Third_party_(United_States)

**第三黨**（英語：Third party）是一個政治術語，在現今的美國指除共和黨、民主黨兩大政黨外的其它所有政黨。這些政黨也參加各種公職選舉，但在美國現行的兩黨制體制下，勝選機率極其微小。目前，美國主要的第三黨有美國改革黨、自由意志黨、美國綠黨、憲法黨。但是「第三黨」在其他類似選制的國家，勝選相對容易。

## 現在的第三黨列表

* 自由意志黨
* 美國綠黨
* 非洲人民社會黨
* 全非人民革命黨
* 美國黨
* 美國自由黨
* 美國勞工黨
* 美國團結黨
* 黑人騎士解放黨
* 美國公民黨
* 美國共產黨
* 憲法黨
* 美國民主社會主義者
* 自由道路社會主義組織
* 自由社會黨
* 人道黨
* 獨立美國黨
* 公正黨
* 現在合法大麻黨
* 美國大麻黨
* 現代輝格黨
* 國家社會主義運動
* 新非洲黑豹黨
* 新黑豹黨
* 美國海盜黨
* 進步勞工黨
* 禁酒黨
* 美國改革黨
* 革命黑豹黨
* 美國革命共產黨
* 爭取社會主義和解放黨
* 美國社會黨
* 社會主義行動
* 社會主義替代
* 社會主義平等黨
* 社會主義工人黨
* 美國團結黨 (2004 年)
* 工作家庭黨
* 工人世界黨
* 美國世界社會黨
* 前進黨（美國）（2021 年 -）

## 參見

* 美國選舉人團
* 無黨籍
* 政黨
* 比例代表制
* 第三勢力
* 選舉權

## 參考文獻

## 延伸閱讀

### 調查

* Epstein, David A. (2012). _Left, Right, Out: The History of Third Parties in America_. Arts and Letters Imperium Publications. ISBN 978-0-578-10654-0
* Gillespie, J. David. _Challengers to Duopoly: Why Third Parties Matter in American Two-Party Politics_ (University of South Carolina Press, 2012)
* Green, Donald J. _Third-Party Matters: Politics, Presidents, and Third Parties in American History_ (Praeger, 2010)
* Herrnson, Paul S. and John C. Green, eds. _Multiparty Politics in America_ (Rowman & Littlefield, 1997)
* Hesseltine, William B. _Third-Party Movements in the United States_ (1962), Brief survey
* Hicks, John D. "The Third Party Tradition in American Politics." _Mississippi Valley Historical Review_ 20 (1933): 3–28. in JSTOR
* Kruschke, Earl R. _Encyclopedia of Third Parties in the United States_ (ABC-CLIO, 1991)
* Ness, Immanuel and James Ciment, eds. _Encyclopedia of Third Parties in America_ (4 vol. 2006)
* Richardson, Darcy G. _Others: Third Party Politics from the Nation's Founding to the Rise and Fall of the Greenback-Labor Party_. Vol. 1. iUniverse, 2004.
* Rosenstone, Steven J., Roy L. Behr, and Edward H. Lazarus. _Third Parties in America: Citizen Response to Major Party Failure_ (2nd ed. Princeton University Press, 1996)
* Schlesinger, Arthur Meier, Jr. ed. _History of U.S. Political Parties_ (1973) multivolume compilation includes essays by experts on the more important third parties, plus some primary sources
* Sifry, Micah L. _Spoiling for a Fight: Third Party Politics in America_ (Routledge, 2002)

### 學術研究

* Abramson Paul R., John H. Aldrich, Phil Paolino, and David W. Rohde. "Third-Party and Independent Candidates in American Politics: Wallace, Anderson, and Perot." _Political Science Quarterly_ 110 (1995): 349–67
* Argersinger, Peter H. _The Limits of Agrarian Radicalism: Western Populism and American Politics_ (University Press of Kansas, 1995)
* Berg, John C. "Beyond a Third Party: The Other Minor Parties in the 1996 Elections," in _The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties_ ed by Daniel M. Shea and John C. Green (3rd ed. Rowman & Littlefield, 1998), pp. 212–28
* Berg, John C. "Spoiler or Builder? The Effect of Ralph Nader's 2000 Campaign on the U.S. Greens." in _The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Parties_, (4th ed. 2003) edited by John C. Green and Rick Farmer, pp. 323–36.
* Brooks, Corey M. _Liberty Power: Antislavery Third Parties and the Transformation of American Politics_ (University of Chicago Press, 2016). 302 pp.
* Burden, Barry C. "Ralph Nader's Campaign Strategy in the 2000 U.S. Presidential Election." _American Politics Research_ 33 (2005): 672–99.
* Carlin, Diana B., and Mitchell S. McKinney, eds. _The 1992 Presidential Debates in Focus_ (1994), includes Ross Parot
* Chace, James. _1912: Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft and Debs – The Election that Changed the Country_ (2009)
* Darsey, James. "The Legend of Eugene Debs: Prophetic Ethos as Radical Argument." _Quarterly Journal of Speech_ 74 (1988): 434–52.
* Gould, Lewis L. _Four Hats in the Ring: The 1912 Election and the Birth of Modern American Politics_ (2008)
* Hazlett, Joseph. _The Libertarian Party and Other Minor Political Parties in the United States_ (McFarland & Company, 1992)
* Hogan, J. Michael. "Wallace and the Wallacites: A Reexamination." _Southern Speech Communication Journal_ 50 (1984): 24–48. On George Wallace in 1968
* Jelen, Ted G. ed. _Ross for Boss: The Perot Phenomenon and Beyond_ (State University of New York Press, 2001)
* Koch, Jeffrey. "The Perot Candidacy and Attitudes Toward Government and Politics." _Political Research Quarterly_ 51 (1998): 141–53.
* Koch, Jeffrey. "Political Cynicism and Third Party Support in American Presidential Elections," _American Politics Research_ 31 (2003): 48–65.
* Lee, Michael J. "The Populist Chameleon: The People's Party, Huey Long, George Wallace, and the Populist Argumentative Frame." _Quarterly Journal of Speech_ (2006): 355–78.
* Mowry, George E. _Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement_ (1946), on 1912
* Rapoport, Ronald B., and Walter J. Stone. _Three's a Crowd: The Dynamic of Third Parties, Ross Perot, and Republican Resurgence_ (University of Michigan Press, 2005)
* Richardson, Darcy G. _Others: Third Parties During the Populist Period_ (2007) 506 pp
* Richardson, Darcy G. _A Toast to Glory: The Prohibition Party Flirts With Greatness_ 59 pp
* Rohler, Lloyd. "Conservative Appeals to the People: George Wallace's Populist Rhetoric." _Southern Communication Journal_ 64 (1999): 316–22.
* Rohler, Lloyd. _George Wallace: Conservative Populist_ (Praeger, 2004)
* Rosenfeld, Lawrence W. "George Wallace Plays Rosemary's Baby." _Quarterly Journal of Speech_ 55 (1969): 36–44.
* Ross, Jack. _The Socialist Party of America: A Complete History_ (2015) 824 pp
* Shepard, Ryan Michael. "Deeds done in different words: a genre-based approach to third party presidential campaign discourse." (PhD Dissertation, University of Kansas 2011) online （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

## 外部連結

* The Importance of Ballot Access, essay by Richard Winger
* Ballot Access News – Ballot Access news on all parties
* Free and Equal （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） – Election Reform to end partisan duopoly
* Independent Political Report （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） – Frequently updated source for third party news