Viviparidae

**田螺**泛指**田螺科**（學名：Viviparidae）的淡水腹足綱軟體動物。平均只有拇指頭大小，有角質口蓋（螺厴），殼口相對比較大。螺螄是田螺科動物的通稱。很多淡水魚類喜歡吃田螺。田螺體內很容易生長寄生蟲。

根據在 2005 年的《布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類》，田螺科屬主扭舌目的成員。

## 分佈

This family occurs nearly worldwide in temperate and tropical regions, with the exception that they are absent from 南美洲.
There are two genera of Viviparidae in Africa: _Bellamya_ and _Neothauma_.

## 分類

舊屬前鰓亞綱的中腹足目，田螺科目前是主扭舌類的成員，約有 17 屬百餘種。根據 2005 年的《布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類》，田螺科物種大致可分為三個亞科：

* 田螺亞科 Viviparinae Gray, 1847 (1833) - synonyms: Paludinidae Fitzinger, 1833 (inv.); Kosoviinae Atanackovic, 1859 (n.a.)
* 環棱螺亞科 Bellamyinae Rohrbach, 1937 - synonym: Amuropaludinidae Starobogatov, Prozorova, Bogatov & Sayenko, 2004 (n.a.)
* 平圓螺亞科 Lioplacinae Gill, 1863 - synonym: Campelomatinae Thiele, 1929

### 屬

田螺科包括下列各屬：

* 田螺亞科 Viviparinae Gray, 1847 (1833)
  * _Galizgia_ Mikhaylovskiy, 1903
  * † _Kosovia_ Atanacković, 1959
  * 河螺屬 _Rivularia_ Heude, 1890
  * _Trochopaludina_ Starobogatov, 1985
  * _Tulotoma_ Haldeman, 1840
  * 田螺屬 _Viviparus_ Montfort, 1810：模式屬，目前只餘下六個現生種。異名有：_Vivipara_（詞性錯誤，不採用）、_Contectiana_ Bourguignat, 1880、_Hazayipaludina_ Chernogorenko & Starobogatov, 1987、_Kobeltipaludina_ Chernogorenko & Starobogatov, 1987、_Paludina_ Férussac, 1812
* 環棱螺亞科 Bellamyinae Rohrbach, 1937
  * _Amuropaludina_ Moskvicheva, 1979
  * 角螺屬 _Angulyagra_ Rao, 1931
  * 環螺螄屬 _Anularya_ L.-J. Zhang & S.-C. Chen, 2015：只見於中國雲南，其物種舊屬螺螄屬
  * _Anulotaia_ Brandt, 1968
  * 環棱螺屬 _Bellamya_ Jousseaume, 1886：亞科的模式屬；
  * _Boganmargarya_ Thach, 2018
  * Genus _Chlorostracia_ Mabille, 1889
  * 圓田螺屬 _Cipangopaludina_ Hannibal, 1912
  * _Eyriesia_ P. Fischer, 1885
  * _Filopaludina_ Habe, 1964
  * _Heterogen_ Annandale, 1921：就只有一個物種，就是 _Heterogen longispira_ (E. A. Smith, 1886)；
  * _Idiopoma_ Pilsbry, 1901
  * _Larina_ A. Adams, 1851
  * 螺螄屬 _Margarya_ G. Nevill, 1877：只見於中國雲南，和圓田螺屬關係較近。
  * 湄公螺屬 _Mekongia_ Crosse & P. Fischer, 1876
  * _Neclarina_ Iredale, 1943
  * _Neothauma_ E. A. Smith, 1880
  * _Notopala_ Cotton, 1935
  * 石田螺屬 _Sinotaia_ F. Haas, 1939：和石田螺屬關係較近。
  * _Taia_ Annandale, 1918
  * 璽螺螄屬 _Tchangmargarya_ He, 2013：只見於中國雲南，有物種兩個，均舊屬螺螄屬。
  * † _Temnotaia_ Annandale, 1919
  * _Torotaia_ F. Haas, 1939
  * 擬小螺屬 _Trochotaia_ Brandt, 1974
  * Genus Centrapala Cotton, 1935 accepted as Larina A. Adams, 1855
  * Genus Dactylochlamys Rao, 1925 accepted as Angulyagra Rao, 1931 (invalid: junior homonym of Dactylochlamys Lauterborn, 1901; Angulyagra is a replacement name)
  * Genus Eularina Iredale, 1943 accepted as Larina A. Adams, 1855 (unnecessary replacement name for Larina, by Iredale treated as a junior homonym of Larinus Germar, 1824)
  * Genus Lecythoconcha Annandale, 1920 accepted as Cipangopaludina Hannibal, 1912
  * Genus Notopalena Iredale, 1943 accepted as Notopala Cotton, 1935
  * Genus Robinsonia G. Nevill & H. Nevill, 1869 accepted as Neclarina Iredale, 1943 (Invalid: junior homonym of Robinsonia Grote, 1865 [Lepidoptera]; Neclarina is a replacement name)
  * Genus Siamopaludina Brandt, 1968 accepted as Filopaludina (Siamopaludina) Brandt, 1968 represented as Filopaludina Habe, 1964
  * Genus Ussuripaludina Zatravkin & Bogatov, 1987 accepted as Cipangopaludina (Ussuripaludina) Zatravkin & Bogatov, 1987 accepted as Cipangopaludina Hannibal, 1912
* 平圓螺亞科 Lioplacinae Gill, 1863：異名有 Campelomatinae Thiele, 1929
  * _Campeloma_ Rafinesque, 1819
  * 平圓螺屬 _Lioplax_ Troschel, 1856：異名有 _Haldemania_ Tryon, 1862（次異名）
* 亞科地位未定 Subfamily [unassigned] Viviparidae (temporary name)
  * † _Albianopalin_ Hamilton-Bruce, Smith & Gowlett-Holmes, 2002：得名於澳大利亞新南威爾斯州的阿爾布（Albian）。
  * † _Apameaus_ Sivan, Heller & van Damme, 2006 This Pliocene-Pleistocene genus contains only one species _Apameaus apameae_ Sivan, Heller & van Damme, 2006
  * _Fretacaeles_ Hamilton-Bruce & Kear, 2006 †
  * _Kaya_ Van Damme & Pickford, 1999 †
  * _Lioplacodes_ Meek, 1864 †
  * _Macromargarya_ Ying, Fürsich & Schneider, 2013 †
  
  * _Metohia_ Popović, 1964 † ：次異名，因為已有 _Metohia_ Absolon, 1927（一種介形綱動物）使用了本屬名。
  
  * _Popovicia_ Neubauer & Harzhauser in Neubauer et al., 2015 †

## Life cycle

Life spans have been reported from 3 to 11 years in various species of Viviparidae.

## 參考資料

## 延伸閱讀

* Hirano T., Saito T. & Chiba S. (2015). "Phylogeny of freshwater viviparid snails in Japan". _Journal of Molluscan Studies_ **81**(4): 435–441. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyv019.
* Qian Z.-X., Fang Y.-F. & He J. (2014). "A conchological review of Bellamyinae (Gastropoda: Viviparidae) of China". _Shell Discoveries_ **1**(3): 3-12.

## 外部連結

* Ju-Guang Wang, Dong Zhang, Ivan Jakovlić, Wei-Min Wang, _Sequencing of the complete mitochondrial genomes of eight freshwater snail species exposes pervasive paraphyly within the Viviparidae family (Caenogastropoda)_; PLOS|One, July 25, 2017 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* 維基共享資源上的相關多媒體資源：田螺科