Turbinidae

**蠑螺科**（學名：Turbinidae）是一個包括有小型到大型海洋腹足綱軟體動物的一個科。舊屬原始腹足目，現時蠑螺科是鐘螺目鐘螺總科之下的一個科。

本科在 2005 年的分類很龐大，包含多個亞科與物種，但這些亞科後來都從蠑螺科獨立出來，組成各自的科與總科，到現在又重聚到鐘螺總科之下。

## 型態特徵

本科物種的一大特徵，是其鈣質的口蓋，使之與非常近似但有著角質口蓋的鐘螺科物種分辨開來。蠑螺科物種堅固的口蓋成為了牠們的一種被動的防禦構造，得以抵擋捕食者嘗試從其殼口或殼唇進侵其柔軟的身體。

貝殼多呈陀螺形。分布於熱帶、亞熱帶、溫帶的海洋，以熱帶水域為多，棲息於潮間帶到淺海之岩礁區。

## 分佈及棲息地

按照 Williams et al. (2008)，蠑螺科物種由多個支序組成，而且無論在淺水區或深水區皆有其物種棲息。本科物種有很廣闊的分佈範圍，從熱帶到極帶均有分佈，但絕大多數物種都棲息於熱帶及亞熱帶的淺水區。

## 分類

蠑螺科原為前鰓亞綱原始腹足目蠑螺總科的成員。現時蠑螺總科成為了鐘螺總科的異名。然而，這一個頗為古老的腹足綱群組很可能源於 2.98 億到 2.50 億年前的二疊紀。本科物種的型態仍然保有多種原始的特徵，例如：牠們的螺殼內的珠母層。

### 2005 年分類

根據布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類 (2005 年)，蠑螺科是蠑螺總科的成員，由下列八個亞科組成：

* Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 - synonyms: Senectinae Swainson, 1840; Imperatorinae Gray, 1847; Astraliinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854; Astraeinae Davies, 1935; Bolmidae Delpey, 1941
* 海豚螺亞科 Angariinae Gray, 1857：又名棘冠螺亞科，Delphinulinae Stoliczka, 1868 是本亞科的異名。
* 縮口螺亞科 Colloniinae Cossmann, 1917
  * tribe Colloniini Cossmann, 1917 - synonym: Bothropomatinae Thiele, 1924 (inv.); Homalopomatinae Keen, 1960; Petropomatinae Cox, 1960
  * tribe † Adeorbisinini Monari, Conti & szabo, 1995
  * tribe † Crossostomatini Cox, 1960
  * tribe † Helicocryptini Cox, 1960
* Moellerinae Hickman & McLean, 1990
* † Moreanellinae J. C. Fischer & Weber, 1997
* Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990：異名： _Prisogastrinae_ in Bouchet & Rocroi (2005)，拼寫錯誤。
* 篷螺亞科 Skeneinae W. Clark, 1851：Delphinoideinae Thiele, 1924 是本亞科的異名。
* Tegulinae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971

### 2008 年分類

根據 Williams et al. (2008) 的研究成果，蠑螺科被重新定義，還被移到鐘螺總科。與此同時，原來蠑螺科之下的海豚螺亞科獲提至科級，成為了鐘螺總科之下的海豚螺科（Angariidae）；而原來蠑螺科的縮口螺亞科在提升至科級成為縮口螺科（Colloniidae）之餘，再與蠑螺總科的雉螺科改為合組新的雉螺總科（Phasianelloidea Swainson, 1840）；Margaritinae was moved to Turbinidae from Trochidae。這個時候的蠑螺科包括下列五個亞科：

* 蠑螺亞科 Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815：異名有 Senectinae Swainson, 1840; Imperatorinae Gray, 1847; Astraliinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854; Astraeinae Davies, 1935; Bolmidae Delpey, 1941
* Skeneinae W. Clark, 1851 - synonym: Delphinoideinae Thiele, 1924 (upgraded to the rank of family Skeneidae)
* Margaritinae ：根據布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類 (2005 年)，這個亞科由以下三個族組成。upgraded to the rank of family Margaritidae
  * tribe Margaritini Thiele, 1924 - synonym: Margaritinae Stoliczka, 1868 (inv.)
  * tribe Gazini Hickman & McLean, 1990
  * tribe Kaiparathinini Marshall, 1993
* Tegulinae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971：獲提升至科級成為 Tegulidae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971
* Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990

下列在 2005 年分類提及過的亞科都保留了：

* Moellerinae Hickman & McLean, 1990：但 _Moelleria_ 這個屬的物種並未有包括在 2010 年的分子研究裡
* † Moreanellinae J. C. Fischer & Weber, 1997

### 2017 年分類

亞倫氏螺屬（_Yaronia_ Mienis, 2011）被重新分到縮口螺科去。

以下為本科現時餘下的屬。

### 屬

現時本科包括以下各屬：

**不屬於任何亞科：**

* _Phanerolepida_ Dall, 1907
* _Tropidomarga_ Powell, 1951

**蠑螺亞科（Turbininae）**

* _Astraea_ Röding, 1798
* 星螺屬 _Astralium_ Link, 1807
* _Bellastraea_ Iredale, 1924
* 擬星螺屬 _Bolma_ Risso, 1826
* _Cookia_ Lesson, 1832
* 刺螺屬 _Guildfordia_ Gray, 1850
* _Lithopoma_ Gray, 1850
* 珠螺屬 _Lunella_ Röding, 1798
* _Megastraea_ McLean, 1970
* _Modelia_ Gray, 1850
* _Pomaulax_ Gray, 1850
* _Sarmaturbo_ Powell, 1938 †
* 蠑螺屬 _Turbo_ Linnaeus, 1758：模式屬
* _Uvanilla_ Gray, 1850

**Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990**

* _Prisogaster_  Mörch, 1850

**異名：**

* _Astrea_ Link, 1807: synonym of _Astraea_ Röding, 1798
* _Agathistoma_ Olsson & Harbison, 1953: synonym of _Tegula_ Lesson, 1832
* _Amyxa_ Troschel, 1852: synonym of _Prisogaster_ Mörch, 1850
* _Calcar_ Montfort, 1810: synonym of _Astralium_ Link, 1807
* _Canthorbis_ Swainson, 1840: synonym of _Astraea_ Röding, 1798
* _Cardinalia_ Gray, 1842: synonym of _Tectus_ Montfort, 1810
* _Crosseia_ P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of _Crossea_ A. Adams, 1865
* _Cyclocantha_ Swainson, 1840: synonym of _Astralium_ Link, 1807
* _Dinassovica_ Iredale, 1937: synonym of _Turbo (Turbo)_ Linnaeus, 1758 represented as _Turbo_ Linnaeus, 1758
* _Distellifer_ Iredale, 1937: synonym of _Astralium_ Link, 1807
* _Foliastralium_ Habe & Okutani, 1980: synonym of _Astralium_ Link, 1807
* _Galeoastraea_ Habe, 1958: synonym of _Bolma_ Risso, 1826
* _Halopsephus_ Rehder, 1943: synonym of _Turbo (Halopsephus)_ Rehder, 1943 represented as _Turbo_ Linnaeus, 1758
* _Harisazaea_ Habe, 1958: synonym of _Bolma_ Risso, 1826
* _Imperator_ Montfort, 1810: synonym of _Astraea_ Röding, 1798
* † _Incilaster_ Finlay, 1926: synonym of _Bolma_ Risso, 1826
* _Livona_ Gray, 1842: synonym of _Cittarium_ Philippi, 1847
* _Lunatica_ Röding, 1798: synonym of _Turbo_ Linnaeus, 1758
* _Macropelmus_ Gistel, 1848: synonym of _Astralium_ Link, 1807
* _Margarita_ Leach, 1819: synonym of _Margarites_ Gray, 1847
* _Micrastraea_ Cotton, 1939: synonym of _Bellastraea_ Iredale, 1924
* _Notosetia_ Iredale, 1915: synonym of _Putilla_ A. Adams, 1867
* _Okinawastraea_ Habe & Okutani, 1981: synonym of _Astralium_ Link, 1807
* † _Oobolma_ Sacco, 1896 : synonym of _Bolma'' Risso, 1826_
* † _Ormastralium_ Sacco, 1896: synonym of _Bolma_ Risso, 1826
* _Pachypoma_ Gray, 1850: synonym of _Lithopoma_ Gray, 1850
* _Pagocalcar_ Iredale, 1937: synonym of _Astralium_ Link, 1807
* _Pseudastralium_ Schepman, 1908: synonym of _Bolma_ Risso, 1826
* _Pyramidea_ Swainson, 1840: synonym of _Tectus_ Montfort, 1810
* _Pyramis_ Schumacher, 1817: synonym of _Tectus_ Montfort, 1810
* _Rugastella_ Iredale, 1937: synonym of _Astralium_ Link, 1807
* _Senobolma_ Okutani, 1964: synonym of _Bolma_ Risso, 1826
* _Stella_ P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of _Astralium_ Link, 1807
* _Submargarita_ Strebel, 1908: synonym of _Lissotesta_ Iredale, 1915
* _Tharsiella_ Bush, 1897: synonym of _Cirsonella_ Angas, 1877
* _Trochiscus_ G.B. Sowerby I, 1838: synonym of _Norrisia_ Bayle, 1880
* † _Tylastralium_ Sacco, 1896: synonym of _Bolma_ Risso, 1826
* _Valvatella_ Gray, 1857: synonym of _Margarites_ Gray, 1847

## 參考文獻

* Marshall, B.A. 1988. _Skeneidae, Vitrinellidae and Orbitestellidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) associated with biogenic substrata from bathyal depths off New Zealand and New South Wales_. Journal of Natural History 22(4): 949-1004.
* Vaught, K.C. (1989). _A classification of the living Mollusca._ American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). ISBN 0-915826-22-4. XII, 195 pp.
* Williams, Suzanne T.; Karube, S.; Ozawa, T. Molecular systematics of Vetigastropoda: Trochidae, Turbinidae and Trochoidea redefined. _Zoologica Scripta_. 2008, **37**: 483–506 （英語）.

## 外部連結

* Seashells of New South Wales : Turbinidae （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Seashells of New South Wales: Skeneinae （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）