无损检测

**非破壞檢測**（Nondestructive testing，NDT）又稱**無損檢驗**，是在不影響檢測對象未來使用功能或現在的運行狀態前提下，採用射線、超聲、紅外、電磁、太赫茲非破壞檢測 等原理技術儀器對材料、零件、設備進行缺陷、化學、物理參數的檢測技術。常見的有超聲波檢測焊縫中的裂紋等方法。中國機械工程學會非破壞檢測學會是中國非破壞檢測學術組織，TC56 是其標準化機構。

## 應用與技術

NDT is divided into various _methods_ of nondestructive testing, each based on a particular scientific principle. These methods may be further subdivided into various _techniques_. The various methods and techniques, due to their particular natures, may lend themselves especially well to certain applications and be of little or no value at all in other applications. Therefore, choosing the right method and technique is an important part of the performance of NDT.

* 聲發射檢測 （AE or AT）
* 紅藍酸蝕氧化檢測（BEA，Blue etch anodize）
* 染色滲透檢測法 或 液體滲透檢測法（PT or LPI）
* 電磁感應檢測（ET 或 EMI，**E**lectro**m**agnetic **I**nspection）
  * 交流電場測量 （ACFM，Alternating current field measurement）
  * 交流電勢下降測量 （ACPD，Alternating current potential drop measurement）
  * 巴克豪森效應測試（Barkhausen testing）
  * 直流電勢下降測量（DCPD，Direct current potential drop measurement）
  * 渦電流檢測（ECT，Eddy-current testing）
  * Magnetic flux leakage testing (MFL) for pipelines, tank floors, and wire rope
  * 磁粉檢測法（MT 或 MPI，Magnetic-particle inspection）
  * 磁感（Magnetovision）
  * 遠場檢測（RFT，Remote field testing）
* 橢圓偏振技術（Ellipsometry）
* 內窺鏡檢測
* 導波檢測 （GWT，Guided wave testing）
* 硬度測試（Hardness testing）
* 脈衝激振法（IET，Impulse excitation technique）
* 微波成像（Microwave imaging）
* 太赫茲非破壞檢測（THz，Terahertz nondestructive evaluation）
* 紅外線及熱力檢測 （IR，Infrared and thermal testing）
  * 熱成像儀
  * 掃瞄熱顕微鏡
* Laser testing
  * Electronic speckle pattern interferometry
  * Holographic interferometry
  * Self-mixing laser interferometry
  * 低連續性干涉測量術（Low coherence interferometry）
  * 光學同調斷層掃描（OCT，Optical coherence tomography）
  * 輪廓儀（Profilometer）
  * 雷射剪像儀（Shearography）
* Leak testing (LT) or Leak detection
  * Hydrostatic test
  * Absolute pressure leak testing (pressure change)
  * Bubble testing
  * Halogen diode leak testing
  * Hydrogen leak testing
  * Mass spectrometer leak testing
  * Tracer-gas leak testing method for helium, hydrogen and refrigerant gases
* 核磁共振成像（MRI，Magnetic Resonance Imaging）及核磁共振光譜法（NMR spectroscopy）
* Metallographic replicas
* Spectroscopy
  * Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)
  * Mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIR)
  * (Far-infrared =) Terahertz spectroscopy
  * Raman Spectroscopy
* Optical microscopy
* Positive material identification (PMI)
* Radiographic testing (RT) (see also Industrial radiography and Radiography)
  * Computed radiography
  * Digital radiography (real-time)
  * Neutron imaging
  * SCAR (small controlled area radiography)
  * X-ray computed tomography (CT)
* Resonant inspection
  * Resonant acoustic method (RAM)
* Scanning electron microscopy
* Surface temper etch (Nital Etch)
* Ultrasonic testing (UT)
  * Acoustic resonance technology (ART)
  * Angle beam testing
  * Electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) (non-contact)
  * Laser ultrasonics (LUT)
  * Internal rotary inspection system (IRIS) ultrasonics for tubes
  * Phased array ultrasonics (PAUT)
* Thickness measurement
  * Time of flight diffraction ultrasonics (TOFD)
  * Time-of-flight ultrasonic determination of 3D elastic constants (TOF)
* Vibration analysis
* Visual inspection (VT)
  * Pipeline video inspection
* Weight and load testing of structures
* Corroscan/C-scan
* 3D computed tomography
  * Industrial CT scanning
* Heat Exchanger Life Assessment System
* RTJ Flange Special Ultrasonic Testing