普魯士教育制度

**普魯士教育制度**是指普魯士在 18 世紀末 19 世紀初教育改革而建立的教育制度，該制度包括設立師範學院、普及全民義務教育、中小學教育改革、建立研究型大學（柏林大學），對後世和當時的其他國家產生了廣泛而深遠的影響。普魯士教育體係是在 18 世紀後期引入的，在拿破崙戰爭初期普魯士戰敗後得到顯著加強。1807 年簽訂《提爾西特條約》後普魯士被迫割地賠款，由此引發了席捲全國的改革運動。普魯士的教育改革在其他國家引發了類似的變化，促成了 19 世紀歐洲現代民族國家的建立。

這個詞本身並沒有在德國文獻中使用，它指的是洪堡教育改革的主要方面。然而這一基本概念在二戰去普魯士化後引發了各種爭論和爭議，德國及其他地區的 21 世紀中小學教育仍然受到普魯士教育制度的影響。

## 延伸閱讀

* Albisetti, James C. "The Reform of Female Education in Prussia, 1899-1908: A Study in Compromise and Containment." _German studies review_ 8.1 (1985): 11-41.
* Ash, Mitchell G. "Bachelor of What, Master of Whom? The Humboldt Myth and Historical Transformations of Higher Education in German‐Speaking Europe and the U.S." _European Journal of Education_ 41.2 (2006): 245-267 online （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）.
* Becker, Sascha O., and Ludger Woessmann. "Luther and the girls: Religious denomination and the female education gap in nineteenth‐century Prussia." _Scandinavian Journal of Economics_ 110.4 (2008): 777-805.
* Cubberley, Ellwood Patterson. _The History of Education: Educational Practice and Progress Considered as a Phase of the Development and Spread of Western Civilization_ (1920) online （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Herbst, Jurgen. "Nineteenth‐Century Schools between Community and State: The Cases of Prussia and the United States." _History of Education Quarterly_ 42.3 (2002): 317-341.
* McClelland, Charles E. _State, society, and university in Germany: 1700-1914_ (1980)
* McClelland, Charles E. _Berlin, the Mother of All Research Universities: 1860–1918_ (2016)
* Müller, Detlef, Fritz Ringer, and Brian Simon, eds. _The rise of the modern educational system: structural change and social reproduction 1870–1920_ (Cambridge University Press, 1989).
* Phillips, David. "Beyond travellers' tales: some nineteenth-century British commentators on education in Germany." _Oxford Review of Education_ 26.1 (2000): 49-62.
* Ramsay, Paul. "Toiling together for social cohesion: International influences on the development of teacher education in the United States," _Paedagogica Historica_ (2014) 50#1 pp 109–122.
* Ringer, Fritz. _Education and Society in Modern Europe_ (1979); focus on Germany and France with comparisons to US and Britain
* Sagarra, Eda. _A Social History of Germany, 1648–1914_ (1977) online （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Schleunes, Karl A. "Enlightenment, reform, reaction: the schooling revolution in Prussia." _Central European History_ 12.4 (1979): 315-342 online （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Soysal, Yasemin Nuhoglu, and David Strang. "Construction of the First Mass Education Systems in Nineteenth-Century Europe," _Sociology of Education_ (1989) 62#4 pp. 277–288 in JSTOR （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Turner, R. Steven. "The growth of professorial research in Prussia, 1818 to 1848-causes and context." _Historical studies in the physical sciences_ 3 (1971): 137-182.
* Van Horn Melton, James. _Absolutism and the eighteenth-century origins of compulsory schooling in Prussia and Austria_ (Cambridge University Press, 1988).

### Primary sources

* Cubberley, Ellwood Patterson ed. _Readings in the History of Education: A Collection of Sources and Readings to Illustrate the Development of Educational Practice, Theory, and Organization_ (1920) online pp 455–89, 634ff, 669ff