劍線蟲屬

**劍線蟲屬**（學名：_Xiphinema_），又名**匕首線蟲屬**，是一種棲息於植物根部的潛移性外寄生線蟲動物。本屬物種會對農作物造成巨大經濟損失，能影響葡萄、草莓、酒花及其他經濟作物。主要物種計有：標準劍線蟲（_X. index_）、美洲劍線蟲（_X. americanum_）、_X. diversicaudatum_, _X. italiae_ 及 _X. pachtaicum_。其細長的身體及長直的口針是其型態特徵，以便於直接刺穿植物的表皮至其維管組織。本屬不同物種會對植物的根部造成中等至大量的傷害：這些線蟲穿透植物的根部，部分物種還會在根部造成蟲癭。

## 型態學

劍線蟲的體型在線蟲動物來說算是比較大，其成蟲的體長有 1.5mm – 5.0mm。

## 系統分類學

本屬現時列有 296 個物種，當中包括 234 個已接受物種，49 個異名及 13 個有待確定的物種。

### 物種列表

下列為本屬部分物種：

* _Xiphinema abrantinum_ Roca & Pereira, 1991
* _Xiphinema aceri_ Chizhov & al., 1986
* _Xiphinema aequum_ Roca & Lamberti, 1988
* 美國劍線蟲 _Xiphinema americana_
* 美洲劍線蟲 _Xiphinema americanum_ Cobb, 1913
* _Xiphinema artemisiae_ Chizhov & al., 1986
* 貝克劍線蟲 _Xiphinema bakeri_ Williams
* _Xiphinema barense_ Lamberti & al., 1986
* _Xiphinema basilgoodeyi_ Coomans, 1965
* _Xiphinema belmontense_ Roca & Pereira, 1992
* 短頸劍線蟲 _Xiphinema brevicolle_ Lordello & Da Costa, 1961
* _Xiphinema brevisicum_ Lamberti & al., 1994
* _Xiphinema cadavalense_ Bravo & Roca, 1995
* 加州劍線蟲 _Xiphinema californicum_
* 錢伯斯劍線蟲 _Xiphinema chambersi_ Thorne
* _Xiphinema coronatum_ Roca, 1991
* _Xiphinema coxi_ Tarjan, 1964
  * _Xiphinema coxi coxi_ Tarjan, 1964
  * _Xiphinema coxi europaeum_ Sturhan, 1985
* _Xiphinema dentatum_ Sturhan, 1978
* _Xiphinema diffusum_ Lamberti & Bleve-Zacheo, 1979
* _Xiphinema dissimile_ Roca & al., 1988.
* 變尾劍線蟲 _Xiphinema diversicaudatum_ (Micoletzky, 1927) — nématode migrant des racines，裂尾劍線蟲、異尾劍線蟲
* _Xiphinema diversum_ Roca & al., 1989.
* _Xiphinema duriense_ Lamberti & al., 1993.
* 台灣劍線蟲 _Xiphinema elongatum_
* _Xiphinema exile_ Roca & al., 1989.
* 絲尾劍線蟲 _Xiphinema filicaudatum_ Loof et Maas
* _Xiphinema fortuitum_ Roca & al., 1988.
* _Xiphinema gersoni_ Roca & Bravo, 1993.
* _Xiphinema globosum_ Sturhan, 1978.
* _Xiphinema hispidum_ Roca & Bravo, 1994.
* _Xiphinema histriae_ Lamberti & al., 1993.
* _Xiphinema horvatovicae_ Barsi & Lamberti, 1999.
* 喜濕劍線蟲 _Xiphinema hygrophilum_ Southey et Luc
* _Xiphinema illyricum_ Barsi & Lamberti, 1999.
* _Xiphinema incertum_ Lamberti & al., 1983.
* 不明劍線蟲 _Xiphinema incognitum_ Lamberti & Bleve-Zacheo, 1979.
* 標準劍線蟲 _Xiphinema index_ Thorne & Allen, 1950.
* _Xiphinema ingens_ Luc & Dalmasso, 1964.
* _Xiphinema insigne_
* _Xiphinema intermedium_ Lamberti & Bleve-Zacheo, 1979.
* 義大利劍線蟲 _Xiphinema italiae_ Meyl, 1953
* _Xiphinema lafoense_ Roca & al., 1988
* _Xiphinema lanceolatum_ Roca & Bravo, 1993
* _Xiphinema lapidosum_ Roca & Bravo, 1993
* _Xiphinema longistilum_ Lamberti & al., 1994
* _Xiphinema lupini_ Roca & Pereira, 1993
* _Xiphinema lusitanicum_ Sturhan, 1983
* _Xiphinema macedonicum_ Barsi & Lamberti, 1999
* _Xiphinema macroacanthum_ Lamberti & al., 1989
* _Xiphinema madeirense_ Brown & al., 1992
* _Xiphinema melitense_ Lamberti & al., 1982
* _Xiphinema mesostilum_ Lamberti & al., 1994
* _Xiphinema microstilum_ Lamberti & al., 1994
* _Xiphinema neovuittenezi_ Dalmasso, 1969
* 西剖劍線蟲 _Xiphinema occiduum_
* _Xiphinema opisthohysterum_ Siddiqi, 1961.
* _Xiphinema pachtaicum_ (Tulaganov, 1938).
* _Xiphinema pachydermum_ Sturhan, 1983.
* _Xiphinema pombalense_ Bravo & Lamberti, 1996
* _Xiphinema porosum_ Roca & Agostinelli, 1986
* _Xiphinema pseudocoxi_ Sturhan, 1985
* _Xiphinema pyrenaicum_ Dalmasso, 1969
* _Xiphinema radicicola_ Goodey, 1936
* _Xiphinema riparium_ Chizhov & al., 1991
* _Xiphinema rivesi_ Dalmasso, 1969
* _Xiphinema rotundatum_ Schuurmans Stekhoven & Teunissen, 1938
* _Xiphinema sahelense_ Dalmasso, 1969
* _Xiphinema santos_ Lamberti & al., 1993
* 里弗斯劍線蟲 _Xiphinema silvesi_ Roca & Bravo, 1998
* _Xiphinema simile_ Lamberti & al., 1983
* _Xiphinema taylori_ Lamberti & al., 1992
* 索恩劍線蟲 _Xiphinema thornei_
* _Xiphinema turcicum_ Luc & Dalmasso, 1964
* 猶他劍線蟲 _Xiphinema utahense_
* _Xiphinema variurum_ Barsi & Lamberti, 1998
* _Xiphinema vuittenezi_ Luc & al., 1964.

## 分佈

本屬物種分佈於全世界，當中兩個在經濟上很重要的物種，即：標準劍線蟲 _X.index_ 及美洲劍線蟲 _X.americanum_ 都在美國加州很常見，對當地酒莊造成影響。_X. diversicaudatum_ 亦見於美國其他部份地區、歐洲及澳大利亞。

## 參考文獻

## 外部連結