安娜·康尼娜

**安娜・科穆寧娜**（希臘語：Ἄννα Κομνηνή，1083 年 12 月 1 日 —1153 年），東羅馬帝國皇帝阿歷克塞一世的女兒，也是歐洲歷史上最早的女性歷史學家之一，她根據父親阿歷克塞一世的一生著有《阿歷克塞傳》（希臘語：Ἀλεξιάς），這是研究拜占庭帝國歷史的重要史料之一。

## 生平

安娜・科穆寧娜 1083 年出生於君士坦丁堡的紫色寢宮中。在其早年的生活中，安娜接受到了良好的教育，她學習了文學、修辭和科學，飽讀古希臘哲學，還在導師的幫助下學習了歷史、醫學、天文學，數學。
其父阿歷克塞一世最初選定米海爾七世的兒子君士坦丁・杜卡斯為其繼承人，並讓他與安娜定下了婚約。但後來長子約翰出生，王位繼承權就轉給了約翰。君士坦丁・杜卡斯去世之後，1097 年，安娜與尼基弗魯斯・布林尼烏斯結婚，安娜與其丈夫、皇后伊琳娜開始出來反對阿歷克塞一世的繼承人計劃。安娜與皇后試圖說服阿歷克塞一世將皇位轉讓給布林尼烏斯，但阿歷克塞一世還是設法將皇位傳給約翰，而約翰也靠著自己的能力保住了皇位繼承人的位置。於是安娜開始策劃反對其弟弟的陰謀，後來陰謀敗露，安娜被迫退出政爭。在退出宮廷鬥爭之後，安娜專心於歷史的研究，並仿照古代的風格寫出了《阿歷克塞傳》。南斯拉夫的拜占庭歷史研究者奧斯特洛格爾斯基評價這本書是「拜占庭人文主義的傑出見證」，並且為後世研究拜占庭歷史提供了寶貴的材料。

## 注釋

## 資料來源

### 一手資料

* Niketas Choniates, _O City of Byzantium: Annals of Niketas Choniates_ (Michigan: Wayne State University Press, 1984)
* Anna Comnena (2001). Dawes, Elizabeth A., ed. "The Alexiad （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）." _The Internet Medieval Sourcebook_. Fordham University. Retrieved April 22, 2018.
* Anna Komnene, _The Alexiad_, translated by E.R.A. Sewter, ed. Peter Frankopan, (New York: Penguin, 2009)
* Georgios Tornikes, 'An unpublished funeral oration on Anna Comnena', English translation by Robert Browning, in _Aristotle Transformed: The Ancient Commentators and Their Influence_, ed. R. Sorabji (New York: Cornell University Press, 1990)

### 二手資料

* Carolyn R. Connor, _Women of Byzantium_ (Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2004)
* Dalven, Rae (1972). _Anna Comnena_. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc.
* Frankopan, Peter (2002). "Perception and Projection of Prejudice: Anna Comnena, the _Alexiad_, and the First Crusade." Chapter 5 in Edgington, Susan B.; Lambert, Sarah. _Gendering the Crusades_. New York: Columbia University Press.
* Gouma-Peterson, Thalia. "Gender and Power: Passages to the Maternal in Anna Komnene's _Alexiad_." In Gouma-Peterson, Thalia. _Anna Komnene and Her Times_. New York: Garland Publishing Inc. p. 107-125. ISBN 0815336454
* Hanawalt, Emily Albu (1982). "Anna Komnene". In Strayer, Joseph R. ed. _The Dictionary of the Middle Ages._ **1**. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 303-304. ISBN 0684167603
* Hill, Barbara (2000). "Actions Speak Louder Than Words: Anna Komnene's Attempted Usurpation". In Gouma-Peterson, Thaila. _Anna Komnene and Her Times._ New York: Garland Publishing Inc. p. 45-62. ISBN 0815336454
* Jongh, Suzanne Wittek-De (1953). "Le César Nicéphore Byennois, l'historien, et sese ascendants". _Byzantion._ **23:** 463-468., cited in Dion C. Smythe (2006), Garland, Lynda ed. "Middle Byzantine Family Values and Anna Komnene's Alexiad". _Byzantine Women: Varieties of Experience_ _800-1200._ Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Limited. ISBN 9780754657378
* Lynda Garland & Stephen Rapp, "Maria 『of Alania』: Woman & Empress Between Two Worlds," _Byzantine Women: Varieties of Experience_, ed. Lynda Garland, (New Hampshire: Ashgate, 2006). ISBN 9780754657378
* Kahzdan, Alexander. Komnene, Anna. 亞歷山大・卡日丹 (編). 牛津拜占庭辭典。牛津：牛津大學出版社. 1991. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
* Angeliki Laiou, "Introduction: Why Anna Komnene?" _Anna Komnene and Her Times_, ed. Thalia Gouma-Peterson, (New York: Garland, 2000). ISBN 0815336454.
* Larmour, David (2004). Margolis, Nadia; Wilson, Katherina M., eds. "Comnene, Anna". _Women in the Middle Ages: an encyclopedia._ **1**. Westport: Greenwood Press. p. 203-205. ISBN 0313330174.
* Macrides, Ruth (2000). "The Pen and the Sword: Who Wrote the _Alexiad_?." In Gouma-Peterson, Thaila. _Anna Komnene and Her Times._ New York: Garland Publishing Inc. p. 63-82. ISBN 0815336454
* Neville, Leonora (2016). _Anna Komnene: the life and work of a medieval historian_. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0190498177.
* Reinsch, Diether R. (2000). "Women’s Literature in Byzantium?—The Case of Anna Komnene." Translated from German by Thomas Dunlap. In _Anna Komnene and Her Times_, ed. Thalia Gouma-Peterson. New York: Garland Publishing Inc.
* Dion C. Smythe, "Middle Byzantine Family Values and Anna Komnene’s Alexiad," _Byzantine Women: Varieties of Experience 800-1200_, ed. Lynda Garland, (New Hampshire: Ashgate, 2006). ISBN 9780754657378.
* Baynes, T.S. (編), Anna Comnena, Encyclopædia Britannica **2** 9th, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons: 59–60, 1878
* Chisholm, Hugh (編). Anna Comnena. 大英百科全書 **2** (11th ed.). 劍橋大學出版社: 59. 1911.
* Shahan, Thomas Joseph. Anna Comnena. 天主教百科全書. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.

## 延伸閱讀

* Georgina Buckler, _Anna Comnena: A Study_, Oxford University Press, 1929. ISBN 0-19-821471-5
* Anna Comnena, _The Alexiad （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）_ , translated by Elizabeth A. Dawes in 1928
* Anna Comnena, _The Alexiad of Anna Comnena_, edited and translated by E.R.A. Sewter. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1969. (This print version uses more idiomatic English, has more extensive notes, and mistakes).
* John France, "Anna Comnena, the Alexiad and the First Crusade （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）", _Reading Medieval Studies_ v.9 (1983)
* Ed. Kurtz, 'Unedierte Texte aus der Zeit des Kaisers Johannes Komnenos, in _Byzantinische Zeitschrift_ 16 (1907): 69–119 (Greek text of Anna Comnene’s testament)
* Thalia Gouma-Peterson (ed.), _Anna Komnene and her Times_, New York: Garland, 2000. ISBN 0-8153-3851-1.
* Jonathan Harris, _Byzantium and the Crusades_, Bloomsbury, 2nd ed., 2014. ISBN 978-1-78093-767-0
* Barbara Hill, "Actions speak louder than words: Anna Komnene’s attempted usurpation," in Anna Komnene and her times (2000): 46–47.
* Levin, Carole, et al. _Extraordinary Women of the Medieval and Renaissance World_. Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2000.
* Magoulias, Harry J. (編). O City of Byzantium: Annals of Niketas Choniatēs. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. 1984 [2018-06-08]. ISBN978-0-8143-1764-8. （原始內容存檔於 2016-06-24）.  5–6.
* Ellen Quandahl and Susan C. Jarratt, "'To recall him…will be a subject of lamentation': Anna Comnene as rhetorical historiographer" in _Rhetorica: A Journal of the History of Rhetoric_ (2008): 301–335. JSTOR 10.1525/rh.2008.26.3.301
* Vlada Stankovíc, "Nikephoros Bryennios, Anna Komnene and Konstantios Doukas. A Story of Different Perspectives," in Byzantinische Zeitschrift (2007): 174.
* Paul Stephenson, "Anna Comnena's Alexiad as a source for the Second Crusade?", _Journal of Medieval History_ v. 29 (2003)
* Dion C. Smythe, "Middle Byzantine Family Values and Anna Komnene’s Alexiad," in Byzantine Women: Varieties of Experience (2006): 125–127.
* Dion C. Symthe, "Outsiders by taxis perceptions of non-conformity eleventh and twelfth-century literature," in Byzantinische Forschungen: Internationale Zeitschrift für Byzantinistik (1997): 241.
* Varzos, Konstantinos. Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών [The Genealogy of the Komnenoi] (PDF) **A**. Thessaloniki: Centre for Byzantine Studies, University of Thessaloniki. 1984 （希臘語）.
* Anna Comnena. 新國際百科全書. 1905.
* Anna Comnena. The American Cyclopædia. 1879.

## 外部連結

* Female Heroes _From The Time of the Crusades: Anna Comnena_.1999. Women in World History. 12 Dec 2006. <http://www.womeninworldhistory.com/heroine5.html （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）>.
* English and Greek Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Graeca with analytical indexes （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）