Muhammad_ibn_Zakariya_al-Razi

**拉齊**（波斯語：ابوبكر محمّد زکرياى رازى‎ ，_Abūbakr Mohammad-e Zakariā-ye Rāzī_ ；865 年 8 月 26 日－925 年），波斯醫師、鍊金術師、化學家、哲學家。他博學多才，為早期醫學、化學、音樂和哲學領域做出很大貢獻。醫學方面，他發現天花與麻疹是兩種不同的疾病，並最早闡明了過敏和免疫的原理。化學上，他發現乙醇，並認為元素嬗變為金銀是可能的。他創立了完善的蒸餾和提取方法，並通過蒸餾綠礬（油）和石油，分別發現硫酸和煤油。一生著有 200 部書籍和文章，記載了他在各領域的探索。

## 參考文獻

## 擴展閱讀

### 第一手文獻

#### 拉齊所作

* Arberry, A.J. The Spiritual Physick of Rhazes (PDF). The Wisdom of the East Series. The Liberty Fund. 1950 [2014-10-19]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF) 於 2019-01-28）.
* See C. Brockelmann for the manuscript of Razi's extant books in general, see Brockelmann, GAL, I, pp. 268–71 (second edition), Suppl., Vol. I, pp. 418–21.
* Paul Kraus, _Abi Bakr Mohammadi Filii Zachariae Raghensis: Opera Philosophica, fragmentaque quae superssunt_. Pars Prior. Cairo 1939. Note: this is the only edition of Al-Razi's philosophical books and fragments still extant. Only the first volume was published since Kraus's suicide prevented the publication of the second volume for which he already had gathered a great amount of material. This material was transferred, after his death, to the Institut Francais d'Archeologie Orientale, in Cairo; it still remains to be published.
* Abdul Latif Muhammad al-Abd. Al-ṭibb al-rūḥānī li Abū Bakr al-Rāzī. Cairo: Maktabat al-Nahḍa al-Miṣriyya. 1978.

#### 他人所作

* Ibn Al-Nadim, _Fihrist_, (ed. Flugel), pp. 299 et sqq.
* Sa'id al-Andalusi, _Tabaqat al-Umam_, p. 33
* Ibn Juljul, _Tabaqat al-Atibba w-al-Hukama_, (ed. Fu'ad Sayyid), Cairo, 1355/1936, pp. 77–78
* J. Ruska, _Al-Biruni als Quelle fur das Leben und die Schriften al-Razi's, Isis_, Vol. V, 1924, pp. 26–50.
* Al-Biruni, _Epitre de Beruni, contenant le repertoire des ouvres de Muhammad_ ibn _Zakariya ar-Razi_, publiee par P. Kraus, Paris, 1936
* Al-Baihaqi, _Tatimmah Siwan al-Hikma_, (ed. M. Ghafi), Lahore, 1351/1932
* Al-Qifti,_Tarikh al-Hukama_, (ed. Lippert), pp. 27–177
* Ibn Abi Usaibi'ah,_Uyun al-Anba fi Tabaqat al-Atibba_, Vol. I, pp. 309–21
* Abu Al-Faraj ibn al-'Ibri (Bar-Hebraeus),_Mukhtasar Tarikh al-Duwal_, (ed. A. Salhani), p. 291
* Ibn Khallikan, _Wafayat al-A'yan_, (ed. Muhyi al-Din 'Abd al-Hamid), Cairo, 1948, No. 678, pp. 244–47
* Al-Safadi, _Nakt al-Himyan_, pp. 249–50
* Ibn Al-'Imad, _Shadharat al-Dhahab_, Vol. II, p. 263
* Al-'Umari, _Masalik al-Absar_, Vol. V, Part 2, ff. 301-03 (photostat copy in Dar al-Kutub al-Misriyyah).

### 第二手文獻

* G. S. A. Ranking, _The Life and Works of Rhazes_, in Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Congress of Medicine, London, 1913, pp. 237–68.
* _Al-Razi als Bahnbrecher einer neuer Chemie, Deutsche Literaturzeitung_, 1923, pp. 118–24.
* _Die Alchemie al-Razi's der Islam_, Vol. XXII,pp. 283–319.
* _Uber den gegenwartigen Stand der Razi-Forschung_, Archivio di stori della scienza, 1924, Vol. V, pp. 335–47
* H. H. Shader, ZDMG, 79, pp. 228–35 (see translation into Arabic by Abdurrahman Badawi in _al-Insan al-Kamil_,Islamica, Vol. XI, Cairo, 1950, pp. 37–44).
* E. O. von Lippmann, _Entstehung und Ausbreitung der Alchemie_, Vol. II, p. 181.
* S. Pines, _Die Atomenlehre ar-Razi's in Beitrage zur islamischen Atomenlehre_, Berlin, 1936, pp. 34–93.
* Dr. Mahmud al-Najmabadi, Shah Hal Muhammad ibn Zakariya, (1318/1900)
* Gamil Bek, _Uqud al-Jauliar_, Vol. I, pp. 118–27.
* Izmirli Haqqi, _Ilahiyat_, Fak. Macm., Vol. I, p. 151; Vol. II, p. 36, Vol. III, pp. 177 et seq.
* Abdurrahman Badawi, _Min Tarlkh al-Ilhad fi al-Islam Islamica_, Vol. II, Cairo, 1945, pp. 198–228.
* Hirschberg,_Geschichte der Augenheilkunde_, p. 101.
* E. G.Browne, _Arabian Medicine_, Cambridge, 1921, pp. 44–53.
* M. Meyerhof, _Legacy of Islam_, pp. 323 et seq.
* F. Wüstenfeld, _Geschichte der Arabischen Arzte und Naturforscher_, ftn. 98.
* L. Leelerc, _Histoire de la medicine arabe_, Paris, 1876, Vol. I, pp. 337–54.
* H. P. J. Renaud, _A propos du millenaire de Razes_, in bulletin de la Societe Irancaise d'Histoire de la medicine, Mars-avril, 1931, pp. 203 et seq.
* A. Eisen, _Kimiya al-Razi_, RAAD, DIB, 62/4.
* Aldo Mieli, _La science arabe_, Leiden, 1938, pp. 8, 16.
* Nasr, _Science and Civilization in Islam_, see. Razes: _The Secret of Secrets_, p. 273, also pp. 197–200, and Anawati: _L'Alchemie arabe in Rased._
* Browne, Edward Granville. Islamic Medicine. Goodword Books Pvt. Ltd. 2001. ISBN 81-87570-19-9.
* M. M. Sharif, _A History of Muslim Philosophy_
* Walker, P. "The Political Implications of al-Razi's Philosophy", in C. Butterworth (ed.) _The Political Aspects of Islamic Philosophy_, Cambridge, MA: 哈佛大學出版社，61-94.(1992)
* Motazed, K. _Mohammad Zakaria Razi_

#### 百科全書

* Richter-Bernburg, Lutz. AL-ḤĀWI. Encyclopaedia Iranica **1**. ISBN0-933273-54-1. （原始內容存檔於 2021-01-13）.
* _Encyclopaedie des Islams_, s. v. (by Ruska).

## 外部連結

* al-Razi on Islamic Philosophy Online （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, encyclopedic article about al-Razi by the foremost academic expert Paul E. Walker.
* Levity.com （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Payvand.com （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Google Books Search （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, "Doubt: A History" p. 229
* "Lives of the Physicians" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, dating from 1882, features a biography, in Arabic, about Rhazes.