Bolma

**擬星螺屬**（學名：_Bolma_）是一個包括有中型到大型海螺的一個屬，其物種都有鈣質的螺厴，皆為蠑螺科的海洋腹足綱軟體動物。

## 化石紀錄

本屬物種已知從始新世開始就已經出現到現在（範圍：3390 萬年前到現在）。這個物種的化石螺殻曾於以下地區發現：

* 地中海的：奧地利、賽普勒斯、法國、希臘、義大利、摩洛哥、斯洛伐克及西班牙
* 太平洋的：日本、萬那杜、關島、紐西蘭、澳大利亞及湯加。
* 印度洋的：南非

## 型態特徵

本物種的舌齒的中央齒 have no cusps. They have a narrow long basal plate, which is produced above the body of the tooth. The latter is wide, oval, and not reflected above. Its lower margin is not well-defined in my specimens which are, however, not stained. The laterals are of the usual form and bear cusps.

The imperforate shell has a turbinate shape. The spire is conic with whorls rounded at the periphery. The upper whorls are spiny. The base of the shell is convex. The operculum is nearly round with an excentric nucleus. The outside of the shell is polished, concave in the middle, with a convexity or rib upon the center of the spiral.

## 分佈

This marine genus has a wide distribution. It occurs in the Red Sea, the Eastern Indian Ocean, the West Pacific, the South China Sea, the East China Sea, and off South Africa, Indo-China, the Philippines, Japan, Indonesia, New Caledonia, New Zealand and Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland).

## 物種

截至 2018 年 3 月 5 日 (2018-03-05)，本屬現時在 WoRMS 紀錄有 45 個物種：

* _Bolma anacanthos_ Beu & Ponder, 1979 †
* _Bolma andersoni_ (E. A. Smith, 1902)
* 黃金蠑螺 _Bolma aureola_ (Hedley, 1907)
* _Bolma austroconica_ Beu & Ponder, 1979 †
* _Bolma bartschii_ Dall, 1913
* _Bolma bathyraphis_ (E. A. Smith, 1899)
* 布氏擬星螺 _Bolma boucheti_ Alf & Kreipl, 2011
* _Bolma castelinae_ Alf, Maestrati & Bouchet, 2010
* _Bolma crassigranosa_ (Tenison Woods, 1877) †
* _Bolma exotica_ (Okutani, 1969)
* _Bolma flava_ Beu & Ponder, 1979
* _Bolma flindersi_ (Tenison Woods, 1877) †
* _Bolma fuscolineata_ Alf & Kreipl, 2009
* 雷神星螺 _Bolma girgyllus_ (Reeve, 1861)
* _Bolma granosa_ (Borson, 1821) †
* 細粒蠑螺 _Bolma guttata_ (A. Adams, 1863)
* 榮光星螺 _Bolma henica_ (R. B. Watson, 1879)
* _Bolma jacquelineae_ (Marche-Marchad, 1957)
* _Bolma johnstoni_ (Odhner, 1923)
* _Bolma kermadecensis_ Beu & Ponder, 1979
* _Bolma kiharai_ Kosuge, 1986
* _Bolma kreipli_ Alf, Maestrati & Bouchet, 2010
* _Bolma maestratii_ Alf & Kreipl, 2009
* _Bolma mainbaza_ Alf, Maestrati & Bouchet, 2010
* _Bolma marshalli_ (Thomson, 1908) †
* _Bolma martinae_ Kreipl & Alf, 2005
* _Bolma massieri_ Bozzetti, 1992
* _Bolma microconcha_ Kosuge, 1985
* _Bolma midwayensis_ (Habe & Kosuge, 1970)
* _Bolma millegranosa_ (Kuroda & Habe in Habe, 1958)
* _Bolma minuta_ Neubert, 1998
* _Bolma minutiradiosa_ Kosuge, 1983
* 塔星螺 _Bolma modesta_ (Reeve, 1843)，塔蠑螺
* _Bolma myrica_ Okutani, 2001
* _Bolma opaoana_ Bouchet & Métivier, 1983
* 紅沙蠑螺 _Bolma persica_ (Dall, 1907)
* _Bolma pseudobathyraphis_ Alf, Maestrati & Bouchet, 2010
* _Bolma recens_ (Dell, 1967)
* _Bolma rugosa_ (Linnaeus, 1767)
* _Bolma sabinae_ Alf & Kreipl, 2004
* _Bolma somaliensis_ Beu & Ponder, 1979
* _Bolma tamikoana_ (Shikama, 1973)
* _Bolma tantalea_ Alf, Maestrati & Bouchet, 2010
* 泰勒氏蠑螺 _Bolma tayloriana_ (E. A. Smith, 1880)
* _Bolma venusta_ (Okutani, 1964)

**異名**

* _Bolma christianeae_ Nolf, 2005：為 _Bolma jacquelineae_ (Marche-Marchad, 1957) 的異名。
* _Bolma clemenceae_ Bozzetti, 2010：為 _Bolma recens_ (Dell, 1967) 的異名。
* _Bolma erectospina_ Kosuge, 1983：為 _Bolma persica_ (Dall, 1907) 的異名。
* _Bolma formosana_ (Shikama, 1977)：為 _Bolma millegranosa_ (Kuroda & Habe in Habe, 1958) 的異名。
* _Bolma macandrewii_ (Mørch, 1868)：為 _Anadema macandrewii_ (Mörch, 1868) 的異名。
* _Bolma sunderlandi_ Petuch, 1987：為 _Cantrainea sunderlandi_ (Petuch, 1987) 的異名。

下列物種也列在印度洋 - 太平洋軟體動物資料庫中

* 'Bolma (Galeoastraea) asteriola _(DALL, 1925)_

## 參考文獻

* Risso, 1826, Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe méridionale, 4: 117
* Sacco, 1896, I Molluschi dei terreni terziarii del Piemonte e della Liguria, Parte 21: 19
* Schepman, 1908, Siboga Expeditie, 49a: 27
* Finlay, 1926, Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 57: 367, 373
* Beu A. G. & Ponder W. F. (1979). _A revision of the species of Bolma Risso, 1826 (Gastropoda: Turbinidae)_. Records of the Australian Museum 32 (1): 1-68
* Williams, S.T. (2007). _Origins and diversification of Indo-West Pacific marine fauna: evolutionary history and biogeography of turban shells (Gastropoda, Turbinidae)_. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 92, 573–592
* Alf A. & Kreipl K. (2011) _The family Turbinidae. Subfamilies Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 and Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990_. In: G.T. Poppe & K. Groh (eds), A Conchological Iconography. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. pp. 1–82, pls 104-245.

## 外部連結

* Biodiversity occurrence data provided by: (Accessed through GBIF Data Portal, www.gbif.net, 2009-10-13)[1]
* Beu A.G. & Ponder W.F. (1979) _A revision of the species of Bolma Risso, 1826 (Gastropoda: Turbinidae)_. Records of the Australian Museum 32 (1): 1-68. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）