreyana_ Parry ex Carrière
* _Pinus torreyana_ Parry ex Torr., 1859
* _Pinus tortuosa_ Steud.
* _Pinus triphylla_ Hollick & Jeffrey, 1909
* 熱帶松 _Pinus tropicalis_ Morelet
* _Pinus trunculus_ Dawson, 1888
* _Pinus tschugatskoi_ hort. ex K.Koch, 1873
* _Pinus tulameenensis_ Penhallow, 1908
* _Pinus uncinata_ Mill. ex Mirb.
* _Pinus uncinata_ Ramond ex DC.
* _Pinus uncinata_ Steud.
* _Pinus uniseriata_ Wang et al., 2017
* _Pinus vallartensis_ Pérez de la Rosa & Gernandt
* _Pinus variegata_ hort. ex K.Koch, 1873
* _Pinus vernonensis_ Ward, 1905
* _Pinus verschaffeltii_ Roezl, 1857
* _Pinus vindelica_ Schott
* 矮松 _Pinus virginiana_ Mill.
* _Pinus vulcaniamniensis_ Ellenberger, 1970
* 喬松 _Pinus wallichiana_ A.B.Jacks.
* 毛枝五針松 _Pinus wangii_ H.H.Hu & W.C.Cheng
* _Pinus wardii_ Knowlton, 1899
* _Pinus wateriana_ hort. ex L.H.Bailey, 1933
* _Pinus wheeleri_ Cockerell, 1908
* _Pinus xichangensis_ C.T.Kuan & L.J.Zhou
* 雲南松 _Pinus yunnanensis_ Franch.
* _Pinus zitacuaria_ Gordon, 1858

**雜交種：**

* _Pinus ×attenuradiata_ Stockw. & Righter
* _Pinus ×cerambycifera_ Businský
* _Pinus ×critchfieldii_ Businský
* _Pinus ×galaiana_ Papaioannou ex Cavadas
* _Pinus ×halepensipinaster_ Saporta
* _Pinus ×holfordiana_ A.B.Jacks.
* _Pinus ×hunnewellii_ Alb.G.Johnson
* _Pinus ×litvinovii_ L.V.Orlova
* _Pinus ×murraybanksiana_ Righter & Stockw.
* _Pinus ×naxiorum_ Businský
* _Pinus ×neilreichiana_ Beck, 1890
* _Pinus ×parapumila_ P.Landry
* _Pinus ×rigitaeda_ S.K.Hyun & Ahn
* _Pinus ×schwerinii_ Fitschen
* _Pinus ×sondereggeri_ H.H.Chapm.
* _Pinus ×sondereggeri_ H.H.Chapm. ex Sudw.
* _Pinus ×spuria_ Domin
* _Pinus ×transamericana_ Businský
* _Pinus ×wettsteinii_ K.Richt., 1890

**歸入本屬的物種：**

* _Ophioglossum granulatum_ (Heer, 1883)
* _Piceites reucheanus_ Goeppert & Berendt, 1850
* _Pinites bowerbanki_ (Carruthers, 1878)
* _Strobus griffithii_ Moldenke
* _Zamia macrocephala_ (Lindley & Hutton, 1834)

## 用途

幾十年來松樹被當作快速生長的人工 森林樹種廣為種植，因此它是採伐後林地的代替樹種。松樹對於採礦特別重要，因為它的木材纖維長，在受壓斷裂之前會發出聲響。通常礦工會用松樹木搭建支架，一方面起支撐作用，一方面可以對塌方起到警報的作用。

## 蟲害疾病

* 藍變（Ceratocystis，由不同的致病源如榆枯萎病菌，藍變真菌等引起）指的是木材的顏色變異
* 銹病（_Cronartium flaccidum_ 或 _Endocronartium pini_）由鏽真菌引起
* 松疱銹病 (_Cronartium ribicola_) 受災樹種：五針松
* 白色雪霉 (_Phacidium infestans_) 受災樹種： 瑞士五針松
* 黑色雪霉 (_Herpotrichia coulteri_) 受災樹種： 歐洲山松
* 松材線蟲（_Bursaphelenchus xylophilus_）
* * * *

## 參考