塞巴斯蒂安·德·沃邦

**塞巴斯蒂安・勒普雷斯特・德・沃邦**（法語：Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban，法語發音：[sebastjɛ̃ lə pʁɛstʁ də vobɑ̃]；1633 年 5 月 1 日 —1707 年 3 月 30 日），法國元帥，著名的軍事工程師。著有《論要塞的攻擊與防禦》、《築城論文集》等。

## 生平

早年參與投石黨叛亂（1648-1653 年），被政府軍俘虜後歸順，十幾歲入伍，八次受傷，升至元帥和首席軍事工程師，1655 年成為國王的常任工程師。1658 年任圍攻格拉沃利訥城的總工程師。路易十四統治時期大小戰役他無所不與。他的築城理論體系對歐洲軍事學術的影響長達一個世紀以上。

沃邦先後領導建築要塞 33 座，改造 300 座，指揮過 53 次要塞圍攻戰。有系統改進並創新了要塞的建築，他設計的五邊形的稜堡（菱堡）在歐洲火炮逐漸盛行的十七世紀及以後影響至深。而在當時，他綜合的攻擊要塞的方法更加著名。在 1673 年，他用一系列平行要塞的塹壕和伸向要塞的蛇形交通壕，攻克了荷蘭馬斯垂克要塞。直到 20 世紀，這仍然是堡壘攻擊的標準方法。

槍口上插固定刺刀的辦法為他發明，改變以往每當射擊時必須取下刺刀的做法。

## 參考

## 伸延閱讀

* Afflerbach, Holger; Strachan, Hew (編). How Fighting Ends: A History of Surrender. OUP. 2012. ISBN 978-0199693627.
* Allende, Lt-Colonel A. Histoire du Corps impérial du génie: Volume 1. Magimel, Paris. 1805.
* Baldwin, James. Engineering, military. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. [7 January 2019].
* Château de Bazoches. Chemins de Mémoires. [5 January 2019]. （原始內容存檔於 2021-02-28）.
* Childs, John. The Nine Years' War and the British Army, 1688-1697: The Operations in the Low Countries. Manchester University Press. 1991. ISBN 978-0719089961.
* De Périni, Hardÿ. Batailles françaises, Volume V. Ernest Flammarion, Paris. 1896.
* Desvoyes, Léon-Paul. Genealogie de la famille Le Prestre de Vauban. Bulletin de la Société des Sciences Historiques et Naturelles de Semur. 1872. ;
* Delon, Michel; Picon, Antoine (編). Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment. Routledge. 2001. ISBN 978-1579582463.
* Dobroslav, Libal. An Illustrated History of Castles. Hamlyn. 1992. ISBN 978-0600573104.
* Dome des Invalides. Musée de l'Armée Invalides. [6 January 2019]. （原始內容存檔於 2013-02-25）.
* Duffy, Christopher. Siege Warfare: The Fortress in the Early Modern World 1494-1660. Routledge. 1995. ISBN 978-0415146494.
* F Marie-Antoinette du PUY-MONTBRUN la Belle Mademoiselle de Villefranche. Geneanet. [14 January 2019].
* Fort Louis. The Fortifications of Vauban. [11 January 2019]. （原始內容存檔於 2022-02-04）.
* Fortress Mont Royal. Traben-Tarbach Tourist Information. [3 January 2019]. （原始內容存檔於 2022-02-04）.
* Holmes, Richard. Singleton, Charles; Jones, Dr Spencer , 編. Vauban, Marshal Sebastien le Prestre de (1633–1707). 2001. ISBN 978-0198606963. doi:10.1093/acref/9780198606963.001.0001.
* Kamen, Henry. Philip V of Spain: The King Who Reigned Twice. Yale University Press. 2001. ISBN 978-0300180541.
* Klosky, J. Ledlie; Klosky, Wynn E. Men of action: French influence and the founding of American civil and military engineering. Construction History. 2013, **28** (3): 69–87. JSTOR 43856053.
* Langins, Jānis. Conserving the enlightenment: French military engineering from Vauban to the revolution. MIT Press. 2004.
* Lepage, Jean-Denis. Vauban and the French Military Under Louis XIV: An Illustrated History of Fortifications and Sieges. McFarland & Co. 2009. ISBN 978-0786444014.
* Leridon, Henri. The Demography of a Learned Society: the Académie des Sciences (Institut de France), 1666-2030. Population. 2004, **59** (1).
* Lynn, John. The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667-1714. Longman. 1999. ISBN 978-0582056299. ;
* Lynn, John. Giant of the Grand Siècle: The French Army, 1610-1715 2008. Cambridge University Press. 1997. ISBN 978-0521032483.
* Manning, Roger. An Apprenticeship in Arms: The Origins of the British Army 1585-1702. OUP. 2006. ISBN 978-0199261499.
* Moreri, Louis. Le grand dictionnaire historique ou Le melange curieux de l'Histoire sacrée; Volume I. Libraires Associes, Paris. 1749.
* Mousnier, Roland. The Institutions of France Under the Absolute Monarchy, 1598-1789. University of Chicago Press. 1979. ISBN 978-0226543277.
* Ostwald, Jamel. Vauban Under Siege: Engineering Efficiency and Martial Vigor in the War of the Spanish Succession. Brill. 2006. ISBN 978-9004154896.
* Pujo, Bernard. Vauban. Albin Michel. 1991. ISBN 978-2226052506.
* Schiller, Preston. An Introduction to Sustainable Transportation: Policy, Planning and. Routledge. 2010. ISBN 978-1844076659.
* Tucker, Spencer C. A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East 6V: A Global Chronology of Conflict [6 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. 2009. ISBN 978-1851096671.
* Van Hoof, Jaep. Menno van Coehoorn 1641–1704, Vestingbouwer – belegeraar – infanterist. Instituut voor Militaire Geschiedenis. 2004.
* Vauban 1633-1707. Histoire pour Tous. [5 January 2019]. （原始內容存檔於 2022-02-04） （法語）.
* Vesilind, P Aame. Engineering Peace and Justice: The Responsibility of Engineers to Society. Springer. 2010. ISBN 978-1447158226.
* Wolfe, Michael. Walled Towns and the Shaping of France: From the Medieval to the Early Modern Era. AIAAA. 2009. ISBN 978-0230608122.
* Halévy, Daniel. Vauban. Builder of Fortresses. Geoffrey Bles. 1924.
* Hebbert, F.J. Soldier of France: Sébastien le Prestre de Vauban, 1633–1707. P. Lang. 1990. ISBN 978-0-8204-0890-3.
* Satterfield, George. Princes, Posts and Partisans: The Army of Louis XIV and Partisan Warfare in the Netherlands (1673-1678). Brill. 2003. ISBN 978-9004131767.