克里米亚鞑靼人强制流放

**克里米亞韃靼人強制流放**（克里米亞韃靼語：Sürgünlik，意指「流放」）是指 1944 年 5 月 18 日至 20 日蘇聯政府在蘇聯國家安全和秘密警察的頭目拉夫連季・帕夫洛維奇・貝利亞的命令下，以史達林的名義，對至少 191,044 名克里米亞韃靼人的種族清洗和種族文化滅絕。在三天之內，內務人民委員部使用家畜列車將大部分婦女、兒童、老人，甚至共產黨人和紅軍成員驅逐到幾千公里外的烏茲別克蘇維埃社會主義共和國。他們是史達林在蘇聯的人口轉移和強制流配政策中包含的幾個種族之一。根據官方說法，強制流放的原因是作為對一些克里米亞韃靼人與納粹德國合作的集體懲罰。

俄國合併克里米亞汗國後，一直在俄化這地方與驅逐韃靼人。不過要 1944 年才認真執行，這次與以前不同，是全民被驅逐。在 5 月 14 日開始行動，32000 人內務人民委員部 NKVD 執行此行動。193865 個韃靼人被流放，151136 人到達烏茲別克，8597 人到馬里埃爾共和國，4286 到哈薩克，其餘至俄國各地。

1944 年 5 月到 11 月，死了 10,105 人。大約 30,000 人死在途中（20%）。一般說死了 46%，其他人在勞改營工作（物業被俄國人接收）。韃靼人稱此次流放為種族滅絕。
1956 年，赫魯雪夫在蘇共二十大上批判了史達林強制遷移少數民族的政策，但由於克里米亞的戰略地位對蘇聯十分重要，蘇聯政府並未允許克里米亞韃靼人返回故鄉。1989 年 11 月 14 日，克里米亞最高蘇維埃宣布此前強制流放克里米亞韃靼人的行為是犯罪，此後克里米亞韃靼人才被允許返回故鄉，但地方已被俄羅斯人與烏克蘭人取代。

## 來源

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