尤里·奧爾洛夫

**尤里・費奧多羅維奇・奧爾洛夫**（俄語：**Юрий Фёдорович Орлов**，英語：**Yuri Feodorovich Orlov**，1924 年 8 月 13 日 —2020 年 9 月 27 日）生於蘇俄莫斯科，是康乃爾大學物理學與政府學教授，前蘇聯異見分子，前蘇聯核物理學家和與人權運動者，創辦了莫斯科赫爾辛基小組和蘇聯大赦國際團體。作為蘇聯人權運動的創始人，他曾因密切關注赫爾辛基人權運動而服刑流亡九年，被認為是良心犯。

## 早年生涯

1924 年 8 月 13 日，尤里・奧爾洛夫出生於莫斯哥附近村莊的一個工人家庭。他的父母是 Klavdiya Petrovna Lebedeva 和 Fyodor Pavlovich Orlov。1933 年 3 月，其父作古。

1944 至 1946 年間，奧爾洛夫是蘇聯軍隊的一個軍官。1952 年，他從莫斯科國立大學畢業，加入理論與實驗物理研究所學習。隨後成為研究所的物理學家。

## 參考資料

## 部分出版物

* Orlov, Yuri. Letter to L.I. Brezhnev. _Survey_. Spring–Summer 1974 [archived 2016-03-04; cited 2018-11-12];(14):241–245.
* Orlov, Yuri. The road to my arrest. _The New Leader_. March 1977;60(6).
* Orlov, Yuri. On prisoners in Soviet camps. _Survey_. Spring 1979 [archived 2016-03-04; cited 2018-11-12];(24):67–91.
* Orlov, Yuri. A quantum model of doubt. _Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences_. October 1981;373:84–92. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1981.tb51134.x. Bibcode:1981NYASA.373...84O.
* Orlov, Yuri. The wave logic of consciousness: a hypothesis. _International Journal of Theoretical Physics_. January 1982;21(1):37–53. doi:10.1007/BF01880263. Bibcode:1982IJTP...21...37O.
* Yury Orlov: I believe in the people. Index on Censorship. February 1987, **16** (2): 10. doi:10.1080/03064228708534201.
* Orlov, Yuri; Bethell, Nicholas. Out of the Gulag and into exile. _Encounter_. May 1987 [archived 2015-09-09; cited 2018-11-12];(26):48–52.
* Orlov, Yuri. Before and after glasnost. _Commentary_. 1 October 1988 [archived 2018-06-13; cited 2018-11-12];86(4):24.
* Orlov, Yuri. The Soviet Union, human rights, and national security. In: Corillon, Carol (ed.). _Science and human rights_. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 1988. p. 62–67.
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* Bonner, Elena; Orlov, Yuri. Armenia: an open letter. _The New York Review of Books_. 18 July 1991 [archived 2011-07-08; cited 2018-11-12].
* Orlov, Yuri [Юрий Орлов]. Перейти к полной свободе в сфере идей [Passing to full freedom in the area of ideas]. In: Aksyutin, Yuri; Medvedev, Roy [Юрий Аксютин, Рой Медведев] (eds.). _Л.И. Брежнев: Материалы к биографии [L.I. Brezhnev: Materials to biography]_. Moscow: Политиздат; 1991. Russian. ISBN 5-250-01721-5. p. 323–328. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Orlov, Yuri. Dangerous Thoughts. Memoirs of a Russian Life. New York: William Morrow and Company. 1991. ISBN 0688104711.
* Орлов, Юрий. Опасные мысли: Мемуары из рус. жизни [Dangerous Thoughts. Memoirs of a Russian Life]. Moscow: Аргументы и факты. 1992 [2018-11-12]. ISBN585272002X. （原始內容存檔於 2018-11-12） （俄語）.
* Birman, Joseph; Lizhi, Fang; Winick, Herman; Chudnovsky, Eugene; Orlov, Yuri. Science and human rights. _Nature_. August 1994;370(6491):592. doi:10.1038/370592a0. Bibcode:1994Natur.370..592B.
* Orlov, Yuri [Юрий Орлов]. Возможен ли социализм не тоталитарного типа? [Is a non-totalitarian type of socialism possible?]. Akhmetiev I.; Kulakov V. [И. Ахметьев; В. Кулаков] (編). Самиздат века [Samizdat of the century]. Minsk: Полифакт. 1997 [2018-11-12]. ISBN5-89356-004-3. （原始內容存檔於 2018-12-10） （俄語）.
* Orlov, Yuri [Юрий Орлов]. Возможен ли социализм не тоталитарного типа? [Is a non-totalitarian type of socialism possible?]. Igrunov, Vyacheslav [Вячеслав Игрунов] (編). Антология самиздата. Неподцензурная литература в СССР. 1950–1980-е.: В 3-х томах: т. 3: после 1973 [Anthology of samizdat. Uncensored literature in the USSR. The 1950s–1980s. In 3 volumes. Volume 3. After 1973] (PDF). Moscow: Международный институт гуманитарно-политических исследований. 2005: 191–205. ISBN5-89793-034-1. （原始內容存檔 (PDF) 於 8 March 2013） （俄語）.

## 相關資料

* 尤里・奧爾洛夫在康乃爾大學的首頁 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* 尤里・奧爾洛夫的簡歷 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Aftermath of the Orlov trial. Nature. 25 May 1978, **273** (5660): 255. Bibcode:1978Natur.273..255.. doi:10.1038/273255a0.
* APS joins in appeals for Orlov and Shcharansky. Physics Today. January 1985, **38** (1): 117. Bibcode:1985PhT....38Q.117.. doi:10.1063/1.2813731.
* Biography of Yuri Fyodorovich Orlov. Basket III: implementation of the Helsinki Accords. Hearings before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. Ninety-fifth congress. First session on implementation of the Helsinki Accords (PDF). Vol. IV. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1977: 67–69. （原始內容存檔 (PDF) 於 23 November 2015）.
* Exiled Yuri Orlov. Newsweek. 12 October 1984, **104** (23): 57 [2018-11-12]. （原始內容存檔於 2016-03-01）.
* News from Orlov's trial. Nature. 1 June 1978, **273** (5661): 329. Bibcode:1978Natur.273..329.. doi:10.1038/273329a0.
* Человек дня – Юрий Орлов, основатель и первый председатель Московской Хельсинкской Группы [The man of the day Yuri Orlov, the founder and first chairman of the Moscow Helsinki Group]. Radio Liberty. 13 May 2006 [2018-11-12]. （原始內容存檔於 2016-03-04） （俄語）.
* Alexeyeva, Lyudmila; Bukovsky, Vladimir; Amalrik, Andrei; Voikhanskaya, Marina; Plyushch, Leonid; Elina, Emilia; Voronina, Lidia; Bresenden, Yevgeniy. The Orlov tribunal. Index on Censorship. November 1977, **6** (6): 52–60 [2018-11-12]. doi:10.1080/03064227708532716. （原始內容存檔於 2016-01-07）.
* Bethell, Nicholas. How Orlov survived in Soviet prison. The Montreal Gazette. 17 October 1986: A1, A5.
* Bromley, Allan; Feshbach, Herman; Garvey, Gerald; Hyde, Earl; Keller, Lewin; Weneser, Joseph. Soviet boycott by US physicists over Orlov. Physics Today. August 1978, **31** (8): 11. Bibcode:1978PhT....31h..11B. doi:10.1063/1.2995134.
* Carr, Bruce. Physicists petition Soviet Academy on Orlov arrest. Physics Today. May 1977, **30** (5): 112. Bibcode:1977PhT....30e.112C. doi:10.1063/1.3037583.
* De Boer, S. P.; Driessen, Evert; Verhaar, Hendrik. Orlov, Jurij Fedorovič. Biographical dictionary of dissidents in the Soviet Union: 1956–1975. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 1982: 405–406 [2018-11-12]. ISBN9024725380. （原始內容存檔於 2016-05-09）.
* Hyman, Lloyd; Katz, Joseph; O'Connor, Timothy; Peshkin, Murray; Ringo, Roy. Concerning Y. Orlov and A. Sharansky. Science. 21 October 1977, **198** (4314): 251. Bibcode:1977Sci...198..253H. PMID 17770484. doi:10.1126/science.198.4314.251.
* Jacobs, Michael. Current response to Orlov jailing. Physics Today. June 1979, **32** (6): 78. Bibcode:1979PhT....32f..78J. doi:10.1063/1.2995603.
* Jacobs, Michael. Yuri Orlov's wife fears for his health. Physics Today. December 1979, **32** (12): 88. Bibcode:1979PhT....32l..88J. doi:10.1063/1.2995338.
* Rich, Vera. Yurii Orlov suffers two trials. Nature. 18 May 1978, **273** (5659): 178. Bibcode:1978Natur.273..178R. doi:10.1038/273178a0.
* Rich, Vera. Americans cancel visits in protest over Orlov. Nature. 25 May 1978, **273** (5660): 258. Bibcode:1978Natur.273..258R. doi:10.1038/273258a0.
* Rich, Vera. A day in the life of Yurii Orlov. Nature. 22 February 1979, **277** (5698): 591 [2018-11-12]. Bibcode:1979Natur.277Q.591R. doi:10.1038/277591a0. （原始內容存檔於 2018-11-12）.
* Rich, Vera. Soviet Union: Orlov's fate in balance. Nature. 16 February 1984, **307** (5952): 585. Bibcode:1984Natur.307Q.585R. doi:10.1038/307585a0.
* Rich, Vera. Orlov appeal. Nature. 23 February 1984, **307** (5953): 673. Bibcode:1984Natur.307..673R. doi:10.1038/307673b0.
* Rich, Vera. Soviet Union: freedom at last for Orlov. Nature. 9 October 1986, **323** (6088): 478. Bibcode:1986Natur.323..478R. doi:10.1038/323478a0.
* Sakharov, Andrei; Meiman, Naum. The plight of Yuri Orlov. Harvard International Review. March–April 1982, **4** (6): 50. JSTOR 42762207.
* Shapley, Deborah. Handler protests Orlov trial. Science. 2 June 1978, **200** (4345): 1026. Bibcode:1978Sci...200.1026S. PMID 17740677. doi:10.1126/science.200.4345.1026.
* Sessler, Andrew. Reflections occasioned by the release of Yuri Orlov. Physics Today. November 1986, **39** (11): 168. Bibcode:1986PhT....39k.168S. doi:10.1063/1.2815231.
* Sweet, William. Orlov provides perspectives on Gorbachev's reforms. Physics Today. May 1987, **40** (5): 79. Bibcode:1987PhT....40e..79S. doi:10.1063/1.2820021.
* Turchin, Valentin. Orlov in exile. Physics Today. July 1985, **38** (38): 9. Bibcode:1985PhT....38g...9T. doi:10.1063/1.2814623.

## 視頻

* Natella Boltyanskaya. Восемнадцатая серия. Юрий Орлов [The eighteenth part. Yuri Orlov]. Voice of America. Parallels, Events, People. 8 September 2014 [2018-11-12]. （原始內容存檔於 2016-03-05） （俄語）.
* YouTube 上的Юбилейный вечер Юрия Орлова [Anniversary evening of Yuri Orlov, 19 min, in Russian]

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