德國歷史_(1945年至1990年)

**1945 年至 1990 年德國歷史**指從 1945 年納粹德國於二戰被盟軍擊潰、兩德分裂至 1990 年重新統一的這段歷史。當納粹德國於二戰被擊潰後，德國因世界東西兩大陣營對立而分裂，即兩德分裂。德國被剝奪了戰爭收益，東部領土被波蘭和蘇聯所奪取。在戰爭結束時，德國有大約 800 萬外國流離失所者；主要是強迫勞動者和囚犯；包括來自集中營系統的大約 40 萬人，更多的倖存者，他們死於飢餓，惡劣的條件，謀殺或被處死。超過 1000 萬講德語的難民從中歐和東歐的其他國家抵達德國。大約 900 萬德國人是戰俘，其中許多人被迫作為強迫勞動者數年，為德國在戰爭中遭受破壞的國家提供恢復原狀，並取消了一些工業設備作為賠償。

冷戰時期，德國分別由同盟國佔領西部和蘇聯佔領東部。直到 1949 年東西兩國建立時，德國人在政府中幾乎沒有發言權：

* 德意志聯邦共和國，通稱西德，是一個議會民主制且採取資本主義經濟體系，以及具有自由的教會和工會。
* 德意志民主共和國，通稱東德，是一個較小的馬列主義社會主義共和國，由被蘇聯支配的德國統一社會黨執政，以便將其保留在蘇聯的勢力範圍內。

在經歷了 1955 年的萊茵河奇蹟後，西德成為歐洲最繁榮的經濟體。在康拉德・艾德諾的領導下，西德與法國，美國和以色列建立了牢固的關係。西德也加入了北大西洋公約組織和歐洲經濟共同體（後來成為歐盟）。東德由於其經濟基本上是為了滿足蘇聯的需要而組織起來，因而停滯不前；秘密警察（史塔西）嚴密控制著日常生活，柏林圍牆（1961 年）結束了向西部不斷湧入的難民。德國於 1990 年重新統一。此後，隨著作為東德執政黨的統一社會黨的衰落和東德的垮台，德國也再次成為世界大國。

## 參考

**Works cited**

* Fulbrook, Mary. [1]"The Two Germanies, 1945–90" (ch. 7) and "The Federal Republic of Germany Since 1990" (ch. 8) in _A Concise History of Germany_ (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004): 203–249; 249–257.
* Jean Edward Smith, _Germany Beyond The Wall: People, Politics, and Prosperity_, Boston: Little, Brown, & Company, 1969.
* Jean Edward Smith, _Lucius D. Clay: An American Life_, New York: Henry, Holt, & Company, 1990.
* Jean Edward Smith, _The Defense of Berlin_, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1963.
* Jean Edward Smith, _The Papers of Lucius D. Clay_, 2 Vols., Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1974.
* David H Childs, Germany in the Twentieth Century, (From pre-1918 to the restoration of German unity), Batsford, Third edition, 1991. ISBN 0-7134-6795-9
* David H Childs and Jeffrey Johnson, West Germany: Politics And Society, Croom Helm, 1982. ISBN 0-7099-0702-8
* David H Childs, The Two Red Flags: European Social Democracy & Soviet Communism Since 1945, Routledge, 2000. [2]

 

## 外部連結

* Germany at the onset of the cold war （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* James F. Byrnes, Speaking Frankly （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） (The division of Germany)
* The President's Economic Mission to Germany and Austria, Report No. 1 (1947) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* The President's Economic Mission to Germany and Austria, Report 3 (1947) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* The Struggle for Germany and the Origins of the Cold War by Melvyn P. Leffler
* Contemporary History （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） maintained by the _Institute for Contemporary Historical Research in Potsdam_ （德文）
* Special German series 2. The Committee on Dismemberment of Germany Allied discussions on the dismemberment of Germany into separate states, 29 March 1945.
* The overlooked majority: German women in the four zones of occupied Germany, 1945–1949, a comparative study
* East Berlin, Past and Present
* Germany Under Reconstruction is a digital collection that provides a varied selection of publications in both English and German from the period immediately following World War II. Many are publications of the U.S. occupying forces, including reports and descriptions of efforts to introduce U.S.-style democracy to Germany. Some of the other books and documents describe conditions in a country devastated by years of war, efforts at political, economic and cultural development, and the differing perspectives coming from the U.S. and British zones and the Russian zone of occupation.
* For representation of the German Partition in literature, one can consult the Raiganj University - Associate Professor Pinaki Roy's "_Das Bewusstsein für die Wand_: A Very Brief Review of German Partition Literature", in _The Atlantic Critical Review Quarterly_ (ISSN 0972-6373; ISBN 978-81-269-1747-1) 11 (2), April–June 2012: 157–68. In his "_Patriots in Fremden Landern_: 1939-45 German Émigré Literature", collected in _Writing Difference: Nationalism, Identity, and Literature_, edited by G.N. Ray, J. Sarkar, and A. Bhattacharyya, and published by the New Delhi-based Atlantic Publishers and Distributors Pvt. Ltd. in 2014 (ISBN 978-81-269-1938-3; pages-367-90), Roy examines the attitudes and ideologies of those anti-Nazi German litterateurs who were forced to relocate due to their opposition to National Socialism and hence suffered from a sort of identity-crisis.
* Post-World War II Posters from Germany, 1945-1947 From the Collections at the Library of Congress
* Chronology of the East-West-German division （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）