世界体系理论

**世界體系理論**是一套由薩米爾・阿明、傑奧瓦尼・阿瑞基、安德烈・岡德・弗蘭克與伊曼紐爾・沃勒斯坦等人創建的一套後馬克思主義國際關係理論及社會理論。

## 內容

世界體系論主要建基於卡爾・馬克思的著作，屬於後馬克思主義。它的根基之一在於對帝國主義的探討，列寧在其名著《帝國主義是資本主義的最高階段》中首開其端，世界體系論中談及的核心與邊陲概念也源於列寧。

華勒斯坦從邊陲與核心的資源分配機制入手。「核心」係指已開發的工業化地區、政治集團，「邊陲」指較貧窮並以出口原物料為主的未開發或開發中國家，「半邊陲」是一方面支配某些邊陲國，另一方面又被技術更先進的強國支配的中小國家。透過市場機制，邊陲受到中心的剝削。這是世界體系的空間劃分。華勒斯坦如是說：

至於時間向度，華勒斯坦定義了世界體系的四個時間特色：_週期節律_代表經濟的短期波動，華勒斯坦基於康德拉季耶夫的長波理論，指出資本主義具有約 40－50 年的擴張 - 收縮週期，而中心、邊陲與半邊陲的格局也隨之調整。_長期趨勢_一如其名，代表經濟成長或衰退等長期的傾向。_矛盾_是系統內的一般爭議，通常是關於短期與長程目標之間的取捨。最後一個特色是_危機_，這也代表該系統的終結。

嚴格來說，世界體系論並非一套理論，而是一套研究社會及社會變遷的方法。除了繼承新馬克思主義的源流，法國年鑑學派對之也頗具影響，其中又以費爾南・布勞岱爾的影響最大。

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## 參考文獻