Pulmonata

**肺螺類**（學名：Pulmonata），亦作**有肺類**，舊作**有肺目**、**肺螺目**或**肺螺亞綱**，是腹足綱異鰓類支序之下的一個非正式群組。這個群組包括有螺和蛞蝓，均可以透過其外套膜肺（pallial lung）而不是鰓來呼吸空氣。本群組除了包括有蝸牛和淡水螺，還包括多個海螺的科。

傳統定義的肺螺類分類單元的物種在 Jörger _et al._ (2010) 被發現原來是個多系群。肺螺類已知從石炭紀開始就已經開始出現，直到現在。

肺螺類物種有一個心室和一個腎臟，還有一個相互連接、左右對稱的神經系統。外套膜腔位於身體的右側，而且沒有鰓，而是演變成一個佈滿血管的肺。大多數物種都有殼，但沒有口蓋，而且本分類元還包括有幾種沒有外殼的蛞蝓。肺類類物種都雌雄間性，部份群組​還擁有用作交配的戀矢（love darts）

## 1997 年分類

在原來的《旁得和林德伯格的腹足類分類 (1997 年)》，本支序是一個目級分類元，包括下列各個分類元：

* 收眼亞目 Systellommatophora Pilsbry, 1948
  * * 石磺總科 Onchidioidea Rafinesque, 1815
    * Superfamily Otinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855
    * 拉索蛞蝓總科 Rathouisioidea Sarasin, 1889
* 基眼亞目 Basommatophora Keferstein in Bronn, 1864：淡水螺及池塘的螺
  * * Superfamily Acroloxoidea Thiele, 1931
    * 兩棲螺總科 Amphiboloidea J.E. Gray, 1840
    * Superfamily Chilinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855
    * Superfamily Glacidorboidea Ponder, 1986
    * 椎實螺總科 Lymnaeoidea Rafinesque, 1815
    * 扁蜷總科 Planorboidea Rafinesque, 1815
    * 松螺總科 Siphonarioidea J.E. Gray, 1840
* 真有肺亞目 Eupulmonata Haszprunar & Huber, 1990
  * Infraorder Acteophila Dall, 1885 (= formerly Archaeopulmonata)
    * Superfamily Melampoidea Stimpson, 1851
  * Infraorder Trimusculiformes Minichev & Starobogatov, 1975
    * Superfamily Trimusculoidea Zilch, 1959
  * 柄眼下目 Stylommatophora A. Schmidt, 1856
    * 直尿道小目 Orthurethra
    * Superfamily Achatinelloidea Gulick, 1873
    * Superfamily Cochlicopoidea Pilsbry, 1900
    * Superfamily Partuloidea Pilsbry, 1900
    * Superfamily Pupilloidea Turton, 1831
    * 彎尿道小目 Sigmurethra
    * Superfamily Acavoidea Pilsbry, 1895
    * 非洲大蝸牛總科 Achatinoidea Swainson, 1840
    * Superfamily Aillyoidea Baker, 1960
    * Superfamily Arionoidea J.E. Gray in Turnton, 1840
    * Superfamily Buliminoidea Clessin, 1879
    * Superfamily Camaenoidea Pilsbry, 1895
    * 煙管蝸牛總科 Clausilioidea Mörch, 1864
    * Superfamily Dyakioidea Gude & Woodward, 1921
    * Superfamily Gastrodontoidea Tryon, 1866
    * Superfamily Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815
    * Superfamily Helixarionoidea Bourguignat, 1877
    * Superfamily Limacoidea Rafinesque, 1815
    * Superfamily Oleacinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855
    * Superfamily Orthalicoidea Albers-Martens, 1860
    * Superfamily Plectopylidoidea Moellendorf, 1900
    * Superfamily Polygyroidea Pilsbry, 1894
    * Superfamily Punctoidea Morse, 1864
    * Superfamily Rhytidoidea Pilsbry, 1893
    * Superfamily Sagdidoidera Pilsbry, 1895
    * Superfamily Staffordioidea Thiele, 1931
    * Superfamily Streptaxoidea J.E. Gray, 1806
    * Superfamily Strophocheiloidea Thiele, 1926
    * Superfamily Trigonochlamydoidea Hese, 1882
    * Superfamily Zonitoidea Mörch, 1864
    * ? Superfamily Athoracophoroidea P. Fischer, 1883 = Tracheopulmonata
    * ? Superfamily Succineoidea Beck, 1837 = Heterurethra

## 2005 年分類

根據《布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類 (2005 年)》，Glacidorboidea 被搬到異鰓類支序之下的下異鰓類群組，本分類餘下下列各個分類：

### 有肺類非正式群組

包括基眼類非正式群組及真有肺類支序。

#### 基眼類非正式群組

基眼類（Basommatophora）非正式群組包括喜濕螺類（Hygrophila）支序和下列兩個總科：

* 兩棲螺總科 Amphiboloidea J.E. Gray, 1840
  * 兩棲螺科 Amphibolidae
* 松螺總科 Siphonarioidea J.E. Gray, 1840
  * 松螺科 Siphonariidae
  * † Family Acroreiidae

##### 喜濕螺類

喜濕螺類（Hygrophila）支序包括下列四個總科：

* 斜頂螺總科 Acroloxoidea Thiele, 1931
  * 斜頂螺科 Acroloxidae Thiele, 1931
* Superfamily Chilinoidea Dall, 1870
  * Family Chilinidae Dall, 1870
  * Family Latiidae Hutton, 1882
* 椎實螺總科（Lymnaeoidea Rafinesque, 1815）
  * 椎實螺科（Lymnaeidae Rafinesque, 1815）
* 扁蜷總科（Planorboidea Rafinesque, 1815）
  * 扁蜷科（Planorbidae Rafinesque, 1815）
    * 扁蜷亞科（Planorbinae Rafinesque, 1815）
      * Tribe Ancylini Rafinesque, 1815：從原來的 Ancylidae 科降格而成
  * 膀胱螺科（Physidae Fitzinger, 1833，又名囊螺科）

#### 真有肺類支序

真有肺類（Eupulmonata）支序包括 the clades **Systellommatophora** and **Stylommatophora**

* Superfamily Trimusculoidea
  * Family Trimusculidae
* Superfamily Otinoidea
  * Family Otinidae
  * Family Smeagolidae
* 耳螺總科 Ellobioidea
  * 耳螺科 Ellobiidae

##### 收眼類支序

收眼類支序（Systellommatophora = Gymnomorpha）之下有兩總科，分別為：

* 石磺總科 Onchidioidea Rafinesque, 1815
  * 石磺科 Onchidiidae Rafinesque, 1815
* 皺足蛞蝓總科 Veronicelloidea Gray, 1840
  * 皺足蛞蝓科 Veronicellidae Gray, 1840
  * 拉索蛞蝓科 Rathouisiidae Heude, 1885

##### Clade Stylommatophora

Contains the subclades **Elasmognatha**, **Orthurethra** and the informal group **Sigmurethra**

##### Subclade Elasmognatha

* Superfamily Succineoidea
  * Family Succineidae
* Superfamily Athoracophoroidea
  * Family Athoracophoridae

##### Subclade Orthurethra

* 帕圖螺超科（Partuloidea）
  * 帕圖螺科（Partulidae）
  * Draparnaudiidae
* 小瑪瑙螺超科（Achatinelloidea）
  * 小瑪瑙螺科（Achatinellidae）
* 槲果螺超科（Cochlicopoidea）
  * 槲果螺科（Cochlicopidae）
  * 同紋螺科（Amastridae）
* 蛹蝸牛超科（Pupilloidea）
  * 虹蛹螺科（Pupillidae）
  * Argnidae
  * 粒蛹螺科（Chondrinidae）
  * Cylindrellinidae（已滅絕）
  * Lauriidae
  * 蛹狀螺科（Orculidae）
  * Pleurodiscidae
  * Pyramidulidae
  * Spelaeoconchidae
  * Spelaeodiscidae
  * 球果螺科（Strobilopsidae）
  * 瓦婁蝸牛科 Valloniidae Morse, 1864
  * 牙蛹蝸牛科 Vertiginidae Fitzinger, 1833
* 艾納螺超科（Enoidea）
  * 艾納螺科（Enidae）
  * 霜納螺科（Cerastidae Wenz, 1923）

##### Informal Group Sigmurethra

* Superfamily Clausilioidea
  * Family Clausiliidae
  * † Family Anadromidae
  * † Family Filholiidae
  * † Family Palaeostoidae
* Superfamily Orthalicoidea
  * Family Orthalicidae
  * Family Cerionidae
  * Family Coelociontidae
  * † Family Grangerellidae
  * Family Megaspiridae
  * Family Placostylidae
  * Family Urocoptidae
* Superfamily Achatinoidea
  * Family Achatinidae
  * Family Ferussaciidae
  * Family Micractaeonidae
  * Family Subulinidae
* Superfamily Aillyoidea
  * Family Aillyidae
* Superfamily Testacelloidea
  * Family Testacellidae
  * Family Oleacinidae
  * Family Spiraxidae
* Superfamily Papillodermatoidea
  * Family Papillodermatidae
* Superfamily Streptaxoidea
  * Family Streptaxidae
* Superfamily Rhytidoidea
  * Family Rhytididae
  * Family Chlamydephoridae
  * Family Haplotrematidae
  * Family Scolodontidae
* Superfamily Acavoidea
  * Family Acavidae
  * Family Caryodidae
  * Family Dorcasiidae
  * Family Macrocyclidae
  * Family Megomphicidae
  * Family Strophocheilidae
* Superfamily Punctoidea
  * Family Punctidae
  * † Family Anastomopsidae
  * Family Charopidae
  * Family Cystopeltidae
  * Family Discidae
  * Family Endodontidae
  * Family Helicodiscidae
  * Family Oreohelicidae
  * Family Thyrophorellidae
* Superfamily Sagdoidea
  * Family Sagdidae

##### limacoid clade

* Superfamily Staffordioidea
  * Family Staffordiidae
* Superfamily Dyakioidea
  * Family Dyakiidae
* Superfamily Gastrodontoidea
  * Family Gastrodontidae
  * Family Chronidae
  * Family Euconulidae
  * Family Oxychilidae
  * Family Pristilomatidae
  * Family Trochomorphidae
  * Fossil taxa probably belonging to the Gastrodontoidea
    * Subfamily † Archaeozonitinae
    * Subfamily † Grandipatulinae
    * Subfamily † Palaeoxestininae
* Superfamily Parmacelloidea
  * Family Parmacellidae
  * Family Milacidae
  * Family Trigonochlamydidae
* Superfamily Zonitoidea
  * Family Zonitidae
* Superfamily Helicarionoidea
  * Family Helicarionidae
  * Family Ariophantidae
  * Family Urocyclidae
* Superfamily Limacoidea
  * Family Limacidae
  * Family Agriolimacidae
  * Family Boettgerillidae
  * Family Vitrinidae

##### other Sigmurethra

Two superfamilies belongs to clade Sigmurethra, but they are not in the limacoid clade.

* Superfamily Arionoidea
  * Family Arionidae
  * Family Anadenidae
  * Family Ariolimacidae
  * Family Binneyidae
  * Family Oopeltidae
  * Family Philomycidae
* Superfamily Helicoidea
  * Family Helicidae
  * Family Bradybaenidae
  * Family Camaenidae
  * Family Cepolidae
  * Family Cochlicellidae
  * Family Elonidae
  * Family Epiphragmophoridae
  * Family Halolimnohelicidae
  * Family Helicodontidae
  * Family Helminthoglyptidae
  * Family Humboldtianidae
  * Family Hygromiidae
  * Family Monadeniidae
  * Family Pleurodontidae
  * Family Polygyridae
  * Family Sphincterochilidae
  * Family Thysanophoridae
  * Family Trissexodontidae
  * Family Xanthonychidae

## 2010 年分類

Jörger _et al._ (2010) analyzed major groups within the Heterobranchia using genetic data and found that Pulmonata as traditionally defined was polyphyletic, for instance some pulmonates were more closely related to Sacoglossa and Acochlidia. They proposed the more inclusive taxon **Panpulmonata** to unite the clades Siphonarioidea, Sacoglossa, Glacidorboidea, Pyramidelloidea, Amphiboloidea, Hygrophila, Acochlidia and Eupulmonata.

## 參考文獻

## 外部連結

* 維基物種上的相關資訊：肺螺類
* Pulmonata. NCBI （英語）.
* Pulmonate snails & slugs in captivity （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）