世界體系理論

**世界體系理論**是一套由薩米爾・阿明、傑奧瓦尼・阿瑞基、安德烈・岡德・弗蘭克與伊曼紐爾・沃勒斯坦等人創建的一套後馬克思主義國際關係理論及社會理論。

## 內容

世界體系論主要建基於卡爾・馬克思的著作，屬於後馬克思主義。它的根基之一在於對帝國主義的探討，列寧在其名著《帝國主義是資本主義的最高階段》中首開其端，世界體系論中談及的核心與邊陲概念也源於列寧。

華勒斯坦從邊陲與核心的資源分配機制入手。「核心」係指已開發的工業化地區、政治集團，「邊陲」指較貧窮並以出口原物料為主的未開發或開發中國家，「半邊陲」是一方面支配某些邊陲國，另一方面又被技術更先進的強國支配的中小國家。透過市場機制，邊陲受到中心的剝削。這是世界體系的空間劃分。華勒斯坦如是說：

至於時間向度，華勒斯坦定義了世界體系的四個時間特色：_週期節律_代表經濟的短期波動，華勒斯坦基於康德拉季耶夫的長波理論，指出資本主義具有約 40－50 年的擴張 - 收縮週期，而中心、邊陲與半邊陲的格局也隨之調整。_長期趨勢_一如其名，代表經濟成長或衰退等長期的傾向。_矛盾_是系統內的一般爭議，通常是關於短期與長程目標之間的取捨。最後一個特色是_危機_，這也代表該系統的終結。

嚴格來說，世界體系論並非一套理論，而是一套研究社會及社會變遷的方法。除了繼承新馬克思主義的源流，法國年鑑學派對之也頗具影響，其中又以費爾南・布勞岱爾的影響最大。

## 相關文獻

* Amin S. (1973), 'Le developpement inegal. Essai sur les formations sociales du capitalisme peripherique' Paris: Editions de Minuit.
* Amin S.（1976), 『Unequal Development: An Essay on the Social Formations of Peripheral Capitalism』 New York: Monthly Review Press.
* Amin S. (1992), 'Empire of Chaos' New York: Monthly Review Press.
* Amin S.（1997), 『Die Zukunft des Weltsystems. Herausforderungen der Globalisierung. Herausgegeben und aus dem Franzoesischen uebersetzt von Joachim Wilke’ Hamburg: VSA.
* Arrighi G. (1989), 'The Developmentalist Illusion: A Reconceptualization of the Semiperiphery' paper, presented at the Thirteenth Annual Political Economy of the World System Conference, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign, April 28 - 30.
* Arrighi G. (1991), 'World Income Inequalities and the Future of Socialism' Fernand Braudel Centre, State University of New York at Binghamton.
* Arrighi G.（1995), 『The Long 20th Century. Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Times』 London, New York: Verso.
* Arrighi G. and Silver, B. J. (1984), 'Labor Movements and Capital Migration: The United States and Western Europe in World - Historical Perspective' in 'Labor in the Capitalist World - Economy' (Bergquist Ch. (Ed.)), pp. 183 - 216, Beverly Hills: Sage.
* Arrighi G. et al. (1991), 'The Rise of East Asia. One Miracle or Many?' State University of New York at Binghamton: Fernand Braudel Centre.
* Arrighi G. et al.（1996a), 『Modelling Zones of the World-Economy: A Polynomial Regression Analysis（1964-1994）』 State University of New York at Binghamton: Fernand Braudel Center.
* Arrighi G. et al.（1996b), 『The Rise of East Asia in World Historical Perspective’ State University of New York at Binghamton: Fernand Braudel Center.
* Arrighi G. et al.（1996c), 『Beyond Western Hegemonies』 State University of New York at Binghamton: Fernand Braudel Center.
* Bornschier V.（Ed.，1994），『Conflicts and new departures in world society』 New Brunswick, N.J. : Transaction Publishers.
* Bornschier V. (1976), 'Wachstum, Konzentration und Multinationalisierung von Industrieunternehmen' Frauenfeld and Stuttgart: Huber.
* Bornschier V. (1988), 'Westliche Gesellschaft im Wandel' Frankfurt a.M./ New York: Campus.
* Bornschier V. (1992), 'The Rise of the European Community. Grasping Towards Hegemony or Therapy against National Decline in the World Political Economy?'. Vienna: paper, presented at the First European Conference of Sociology, August 26 - 29.
* Bornschier V.（1996），『Western society in transition』 New Brunswick, N.J. : Transaction Publishers.
* Bornschier V. and Chase - Dunn Ch. K (1985), 'Transnational Corporations and Underdevelopment' N.Y., N.Y.: Praeger.
* Bornschier V. and Heintz P., reworked and enlarged by Th. H. Ballmer - Cao and J. Scheidegger (1979), 'Compendium of Data for World Systems Analysis' Machine readable data file, Zurich: Department of Sociology, Zurich University.
* Bornschier V. and Nollert M. (1994); 'Political Conflict and Labor Disputes at the Core: An Encompassing Review for the Post - War Era' in 'Conflicts and New Departures in World Society' (Bornschier V. and Lengyel P. (Eds.)), pp. 377 - 403, New Brunswick (U.S.A.) and London: Transaction Publishers, World Society Studies, Volume 3.
* Bornschier V. and Suter Chr. (1992), 'Long Waves in the World System' in 'Waves, Formations and Values in the World System' (Bornschier V. and Lengyel P. (Eds.)), pp. 15 - 50, New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers.
* Bornschier V. et al. (1980), 'Multinationale Konzerne, Wirtschaftspolitik und nationale Entwicklung im Weltsystem' Frankfurt a.M.: Campus
* Chase - Dunn Ch. K. (1975), 'The Effects of International Economic Dependence on Development and Inequality: a Cross - national Study' American Sociological Review, 40: 720 - 738.
* Chase - Dunn Ch. K. (1983), 'The Kernel of the Capitalist World Economy: Three Approaches' in 'Contending Approaches to World System Analysis' (Thompson W.R. (Ed.)), pp. 55 - 78, Beverly Hills: Sage.
* Chase - Dunn Ch. K. (1984), 'The World - System Since 1950: What Has Really Changed?' in 'Labor in the Capitalist World - Economy' (Bergquist Ch. (Ed.)), pp. 75 - 104, Beverly Hills: Sage.
* Chase - Dunn Ch. K. (1991), 'Global Formation: Structures of the World Economy' London, Oxford and New York: Basil Blackwell.
* Chase - Dunn Ch. K. (1992a), 'The National State as an Agent of Modernity' Problems of Communism, January - April: 29 - 37.
* Chase - Dunn Ch. K. (1992b), 'The Changing Role of Cities in World Systems' in 'Waves, Formations and Values in the World System' (Bornschier V. and Lengyel P. (Eds.)), pp. 51 - 87, New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers.
* Chase - Dunn Ch. K. (Ed.), (1982), 'Socialist States in the World System' Beverly Hills and London: Sage.
* Chase - Dunn Ch. K. and Grimes P.（1995），『World - Systems Analysis』 Annual Review of Sociology, 21: 387 - 417.
* Chase - Dunn Ch. K. and Hall Th. D.（1997），『Rise and Demise. Comparing World - Systems』 Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
* Chase - Dunn Ch. K. and Podobnik B.（1995），『The Next World War: World - System Cycles and Trends』 Journal of World Systems Research 1, 6 (unpaginated electronic journal at world - wide - web site of the World System Network: http://jwsr.ucr.edu/ （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）).
* Frank A. G.（1978），『Dependent accumulation and underdevelopment』 London: Macmillan.
* Frank A. G.（1978），『World accumulation, 1492 - 1789』 London: Macmillan.
* Frank A. G. (1980) 『Crisis in the world economy』 New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers.
* Frank A. G.（1981），『Crisis in the Third World』 New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers.
* Frank A. G. (1983), 'World System in Crisis' in 'Contending Approaches to World System Analysis' (Thompson W.R. (Ed.)), pp. 27 - 42, Beverly Hills: Sage.
* Frank A. G. (1990), 'Revolution in Eastern Europe: lessons for democratic social movements (and socialists?),' Third World Quarterly, 12, 2, April: 36 - 52.
* Frank A. G. (1992), 'Economic ironies in Europe: a world economic interpretation of East - West European politics' International Social Science Journal, 131, February: 41 - 56.
* Frank A. G. and Frank - Fuentes M. (1990), 'Widerstand im Weltsystem' Vienna: Promedia.
* Frank A. G. and Gills B. (Eds.)(1993), 'The World System: Five Hundred or Five Thousand Years?' London and New York: Routledge, Kegan&Paul.
* Korotayev A., Malkov A., Khaltourina D. _Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Compact Macromodels of the World System Growth._ （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Moscow: URSS, 2006. ISBN 5-484-00414-4 .
* Raffer K. (1987), 'Unequal Exchange and the Evolution of the World System Reconsidering the Impact of Trade on North - South Relations' London, Basingstoke and New York: Macmillan/Saint Martin's Press.
* Raffer K. (1989), 'Sovereign Debts, Unilateral 'Adjustment', and Multilateral Control: The New Way to Serfdom' (Singer H.W. et al. (Eds.)), New Delhi: Ashish Publishing House (quoted here from the author's typescript).
* Raffer K.（1992），『The Least developed and the oil - rich Arab countries: dependence, interdependence, or patronage?』 New York, N.Y.: St. Martin's Press.
* Raffer K.（1993），『Trade, transfers, and development: problems and prospects for the twenty - first century』 Aldershot, Hants, England; Brookfield, Vt., USA: E. Elgar Pub. Co.
* Raffer K. and Singer H.W.（1996），『The Foreign Aid Business. Economic Assistance and Development Cooperation』 Cheltenham and Borookfield: Edward Alger.
* Sunkel O. (1966), 'The Structural Background of Development Problems in Latin America' Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 97, 1: pp. 22 ff.
* Sunkel O. (1972/3), 'Transnationale kapitalistische Integration und nationale Disintegration: der Fall Lateinamerika' in 'Imperialismus und strukturelle Gewalt. Analysen ueber abhaengige Reproduktion' (Senghaas D. (Ed.)), pp. 258 - 315, Frankfurt a.M.: suhrkamp. English version：『Transnational capitalism and national disintegration in Latin America』 Social and Economic Studies, 22, 1, March: 132 - 76.
* Sunkel O.（1973），『El subdesarrollo latinoamericano y la teoria del desarrollo』 Mexico: Siglo Veintiuno Editores, 6a edicion.
* Sunkel O. (1978a), 'The Development of Development Thinking' in 'Transnational Capitalism and National Development. New Perspectives on Dependence' (Villamil J.J. (Ed.)), pp. 19 - 30, Hassocks, Sussex: Harvester Press.
* Sunkel O. (1978b), 'Transnationalization and it’s National Consequences' in 'Transnational Capitalism and National Development. New Perspectives on Dependence' (Villamil J.J. (Ed.)), pp. 67 - 94, Hassocks, Sussex: Harvester Press.
* Sunkel O.（1980），『Transnacionalizacion y dependencia『 Madrid: Ediciones Cultura Hispanica del Instituto de Cooperacion Iberoamericana.
* Sunkel O.（1984），『Capitalismo transnacional y desintegracion nacional en America Latina』 Buenos Aires, Rep. Argentina : Ediciones Nueva Vision.
* Sunkel O.（1990），『Dimension ambiental en la planificacion del desarrollo. English The environmental dimension in development planning 『 1st ed. Santiago, Chile : United Nations, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean.
* Sunkel O.（1991），『El Desarrollo desde dentro: un enfoque neoestructuralista para la America Latina』 1. ed. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica.
* Sunkel O.（1994），『Rebuilding capitalism: alternative roads after socialism and dirigisme’ Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press
* Tausch A. (1993, with Fred Prager as co-author), 'Towards a Socio - Liberal Theory of World Development' Basingstoke and New York: Macmillan/St. Martin's Press.
* Tausch A. (2003), "Social cohesion, sustainable development and Turkey's accession to the European Union: implications from a global model" Alternatives. Turkish Journal of International Relations, 2(1), 1 - 41.
* Tausch A. (2007), 'Global terrorism and world political cycles' History and mathematics (Moscow), special issue, 1(1), 99 - 126.
* Tausch A. and Christian Ghymers (2006), 'From the 「Washington」 towards a 「Vienna Consensus」？A quantitative analysis on globalization, development and global governance'.

## 參考文獻