Spondylus

**海菊蛤**，又稱**海菊貝**、**紅螺**、**車蠔**，是海扇蛤目的其中一科（**海菊蛤科**；**Spondylidae**），以及此科下唯一的屬（**海菊蛤屬**；_**Spondylus**_）。海菊蛤的外觀與牡蠣科相似，但其外殼帶有紅色。其殼內之肉可供食用，中國的西沙海域盛產的紅螺，特別鮮味。
海菊蛤物種的型態及分佈範圍差異頗大，但牠們其實與扇貝屬於同一個總科。與牡蠣科物種黏合在岩石上不同，海菊蛤都以足絲來固定。

## 物種

* 棘刺海菊蛤 _Spondylus aculeatus_ Schröter, 1788
* _S. americanus_ Hermann, 1781 — Atlantic thorny oyster
* 無棘海菊蛤 _Spondylus anacanthus_ Mawe, 1823 — nude thorny oyster
* 橘色海菊蛤 _Spondylus aurantius_ Lamarck, 1819
* 鬚毛海菊蛤 _Spondylus barbatus_ Reeve, 1856
* [巴氏海菊蛤]] _Spondylus butleri_ Reeve, 1856
* _S. calcifer_ Carpenter, 1857
* 潔海菊蛤 _Spondylus candidus_ Lamarck,1819
* 白海菊蛤 _Spondylus castus_ Reeve, 1856
* _S. clarksoni_ Limpus, 1992
* _S. crassisquama_ Lamarck, 1819 (_S. princeps_ Broderip, 1833) — Pacific thorny oyster
* 血色海菊蛤 _Spondylus cruentus_ Lischke, 1868
* _S. cumingii_ Sowerby, 1847
* _S. dutempleanus_ Linnaeus, 1758
* _S. echinatus_ Schreibers, 1793
* 怒發海菊蛤 _Spondylus erectospinus_ Habe,1973
* 直棘海菊蛤 _Spondylus erectospinosus_ Habe, 1973
* _S. erinaceus_ Reeve, 1856
* 異棘海菊蛤 _Spondylus gaederopus_ Linnaeus, 1758 — European thorny oyster
* _S. gilvus_ Reeve, 1856
* _S. groschi_ Lamprell & Kilburn, 1995
* 古氏海菊蛤 _Spondylus gussoni_ (O. G Costa, 1829)
* _S. hawaiiensis_ Dall, Bartsch and Rehder, 1938
* 亥氏海菊蛤 _Spondylus heidkeae_ Lamprell & Healy, 2001
* _S. hystrix_ Röding, 1798
* _S. ictericus_ Reeve, 1856
* _S. imbutus_ Reeve, 1856
* 堂皇海菊蛤 _Spondylus imperialis_ Chenu, 1843
* _S. japonicus_ Kur — Japanese spiny oyster
* _S. lamarcki_ Chenu, 1845
* _S. layardi_ Reeve, 1856
* 貓舌海菊蛤 _S. linguaefelis_

Sowerby, 1847

* _S. longitudinalis_ Lamarck, 1819
* _S. marisrubri_ Röding, 1798
* _S. microlepos_ Lamarck, 1819
* 多棘海菊蛤 _Spondylus multimuricatus_ Reeve, 1856
* _S. multisetosus_ Reeve, 1856
* [尼科巴海菊蛤]] _Spondylus nicobaricus_ Schreibers, 1793
* _S. occidens_ Sowerby, 1903
* _S. plurispinosus_ Reeve, 1856
* _S. powelli_ Smith, 1892
* _S. pratii_ Parth, 1990
* 猩猩海菊蛤 _Spondylus regius_ Linnaeus, 1758，鶯王海菊蛤
* _S. sanguineus_ Dunker, 1852
* _S. senegalensis_ Schreibers, 1793
* _S. setiger_ Reeve, 1846
* 中華海菊蛤 _Spondylus sinensis_ Schreibers, 1793
* _S. smythaea_ Lamprell, 1998
* _S. somalicus_ M. Parth & R. Philippe, 1992
* 奇海菊蛤 _Spondylus spectrum_ Reeve, 1856
* 厚殼海菊蛤 _Spondylus squamosus_ Schreibers, 1793
* _S. tenellus_ Reeve, 1856
* 藍巨海菊蛤 _S. varius_ Sowerby,1829
* _S. variegatus_ Schreibers, 1793
* 金黃海菊蛤 _Spondylus versicolor_ Schreibers, 1793
* _S. vexillum_ Reeve, 1856
* 瑞氏海菊蛤 _Spondylus wrightianus_ Crosse, 1872 — Wright's thorny oyster
* _S. zonalis_ Lamarck, 1819

## 參考資料

## 外部連結

* _Spondylus_ Session Abstracts on _Spondylus_ research at the 13th Meeting of the European Association of Archaeologists at Zadar, Croatia, September 2007
* Information about _Spondylus_ from the website of the Gladys Archerd Shell Collection at Washington State University Tri-Cities Natural History Museum
* Article on "notched" _Spondylus_ Neolithic artifacts in Europe

## 參考書目

* A full and constantly updated bibliography （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） on _Spondylus_ spp. in Aegean, Balkan, European and American contexts

### 史前歐洲

* F. IFANTIDIS/M. NIKOLAIDOU (eds.), 2011._Spondylus in Prehistory: New Data and Approaches. Contributions to the Archaeology of Shell Technologies_ (Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, Int. Ser. 2216)
* P. HALSTEAD, 1993. _Spondylus_ shell ornaments from late Neolithic Dimini, Greece: Specialized manufacture or unequal accumulation? _Antiquity_ 67: 603–609.
* Vl. PODBORSKÝ (Hrsg.), 2002. _Dvĕpohřebištĕ Neolitického lidu s Lineární Keramikou ve Vedrovicích na Moravĕ_ (Brno, Masarykovy University Philosophy Faculty Dept. of Archaeology and Museology).
* J. RODDEN, 1970. The _Spondylus_-shell trade and the beginnings of the Vinča culture. In:_Actes du VIIe Congres International des Sciences Prehistoriques et Protohistoriques_: 411-413 (Praha: Akademia Nauk).
* M. L. SÉFÉRIADÈS, 2000. _Spondylus gaederopus_: Some observations on the earliest European long distance exchange system. In: Hiller, S. and Nikolov, V. (Hrsg.), _Karanovo III: Beiträge zum Neolithikum in Südosteuropa_ (Wien: Phoibos Verlag) 423-437.
* M. L. SÉFÉRIADÈS, _Spondylus_ and Long-Distance Trade in Prehistoric Europe In: Anthony, D. W. (ed.), _The Lost World of Old Europe: The Danube Valley, 5000-3500 BC._ (Princeton) 179-189.
* J. SHACKLETON/H. ELDERFIELD, 1993. Strontium isotope dating of the source of Neolithic European _Spondylus_ shell artefacts. _Antiquity_ 64: 312-315.
* N. SHACKLETON/C. RENFREW, 1970. Neolithic trade routes realigned by oxygen isotope analyses. _Nature_ 228: 1062-5.
* H. TODOROVA, 2000. Die _Spondylus_-Problematik heute. In: Hiller, S. and Nikolov, V. (Hrsg.), _Karanovo III: Beiträge zum Neolithikum in Südosteuropa_ (Wien, Phoibos Verlag) 415-422.
* Sl. VENCL, 1959. Spondylove šperky v podunajskem Neolitů, _Archeologicke Rozhledy_ 9: 699-742.