喬克托語

**喬克托語**(英語：Choctaw；喬克托語：Chahta') 是一種穆斯科吉語族的語言，傳統上通行於美國東南部的原住民族群之一喬克托人之間。儘管有人將契卡索語 (Chickasaw) 列為喬克托語的其中一種方言，但更多的資料指出，應將契卡索和喬克托語給視為彼此相似但不同的語言。

## 正寫法

喬克托語的書寫系統基於英語字母，儘管喬克托語有多種不同的書寫系統，但目最常見的系統為拜印頓系統 (Byington (Original)、拜印頓─蘇萬敦系統 (Byington/Swanton (Linguistic)) 和密西西比州喬克托族的現代系統 (Modern (Mississippi Choctaw))。

### (原始的) 拜印頓系統 (Byington (Original))

### (語言學者用的) 拜印頓─蘇萬敦系統 (Byington/Swanton (Linguistic))

### (密西西比州喬克托族的) 現代系統 (Modern (Mississippi Choctaw))

### (語言學者用的) 現代系統變體 (Modern (linguistic variant))

許多語言學方面的刊物用的是此處列的那套現代系統的變體，在此變體中，長母音常藉由兩個母音並寫來表示；另在這「語言學者用的」版本中，銳音符表示的是音高重音所在的位置，而非母音的長短。

本文以下討論喬克托語語法的部份使用的系統為語言學者用的現代系統變體。

## 語法形態

### 語序

喬克托語語序如下：

* 基本語序：主詞─受詞─動詞 (SOV)
* 介詞多為後置詞，即介詞置於其所支配的名詞之後。
* 數詞和指示詞等置於被修飾詞後方，名詞領屬置於其被領屬者的前方。
* 關係子句為頭詞內嵌 (Internally headed relative pronoun) 的形式。

## 腳註

## 參考資料

* Broadwell, George Aaron. (2006). _A Choctaw reference grammar_. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
* Broadwell, George Aaron. (1991). "Speaker and self in Choctaw". _International Journal of American Linguistics_, _57_, 411-425.
* Byington, Cyrus. (1915). _A dictionary of the Choctaw language_. J. R. Swanton & H. S. Halbert (Eds.). Bureau of American Ethnology bulletin 46. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. (Reprinted 1973 & 1978).
* Davies, William. (1986). _Choctaw verb agreement and universal grammar." Reidel._
* Downing, Todd. (1974). _Chahta anompa: An introduction to the Choctaw language_ (3rd ed.). Durant, OK: Choctaw Bilingual Education Program, Southeastern Oklahoma State University.
* Haag, Marcia, and Willis, Henry. (2001). _Choctaw Language & Culture: Chahta Anumpa_, University of Oklahoma Press.
* Haag, Marcia, and Fowler, Loretta. (2001). _Chahta Anumpa: A Choctaw Tutorial CD-ROM_, University of Oklahoma Press.
* Heath, Jeffrey. (1977). Choctaw cases. _Proceedings of the Berkeley Linguistic Society_, _3_, 204-213.
* Heath, Jeffrey. (1980). Choctaw suppletive verbs and derivational morphology.
* Howard, Gregg; Eby, Richard; Jones, Charles G. (1991). _Introduction to Choctaw: A primer for learning to speak, read and write the Choctaw language_. Fayetteville, AR: VIP Pub.
* Jacob, Betty. (1980). Choctaw and Chickasaw. Abstract of paper delivered at the 1978 Muskogean conference. _International Journal of American Linguistics_, _46_, 43.
* Jacob, Betty; Nicklas, Thurston Dale; & Spencer, Betty Lou. (1977). _Introduction to Choctaw_. Durant, OK: Choctaw Bilingual Education Program, Southeastern Oklahoma State University.
* Mithun, Marianne. (1999). _The languages of Native North America_. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
* Munro, Pamela. (1987). Some morphological differences between Chickasaw and Choctaw. In P. Munro (Ed.), _Muskogean linguistics_ (pp. 119–133). Los Angeles: University of California at Los Angeles, Department of Linguistics.
* Munro, Pamela (Ed.). (1987). _Muskogean linguistics_. UCLA occasional papers in linguistics (No. 6). Los Angeles: University of California at Los Angeles, Department of Linguistics.
* Nicklas, Thurston Dale. (1974). The elements of Choctaw. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor).
* Nicklas, Thurston Dale. (1975). Choctaw morphophonemics. In J. Crawford (Ed.), _Studies in southeastern Indian languages_ (pp. 237–249). Athens: University of Georgia.
* Nicklas, Thurston Dale. (1979). _Reference grammar of the Choctaw language_. Durant, OK: Choctaw Bilingual Education Program, Southeastern Oklahoma State University.
* Pulte, William. (1975). The position of Chickasaw in Western Muskogean. In J. Crawford (Ed.), _Studies in southeastern Indian languages_ (pp. 251–263). Athens: University of Georgia.
* Ulrich, Charles H. (1986). Choctaw morphophonology. (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles).
* Ulrich, Charles H. (1987). Choctaw g-grades and y-grades. In P. Munro (Ed.), _Muskogean linguistics_ (pp. 171–178). Los Angeles: University of California at Los Angeles, Department of Linguistics.
* Ulrich, Charles H. (1987). Choctaw verb grades and the nature of syllabification. In A. Bosch, B. Need, & E. Schiller (Eds.), _Papers from the 23rd annual regional meeting_. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
* Ulrich, Charles H. (1988). The morphophonology of Choctaw verb roots and valence suffixes. In W. Shipley (Ed.), _In honor of Mary Haas: From the Haas Festival conference on Native American linguistics_ (pp. 805–818). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN

## 外部連結

* Grammar of the Choctaw Language（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* English and Choctaw Definer（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Choctaw Dictionary（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians
* Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Choctaw