Theodoxus

**蒂奧得螺屬**（學名：_Theodoxus_）是腹足綱蜑螺科軟體動物的一個屬，體型細小，有螺厴，棲息於淡水或半鹹水環境中。

## 分佈

本屬物種分佈於歐洲及北非，並往東延伸至伊朗南部。除本屬以外，蜑螺科並沒有其他屬與本屬具同域分佈。這在蜑螺科相當例外，因為其他蜑螺科物種只分佈於南半球的熱帶。本屬物種均為蜑螺科僅有棲息於溫帶的物種。

## 形態描述

本屬物種的螺殼呈半卵形，具有平坦的殼口。沒有螺臍。螺柱及內螺層溶解。

蒂奧得螺屬物種間的差異，無論是大小、外殼膜上的顏色與花紋變化、螺厴及齒舌的細節都有很大差異，這使得本屬物種的辨認比較困難。

## 生態

These animals live on stones, and often also under stones, in up to 5–6 m depth or deeper, feeding on algal covers. _Theodoxus_ needs rough surfaces in order to be able to digest its food, so a stony 基質 (生物生活環境) is necessary. Green algae are not consumed; _Theodoxus_ has no 纖維素酶 s. These snails lay egg capsules containing 30-70 eggs each, usually on the shells of other _Theodoxus_ animals; only one juvenile grows, the other eggs serve as food.

## 物種

截至 2007 年，還未有對蒂奧得螺屬作系統評價的研究。Bunje (2004) 的研究指出本屬至少有 34 個現害種；而在 2015 年度的國際自然保護聯盟瀕危物種紅色名錄列出了本屬包括有至少 23 個物種。

本屬包括下列各物種：

**Subgenus _Brusinaella_ Andrusov, 1912**

* † _Theodoxus petasatus_ (Seninski, 1905)

**Subgenus _Calvertia_ Bourguignat, 1880**

**Subgenus _Neritonyx_ Andrusov, 1912**

* † _Theodoxus unguiculatus_ (Seninski, 1905)

**Subgenus _Ninniopsis_ Tomlin, 1930**

* † _Theodoxus colchicus_ (Andrusov, 1912)

**Subgenus _Neritaea_ Roth, 1855**

* _Theodoxus anatolicus_ (Récluz, 1841)
* † _Theodoxus groyanus_ (Férussac, 1823)
* _Theodoxus jordani_ (Sowerby)
* † _Theodoxus micans_ (Gaudry & Fischer in Gaudry, 1867)
* _Theodoxus niloticus_ (Reeve, 1856) - synonym: _Theodoxus africanus_ (Reeve, 1856)
* † _Theodoxus subdoricus_ Schütt, 1976
* _Theodoxus subterrelictus_ Schütt, 1963
* _Theodoxus peloponensis_ (Récluz, 1841)
* _Theodoxus varius_ (Menke, 1828)

**Subgenus _Theodoxus_ Montfort, 1810**

**Subgenus ?**

**Synonyms**
:

* † _Theodoxus burdigalensis_ (d'Orbigny, 1852) : synonym of † _Theodoxus (Theodoxus) trifasciatus_ (Grateloup, 1839)
* _Theodoxus cariosus_ (Wood, 1828) and _Theodoxus cariosa_ are synonyms of _Neritina cariosa_ (Wood, 1828)
* † _Theodoxus dacicus_ Jekelius, 1944: synonym of † _Theodoxus (Theodoxus) leobersdorfensis dacicus_ Jekelius, 1944
* _Theodoxus doriae_ Issel, 1865: synonym of _Theodoxus fluviatilis_ (Linnaeus, 1758) represented as _Theodoxus (Theodoxus) fluviatilis_ (Linnaeus, 1758)
* _Theodoxus euphraticus_ (Mousson, 1874) is a synonym of _Neritina euphratica_ Mousson, 1874
* † _Theodoxus intracarpatica_ Jekelius, 1944 : synonym of † _Theodoxus intracarpaticus_ Jekelius, 1944
* _Theodoxus lutetianus_ Montfort, 1810: synonym of _Theodoxus fluviatilis_ (Linnaeus, 1758) represented as _Theodoxus (Theodoxus) fluviatilis_ (Linnaeus, 1758)
* † _Theodoxus mariae_ (Handmann, 1887): synonym of † _Neritina mariae_ Handmann, 1887
* † _Theodoxus martensi_ (Brusina, 1884): synonym of † _Ninnia martensi_ (Brusina, 1884)
* _Theodoxus neglectus_ is a synonym of _Neritina neglecta_ (Pease, 1861)
* † _Theodoxus oslavanensis_ Rzehak, 1893: synonym of † _Theodoxus (Theodoxus) cyrtocelis austriacus_ (Rzehak, 1893)
* _Theodoxus oualaniense_ (Lesson, 1831): synonym of Checked: verified by a taxonomic editorClithon oualaniense (Lesson, 1831)
* † _Theodoxus perlongus_ Jekelius, 1944: synonym of † _Theodoxus (Theodoxus) zografi perlongus_ Jekelius, 1944
* † _Theodoxus petralbensis_ Jekelius, 1944: synonym of † _Theodoxus (Theodoxus) zografi petralbensis_ Jekelius, 1944
* † _Theodoxus pictus_ (Férussac, 1823): synonym of † _Agapilia picta_ (Férussac, 1823)
* _Theodoxus reclivatus_ Say, 1822: synonym of _Neritina usnea_ (Röding, 1798)
* † _Theodoxus rumanus_ (Stefanescu, 1896): synonym of † _Theodoxus (Calvertia) stefanescui_ (Fontannes, 1887)
* † _Theodoxus scamandri_ (Calvert & Neumayr, 1880): synonym of † _Theodoxus (Theodoxus) scamandrius_ (Calvert & Neumayr, 1880)
* _Theodoxus vespertinus_ : synonym of _Neritina vespertinus_ (Sowerby, 1849)
* † _Theodoxus vetranici_ (Brusina, 1902): synonym of † _Neritina vetranici_ (Brusina, 1902)
* _Theodoxus virginea_ (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of _Neritina virginea_ (Linnaeus, 1758)
* † _Theodoxus (Vittoclithon) pictus bizonalis_ (Grateloup, 1839): synonym of † _Agapilia picta bizonalis_ (Grateloup, 1839)

## 參考文獻

本條目包含源自公有領域的內容：

* Eichhorst T.E. (2016). Neritidae of the world. Volume 2. Harxheim: Conchbooks. Pp. 696-1366

## 外部連結

* Bandel, K. The history of _Theodoxus_ and _Neritina_ connected with description and systematic evaluation of related Neritimorpha (Gastropoda). _Mittelungen aus dem Geologisch-Palaontologischen Institut Universitat Hamburg_. 2001, **85**: 65–164 [2022-10-21]. 原始內容存檔於 2011-07-26 （英語）.