具身認知

**體化認知**（英語：Embodied cognition ），又稱為**體現的認知**、**具身認知**，是一種認知理論，該理論認為無論是人類還是其他生物，其多數認知特徵是由生物體全身的各方面所塑造而成。 認知特徵包括高級的心理產物（例如概念和範疇）以及在各種認知任務（如推理或判斷）中的表現。而身體方面則包括運動系統、知覺系統 ，身體與環境的相互作用（ 情境性 ），以及根據生物體結構來設想這個世界。

體化心靈的論點對如認知主義、計算主義和笛卡爾二元論等其他理論發起了挑戰，並且與外延心靈論 、情境式認知和生成主義密切相關。 其現代版本取決於多領域最新的研究見解，包括心理學、語言學、認知科學、動力學系統、人工智慧、機器人學、動物認知、植物認知和神經生物學。

## 參見

* 後認知主義

## 參考文獻

* Brooks, Rodney A. (1999). _Cambrian Intelligence: The Early History of the New AI_. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-52263-2
* Clark, Andy (1997). _Being There: Putting Brain, Body and World Together Again_. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-53156-9
* Damasio, Antonio (1999). _The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness_. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 0-15-601075-5
* 傑拉爾德・埃德爾曼 (2004). _Wider than the Sky: The Phenomenal Gift of Consciousness_. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10229-1
* Gallagher, S. (2005). _How the Body Shapes the Mind_. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-920416-0.
* Hendriks-Jansen, Horst (1996) _Catching Ourselves in the Act: Situated Activity, Interactive Emergence, Evolution, and Human Thought_. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-08246-2
* Hyun, J. S.; Luck, S. J. Visual working memory as the substrate for mental rotation. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 2007, **14** (1): 154–158. PMID 17546746. doi:10.3758/bf03194043.
* Lakoff, George and Johnson, Mark (1980) _Metaphors We Live By._ University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-46801-1
* Lakoff, George (1987) _Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal About the Mind_ University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-46804-6.
* Lakoff, George and Turner, Mark (1989) _More Than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor_. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-46812-7
* Lakoff, George and Johnson, Mark (1999) _Philosophy In The Flesh: the Embodied Mind and its Challenge to Western Thought_. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-05674-1
* Lakoff, George and Nuñez, Rafael. (2001). _Where Mathematics Comes From: How the Embodied Mind Brings Mathematics into Being_. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-03771-2
* Maturana, Humberto and Varela, Francisco (1987) _The Tree of Knowledge: The Biological Roots of Human Understanding._ Boston: Shambhala. ISBN 0-87773-373-2
* Pfeifer, R. (2001) _Understanding Intelligence_. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-16181-8
* Pfeifer, R. and Bongard, J. (2006) _How the Body Shapes the Way We Think: A New View of Intelligence_. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-16239-5
* Varela, Francisco J., Thompson, Evan T., and Rosch, Eleanor. (1991). _The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience_. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-72021-3
* Greeno, J.G; Moore, J.L. Situativity and symbols: Response to Vera and Simon. Cognitive Science. 1993, **17**: 49–59. doi:10.1207/s15516709cog1701\_3.
* Wilson, M. (2001). The case for sensorimotor coding in working memory （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, \*, 44–57.

## 外部連結

* The Situated Body （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, a special issue of _Janus Head: Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature, Continental Philosophy, Phenomenological Psychology and the Arts_. Guest edited by Shaun Gallagher.
* Embodiment and Experientialism from the _Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics_ (pdf)
* Embodied Cognition: A Field Guide (pdf) – from an Artificial Intelligence perspective
* Where the Action Is （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） by Paul Dourish- for applications to human-computer interaction.
* Pragmatism, Ideology, and Embodiment: William James and the Philosophical Foundations of Embodiment by Tim Rohrer
* Society for the Scientific Study of Embodiment （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Embodied Cognition – Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* 2001 Summary of how the embodiment hypothesis of cognitive linguistics has begun to interact with theories of embodiment in fields ranging from cognitive anthropology to cognitive neuroscience
* Goddard College's Embodiment Studies Web Resources
* Embodiment Resources – for those researching into embodiment, particularly as it relates to phenomenology, sociology and cognitive neuroscience. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* EUCog – European Network for the Advancement of Artificial Cognitive Systems, Interaction and Robotics （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Many references here to up to date research on embodiment and enaction