丹·扎哈维

**丹・扎哈維**（Dan Zahavi），丹麥哲學家，目前任哥本哈根大學哲學教授。

## 生平

扎哈維出生於丹麥哥本哈根，早期在哥本哈根大學攻讀現象學。1994 年，扎哈維在比利時魯汶大學的胡塞爾檔案館取得博士學位，導師是魯道夫・貝內特（Rudolf Bernet）。 1999 年，扎哈維在哥本哈根大學獲得任教資格（Danish Disputats） 2002 年，34 歲的扎哈維成為哥本哈根大學哲學教授、主體性研究中心主任。

## 著作

扎哈維的著述集中在現象學（尤其是胡塞爾哲學）和心靈哲學。他的作品廣涉及如下主題：自我、自我意識、主體間性和社會認知等。扎哈維還是《現象學與認知科學》刊物的合編者。扎哈維的著作已被翻譯為超過 25 種語言。

## 前反思的自我意識，以及最小自我

扎哈維著作的一個中心任務是對經驗、自我（self）和自我意識之間的關係加以分析。在一些著作和文章中，扎哈維捍衛了前反思的自我意識的存在和意義，而且贊成：我們的經驗生活由某種形式的自我意識所刻畫，這種自我意識比反思的自我意識更原本、更具基礎性，我們可以在各種反思中發現它。他還認為，一種意在嚴肅對待我們經驗生活之主體維度的意識理論，需要運作於最低限度的自我概念之上，扎哈維稱之為最小自我或經驗自我。整體來看，扎哈維拒絕對意識進行還原主義的處理，堅持主體性的理論意義以及第一人稱視角。

在處理這些問題時，扎哈維與精神病學家、發展心理學家和佛教學者有一致之處，也有爭端和分歧。對扎哈維持批評態度的人，要麼否認自我的存在，要麼是否認前反思的自我意識。

## 移情、社會認知

扎哈維的另一部分工作集中在主體間性、移情和社會認知等問題上。扎哈維的博士論文捍衛了主體間性的現象學研究進路。之後他在大量文章和出版物中重點研究移情的作用和結構。扎哈維認為，個體間的理解具有身體和語境特徵，還批評了所謂「心靈理論」爭論的主導性地位，包括模擬理論和理論 - 理論（theory-theory）。

## 羞感與集體意向性

自 2010 年以來，扎哈維日益關注社會情感和社會本體論問題。他的一些著述相關於羞感、共享情感、「我們」經驗、集體意向性，以及「我 - 你」關係的重要性。

## 現象學

除了上述一系列課題，扎哈維還出版了關於現象學，尤其是胡塞爾的著作。他主張，現象學是當代哲學和經驗科學不應忽視的一個有很強說服力的話語體系。扎哈維對胡塞爾關於主體間性、自我和時間意識的分析加以擴展，並在許多出版物中討論了胡塞爾先驗哲學的本質，以及現象學的形上學含義。在扎哈維的全部工作中，他自始至終反對把胡塞爾做過度簡單化的解釋，把胡塞爾刻畫成一個唯我論者和主觀的觀念論者，而是強調了胡塞爾現象學與後胡塞爾現象學家（特別是梅洛 - 龐蒂）的工作之間的連貫性。

## 出版物（不完全）

扎哈維出版的著作包括：

* _Intentionalität und Konstitution: Eine Einführung in Husserls Logische Untersuchungen._ Museum Tusculanum Press 1992.
* _Husserl und die transzendentale Intersubjektivität._ Kluwer Academic Publishers 1996. (Translated into English)
* _Self-awareness and Alterity._ Northwestern University Press 1999. (Translated into Japanese)
* _Husserl's Phenomenology._ Stanford University Press 2003. (Translated into Danish, Japanese, Chinese, German, Georgian, Greek, Italian, Croatian, Polish, Persian, Portuguese, Korean).
* _Subjectivity and Selfhood: Investigating the first-person perspective._ MIT Press 2005. (Translated into Chinese)
* _Phänomenologie für Einsteiger._ Wilhelm Fink Verlag 2007. (Translated into Icelandic, Danish, Japanese)
* _The Phenomenological Mind_ (with Shaun Gallagher). Routledge 2008. (Translated into Hungarian, Danish, Italian, Japanese, Korean)
* _The Phenomenological Mind. 2nd Edition_ (with Shaun Gallagher). Routledge 2012. (Translated into Spanish, Polish)
* _Self and Other: Exploring Subjectivity, Empathy, and Shame._ Oxford University Press 2014.

扎哈維還參與編輯過超過 10 卷著作，包括：

* _The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Phenomenology_. Oxford University Press 2012.

## 所獲榮譽、獎項

* _The Edward Goodwin Ballard Prize in Phenomenology_ (2000)
* _The Silver Medal from the Danish Royal Society of Sciences and Letters_ (2000)
* Elected member of _Institut International de Philosophie_ in 2001
* _The Elite Research Prize of the Danish Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation_ (2006). The award is given to outstanding young researchers of the highest international standard, which have made an extraordinary contribution to strengthen Danish research.
* Elected member of the _Danish Royal Society of Sciences and Letters_ in 2007
* _The Carlsberg Foundation's Research Prize_ (2011) from the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters. The prize was awarded in connection with the 200 year anniversary of brewer J.C. Jacobsen, founder of the Carlsberg Breweries and the Carlsberg Foundation.
* The second revised edition of _The Phenomenological Mind_ was selected by Choice as a _2012 Outstanding Academic Title_.
* _The Danish Association of Masters and PhDs』 Humanities Research Award_ (2013)
* Appointed Honorary President of _The Nordic Society for Phenomenology_ (2014)

## 參考文獻

## 相關書目

* Gallagher, S., Zahavi, D. (2012), _The Phenomenological Mind. 2nd Edition._ London: Routledge.
* Howell, R. J. & Thompson, B. (2017), Phenomenally Mine: In Search of the Subjective Character of Consciousness, _Review of Philosophy and Psychology_ 8, 103-127.
* Metzinger, T. (2006), Reply to Zahavi: The Value of Historical Scholarship. _Psyche_ 12.
* Parnas, J., Sass, L.A., Zahavi, D (2008), Recent developments in philosophy of psychopathology. _Current Opinion in Psychiatry_ 21, 578-584
* Rochat, Ph., Zahavi, D. (2011), The uncanny mirror: A re-framing of mirror self-experience. _Consciousness and Cognition_ 20, 204-213.
* Schear, J. (2009), Experience and Self-Consciousness. _Philosophical Studies: An International Journal for Philosophy in the Analytic Tradition_, 144(1), 95-105
* Zahavi, D. (1996), _Husserl und die transzendentale Intersubjektivität: Eine Antwort auf die sprachpragmatische Kritik._ Phaenomenologica 135. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
* Zahavi, D. (1999), _Self-awareness and Alterity. A Phenomenological Investigation._ Studies in Phenomenology & Existential Philosophy. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
* Zahavi, D. (2002), Merleau-Ponty on Husserl. A reappraisal. In T. Toadvine & L. Embree (eds.): _Merleau-Ponty's Reading of Husserl_ (pp. 3-29). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
* Zahavi, D. (2003a), _Husserl's Phenomenology._ Stanford University Press, Stanford.
* Zahavi, D. (2003b), Phenomenology and metaphysics. In D. Zahavi, S. Heinämaa, H. Ruin (eds.): _Metaphysics, Facticity, Interpretation. Phenomenology in the Nordic Countries_ (pp. 3-22). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht-Boston.
* Zahavi, D. (2005), _Subjectivity and Selfhood: Investigating the first-person perspective._ Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
* Zahavi, D. (2007), Expression and empathy. In D.D. Hutto & M. Ratcliffe (eds.): _Folk Psychology Re-Assessed_ (pp.25-40). Dordrecht: Springer.
* Zahavi, D. (2008a), Simulation, projection and empathy. _Consciousness and Cognition_ 17, 514-522.
* Zahavi, D. (2008b), Internalism, Externalism, and Transcendental Idealism. _Synthese_ 160/3, 355-374.
* Zahavi, D. (2008c), Phenomenology. In Moran, D. (ed.): _Routledge Companion to Twentieth-Century Philosophy_ (pp. 661-692). London: Routledge.
* Zahavi, D. (2010), Empathy, Embodiment and Interpersonal Understanding: From Lipps to Schutz. _Inquiry_ 53/3, 285-306.
* Zahavi, D. (2011a), The Experiential Self: Objections and Clarifications. In Siderits, M., Thompson, E., Zahavi, D. (eds.): _Self, No Self? Perspectives from Analytical, Phenomenological, & Indian Traditions_ (pp.56-78). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Zahavi, D. (2011b), Empathy and Direct Social Perception: A Phenomenological Proposal. _Review of Philosophy and Psychology_ 2/3, 541-558.
* Zahavi, D. (2012), Self, consciousness, and shame. In D. Zahavi (ed.): _The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Phenomenology_ (pp. 304-323). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Zahavi, D. (2014), _Self and Other: Exploring subjectivity, empathy and shame._ Oxford: Oxford University Press.
* Zahavi, D. (2015), You, me, and we: The sharing of emotional experiences. _Journal of Consciousness Studies_ 22/1-2, 84-101.
* Zahavi, D. (2017), Phenomenology, empathy, and mindreading. In H.L. Maibom (ed.): _The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Empathy_ (pp. 33-43). New York: Routledge.
* Zahavi, D., Parnas, J. (2003), Conceptual Problems in Infantile Autism Research: Why Cognitive Science Needs Phenomenology. _Journal of Consciousness Studies_ 10/9, 53-71
* Zahavi, D., Rochat, Ph. (2015), Empathy ≠ sharing: Perspectives from phenomenology and developmental psychology. _Consciousness and Cognition_ 36, 543-553.
* Zahavi, D., Salice, A. (2017), Phenomenology of the we: Stein, Walther, Gurwitsch. In J. Kiverstein (ed.): _The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of the Social Mind_ (pp. 515-527). New York: Routledge.

## 外部連結

* University of Copenhagen: Dan Zahavi
* Interview with Dan Zahavi（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Google Scholar（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Academia.edu（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）