Bonaventure

**聖文德**，天主教譯為**聖文都辣**，或譯**波拿文德拉**、**波那文都**，O.F.M.（義大利語：San Bonaventura，1221 年 —1274 年），是中世紀義大利的神學家及哲學家。作為第七任方濟各會總會長，曾任阿爾巴諾教區領銜主教。

文德於 1482 年 4 月 14 被教宗西斯都四世尊奉為聖人，並於 1588 年被教宗西斯都五世列為教會聖師之一。文德因其完備的品德，被尊稱為「色勒芬天使博士」(拉丁語：Doctor Seraphicus) 和「方濟各會第二會祖」。

許多署名為文德中世紀的作品（其實並非文德所寫），被以「偽文德文集」為名收集起來。

## 生平

文德於 1221 年生在義大利維泰博省的巴尼奧雷焦，幼年時患重病，因聖方濟各的祈禱而痊癒。二十歲時入方濟各會，1243 年至 1248 年在巴黎方濟各會學習，之後在巴黎大學教導神學與《聖經》。

1257 年任方濟各會總會長，當時整個修會人數超過三萬，並且存在許多不同派別。文德注重學術運動，努力將神恩性的方濟運動導入正軌。

1273 年教宗國瑞十世命文德爲樞機，兼亞巴若總主教。1274 年國瑞召開里昂大公會議，商討與希臘教會合一問題。文德是這次大公會議中最活躍、出力最多的人物，卻在會議進行中的 7 月 15 日患病逝世。

1482 年天主教將他榮列聖品，1588 年晉封為教會聖師。天主教和英格蘭教會每年以 7 月 15 日作為他的紀念日。

## 神學思想

* 在小事上對神忠心，便是一件偉大、英勇的德行。修德真正的意義在於經常控制自己的意志，將一切思想，言語和行爲奉獻給神，讓神的恩典貫注我們全部生命。
* 「神恩」與「體制」、「信仰」與「知識」絕非彼此對立，而是相輔相成。
* 神與人是不同的，人無法用理性認識神，只能用類推的方式不明確的認知。

其神學作品有《心靈邁向天主的旅程》《隆巴哲學思想註疏》《基督的神貧論》《純全的生活》《自言》《三條路》《教父彼得郎巴德名言集注釋》《聖經注釋》與《神學概要》等。

其哲學思想很大程度上受到奧古斯丁影響，甚至可視為奧古斯丁主義者之一員。

## 藝術形象

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## 以文德為名的地區、教堂、學校

* 加拿大魁北克省文德鎮
* 魁北克 10 號高速公路的蒙特婁段「文德高速公路」
* Place Bonaventure and the adjacent Bonaventure Metro Station in Montreal, Quebec
* Bonaventure Island and the Bonaventure River in the Gaspé Peninsula Region of Quebec
* St. Bonaventure's College, a private Roman Catholic school, in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
* St Bonaventure's Catholic Comprehensive School, in Forest Gate, London, England
* St Bonaventure Catholic School, at Edwards Gardens, Toronto, Canada
* Mission San Buenaventura and the City of Ventura, California, officially named San Buenaventura, United States
* St. Bonaventure High School in Ventura, California, United States
* St. Bonaventure University, a Franciscan university, in Allegany, New York
* St. Bonaventure Monastery, a complex of religious buildings, built for the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin, located in Detroit, Michigan. Venerable Father Solanus Casey served here as the monastery porter from 1924-1946, meeting visitors at the friary door. The site is a popular pilgrimage site for Metro Detroit Catholics.
* The Municipality of Buenaventura on the Pacific Coast of Colombia
* The cities of San Benaventura in Chihuahua and San Buenaventura, Coahuila in Mexico and State of San Benaventura
* Barangay San Buenaventura, a village in San Pablo City, Laguna, Philippines. Three small chapels can be found within the village in honour of Saint Bonaventura
* St. Bonaventure's High School, a school in Hyderabad, Pakistan
* St. Bonaventure's Church, a 16th-century Portuguese church is situated on the beach in Erangal near Mumbai. The annual Erangal Feast held on second Sunday of January, celebrating the Feast day of St. Bonaventure, attracts thousands of people of all faiths to this scenic spot. The Birthday Of St. Bonaventure is celebrated on the 15th of July every year.
* St. Bonaventure Parish, Balangkayan Eastern Samar, Philippines
* Bonaventure Hall, in Sacred Heart Parish Catholic School, in Patterson, California, USA
* Bonaventure Residence Hall, in Viterbo University, in La Crosse, Wisconsin, USA
* 台灣台北市文德女中
* 香港慈雲山聖文德書院
* 香港慈雲山聖文德天主教小學
* 香港聖方濟會聖文德天主教小學

## 作品

* Bonaventure Texts in Translation Series, St. Bonaventure, NY, Franciscan Institute Publications (15 volumes):
  * _On the Reduction of the Arts to Theology_, Translation, Introduction and Commentary by Zachary Hayes, OFM, vol. 1, 1996.
  * _Journey of the Soul into God - Itinerarium Mentis in Deum_ translation and Introduction by Zachary Hayes, OFM, and Philotheus Boehner, OFM, vol. 2, 2002. ISBN 978-1-57659-044-7
  * _Disputed Questions on the Mystery of the Trinity_, translated by Zachary Hayes, vol. 3, 1979. ISBN 978-1-57659-045-4.
  * _Disputed Questions on the Knowledge of Christ_, translated by Zachary Hayes, vol. 4, 1992.
  * _Writings Concerning the Franciscan Order_, translated by Dominic V. Monti, OFM, vol. 5, 1994.
  * _Collations on the Ten Commandments_, translated by Paul Spaeth, vol. 6, 1995.
  * _Commentary on Ecclesiastes_, translated by Campion Murray and Robert J. Karris, vol. 7, 2005.
  * _Commentary on the Gospel of Luke_, translated by Robert J. Karris, (3 vols), vol. 8, 2001-4.
  * _Breviloquium_, translated by Dominic V. Monti, OFM, vol. 9, 2005.
  * _Writings on the Spiritual Life_, [includes translations of _The Threefold Way, On the Perfection of Life, On Governing the Soul_, and _The Soliloquium: A Dialogue on the Four Spiritual Exercises_, the prologue to the _Commentary on Book II of the Sentences of Peter Lombard_ and three short sermons: _On the Way of Life, On Holy Saturday_, and _On the Monday after Palm Sunday_, vol. 10, 2006.
  * _Commentary on the Gospel of John_, translated by Robert J. Karris, vol. 11, 2007.
  * _The Sunday sermons of St. Bonaventure_, edited and translated by Timothy J. Johnson, vol. 12, 2008.
  * _Disputed questions on evangelical perfection_, edited and translated by Thomas Reist and Robert J. Karris, vol. 13, 2008.
  * _Collations on the seven gifts of the Holy Spirit_, introduced and translated by Zachary Hayes, vol. 14, 2008.
  * _Defense of the mendicants_, translated by Jose de Vinck and Robert J. Karris, vol. 15, 2010.
* _The Journey of the Mind into God_ (Itinerarium mentis in Deum), Indianapolis: Hackett, 1993. ISBN 978-0-8722-0200-9
* _On the Reduction of the Arts to Theology (De Reductione Artium ad Theologiam)_, translated by Zachary Hayes, (Saint Bonaventure, NY: Franciscan Institute, 1996. ISBN 978-1-57659-043-0
* _Bringing forth Christ: five feasts of the child Jesus_, translated by Eric Doyle, Oxford: SLG Press, 1984.
* The soul's journey into God; The tree of life; The life of St. Francis. Ewert Cousins, translator The Classics of Western Spirituality. Mahwah, New Jersey: Paulist Press. 1978. ISBN 0-8091-2121-2.
* _The Mystical Vine: a Treatise on the Passion of Our Lord_, translated by a friar of SSF, London: Mowbray, 1955.
* _Life of St Francis of Assisi_, TAN Books, 2010. ISBN 978-0-89555-151-1

## 參考文獻

## 擴展閱讀

* Hammond, Jay M. Bonaventure, St.. Marthaler, Bernard L. (編). New Catholic Encyclopedia. Volume 2 2nd. Detroit: Thomson/Gale in association with the Catholic University of America. 2003: 479–493. ISBN 0-7876-4006-9.
* Hammond, Jay M.; Hellmann, J.A. Wayne; Goff, Jared (編). A Companion to Bonaventure. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition. Boston: Brill. 2013. ISBN 978-90-04-26072-6.
* LaNave, Gregory F. "Bonaventure", in Paul L. Gavrilyuk and Sarah Coakley (eds.), _The Spiritual Senses: Perceiving God in Western Christianity_, Cambridge: Cambridge, University of Cambridge, 2011, 159–173.
* Quinn, John Francis. _The Historical Constitution of St. Bonaventure's Philosophy_, Toronto: Pontificial Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1973.
* Tavard, George Henry. _From Bonaventure to the Reformers_, Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 2005 (Marquette Studies in Theology). ISBN 0-87462-695-1 ISBN 9780874626957.
* Tim Noone and R. E. Houser, "Saint Bonaventure." _Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy_. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bonaventure/ （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）.
* D. J. Dales, 'Divine Remaking: St Bonaventure & the Gospel of Luke, James Clarke & Co., Cambridge, 2017.
* D. J. Dales, 'Way back to God: the Spiritual Theology of St Bonaventure, James Clarke & Co., Cambridge, 2019.

## 外部連結

* "Saint Bonaventure" article by Tim Noone and R. E. Houser in the _Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy_
* _St Bonaventure_ from the Franciscan Archive.
* S Bonaventura: Opera Omnia Peltiero Edente （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） (Latin original texts).
* St. Bonaventure Works at Franciscan Institute （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* 《7 月 15 日 聖文德（st. Bonaventura）》，天主教方濟會聖高讀經推廣中心網站 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
* 《聖文德主教聖師生平》，網上方濟會 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）