拿破崙·夏儂

**拿破崙・沙尼翁**（Napoleon A. Chagnon，發音： /ˈʃæɡnən/ _SHAG-nən_，1938 年 —）生於美國密西根州奧斯丁港，美國人類學家。

## 生平

沙尼翁生於密西根州的奧斯丁港，在家中十二個兄弟姊妹當中排行老二。他就讀密西根大學，1961 年獲學士學位，1963 年獲碩士學位，1966 年在懷特的指導下，取得博士學位。

沙尼翁因著有 1968 年出版的民族誌《亞諾瑪米人：殘暴的人群》（_Yanomamö: The Fierce People_）而出名。這本書出版超過五版，經常用在大學部的人類學導論課程的文本，成為長銷不墜的人類學文本。沙尼翁也是視覺人類學領域的先驅。他與民族誌電影導演蒂姆・阿施（Tim Asch）長期合作，並產生了一系列記錄亞諾瑪米人生活的二十多部民族誌影片。

沙尼翁先前曾任教於賓夕法尼亞州立大學與西北大學。

沙尼翁最廣為人知的是他在亞諾瑪米人中長期進行的民族誌田野工作，他對於文化人類學的演化論以及戰爭的研究有所貢獻。亞諾瑪米人是生活在委內瑞拉和巴西邊境地區的一個美洲原住民群體。

沙尼翁的主要研究工作是在委內瑞拉的 Siapa 河及 Mavaca 河的河源地區，他從 1960 年代中期就在這些人當中進行田野工作，直到 1990 年代後半期為止。因為亞諾瑪米人無法正確發出他的姓氏，他們給他取個綽號叫「沙奇」，這是他們所能發出的最接近發音，這似乎也是適當的，因為沙尼翁（Chagnon）不斷地問這問那，「沙奇」的意思是「討厭的蜜蜂」。他的研究焦點是收集他所造訪的村落的系譜，他從這些分析人們的親屬關聯性、婚姻模式、合作，以及聚落模式歷史。他運用這個系譜研究法進行調查，以此為基礎，成為社會生物學和人類行為生態學領域的先驅者之一。

沙尼翁在美國密蘇里大學擔任人類學教授。2000 年，派屈克・蒂爾尼（Patrick Tierney）寫了一本書《黃金國的黑暗面》（_Darkness in El Dorado_），指責沙尼翁加劇了居住在亞馬孫河流域的亞諾瑪米人（Yanomamo）的麻疹疫情，而且在不顧當地人福祉的情況下進行人體研究等等。《紐約時報》的一位評論員在《紐約時報雜誌》的人物特寫報導中，將蒂爾尼的指控當成事實，將沙尼翁稱為美國「最具爭議的」人類學家。此事發生在沙尼翁當時的最新作品、科學回憶錄《高貴的野蠻人：我在兩個危險部族 —— 亞諾瑪米人和人類學家 —— 之間的生活》（_Noble Savages: My Life Among Two Dangerous Tribes—the Yanomamö and the Anthropologists_）出版之前。這些指控毀滅了他的職業生涯，並迫使他提前退休。

## 作品

### 博士論文

* Chagnon, Napoleon A, Yanomamö Warfare, Social Organization and Marriage Alliances (unpublished PhD dissertation), Ann Arbor, MI: Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, 1966

### 專書

* Chagnon, Napoleon A, Yanomamö: The Fierce People, 1968 .
* ———, Studying the Yanomamö, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1974 .
* ———, Yanomamo – The Last Days of Eden, 1992 .
* ———; Cronk, Lee; Irons, William, Adaptation and Human Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective, 2002 .
* ———, Noble Savages: My Life Among Two Dangerous Tribes – The Yanomamö and the Anthropologists, 2013 .

### 專書章節

* Chagnon, Napoleon A, Yanomamö social organization and aggression, FRIED, M (編), War; the Anthropology of Armed Conflict and Aggression, New York: Garden City, 1986
* ———, Chronic Problems in Understanding Tribal Violence and Warfare, Willey & Chichester (編), Genetics of Criminal and Antisocial Behavior, Ciba Foundation Symposium, 1995
* ———, Tribal social organization and genetic microdifferentiation, HARRISON, A; BOYCE, A (編), Structure of human populations, Oxford, 1972
* ———, Daily life among the Yanomamo, ROMNEY, AK; DEVORE, PL (編), You and others, Cambridge, 1973
* ———, Yanomamo social organization and warfare, FRIED, M (編), Explorations in Anthropology, New York: Crowell, 1973
* ———, The culture-ecology of shifting (pioneering) cultivation among the Yanomamo Indians, GROSS, DR (編), International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, New York: Garden City, 1973
* ———, Yanomamo – the fierce people, GOULD, R (編), Man's many ways, New York: Harper & Row, 1977
* ———, Yanomamo warfare, COPPENHAVER, D (編), Anthropology full circle, New York: Prager, 1977
* ———, Is Reproductive Success Equal in Egalitarian Societies?, CHAGNON, N; IRONS, W (編), Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior, North Scituate: Duxbury, 1979
* ———, Mate Competition, Favoring Close kin, and Village Fissioning Among the Yanomamö Indians, CHAGNON, N; IRONS, W (編), Evolutionary biology and human social behavior, North Scituate: Duxbury, 1979
* ———, Anthropology and the Nature of Things, WIEGELE, T (編), Biology and the Social Sciences, Boulder: Westview, 1982
* ———, Sociodemographic Attributes of Nepotism in Tribal Populations: Man the Rule-Breaker, GROUP, KSCS (編), Current problems in sociobiology, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982
* ———; Ayers, M; Neel, JV; Weitkamp, L; Gershowitz, H, The influence of cultural factors on the demography and pattern of gene flow from the Makiritare to the Yanomama indians, HULSE, FS (編), Man and nature: studies in the evolution of the human species, New York: Random House, 1975
* ———; Bugos, PE, Kin selection and conflict: an analysis of a Yanomamö ax fight, CHAGNON, Napoleon A; IRONS, W (編), Evolutionary biology and human social behavior, North Scituate: Duxbury Press, 1979
* ———; Flinn, MV; Melancon, TF, Sex-ratio variation among the Yanomamö Indians, CHAGNON, Napoleon; IRONS, W (編), Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior, North Scituate: Duxbury Press, 1979

### 期刊文章

* Chagnon, Napoleon A, Yanomamo – the fierce people, Natural History **LXXVII**, 1967a, **LXXVII**: 22–31
* ———, Yanomamö Social Organization and Warfare, Natural History **LXXVI**, 1967b, **LXXVI**: 44–48
* ———, The Culture-Ecology of Shifting (Pioneering) Cultivation Among The Yanomamö Indians, International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences **3**, 1968a, **3**: 249–55
* ———, The feast, Natural History **LXXVII**, 1968b, **LXXVII**: 34–41
* ———, Ecological and Adaptive Aspects of California Shell Money, Annual Report of the UCLA Archaeological Survey **12**, 1970, **12**: 1–25
* ———, The culture-ecology of shifting (pioneering) cultivation among the Yanomamo Indians, GROSS, DR (編), International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, New York: Garden City, 1973
* ———, Genealogy, Solidarity and Relatedness: Limits to Local Group Size and Patterns of Fissioning in an Expanding Population, Yearbook of Physical Anthropology **19**, 1975, **19**: 95–110
* ———, Yanomamo, the true people, National Geographic Magazine **150**, 1976, **150**: 210–23
* ———, Highland New Guinea models in the South American lowlands, Working papers on South American Indians **2**, 1980, **2**: 111–30
* ———, Doing fieldwork among the Yanomamo, Contemporary Anthropology, 1981: 11–24
* ———, Life Histories, Blood Revenge, and Warfare in a Tribal Population, Science **239**, 1988, **239**: 985–92
* ———, Yanomamö survival, Science **244**, 1989, **244**: 11
* ———, On Yanomamö violence: reply to Albert, Current Anthropology **31**, 1990, **31**: 49–53
* ———; Ayres, M; Neel, JV; Weitkamp, L; Gershowitz, H, The influence of cultural factors on the demography and pattern of gene flow from the Makiritare to the Yanomama indians, American Journal of Physical Anthropology **32**, 1970, **32**: 339–49
* ———; Hames, RB, Protein Deficiency and Tribal Warfare in Amazonia: New Data, Science **203**, 1979, **203**: 910–13
* ———; Le Quesne, P; Cook, JM, Yanomamö Hallucinogens: Anthropological, Botanical, and Chemical Findings, Current Anthropology **12**, 1971, **12**: 72–74
* ———; Margolies, L; Gasparini, G; Hames, RB, Parentesco, demografia, patrones de inversion de los padres y el uso social del espacio arquitectonico entre los Shamatari-Yanomamo del TF Amazonas: informe preliminar, Boletin Indigenista Venezolano **21** (VZ), 1982–83, **21**: 171–225 （西班牙語）

## 電影

* _The Yanomamo Series_, in collaboration with Tim Asch, includes 22 separate films on the Yanomamo culture, such as:
  * _The Ax Fight_ (1975)
  * _Children's Magical Death_ (1974)
  * _Magical Death_ (1988)
  * _A Man Called Bee: A Study of the Yanomamo_ (1974)
  * _Yanomamo Of the Orinoco_ (1987)
* _Yanomamo Filmography_ list, University of California, Santa Barbara

## 參考文獻

* Ritchie, Mark Andrew. "Pulling His Eye Down", _Spirit of the Rainforest_, Island Lake Press, Chicago, 1996.
* McGee, Jon R. & Warms, Richard L. "Anthropological Theory: An Introductory History", Texas State University, San Marcos, 2008. ISBN 0-07-340522-1

## 外部連結

* Official faculty website at UCSB
* Silva, Stacey. "Meeting The Fierce People" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, _Daily Nexus_, 20 January 1988.
* D'Antonio, Michael. "Napoleon Chagnon's War of Discovery" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, _LA Times Magazine_, 30 January 2000.
* Grossman, Andrew. "Napoleon Chagnon's Waterloo", _The Dartmouth Review_, 30 October 2000.
* Wallace, Scott. "Napoleon in Exile", _National Geographic Adventure Magazine_, April 2002.
* Emily Eakin, "How Napoleon Chagnon became our most Controversial Anthropologist" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, _New York Times_, 13 February 2013.