多項式求和

**等冪求和**，即**法烏爾哈貝爾公式**（英語：Faulhaber's formula），是指求冪數相同的變數之和 $\sum _{i=1}^{n}x_{i}^{m}$ 。

## 常見公式

* 三角形數： $\sum _{i=1}^{n}i={\frac {n(n+1)}{2}}$
* 正方形數： $\sum _{i=1}^{n}(2i-1)=n^{2}$
* 調和級數： $\sum _{n=1}^{k}\,{\frac {1}{n}}\;=\;\ln k+\gamma +\varepsilon _{k}$

## 一般數列的等冪和

### 自然數等冪和

$$
\sum _{i=1}^{n}i^{0}=n
$$

$$
\sum _{i=1}^{n}i^{1}={\frac {n(n+1)}{2}}={\frac {1}{2}}n^{2}+{\frac {1}{2}}n
$$

$$
\sum _{i=1}^{n}i^{2}={\frac {n(n+1)(2n+1)}{6}}={\frac {1}{3}}n^{3}+{\frac {1}{2}}n^{2}+{\frac {1}{6}}n
$$

$$
\sum _{i=1}^{n}i^{3}=\left[{\frac {n(n+1)}{2}}\right]^{2}={\frac {1}{4}}n^{4}+{\frac {1}{2}}n^{3}+{\frac {1}{4}}n^{2}
$$

$$
\sum _{i=1}^{n}i^{4}={\frac {n(n+1)(2n+1)(3n^{2}+3n-1)}{30}}={\frac {1}{5}}n^{5}+{\frac {1}{2}}n^{4}+{\frac {1}{3}}n^{3}-{\frac {1}{30}}n
$$

$$
\sum _{i=1}^{n}i^{5}={\frac {n^{2}(n+1)^{2}(2n^{2}+2n-1)}{12}}={\frac {1}{6}}n^{6}+{\frac {1}{2}}n^{5}+{\frac {5}{12}}n^{4}-{\frac {1}{12}}n^{2}
$$

$$
\sum _{i=1}^{n}i^{6}={\frac {n(n+1)(2n+1)(3n^{4}+6n^{3}-3n+1)}{42}}={\frac {1}{7}}n^{7}+{\frac {1}{2}}n^{6}+{\frac {1}{2}}n^{5}-{\frac {1}{6}}n^{3}+{\frac {1}{42}}n
$$

$$
\sum _{i=1}^{n}i^{7}={\frac {n^{2}(n+1)^{2}(3n^{4}+6n^{3}-n^{2}-4n+2)}{24}}={\frac {1}{8}}n^{8}+{\frac {1}{2}}n^{7}+{\frac {7}{12}}n^{6}-{\frac {7}{24}}n^{4}+{\frac {1}{12}}n^{2}
$$

$$
\sum _{i=1}^{n}i^{8}={\frac {n(n+1)(2n+1)(5n^{6}+15n^{5}+5n^{4}-15n^{3}-n^{2}+9n-3)}{90}}={\frac {1}{9}}n^{9}+{\frac {1}{2}}n^{8}+{\frac {2}{3}}n^{7}-{\frac {7}{15}}n^{5}+{\frac {2}{9}}n^{3}-{\frac {1}{30}}n
$$

$$
\sum _{i=1}^{n}i^{9}={\frac {n^{2}(n+1)^{2}(n^{2}+n-1)(2n^{4}+4n^{3}-n^{2}-3n+3)}{20}}={\frac {1}{10}}n^{10}+{\frac {1}{2}}n^{9}+{\frac {3}{4}}n^{8}-{\frac {7}{10}}n^{6}+{\frac {1}{2}}n^{4}-{\frac {3}{20}}n^{2}
$$

$$
\sum _{i=1}^{n}i^{10}={\frac {n(n+1)(2n+1)(n^{2}+n-1)(3n^{6}+9n^{5}+2n^{4}-11n^{3}+3n^{2}+10n-5)}{66}}={\frac {1}{11}}n^{11}+{\frac {1}{2}}n^{10}+{\frac {5}{6}}n^{9}-n^{7}+n^{5}-{\frac {1}{2}}n^{3}+{\frac {5}{66}}n
$$

 $\sum _{i=0}^{n}i^{m-1}=\sum _{k=0}^{m}S_{k}^{m}n^{k}$ ，其中 $S_{0}^{m}=0$ ， $S_{m}^{m}={\frac {1}{m}}$ ，當 m−k 為大於 1 的奇數時， $S_{k}^{m}=0$ 。

 $\sum _{i=0}^{n}i^{m}={1 \over {m+1}}\sum _{i=0}^{m}{m+1 \choose {i}}B_{i}\,n^{m+1-i}$ ，其中 $B_{i}$ 是伯努利數。

$$
\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{n}i^{m+1}=\sum _{k=0}^{m}L_{k}^{m}{\binom {n+k+1}{m+2}},\left(L_{k}^{m}=\sum _{r=0}^{k}(-1)^{r}{\binom {m+2}{r}}(k+1-r)^{m+1}\right)
$$

### 奇數等冪和與偶數等冪和

$$
\sum _{i=1}^{n}(2i-1)^{0}=n
$$

$$
\sum _{i=1}^{n}(2i)^{0}=n
$$

$$
\sum _{i=1}^{n}(2i-1)^{1}=n^{2}
$$

$$
\sum _{i=1}^{n}(2i)^{1}=n(n+1)
$$

$$
\sum _{i=1}^{n}(2i-1)^{2}={\frac {n(2n-1)(2n+1)}{3}}
$$

$$
\sum _{i=1}^{n}(2i)^{2}={\frac {2n(n+1)(2n+1)}{3}}
$$

$$
\sum _{i=1}^{n}(2i-1)^{3}=n^{2}(2n^{2}-1)
$$

$$
\sum _{i=1}^{n}(2i)^{3}=2\left[n(n+1)\right]^{2}
$$

### 多項式求和

伯努利數也通用於等差數列的等冪和。

$$
\sum _{i=1}^{n}(a_{1}+(i-1)d)^{m}={\frac {1}{m+1}}\sum _{i=0}^{m}B_{i}d^{i-1}{m+1 \choose i}(a_{n+1}^{m+1-i}-a_{1}^{m+1-i})
$$

也可以利用帕斯卡矩陣，把多項式的和寫成矩陣相乘。

$$
\sum _{k=1}^{n}p(k)={\begin{pmatrix}C_{n}^{1}&C_{n}^{2}&\cdots &C_{n}^{m+1}\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}C_{0}^{0}&0&\cdots &0\\-C_{1}^{0}&C_{1}^{1}&\cdots &0\\\vdots &\vdots &\ddots &\vdots \\(-1)^{m}C_{m}^{0}&(-1)^{m-1}C_{m}^{1}&\cdots &C_{m}^{m}\\\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}p(1)\\p(2)\\\vdots \\p(m+1)\end{pmatrix}}=\sum _{j=1}^{m+1}C_{n}^{j}\Delta ^{j-1}p(1)
$$

　
: 其中 $\Delta p(n)=p(n+1)-p(n)$

也可以將數列表達成組合數然後利用朱世傑恆等式求和。

　
: $\sum _{i=1}^{n}\left(i^{2}-i\right)=2\sum _{i=1}^{n}C_{i}^{2}=2C_{n+1}^{3}$

## 多項式根的等冪和

$$
\prod _{r=1}^{n}(x-x_{r})=\sum _{r=0}^{n}a_{r}x^{r}=0,s_{m}=\sum _{r=1}^{n}x_{r}^{m}
$$

### 牛頓公式

$$
s_{m}+a_{1}s_{m-1}+a_{2}s_{m-2}+...+a_{m-1}s_{1}+ma_{m}=0
$$

### 組合公式

$$
s_{m}=\sum _{r_{i}=0}^{\lfloor {\frac {m}{i}}\rfloor }{\frac {m(r_{1}+r_{2}+...+r_{n}-1)!}{r_{1}!r_{2}!...r_{n}!}}\prod _{i=1}^{n}(-a_{n-i})^{r_{i}}
$$

取 $m=n=3$

　
: $\displaystyle x_{1}^{3}+x_{2}^{3}+x_{3}^{3}={\frac {3(3-1)!}{3!}}(x_{1}+x_{2}+x_{3})^{3}+{\frac {3(1+1-1)!}{1!1!}}(x_{1}+x_{2}+x_{3})(-x_{1}x_{2}-x_{1}x_{3}-x_{2}x_{3})+{\frac {3(1-1)!}{1!}}(x_{1}x_{2}x_{3})$

　
: $x_{1}^{3}+x_{2}^{3}+x_{3}^{3}=(x_{1}+x_{2}+x_{3})^{3}-3(x_{1}+x_{2}+x_{3})(x_{1}x_{2}+x_{1}x_{3}+x_{2}x_{3})+3(x_{1}x_{2}x_{3})$

$$
a_{n-m}=\sum _{r_{i}=0}^{\lfloor {\frac {m}{i}}\rfloor }\prod _{i=1}^{m}{\frac {(-s_{i})^{r_{i}}}{i^{r_{i}}r_{i}!}}
$$

取 $m=n=3$

　
: $\displaystyle -x_{1}x_{2}x_{3}={\frac {1}{1^{3}3!}}(-x_{1}-x_{2}-x_{3})^{3}+{\frac {1}{1^{1}1!2^{1}1!}}(-x_{1}-x_{2}-x_{3})(-x_{1}^{2}-x_{2}^{2}-x_{3}^{2})+{\frac {1}{3^{1}1!}}(-x_{1}^{3}-x_{2}^{3}-x_{3}^{3})$

　
: $\displaystyle x_{1}x_{2}x_{3}={\frac {1}{6}}(x_{1}+x_{2}+x_{3})^{3}-{\frac {1}{2}}(x_{1}+x_{2}+x_{3})(x_{1}^{2}+x_{2}^{2}+x_{3}^{2})+{\frac {1}{3}}(x_{1}^{3}+x_{2}^{3}+x_{3}^{3})$

## 參見

* 有形數
* 斯特靈數
* 隙積術
* 歐拉 - 麥克勞林求和公式

## 參考資料