弗朗西斯·伊西德罗·埃奇沃思

**弗朗西斯・伊西德羅・埃奇沃思**，FBA（英語：**Francis Ysidro Edgeworth**，1845 年 2 月 8 日 —1926 年 2 月 13 日），盎格魯 - 愛爾蘭哲學家和政治經濟學家，他在 1880 年代對統計學方法做出了巨大貢獻。從 1891 年起，他被任命為《經濟學雜誌》的創始編輯。

## 對經濟學的貢獻

* **埃奇沃思猜想**
* **國際貿易**
* **稅收悖論**
* **壟斷定價**
* **邊際生產率的理論**
* **埃奇沃思極限定理**

## 出版物

### 選集

* F. Y. Edgeworth (1925) _Papers relating to political economy_ 3 vols. Available online at Gallica （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Philip Mirowski (ed.) (1994). _Edgeworth's Writings on Chance, Economic Hazard, and Statistics_, Rowman & Littlefield.
* Charles R. McCann Jr. (ed.) (1966) _F.Y. Edgeworth: Writings in Probability, Statistics and Economics,_ 3 vols. Cheltenham, Glos.: Elgar.
* Peter Newman (ed.) (2003) _F.Y. Edgeworth : Mathematical psychics, and further papers on political economy_ Oxford University Press.

### 個人作品

* "Mr. Mathew Arnold on Bishop Butler's Doctrine of Self-Love", 1876, _Mind_
* _New and Old Methods of Ethics_, 1877.
* "The Hedonical Calculus", 1879, _Mind_, pp. 394–408
* _Mathematical Psychics: An essay on the application of mathematics to the moral sciences_, 1881.
* "Mr. Leslie Stephen on Utilitarianism", 1882, _Mind_
* "The Law of Error", 1883, _Phil Mag_, pp. 300–309
* "The Method of Least Squares", 1883, _Phil Mag_
* "The Physical Basis of Probability", 1883, _Phil Mag_
* "On the Method of Ascertaining a Change in the Value of Gold", 1883, _JRSS_
* "Review of Jevons's _Investigations_", 1884, _Academy_
* "The Rationale of Exchange", 1884, _JRSS_
* "The Philosophy of Chance", 1884, _Mind_
* "On the Reduction of Observations", 1884, _Phil Mag_, pp. 135–141
* "A Priori Probabilities", 1884, _Phil Mag_
* "Chance and Law", 1884, _Hermathena_, pp. 154–163
* "Methods of Statistics", 1885, _Jubilee Volume of RSS_.
* "The Calculus of Probabilities Applied to Psychic Research, I & II", 1885, 1886, _Proceedings of Society for Psychic Research_
* "On Methods of Ascertaining Variations in the Rate of Births, Deaths and Marriages", 1885, _JRSS_
* "Progressive Means", 1886, _JRSS_
* "The Law of Error and the Elimination of Chance", 1886 _Phil Mag_
* "On the Determination of the Modulus of Errors", 1886, _Phil Mag_
* "Problems in Probabilities", 1886, _Phil Mag_
* "Review of Sidgwick's Scope and Method", 1886, _Academy_
* "Review of Jevons's Journals", 1886, _Academy_
* "Four Reports by the committee investigating best method of ascertaining and measuring variations in the monetary standard", 1887, _Reports of the BAAS (Parts I & 3; Part 2)_
* "Observations and Statistics: An essay on the theory of errors of observation and the first principles of statistics", 1887, _Transactions of Cambridge Society_.
* _Metretike, or the method of measuring probability and utility_, 1887.
* "On Observations Relating to Several Quantities", 1887, _Hermathena_
* "The Law of Error", 1887, _Nature_
* "The Choice of Means", 1887, _Phil Mag_
* "On Discordant Observations", 1887, _Phil Mag_
* "The Empirical Proof of the Law of Error", 1887, _Phil Mag_
* "On a New Method of Reducing Observations Relating to Several Quantities", 1888, _Phil Mag_
* "New Methods of Measuring Variation in General Prices, 1888, _JRSS_
* "The Statistics of Examinations", 1888, _JRSS_
* "The Value of Authority Tested by Experiment", 1888, _Mind_
* "Mathematical Theory of Banking", 1888, _JRSS_
* "On the Application of Mathematics to Political Economy: Address of the President of Section F of the British Association for the Advancement of Science", 1889, _JRSS_
* "The Mathematical Theory of Political Economy: Review of Walras's Elements", 1889, _Nature_
* "Review of Wicksteed's _Alphabet_", 1889, _Academy_
* "Review of Bohm-Bawerk's _Kapital und Kapitalismus_", 1889, _Academy_
* "Review of Bertrand's Calcul des Probabilites", 1889, _J of Education_
* "Points at which Mathematical Reasoning is Applicable to Political Economy", 1889, _Nature_
* "Appreciation of Gold", 1889, _QJE_
* "The Element of Chance in Competitive Examinations", 1890, _JRSS_
* "Economic Science and Statistics", 1889, _Nature_
* "Review of Marshall's Principles", 1890, _Nature_
* "Review of Jevons's Pure Logic", 1890, _Academy_
* "Review of Walras's Elements", 1890, _Academy_
* "Review of Bohm-Bawerk's Capital and Interest", 1890, _Academy_
* "La Théorie mathématique de l'offre et de la demande et le côut de production", 1891, _Revue d'Economie Politique_
* "Osservazioni sulla teoria matematica dell' economica politica", 1891, _GdE_ (trans. "On the Determinateness of Economic Equilibrium")
* "Ancora a proposito della teoria del baratto", 1891, _GdE_
* "Review of Ricardo's Principles", 1891, _J of Education_
* "The British Economic Association", 1891, In: _The Economic Journal_ (_EJ_), Vol. 1, pp. 1–14 (in Wikisource)
* "Review of Keynes's Scope and Method", 1891, _EJ_
* "An Introductory Lecture on Political Economy", 1891, _EJ_
* "Review of Sidgwick's Elements of Politics", 1891, _EJ_
* "Review of Second Edition of Marshall's Principles", 1891, _EJ_
* "Mathematical Investigations in the Theory of Value and Prices," Connecticut Academy, 1892.
* "Correlated Averages", 1892, _Phil Mag_
* "The Law of Error and Correlated Averages", 1892, _Phil Mag_.
* "Recent Attempts to Evaluate the Amount of Coin Circulating in a Country", 1892, _EJ_
* "Review of Marshall's Economics of Industry", 1892, _Nature_
* "Review of Cantillon's Essai", 1892, _EJ_
* "Review of Palgrave's Dictionary", 1892, _EJ_
* "Review of Bohm-Bawerk's Positive Theory of Capital", 1892, _EJ_
* "Review of Smart's Introduction to the Theory of Value", 1892, _EJ_
* "Review of Dusing's Das Geschlechtverhaltniss", 1892, _EJ_
* "Review of Benson's Capital, Labor and Trade", 1892, _EJ_
* "Review of Smart's Women's Wages", 1893
* "Review of Bonar's Philosophy", 1893, _Mind_
* "Review of Walsh's Bimetallism", 1893, _EJ_
* "Review of Fisher's Mathematical Investigations", 1893, _EJ_
* "Professor Böhm-Bawerk on the Ultimate Standard of Value", 1894, _EJ_
* "One More Word on the Ultimate Standard of Value", 1894, _EJ_
* "Review of Wiser's Natural Value", 1894, _EJ_
* "Theory of International Values: Parts I, II and III", 1894, _EJ_
* "Recent Writings on Index Numbers", 1894, _EJ_
* "The Measurement of Utility by Money", 1894, _EJ_
* "Asymmetric Correlation between Social Phenomenon", 1894, _JRSS_
* Entries: "Average", "Census", "Cournot", "Curves", "Demand Curves", Difficulty of Attainment", "Distance in Time", "Error", 1894, in Palgrave, editor, _Dictionary of Political Economy, Vol. 1_.
* "Review of the Webbs' History of Trade Unionism", 1894, _EJ_
* "Review of Third Edition of Marshall's Principles", 1895, _EJ_
* "Mr. Pierson on the Scarcity of Gold", 1895, _EJ_
* "Thoughts on Monetary Reform", 1895, _EJ_
* "The Stationary State in Japan", 1895, _EJ_
* "A Defense of Index-Numbers", 1896, _EJ_
* "Statistics on Unprogressive Communities", 1896, _JRSS_
* "The Asymmetrical Probability Curve (Abstract)", 1894, _Proceedings of the Royal Society_
* "The Asymmetrical Probability Curve", 1896, _Phil Mag_
* "The Compound law of Error", 1896, _Phil Mag_
* Entries: "Gossen", "Index Numbers", "Intrinsic Value", "Jenkin", "Jennings", "Least Squares" and "Mathematical Method", 1896, in Palgrave, editor, _Dictionary of Political Economy, Vol. 2_.
* "Review of Price's Money", 1896, _EJ_
* "Review of Nicholson's Strikes and Social Problems", 1896, _EJ_
* "Review of Pierson's Leerboek, Vol. 1", 1896, _EJ_
* "Review of Pierson's Leerkook, Vol. 2", 1897, _EJ_
* "Review of Bastable, Theory of International Trade", 1897, _EJ_
* "Review of Grazani's Istituzioni", 1897, _EJ_
* "La teoria pura del monopolio", 1897, GdE, (trans."The Pure Theory of Monopoly")
* "The Pure Theory of Taxation: Parts I, II and III", 1897, _EJ_
* "Miscellaneous Applications of the Calculus of Probabilities", Parts 1, 2, 3, 1897, 1898, _JRSS_
* "Review of Cournot's Recherches", 1898, _EJ_
* "Professor Graziani on the Mathematical Theory of Monopoly", 1898, _EJ_
* "Review of Darwin's Bimetallism", 1898, _EJ_
* "On the Representation of Statistics by Mathematical Formulae", Part 1 (1898), Parts 2, 3, 4 (1899)
* "On a Point in the Theory of International Trade", 1899, _EJ_
* "Review of Davidson, Bargain Theory of Wages", 1899, _EJ_
* "Professor Seligman on the Mathematical Method in Political Economy", 1899, _EJ_
* Entries: "Pareto", "Pareto's Law", "Probability", Supply Curve" and "Utility", 1899, in Palgrave, editor, _Dictionary of Political Economy, Vol. 3_
* "Answers to Questions by Local Taxation Commission", 1899, _Reprint of Royal Commission for Local Taxation_
* "The Incidence of Urban Rates, Parts I, II and III" 1900, _EJ_
* "Defence of Mr. Harrison's Calculation of the Rupee Circulation", 1900, _EJ_
* "Review of J.B. Clark's Theory of Distribution", 1900, _EJ_
* "Review of Smart's Taxation of Land-Values", 1900, _EJ_
* "Review of Bastable, Theory of International Trade (3rd edition)", 1897, _EJ_
* "Review of Bonar and Hollander, Letters of Ricardo", 1900, _EJ_
* "Mr. Walsh on the Measurement of General Exchange Value", 1901, _EJ_
* "Disputed Points in the Theory of International Trade", 1901, _EJ_
* "Review of Gide's Cooperation", 1902, _EJ_
* "Review of Wells's Anticipations", 1902, _EJ_
* "Methods of Representing Statistics of Wages and Other Groups Not \*"Fulfilling the Normal Law of Error", with A.L. Bowley, 1902, _JRSS_
* "The Law of Error", 1902, _Encycl Britannica_
* "Review of Cannan's History of Theories of Production", 1903, _EJ_
* "Review of Bortkiewicz's Anwendungen and Pareto's Anwendungen", 1903, _EJ_
* "Review of Bastable's Public Finance", 1903, _EJ_
* "Review of Bastable's Cartels et Trusts", 1903, _EJ_
* "Review of Pigou's Riddle of the Tariff", 1904, _EJ_
* "Review of Nicholson's Elements", 1904, _EJ_
* "Review of Bowley's National Progress", 1904, _EJ_
* "Review of Plunkett's Ireland", 1904, _EJ_
* "Review of Northon's Loan Credit", 1904, _EJ_
* "Review of Graziani's Istituzione", 1904, _EJ_
* "Review of Dietzel's Vergeltungzolle", 1904, _EJ_
* "Preface", 1904, in J.R. MacDonald, editor, _Women in the Printing Trades_.
* "The Theory of Distribution", 1904, _QJE_
* "The Law of Error", 1905, _Transactions of Cambridge Society_
* "Review of Nicholson's History of English Corn Laws", 1905, _EJ_
* "Review of Cunynghame's Geometrical Political Economy", 1905, _EJ_
* "Review of Carver's Theory of Distribution", 1905, _EJ_
* "Review of Taussig's Present Position", 1905, _EJ_
* "Review of Henry Sidgwick: A memoir", 1906, _EJ_
* "The Generalised Law of Error, or Law of Great Numbers", 1906, _JRSS_
* "Recent Schemes for Rating Urban Land Values", 1906, _EJ_
* "On the Representation of Statistical Frequency by a Series", 1907, _JRSS_
* "Statistical Observations on Wasps and Bees", 1907, _Biometrika_
* "Review of de Foville's Monnaie and Guyot's Science economique", 1907, _EJ_
* "Appreciations of Mathematical Theories", Parts I & II (1907), Parts III & IV (1908), _EJ_
* "On the Probable Errors of Frequency Constants", I, II & III (1908), Add. (1909), _JRSS_
* "Review of Andreades's Lecture on the Census", 1908, _EJ_
* "Review of Rea's Free Trade", 1908, _EJ_
* "Review of Withers's Meaning of Money", 1909, _EJ_
* "Review of Mitchell's Gold Prices", 1909, _EJ_
* "Review of Jevons's Investigations", 1909, _EJ_
* "Application du calcul des probabilités à la Statistique", 1909, _Bulletin de l'Institut international de statistique_
* "On the Use of the Differential Calculus in Economics to Determine Conditions of Maximum Advantage", 1909, _Scientia_
* "Applications of Probabilities to Economics, Parts I & II", 1910, _EJ_.
* "The Subjective Element in the First Principles of Taxation", 1910, _QJE_
* "Review of John Stuart Mill's Principles", 1910, _EJ_
* "Review of Colson's Cours", 1910, _EJ_
* "Review of J. Maurice Clark's Local Freight Discriminations", 1910, _EJ_
* "Review of Hammond's Railway Rate Theories", 1911, _EJ_
* "Probability and Expectation", 1911, _Encycl Britannica_
* "Monopoly and Differential Prices", 1911, _EJ_
* "Contributions to the Theory of Railway Rates", Part I & II (1911), Part III (1912), Part IV (1913), _EJ_
* "Review of Moore's Laws of Wages", 1912, _EJ_
* "Review of Pigou's Wealth and Welfare", 1913, _EJ_
* "On the Use of the Theory of Probabilities in Statistics Relating to Society", 1913, _J of RSS_
* "A Variant Proof of the Distribution of Velocities in a Molecular Chaos", 1913, _PhilMag_
* "On the Use of Analytical Geometry to Represent Certain Kinds of Statistics", Parts I–V, 1914, _J of RSS_
* "Recent Contributions to Mathematical Economics, I & II", 1915, _EJ_
* _On the Relations of Political Economy to War_, 1915.
* _The Cost of War and ways of reducing it suggested by economic theory_, 1915.
* "Economists on War: Review of Sombart, etc.", 1915, _EJ_
* "Review of Pigou's Economy and Finance of War", 1916, _EJ_
* "Review of Preziosi's La Germania alla Conquista dell' Italia", 1916, _EJ_
* "British Incomes and Property", 1916, _EJ_
* "On the Mathematical Representation of Statistical Data", Part I (1916), Parts II–IV (1917), _J of RSS_
* "Review of Gill's National Power and Prosperity", 1917, _EJ_
* "Review of Lehfeldt's Economics in Light of War", 1917, _EJ_
* "Some German Economic Writings about the War", 1917, _EJ_
* "After-War Problems: Review of Dawson at al.", 1917, _EJ_
* "Review of Westergaard's Scope and Methods of Statistics", 1917, _JRSS_
* "Review of Anderson's Value of Money", 1918, _EJ_
* "Review of Moulton and Phillips on Money and Banking", 1918, _EJ_
* "Review of Loria's Economic Causes of War", 1918, _EJ_
* "Review of Arias's Principii", 1918, _EJ_
* "Review of Smith-Gordon, Rural Reconstruction of Ireland and Russell's National Being", 1918, _EJ_
* "On the Value of a Mean as Calculated from a Sample", 1918, _EJ_
* "An Astronomer on the Law of Error", 1918, _PhilMag_
* _Currency and Finance in Time of War_, 1918.
* "The Doctrine of Index-Numbers According to Prof. Wesley Mitchell", 1918, _EJ_
* "Psychical Research and Statistical Method", 1919, _JRSS_
* "Methods of Graduating Taxes on Income and Capital", 1919, _EJ_
* "Review of Cannan's Money", 1919, _EJ_
* "Review of Andreades's Historia", 1919, _EJ_
* "Review of Lehfeldt's Gold Prices", 1919, _EJ_
* _A Levy on Capital for the Discharge of the Debt_, 1919.
* "Mathematical Formulae and the National Commission on Income Tax", 1920, _EJ_
* "On the Application of Probabilities to the Movement of Gas Molecules", Part I (1920), Part II (1922), _Phil Mag_
* "Entomological Statistics" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, 1920, _Metron_, pp. 75–80
* "Review of Gustav Cassel's Theory of Social Economy", 1920, _EJ_
* "Review of Bowley's Change in Distribution of National Income", 1920, _JRSS_
* "Review of the Webbs' History of Trade Unionism", 1920, _EJ_
* "Molecular Statistics", Part I (1921), Part II (1922), _JRSS_
* "On the Genesis of the Law of Eror", 1921, _PhilMag_
* "The Philosophy of Chance", 1922, _Mind_
* "The Mathematical Economics of Professor Amoroso", 1922, _EJ_
* "Equal Pay to Men and Women for Equal Work", 1922, _EJ_
* "Review of Keynes's Treatise on Probability", 1922, _JRSS_
* "Review of Pigou's Political Economy of War", 1922, _EJ_
* "Statistics of Examinations", 1923, _JRSS_
* "On the Use of Medians for Reducing Observations Relating to Several Quantities", 1923, _Phil Mag_
* "Mr. Correa Walsh on the Calculation of Index Numbers", 1923, _JRSS_
* "Index Numbers According to Mr. Walsh", 1923, _EJ_
* "Women's Wages in Relation to Economic Welfare", 1923, _EJ_

　
: : _Also available as_: Edgeworth, F.Y., Women's Wages in Relation to Economic Welfare, Humphries, Jane (編), Gender and economics, Aldershot, England Brookfield, Vermont, USA: Edward Elgar: 99–112, 1995, ISBN 9781852788438.

* "Review of Marshall's Money, Credit and Commerce", 1923, _EJ_
* "Review of The Labour Party's Aim", 1923, _EJ_
* "Review of Bowley's Mathematical Groundwork", 1924, _EJ_
* "Review of Fisher's Economic Position of the Married Woman", 1924, _EJ_
* "Untried Methods of Representing Frequency", 1924, _JRSS_
* _Papers Relating to Political Economy_, 3 volumes, 1925.
* "The Plurality of Index-Numbers", 1925, _EJ_
* "The Element of Probability in Index-Numbers", 1925, _JRSS_
* "The Revised Doctrine of Marginal Social Product", 1925, _EJ_
* "Review of J.M. Clark's Overhead Costs", 1925, _EJ_.
* "mathematical method in political economy," 1926, _Palgrave's Dictionary of Political Economy,_ reprinted in 1987, _The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics_, v. 3.
* "Mr Rhode's Curve and the Method of Adjustment", 1926, _JRSS_

## 參考資料

## 外部連結

* 弗朗西斯・伊西德羅・埃奇沃思收錄於維基文庫中的作品
* 与弗朗西斯・伊西德罗・埃奇沃思相关的档案。英國國家檔案館.

## 延伸閱讀

* P J FitzPatrick, "Leading British statisticians of the nineteenth century, _Journal of the American Statistical Association_ 55 (1960), 38–70.
* M G Kendall, "Francis Ysidro Edgeworth, 1845–1926," _Biometrika_ 55 (1968), 269–275.
* Newman, Peter (1987). "Edgeworth, Francis Ysidro," _The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics_, v. 2, pp. 84–98.
* \_\_\_\_\_. (2001). "Edgeworth, Francis Ysidro (1845–1926)," _International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences_, pp. 4170–4175. Abstract. Archive.is 的存檔，存檔日期 2013-01-04
* Spiegel, Henry William. _The Growth of Economic Thought_. Ed. Durham & London. Duke University Press, 1991.
* Stigler, Stephen M. \* (1987). "Edgeworth as statistician," _The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics_, v. 2, pp. 98–98.