格什曼

**卡爾・格什曼**（Carl Gershman，1943 年 7 月 20 日 —）是美國政治人物，自 1984 年以來一直擔任美國國家民主基金會主席。里根擔任美國總統期間，格什曼曾擔任美國駐聯合國人權理事會大使。

## 政治活動

2020 年 8 月 10 日，為了報復美國財政部宣布制裁林鄭月娥等 11 名侵犯人權及損害香港自治的中港官員，中華人民共和國外交部發言人趙立堅宣布，對格什曼等 11 名支持香港民主運動的美國議員及民間人士實施制裁。

## 榮譽

### 外國勳章獎章

* 騎士級波蘭共和國功績勳章
* 修交勳章興仁章（韓國，2011 年 12 月 30 日批准）
* 大綬景星勳章（中華民國，2019 年 12 月 10 日批准，同日於台北頒發）

### 獎項

* 國際聲援西藏運動真相獎
* 喬治・華盛頓大學總統獎

## 出版物

* Gershman, Carl, The foreign policy of American labor, SAGE policy papers **3**, 戰略與國際研究中心，喬治城大學，Washington D.C. (Washington Papers **29**), 賽吉出版公司: 1–82, December 1975, ISBN 978-0-8039-0572-6  Gershman, Carl, The foreign policy of American labor, SAGE policy papers **3**, 戰略與國際研究中心，喬治城大學，Washington D.C. (Washington Papers **29**), 賽吉出版公司: 1–82, December 1975, ISBN 978-0-8039-0572-6
* Gershman, Carl, Capitalism, socialism, and democracy, SD Papers **1**, discussions also by 雪梨・胡克， Bayard Rustin, and Penn Kemble, New York: Social Democrats, USA: 7–9, 1978, Selected Reprints from _Commentary (magazine)_ (April 1978) pp. 29–71  Gershman, Carl, Capitalism, socialism, and democracy, SD Papers **1**, discussions also by 雪梨・胡克， Bayard Rustin, and Penn Kemble, New York: Social Democrats, USA: 7–9, 1978, Selected Reprints from _Commentary (magazine)_ (April 1978) pp. 29–71
* Rustin, Bayard; Gershman, Carl. Africa, Soviet imperialism and the retreat of American power. SD papers **2**. New York: Social Democrats, USA. 1978.
* Gershman, Carl. After the dominoes fell. Commentary. SD papers (New York: Social Democrats, USA). May 1978, **3**: 89–93.
* Gershman, Carl. The world according to Andrew Young. SD papers **4**. New York: Social Democrats, USA. 1978. Reprinted from _Commentary (magazine)_ (August 1978).
* Gershman, Carl. Selling them the rope: Business and the Soviets. SD papers **6**. New York: Social Democrats, USA. 1979. Reprinted from _Commentary (magazine)_ (April 1979).
* Gershman, Carl. Totalitarian menace (Controversies: Detente and the left after Afghanistan). Society (New York: Transactions (purchased by Springer)). November 3, 1980, **18** (1): 9–15. ISSN 0147-2011. doi:10.1007/BF02694835.
* Gershman, Carl, The polity: Commentary, Freedman, Rita (編), Does America need a social democratic movement?, Following commentary by Jim Chapin (pp. 86–89) on panel presentations by 西摩・馬丁・利普塞特 (pp. 71–75), Will Marshall (pp. 76–81), and Fred Siegel (pp. 81–86), chaired by Ronald Radosh (p. 85), Washington, DC: Social Democrats, USA: 89–93, 1993, Gershman discusses American social democracy as a form of radical-democratic Americanism (ideology), which has been properly inspired more by 托馬斯・傑斐遜，詹姆斯・麥迪遜，and 伍德羅・威爾遜 than by 卡爾・馬克思 and 愛德華・伯恩斯坦.
* Gershman, Carl, A democracy strategy for the Middle East, National Endowment for Democracy, December 12, 2003 [2020-08-10], （原始內容存檔於 2014-07-06）
* Gershman, Carl; Gutierrez, Orlando. Ferment in civil society (Can Cuba change?) (PDF). 民主期刊. January 2009, **20** (1): 36–54 [August 13, 2011]. doi:10.1353/jod.0.0051. （原始內容 (PDF) 存檔於 2009-09-18）.
* Gershman, Carl, Remarks by Carl Gershman at a photo exhibition commemorating the 30th anniversary of the founding of Solidarity (The phenomenon of Solidarity: Pictures from the history of Poland, 1980-1981; Woodrow Wilson Center), Washington D.C.: National Endowment for Democracy, August 29, 2011 [2020-08-10], （原始內容存檔於 2015-05-18）

## 參考文獻

## 外部來源

* Bernstein, Carl. The holy alliance: Ronald Reagan and John Paul II; How Reagan and the Pope conspired to assist Poland's Solidarity movement and hasten the demise of Communism (Cover story). 時代雜誌 U.S. February 24, 1992: 28–35 [2020-08-10]. （原始內容存檔於 2013-08-25）.
* Domber, Gregory F., Supporting the revolution: America, democracy, and the end of the Cold War in Poland, 1981–1989 (Ph.D. dissertation (September 12, 2007), 喬治・華盛頓大學): 1–506, 2008 [2020-08-10], ISBN 978-0-549-38516-5, Winner of the "2009 Betty M. Unterberger Prize for Best Dissertation on United States Foreign Policy from the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations", （原始內容存檔於 2016-05-20）  Revised and incorporated in Domber, Gregory F. Empowering Revolution: America, Poland, and the End of the Cold War. The New Cold War History. University of North Carolina Press books. 2014 [2020-08-10]. ISBN9781469618517. （原始內容存檔於 2020-08-19）.
* Gershman, Carl. Totalitarian menace (Controversies: Detente and the left after Afghanistan). Society (New York: Transactions (purchased by Springer)). November 3, 1980, **18** (1): 9–15. ISSN 0147-2011. doi:10.1007/BF02694835.
* Harrington, Michael. Nuclear threat (Controversies: Detente and the left after Afghanistan). Society (New York: Transactions (purchased by Springer)). November 3, 1980, **18** (1): 16–21. ISSN 0147-2011. doi:10.1007/BF02694836.
* Lipset, Seymour Martin. Neoconservatism: Myth and reality. Society (New York: Transactions (purchased by Springer)). July 4, 1988, **25** (5): 29–37. ISSN 0147-2011. doi:10.1007/BF02695739.
* Massing, Michael. Trotsky's orphans: From Bolshevism to Reaganism. The New Republic. 1987: 18–22.
* Muravchik, Joshua. Comrades. Commentary (magazine). January 2006 [June 15, 2007]. （原始內容存檔於 2016-03-04）.
* Nossiter, Bernard D. New team at U.N.: Common roots and philosophies. The New York Times Late City final. March 3, 1981. section A, p. 2, col. 3 [2020-08-10]. （原始內容存檔於 2018-08-15）.
* Pear, Robert. U.S. supporting Solidarity fight. Albany Times Union (Albany, NY). 10 July 1988 [14 April 2012]. (subscription required). （原始內容存檔於 2013-01-25）.
* Puddington, Arch. Surviving the underground: How American unions helped Solidarity win. American Educator (American Federation of Teachers). 2005, (Summer) [June 4, 2011]. （原始內容存檔於 2014-10-06）.
* Puddington, Arch. Lane Kirkland: Champion of American labor. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley and Sons. 2005K. ISBN 0-471-41694-0.
* Reed, Dale, Register of the Carl Gershman papers (PDF), Stanford, CA: 胡佛研究所 Archives, Stanford University, 1999 [2011-08-13], （原始內容 (PDF) 存檔於 2011-08-07）
* Thiel, Rainer. Nested games of external democracy promotion: The United States and the Polish liberalization 1980-1989. VS Verlag. 2010: 179–235, especially 204 and 231 [2020-08-10]. ISBN978-3-531-17769-4. （原始內容存檔於 2020-09-26）.
* Anonymous, Meet our President, 美國國家民主基金會， [2011-08-13], （原始內容存檔於 2015-06-29）
* McKew, Maxine, Carl Gershman: America's democrat, Sunday Profiles, Australia: 澳大利亞廣播公司 (ABC), August 20, 2006 [2011-08-13], （原始內容存檔於 2016-08-18）
* Reed, Dale, Register of the Carl Gershman Papers (PDF), Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University, 1999 [2011-08-13], （原始內容 (PDF) 存檔於 2011-08-07）