史蒂芬·道格拉斯

**史蒂芬・阿諾・道格拉斯**（英語：Stephen Arnold Douglas，1813 年 4 月 23 日 —1861 年 6 月 3 日），美國佛蒙特州布蘭登人，是一名民主黨籍的政治家。道格拉斯曾任聯邦眾議員與聯邦參議員，也是內布拉斯加法案的設計者，並曾在 1860 年代表民主黨參選美國總統，但敗於共和黨的亞伯拉罕・林肯。道格拉斯先前在 1858 年伊利諾州參議員選舉中與林肯的辯論中戰勝了他。他曾推動通過了 1850 年妥協案來防止蓄奴問題導致更大的南北區域分歧。道格拉斯堅持倡導人民主權，認為美國領地蓄奴與否的問題應自行解決、而不受到聯邦干涉。該立場同時被蓄奴主義者和廢奴主義者反對。由於其較小的體型和具有影響力的政治地位，道格拉斯常被稱為 **「小巨人」** 。

## 職業生涯

### 1860 年總統選舉

#### 提名

道格拉斯在 1858 年重新勝選參議員鞏固了他在民主黨黨內獲取 1860 年美國總統選舉提名的可能。他的支持者主要來自北方和中西部，而如亞歷山大・史蒂芬斯的一些親聯邦南方政客也同意他的主張。道格拉斯和時任總統詹姆斯・布坎南不合，而他的弗里波特主義主張則讓更多南方參議員對其反感。在第 36 屆美國國會中，布坎南聯合其南方盟友豁免了道格拉斯的議院領土委員會主席的職位。道格拉斯協助阻止了通過聯邦奴隸條款，而後他建立農業贈地大學的法案被布坎南否決。

## 註釋

## 參考文獻

* Robert W. Johannsen, ed. _The Letters of Stephen A. Douglas_ (1961)
* Paul M. Angle, ed., _Created Equal? The Complete Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858_ (1958)
* Clinton, Anita Watkins. "Stephen Arnold Douglas - His Mississippi Experience," _Journal of Mississippi History_ 1988 50(2): 56-88.
* Lincoln, Abraham and Douglas, Stephen A. _The Lincoln-Douglas Debates: The First Complete, Unexpurgated Text._ Harold Holzer, Ed. Harpercollins, 1993.
* Harry V. Jaffa and Robert W. Johannsen, eds. _In the Name of the People: Speeches and Writings of Lincoln and Douglas in the Ohio Campaign of 1859._ (1959) online version（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Douglas, Stephen Arnold. _A brief treatise upon constitutional and party questions, and the history of political parties（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）,_ (1861) James Madison Cutts, ed. (1866)
* Chisholm, Hugh (編). Douglas, Stephen Arnold. 大英百科全書 (11th ed.). 劍橋大學出版社. 1911.

## 延伸閱讀

* Barbee, David R., and Milledge L. Bonham, Jr. "The Montgomery Address of Stephen A. Douglas," _Journal of Southern History,_ Vol. 5, No. 4 (Nov., 1939), pp. 527–552 in JSTOR（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Bordewich, Fergus M. _America's Great Debate: Henry Clay, Stephen A. Douglas, and the Compromise That Preserved the Union_ (2012) excerpt and text search（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Capers, Gerald M. _Stephen A. Douglas: Defender of the Union_ (1959), short biography
* Childers, Christopher. "Interpreting Popular Sovereignty: A Historiographical Essay," _Civil War History_ Volume 57, Number 1, March 2011 pp. 48–70 in Project MUSE
* Clinton, Anita Watkins. "Stephen Arnold Douglas - His Mississippi Experience" _Journal of Mississippi History_ 1988 50(2): 56-88.
* Dean; Eric T., Jr. "Stephen A. Douglas and Popular Sovereignty" _Historian_ 1995 57 (4): 733-748 online version（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Egerton, Douglas R., _Year of Meteors: Stephen Douglas, Abraham Lincoln, and the Election That Brought on the Civil War_, Bloomsbury Press, 2010. more on the book（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Eyal, Yonatan. "With His Eyes Open: Stephen A. Douglas and the Kansas-Nebraska Disaster of 1854" _Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society_ 1998 91(4): 175-217. ISSN 1522-1067
* Glickstein, Jonathan A., _American exceptionalism, American anxiety: wages, competition, and degraded labor in the Antebellum United States_; University of Virginia Press, (2002)
* Hansen, Stephen and Nygard, Paul. "Stephen A. Douglas, the Know-nothings, and the Democratic Party in Illinois, 1854-1858" _Illinois Historical Journal_ 1994 87(2): 109-130.
* Huston, James L. "Democracy by Scripture versus Democracy by Process: A Reflection on Stephen A. Douglas and Popular Sovereignty." _Civil War History._ 43#1 (1997) pp: 189+. online version（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Huston, James L. "Stephen A. Douglas and the Dilemmas of Democratic Equality." Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2007.
* Jaffa, Harry V. _Crisis of the House Divided: An Interpretation of the Issues in the Lincoln-Douglas Debates._ 1959. online version（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Johannsen, Robert W. _Stephen A. Douglas_ (1973), 993pp
* Johannsen, Robert W. _The Frontier, the Union, and Stephen A. Douglas_ U. of Illinois Press, 1989.
* McPherson, James M. _Battle Cry of Freedom_. Oxford Univ. Press, 1988. Standard modern history of the war.
* Milton, George Fort. _The Eve of Conflict: Stephen A. Douglas and the Needless War_ (1934), older scholarly biography
* Morris, Roy, Jr., _The Long Pursuit: Abraham Lincoln's Thirty-Year Struggle with Stephen Douglas for the Heart and Soul of America_, HarperCollins Publishers, 2008.
* Morrison, Michael A._Slavery and the American west: the eclipse of manifest destiny and the coming of the American Civil War_ University of North Carolina Press, (1997)
* Nevins, Allan. _Ordeal of the Union_ especially vol 1-4 (1947–63): _Fruits of Manifest Destiny, 1847-1852; A House Dividing, 1852-1857; Douglas, Buchanan, and Party Chaos, 1857-1859; Prologue to Civil War, 1859-1861_.
* Nichols, Roy F. "The Kansas-Nebraska Act: A Century of Historiography", _Mississippi Valley Historical Review_ 43 (1956): 187-212; JSTOR
* Peck, Graham A. "Was Stephen A. Douglas Antislavery?," _Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association,_ Summer 2005 online
* Quitt, Martin H. "Stephen A. Douglas and Antebellum Democracy." (2012) New York: Cambridge University Press.
* Rhodes, James Ford. _History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850_ (1920) vol 1-2, detailed narrative
* Russel, Robert R. "What Was the Compromise of 1850?" _Journal of Southern History_ 20 (1956): 292-309 in JSTOR
* Russel, Robert R. "The Issues in the Congressional Struggle Over the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 1854," _Journal of Southern History_ 29 (May 1963): 187-210; in JSTOR
* Stevenson, James A. "Lincoln vs. Douglas over the Republican Ideal" _American Studies_ 1994 35(1): 63-89
* Zarefsky, David. _Lincoln, Douglas, and Slavery: in the Crucible of Public Debate_ (1990). 309 pp

## 外部連結

* * 史蒂芬・阿諾・道格拉斯－美國國會國家人物傳記大辭典
* Project Gutenberg text of Life of Stephen A. Douglas（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） by William Gardner
* Page images of two Speeches made by Douglas, one on the Compromise of 1850
* Speech made before the NY State Agricultural Society
* Association dedicated to preservation of Douglas history. Site contains many speeches and images.（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Douglas, Stephen Arnold. 新國際百科全書. 1905.

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