世界高山

以下是**世界海拔高度排名前 100 位的山峰**，全部位於亞洲，且多數是國土位於青藏高原的 4 個國家：中國、印度、尼泊爾、巴基斯坦境內的山脈，只列出在客觀標準下不屬於側峰的獨立山峰。

## 考慮因素

如何區分擁有多個山峰的高山與單獨的高山一直是個難題。一種較常見而且直觀的判斷方法是利用最高鞍狀山脊與毗鄰較高山峰的高度差距，這一方法被稱為地形突起（topographic prominence）或 re-ascent（較高的山峰稱為「母峰」）。高山的通用定義是突起地形超過 300 米（或 1,000 英尺）的山峰。或者，相對突出（突出／高）被使用（通常 7-8%）於反映出在更高山脈裡，一切都具有更大規模。下面的列表列出突出至少達 500 米（相對突出接近 7%）的 100 個最高山峰。基於突出的列表的一個缺點是，它可能排除通過一道高的山脊與更高峰連接的著名或壯觀的山峰，像艾格峰、努子峰。一些這類有幾乎足夠的突出的山峰和山被包括在列表中，但是未作編號。 所列出山峰高度不太可能都精確到米的程度；的確，在測量遠離海岸線的山峰高度時，海平面高度就是個問題。不同來源的測量數據之間經常相差數米，本列表中數據可能與維基百科其它地方的數據會有所差別。一個比較極端的例子是，位於青藏高原北部木孜塔格山（Ulugh Muztagh）通常高度被列為 7,723-7,754 米，但其高度似乎可能只有 6,973-6,987 米。很多喀喇崑崙山山峰在不同的地圖上的相差可能超過 100 米，而甚至目前已經被非常徹底度量過的聖母峰，數值也介於 8,844 至 8,850 米之間。這些差異旨在強調所列高度的不確定性。雖然世界上有些地方（尤其是大部分高山地區）沒有被完全勘測，但因人造衛星能量度難以進入的地方的高度，所以忽略這些高山的機會甚微。不過高度和突出地形仍有可能被修改，在未來不排除改變排名或加入其它山峰的可能。因此表中包含所有高於 7,200 公尺的高峰。

## 地理分佈

列表中大部分山峰位於印度、中國、巴基斯坦、尼泊爾交界喜馬拉雅、喀喇崑崙山脈。實際上，所有高於 7000 公尺的世界高峰均位於亞洲內一個地帶。這一地帶的西方是位於阿富汗、巴基斯坦邊界諾沙克峰〔Noshaq，7,492 米〕，北面是位於吉爾吉斯、中國邊界的托木爾峰（7,439 米），東面是位於四川貢嘎山〔7,556 米〕，以及南面位於印度、尼泊爾邊界卡布魯峰（7,412 米）。
下面為標示山峰位置的衛星圖片，數字代表山峰的排名。為保持圖片清楚，高度較小而與較高山峰重疊的山峰在圖片中省略，方格內的地區山峰密度最高，另外兩幅已放大的圖片顯示方格內的所有山峰。

## 山峰列表

## 枝葉圖示

以下是從上述資料中整理的枝葉圖示。在線右邊的每個數位代表一座山海拔的十位。高度的單位是十米，每個高度的十位被取整處理。以高的 8,848 米為例，顯示為 88|4。而在線中「80 | 98532」，右邊的每個數位代表五座介於 8,000 至 8,099 米的山之一。

88 | 4 

87 | 

86 | 1 

85 | 81 

84 | 8 

83 | 

82 | 

81 | 8662 

80 | 98532 

79 | 5433 

78 | 98762210
  

77 | 9988554100 

76 |
9766411 

75 | 77554433110 

74 | 99997666553222111000 

73 | 8888866555422110 

72 | 999888877665444322110000000

## 注釋

1. **^** For Nepal, the heights indicated on the Nepal Topographic Maps are followed. For China and the Baltoro Karakoram, the heights are those of "The Maps of Snow Mountains in China". For the Hispar Karakoram the heights on a Russian 1:100,000 topo map [18] seem to be more accurate than the customarily quoted heights probably based on US army maps from the 50s [19]. Elsewhere, unless otherwise indicated, heights are those in Jill Neate's "High Asia".
2. **^** This field is complicated by border line disputes. Mountains indicated to be on the Pakistan-Sinkiang border are all in the Kashmir region. Those indicated by "Kashmir" only are in the Siachen glacier area claimed by both Pakistan and India. The Bhutan / Tibet border is also disputed.
3. **^** The region is beautifully covered by Terraserver.com and Google Maps Satellite imagery. Coordinates were established by comparing topographical maps with these satellite images.
4. **^** The prominence data were extracted from a combination of maps and computer aided analysis of NASA's 3" SRTM data. Prominences over 1,450 m were copied from this website （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）。
5. **^** Here defined as the first higher mountain beyond the key saddle with 500 m prominence itself.
6. **^** The number of ascents and failed attempts up to 2004 is extracted from the Alpine Club Himalayan index （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. These are the number of expeditions（not individuals）that announced their ascent or attempt in a journal. They are probably quite accurate for the rarely climbed peaks（though omissions were noted）,but greatly underestimate the number of ascending parties on the easier and/or more popular mountains, like most eight-thousanders. For instance, Mt Everest has been scaled 2,251 times by individuals up to 2004 [20] （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）.
7. **^** Given the large differences between multiple "final" measurements of Mt Everest，the traditional 8,848 m is listed.
8. **^** The highest（Eastern）summit of Saser Kangri II has not yet been climbed or attempted. The lower West peak, 2.5 km away, has been climbed in 1984 and twice since.
9. **^** The highest point of the Kabru massif（the North summit）has not been reached. Lower summits, 2-3 km to the South, have been climbed, the first time already in 1935.
10. **^** Chomolhari may be considerably lower than the official 7,315 m, which corresponds to exactly 24,000 ft [21]
11. **^** "Discovered" by Jonathan de Ferranti. The height is unknown, but over 7,200 meters on both Chinese and Russian maps of the area.
12. **^** The name and information about this summit was extracted from the May 2003 edition of Japanese Alpine News.

## 參見

* 八千米以上山峰列表
* 山峰列表
* 八大頂峰
* 世界山脈列表
* 著名山峰列表
* 奧林帕斯山 (火星)，太陽系最高峰

## 外部連結

* Summitpost （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）（Currently with detailed description of 30 of the top 100 peaks）
* Prominence lists（including all mountains in the world with >1,450m prominence）
* Alpine Club Himalayan index （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）（Especially informative for history of ascents and location of obscure peaks）
* CLIMBING WITH with Karakorum Explorers
* Distinction of mountains and subsidiary peaks （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）（德語）
* Discussion of frequently misquoted elevations （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* BlankontheMap site on mountains of Northern Kashmir （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Digital elevation data, including all the above peaks and many more worldwide （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Hispar area: expedition reports and maps
* http://www.peakware.com/ （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Northern Pakistan detailed placemarks in Google Earth （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

## 參考資料

* "High Asia: An Illustrated History of the 7,000 Metre Peaks" by Jill Neate（Mountaineers Books 1990）
* "The Maps of Snow Mountains in China" by Mi Desheng（Chinese Academy of Science, 1990s）
* "Nepal Topographic Maps" by the Finnish Meteorological Inst. (Nepalese Survey Dept., 1990s)
* Soviet military 1:100,000 topographic maps（most from 1980-1981）
* The "High Mountain Info" section of the "High Mountain Sports Magazine" (1990-2005) (now Climb Magazine)
* 部分資料及地形學地圖源自上述參考資料。