Legionella

**退伍軍人症桿菌**是一類革蘭氏陰性菌，包括造成退伍軍人症的嗜肺性退伍軍人症桿菌。

退伍軍人症桿菌在許多環境中都很常見，已確定的至少有 50 個種和 70 個血清型。該屬菌細胞壁取代基所攜帶的基團標識了其體抗原。這些取代基的化學構成，包括其成分的不同以及糖原的不同排列方式，決定了其表面體抗原或是 O - 抗原的性質，而這正是血清學中對許多革蘭氏陰性菌分類的基本手段。

退伍軍人症桿菌的名字源於 1976 年 7 月在費城爆發的一種「神秘疾病」，該病共造成 221 人患病，34 人死亡，患者大都為美國退伍軍人，因而被冠名為退伍軍人症。退伍軍人症被廣泛宣傳而造成一定程度的恐慌。1977 年 1 月 18 日，該病的病原體被確定為一種不為人知的細菌，隨後被命名為退伍軍人症桿菌。

## 下屬物種

本屬包括以下物種：

* _Legionella adelaidensis_ Benson et al. 1991
* _Legionella anisa_ Gorman et al. 1985
* _Legionella beliardensis_ Lo Presti et al. 2001
* _Legionella birminghamensis_ Wilkinson et al. 1988
* _Legionella bozemanae_ (Garrity et al. 1980) Brenner et al. 1980
* _Legionella bozemanii_ (Garrity et al. 1980) Brenner et al. 1980，拼寫錯誤
* _Legionella brunensis_ Wilkinson et al. 1989
* _Legionella busanensis_ Park et al. 2003
* _Legionella cardiaca_ Pearce et al. 2012
* _Legionella cherrii_ Brenner et al. 1985
* _Legionella cincinnatiensis_ Thacker et al. 1989
* _Legionella drancourtii_ La Scola et al. 2004
* _Legionella dresdenensis_ Lück et al. 2010
* _Legionella drozanskii_ Adeleke et al. 2001
* _Legionella dumoffii_ Brenner et al. 1980
* _Legionella erythra_ Brenner et al. 1985
* _Legionella fairfieldensis_ Thacker et al. 1991
* _Legionella fallonii_ Adeleke et al. 2001
* _Legionella feeleii_ Herwaldt et al. 1984
* _Legionella geestiana_ Dennis et al. 1993
* _Legionella gormanii_ Morris et al. 1980
* _Legionella gratiana_ Bornstein et al. 1991
* _Legionella gresilensis_ Lo Presti et al. 2001
* _Legionella hackeliae_ Brenner et al. 1985
* _Legionella impletisoli_ Kuroki et al. 2007
* _Legionella israelensis_ Bercovier et al. 1986
* _Legionella jamestowniensis_ Brenner et al. 1985
* _Legionella jordanis_ Cherry et al. 1982
* _Legionella lansingensis_ Thacker et al. 1994
* _Legionella londiniensis_ Dennis et al. 1993
* _Legionella longbeachae_ McKinney et al. 1982
* _Legionella lytica_ (Drozanski 1991) Hookey et al. 1996
* _Legionella maceachernii_ Brenner et al. 1985
* _Legionella massiliensis_ Campocasso et al. 2012
* _Legionella micdadei_ (Garrity et al. 1980) Hébert et al. 1980
* _Legionella moravica_ Wilkinson et al. 1989
* _Legionella nagasakiensis_ Yang et al. 2012
* _Legionella nautarum_ Dennis et al. 1993
* _Legionella norrlandica_ Rizzardi et al. 2015
* _Legionella oakridgensis_ Orrison et al. 1983
* _Legionella parisiensis_ Brenner et al. 1985
* _Legionella pittsburghensis_ Pasculle et al. 1980，異名
* 退伍軍人症嗜肺桿菌 _Legionella pneumophila Brenner et al. 1979_ (Approved Lists 1980)
* _Legionella qingyii_ Wu et al. 2019
* _Legionella quateirensis_ Dennis et al. 1993
* _Legionella quinlivanii_ Benson et al. 1990
* _Legionella rowbothamii_ Adeleke et al. 2001
* _Legionella rubrilucens_ Brenner et al. 1985
* _Legionella sainthelensi_ Campbell et al. 1984
* _Legionella santicrucis_ Brenner et al. 1985
* _Legionella saoudiensis_ Bajrai et al. 2016
* _Legionella septentrionalis_ Li et al. 2021
* _Legionella shakespearei_ Verma et al. 1992
* _Legionella spiritensis_ Brenner et al. 1985
* _Legionella steelei_ Edelstein et al. 2012
* _Legionella steigerwaltii_ Brenner et al. 1985
* _Legionella taurinensis_ Lo Presti et al. 1999
* _Legionella thermalis_ Ishizaki et al. 2016
* _Legionella tucsonensis_ Thacker et al. 1990
* _Legionella tunisiensis_ Campocasso et al. 2012
* _Legionella wadsworthii_ Edelstein et al. 1983
* _Legionella waltersii_ Benson et al. 1996
* _Legionella worsleiensis_ Dennis et al. 1993
* _Legionella yabuuchiae_ Kuroki et al. 2007

## 參見

* 殺菌劑
* 環境微生物學
* 醫院感染

## 參考資料

## 外部連結

* CDC Division of bacterial and Mycotic Diseases: Legionellosis
* Directors of Health Promotion and Education page on Legionellosis
* European Working Group for Legionella Infections
* Legionnaires' disease outbreaks
* 世界衛生組織 軍團病 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

### 維護指引

* Centers for Disease Control and Prevention （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） - Procedure for Cleaning Cooling Towers and Related Equipment |(pages 239 and 240 of 249)
* Cooling Technology Institute - Best Practices for Control of Legionella
* California Energy Commission （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） - Cooling Water Management Program Guidelines For Wet and Hybrid Cooling Towers at Power Plants
* ASHRAE Guideline （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* Guidelines for Control of Legionella in Ornamental Fountains