哥倫比亞內戰

**哥倫比亞內戰**是在哥倫比亞境內始於 1960 年代持續至今的一系列低強度不對稱戰爭。衝突在哥倫比亞執政當局，極右翼準軍事組織（如哥倫比亞聯合自衛軍和美洲反共聯盟）、販毒機構（如麥德林集團）還有極左翼游擊隊（如哥倫比亞革命武裝力量－人民軍和民族解放軍）多方之間展開，以在哥倫比亞境內控制更多地區和獲得更大影響力。對哥倫比亞內戰的國際贊助者包括跨國集團公司、美國古巴以及販毒集團。

## 現代

冷戰後，由於失去蘇聯及其它前社會主義國家的支援，哥倫比亞革命武裝力量因要籌集經費，開始插足古柯鹼及綁架政客等勾當，以致形象急劇轉差，被視為恐怖主義組織。 因此，哥倫比亞共產黨解除了哥倫比亞革命武裝力量與其之間的隸屬關係，哥倫比亞革命武裝力量遂成為一個獨立的政治軍事組織。2007 年，哥倫比亞革命武裝力量人數約為 3000-4000 人。哥革武參與了哥倫比亞 25-30% 恐怖事件，尤其是在該國東南部的叢林以及安第斯山脈腳下的平原地區。哥倫比亞革命武裝力量曾釋放多名「有價值」人質，意圖改善形象。

2012 年，在以古巴和挪威作為擔保國、以委內瑞拉和智利作為觀察國的斡旋框架下，雙方開始在古巴首都哈瓦那進行和談。2016 年 6 月 23 日，雙方簽署最終停火協議，8 月 24 日哥倫比亞政府與哥倫比亞革命武裝力量在古巴首都哈瓦那達成最終全面和平協議，協議包括停戰、農村改革、打擊販毒、被遣散的游擊隊員可參與政治、建立過渡性司法機構等內容，但和平協議內容的合法性最終將由全民公投決定。但哥倫比亞前總統烏里韋認為，最初的和平協議向反政府武裝妥協過多、對受害者不公，呼籲民眾投反對票，並要求對協議進行深入修改。與先前民調結果大相逕庭，10 月 2 日舉行的公投結果為支持 49.77%，反對 50.22%，協議意外遭到否決。11 月 24 日哥倫比亞總統胡安・曼努埃爾・桑托斯與哥倫比亞革命武裝力量領導人羅德里格・隆多尼奧在波哥大的科隆劇院簽署了一份經修改的新的和平協議。而這一次，新的協議將會在國會核准，無需再進行全民表決。2017 年 6 月 27 日，哥倫比亞革命武裝力量停止作為武裝團體存在。9 月 1 日，該組織正式改組為共同替代革命力量，並於 10 月 31 日向官方註冊為合法政黨。

## 另見

* Colombian peace process
* 民族解放軍 (哥倫比亞)
* Paramilitarism in Colombia
* 2003 El Nogal Club Terrorist attack
* Operation Traira
* Colombian diaspora
* 爭取進步聯盟
* Plan Colombia
* Gustavo Moncayo
* 墨西哥毒品戰爭
* Paraguayan People’s Army insurgency

## 參考資料

### 註解

### 來源

### 延伸閱讀

#### 書

##### 英文

* Stokes, Doug; Noam Chomsky (Foreword). America's Other War: Terrorizing Colombia. Zed Books. 2005. ISBN 1-84277-547-2.
* Cuellar, Francisco Ramírez; Aviva Chomsky. The Profits of Extermination. Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press. 2005. ISBN 1-56751-322-0.
* Aviva Chomsky. Linked labor histories: New England, Colombia, and the making of a global working class. Duke University Press. 2008. ISBN 978-0-8223-4190-1.
* Bushnell, David. The Making of Modern Colombia, a Nation in spite of itself. University of California Press. 1993. ISBN 0-520-08289-3.
* Dudley, Steven. Walking Ghosts: Murder and Guerrilla Politics in Colombia. Routledge. January 2004. ISBN 0-415-93303-X.
* Kirk, Robin. More Terrible than Death: Massacres, Drugs, and America's War in Colombia. PublicAffairs. January 2003. ISBN 1-58648-104-5.
* Ruiz, Bert. The Colombian Civil War. McFarland & Company. 2001-10-01. ISBN 0-7864-1084-1.
* Safford, Frank and Marco Palacios. Colombia: Fragmented Land, Divided Society. Oxford University Press. 2001-07-01. ISBN 0-19-504617-X.
* Taussig, Michael. Law in a Lawless Land: Diary of a Limpieza. New Press. 2003-11-01. ISBN 1-56584-863-2.

##### 其他語言

* Murillo, Mario and Jesus Rey Avirama. Colombia and the United States: War, Terrorism and Destabilization. Seven Stories Press. 2003-09-01. ISBN 1-58322-606-0.
* Palacios, Marco. Entre la legitimidad y la violencia: Colombia 1875–1994. Norma. 1995 （西班牙語）.
* Pardo Rueda, Rafael. La historia de las guerras. Ediciones B-Vergara. 2004. ISBN 958-97405-5-3 （西班牙語）.
* Hennecke, Angelika. Zwischen Faszination und Gewalt : Kolumbien—unser gemeinsamer Nenner : Reflexionen über das Verhältnis zwischen kultureller Identität, Kommunikation und Medien anhand der diskursanalytischen Untersuchung einer kolumbianischen Werbekampagne. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. 2006. ISBN 3-631-54930-X （德語）.
* Pizarro Leongómez, Eduardo. Las Farc: de la autodefensa a la combinación de todas las formas de lucha. Universidad Nacional. 1991.
* Tirado Mejía, Alvaro (編). Nueva historia de Colombia. Planeta. 1989.

#### 期刊文獻

* Sherman, John W. "Political Violence in Colombia: Dirty Wars Since 1977." _History Compass_ (Sep 2015) 13#9 pp 454–465.
* Cirlig, Carmen-Cristina. Colombia: new momentum for peace? (PDF). Library Briefing. Library of the European Parliament. [2013-07-15]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF) 於 2020-11-08）.
* Azcarate, Camilo A. Psychosocial Dynamics of the Armed Conflict in Colombia. Online Journal of Peace and Conflict Resolution. March 1999 [2017-05-05]. （原始內容存檔於 2003-01-06）.
* James Petras. Neglected Dimensions of Violence. Economic and Political Weekly. 1988-07-02, **23** (27): 1367. JSTOR 4378701.
* Elizabeth F. Schwartz. Getting Away with Murder: Social Cleansing in Colombia and the Role of the United States. The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review. Winter 1995–1996, **27** (2): 381–420.
* John Lindsay-Poland. Retreat to Colombia: The Pentagon Adapts Its Latin America Strategy. NACLA Report on the Americas. January–February 2010.

#### 政府及非政府組織報告

* Colombia. Human Rights Watch. [2006-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於 2006-02-23）.
* Information about the combatants. Center for International Policy. [2006-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於 2018-04-23）.
* Solutions to Escape the Conflict's Impasse. National Human Development Report 2003. [2006-02-23]. （原始內容存檔於 2004-08-03）.  _Extensive ideas on solutions to the Colombia conflict_
* Colombia 2005 Report. UN High Commissioner for Human Rights. [2006-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於 2020-08-01）.  _(Spanish and English)_
* The Day after Tomorrow: Colombia's FARC and the End of the Conflict (PDF). International Crisis Group. [2014-12-11]. （原始內容 (PDF) 存檔於 2014-12-13）.  _(Spanish and English)_
* Squaring Colombia's Circle: The Objectives of Punishment and the Pursuit of Peace. International Center for Transitional Justice. [2016-08-24]. （原始內容存檔於 2020-07-28）.
* From Principles to Practice: Challenges of Implementing Reparations for Massive Violations in Colombia. International Center for Transitional Justice. [2016-08-24]. （原始內容存檔於 2020-11-27）.
* Political Crime, Amnesties and Pardons: Scope and Challenges. International Center for Transitional Justice. [2016-08-24]. （原始內容存檔於 2020-09-23）.

#### 新聞

* Constanza Vieira. 'Let's talk about the disappeared'. Inter Press Service. 2010-07-16 [2017-05-05]. （原始內容存檔於 2010-07-18）.
* Indigenous Community in Colombia Fears Start of "Dirty War. Democracy Now!. [2006-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於 2006-02-23）.  _Guests: Ezequiel Vitonas, former mayor of Toribio, and Manuel Rozental, human rights activist. Interviewers: Juan Gonzalez and Amy Goodman. Segment available in and via streaming real audio, 128k streaming Real Video or MP3 download._
* The Colombian Miracle（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

## 外部連結

* Overview of Colombian–FARC Peace Process
* Who are the victims? – The aftermath of violence in Colombia（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） – (Former combatants in Colombia's internal armed conflict spent two years painting their experiences. They face difficult decisions about what to remember, what to forget and how to forgive)
* Colombia Page on InSight Crime. [2011-03-29]. （原始內容存檔於 2011-07-26）.  _(Ongoing reporting on the Colombian conflict and active criminal groups)_
* Evolution of the Colombian Civil War. Paul Wolf. [2006-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於 2006-02-03）.  _(collection of declassified U.S. documents online)_
* Michael Evans (編). War in Colombia: Guerrillas, Drugs and Human Rights in U.S.-Colombia Policy, 1988–2002. National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 69. National Security Archive. 2002-05-03 [2017-05-05]. （原始內容存檔於 2014-06-17）.
* America's Other War: Terrorizing Colombia. [2006-02-25]. （原始內容存檔於 2009-10-25）.
* Plan Colombia by Carmen Guhn-Knight
* Rule of Law in Armed Conflict: Colombia. RULAC Project. [2009-03-23]. （原始內容存檔於 2011-07-06）.
* Q&A: Colombia's civil conflict. BBC. 2009-12-23 [2006-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於 2009-12-24）.
* Colombia Program. Center for International Policy. [2006-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於 2008-02-12）.
* Accord issue on Colombia's peace process. Alternatives to war. [2006-11-18]. （原始內容存檔於 2006-11-17）.  _(In Spanish and English with chronology and key texts and agreements)_
* CERAC. Conflict Analysis Resources Center. [2017-05-05]. （原始內容存檔於 2007-07-04）.  Colombian-based private research center that studies the conflict _(In Spanish and English)_
* Colombian Army website. [2006-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於 2007-09-27）.  _(In Spanish and English)_
* Colombian President's Office. [2006-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於 2008-11-18）.  _(In Spanish and English)_
* Background Note: Colombia. U.S. Department of State. [2006-02-11]. （原始內容存檔於 2012-05-04）.
* Different Views of Colombian Territory. [2006-02-24].  Maps of the conflict.
* AUC Official Website. [2006-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於 2005-10-16）.  _(in Spanish)_
* FARC website. [2008-07-12]. （原始內容存檔於 2008-07-05）.  _(in Spanish and English)_ – No longer available online (censored by U.S. government)
* Colombia – Insurgency. Global Security. [2006-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於 2020-09-21）.
* Civil War? The Language of Conflict in Colombia (PDF). Ideas for Peace Foundation. [2006-02-24]. （原始內容 (PDF) 存檔於 2010-02-17）.  (PDF) Is the Colombia conflict a civil war?
* The Peace Village San José Must Live. SOS San Jose. [2006-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於 2006-01-12）.  _(in German and English)_
* Washington Office on Latin America. [2006-02-24]. （原始內容存檔於 2021-01-16）.
* Who Shot My Brother?. National Film Board of Canada. [2006]. （原始內容存檔於 2007-05-24）.
* Why the End of the Cold War Doesn't Matter: the US War of Terror in Colombia. Bristol University Politics Department. [2006-02-27]. （原始內容存檔於 2005-10-01）.  by Doug Stokes
* Red Resistencia（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Insight on Conflict. Colombia Peacebuilding database. [2017-05-05]. （原始內容存檔於 2017-07-01）.
* Crisis briefing on displacement because of the war（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） from Reuters AlertNet