普魯士的教育制度

**普魯士教育制度**是指普魯士在 18 世紀末 19 世紀初教育改革而建立的教育制度，該制度包括設立師範學院、普及全民義務教育、中小學教育改革、建立研究型大學（柏林大學），對後世和當時的其他國家產生了廣泛而深遠的影響。普魯士教育體係是在 18 世紀後期引入的，在拿破崙戰爭初期普魯士戰敗後得到顯著加強。1807 年簽訂《提爾西特條約》後普魯士被迫割地賠款，由此引發了席捲全國的改革運動。普魯士的教育改革在其他國家引發了類似的變化，促成了 19 世紀歐洲現代民族國家的建立。

這個詞本身並沒有在德國文獻中使用，它指的是洪堡教育改革的主要方面。然而這一基本概念在二戰去普魯士化後引發了各種爭論和爭議，德國及其他地區的 21 世紀中小學教育仍然受到普魯士教育制度的影響。

## 延伸閱讀

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* McClelland, Charles E. _Berlin, the Mother of All Research Universities: 1860–1918_ (2016)
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* Ringer, Fritz. _Education and Society in Modern Europe_ (1979); focus on Germany and France with comparisons to US and Britain
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* Soysal, Yasemin Nuhoglu, and David Strang. "Construction of the First Mass Education Systems in Nineteenth-Century Europe," _Sociology of Education_ (1989) 62#4 pp. 277–288 in JSTOR （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Turner, R. Steven. "The growth of professorial research in Prussia, 1818 to 1848-causes and context." _Historical studies in the physical sciences_ 3 (1971): 137-182.
* Van Horn Melton, James. _Absolutism and the eighteenth-century origins of compulsory schooling in Prussia and Austria_ (Cambridge University Press, 1988).

### Primary sources

* Cubberley, Ellwood Patterson ed. _Readings in the History of Education: A Collection of Sources and Readings to Illustrate the Development of Educational Practice, Theory, and Organization_ (1920) online pp 455–89, 634ff, 669ff