单倍群O

**單倍群 O（O-M175）** 是一個人類 Y 染色體 DNA 單倍型類群，與單倍群 N 共同源於單倍群 NO，主要分布於東亞、東南亞、太平洋島嶼、馬達加斯加、中亞、南亞等。

## 起源

單倍群 O 首次出現於距今約 3-4 萬年前 

## 分布

單倍群 O 分佈於東亞、東南亞、密克羅尼西亞群島、美拉尼西亞、玻里尼西亞、馬達加斯加、中亞、南亞等。由單倍群 O 分出的兩個下游單倍群分別為 O-F265 與 O-M122。

O-F265 單倍群的名稱為 O1，分 O1a (O-M119) 與 O1b (O-M268)，下游支系如 O1a-M119 常見於中國東南部、馬來群島東北部、美拉尼西亞東部島嶼、非洲東南部的馬達加斯加島等地，O1b1a1-PK4 常見於中國西南部、中南半島、馬來群島西南部等地，O1b1a2-Page59 主要分佈於中國東部沿海省份等地，O1b2-M176 常見於朝鮮半島、日本列島等地。

O-M122 單倍群的名稱為 O2，分 O2a (O-M324) 與 O2b (O-F742)，下游支系如 O2a2a-M188 主要分佈在中國南方等地，O2a1b-IMS-JST002611、O2a2b1a1-M117、O2a2b1a2-F114 是漢族的主要單倍群，也常見於蒙古族科爾沁部、滿族、朝鮮族等中，M117 也常見於藏緬語族各族，F114 還在哈薩克族乃蠻部中高頻分布，O2a2b2-AM01822 主要分佈在中國華北偏東部、玻里尼西亞等地，O2b-F742 主要分佈於中國東部沿海省份等地。

## 系統樹 (O-M175)

以下系統樹主要基於 ISOGG 於 2017 年的分類 (wer.12.244)：與 Y-DNA Haplogroup O and its Subclades - 2019-2020

### O1（F265/M1354）

* **O1a (舊 O1)** (M119)
  * O1a1 (B384/Z23193)
    * O1a1a (M307.1/P203.1)
      * O1a1a1 (F446)
        * O1a1a1a (F140)
          * O1a1a1a1 (F78)
            * O1a1a1a1a (F81)
              * O1a1a1a1a1 (CTS2458)
                * O1a1a1a1a1a (F533)
                  * O1a1a1a1a1a1 (F492)
                    * O1a1a1a1a1a1a (F656)
                      * O1a1a1a1a1a1a1 (A12440)
                        * O1a1a1a1a1a1a1a (A12439)
                      * O1a1a1a1a1a1a2 (A14788)
                      * O1a1a1a1a1a1a3 (F65)
                      * O1a1a1a1a1a1a4 (MF1068)
                      * O1a1a1a1a1a1a5 (Z23482)
                    * O1a1a1a1a1a1b (FGC66168)
                      * O1a1a1a1a1a1b1 (CTS11553)
                    * O1a1a1a1a1a1c (Y31266)
                      * O1a1a1a1a1a1c1 (Y31261)
                    * O1a1a1a1a1a1d (A12441)
                    * O1a1a1a1a1a1e (MF1071)
                      * O1a1a1a1a1a1e1 (MF1074)
                  * O1a1a1a1a1a2 (CTS4585)
              * O1a1a1a1a2 (MF1075)
          * O1a1a1a2 (YP4610/Z39229)
            * O1a1a1a2a (AM00330/AMM480/B386)
              * O1a1a1a2a1 (AM00333/AMM483/B387)
                * O1a1a1a2a1a (B388)
            * O1a1a1a2b (SK1555)
        * O1a1a1b (SK1568/Z23420)
          * O1a1a1b1 (M101)
          * O1a1a1b2 (Z23392)
            * O1a1a1b2a (Z23442)
              * O1a1a1b2a1 (SK1571)
      * O1a1a2 (CTS52)
        * O1a1a2a (CTS701)
          * O1a1a2a1 (K644/Z23266)
    * O1a1b (CTS5726)
  * O1a2 (M110)
    * O1a2a (F3288)
      * O1a2a1 (B392)
        * O1a2a1a (B393)
  * O1a3 (Page109)
* **O1b (舊 O2)** (M268)
  * O1b1 (F2320)
    * O1b1a (M1470)
      * O1b1a1 (PK4)
        * **O1b1a1a (舊 O2a)** (M95)
          * O1b1a1a1 (F1803/M1348)
            * O1b1a1a1a (F1252)
              * O1b1a1a1a1 (F2924)
                * O1b1a1a1a1a (M111)
                  * O1b1a1a1a1a1 (F2758)
                    * O1b1a1a1a1a1a (Z24083)
                      * O1b1a1a1a1a1a1 (Z24089)
                        * O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a (F923)
                          * O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a1 (CTS2022)
                            * O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a1a (F1399)
                              * O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1 (F2415)
                          * O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a2 (Z24131)
                          * O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a3 (Z24100)
                        * O1b1a1a1a1a1a1b (SK1627/Z24091)
                          * O1b1a1a1a1a1a1b1 (Z39410)
                      * O1b1a1a1a1a1a2 (Z24088)
                  * O1b1a1a1a1a2 (F2890)
                    * O1b1a1a1a1a2a (Z24048)
                      * O1b1a1a1a1a2a1 (Z24050)
                    * O1b1a1a1a1a2b (Z24014)
                * O1b1a1a1a1b (CTS5854)
                  * O1b1a1a1a1b1 (Z23810)
                    * O1b1a1a1a1b1a (CTS7399)
                      * O1b1a1a1a1b1a1 (FGC19713/Y14026)
                        * O1b1a1a1a1b1a1a (Z23849)
                          * O1b1a1a1a1b1a1a1 (FGC61038)
                    * O1b1a1a1a1b1b (CTS651)
                      * O1b1a1a1a1b1b1 (CTS9884)
                  * O1b1a1a1a1b2 (F4229)
                  * O1b1a1a1a1b2a (F809)
                    * * O1b1a1a1a1b2a1 (F2517)
              * O1b1a1a1a2 (SK1630)
                * O1b1a1a1a2a (SK1636)
            * O1b1a1a1b (F789/M1283)
              * O1b1a1a1b1 (FGC29900/Y9322/Z23667)
                * O1b1a1a1b1a (B426/FGC29896/Y9033/Z23671)
                  * O1b1a1a1b1a1 (FGC29907/YP3930)
              * O1b1a1a1b1a2 (B427/Z23680)
                * O1b1a1a1b1b (Z39485)
                * O1b1a1a1b1c (B418)
              * O1b1a1a1b2 (SK1646)
          * O1b1a1a2 (CTS350)
          * O1b1a1a3 (Page103)
        * O1b1a1b (F838)
          * O1b1a1b1 (F1199)
      * **O1b1a2（舊 O2\*）** (Page59)
        * O1b1a2a (F993)
          * O1b1a2a1 (F1759)
            * O1b1a2a1a (CTS1127)
        * O1b1a2b (F417/M1654)
          * O1b1a2b1 (F840)
            * O1b1a2b1a (F1127)
          * O1b1a2b2 (CTS1451)
        * O1b1a2c (CTS9996)
  * **O1b2 (舊 O2b)** (P49, M176)
    * * O1b2a1 (CTS9259)
        * O1b2a1a (F1204)
          * O1b2a1a1 (CTS713)
            * O1b2a1a1a (CTS1875)
              * **O1b2a1a1a1** (CTS10682)
            * O1b2a1a1b (Z24598)
            * O1b2a1a1c (CTS203)
          * O1b2a1a2 (F2868)
            * O1b2a1a2a (L682)
              * O1b2a1a2a1 (CTS723)
                * O1b2a1a2a1a (CTS7620)
                * O1b2a1a2a1b (A12446)
                  * O1b2a1a2a1b1 (PH40)
            * O1b2a1a2b (F940)
          * O1b2a1a3 (CTS10687)
            * O1b2a1a3a (CTS1215)
        * O1b2a1b (CTS562)
      * O1b2a2 (Page90)

### O2（O-M122）

* * **O-M122** (M122)
    * O2a (M324)
      * O2a1 (L127.1)
        * O2a1a (F1876/Page127)
          * O2a1a1 (F2159)
            * O2a1a1a (F1867/Page124)
              * O2a1a1a1 (F852)
                * O2a1a1a1a (F2266)
                  * O2a1a1a1a1 (L599)
                    * O2a1a1a1a1a (Z43961)
                      * O2a1a1a1a1a1 (Z43963)
                * O2a1a1a1b (F854)
                  * O2a1a1a1b1 (Z43966)
                * O2a1a1a1c (Page130)
            * O2a1a1b (F915)
              * O2a1a1b1 (F1478)
                * O2a1a1b1a (PF5390)
                  * O2a1a1b1a1 (CTS1936)
                  * O2a1a1b1a1a (Z43975)
                  * O2a1a1b1a2 (FGC33994)
        * **O2a1b** (IMS-JST002611, CTS1872, CTS2483, CTS5879, F61, F99, F240, F247, F302, F309, F460, F562)
          * O2a1b1 (F18)
            * O2a1b1a (F117)
              * O2a1b1a1 (F13)
                * O2a1b1a1a (F11)
                  * O2a1b1a1a1 (F632)
                    * O2a1b1a1a1a (F110/M11115)
                      * O2a1b1a1a1a1 (F17)
                        * O2a1b1a1a1a1a (F377)
                          * O2a1b1a1a1a1a1 (F1095)
                            * O2a1b1a1a1a1a1a (F856)
                              * O2a1b1a1a1a1a1a1 (F1418)
                              * O2a1b1a1a1a1a1a2 (Z25097)
                          * O2a1b1a1a1a1a2 (CTS7501)
                        * O2a1b1a1a1a1b (F793)
                      * O2a1b1a1a1a2 (Y20951)
                        * O2a1b1a1a1a2a (Y20932)
                  * O2a1b1a1a2 (F38)
                  * O2a1b1a1a3 (F12)
                  * O2a1b1a1a4 (F930)
                    * O2a1b1a1a4a (F2685)
                  * O2a1b1a1a5 (F1365/M5420/PF1558)
                    * O2a1b1a1a5a (Y15976)
                      * O2a1b1a1a5a1 (Y16154)
                        * O2a1b1a1a5a1a (Y26383)
                          * O2a1b1a1a5a1a1 (SK1686)
                    * O2a1b1a1a5b (FGC54486)
                      * O2a1b1a1a5b1 (FGC54507)
                  * O2a1b1a1a6 (CTS12877)
                    * O2a1b1a1a6a (F2527)
                      * O2a1b1a1a6a1 (CTS5409)
                      * O2a1b1a1a6a2 (F2941)
                  * O2a1b1a1a7 (F723)
                  * O2a1b1a1a8 (CTS2107)
                  * O2a1b1a1a9 (SK1691)
                * O2a1b1a1b (PH203)
            * O2a1b1b (F449)
              * O2a1b1b1 (F238)
                * O2a1b1b1a (F134)
                  * O2a1b1b1a1 (F1273)
                  * O2a1b1b1a2 (F724)
              * O2a1b1b2 (F1266)
            * O2a1b1c (CTS498)
          * O2a1b2 (FGC3750/SK1673)
            * O2a1b2a（CST879）
              * O2a1b2a1（SK1670, SK1672）
                * O2a1b2a1a（SK1671）
                  * O2a1b2a1a1（M164）
                * O2a1b2a1b（MF9326, MF9328, MF9339）
              * O2a1b2a2（Z38921, Z38922）
                * O2a1b2a2a（Z38920）
* * * * **O2a2** (IMS-JST021354/P201)
        * O2a2a (M188)
          * O2a2a1 (F2588)
            * O2a2a1a (CTS445)
              * O2a2a1a1 (CTS201)
                * O2a2a1a1a (M159/Page96)
              * O2a2a1a2 (M7)
                * O2a2a1a2a (F1276)
                  * O2a2a1a2a1 (CTS6489)
                    * O2a2a1a2a1a (F1275)
                      * O2a2a1a2a1a1 (M113)
                      * O2a2a1a2a1a2 (N5)
                      * O2a2a1a2a1a3 (Z25400)
                  * O2a2a1a2a2 (F1863)
                    * O2a2a1a2a2a (F1134)
                      * O2a2a1a2a2a1 (F1262)
                * O2a2a1a2b (Y26403)
            * O2a2a1b (F1837)
          * O2a2a2 (F879)
            * O2a2a2a (F1226)
              * O2a2a2a1 (F2859)
        * O2a2b (P164)
          * O2a2b1 (M134)
            * O2a2b1a (F450/M1667)
              * O2a2b1a1 (M117/Page23)
                * O2a2b1a1a (M133)
                  * O2a2b1a1a1 (F438)
                    * O2a2b1a1a1a (Y17728)
                      * O2a2b1a1a1a1 (F155)
                        * O2a2b1a1a1a1a (F813/M6539)
                          * O2a2b1a1a1a1a1 (Y20928)
                      * O2a2b1a1a1a2 (F1754)
                        * O2a2b1a1a1a2a (F2137)
                          * O2a2b1a1a1a2a1 (F1442)
                            * O2a2b1a1a1a2a1a (F1123)
                              * O2a2b1a1a1a2a1a1 (F1369)
                          * O2a2b1a1a1a2a2 (A16636)
                      * O2a2b1a1a1a3 (Z25907)
                  * O2a2b1a1a2 (FGC23469/Z25852)
                    * O2a2b1a1a2a (F310)
                      * O2a2b1a1a2a1 (F402)
                        * O2a2b1a1a2a1a (F1531)
                  * O2a2b1a1a3 (CTS7634)
                    * O2a2b1a1a3a (F317)
                      * O2a2b1a1a3a1 (F3039)
                      * O2a2b1a1a3a2 (Y29861)
                    * O2a2b1a1a3b (CTS5488)
                  * O2a2b1a1a4 (Z25853)
                    * O2a2b1a1a4a (CTS5492)
                      * O2a2b1a1a4a1 (CTS6987)
                        * O2a2b1a1a4a1a (Z42620)
                      * O2a2b1a1a4a2 ( F20963)
                  * O2a2b1a1a5 (CTS10738/M1707)
                    * O2a2b1a1a5a (CTS9678)
                      * O2a2b1a1a5a1 (Z39663)
                      * O2a2b1a1a5a2 (M1513)
                    * O2a2b1a1a5b (A9457)
                      * O2a2b1a1a5b1 (F17158)
                  * O2a2b1a1a6 (CTS4658)
                    * O2a2b1a1a6a (CTS5308)
                    * O2a2b1a1a6b (Z25928)
                      * O2a2b1a1a6b1 (SK1730/Z25982)
                        * O2a2b1a1a6b1a (Z26030)
                        * O2a2b1a1a6b1b (Z26010)
                      * O2a2b1a1a6b2 (A9462)
                      * O2a2b1a1a6b3 (B456)
                  * O2a2b1a1a7 (YP4864)
                    * O2a2b1a1a7a (Z44068)
                      * O2a2b1a1a7a1 (F5525/SK1748)
                    * O2a2b1a1a7b (Z44071)
                  * O2a2b1a1a8 (Z44091)
                    * O2a2b1a1a8a (Z44092)
                * O2a2b1a1b (CTS4960)
              * O2a2b1a2 (F122)
                * O2a2b1a2 (F114/F444)
                  * O2a2b1a2a (F629)
                    * O2a2b1a2a1 (F79)
                      * O2a2b1a2a1a (F46/Y15)
                        * O2a2b1a2a1a1 (F48)
                          * O2a2b1a2a1a1a (F152)
                            * O2a2b1a2a1a1a1 (F2505)
                          * O2a2b1a2a1a1b (CTS3149)
                        * O2a2b1a2a1a2 (F242)
                          * O2a2b1a2a1a2a (CTS4266)
                            * O2a2b1a2a1a2a1 (Z26108)
                              * O2a2b1a2a1a2a1a (F2173)
                        * O2a2b1a2a1a3 (F2887)
                          * O2a2b1a2a1a3a (F3607)
                            * O2a2b1a2a1a3a1 (F3525)
                          * O2a2b1a2a1a3b (CTS3763)
                            * O2a2b1a2a1a3b1 (A9472)
                            * O2a2b1a2a1a3b2 (FGC16863/Y7110)
                              * O2a2b1a2a1a3b2a (L1360)
                                * O2a2b1a2a1a3b2a1 (FGC16889)
                              * O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b (SK1768/Y7112/Z26257)
                                * O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b1 (F4249)
                                  * O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b1a (FGC23868)
                                * O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b2 (CTS335)
                      * O2a2b1a2a1b (CTS53)
                        * O2a2b1a2a1b1 (CTS6373)
                          * O2a2b1a2a1b1a (A9473)
                      * O2a2b1a2a1c (F3386)
                      * O2a2b1a2a1d (Y29828)
                        * O2a2b1a2a1d1 (F735)
                          * O2a2b1a2a1d1a (FGC34973)
                          * O2a2b1a2a1d1b (F1739)
                * O2a2b1a2b (F743)
                  * O2a2b1a2b1 (CTS8481)
                    * O2a2b1a2b1a (CTS4325)
                      * O2a2b1a2b1a1 (A16629)
                      * O2a2b1a2b1a2 (CTS682)
                  * O2a2b1a2b2 (F748)
                    * O2a2b1a2b2a (F728)
                * O2a2b1a2c (Page101)
          * O2a2b2 (AM01822/F3223)
            * O2a2b2a (AM01856/F871)
              * O2a2b2a1 (N7)
                * O2a2b2a1a (F4110)
                  * O2a2b2a1a1 (F4068)
                  * O2a2b2a1a2 (SK1780)
                * O2a2b2a1b (F4124)
                  * O2a2b2a1b1 (IMS-JST008425p6)
                  * O2a2b2a1b2 (BY15188)
                    * O2a2b2a1b2a (F16411)
              * O2a2b2a2 (AM01845/F706)
                * O2a2b2a2a (F717)
                  * O2a2b2a2a1 (F3612)
                  * O2a2b2a2a2 (SK1783)
                * O2a2b2a2b (AM01847/B451)
                  * O2a2b2a2b1 (A17418)
                  * O2a2b2a2b2 (AM01756)
                    * O2a2b2a2b2a (B450)
                    * O2a2b2a2b2b (AM00472/B452)
                      * O2a2b2a2b2b1 (F18942)
                    * O2a2b2a2b2c (A16427)
            * O2a2b2b (A16433)
              * O2a2b2b1 (A16438)
                * O2a2b2b1a (SK1775)
                  * O2a2b2b1a1 (SK1774)
                * O2a2b2b1b (A16440)
      * **O2a3** (M300)
      * **O2a4** (M333)
    * O2b (F742)
      * O2b1 (F1150)
        * O2b1a (F837)
          * O2b1a1 (F1025)
      * O2b2 (F1055)
        * O2b2a (F3021)

 

## 注釋

## 參考文獻

* Edmondson, Jerold A. Jimmy G. Harris, Somsonge Burusphat and James E. Harris , 編. The power of language over the past: Tai settlement and Tai linguistics in southern China and northern Vietnam (PDF). Studies in Southeast Asian languages and linguistics (Bangkok, Thailand: Ek Phim Thai Co. Ltd.). 2007 [2017-04-07]. （原始內容 (PDF) 存檔於 2007-08-21）.
* van Driem, George. Rice and the Austroasiatic and Hmong-Mien Homelands (PDF). In N. J. Enfield, ed. _Dynamics of Human Diversity_, 361-390 (Canberra: Pacific Linguistics). 2011 [2017-04-07]. （原始內容 (PDF) 存檔於 2021-07-13）.
* Firasat, Sadaf; Khaliq, Shagufta; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Papaioannou, Myrto; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Underhill, Peter A; Ayub, Qasim. Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan. European Journal of Human Genetics. 2006, **15** (1): 121–6. PMC 2588664 . PMID 17047675. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726.
* Fornarino, Simona; Pala, Maria; Battaglia, Vincenza; Maranta, Ramona; Achilli, Alessandro; Modiano, Guido; Torroni, Antonio; Semino, Ornella; Santachiara-Benerecetti, Silvana A. Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2009, **9** (1): 154. PMC 2720951 . PMID 19573232. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154.
* Karafet, T. M.; Mendez, F. L.; Meilerman, M. B.; Underhill, P. A.; Zegura, S. L.; Hammer, M. F. New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree. Genome Research. 2008, **18** (5): 830–8 [2017-04-07]. PMC 2336805 . PMID 18385274. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. （原始內容存檔於 2008-06-07）.
* Kayser, M.; Choi, Y.; Van Oven, M.; Mona, S.; Brauer, S.; Trent, R. J.; Suarkia, D.; Schiefenhovel, W.; Stoneking, M. The Impact of the Austronesian Expansion: Evidence from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Diversity in the Admiralty Islands of Melanesia. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2008, **25** (7): 1362–74. PMID 18390477. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn078.
* Kim, SH; Kim, Ki-Cheol; Shin, Dong-Jik; Jin, Han-Jun; Kwak, Kyoung-Don; Han, Myun-Soo; Song, Joon-Myong; Kim, Won; Kim, Wook. High frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroup O2b-SRY465 lineages in Korea: a genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea. Investigative Genetics. 2011, **2** (10): 10 [2017-04-07]. PMC 3087676 . PMID 21463511. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-2-10. （原始內容存檔於 2015-09-24）.
* Ratliff, Martha. Ho Ne (She) is Hmongic: One final argument _(PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 21.2:97-109. 1998 [2017-04-07]. （原始內容 (PDF) 存檔於 2021-12-16）._
* Rootsi, Siiri; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Baldovič, Marian; Kayser, Manfred; Kutuev, Ildus A; Khusainova, Rita; Bermisheva, Marina A; Gubina, Marina; et al. A counter-clockwise northern route of the Y-chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe. European Journal of Human Genetics. 2006, **15** (2): 204–11. PMID 17149388. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201748.
* Scheinfeldt, L.; Friedlaender, F; Friedlaender, J; Latham, K; Koki, G; Karafet, T; Hammer, M; Lorenz, J. Unexpected NRY Chromosome Variation in Northern Island Melanesia. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2006, **23** (8): 1628–41. PMID 16754639. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl028.
* Shi, Hong; Dong, Yong-li; Wen, Bo; Xiao, Chun-Jie; Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Pei-Dong; Chakraborty, Ranajit; Jin, Li; Su, Bing. Y-Chromosome Evidence of Southern Origin of the East Asian–Specific Haplogroup O3-M122. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2005, **77** (3): 408–19. PMC 1226206 . PMID 16080116. doi:10.1086/444436.
* Su, B.; Jin, Li; Underhill, Peter; Martinson, Jeremy; Saha, Nilmani; McGarvey, Stephen T.; Shriver, Mark D.; Chu, Jiayou; et al. Polynesian origins: Insights from the Y chromosome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2000, **97** (15): 8225–8228. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.8225S. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.15.8225.
* Wells, R. Spencer; Yuldasheva, N.; Ruzibakiev, R.; Underhill, P. A.; Evseeva, I.; Blue-Smith, J.; Jin, L.; Su, B.; et al. The Eurasian heartland: a continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. August 2001, **98** (18): 10244–9. Bibcode:2001PNAS...9810244W. PMC 56946 . PMID 11526236. doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098.
* Wen, W; Hong, S; Ling, R; Huifeng, X; Kaiyuan, L; Wenyi, Z; Bing, S; Shiheng, S; et al. The origin of Mosuo people as revealed by mtDNA and Y chromosome variation. Science China Life Sciences. 2004, **47** (1): 1–10. PMID 15382670. doi:10.1360/02yc0207.
* Xue, Y.; Zerjal, T; Bao, W; Zhu, S; Shu, Q; Xu, J; Du, R; Fu, S; et al. Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times. Genetics. 2005, **172** (4): 2431–9. PMC 1456369 . PMID 16489223. doi:10.1534/genetics.105.054270.
* Bradshaw Foundation. Journey of Man - The Peopling of the World. [2017-04-07]. （原始內容存檔於 2020-03-24）.
* ISOGG. Y-DNA Haplogroup O and its Subclades - 2012. 2012 [2017-04-07]. （原始內容存檔於 2022-01-20）.
* TMC. Genetic Findings Support 'Out of Africa' Theory. 1998 [2017-04-07]. （原始內容存檔於 2009-10-10）.