印度紧急状态

印度**緊急狀態**（the Emergency）是指印度在 1975 年至 1977 年間，持續 21 個月的**緊急狀態**。時任印度總理英迪拉・甘地決定在全國範圍內實施緊急狀態，由總統法赫魯丁・阿里・艾哈邁德因「內亂」（internal disturbance）而根據《印度憲法》第 352 條正式發布，後被內閣及議會追認。緊急狀態從 1975 年 6 月 25 日開始生效，直到 1977 年 3 月 21 日撤銷。

緊急狀態時期，印度總理被賦予極大權力，得暫停選舉及限制公民自由。緊急狀態期間，英迪拉・甘地的大多數政治反對者被長期監禁，新聞界受到審查。緊急狀態期間還發生了其他侵犯人權的事件，包括由總理的兒子桑賈伊・甘地帶頭髮起的大規模強迫絕育運動。緊急狀態是印度獨立後歷史上最具爭議的時期之一。

## 參考文獻

## 來源

* Atul Kohli. _Democracy and Discontent: India's Growing Crisis of Governability_. Cambridge University Press. 1991. ISBN 0-521-39161-X.
* Atul Kohli (ed.). _The Success of India's Democracy_. Cambridge University Press. 2001 [2004]. ISBN 81-7596-107-4.
* Ayesha Jalal. _Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia: a Comparative and Historical Perspective_. Cambridge University Press. 1995 [1996]. ISBN 81-85618-75-5
* B. G. Verghese. _Warrior of the Fourth Estate: Ramnath Goenka of the Express_. Viking, Penguin India. 2005. ISBN 978-0-67005-842-6.
* Bipan Chandra et al. _India Since Independence_. Penguin India. 2008 [2011 digital edition]. e-ISBN 978-81-8475-053-9.
* Durga Das Basu. _Introduction to the Constitution of India_. LexisNexis Butterworths. 1960 [20th edition, 2011 reprint]. ISBN 978-81-8038-559-9.
* Inder Malhotra. _Indira Gandhi: A Personal and Political Biography_. Hodder and Stoughton. 1989. ISBN 0-340-40540-6.
* Mary C. Carras. _Indira Gandhi: In the Crucible of Leadership_. Jaico Publishing House. 1979 [1980].
* Partha Chatterjee. _Lineages of Political Society_. Permanent Black. 2011. ISBN 81-7824-317-2.
* Partha Chatterjee. _Empire and Nation: Essential Writings, 1985–2005_. Permanent Black. 2010. ISBN 81-7824-267-2.
* Ramachandra Guha. _India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy_. HarperCollins. 2008. ISBN 978-0-330-50554-3.
* S. S. Gill. _The Dynasty: A Political Biography of the Premier Ruling Family of Modern India_. HarperCollins. 1996. ISBN 81-7223-245-4.
* Subhash C. Kashyap. _Indian Constitution: Conflicts and Controversies_. Vitasta Publishing. 2010. ISBN 978-81-89766-41-2.
* T. V. Sathyamurthy. _State and Nation in the Context of Social Change_. Oxford University Press. 1994. ISBN 0-19-563136-6.

## 延伸閱讀

* Aaron S. Klieman. "Indira's India: Democracy and Crisis Government", _Political Science Quarterly_ (1981) 96#2 pp. 241–259 in JSTOR （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Kuldip Nayar. _The Judgement: Inside Story of the Emergency in India_. 1977. Vikas Publishing House. ISBN 0-7069-0557-1.
* P. N. Dhar. _Indira Gandhi, the "Emergency", and Indian Democracy_ (2000), 424pp
* Ramashray Roy and D. L. Sheth. "The 1977 Lok Sabha Election Outcome: The Salience of Changing Voter Alignments Since 1969," _Political Science Review_ (1978), Vol. 17 Issue 3/4, pp. 51–63
* Shourie, Arun (1984). Mrs Gandhi's second reign. New Delhi: Vikas.
* Shourie, Arun (1978). Symptoms of fascism. New Delhi: Vikas.

## 外部連結

* Telegram 8557 from the United States Embassy in India to the Department of State, 27 June 1975 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* A. Z. Huq Democratic Norms, Human Rights and States of Emergency: Lessons from the Experience of Four Countries （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* "Memories of a Father," a book by Eachara Varier, father of a student killed in police custody during the emergency （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）