[
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "吉爾吉斯斯坦宗教",
      "en": "Religion in Kyrgyzstan"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "吉爾吉斯斯坦的主要宗教是伊斯蘭教，但憲法保障宗教自由。吉爾吉斯斯坦的宗教有伊斯蘭教（包括遜尼派、什葉派和阿赫邁底亞）、佛教、巴哈伊教、基督宗教（包括俄羅斯正教會、羅馬天主教和基督復臨安息日會）、猶太教和其他宗教。遜尼派伊斯蘭教是吉爾吉斯斯坦的主要宗教教派，佔 75-80％的人口。",
          "en": "Islam is the main religion in Kyrgyzstan, but the constitution guarantees freedom of religion. Kyrgyzstan is a multi ethnic and multi religious country with Islam (including Sunni, Shia, and Ahmadiyya), Buddhism, Baha’i, Christianity (including Russian Orthodox Church, Roman Catholicism, and Seventh-day Adventist Church), Judaism, and other religions all having a presence in the country. Muslims constitute the main religion in Kyrgyzstan followed by 87,6% of the population."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "13f8eea6654690750d6c7ed262aa7345a92738c2",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "吉爾吉斯斯坦的主要宗教為什麼是伊斯蘭教？",
              "en": "What makes Islam in Kyrgyzstan so popular than other religions?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "憲法保障宗教自由",
                  "answer_start": 18
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "constitution guarantees freedom of religion",
                  "answer_start": 50
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "吉爾吉斯斯坦從公元 10 至 12 世紀伊斯蘭化以來，一直以穆斯林為主。伊斯蘭教是吉爾吉斯坦最廣泛的信仰。官方訊息來源估計，吉爾吉斯坦 80％的人口是穆斯林。中情局世界概況估計為 75％穆斯林人口。 吉爾吉斯斯坦幾乎所有的穆斯林都是遜尼派，有少數什葉派穆斯林（約一千人），也有一些阿赫邁底亞穆斯林，雖然阿赫邁底亞穆斯林不被國家承認。截至 2007 年 5 月，吉爾吉斯斯坦有 1650 座清真寺，其中 1623 座是有登記的，還有七個高等伊斯蘭教學機構。主要是穆斯林族群是吉爾吉斯族（佔總人口的 67％）；烏茲別克族（14.2％）；東干族（華人穆斯林）（1.1％）和維吾爾族（1％）。在蘇聯加盟共和國時期，許多清真寺和伊斯蘭學校被關閉。吉爾吉斯坦獨立後，伊蘭教信仰恢復，並在國家一體化程序中發揮了重要作用。",
          "en": "Islam is the most widely held faith. Official sources estimated that 87,6 percent of the population is Muslim. The CIA World Factbook estimates 85%. Almost all the Muslims are Sunni; there are few Shia in the country (approximately one thousand). There are also a few Ahmadiyya Muslims, though unrecognised by the country. According to SARA, as of May 2007 there were 1,650 mosques, of which 1,623 were registered. There also were seven institutes for higher Islamic teaching."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "2c4f008cd63348244e4553d1c529665ad18f5a4a",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "什麼宗教的信徒比其他任何宗教的信徒都多？",
              "en": "More people are followers of what religion than any other?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "伊斯蘭教",
                  "answer_start": 36
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Islam",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "2014 年冬季奧林匹克運動會冰壺比賽",
      "en": "Curling at the 2014 Winter Olympics"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "本屆冬奧會冰壺比賽參加資格有兩種辦法可以取得。各國家或地區可以透過 2012 年和 2013 年的世界冰壺錦標賽，也可以透過 2013 年 12 月舉辦的一次冬奧會資格賽來取得資格。七個國家透過兩屆世錦賽積分之和來獲得資格，兩個國家則通過冬奧會資格賽。作為主辦國，俄羅斯自動獲得參賽資格，這樣就確定了冬奧會冰壺比賽的男女各十支參賽隊伍。",
          "en": "Qualification to the curling tournaments at the Winter Olympics was determined through two methods. Nations could qualify teams by earning qualification points from performances at the 2012 and 2013 World Curling Championships. Teams could also qualify through an Olympic qualification event which was held in the autumn of 2013. Seven nations qualified teams via World Championship qualification points, while two nations qualified through the qualification event. As host nation, Russia qualified teams automatically, thus making a total of ten teams per gender in the curling tournaments."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "b08184972e38a79c47d01614aa08505bb3c9b680",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "俄羅斯有多少隊獲得參賽資格？",
              "en": "How many teams did Russia qualify for?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "十支",
                  "answer_start": 161
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "ten teams",
                  "answer_start": 543
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "毀滅戰士 3"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "《毀滅戰士 3》是一個故事導向的第一人稱動作射擊遊戲。如同以前的《毀滅戰士》遊戲，遊戲中的主要目標是成功透過各個關卡，打敗各種敵人。《毀滅戰士 3》故事導向的設計令玩家時常遇到友善的非玩家角色，這些角色通常會提供重要的劇情資訊、交待玩家的任務或遊戲物品。玩家在遊戲中可以同時攜帶並使用十種武器，包含較為傳統的衝鋒鎗、散彈槍和手榴彈，以及實驗性的電漿武器，另外還有《毀滅戰士》系列中不可或缺的重要武器 BFG 9000 和電鋸。敵人各有不同的能力和戰術，但基本上可分為喪屍和惡魔兩大類。喪屍是被惡魔附身的人類，使用他們的槍械或肉搏來攻擊主角。惡魔是來自地獄的生物，大多用爪子，有些則會投擲電漿火球攻擊主角。當惡魔被殺死以後，他們的屍體會化成灰。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "36e2d9a94f3e08427a85e202229e50350abc80e1",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪個故事導向的動作遊戲包含多種武器並需要多級通關來取勝。",
              "en": "What story-driven action game incorporates multiple weapons and need to pass through levels to win."
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "《毀滅戰士 3》",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "faf513d17057c6bb95175c670ec98061b5cb2fce",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪一些毀滅戰士特許經營的獨家武器在遊戲中最強大？",
              "en": "What Doom franchise exclusive weapons were most powerful within the game?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "BFG 9000 和電鋸",
                  "answer_start": 199
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "《毀滅戰士 3》推出時可支援四人的多人遊戲，並有四種遊戲模式。不過，遊戲的社群自己創造了可以允許八到十六名玩家一起進行多人遊戲的遊戲模組。之後，《邪惡復甦》資料片把官方的人數上限提升到八人。多人遊戲的四種模式都是死亡競賽型別的。標準的死亡競賽遊戲中，所有玩家要在關卡里蒐集武器並殺掉其他玩家，殺掉最多玩家的人就贏了。團隊版的死亡競賽也差不多如此。第三個遊戲型別是「last man standing」，每個玩家只有有限的重生次數，遊戲最後因此只會剩下一名勝利的玩家。最後一種遊戲模式是「錦標賽」，兩名玩家先彼此互鬥，另外兩名玩家此時則是旁觀者。第一場戰鬥的勝利者會留在場上，剩下兩名玩家再依序和他單挑。戰鬥中輸掉的玩家會變成旁觀者，而勝利的玩家則繼續留在場上對付下一名玩家。Xbox 版的《毀滅戰士 3》亦包含了兩名玩家的合作戰役模式。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "b3fa3ec7514fab23baa7b630814e670a1418ee40",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪單人遊戲有雙人遊戲模式？",
              "en": "There is a two-player mode in which single player game?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "《毀滅戰士 3》",
                  "answer_start": 344
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "馬可・卡薩格蘭"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "馬可・卡薩格蘭出生於芬蘭舊都圖爾庫頗具名聲義大利芬裔天主教家族，童年時期在北極圈拉普蘭區附近的小村落上托爾尼奧度過，後搬到南方小鎮卡爾亞念小學和中學。成年後，馬可・卡薩格蘭到了赫爾辛基研習建築學。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "a7888e1802b7ed59e0d6e4b6ff4348595f5d1f74",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "卡薩格蘭到哪裡研習建築學？",
              "en": "Where did Casagrande go to study architecture?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "赫爾辛基",
                  "answer_start": 88
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "1993 年在芬蘭服完兵役後自願參與波士尼亞戰爭。他以「Luca Moconesi」為筆名將經歷寫成半自傳《去莫斯塔路上搭便車的人》（[Mostarin tien liftarit] ，英語：Hitchhikers on the Road to Mostar）一書。1997 年出版，引發芬蘭媒體議論紛紛，因此他被當局懷疑可能觸犯戰爭罪。卡薩格蘭在答辯時表示書中主角情節多屬虛構，調查結果也證明他沒有違反任何條款。從 2006 年開始，卡薩格蘭每年在芬蘭國防大學開課教授軍事戰略和領導統御學。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "9835becbfb3914e25253151e3c43fe0bfa2fecc4",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "卡薩格蘭在哪年當志願者？",
              "en": "What year did Casagrande volunteer?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "1993",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "作品從早期就開始跨界建築藝術和科學，曾在世界各地發表關注生態環境意識建築裝置藝術作品。 1999 年作品「大地的逃脫」（Land (e) scape）因得到英國建築評論雜誌（Architectural Review's）舉辦之 Emerging Architecture 獎項，受邀參加 2000 年以「六十分鐘人」（60 Minute Man）威尼斯建築雙年展。改造棄置廢用之貨櫃駁船。利用城中居民一小時內產生之有機排洩物製造的壤土，在船上種橡樹使之成為供公眾使用之綠化公園。紐約時報記者撰文，本作為他個人當年度雙年展最喜愛作品。「收集建築的潛意識與真正的現實，讓現代人和自然重新結合起來。他鹹認不被壓力、經濟環境，網路上的娛樂和資訊矇蔽，最重要的是真實」 。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "040b6b9d4ceb3cc4f0981e59aabc47227232e371",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "卡薩格蘭德認為現代人被什麼所矇蔽？",
              "en": "Casagrande believes that modern people are blindfolded by what?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "壓力、經濟環境，網路上的娛樂和資訊",
                  "answer_start": 301
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "糠醛"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "1832 年，德國化學家 Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner 首先將糠醛分離出來。他在製取蟻酸的過程中萃取出微量的副產品，即糠醛。 在當時，蟻酸是用死亡的螞蟻蒸餾製取，Döbereiner 用的螞蟻體內可能含有一些植物碎屑。1840 年，蘇格蘭化學家約翰・斯登豪斯發現相同的化學品可以由許多種不同的農作物中蒸餾製取，他將玉米、燕麥、麥麩和鋸木屑分別放入稀硫酸中，檢測出該糠醛的實驗式為 C5H4O2。1901 年，德國化學家卡爾・哈里斯推論出糠醛結構。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "9e9a108fdf106838bceeb3b4d9693e39931df705",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "Döbereiner 生產哪種酸？",
              "en": "Which acid did Döbereiner produce?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "蟻酸",
                  "answer_start": 54
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "在 1922 年桂格燕麥公司使用燕麥麩大規模製造以前，糠醛除了偶而用作芳香劑外，仍然是一個基本無人問津的化學品。現在，糠醛仍然由農副產品如甘蔗渣和玉米芯中製取。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "c19ba4f5138d602ed6a4a0b667e4abb2d32b2f1a",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "玉米哪部分現今用於糠醛的生產？",
              "en": "What part of corn is used today in the production of furfural?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "玉米芯",
                  "answer_start": 73
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "Adobe Photoshop",
      "en": "Adobe Photoshop"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "Adobe Photoshop，簡稱 “PS”，是一個由 Adobe 開發和發行的影象處理軟體。該軟體釋出在 Windows 和 Mac OS 上。",
          "en": "Adobe Photoshop is a raster graphics editor developed and published by Adobe Inc. for Windows and macOS. It was originally created in 1988 by Thomas and John Knoll. Since then, this software has become the industry standard not only in raster graphics editing, but in digital art as a whole. The software's name has thus become a generic trademark, leading to its usage as a verb (e.g. \"to photoshop an image\", \"photoshopping\", and \"photoshop contest\") although Adobe discourages such use. Photoshop can edit and compose raster images in multiple layers and supports masks, alpha compositing, and several color models including RGB, CMYK, CIELAB, spot color, and duotone. Photoshop uses its own PSD and PSB file formats to support these features. In addition to raster graphics, this software has limited abilities to edit or render text and vector graphics (especially through clipping path for the latter), as well as 3D graphics and video. Its feature set can be expanded by plug-ins; programs developed and distributed independently of Photoshop that run inside it and offer new or enhanced features."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "7c97cf2f5f5db2041e0908d7446267c976692143",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰開發了 Adobe Photoshop？",
              "en": "Who developed Adobe Photoshop?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "Adobe",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Adobe Inc.",
                  "answer_start": 71
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "安騰",
      "en": "Itanium"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "在 1989 年，惠普認為 RISC 架構將來會遇到每週期只能執行一個指令的瓶頸。而惠普的研究員在研究一個稱之為顯式並行指令運算（EPIC）的新架構，該架構允許處理器在一個週期內執行多條指令。EPIC 是一種超長指令字（VLIW）架構，每個這種指令即包含多條小指令。使用 EPIC 技術後，編譯器就能決定讓這些小指令同時執行於單一週期，因此處理器能夠簡單的執行這些指令而不需要很複雜的架構去決定哪些指令能夠並行執行。惠普認為它對個別企業系統公司不具有足夠的成本效益來自行開發自己的處理器，所以惠普在 1994 年與英特爾結為合作伙伴來開發 EPIC 為基礎的 IA-64 架構。而英特爾預測 IA-64 微處理器將會被使用多數的企業系統制造業採用而給予大量的開發資源。在 1998 年，惠普與英特爾發表共同的大規模合作開發的成品，內部代號為 Merced。在開發期間，英特爾、惠普還有工業分析家預測 IA-64 將會支配伺服器、工作站、高階電腦，甚至取代 RISC 與 CISC 架構的所有既有產品。此預測導致 Compaq 與 Silicon Graphics 決定放棄 Alpha 與 MIPS 架構的未來開發計劃而偏愛轉移至 IA-64 架構。數個集團分別開始為該架構開發作業系統，包含 Microsoft Windows、Linux 與 Unix 的衍生版本像是惠普 - UX、Solaris、Tru64 UNIX 與 Project Monterey（後三者在進入市場之前就已被取消）。在 1997 年發現 IA-64 架構與該編譯器的開發難度比預期還要高，所以 Merced 的推出時間就一再順延。該技術困難包含需要非常大量的電晶體才能處理超長指令與大量快取。在該架構的專案還有一些結構性的問題，在兩部分的整合團隊使用不同的演演算法而有些微不同的優先度。自從第一顆 EPIC 架構的處理器 Merced 推出後，開發團隊也陸續遭遇更多之前未預料到的問題。除此之外，EPIC 的概念依賴於編譯器的處理能力，而之前完全沒有實作過，所以許多未預測到的研究也出現。",
          "en": "In 1989, HP determined that Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) architectures were approaching a processing limit at one instruction per cycle. HP researchers investigated a new architecture, later named Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC), that allows the processor to execute multiple instructions in each clock cycle. EPIC implements a form of very long instruction word (VLIW) architecture, in which a single instruction word contains multiple instructions. With EPIC, the compiler determines in advance which instructions can be executed at the same time, so the microprocessor simply executes the instructions and does not need elaborate mechanisms to determine which instructions to execute in parallel."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "bcd46478a35667cabe3ab812d1a6e2927eddf979",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "在 EPIC 架構中，什麼東西對指令的順序做出決定？",
              "en": "In EPIC what makes the decision of the order of the instructions?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "編譯器",
                  "answer_start": 145
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "compiler",
                  "answer_start": 495
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "c4a3f9fe40ebc3cb3f0209f33e13601d72ac57e9",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "將多個指令截切成單個指令的首字母縮寫詞是什麼？",
              "en": "What is the acronym for multiple instructions to be truncated into a single instruction?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "VLIW",
                  "answer_start": 110
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "VLIW",
                  "answer_start": 393
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "b244b1a11adbcab302ce49aa42340b2a7a955eed",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "新架構的名字是什麼？",
              "en": "What was the name of the new architecture?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "顯式並行指令運算",
                  "answer_start": 56
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC)",
                  "answer_start": 209
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "德屬西南非洲",
      "en": "German South West Africa"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "德屬西南非洲（德語：Deutsch-Südwestafrika），1884 年至 1915 年德意志帝國的殖民地之一。德屬西南非洲具有 835100 平方公里的面積，這是德意志帝國大陸在當時歐洲面積的 1.5 倍的規模。",
          "en": "German South West Africa (German: Deutsch-Südwestafrika) was a colony of the German Empire from 1884 until 1919. With an area of 835,100 km², it was one and a half times the size of the mainland German Empire in Europe at the time. The colony had a population of around 2,600 Germans."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "7a54cb8754cfe941f1de961d0d273b3f34a7588d",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "德國西南非的前殖民地與德國大陸領土的規模相比如何？",
              "en": "How did the former colony of German South West Africa compare to the size of the mainland German territory?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "1.5 倍",
                  "answer_start": 100
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "one and a half times the size",
                  "answer_start": 149
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "雷傑普・塔伊普・埃爾多安",
      "en": "Recep Tayyip Erdoğan"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "艾爾多安於 1978 年 7 月 4 日與 Emine Gülbaran（1955 年出生）結婚。他們有兩個兒子：長子巴拉克於 1979 年出生，二子比拉爾於 1981 年出生；兩個女兒：三女艾斯拉於 1983 年出生，四女蘇梅耶於 1985 年出生。他的父親艾哈邁德・艾爾多安於 1988 年去世，他的 88 歲的母親 Tenzile Erdoğan 於 2011 年去世。",
          "en": "Erdoğan married Emine Gülbaran (born 1955, Siirt) on 4 July 1978. They have two sons; Ahmet Burak and Necmettin Bilal, and two daughters, Esra and Sümeyye. His father, Ahmet Erdoğan, died in 1988 and his 88-year-old mother, Tenzile Erdoğan, died in 2011. He is a member of the Community of İskenderpaşa, a Turkish sufistic community of Naqshbandi tariqah."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "752259fefe168eaf1ea07158d2c215599d16102b",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "艾爾多安的配偶是誰？",
              "en": "Who was Erdogan's spouse?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "Emine Gülbaran",
                  "answer_start": 21
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Emine Gülbaran",
                  "answer_start": 16
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "佔語字母",
      "en": "Cham script"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "佔語字母發展自婆羅米文，而婆羅米文又是亞蘭字母的後裔。約在公元 200 年，佔文發展自一種稱為加蘭塔的南印度婆羅米文。隨著印度教和佛教的擴大，加蘭塔文被帶到東南亞。刻有占城文明的印度石廟中就有梵語和佔語的獻辭。在越南最早的獻辭在美山寺中找到。追溯到約公元 400 年，最早期的文字實際是被寫錯的梵語。此後，獻辭的用語不斷在這兩中文字中交替。占城國王曾學習經典的印度經文，如法典（Dharmaśāstra，一譯法論），和引自梵語文學的獻辭。最終，當佔語和梵語互相影響時，占城吸收了印度教的文化，並終有足夠的佔語詞彙表達印度宗教的相關思想。 在公元 8 世紀時，佔語字母終於脫離梵語的影響而獨立發展。 而大多尚存的手稿著重於宗教儀式，戰爭史詩和神話。現代佔語屬於東南亞語言聯盟，有聲調等音節上的相似。然而，這些語言到達中南半島後出現了雙音節詞和無聲調詞。為了適應這種變化，文字要改變。佔族人分為兩支，一支居住在柬埔寨，另一支居住在越南，其中，居住於越南的成為藩朗佔族。對於公元第一個千年期，占人的語言僅被看作越南海岸邊的一種方言。當越南語使用範圍向南部擴充套件時，當時的越南人才發現兩種語言是有明顯差別的，也正因為這次越南語的推廣運動，使大部分佔族人搬回高地，而小部分藩朗占人則留在低地，受越南人統治。隨著越南人推翻當時佔王朝的首都，西部佔族人的佔語與藩朗佔語開始產生分歧。他們各自使用截然不同的字母，儘管前者大多數為穆斯林 ，而且現在多使用阿拉伯字母。後者更多為印度教徒，並依舊使用佔語字母。在法國殖民統治期間，兩支都不得不使用拉丁字母。",
          "en": "The Cham script is a descendant of the Brahmi script of India. Cham was one of the first scripts to develop from a Tamil Brahmi script called the Grantha alphabet some time around 200 CE. It came to Southeast Asia as part of the expansion of Hinduism and Buddhism. Hindu stone temples of the Champa civilization contain both Sanskrit and Chamic language stone inscriptions. The earliest inscriptions in Vietnam are found in Mỹ Sơn, a temple complex dated to around 400 CE. The oldest inscription is written in faulty Sanskrit. After this, inscriptions alternate between Sanskrit and the Cham language of the times.Cham kings studied classical Indian texts such as the Dharmaśāstra and inscriptions make reference to Sanskrit literature. Eventually, while the Cham and Sanskrit languages influenced one another, Cham culture assimilated Hinduism, and Chams were eventually able adequately express the Hindu religion in their own language. By the 8th century, the Cham script had outgrown Sanskrit and the Cham language was in full use. Most preserved manuscripts focus on religious rituals, epic battles and poems, and myths.Modern Chamic languages have the Southeast Asian areal features of monosyllabicity, tonality, and glottalized consonants. However, they had reached the Southeast Asia mainland disyllabic and non-tonal. The script needed to be altered to meet these changes.The Cham now live in two groups: the Western Cham of Cambodia and the Eastern Cham (Phan Rang Cham) of Vietnam. For the first millennium AD, the Chamic languages were a dialect chain along the Vietnam coast. The breakup of this chain into distinct languages occurred once the Vietnamese pushed south, causing most Cham to move back into the highlands while some like Phan Rang Cham became a part of the lowland society ruled by the Vietnamese. The division of Cham into Western and Phan Rang Cham immediately followed the Vietnamese overthrow of the last Cham polity. Each uses a distinct variety of the script, although the former are mostly Muslim and now prefer to use the Arabic alphabet.  The latter are mostly Hindu and still use the Cham script.  During French colonial times, both groups had to use the Latin alphabet."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "cfa8402a88ef1dfbaa6dc4b02682b3cd577bcff4",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "美山寺，位於越南的一個名字寫錯的寺廟可以追溯到什麼時候？",
              "en": "My Son, a temple complex in Vietnam is dated to around what year?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "公元 400 年",
                  "answer_start": 125
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "400 CE",
                  "answer_start": 465
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "e63a89e83cc6de3247bf02bebc6adaa22747c2e5",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "印度的加蘭塔文是如何被帶到東南亞？",
              "en": "How did the Cham script of India come to be found in Southeast Asia?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "印度教和佛教的擴大",
                  "answer_start": 61
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "as part of the expansion of Hinduism and Buddhism",
                  "answer_start": 214
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "巴斯塔縣",
      "en": "Bastar district"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "巴斯塔縣，印度中部恰蒂斯加爾邦的一個縣。北鄰拉吉南德岡縣、坎克爾縣、達姆塔裡縣，南鄰丹德瓦達縣 。總面積 8755.79 km²，總人口 1302,253 (2001 年)，人口密度 108 /km2 (280 /sq mi)。行政中心位於傑格德爾布林。",
          "en": "Bastar District is a district of the state of Chhattisgarh in central India. Jagdalpur is the district headquarters. The district has an area of 10755.79 km². Bastar District is bounded on the northwest by Narayanpur district, on the north by Kondagaon District, on the east by Nabarangpur and Koraput districts of Odisha state, on the south and southwest by Dantewada District, and on the west by Gadchiroli District of Maharashtra state. It possesses a unique blend of tribal and Odia culture."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "91ffaa60be80af84dd52f55bcc521ca24d9a6aeb",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪區有獨特平淡的文化？",
              "en": "What district has a unique bland of culture?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "巴斯塔縣",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Bastar District",
                  "answer_start": 159
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "全球資訊網"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "全球資訊網中至關重要的概念─超文字，起源於 1960 年代的幾個從前的專案。譬如泰德・尼爾森的仙那度計劃和道格拉斯・英格巴特的 NLS。而這兩個專案的靈感都是來源於萬尼瓦爾・布什在其 1945 年的論文《和我們想得一樣》中為微縮膠片設計的 Memex 系統。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "89d39291f0bb52e14e9dae67c970ef9927bd388a",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "隱含的超文字概念多久之前就存在了？",
              "en": "How far back has the underlying concept of hypertext existed?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "1960 年代",
                  "answer_start": 21
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "蒂姆・伯納斯 - 李的另一個才華橫溢的突破是將超文字嫁接到因特網上。在他的《一千零一網》一書中解釋，他曾多次向技術社群的成員暗示這兩種技術結合是可行的，但是卻沒有任何人接受他的建議，他最後只好自己解決了這個計劃。他發明了三項關鍵技術："
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "8a180f4ebe6ee6a6f4e423270db1f5959d031353",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "伯納斯 - 李寫的是什麼書？",
              "en": "What cook did Berners-Lee write?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "《一千零一網》",
                  "answer_start": 37
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "1993 年 4 月 30 日，歐洲核子研究組織宣佈全球資訊網對任何人免費開放，並不收取任何費用。兩個月之後 Gopher 協議宣佈不再是免費使用，造成大量使用者從 Gopher 轉向全球資訊網。早期流行的網頁瀏覽器是用於 Unix 和 X Windows 系統的 ViolaWWW。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "b1f082d1a1f5c08b20a41307cf8933cb28bf538e",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "歐洲核子研究中心何時宣佈了免費全球資訊網？",
              "en": "When did CERN announce a free World Wide Web?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "1993 年 4 月 30 日",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "1994 年 10 月，全球資訊網聯盟（W3C）在麻省理工學院計算機科學實驗室成立，建立者是全球資訊網的發明者蒂姆・伯納斯 - 李。到了 1994 年底，全球網站數量仍然相對稀少，但是很多著名網站已經相當活躍，這些網站已經預示或者啟發了當今最流行的服務。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "5bfd33773a60aca0ec82bcd02628fd68de6af419",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "蒂姆伯納斯在哪一年離開歐洲核子研究中心？",
              "en": "Which year did Tim Berners-Lee leave CERN?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "1994",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "巨米波電波望遠鏡",
      "en": "Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "巨米波電波望遠鏡（英語：Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope，縮寫為 GMRT），位於印度鄰近浦那，是一個米波長的電波望遠鏡陣列。它由國家電波天文物理中心操作，部分由孟買的塔塔基礎研究所運作。在它建造的時候，是世界上最大的干涉儀陣列，。",
          "en": "The Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT), located near Pune (Narayangaon) in India, is an array of thirty fully steerable parabolic radio telescopes of 45 metre diameter, observing at metre wavelengths. It is operated by the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics, a part of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai. At the time it was built, it was the world's largest interferometric array offering a baseline of up to 25 kilometres (16 mi)."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "14905acda1a10e259f301d7563480394b4a2e62d",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "由哪家公司操作巨米波電波望遠鏡？",
              "en": "The GMRT is operated by what company?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "國家電波天文物理中心",
                  "answer_start": 80
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics",
                  "answer_start": 223
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "上帝羔羊樂團",
      "en": "Lamb of God (band)"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "1990 年，吉他手馬克・莫頓、鼓手克里斯・阿德勒和貝斯手約翰・坎貝爾組成了名為焚燒祭師的重金屬樂團，三位成員是在就讀維吉尼亞聯邦大學時結識的。不久後，馬克・莫頓為了完成碩士學位而離開樂團。克里斯・阿德勒與約翰・坎貝爾找了艾貝・史匹爾代替馬克・莫頓的位置。接下來的五年，樂團在克里斯・阿德勒位於里奇蒙的房子及維吉尼亞州各地練團。1995 年，他們發行了第一張同名試聽帶。之後他們以焚燒祭師的名義，分別與撒旦代理人和 ZED 錄製兩張拆分專輯。在推出三張試聽帶後，主唱蘭迪・布萊斯加入樂團。",
          "en": "In 1994, guitarists Mark Morton and Matt Conner, bassist John Campbell and drummer Chris Adler started a band named Burn the Priest. The band members knew each other from the college they were all attending, Virginia Commonwealth University, in Richmond, Virginia. Morton and Conner left the band soon after its inception to pursue a master's degree and work on other bands respectively. Adler and Campbell replaced Morton with Abe Spear. For the next five years, the band practiced in Richmond and around Virginia. In 1995, the band released its self-titled first demo. After the demo, Burn the Priest recorded two split EPs with Agents of Satan and ZED respectively. After the band's first three demos, Burn the Priest added vocalist Randall Blythe to its line up."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "52c2da91237626e119691cabc27fcf3259502dcf",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "歌手蘭迪・布萊斯是哪個樂隊的？",
              "en": "What band was Randall Blythe the vocalist of?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "焚燒祭師",
                  "answer_start": 190
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Burn the Priest",
                  "answer_start": 587
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "677037a95449df4818b9451a3fa005816a0e1571",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "焚燒祭師樂隊哪一年釋出了一張同名試樣唱片？",
              "en": "What year did Burn the Priest release a self-titled demo?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "1995",
                  "answer_start": 164
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "1995",
                  "answer_start": 519
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "2aa6bea52bbe57a3980be3ca20cd7f6319188afe",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "在這個樂隊中，誰替代了莫頓？",
              "en": "Who replaced Morton in the band?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "艾貝・史匹爾",
                  "answer_start": 111
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Abe Spear",
                  "answer_start": 428
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "21edc94ff8db56b873e4e790cdcedb9a34eec9c5",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "約翰・坎貝爾在樂隊中是什麼位置？",
              "en": "What position did John Campbell have in the band?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "貝斯手",
                  "answer_start": 26
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "bassist",
                  "answer_start": 49
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "1997 年，馬克・莫頓回到樂團。1999 年，他們以 2500 美元的錄製預算，由就在今日的主唱兼吉他手史蒂夫・奧斯汀製作。4 月 4 日，由暴軍唱片發行第一張同名專輯《焚燒祭師》。樂團接著在賓夕法尼亞州費城舉行了首次演唱會。在艾貝・史匹爾離開樂團後，留下了一個吉他手的空缺。克里斯・阿德勒的弟弟威利・阿德勒成為樂團的吉他手。樂團並與義肢唱片簽約。由於一些表演場地的業者認為他們有個「惡魔」團名，樂團在某些場地被禁止表演。後來他們為了避免被外界認為是崇拜撒旦的樂團，改名為上帝羔羊。",
          "en": "In 1997, Morton returned to the band. Two years later, the band released its first full-length self-titled album, Burn the Priest, through Legion Records. Mikey Brosnan of Legion Records saved up $2,500 for the recording and then broke them in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania through DIY shows. The album was produced by Today Is the Day guitarist and vocalist Steve Austin. Spear left the band, leaving an open position for a guitarist. Adler's younger brother Willie became the band's second guitarist a year later, and a deal with Prosthetic Records was signed. Contrary to rumour, the band did not change their name to Lamb of God after being banned from venues; these bans occurred afterwards. They changed their name because of the altered line-up, and to avoid being mistaken for a satanic metal band."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "28e69836b43b8b7cf4f35b2864b1e4ab0ca5714a",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "專輯《焚燒祭師》是誰製作的？",
              "en": "Who produced the Burn the Priest album?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "史蒂夫・奧斯汀",
                  "answer_start": 53
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Steve Austin",
                  "answer_start": 356
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "在與唱片廠牌簽約並更改團名之後，樂團在 2000 年 9 月 26 日發行第二張專輯《美式新教》。美國線上音樂資料庫 Allmusic 的音樂評論家派翠克・甘迺迪將他們與蠱戮金屬樂團潘特拉相提並論，表示：「上帝羔羊的專輯充滿後潘特拉風格的音樂特色。《美式新教》是一棵參天大樹，讓美國金屬樂界的信念更加強韌，他們有力結合了 1990 年代的技術取向和 1980 年代強調即興重複段結構的風格」。克里斯・阿德勒表示：「這是張經典專輯。我們將所有元素結合在一起，做出一張我們職業生涯裡最重要、最有感染力的專輯。我們很難被歸納到任何曲風，當時連我們自己都不知道 —— 我們到底寫出了什麼音樂」。",
          "en": "With a new name and label, the band released its second album, New American Gospel, in September 2000. Patrick Kennedy of Allmusic compared the band to Pantera stating, \"The essential signatures of post-Pantera metal are in abundance on Lamb of God's inaugural album. New American Gospel provides a mighty oak upon which gritty American metal's faith is maintained, effectively bridging the '90s' insistence upon drill-sergeant technicality and the old school's determined focus on riff construction.\" Chris Adler commented: \"This is a classic record. We had all the elements come together to make one of the heaviest, yet contagious records of our career. It was difficult to contain us—we didn't even understand at the time what we had created.\"Lamb of God toured for two years before releasing their third studio album, As the Palaces Burn, on May 6, 2003. Kirk Miller of Rolling Stone gave the album three out of five stars, writing that \"unlike many of their overreaching, Slipknot-influenced contemporaries, Lamb of God deliver a meticulously crafted metal assault.\" The album was voted the number one album of 2003 by both Revolver Magazine and Metal Hammer. The band was part of the first Headbangers Ball tour, where they recorded a DVD including live performances and a documentary, titled Terror and Hubris. The DVD was a success, debuting at number 31 on the Billboard Top Music Videos chart."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "67630def6ee0b9b5b12662b854fa932c56bce2cb",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "他們何時發表第一張以新名稱命名的專輯？",
              "en": "when was their first album under a new name released?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "2000 年 9 月",
                  "answer_start": 19
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "September 2000",
                  "answer_start": 87
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "2006 年 7 月 15 日起，展開金屬聖典巡迴之旅，持續一年多，總計表演了 237 個場次。8 月 22 日，發行第五張專輯《金屬聖典》。登上告示牌二百強專輯榜第 8 名，美國首周銷量將近 6 萬 5 千張，幾乎是上一張專輯《夜的灰燼》的翻倍成長。《金屬聖典》獲得普遍好評，英國《唱針雜誌》表示：「《金屬聖典》有目前最難忘的上帝羔羊歌曲，音樂上不會太油膩。他們演奏精準，且歌曲的即興重複段及轉調十分平順」。美國多媒體評論網站《想像力遊戲網》將《金屬聖典》評價為「2006 年最佳金屬專輯之一」 美國音樂雜誌《攪拌機》形容這張為「一路狂飆的衝擊感，電吉他與鼓搭配得非常棒，顫音也變得更快速，上帝羔羊展現了更加靈活的音樂」。",
          "en": "In August 2006 Lamb of God released its fifth studio album, Sacrament. The album debuted at number eight on the Billboard 200 and sold nearly 65,000 copies in its first week of sales, nearly doubling the first week sales of Ashes of the Wake."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "ec8c573e57d67a09fd942f891a32f6f6e1100ecd",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "第五張專輯的名字是什麼？",
              "en": "What was the name of the fifth album?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "金屬聖典",
                  "answer_start": 65
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Sacrament",
                  "answer_start": 60
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "阿斯瑪・阿薩德",
      "en": "Asma al-Assad"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "她的父親是倫敦 Cromwell Hospital 的心臟病專家 Fawaz Akhras，母親是退休的外交官 Sahar Otri al-Akhras。她父母都是出身於霍姆斯的敘利亞裔遜尼派穆斯林。",
          "en": "Assad was born Asma Akhras on 11 August 1975 in London to Fawaz Akhras, a cardiologist at the Cromwell Hospital, and his wife Sahar Akhras (née Otri), a retired diplomat who served as First Secretary at the Syrian Embassy in London. Her parents are Sunni Muslims and of Syrian origin, hailing from the city of Homs.She grew up in Acton, London, where she went to Twyford Church of England High School and later a private girls' school, Queen's College, London. She graduated from King's College London in 1996 with a first-class honours Bachelor of Science degree in computer science and a diploma in French literature. She speaks English, Arabic, French, and Spanish."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "373714402cc5f14709e8aba9ab5cd604e749ac10",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "阿薩德父親的職業是什麼？",
              "en": "What is the profession of Assad's father?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "她的父親是倫敦 Cromwell Hospital 的心臟病專家 Fawaz Akhras",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "cardiologist",
                  "answer_start": 74
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "向量",
      "en": "Euclidean vector"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "在物理學和諸多工程學科中，向量更多地被稱作向量。許多常見的物理量都是用向量描述，如運動學中的位移、速度、加速度，力學中的力、力矩，電磁學中的電流密度、磁矩、電磁波等等。",
          "en": "v. This important requirement is what distinguishes a contravariant vector from any other triple of physically meaningful quantities. For example, if v consists of the x, y, and z-components of velocity, then v is a contravariant vector: if the coordinates of space are stretched, rotated, or twisted, then the components of the velocity transform in the same way. On the other hand, for instance, a triple consisting of the length, width, and height of a rectangular box could make up the three components of an abstract vector, but this vector would not be contravariant, since rotating the box does not change the box's length, width, and height. Examples of contravariant vectors include displacement, velocity, electric field, momentum, force, and acceleration."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "8175866703aa24366d95b9e4b5de5abf7ae215a5",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "逆變向量的例子是什麼？",
              "en": "what are examples o contravariant vectors"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "位移、速度、加速度，力學中的力、力矩，電磁學中的電流密度、磁矩、電磁波",
                  "answer_start": 46
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "displacement, velocity, electric field, momentum, force, and acceleration.",
                  "answer_start": 692
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "蘇希爾・柯伊拉臘",
      "en": "Sushil Koirala"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "柯伊拉臘 1939 年出生於尼泊爾的柯伊拉臘家族。柯伊拉臘家族是尼泊爾著名的政治世家。1954 年，柯伊拉臘受到尼泊爾大會黨的社會民主思想影響，步入政界。1960 年，尼泊爾國王馬亨德拉親政，不久宣佈禁止一切政黨活動。柯伊拉臘此後流亡印度 16 年。他還因捲入 1973 年尼泊爾劫機事件而在印度坐牢三年。在流亡印度期間，他是尼泊爾大會黨官方刊物《Tarun》的編輯。自 1979 年起，他擔任該黨中央工作委員會委員。1996 年，出任該黨總書記。1998 年，出任該黨副主席。2010 年 3 月 20 日，尼泊爾制憲會議第二大黨尼泊爾大會黨主席、前尼泊爾首相吉里賈・普拉薩德・柯伊拉臘在加德滿都病逝。此後，蘇希爾・柯伊拉臘擔任尼泊爾大會黨代主席。根據尼泊爾大會黨章程，黨主席需獲得半數以上支援票才能當選。2010 年 9 月 21 日，參加尼泊爾大會黨第 12 屆全國代表大會的 3080 名代表中，有 3062 人參加了當天舉行的投票。2010 年 9 月 22 日，尼泊爾大會黨中央選舉委員會宣佈代主席蘇希爾・柯伊拉臘以 1652 票當選尼泊爾大會黨新任主席。2013 年 11 月 19 日，尼泊爾全國大選直接選舉產生尼泊爾第二屆制憲會議（議會）。第一大黨尼泊爾大會黨和第二大黨尼泊爾共產黨（聯合馬列）共佔 367 席。2014 年 2 月 9 日，兩黨達成協議，尼泊爾共產黨（聯合馬列）支援柯伊拉臘當選總理，領導新一屆聯合政府；尼泊爾大會黨則支援尼泊爾共產黨（聯合馬列）候選人競選制憲會議主席。2014 年 2 月 10 日，尼泊爾第二屆制憲會議（議會）總理選舉結果出爐，唯一的候選人、尼泊爾大會黨主席蘇希爾・柯伊拉臘當選為尼泊爾總理。他也成為柯伊拉臘家族自 1950 年以來產生的第 4 位首相或總理，也是 2008 年產生的尼泊爾聯邦民主共和國的第 6 任總理。在尼泊爾政府官方網站公佈的官員財產清單內，柯伊拉臘申報的個人財產僅有 3 部手機。柯伊拉臘的家鄉在尼泊爾西部城市根傑，但柯伊拉臘在家鄉無房無地，回家探親時還要暫住在兄弟家。在當選為總理、入住總理官邸前，他一直住在加德滿都的一套簡陋的出租房。鑑於尼泊爾政府腐敗嚴重，柯伊拉臘的清廉形象受到稱讚。",
          "en": "Koirala entered politics in 1954 inspired by the social-democratic ideals of the Nepali Congress. In 1958 he keenly participated in Bhadra Abagya Aandalon, (Civil Disobedience Movement) launched by the Nepali Congress. In 1959, he actively involved himself in the party's objective of carrying out the democratic elections. The election saw Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala become the first elected prime minister of the country. However, King Mahendra planned and executed a coup in December 1960 and expelled Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala. This resulted in the exile of several members of the Nepali Congress to India, which included Sushil Koirala. He remained in political exile in India for 16 years following the royal takeover of 1960. Koirala also spent three years in Indian prisons for his involvement in a plane hijacking in 1973. While in exile, Koirala was the editor of Tarun, the official party publication. He has been a member of the Central Working Committee of the party since 1979 and was appointed General Secretary of the party in 1996 and Vice President in 1998."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "c777130f40591a6bc93d88768b04190e8f6e568d",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "柯伊拉臘流亡了多久？",
              "en": "How long did Bishweshwar spend in exile?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "16 年",
                  "answer_start": 119
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "16 years",
                  "answer_start": 687
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "夏琨塔拉・戴維",
      "en": "Shakuntala Devi"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "夏琨塔拉・戴維出生在印度班加羅爾市的一個正統康納達語的婆羅門家庭。 她的父親因不願在廟中作一名祭司，於是便加入了馬戲團作一名空中飛人、馴獸師、並表演走鋼絲、變魔術。 當戴維約三歲時，她的父親就教她玩撲克牌的把戲，並發現她有熟記數字的能力。 於是她的父親就離開了馬戲團，帶她到路上表演快速且大量複雜的數字運算，而戴維在沒有接受任何相關的正規教育下竟也能做到。 六歲時，戴維就在邁索爾大學展現了她驚人的運算及記憶能力。1944 年，戴維與其父親移居倫敦。 到了 1960 年代中期，便回到了印度並嫁給一位加爾各答的行政服務官員 Paritosh Bannerji，後於 1979 年離婚。 到了 1980 年代初期，戴維又回到了班加羅爾。戴維曾到世界各地展示她的算術天份，如 1950 年的歐洲之旅、以及 1976 年在紐約的表演。 1988 年，她再次到美國，並讓柏克萊加州大學的心理學教授亞瑟・傑森對她的能力進行研究。傑森在幾個任務中測試戴維的績效，其中包括了計算很大的數字。例如，計算 61,629,875 的立方根，以及 170,859,375 的七次方根。 傑森在其報告中說，在他還沒來得及把上述的數學問題記好在筆記本之前，戴維就已能夠給出解答了（以上的答案分別是 395 以及 15）。 1990 年，傑森將其發現發表在心理學的學術期刊《智力》上。除了作為一名心算家之外，戴維也是一名占星家並有多種著作，如食譜以及虛構小說。",
          "en": "Shakuntala Devi was born in Bengaluru, Karnataka to an orthodox Kannada Brahmin family. Her father rebelled against becoming a temple priest and instead joined a circus where he worked as a trapeze artist, lion tamer, tightrope walker, and magician. He discovered his daughter's ability to memorise numbers while teaching her a card trick when she was about three years old. Her father left the circus and took her on road shows that displayed her ability at calculation. She did this without any formal education. At the age of six, she demonstrated her arithmetic abilities at the University of Mysore.In 1944, Shakuntala Devi moved to London with her father."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "64093c39eca8d90e8346a083af1add8775633275",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "德維屬於什麼社群？",
              "en": "What community did Devi belong to?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "正統康納達語的婆羅門",
                  "answer_start": 20
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "orthodox Kannada Brahmin",
                  "answer_start": 55
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "巴納斯河",
      "en": "Banas River"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "巴納斯河（Banas River），是印度西部拉賈斯坦邦的一條河流，為亞穆納河支流昌巴爾河的支流。巴納斯河干流河長約 512 公里。巴納斯河發源於阿拉瓦利山脈的查姆諾山，源頭距離拉吉薩曼德縣城鎮堪伯加大約 5 公里。幹流向東北流，經拉賈斯坦邦的梅瓦地區，在薩外馬多布林縣的拉梅希瓦村附近注入昌巴爾河。納特德瓦拉、賈哈茲普爾、通克等城市座落於河畔。",
          "en": "The name \"Banaas\" literally translates as \"forest-hope\" (Ban-aas) meaning \"Hope-of-the-forest\" or 'Van Ki Aasha.' The river originates in the Veron ka Math situated in Khamnor Hills of the Aravalli Range, about 5 km from Kumbhalgarh in Rajsamand district. It flows northeast through the Mewar region of Rajasthan, then across Hadavati before meeting the Chambal near the village of Rameshwar in Sawai Madhopur District.The Banas drains a basin of 45,833 km², and lies entirely within Rajasthan. It drains the east slope of the central portion of the Aravalli Range, and the basin includes all or part of Ajmer, Bhilwara, Bundi, Chittorgarh, Dausa, Jaipur, Pali, Rajsamand, Sawai Madhopur, Sirohi, Tonk, and Udaipur districts. The cities of Nathdwara, Jahazpur, and Tonk lie on the river. Major tributaries include the right bank tributaries of Berach and Menali and the left bank tributaries of Kothari, Khari, Dai, Dheel River, Sohadara River, Morel and Kalisil.The Banas is a seasonal river that dries up during the summer, but it is nonetheless used for irrigation. The Bisalpur-Jaipur project (a dam across the Banas at Deoli, about 40 km from Tonk) was completed by the Government of Rajasthan in 2009 and it provides drinking water from the Banas to Jaipur city."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "56b710de16881da284a33f2e2a885577299bca84",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "巴納斯河干流河的源頭與堪伯加相距多少公里？",
              "en": "How far from Kumbhalgarh is the river's beginning?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "5 公里",
                  "answer_start": 102
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "5 km",
                  "answer_start": 211
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "1998 年冬季奧林匹克運動會獎牌榜"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "這是目前有得到 1998 年冬季奧林匹克運動會獎牌的國家或地區排名列表。這份排名是依據每個國家或地區所獲得的金牌數而排列。銀牌數是在金牌數之後被計算，然後是銅牌數。如果獎牌數目相同，則是以該國家或地區的英文名字字母順序，給予相同排名"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "ea494dfe41f7dc3e07e3d78efd41b88b25d3d03c",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "各國以什麼順序列出？",
              "en": "What order are nations listed?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "英文名字字母順序",
                  "answer_start": 101
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "99a1f901a73d718a3c45d96654544022c9cb99a4",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "在長橇比賽中，頒發的金牌比較多還是銅牌比較多？",
              "en": "Were there more gold or bronze medals awarded in the bobsleigh competition?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "金牌",
                  "answer_start": 54
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "日產汽車",
      "en": "Nissan"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "日產生產了大量主流的轎車和卡車，最初主要為國內市場服務，從 1950 年代開始向全世界出口。公司還生產數款跑車，包括 Z 系列和 GT-R。前者是一款最早在 1969 年出現的較為經濟的跑車，而後者則是一款動力強勁的四驅運動型四座跑車。1985 年，日產建立了一個新的部門稱作 NISMO，專門負責賽車及其發展。日產銷售的豪華品牌「INFINITI」為無限之意。",
          "en": "Nissan has produced an extensive range of mainstream cars and trucks, initially for domestic consumption but exported around the world since the 1950s."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "98f35a7692c2016566e4c751a52c3458bb34acb8",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "日產什麼時候成為全球汽車製造商？",
              "en": "When did Nissan become a global vehicle manufacturer?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "1950 年代",
                  "answer_start": 29
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "1950s",
                  "answer_start": 145
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "南非種族隔離",
      "en": "Apartheid"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "“Apartheid（種族隔離制度）” 一詞源於阿非利加語（即：南非荷蘭語），意為 “孤立、疏遠”。南非種族隔離制度形成於 20 世紀 30-40 年代，與舊有的種族隔離政策相似並取而代之。“Apartheid” 這一措辭在南非白人（即：阿非利加人）民族主義者討論種族和政治問題時常常用到，他們企圖在南非建立白人統治。30-40 年代期間，南非迅速崛起，成為了一個工業化和城市化的現代國家。而面對此鉅變，南非白人卻要實施種族隔離制度。南非白人的祖輩由德國人、比利時人、法國基督教新教徒、以及最主要的是荷蘭殖民者組成，黑人勞工以及母語為英語的南非人在權力和經濟上的成功讓他們感到了威脅。南非白人認為史末資政府未能充分實施種族隔離政策，提高南非白人的生活條件，並解決 “窮苦白人” 的狀況。種族隔離制度的意識形態起源於南非各種族為了彼此的自身利益而需要相互隔離，而種族隔離制度的思想主體系基於對 “科學種族主義” 的堅信。南非白人認為不同的種族、文化融合在一起是不可能的，也是行不通的；甚至有人以為這種融合是對神的不敬。因此，白人執政的政府將推行種族隔離的政策。這種堅持種族分離的主張便形成了 “種族隔離制度” 這一政治和法律理論。",
          "en": "Apartheid is an Afrikaans word meaning \"separateness\", or \"the state of being apart\", literally \"apart-hood\" (from Afrikaans \"-heid\"). Its first recorded use was in 1929."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "30ea8aab548bb75a3c8b887da5d516f17ab4853b",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "種族隔離制度意為什麼？",
              "en": "What does the word Apartheid mean?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "“孤立、疏遠”",
                  "answer_start": 41
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "separateness\", or \"the state of being apart",
                  "answer_start": 40
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "復仇者聯盟"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "驚奇漫畫的總編輯艾維・亞拉，在 2005 年 4 月首次宣佈計劃制定的電影后，驚奇漫畫與美林證券聯合制作並由派拉蒙電影公司發行相關電影。驚奇漫畫討論他們的簡短的介紹華爾街分析。工作室的目的是要推出個別人物電影，建立角色的身份和熟悉他們的觀眾，之後把他們合併在一部電影。被聘為驚奇工作室的編劇扎克・佩恩的《新變形俠醫》，2007 年 6 月。佩恩證實了他的參與，但他表示他並不認為工作將很快開始。在 2007-2008 年美國罷工作家協會後，驚奇漫畫與美國作家協會談判，以確保它可以建立根據其漫畫建立電影，包括美國隊長，蟻人和復仇者聯盟。鐵甲奇俠的成功上映，令驚奇漫畫在 2008 年 7 月釋出復仇者聯盟電影化。2008 年 9 月，驚奇漫畫製片廠與派拉蒙達成了一項協議，給這公司未來五年的經銷權擴充套件驚奇漫畫電影。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "84f9b3bb128cbc29290aded9ba8f6d697072b077",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "何時開始製片？",
              "en": "When did casting begin?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "2008 年 9 月",
                  "answer_start": 306
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "1d537a0144c187339c1fbec5e0e4a493ec8fa4fa",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "鋼鐵俠是哪一年上映的？",
              "en": "What year was Iron Man released?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "2008 年",
                  "answer_start": 284
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "溫室",
      "en": "Greenhouse"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "除菸草以上外，很多蔬菜和花在冬末春初的時候會在溫室種植，當回暖的時候會移植到室外的。此外，農夫也會在這時候在農貿市場進行買賣的。某些在溫室裡所培養種植的特別品種，例如番茄等通常會成為商業產品的。",
          "en": "Greenhouses are often used for growing flowers, vegetables, fruits, and transplants. Special greenhouse varieties of certain crops, such as tomatoes, are generally used for commercial production. Many vegetables and flowers can be grown in greenhouses in late winter and early spring, and then transplanted outside as the weather warms. Bumblebees are the pollinators of choice for most pollination, although other types of bees have been used, as well as artificial pollination. Hydroponics (especially hydroponic A-frames) can be used to make the most use of the interior space."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "51ff973faaa22a3410611947db4bd4ab81afbd51",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "什麼農作物通常被用為商業產品？",
              "en": "What crop is generally used in commercial applications?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "番茄",
                  "answer_start": 83
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "tomatoes",
                  "answer_start": 140
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "NTSC 制式",
      "en": "NTSC"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "美國國家電視系統委員會於 1940 年成立，隸屬於美國聯邦通訊委員會（FCC），成立目的是為了解決各公司不同的電視制式的分歧，從而統一全國的電視傳送制式。1941 年 3 月，委員會就無線電製造協會於 1936 年建議，釋出了關於黑白電視機技術標準。該標準較當時的標準能提升更高的影象畫質。NTSC 制式使用 525 條掃描線，較 RCA 公司使用的 441 線為高（當時此標準已經在 NBC 網路使用）。另一方面，飛歌公司、DuMont 公司有意將掃描線提升至 605 到 800 線之間。NTSC 標準同時建議了幀幅為每秒 30 幀，每幀由兩場交錯掃描線組成，每場由 262.5 條線組成，每秒組成 60 場。委員會在最後建議中使用 4:3 畫面比例，和使用 FM 調製伴音（在當時是嶄新技術）。",
          "en": "The National Television System Committee was established in 1940 by the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to resolve the conflicts between companies over the introduction of a nationwide analog television system in the United States. In March 1941, the committee issued a technical standard for black-and-white television that built upon a 1936 recommendation made by the Radio Manufacturers Association (RMA). Technical advancements of the vestigial side band technique allowed for the opportunity to increase the image resolution. The NTSC selected 525 scan lines as a compromise between RCA's 441-scan line standard (already being used by RCA's NBC TV network) and Philco's and DuMont's desire to increase the number of scan lines to between 605 and 800. The standard recommended a frame rate of 30 frames (images) per second, consisting of two interlaced fields per frame at 262.5 lines per field and 60 fields per second. Other standards in the final recommendation were an aspect ratio of 4:3, and frequency modulation (FM) for the sound signal (which was quite new at the time)."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "bc05f276f966ee2a28d92ad7da46ae82defb3c57",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "NTSC 選擇了多少掃描線作為妥協？",
              "en": "How many scan lines did NTSC select as a compromise?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "525",
                  "answer_start": 154
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "525",
                  "answer_start": 571
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "QRpedia"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "QRpedia 的構想始於維基百科的志願者 Roger Bamkin，由 Terence Eden 編碼，並於 2011 年 4 月亮相。它目前使用於博物館以及許多國家的機構，包括澳大利亞、保加利亞、捷克共和國、愛沙尼亞、西班牙、印度、英國與美國。該計劃的原始碼在 MIT 許可證的規範之下可自由重複使用。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "24c2fadf1a10ac4837c1cb2dc4836bdae4d13cd4",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "原始碼是有專利的，還是可以自由使用的？",
              "en": "Is the source code patented or available to use?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "自由重複使用",
                  "answer_start": 146
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "8c0229d7cad48da215db0e1462be5e58b4dd6182",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰製作了 QRpedia？",
              "en": "Who made QRpedia?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "Roger Bamkin",
                  "answer_start": 21
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "艾薩克・牛頓"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "在力學上，牛頓闡明瞭動量和角動量守恆的原理。在光學上，他發明了反射望遠鏡，並基於對三稜鏡將白光發散成可見光譜的觀察，發展出了顏色理論。他還系統地表述了冷卻定律，並研究了音速。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "f6d0c42792c166772d6947b1ae69a88ff0ae03da",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰負責光譜的觀察？",
              "en": "Who was responsible for the observations in the spectrum?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "牛頓",
                  "answer_start": 5
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "1643 年 1 月 4 日（按照現行公曆），艾薩克・牛頓出生於英國英格蘭東密德蘭林肯郡南凱斯蒂文伍爾索普的伍爾索普莊園。他的父親同樣名為艾薩克・牛頓，在他出生前三個月去世。由於早產的緣故，剛出生的牛頓十分瘦小；傳聞他母親漢娜・艾斯庫曾說過，牛頓剛出生時小得可以裝進一夸脫的馬克杯。牛頓 3 歲時，母親改嫁並住進了新丈夫巴納巴斯・史密斯牧師位於北威特姆的家，而把牛頓託付給了他的外祖母瑪傑裡・艾斯庫。年幼的牛頓不喜歡他的繼父，並因母親嫁給他的事而對母親持有一些敵意，牛頓甚至曾經寫下：「威脅我的繼父與生母，要把他們連同房子一齊燒掉。」據《大數學家》和《數學史介紹》兩書記載：“牛頓在鄉村學校開始學校教育的生活，後來被送到了格蘭瑟姆的國王中學，併成為了該校最出色的學生。在國王中學時，他寄宿在當地的藥劑師威廉・克拉克家中，並在 19 歲前往劍橋大學求學前，與藥劑師的繼女安妮・斯托勒訂婚。之後因為牛頓專注於他的研究而使得愛情冷卻，斯托勒小姐嫁給了別人。據說牛頓對這次的戀情保有一段美好的回憶，但此後便再也沒有其他的羅曼史，牛頓也終生未娶。” 不過據和牛頓同時代的友人威廉・斯蒂克利所著的《艾薩克・牛頓爵士生平回憶錄》一書的描述，斯蒂克利在牛頓死後曾訪問過文森特夫人，也就是當年牛頓的戀人斯托勒小姐。文森特夫人的名字叫做凱瑟琳，而不是安妮，安妮是她的妹妹，而且夫人僅表示牛頓當年寄宿時對她只不過是「懷有情愫」的程度而已。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "33852d3f97b7651a7acc25675298ddcd3546fb3a",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰養大了艾薩克・牛頓？",
              "en": "who raised Isaac Newton?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "他的外祖母瑪傑裡・艾斯庫",
                  "answer_start": 187
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "從 12 歲左右到 17 歲，牛頓都在國王中學學習，在該校圖書館的窗臺上還可以看見他當年的簽名。他曾從學校退學，並在 1659 年 10 月回到伍爾索普，因為他再度守寡的母親想讓牛頓當一名農夫。牛頓雖然順從了母親的意思，但據牛頓的同儕後來的敘述，耕作工作讓牛頓相當不快樂。所幸國王中學的校長亨利・斯托克斯說服了牛頓的母親，牛頓又被送回了學校以完成他的學業。他在 18 歲時完成了中學的學業，並得到了一份完美的畢業報告。牛頓的學業成績如此優秀，部分原因是為了挑戰和報復一個學校惡霸。劍橋心理學家西蒙・拜昂 - 柯恩認為，牛頓很可能患有亞斯伯格症候群。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "dcc42ec6b396191626e80999aa237337761b5117",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "亨利・斯托克斯做了什麼，讓牛頓被勒令退學後，又回伍爾斯索普呢？",
              "en": "What did Henry Stokes do after being removed from school and returned to Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "說服了牛頓的母親，牛頓又被送回了學校以完成他的學業。",
                  "answer_start": 152
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "1661 年 6 月，他進入了劍橋大學的三一學院。在那時，該學院的教學基於亞里士多德的學說，但牛頓更喜歡閱讀一些勒奈・笛卡兒等現代哲學家以及伽利略・伽利萊、尼古拉・哥白尼和約翰內斯・開普勒等天文學家更先進的思想。1665 年，他發現了廣義二項式定理，並開始發展一套新的數學理論，也就是後來為世人所熟知的微積分學。在 1665 年，牛頓獲得了學位，而大學為了預防倫敦大瘟疫而關閉了。在此後兩年裡，牛頓在家中繼續研究微積分學、光學和萬有引力定律。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "6eaf6cdc35490b6d82078a735319b29378171d08",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "他在哪一年發現了廣義二項式定理？",
              "en": "In what year did he discover the generalized binomial theorem?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "1665 年",
                  "answer_start": 106
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "多數現代歷史學家都相信，牛頓與萊布尼茨分別獨立發明了微積分學。根據牛頓周圍的人所述，牛頓要比萊布尼茨早幾年得出他的方法，但在 1693 年以前他幾乎沒有發表任何內容，並直至 1704 年他才給出了其完整的敘述。其間，萊布尼茨已在 1684 年發表了他的方法的完整敘述。兩人創造了不同的微積分符號，歐洲大陸全面採用萊布尼茨符號，而英國堅持使用牛頓的微積分符號，直到 1820 年才全面採納萊布尼茲的符號。萊布尼茨的筆記本記錄了他的思想從初期到成熟的發展過程，而在牛頓已知的記錄中只發現了他最終的結果。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "f56e644b8266381ada22b2c0a01faa2bdc94a072",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪些人被認為創造了稱為微積分學的數學領域？",
              "en": "Which people are thought to have created the mathematical area known as calculus?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "牛頓與萊布尼茨",
                  "answer_start": 12
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "他在 1669 年被授予盧卡斯數學教授席位。在那一天以前，劍橋或牛津的所有成員都是經過任命的聖公會牧師。不過，盧卡斯教授之職的條件要求其持有者不得活躍於教堂（大概是如此可讓持有者把更多時間用於科學研究上）。牛頓認為應免除他擔任神職工作的條件，這需要查理二世的許可，後者接受了牛頓的意見。這樣避免了牛頓的宗教觀點與聖公會信仰之間的衝突。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "be840d83f09c9c98da4488aafda24eff3a055460",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪些大學規定要擔任聖職？",
              "en": "What colleges were ordered to take holy orders?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "劍橋或牛津",
                  "answer_start": 29
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "從 1670 年到 1672 年，牛頓負責講授光學。在此期間，他研究了光的折射，表明稜鏡可以將白光發散為彩色光譜，而透鏡和第二個稜鏡可以將彩色光譜重組為白光。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "1412334a2b268481e33030d187013df11fe87fab",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰分析了白光？",
              "en": "Who analyzed white light?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "牛頓",
                  "answer_start": 17
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "他還透過分離出單色的光束，並將其照射到不同的物體上的實驗，發現了色光不會改變自身的性質。牛頓還注意到，無論是反射、散射或發射，色光都會保持同樣的顏色。因此，我們觀察到的顏色是物體與特定有色光相合的結果，不是物體產生顏色的結果。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "8deebf03088b2efe6a248acb57439844faaf582b",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "顏色來自哪裡？",
              "en": "Where does colour come from?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "物體與特定有色光相合",
                  "answer_start": 87
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "牛頓於 1727 年 3 月 31 日 [儒略曆：1726 年 3 月 20 日] 在倫敦睡夢中辭世，於西敏寺舉行國葬，成為史上第一個獲得國葬的自然科學家。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "99eaecf7bcc8585dcefa55c1176bc896fc9a09b2",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "牛頓是怎麼死的？",
              "en": "How did Newton die?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "睡夢中",
                  "answer_start": 45
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "1970 年代，對牛頓頭髮的化學分析顯示其中水銀含量比正常值超出 50 多倍，最可能的解釋是他從事鍊金術所致。汞中毒可能解釋牛頓晚年的一些怪異行徑。牛頓之墓位於西敏寺中殿，墓地上方聳立著一尊牛頓的雕像，其石像倚坐在一堆書籍上。身邊有兩位天使，還有一個巨大的地球造型以紀念他在科學上的功績。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "3e7f0fd26153a784adf6aa6765a61f35d3d2fed5",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪種中毒有助解釋牛頓的晚年生活？",
              "en": "What kind of poisoning helped explain Newton's later life?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "水銀",
                  "answer_start": 22
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "牛頓的一則著名的故事稱，牛頓在受到一顆從樹上掉落的蘋果啟發後，闡示出了他的萬有引力定律。漫畫作品更認為，掉落的蘋果正好砸中了牛頓的腦門，它的碰撞讓他不知何故地明白了引力。約翰・康杜特，牛頓在皇家造幣廠時的助理及牛頓外甥女的丈夫，在他有關牛頓生活的著述中提到了這件事："
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "cfbf0f7b7044622d4cf9b5b58fff2f4adb2a6419",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "康杜特與誰結了婚？",
              "en": "Who was Conduitt married to?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "牛頓外甥女",
                  "answer_start": 105
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "問題不在於引力是否存在，而在於它是否能從地球延伸到如此遠，還能夠成為保持月球在軌道執行的力。牛頓發現，如果讓該力隨距離的平方反比而減少，所計算出的月球軌道週期能與真實情況非常好地吻合。他猜想同樣的力也導致了其他的軌道運動，並因此將之命名為 “萬有引力”。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "7cb8a08435da80688b76e574ddd03f86c587dee2",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "什麼有關引力的質疑？",
              "en": "what was questioned about gravity?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "是否能從地球延伸到如此遠，還能夠成為保持月球在軌道執行的力",
                  "answer_start": 16
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "0d9d240495c4103e48aa59a4dc7d8ae384d64f80",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "牛頓對地球引力的看法是什麼？",
              "en": "What is Newton's idea of terrestrial gravity?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "如果讓該力隨距離的平方反比而減少，所計算出的月球軌道週期能與真實情況非常好地吻合",
                  "answer_start": 51
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "法國數學家約瑟夫・拉格朗日常常說牛頓是迄今為止最偉大的天才，他還曾經評價牛頓是 “最幸運的，因為我們已經無法再創立一個世界體系了。” 有觀點認為牛頓本人對他自己的成就非常謙遜，1676 年，在他寫給羅伯特・胡克的一封信中出現了一句名言："
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "a05046cdf2cfbf0f5e3ee7cb0ad9f3125186886b",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "這兩個人之間以怎樣溝通？",
              "en": "What type of communication occurred between these two men?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "信",
                  "answer_start": 108
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "Of Natures Obvious Laws & Processes in Vegetation（1671–75）有關鍊金術未完成的作品"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "21fec539768f1e537f1cef78d62d12020cda4543",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "年度範圍是什麼？",
              "en": "What was the year range?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "1671–75",
                  "answer_start": 50
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "德國磁浮試驗線碰撞事故",
      "en": "Lathen train collision"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "德國磁浮試驗線碰撞事故，乃發生於當地時間 2006 年 9 月 22 日 10 時 0 分，Transrapid 公司聯接拉滕和德爾彭的試驗線磁浮車輛撞上軌道上的工程車，造成 23 人死亡的嚴重事故。這是磁浮車輛在歷史上的第一宗致命意外。",
          "en": "The Lathen train collision occurred on 22 September 2006 when a Transrapid magnetic levitation (or \"maglev\") train collided with a maintenance vehicle near Lathen, Germany, killing 23 people.  It was the first fatal accident involving a maglev train."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "8e1c32c36d729eaa035a5bf9ea97343116099fed",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "德國磁浮試驗線碰撞事故有多麼嚴重？",
              "en": "How bad was the accident between maglev train and maintenance vehicle?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "致命",
                  "answer_start": 114
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "fatal",
                  "answer_start": 210
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "大衛・科波菲爾 (小說)"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "《塊肉餘生錄》（David Copperfield）又譯名 “大衛・科波菲爾”，是 19 世紀英國批判現實主義作家查爾斯・狄更斯的第八部重要作品，全名是《布倫德斯通貧民窟的大衛・科波菲爾之個人歷史、歷險、經歷和觀察（他從來沒想以任何方式出版）》，寫於 1848—1850 年。和他的其它作品一樣，故事以連載的方式刊登，用時兩年。在這部帶有自傳性質的小說裡，狄更斯藉 “大衛自身的歷史和經驗”，從某些方面回顧和總結了自己的生活道路，表現出他的人生態度、道德理想。作品所展示的繪聲繪色、豐富多彩的生活畫面，具有鮮明深刻的時代特點。在 1867 年版中，狄更斯寫到：“和許多溺愛的父母一樣，我也有一個心中最喜愛的孩子，他的名字叫大衛・科波菲爾。”"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "6a982661b194bdecc6711e9ede5cf6b893ab1474",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "狄更斯在 1876 年序言中寫了些什麼？",
              "en": "What did Dickens wrote in the 1876 preface?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "和許多溺愛的父母一樣，我也有一個心中最喜愛的孩子",
                  "answer_start": 281
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "愛德華・摩德斯通（Edward Murdstone） -- 小說前半部分的主要反面人物，他是小大衛的繼父，性情殘忍，常常對他大打出手。大衛反咬了摩德斯通的手，結果被送入薩倫學堂。在大衛母親去世後，摩德斯通先生把大衛送進了自己在倫敦的工廠，讓他洗酒瓶。他曾經去貝西姨媽那裡，想把大衛要回來。摩德斯通遭到貝西訓斥後，似乎有些懺悔的意思，但他隨後再婚，冷酷依然故我。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "0e353da159e03778f885363bc08d7779c5bfa489",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "Murdstone 先生在倫敦的工廠從事什麼樣的工作？",
              "en": "What was Mr Murdstone's job at the factory he worked at in London?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "洗酒瓶",
                  "answer_start": 121
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "錢德拉塞卡拉・拉曼",
      "en": "C. V. Raman"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "拉曼在 1948 年印度科學研究所退休一年後，在卡納塔克邦班加羅爾成立了拉曼研究所。他曾經擔任拉曼研究所的董事並持續活耀其中，直到他 1970 年逝世於班加羅爾，享年 82 歲。",
          "en": "Raman retired from the Indian Institute of Science in 1948 and established the Raman Research Institute in Bangalore, Karnataka, a year later. He served as its director and remained active there until his death in 1970, in Bangalore, at the age of 82."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "0943672009e3633b5d6b2e24b4b5d59b1ff10973",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "拉曼研究所在哪裡成立的？",
              "en": "Where was the Raman Research Institute established>"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "卡納塔克邦班加羅爾",
                  "answer_start": 24
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Bangalore, Karnataka",
                  "answer_start": 107
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "圖波列夫 TB-3 重型轟炸機",
      "en": "Tupolev TB-3"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "圖波列夫 TB-3（俄語：Тяжёлый Бомбардировщик，轉寫：Tyazholy Bombardirovschik，意為重型轟炸機；民用型則稱為 ANT-6）是西元 1930 年代蘇聯空軍列裝的重型轟炸機，並被使用於第二次世界大戰。它是世界上第一個懸翼四引擎的重型轟炸機。 西元 1939 年，TB-3 因過時而正式退役，但 TB-3 仍在整個二次世界大戰進行轟炸和運輸工作。 TB-3 也以 Zveno 計劃戰鬥機母機和輕型戰車運輸機的角色參加戰鬥。",
          "en": "The Tupolev TB-3 (Russian: Тяжёлый Бомбардировщик, Tyazholy Bombardirovschik, Heavy Bomber, civilian designation ANT-6) was a heavy bomber aircraft which was deployed by the Soviet Air Force in the 1930s and during World War II. It was the world's first cantilever wing four-engine heavy bomber. Despite obsolescence and being officially withdrawn from service in 1939, the TB-3 performed bomber and transport duties throughout much of World War II. The TB-3 also saw combat as a Zveno project fighter mothership and as a light tank transport."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "ee8d6a9d3842cb300a773d5db115a0271c15d9da",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "TB-3 是什麼型別的運輸機？",
              "en": "Which type of transport was the TB-3?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "輕型戰車",
                  "answer_start": 218
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "light tank",
                  "answer_start": 522
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "2012 年印度大停電"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "該事故發生幾周之前，極為炎熱的天氣使得新德里的電力消耗創造了歷史最高紀錄。因季風推遲所引發的乾旱，使得旁遮普邦和哈里亞納邦的農業區需要更多的電力來使用水泵灌溉稻田。另外，遲來的季風也意味著水電站的發電量比往常減少。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "68a4e408276f5cec099218a9b883881d703079cc",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "農民用泵做什麼？",
              "en": "What did the farmers use pumps to do?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "灌溉稻田",
                  "answer_start": 77
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "7 月 30 日，當地時間凌晨 02:35（IST，29 日 21:05 UTC），阿格拉 - 巴雷利輸電系統的一條電線 ——400 kV 的比那 - 瓜廖爾線發生短路，從而引發電網崩潰。所有受影響地區的主要發電站先後關閉，造成大約 320 億瓦特的電力缺口。印度官員評價該次停電事故時，稱這是 “十年來最糟糕” 的。事發當天，印度能源部長蘇希爾・庫馬爾・欣德（Sushil Kumar Shinde）稱造成此次停電的具體原因還尚未查明，但停電發生時印度的電網負荷超出平常。他推測由於用電量上升，一些邦可能試圖從電網獲得超出允許額度的電力。印度電網公司（PGCIL）和北部區域負荷排程中心（NRLDC）的發言人稱北方邦、旁遮普邦和哈里亞納邦應對本次停電負責。而印度電網公司董事長稱，電力供應正以 “創紀錄的速度” 恢復。印度一家電力公司的資深總監將此次停電稱為 “一次相當大的故障，暴露出印度電網中主要技術故障。（其中）出現的可怕錯誤，導致未能啟動備份系統。” 超過 3 億印度人（佔印度總人口的 30%）因該起事故無電可用。鐵路和機場被迫在 8 時前關閉，而首都新德里的英迪拉・甘地國際機場因啟動了備用電源，得以保持開放狀態。在當天早上交通高峰時期，因為停電而引發交通混亂，火車被迫停車，交通訊號燈也停止執行。部分火車乘客被困達三到五個小時。一些醫院報告稱衛生服務中斷，汙水處理廠被迫關閉幾個小時，上百萬人無法用電泵從井中抽水使用，而一些機構和單位則依靠備用發電機執行。印度工商業協會稱該事故對商業行為產生了嚴重衝擊，許多商店無法營業。煉油廠因擁有獨立的電力供應，得以繼續生產。大約 15 小時後，電力供應恢復到平常的 80% 的水平。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "22eda0eb4cb5a5fae8943f1f44873ec94c192ae6",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "使用超出允許額度的電力區域的結果是什麼？",
              "en": "What was the result of areas using more power than allowed?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "獲得超出允許額度的電力",
                  "answer_start": 258
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "停電當天，印度能源部長蘇希爾・庫馬爾・欣德舉行三人會議，以查明停電原因，並稱將在 15 天內完成事故報告。應對批評時，他說印度不是唯一發生大停電的國家，例如美國和巴西也在前幾年發生過大停電。美國華盛頓郵報稱這兩起停電事故使印度總理曼莫漢・辛格的 4000 億美元電網翻修計劃顯得更加急迫。這一計劃可以在 2017 年前增加 760 億瓦特的發電能力，其中部分由核電提供。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "41d00d2334a4de013c544892d33d57d8292cc47b",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "總理曼莫漢・辛格博士改革印度電網計劃的主要內容是什麼？",
              "en": "What is the major part of Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh's plan for overhauling India's power grid?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "核電",
                  "answer_start": 180
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "羅斯柴爾德家族",
      "en": "Rothschild family"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "萊昂內爾・羅斯柴爾德 (1808–1879) 作為內森・邁爾・羅斯柴爾德的長子，接替他繼續掌管倫敦的分行。在萊昂內爾的管理下，家族銀行為 1875 年英國政府購買埃及的蘇伊士運河股份提供了資金。透過資助塞西爾・羅茲，羅斯柴爾德銀行也推動了不列顛南非公司的發展。1902 年塞西爾・羅茲去世，利奧波德・羅斯柴爾德 (1845–1917) 管理他的產業並協助在牛津大學成立了羅德獎學金專案。1873 年，羅斯柴爾德家族在法國和英國的分行聯合其他投資人共同收購了西班牙政府虧損的力拓銅礦。這些新的所有者對公司進行了重組，使之成為了一門盈利的生意。截止到 1905 年，羅斯柴爾德家族佔有力拓超過 30% 的股份。1887 年，法國和英國的家族銀行投資了南非戴比爾斯鑽石礦業，成為了其最大的股東。",
          "en": "Nathan Mayer's eldest son, Lionel de Rothschild (1808–1879), succeeded him as head of the London branch. Under Lionel, the bank financed the British government's 1875 purchase of Egypt's interest in the Suez Canal. The Rothschild bank also funded Cecil Rhodes in the development of the British South Africa Company. Leopold de Rothschild (1845–1917) administered Rhodes's estate after his death in 1902 and helped to set up the Rhodes Scholarship scheme at the University of Oxford. In 1873, de Rothschild Frères in France and N. M. Rothschild & Sons of London joined with other investors to acquire the Spanish government's money-losing Rio Tinto copper mines. The new owners restructured the company and turned it into a profitable business. By 1905, the Rothschild interest in Rio Tinto amounted to more than 30 percent. In 1887, the French and British Rothschild banking houses loaned money to, and invested in, the De Beers diamond mines in South Africa, becoming its largest shareholders."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "e33bd0eb7abf3e99ffa6b096db5a12da5c0c19b0",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪一個形容詞用來形容事業成功？",
              "en": "What adjective was used to characterize how successful the business was?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "盈利的",
                  "answer_start": 264
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "profitable",
                  "answer_start": 723
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "法國的第二個分支是納撒尼爾・羅斯柴爾德（英語：Nathaniel de Rothschild） (1812–1870) 的後裔。納撒尼爾・羅斯柴爾德生於倫敦，是家族英國分支創始人內森・邁爾・羅斯柴爾德 (1777–1836) 的第四個孩子，在 1850 年來到巴黎與他的叔叔詹姆士・邁爾・羅斯柴爾德共同管理家族生意。1853 年，納撒尼爾收購了位於吉倫特省波亞克的葡萄園木桐酒莊，改名為木桐・羅斯柴爾德酒莊。後來，這一名字成為了世界知名商標之一。1868 年，納撒尼爾的叔叔詹姆士・邁爾・羅斯柴爾德收購了臨近的拉菲酒莊。",
          "en": "The second French branch was founded by Nathaniel de Rothschild (1812–1870). Born in London, he was the fourth child of the founder of the British branch of the family, Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777–1836). In 1850 Nathaniel Rothschild moved to Paris to work with his uncle James Mayer Rothschild. In 1853 Nathaniel acquired Château Brane Mouton, a vineyard in Pauillac in the Gironde département.  Nathaniel Rothschild renamed the estate Château Mouton Rothschild, and it would become one of the best known labels in the world. In 1868, Nathaniel's uncle, James Mayer de Rothschild, acquired the neighbouring Château Lafite vineyard."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "71a964d0d32692e7f4b4eab3d215c567d404dd35",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "納撒尼爾什麼時候得到了一個葡萄種植農場？",
              "en": "When did Nathaniel get a grape growing farm?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "1853 年",
                  "answer_start": 158
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "1853",
                  "answer_start": 300
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "統計學"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "描述統計學處理有關敘述的問題：是否可以摘要的說明資料的情形，不論是以數學或是圖片表現，以用來代表母群體的性質？基礎的數學描述包括了平均數和標準差等。影象的摘要則包含了許多種的表和圖。主要是就說明資料的集中和離散情形。推論統計學被用來將資料中的資料模型化，計算它的機率並且做出對於母群體的推論。這個推論可能以對 / 錯問題的答案所呈現（假設檢定），對於數字特徵量的估計（估計），對於未來觀察的預測，關聯性的預測（相關性），或是將關係模型化（迴歸）。其他的模型化技術包括變異數分析（ANOVA），時間序列（time series analysis），以及資料探勘（data mining）。相關的觀念特別值得被拿出來討論。對於資料集合的統計分析可能顯示兩個變數（母群體中的兩種性質）傾向於一起變動，好像它們是相連的一樣。舉例來說，對於人收入和死亡年齡的研究期刊可能會發現窮人比起富人平均來說傾向擁有較短的生命。這兩個變數被稱做相關的。但是實際上，我們不能直接推論這兩個變數中有因果關係；參見相關性推論因果關係（邏輯謬誤）。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "05e4fdf7a22720bb3125a7f9a92afe418bb85c39",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "採用哪種數學方法來確定樣本之間的比較相似性？",
              "en": "What mathematical approach is employed in determining comparative similarities between a sample?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "統計分析",
                  "answer_start": 316
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "統計研究中的共同目標是分析因果關係，具體來講就是從預估資料變化中得出結論，或是研究自變數與因變數之間的關係。因果統計研究主要有兩種：實驗研究和觀察研究。在兩種研究中，自變數改變對因變數所造成的影響可以被觀測到。兩種實驗間的不同在於實驗時如何進行的。兩種實驗都很厲害。實驗研究包括將系統尺度進行研究、操縱系統、使用更多的尺度進行同樣的實驗來確定操作是否改變了尺度的值。與之相對的是觀察研究，觀察研究不包括實驗性操作。在此，資料被收集，預估資料與回覆資料間的相關係數被研究。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "547e0938092beb3a7fee76d6171bf548ef443f8e",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "研究了什麼？",
              "en": "What is investigated?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "預估資料與回覆資料間的相關係數",
                  "answer_start": 216
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "彙報研究結果並將其存檔。對人類行為的實驗研究應該多加謹慎。著名的霍桑效應在西方電器公司（Western Electric）位於伊利諾伊州的霍桑工廠（Hawthorne Works）進行心理學實驗，研究工作環境改變對生產率的影響。研究人員嘗試增強照明，觀察它是否有助於提高流水線工人的生產率。研究人員首先檢測了工廠的生產率，爾後改變車間的照明強度，觀察結果。結果是生產率在實驗環境下的確提升了。然而，該實驗因其流程誤差在今天飽受批評，特別是實驗缺乏參照組和雙盲。霍桑效應指僅從觀測來得出結論。該實驗中生產率的提升不是因為照明強度的改變，而是因為工人們發覺他們被圍觀了。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "ab6e897b1c03718761723c709b98dd8ae21059a2",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "什麼樣的錯誤在研究中被批評？",
              "en": "What sort of errors are criticized in the study?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "該實驗因其流程誤差在今天飽受批評，特別是實驗缺乏參照組和雙盲。",
                  "answer_start": 199
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "觀察研究的具體例子是研究吸菸與肺癌之間的相關係數。這種研究常用調查來收集所需資訊的觀測結果，並對其進行統計分析。在本案例中，研究人員會收集吸菸和不吸菸者的觀察資料，進行病例對照研究，然後觀察每組中肺癌患者的數量。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "0e6532385efde88720e10f839ee52741c372795c",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "觀察研究具體例子的研究物件是什麼？",
              "en": "What is the subject of one example of an observational study?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "研究吸菸與肺癌之間的相關係數",
                  "answer_start": 10
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "阿塔羅斯一世"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "在軍事上，他是一位具備勇氣和軍事才能，任內王國成為羅馬共和國堅貞的盟友，他參予第一次馬其頓戰爭和第二次馬其頓戰爭對抗馬其頓的腓力五世並佔有重要的地位。與馬其頓戰爭中，他指揮多場海上行動，成功阻止馬其頓朝愛琴海周圍進犯，並贏得許多榮譽和戰利品，他也為王國取得一些愛琴海的島嶼，如第一次馬其頓戰爭中獲得埃伊納島（Aegina），第二次獲得安德羅斯島（Andros）。另外阿塔羅斯一世也從腓力五世手中幸運地死裡逃生兩次。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "822569aa3e108a729f0bdb8686aa7abfb62a15ba",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "當時誰是馬其頓的統治者？",
              "en": "Who was the ruler of Macedon at the time?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "腓力五世",
                  "answer_start": 62
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "阿塔羅斯一世在位期間是小亞細亞希臘城邦的保護者，還視自己對抗蠻族的捍衞者。在東方希臘人勢力中，他治下的帕加馬國力強盛。前 197 年，差不多第二次馬其頓戰爭要結束之時，阿塔羅斯逝世，享年 72 歲，先前阿塔羅斯曾在波奧蒂亞（Boeotia）議會中發表演說時明顯有中風的徵狀。王位傳給其子歐邁尼斯二世繼任。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "70fd9514773ce076bbe537cdb7f321a5af60dcde",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "他何時逝世？",
              "en": "When did he die?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "前 197 年",
                  "answer_start": 59
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "緩龍屬"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "緩龍是已知最原始的鋸齒龍類，被認為可能是其他種的祖先。緩龍的體型大型，顯示這群奇特的動物僅管位在演化階段的很早位置，但已演化至理想的大小。較晚、較衍化的盾甲龍也沒緩龍大。大體積的優點是抵抗掠食動物，與維持穩定的體溫（巨溫性）。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "a53ed3d4d026191b632be45cd1aa965f85557804",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "什麼時期動物達到理想的大小？",
              "en": "When did the animals attain an optimal size?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "演化階段的很早位置",
                  "answer_start": 48
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "B. seeleyi，化石也是發現於南非卡魯盆地的貘頭獸集合地帶，是較不常見的物種。Boonstra 認為此種是個有效種，但 Lee 認為此種是更先進鋸齒龍類的近親。此種似乎是 Nochelesaurus 與 Embrithosaurus 的近親。與體型相近、數量更多的 B. baini 相比，此種的頰骨更大。上下頜各 19 到 20 對明顯重疊的牙齒。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "68cc3a13aa96fe18ffe8b825c86d50c32753721a",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "對 baini 來說不同的是什麼？",
              "en": "What is different for baini?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "baini 相比，此種的頰骨更大。",
                  "answer_start": 138
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "克里斯・梅森",
      "en": "Chris Metzen"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "梅森稱自己是一位 “漫畫發燒友”。他稱自己從 12 歲起便開始漫畫的創作，甚至在六歲時就產生了對繪畫的興趣。梅森說他至今仍然保留著 “每星期平均花費 35 美元購買漫畫” 的習慣。梅森熱衷於遊戲《龍與地下城》。他提到，他所創造的許多虛幻世界的靈感皆來自《龍槍》系列小說和電影《星球大戰》，而華特・西蒙森和凱斯・帕金森等人則是他繪畫藝術的靈感來源。他對自己的藝術風格有如下描述：“形式上受到了西蒙森和吉姆・李的手繪風格的影響”，而 “在主題和整體感覺上偏好拉里・埃爾默爾和帕金森的虛幻風格”。除了繪畫藝術，梅森的興趣範圍同樣包括搖滾、流行音樂、夜生活和摩托車。梅森有一個 2003 年出生的女兒索菲婭和一個 2008 年出生的兒子盧卡斯。梅森與他的妻子目前定居在美國加利福尼亞州的桑塔安娜。",
          "en": "He first started creating comics at the age of twelve, but that he had held an interest in drawing since at least six. He states that he still retains a habit of spending \"an average of thirty-five dollars per week\" on comics books. A fan of Dungeons & Dragons, Metzen cites the Dragonlance series of novels and Star Wars as the primary inspirations for his fantasy and science fiction creations, and names fantasy and comic book artists such as Walt Simonson and Keith Parkinson as his artistic inspirations.He defines his artistic style as having been \"heavily influenced by Walt Simonson's and Jim Lee's pencilling styles for form\" while preferring the \"costuming, themes and general feel of Larry Elmore and Keith Parkinson's fantasy paintings\". In addition to art, Metzen's interests include pop and rock music, the nightlife, and dirt bikes.On April 21, 2013, Metzen married his longtime girlfriend Kat Hunter, who was a licensing project manager at Blizzard Entertainment. They have three children."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "f839a23032e2ad46f3e926caac5996c5709ac598",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "他在漫畫書上花多少錢？",
              "en": "how much does he spend on comic books?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "每星期平均花費 35 美元",
                  "answer_start": 67
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "an average of thirty-five dollars per week",
                  "answer_start": 172
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "格雷弗・弗",
      "en": "Grover Furr"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "生於華盛頓，1965 年畢業於麥吉爾大學，獲英語學士學位。1978 年獲普林斯頓大學比較文學博士學位。 自 1970 年 2 月以來任教於蒙特克萊爾州立大學，研究中世紀英國文學。",
          "en": "Born in Washington, D.C., Grover Furr graduated from McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, in 1965 with a BA in English. He received a Ph.D in Comparative literature from Princeton University in 1978. Since February 1970, he has been on the faculty at Montclair State University in New Jersey, where he specializes in medieval English literature."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "a2b049f3390fd97e38b88f9710ec32857302040f",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "Grove Furr 1978 年從普林斯頓獲得什麼學位？",
              "en": "What did Grove Furr receive in 1978 from Princeton?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "比較文學博士學位",
                  "answer_start": 42
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Ph.D in Comparative literature",
                  "answer_start": 144
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "DNA 奈米技術",
      "en": "DNA nanotechnology"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "奈米技術常被限定為在小於 100 奈米的尺度下對材料和物體的研究。DNA 奈米技術是自下而上分子自組裝的一個例子，即分子成分自發地組成穩定結構；這些結構的特殊形態是由設計者所挑選的成分的物化特性所引發的。在 DNA 奈米技術中，構建成分是核酸鏈，如脫氧核糖核酸。脫氧核糖核酸很適合奈米級的構造，因為一條脫氧核糖核酸雙螺旋直徑為 2nm，螺旋重複長度為 3.5nm。核酸比其他材料更適合構造結構的主要特性是兩條核酸鏈間簡單的鹼基配對法則，透過鹼基連線可以形成一個具體明確的結構。這使核酸結構的組合容易透過核酸設計得到控制。這種特性在其他被用於奈米技術的材料中並不存在（包括蛋白質和奈米顆粒）。核酸分子的結構由含不同鹼基的核苷酸的排列順序決定。在脫氧核糖核酸中，四個鹼基為腺嘌呤、胞嘧啶、鳥嘌呤和胸腺嘧啶。如果核酸的兩條鏈是互補的，它們將相互連線形成雙螺旋結構（A-T，C-G）。因為正確的鹼基配對是積極有利的，在大多數情況下，核酸鏈相互連線時，都要使正確配對的鹼基數目最大化。鏈中鹼基的排列決定了連線的方式和整體結構，這簡單可控。在 DNA 奈米技術中，研究者設計合理的鹼基序列，從而使得整條鏈按照研究者希望的那樣組合起來。",
          "en": "Nanotechnology is often defined as the study of materials and devices with features on a scale below 100 nanometers.  DNA nanotechnology, specifically, is an example of bottom-up molecular self-assembly, in which molecular components spontaneously organize into stable structures; the particular form of these structures is induced by the physical and chemical properties of the components selected by the designers.  In DNA nanotechnology, the component materials are strands of nucleic acids such as DNA; these strands are often synthetic and are almost always used outside the context of a living cell. DNA is well-suited to nanoscale construction because the binding between two nucleic acid strands depends on simple base pairing rules which are well understood, and form the specific nanoscale structure of the nucleic acid double helix. These qualities make the assembly of nucleic acid structures easy to control through nucleic acid design.  This property is absent in other materials used in nanotechnology, including proteins, for which protein design is very difficult, and nanoparticles, which lack the capability for specific assembly on their own.The structure of a nucleic acid molecule consists of a sequence of nucleotides distinguished by which nucleobase they contain. In DNA, the four bases present are adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T).  Nucleic acids have the property that two molecules will only bind to each other to form a double helix if the two sequences are complementary, meaning that they form matching sequences of base pairs, with A only binding to T, and C only to G.  Because the formation of correctly matched base pairs is energetically favorable, nucleic acid strands are expected in most cases to bind to each other in the conformation that maximizes the number of correctly paired bases.  The sequences of bases in a system of strands thus determine the pattern of binding and the overall structure in an easily controllable way.  In DNA nanotechnology, the base sequences of strands are rationally designed by researchers so that the base pairing interactions cause the strands to assemble in the desired conformation.  While DNA is the dominant material used, structures incorporating other nucleic acids such as RNA and peptide nucleic acid (PNA) have also been constructed."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "0b21d2182c42b3844459625df00d17766bda6820",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "什麼酸結合在一起形成 DNA",
              "en": "What type of acids bind together to form DNA"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "核酸",
                  "answer_start": 412
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "nucleic",
                  "answer_start": 1708
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "DNA 鏈是用分子建模和熱力學建模軟體計算設計的。核酸用標準的寡核苷酸合成法合成，通常用寡核苷酸合成器自動進行合成，自定義序列的鏈是市售的。如果需要的話，鏈可以透過變性凝膠電泳純化，精確的濃度可用紫外線吸收光譜來定量測定。完全形成的目標結構可用非變性凝膠電泳檢驗，將會得到關於核酸合成物形態大小的資訊。電泳遷移率變動分析可以評估一個結構是否包含所有的所需鏈。熒游標記和熒光共振能量轉移（FRET）有時用一表示合成物結構的特性。核酸結構可以直接用原子力顯微鏡看到，這很適合延伸的二維結構，但對三維結構沒有多大用處，因為顯微鏡尖端會與脆弱的核酸結構相互作用；因此透射電子顯微鏡和低溫電子顯微鏡常用以觀察三維結構。延伸的三維晶格用 X 光晶體學分析。",
          "en": "The sequences of the DNA strands making up a target structure are designed computationally, using molecular modeling and thermodynamic modeling software. The nucleic acids themselves are then synthesized using standard oligonucleotide synthesis methods, usually automated in an oligonucleotide synthesizer, and strands of custom sequences are commercially available.  Strands can be purified by denaturing gel electrophoresis if needed, and precise concentrations determined via any of several nucleic acid quantitation methods using ultraviolet absorbance spectroscopy.The fully formed target structures can be verified using native gel electrophoresis, which gives size and shape information for the nucleic acid complexes.  An electrophoretic mobility shift assay can assess whether a structure incorporates all desired strands.  Fluorescent labeling and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) are sometimes used to characterize the structure of the complexes.Nucleic acid structures can be directly imaged by atomic force microscopy, which is well suited to extended two-dimensional structures, but less useful for discrete three-dimensional structures because of the microscope tip's interaction with the fragile nucleic acid structure; transmission electron microscopy and cryo-electron microscopy are often used in this case.  Extended three-dimensional lattices are analyzed by X-ray crystallography."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "5d4ea9a9acf77e337adf18c95b4b4dcacc22e8fa",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "電泳遷移率變動分析可以對什麼進行評估？",
              "en": "What does the mobility shift assess?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "一個結構是否包含所有的所需鏈",
                  "answer_start": 164
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "whether a structure incorporates all desired strands",
                  "answer_start": 778
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "土衛二"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "這些謎團直到 2004 年 7 月 1 日卡西尼號太空船進入環土星軌道後才得以解決。在旅行者 2 號觀測結果的基礎上，土衛二成為了卡西尼號飛船計劃的一個優先觀測目標。卡西尼號在 1500 公里範圍內數次有目的性的飛掠，及在 10 萬公里範圍內眾多非目的性的飛掠提供了大量的觀測資料。迄今為止，卡西尼號共進行了 4 次近距離的飛掠，獲得了眾多關於土衛二表面的意義重大的資訊，並發現了衛星南極地區發生的含有水蒸氣和複雜碳氫化合物的噴射現象。這些發現也促使卡西尼號的飛行軌道做出改變，對土衛二實施更近距離的飛掠，其中包括 2008 年 3 月的一次近距離相遇。在該次相遇中，卡西尼號對土衛二進行了精度達到 52 公里以內的探測。2008 年至 2010 年間卡西尼號的後續任務包括了 7 次對土衛二的近距離飛掠，其中 2008 年下半年的兩次飛掠距離近達 50 公里。卡西尼號在土衛二上的發現推動了數項研究計劃的跟進。2007 年，美國國家航空航天局完成了一項向土衛二發射軌道飛行器並詳細研究南極地區羽狀噴射物的計劃的概念性研究，遺憾的是該計劃未得到進一步實施。歐洲空間局也計劃向土衛二發射探測器，該計劃將與土衛六的研究計劃共同實施。“土衛六－土星系統任務” 是美國國家航空航天局和歐洲空間局聯合提出的一項旨在探測土星系衛星（包括土衛二）的計劃，與之相競爭的則是 “木衛二－木星系統任務”。2009 年 2 月，美國國家航空航天局和歐洲空間局宣佈將優先實施木衛二 - 木星計劃，同時也將繼續研究土衛六 - 土星計劃的可行性，擇機實施。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "11ce5ad7b966892f28efb848eb742d37d0c408c2",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪一個計劃被 NASA 認為更加重要",
              "en": "Which mission was considered more important by NASA?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "木衛二－木星系統任務",
                  "answer_start": 580
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "1981 年 8 月，旅行者 2 號在人類歷史上首次近距離地觀測土衛二。對獲得的影象資訊進行分析後，科學家們發現了至少五種不同的地形，包括撞擊坑地形、平坦地形（較年輕），而在平坦地形附近，則往往分佈著山脊。另外還觀測到大量的線性地縫和懸崖。鑑於在平坦地區分佈的撞擊坑較少，科學家推測這些平坦地區的形成時間可能只有幾億年。所以，在較近的一段地質時間裡，土衛二上必然發生了諸如 “水火山” 之類的地質活動，才能使得原先千瘡百孔的地表平整如初。固態水（冰）使得土衛二表面發生了很大變化，使其成為太陽系中反射率最大的天體，它的幾何反照率高達 138%。正因為它反射了如此之多的陽光，其平整地表的夜間溫度僅為 - 198℃（較其他土星衛星寒冷）。卡西尼號在 2005 年 2 月 17 日、3 月 9 日、7 月 14 日三次飛掠土衛二，觀測到了土衛二表面的更多細節。例如旅行者 2 號所觀測到的平坦地形，實際上是一些撞擊坑分佈較少的地區，這類地區還分佈有山脊和懸崖。同時，在地質年齡較大、撞擊坑分佈密集的地區，還發現了數目眾多的地縫，這證明在撞擊坑大量形成之後，這一地區還經歷了劇烈的地質運動。另外，在旅行者 2 號過去未詳細勘測的地區，亦發現了幾處較年輕的地形，如南極附近的一處古怪地形。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "2b86cc8838dd2f17d69afbb493ca7e98b62508e1",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "在哪裡發現了年輕的地形？",
              "en": "Where were the young terrain discovered?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "南極附近",
                  "answer_start": 529
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "2005 年 7 月 14 日，科學家在卡西尼號飛掠土衛二時拍攝的照片中發現了一個位於南極地區、產生構造變形的特別區域。該地區位於北緯 60° 區域，其間遍佈裂縫和山脊，同時也存在著少量微型撞擊坑，這表明這是土衛二表面最年輕的地貌，同時也是所有中等大小的冰凍衛星上的最年輕地貌；其間的撞擊坑構造表明該地區的某些區域可能只有 5 萬年的歷史，甚至可能更年輕。靠近該區域的中心區分佈著 4 個裂縫帶，以及眾多的山脊 —— 這些山脊被非正式地命名為 “虎皮條紋”。這些裂縫可能是該地區最年輕的地質結構，它們的四周分佈著呈薄荷綠色、帶有粗糙紋理的冰體 —— 這些冰體在其他地區常常出現在岩石露頭中或裂縫壁上。在該地區的平坦地帶中亦發現了 “藍” 冰，這表明該地區十分年輕，以致還未來得及被覆蓋上一層來自 E 環的帶有細密紋理的冰體。可見光和紅外線測繪分光計（VIMS）的探測結果表明分佈於 “虎皮斑紋” 四周的綠色物質在化學結構上與土衛二的其他地表物質存在差異，同時在 “虎皮斑紋” 中發現了透明的冰體，這說明這一地質構造十分年輕（可能小於 1 千年），或者該地質構造表面的冰體近期曾受到熱源影響。另外，該儀器還在 “虎皮斑紋” 中測得結構較簡單的有機化合物，這在該衛星上尚屬首次發現。在 7 月 14 日的飛掠中，卡西尼號對南極地區分佈 “藍” 冰的地區之一進行了觀測，並拍下了高解析度的照片，照片顯示該地區存在著劇烈的地質變形，並發現了一些直徑為 10—100 米的巨石。土衛二南極地區四周環繞著一系列相互平行的、呈 Y 形和 V 形的山脊和峽谷。這些山脊和峽谷的形狀、走向和位置都表明它們是土衛二的整體形變造成的。最近，存在著兩種理論解釋這種地形形變的產生。第一種認為：土衛二繞土星執行的軌道縮小了，從而導致土衛二自轉速度的提高，這種變化進而導致土衛二自轉軸的調整。第二種理論認為大量從土衛二內部噴發出的溫暖的、低密度的物質導致了這種地形所在區域從土衛二南半球中緯度地區位移至高緯度地區。結果，土衛二的橢球體將會因為這種變化做出相應的調整。根據自轉軸變化理論所得出的推導結果之一是土衛二的南北兩極均曾有過類似的地形變化。不過與推論相反，土衛二的北極地區卻密佈著撞擊坑，且地質年齡也較南極地區大得多。土衛二地殼的厚薄不均或許可以解釋這種差異。這種地殼厚度的變化得到了南極地區邊緣 Y 形、V 形地形和毗鄰南極的地區地質年齡之間相互關聯的佐證：Y 形的、不連貫的地形和縱貫南北的斷裂帶均是較年輕的地形，推測亦認為這種地形對應的地殼厚度較薄；而 V 形地形則毗鄰著那些地質年齡較大、撞擊坑分佈稠密的地區。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "7461836a40e86d7302118fbf546a9c55f8d6f4fe",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪一年拍攝了土衛二的南極？",
              "en": "What year were pictures taken of Enceladus's south pole?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "2005",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "達木丁・蘇赫巴托爾"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "1912 年，俄國顧問在 Khujirbulan 開辦了一所軍事學校，蘇赫巴托爾等士兵被派入該校學習。蘇赫巴托爾的騎射天賦以及其贏得了戰友們的尊重，培訓結束後，他在 Khujirbulan 成為機槍連的排長。1913 年，蘇赫巴托爾與其妻子彥吉瑪組成家庭。1911 年，他們有了第一個兒子，但彥吉瑪的父母反對他倆的關係，理由是蘇赫巴托爾太窮了。1914 年 6 月下旬，蘇赫巴托爾參加了反對軍隊生活條件差和腐敗計程車兵暴動，但這一事件似乎對他沒有負面影響。蒙古所謂的 “自治” 時期是一個相當無法無天的時期。1917 年，蘇赫巴托爾被部署到蒙古的東部邊界，受哈丹巴特爾・馬克思爾扎布指揮。 1918 年，蒙古政府成立了一個印刷所，印刷法律和佛教典籍，蘇赫巴托爾被派到該所任職。該所由扎木彥領導，所以蘇赫巴托爾的名字可能是由他過去的老師扎木彥轉遞上去，所以這種轉移的原因之一可能是。另一個可能的原因是，蘇赫巴托爾的上司想要讓他脫離其他士兵。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "28ad6604aff1b23701637cc7b4e27456f47c609d",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "排長什麼時候有的第一個兒子？",
              "en": "When did the platoon leader have his first son?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "1911",
                  "answer_start": 128
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "大會結束後，臨時政府和蒙古人民黨中央委員會隨即決定從中國軍隊手中解放恰克圖在蒙古的部分，並於 2 月 15 日向當地的中國駐軍發出最後通牒。中國指揮官拒絕投降，3 月 18 日，蘇赫巴托爾的部隊成功佔領該地，儘管他的部隊人數相對很少。如今，每年這一天是蒙古軍隊的法定節日。臨時政府遷至恰克圖在蒙古的部分，並開始建立軍事部、財政部和外務部，但是，當戰鬥造成的火災燒燬該城大部份之後，臨時政府遷至阿勒坦布拉格（即買賣城）。1921 年 5 月底，恰克圖受到恩琴軍隊的攻擊，當時恩琴正向蘇維埃俄國方面轉進。6 月中旬，在遠東共和國軍隊的幫助下，這次進攻被打退。6 月底，蒙古人民游擊隊和蘇聯紅軍決定中解放庫倫。7 月 6 日，他們到達了庫倫，並沿途擊潰了恩琴的小股部隊。7 月 11 日，新政府宣告成立，蘇赫巴托爾成為軍事部長，博克多汗的權力有限，成為象徵性的元首。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "376ea02c90d9906611ebb79fc591cdb3e64402ae",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "在哪個城鎮發生的鬥爭，最終致使 3 月 18 日成為蒙古軍的官方節日？",
              "en": "In what town was the fighting held that eventually led to March 18th being the official holiday of Mongolia's army?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "恰克圖在蒙古的部分",
                  "answer_start": 34
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "13b7d03a1d1a8828d2eaeaa6848c7989b52869ce",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪個軍隊襲擊了庫倫？",
              "en": "What army attacked Khuree?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "紅軍",
                  "answer_start": 292
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "新政府的地位並不穩固，並出現了反共產主義的傳言。 1922 年，鮑道、恰格達爾扎布、達喇嘛彭朝克道爾吉和其他人被處決，因為他們受到指控稱他們同新國家的內外敵人合作。1923 年初，官員們懷疑有在蒙古正月的時候政變的計劃，蘇赫巴托爾因處於警戒狀態而變得過於疲憊。2 月 14 日到 15 日晚上，蘇赫巴托爾病倒了，並於 2 月 20 日死亡。1940 年代喬巴山統治時期稱，蘇赫巴托爾是被毒死的，但後來的社會主義出版物並沒有明確討論其死亡原因。蒙古首都於 1924 年更名為烏蘭巴托（蒙古語意為 “紅色英雄”）。 1954 年，蘇赫巴托爾的遺體被從其在 Altan Ölgii 墳墓中發掘出來，葬於烏蘭巴托蘇赫巴托爾廣場新建的陵墓中。2005 年，陵墓被拆除，蘇赫巴托爾的遺體被火化，骨灰安葬在 Altan Ölgii。喇嘛監督了其火葬儀式。蘇赫巴托爾的遺孀彥吉瑪後來擔任蒙古政府的一些高階職位。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "fdb8bd4701c99a7902189842ea5971456bb4ee57",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "蘇赫巴托爾懷疑誰在 1923 年計劃政變？",
              "en": "Who did Sukhbaatar suspect there was a coup planned for in 1923?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "蒙古正月",
                  "answer_start": 97
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "a1ffcba1a6dc1ab5026ae9717668ec013ef6097b",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "彥吉瑪是誰？",
              "en": "Who was Yanjmaa?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "蘇赫巴托爾的遺孀",
                  "answer_start": 370
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "月之暗面"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "1973 年 1 月他們從美國回來之後，他們錄製了 “Brain Damage”，“Eclipse”，“Any Colour You Like” 和 “On the Run”, 並對之前他們錄的內容做了些許微調。他們還僱了一個女聲四重唱組合給 “Brain Damage”，“Eclipse” 和 “Time” 伴唱，還邀請了薩克斯樂手 Dick Parry 給 “Us and Them” 還有 “Money” 配樂。他們還和導演 Adrian Maden 合作，將他們在錄音室工作的全過程攝製成了一部短片：《Pink Floyd: Live at Pompeii》。錄製一結束，他們就開始了自己的歐洲巡演。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "70c95874ff20b8fd06e69b4e6020859d145af5df",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "他們哪一年回到美國？",
              "en": "What year was their return to the US?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "1973 年",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "在專輯初次完成之後，樂隊請製作人 Chirs Thomas 來試聽了一下整張專輯。實際上他的才華主要還是在創作音樂方面，而不是聲樂工程。他曾經和披頭士的製作人喬治・馬丁合作，還和平克的經理 Steve O`Rourke 是老相識。樂團的四位成員就混音的風格產生了一些分歧，沃特斯和梅森希望利用 “非音樂元素” 製造出一種 “乾燥而明瞭” 的感覺，然而吉爾摩和賴特希望加入一些 “回聲”。Thomas 立馬澄清其實沒有必要為這種事情爭執不休，“這兩種音效沒有那麼大的區別，羅傑（沃特斯）也沒說不想要回音的效果。他們雖然有異議，但是也沒有到吵崩的地步。反而形成了一種極具創意的氛圍，讓人很開心。” 儘管事實是否真的如此我們並不知道，但可以肯定的是，Thomas 的到來讓吉爾摩和沃特斯之間達成了妥協，他們對最終的成品都感到相當滿意。Thomas 為專輯做出了幾個重大的改動，例如 “Us and Them” 中間迴音效果恰到好處的運用。“The Great Gig in the Sky” 的錄音他也出了一份力（儘管是派森僱的 Torry）。在 2006 年接受採訪，被問到關於他在工作室裡做到的一切時，沃特斯如是說道："
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "08399c7040e7de52bc03350e72a25dde4301762d",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "克里斯・托馬斯和什麼經理是朋友？",
              "en": "What manager was Chris Thomas friends with?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "Steve O`Rourke",
                  "answer_start": 94
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "封面的設計是在 George Hardie 的協助之下完成的。Hipgnosis 設計了封面的七個樣本，給樂隊成員選擇，但是他們一直認為稜鏡絕對是不二之選。最終的定稿就是光線被稜鏡折射成七彩光芒的樣子。這個設計包含了樂隊的三種元素：表演時舞臺的燈光，歌詞以及賴特對封面的要求：簡潔。散射出的光線一直穿過封面，延伸到封皮的內側（這個想法是沃特斯提出來的）。之後，這種對開式的設計似乎又在視覺上象徵了專輯中反覆使用的，人的心跳聲。專輯的背面還有另外一個稜鏡，又聚攏了原本被散射的光線，這樣的設計在 CD 店中很是抓人眼球。光線穿過散射出來的光芒中其實沒有 “藍色”（對照傳統意義上的赤橙黃綠青藍紫）。封套內部有兩張海報和金字塔型主題貼紙。一張海報上是在音樂會上表演的樂隊成員，上面還印著 PINK FLOYD 的字母，另外一張式 Powell 和 Thorgerson 設計的，吉薩金字塔的航拍圖。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "5a79c812c32001aad3476afd9a84f21215929d43",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "是誰為這張專輯做藝術設計？",
              "en": "Who made the artwork for the album?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "George Hardie",
                  "answer_start": 7
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "《月之暗面》早期在美國的成功得益於平克在美國的合作唱片公司，Capitol Records。當時剛剛走馬上任的總裁 Bhaskar Menon 正著手扭轉樂團 1971 年發行的專輯《Meddle》慘淡的銷量。與此同時，由於對 Capitol 懷有些許不滿，平克和樂隊經理 O`Rourke 在背地裡 CBS 的主席 ClIve Davis 談和哥倫比亞唱片公司的新合約。《月之暗面》原本是平克在合同期內的最後一張專輯。Menon 為了新專輯投入了大量心力和資源，在廣告上轟轟烈烈大做文章。甚至還專門剪輯出了一個適用於電臺的《Time》和《Us and Them》的單行版本。在有些國家，特別是英國，平克自從 1968 年的《Point Me at the Sky》之後已經很久沒有發行過單曲了。但 5 月 7 號，《Money》破例作為單曲發行了，唱片的 B 面還附送了《Any Colour You Like》。1973 年 7 月，它就在公告牌百強單曲榜上名列 13 名。不久後一張單聲道，立體聲混響的單曲專輯（還附了一根白色系帶）。單聲道的版本把 “Bullshit” 的 “shit” 部分去掉，只留下了 “bull”。但立體聲的版本一刀未剪。不久這個未剪輯的版本就被唱片公司收回了，並把新的版本重新郵到了廣播臺，建議 DJ 們不要使用為剪輯的版本。1974 年 2 月 4 日發行了一版雙 A 面的唱片，《Time》在其中一面，《Us and Them》在另外一面。可 Menon 所作的一切沒能讓平克和他們再次簽約。1974 年起，平克就宣佈和哥倫比亞唱片以 1 百萬的價格簽約（在英國和歐洲他們還是繼續和 Harvest Record 合作）。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "9499620e5d66aefb6b7e20411e6c0d28a0138bd3",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰是平克・弗洛伊德在美國的唱片公司？",
              "en": "Who was Pink Floyd's record company in the US?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "Capitol Records",
                  "answer_start": 30
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "阿里・邦戈・翁丁巴",
      "en": "Ali Bongo Ondimba"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "阿里・邦戈・翁丁巴（Ali Bongo Ondimba，本名 Alain Bernard Bongo，1959 年 2 月 9 日－）是一位加彭政治人物，自 2009 年 10 月開始擔任加彭總統。",
          "en": "Ali Bongo Ondimba (born Alain Bernard Bongo; 9 February 1959), sometimes known as Ali Bongo, is a Gabonese politician who has been President of Gabon since October 2009."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "53597c929497829253d23bc50b5924c21154452c",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "加彭總統哪一年出生？",
              "en": "what year was the president of gabon born?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "Bongo，1959 年 2 月 9 日－）是一位加彭政治人物，自 2009 年 10 月開始擔任加彭總統。",
                  "answer_start": 44
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "1959",
                  "answer_start": 56
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "P-38 閃電式戰鬥機"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "1939 年 9 月 20 日，美國陸航訂購了 66 架 P-38 的最初生產型，這時第一架 YP-38 還沒有建造完成，1941 年中期已有 30 架被送交陸航。在這些飛機之中，並非所有 P-38 都安裝武器系統的。稍後它們配備了 4 挺.50 英寸重機槍（而不是之前 YP-38 的.50 英寸與.30 英寸機槍各 2 挺）和一門 37 毫米機炮。這些飛機也裝備了防彈玻璃，機艙內裝甲和熒光儀表。其中一架飛機被作為陸航的試驗機，裝備了一個增壓駕駛艙後被重新命名為 XP-38A。根據陸航從歐洲收到的報告，對餘下的 36 架飛機進行了一些小小的改進，比如說加裝自封油箱和加厚裝甲。陸航將這 36 架飛機命名為 P-38D。這也表示 P-38B 或 P-38C 的次型號被省略不用。P-38D 的主要任務是解決一些飛行特性的小問題，和幫助陸航飛行員適應這款飛機。1940 年 3 月，法國與英國（基於對長距離雙引擎戰鬥機的需要而）訂購了 667 架 P-38，送到法國的 P-38 被稱為 322F 型，送到英國的 P-38 被稱為 322B 型。這些飛機是 P-38E 的改型，它們並未裝備渦輪增壓系統（因為英國認為不需要而取消），而且它們的螺旋槳一律向右旋轉，為的是減輕與同樣被英法定購的 P-40 同款引擎的後勤需求。在 1940 年 6 月法國淪陷之後，英國打算接收美國出口給英法兩國的全部 P-38 並將它們命名為 “閃電 I”。1942 年，3 架沒有渦輪增壓系統的閃電 I 被送到英國進行測試，測試後發現它的最高速度是 300 英里／時（480 公里／時）並且很難控制。於是英國失望地放棄了這批閃電 I。餘下的 140 架閃電 I 被送返給美國陸航，而它們的螺旋槳被修正回原本的反向旋轉設計，但是這些閃電 I 仍然沒有渦輪增壓系統。它們只被用作教練機，陸航給它們命名為 RP-322。這些教練機幫助了美國陸航訓練新飛行員去駕駛動力強勁且複雜的新型戰機。RP-322 在低空時的速度相當高，很適合於用作教練機。P-38 這次出口失敗帶來的另一個好處是：它得到了 “閃電” 這個名稱。儘管原本打算根據用神話故事來給飛機起名的傳統，洛克希德給它起了阿塔蘭塔這個名字，但是最後英國皇家空軍起的名字成為了 P-38 的正式名稱。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "3eed7368a5f3f85e2b3b32fe1f4779deda91775d",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "它叫什麼名字？",
              "en": "What was it named?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "XP-38A",
                  "answer_start": 233
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "1943 年早期，P-38G 開始被生產，它使用了動力更強勁的艾利森 1400 匹馬力（1040 千瓦）發動機，還裝備了更好的無線電系統。P-38G 之後的型號是 P-38H 它使用了艾利森 1425 匹馬力（1060 千瓦）發動機和一門威力更強大的機炮，載彈能力也增加到了 3200 磅（1450 千克）。一部分這些型號的飛機被改裝成為 F-4A 和 F-5A 偵察機。其中一架 F-5A 被改裝成了雙座偵察機用於試驗，它在尾撐那裡也加裝了照相機。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "75a2b44a5726b1b6e7125872391a662c5f73d549",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "P-38F 的繼任者是什麼？",
              "en": "What was the successor of the P-38F?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "P-38G",
                  "answer_start": 9
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "洛克希德還曾經考慮為美國海軍研製一種艦載型 P-38，名為 “822 型”。822 型將會有摺疊翼，攔阻鉤和強化的起落架。美國海軍對這個主意並不感興趣，海軍的人認為 P-38 太大，而且他們不喜歡它的液冷式發動機，因此 822 型只停留在了設計階段。儘管如此，海軍還是在北美使用了 4 架陸基 F-5B，並重命名為 FO-1。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "ce05ea0454dd39f23e0b6a3d064452f3f3b24114",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "美國海軍在北非使用了多少架陸基 F-5B 飛機？",
              "en": "How many land based F-5Bs did the navy operate in North Africa?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "4",
                  "answer_start": 140
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "利物浦",
      "en": "Liverpool"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "一般認為利物浦這個城市起源於 1207 年 8 月，當時國王約翰下了令建立利物浦市鎮。但直到 16 世紀中葉，利物浦人口還是僅有 500 人的小鎮。英國內戰期間，在 1644 年，利物浦經歷了 18 日的圍困。",
          "en": "In the 17th century there was slow progress in trade and population growth. Battles for control of the town were waged during the English Civil War, including an eighteen-day siege in 1644. In 1699 Liverpool was made a parish by Act of Parliament, that same year its first slave ship, Liverpool Merchant, set sail for Africa. Since Roman times, the nearby city of Chester on the River Dee had been the region's principal port on the Irish Sea. However, as the Dee began to silt up, maritime trade from Chester became increasingly difficult and shifted towards Liverpool on the neighbouring River Mersey."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "e5402506779a46c67344b67b925046b7b06e1bc8",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "18 日的圍困發生在哪一年？",
              "en": "What year did the 18 day siege happen?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "1644 年",
                  "answer_start": 82
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "1644",
                  "answer_start": 184
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "YES or YES",
      "en": "Yes or Yes"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "10 月 20 日為 TWICE 韓國出道三週年紀念日，TWICE YouTube 頻道上上載了「喜歡 TWICE 嗎？」的紀念影片，於影片末段正式公佈第六張迷你專輯的名稱為「YES or YES」，亦於 Facebook 及 Twitter 官網上上載 YES or YES 專輯的概念圖，為 TWICE 年內的第三次迴歸揭開序幕。",
          "en": "In early October 2018, advertisements with the phrase \"Do you like Twice? Yes or Yes\" (Korean: \"트와이스 좋아하세요? YES or YES\") were put up on subway billboards, drawing attention online. On October 11, JYP Entertainment confirmed that Twice planned to release their third Korean album of the year on November 5. Yes or Yes was revealed as the album's title on October 20 and a special video commemorating Twice's third anniversary contained a short clip of the album's lead single of the same name."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "1ee238b98fb7b58e1314a75a7a3b75fb9411f13b",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "10 月 20 日釋出的這張專輯的名字是什麼？",
              "en": "What was the name of the album that was named on October 20th?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "YouTube 頻道上上載了「喜歡 TWICE 嗎？」的紀念影片，於影片末段正式公佈第六張迷你專輯的名稱為「YES or YES」，亦於 Facebook 及 Twitter 官網上上載 YES",
                  "answer_start": 33
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Yes or Yes",
                  "answer_start": 306
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "詹姆斯・克拉克・麥克斯韋",
      "en": "James Clerk Maxwell"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "詹姆斯・克拉克・麥克斯韋 FRS FRSE（英語：James Clerk Maxwell，1831 年 6 月 13 日－1879 年 11 月 5 日），蘇格蘭數學物理學家。其最大功績是提出了將電、磁、光統歸為電磁場中現象的麥克斯韋方程組。麥克斯韋在電磁學領域的功績實現了物理學自艾薩克・牛頓後的第二次統一。",
          "en": "James Clerk Maxwell  (13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottish scientist in the field of mathematical physics. His most notable achievement was to formulate the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation, bringing together for the first time electricity, magnetism, and light as different manifestations of the same phenomenon. Maxwell's equations for electromagnetism have been called the \"second great unification in physics\"  after the first one realised by Isaac Newton."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "38784ec96818fc28a9752297dc01086c635b12ea",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "麥克斯韋擅長哪一領域？",
              "en": "In which area did Maxwell specialize?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "Maxwell，1831 年 6 月 13 日－1879 年 11 月 5 日），蘇格蘭數學物理學家。",
                  "answer_start": 36
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "mathematical physics",
                  "answer_start": 95
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "法蘭西殖民帝國",
      "en": "French colonial empire"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "18 世紀中期，一連串的殖民地衝突在法國及英國之間展開，最後更險致法蘭西殖民帝國的瓦解。這一連串的衝突就是從奧地利王位繼承戰爭（1744 年 - 1748 年）、七年戰爭（1756 年 - 1763 年）、美國獨立戰爭（1778 年 - 1783 年）、法國大革命（1793 年 - 1802 年）及拿破崙戰爭（1802 年 - 1815 年）中衍生出來。",
          "en": "In the middle of the 18th century, a series of colonial conflicts began between France and Britain, which ultimately resulted in the destruction of most of the first French colonial empire and the near-complete expulsion of France from the Americas. These wars were the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748), the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), the American Revolution (1765–1783), the French Revolutionary Wars (1793–1802) and the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815). It may even be seen further back in time to the first of the French and Indian Wars. This cyclic conflict is sometimes known as the Second Hundred Years' War."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "ba2d69582067de3d84c6fe5a38b66054b8a4854d",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "1793 年到 1802 年期間，發生過哪些戰爭？",
              "en": "What wars occurred during the years 1793 to 1802?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "法國大革命",
                  "answer_start": 127
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "French Revolutionary Wars",
                  "answer_start": 389
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "第二次世界大戰期間，法蘭西殖民帝國逐漸分解，當中大部份都為他國所佔領（如日本佔領印度支那，英國佔據了敍利亞、黎巴嫩及馬達加斯加，英美聯合佔有摩洛哥及阿爾及利亞，德國搶奪了突尼西亞）。但不久後，由戴高樂重新控制這些地方。",
          "en": "The French colonial empire began to fall during the Second World War, when various parts were occupied by foreign powers (Japan in Indochina, Britain in Syria, Lebanon, and Madagascar, the United States and Britain in Morocco and Algeria, and Germany and Italy in Tunisia). However, control was gradually reestablished by Charles de Gaulle. The French Union, included in the Constitution of 1946, nominally replaced the former colonial empire, but officials in Paris remained in full control. The colonies were given local assemblies with only limited local power and budgets. There emerged a group of elites, known as evolués, who were natives of the overseas territories but lived in metropolitan France."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "9ec1377d9f454156aa96294040215d0c0b7d988c",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰重新獲得控制權？",
              "en": "Who regained control?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "戴高樂",
                  "answer_start": 97
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Charles de Gaulle",
                  "answer_start": 322
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "寂靜嶺 (遊戲)",
      "en": "Silent Hill (video game)"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "本遊戲獲得普遍好評，遊戲評論網站 Metacritic 和 GameRankings 分別給予該遊戲 86/100 與 84.99％的評價。由於本遊戲售出超過兩百萬份，因此在美國 PlayStation 平臺上成為紅標籤作品。",
          "en": "Silent Hill received generally positive reviews, gaining an 86/100 aggregate at ratings website Metacritic, respectively. The game sold over two million copies, which gained Silent Hill a place in the American PlayStation Greatest Hits budget releases. In November 1999, the Verband der Unterhaltungssoftware Deutschland (VUD) gave Silent Hill a \"Gold\" award, indicating sales of at least 100,000 units across Germany, Austria and Switzerland.Silent Hill has been compared to the Resident Evil series of survival horror video games. Bobba Fatt of GamePro labeled Silent Hill a \"shameless but slick Resident Evil clone\", while Edge described it as \"a near-perfect sim nightmare.\" Others felt that Silent Hill was Konami's answer to the Resident Evil series in that, while they noted a similarity, Silent Hill utilized a different form of horror to induce fear, attempting to form a disturbing atmosphere for the player, in contrast to the visceral scares and action-oriented approach of Resident Evil. Adding to the atmosphere was the audio, which was well-received; Billy Matjiunis of TVG described the ambient music as \"engrossing\"; a reviewer for Game Revolution also praised the audio, commenting that the sound and music \"will set you on edge\". Less well-received was the voice acting which, although some reviewers remarked it was better than that found in the Resident Evil series, was found poor overall by reviewers, and accompanied by pauses between lines that served to spoil the atmosphere.Reviewers noted that Silent Hill used real-time 3D environments, in contrast to the pre-rendered environments found in Resident Evil. Fog and darkness were heavily used to disguise the limitations of the hardware. Along with the grainy textures—also from hardware limitations—most reviewers felt that these factors actually worked in the game's favor; Francesca Reyes of IGN described it as \"adding to the atmosphere of dilapidation and decay\". In using 3D environments, however, controls became an issue, and in \"tougher\" areas, maneuverability became \"an exercise in frustration\".The game's popularity as the first in the series was further recognized long after its release; a list of the best PS games of all time by IGN in 2000 listed it as the 14th-best PS game, while a 2005 article by GameSpy detailing the best PS games listed Silent Hill as the 15th-best game produced for the console. A GameTrailers video feature in 2006 ranked Silent Hill as number one in its list of the top ten scariest games of all time. In 2005, the game was credited for moving the survival horror genre away from B movie horror elements to the psychological style seen in art house or Japanese horror films, due to the game's emphasis on a disturbing atmosphere rather than visceral horror. In November 2012, Time named it one of the 100 greatest video games of all time."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "ac3f891347c017ddec7a1f0a85afcb041c155774",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "寂靜嶺在哪個遊戲評論網站得到 86/100 的評價？",
              "en": "What ratings website did Silent Hill get an 86/100 score on?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "Metacritic",
                  "answer_start": 16
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Metacritic",
                  "answer_start": 96
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "廣義相對論"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "從廣義相對論得到的部分預言和經典物理中的對應預言非常不同，尤其是有關時間流易、空間幾何、自由落體的運動以及光的傳播等問題，例如引力場內的時間膨脹、光的引力紅移和引力時間延遲效應。廣義相對論的預言至今為止已經通過了所有觀測和實驗的驗證 —— 廣義相對論雖然並非當今描述引力的唯一理論，但卻是能夠與實驗資料相符合的最簡潔的理論。不過仍然有一些問題至今未能解決。最為基礎的即是廣義相對論和量子物理的定律應如何統一以形成完備並且自洽的量子引力理論。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "9786f25f64439691c89c81c9744b4f30b416b4e2",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "愛因斯坦的廣義相對論的特定預測與哪種物理學不一致？",
              "en": "Certain predictions of Einstein's theory of general relativity do not fall in line with what type of physics?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "經典物理",
                  "answer_start": 14
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "由於自由落體的普遍性，慣性運動（實驗中的火箭內）和在引力場中的運動（實驗中的地面上）是無法透過觀察來區分的。這是在暗示一類新的慣性運動的定義，即在引力作用下的自由落體也屬於慣性運動。透過這種慣性運動則可以重新定義周圍的時空幾何：從數學來看，引力場中慣性運動的軌跡是彎曲時空的測地線，彎曲時空代表了引力對於物體的軌跡所產生的效應。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "444aff2e573454101fc25d8c80ea5d026526a03c",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "什麼造成物體自由落體？",
              "en": "what makes objest free fall?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "引力",
                  "answer_start": 73
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "牛頓引力的幾何理論儘管看上去很有趣，但這一理論的基礎經典力學不過是（狹義）相對論力學的一個特例。用對稱的語言來說，在不考慮引力的情形下物理學具有洛倫茲不變性，而並非經典力學所具有的伽利略不變性。(狹義相對論的對稱性包含在龐加萊群中，它除了包含有洛倫茲變換所包含的洛倫茲遞升和旋轉外還包含平移不變性。) 在研究物件的速度接近光速或者高能的情形下這兩者的區別逐漸變得明顯。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "232b14bebdf00ba29173731437d47a4278d7c3b3",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "在對稱性中，什麼是特殊的運動相對性？",
              "en": "In Symmetry, what is the special relativity of movements?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "龐加萊群",
                  "answer_start": 110
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "有些相對論效應與座標的方向性有關，其一是測地線效應，例如一個在彎曲時空中作自由落體運動的陀螺的自轉軸會因此而改變，即使陀螺的自轉軸方向在運動過程中儘可能保持一直穩定（即所謂在曲面上作 “平行輸運”）。地球 - 月球系統的測地線效應已經透過月球鐳射測距實驗得到驗證。近年來物理學者透過引力探測器 B 衛星測量測試質量在地球引力場中的測地線效應，其結果和理論值的誤差小於 0.3%。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "15ec3998ad199d71e8d0f622bdbd65764ebb14ff",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "什麼幫助測量了地球 - 月球系統的大地歲差？",
              "en": "What has assisted in measuring the geodetic precession of the Moon-Earth system?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "月球鐳射測距實驗",
                  "answer_start": 119
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "在所謂暴脹模型中，宇宙曾在誕生的極早期（～10-33 秒）經歷了劇烈的加速膨脹過程。這個在於 1980 年代提出的假說是由於某些令人困惑並且用經典宇宙學無法解釋的觀測結果而提出的，例如宇宙微波背景輻射的高度各向同性，而現在對微波背景輻射各向異性的觀測結果是支援暴脹模型的證據之一。然而，暴脹的可能的方式也是多樣的，現今的觀測還無法對此作出約束。一個更大的課題是關於極早期宇宙的物理學的，這涉及到發生在暴脹之前的、由經典宇宙學模型預言的大爆炸奇點。對此比較有權威性的意見是這個問題需要由一個完備的量子引力理論來解答，而這個理論至今還沒有建立（參見下文量子引力）。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "4d70d4c6366a3ee0993c0bae033733244f84f47a",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪種引力需要有權威性的解答？",
              "en": "What kind of gravity needs an authoritative answer?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "量子引力",
                  "answer_start": 247
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "在廣義相對論中沒有任何有靜止質量的物體能夠追上或超過一束光脈衝，即是說發生於某一點的事件 A 在光從那一點傳播到空間中任意位置 X 之前無法對位置 X 產生影響。因此，一個時空中所有光的世界線（零性測地線）包含了有關這個時空的關鍵因果結構資訊。描述這種因果結構的是彭羅斯 - 卡特圖，在這種圖中，無限大的空間區域和時間間隔，透過共形變換，被 “收縮”（數學上稱為緊化）在可被容納的有限時空區域內，而光的世界線仍然和在閔可夫斯基圖中一樣用對角線表示。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "c0743cc7ff039fd531ce7e2198c85df06323759b",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "光定必定從某一點傳播到某一點嗎？",
              "en": "A light must be sent out from where to where?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "A 在光從那一點傳播到空間中任意位置 X",
                  "answer_start": 44
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "ADM 質量：在一個漸近平直時空中建立廣義相對論的哈密頓形式，從中定義系統的總能量。思考一個系統的總質量中被引力波攜帶至無限遠處的能量，如果不將這能量納入計算，得到的結果叫做零性無限遠處的邦迪質量。這些定義而來的質量被舍恩和丘成桐的正質量定理證明是正值，而動量和角動量也具有全域的相應定義。在這方面的研究中還有很多試圖建立所謂準局域量的嘗試，例如僅透過一個孤立系統所在的有限空間區域中包含的物理量來構造這個孤立系統的質量。這類嘗試寄希望於能夠找到一個更好地描述孤立系統的量化方式，例如環假說的某種更精確的形式。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "6c0a01e73d4bc3620f2382f091657b9ecf793025",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "準定域量的一個定義是什麼？",
              "en": "What is one definition of quasi-local quantities?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "僅透過一個孤立系統所在的有限空間區域中包含的物理量來構造這個孤立系統的質量。",
                  "answer_start": 173
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "卡羅琳 (安斯巴赫)",
      "en": "Caroline of Ansbach"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "成年後的卡羅琳，成為一個兼具智慧和美貌的女性，吸引了許多王侯的上門提親。索菲王后的母親──漢諾瓦的索菲（漢諾瓦選帝侯喬治一世之母）更稱她為「德意志最值得匹配（許配）的公主」。在普王腓特烈一世的支援下，當時德意志最有權勢的王子──神聖羅馬帝國皇帝的次子卡爾六世（正在西班牙王位繼承戰爭中競逐王位），於 1703 年正式向她求婚，並請她放棄路德新教改信天主教，以配合奧地利哈布斯堡王朝的家風。經過幾番考慮，不願改信天主教的卡羅琳在 1704 年拒絕了求婚，抵受住來自普王（相當於養父）施加的壓力，以及成為西班牙王后，甚至是神聖羅馬皇后的誘惑。",
          "en": "An intelligent and attractive woman, Caroline was much sought-after as a bride. Dowager Electress Sophia called her \"the most agreeable Princess in Germany\". She was considered for the hand of Archduke Charles of Austria, who was a candidate for the throne of Spain and later became Holy Roman Emperor. Charles made official overtures to her in 1703, and the match was encouraged by King Frederick of Prussia. After some consideration, Caroline refused in 1704, as she would not convert from Lutheranism to Catholicism. Early in the following year, Queen Sophia Charlotte died on a visit to her native Hanover. Caroline was devastated, writing to Leibniz, \"The calamity has overwhelmed me with grief and sickness, and it is only the hope that I may soon follow her that consoles me.\"In June 1705, Queen Sophia Charlotte's nephew, Prince George Augustus of Hanover, visited the Ansbach court, supposedly incognito, to inspect Caroline, as his father the Elector did not want his son to enter into a loveless arranged marriage as he himself had. The nephew of three childless uncles, George Augustus was under pressure to marry and father an heir to prevent endangering the Hanoverian succession. He had heard reports of Caroline's \"incomparable beauty and mental attributes\". He immediately took a liking to her \"good character\" and the British envoy reported that George Augustus \"would not think of anybody else after her\". For her part, Caroline was not fooled by the prince's disguise, and found her suitor attractive. He was the heir apparent of his father's Electorate of Hanover and third-in-line to the British throne of his distant cousin Queen Anne, after his grandmother Dowager Electress Sophia and his father the Elector.On 22 August 1705, Caroline arrived in Hanover for her wedding to George Augustus; they were married that evening in the palace chapel at Herrenhausen. By May of the following year, Caroline was pregnant, and her first child Prince Frederick was born on 20 January 1707. A few months after the birth, in July, Caroline fell seriously ill with smallpox followed by pneumonia. Her baby was kept away from her, but George Augustus remained at her side devotedly, and caught and survived the infection himself. Over the next seven years, Caroline had three more children, Anne, Amelia, and Caroline, all of whom were born in Hanover."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "e3fc941c3d0c35a670a3edc9f01c29831e28fde4",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "在 17 世紀末期，德國選帝侯的夫人是誰？",
              "en": "Who was the Dowager Electress of Germany in the late 1600s?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "索菲",
                  "answer_start": 36
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Sophia",
                  "answer_start": 98
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "d0f389d43742db98c6fc7cce9a83faf4ee4fcb96",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "這位被認為是奧地利大公查爾斯的對手的女人有什麼特殊的特質？",
              "en": "What special traits belonged to the woman who was considered for a match to Archduke Charles of Austria?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "智慧和美貌",
                  "answer_start": 14
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "intelligent and attractive",
                  "answer_start": 3
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "約翰・柯川",
      "en": "John Coltrane"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "約翰・柯川（John Coltrane，1926 年 9 月 23 日 —1967 年 7 月 17 日）是美國爵士薩克斯風表演者和作曲家。柯川在早期生涯上積極開展咆勃爵士樂和硬咆勃的音樂風格，他開創性地運用調式併成為自由爵士樂的先鋒。他以領團人的身分組織了至少 50 次錄音，並參與其他樂手的專輯錄音（包括邁爾士・戴維斯與塞隆尼斯・孟克）。",
          "en": "John William Coltrane (September 23, 1926 – July 17, 1967) was an American jazz saxophonist and composer. Working in the bebop and hard bop idioms early in his career, Coltrane helped pioneer the use of modes and was at the forefront of free jazz. He led at least fifty recording sessions  and appeared on many albums by other musicians, including trumpeter Miles Davis and pianist Thelonious Monk. Over the course of his career, Coltrane's music took on an increasingly spiritual dimension. He remains one of the most influential saxophonists in music history. He received many posthumous awards, including canonization by the African Orthodox Church and a Pulitzer Prize in 2007. His second wife was pianist Alice Coltrane and their son, Ravi Coltrane, is also a saxophonist."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "ab24c5ab0a1c347d098a9a205b6fbd6378edc9dc",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "柯川因哪種音樂而著名？",
              "en": "What kind of music was Coltrane known for?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "自由爵士樂",
                  "answer_start": 109
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "free jazz",
                  "answer_start": 237
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "羅赫達斯要塞",
      "en": "Rohtas Fort"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "該要塞在蘇爾王朝創立者舍爾沙支援下建造，用以阻擋莫臥兒帝國皇帝胡馬雍，後者於卡瑙傑之役戰敗後被放逐到波斯。其扼守著阿富汗山區與旁遮普平原之間的戰略要地，阻止莫臥兒皇帝返回印度。",
          "en": "The fort was commissioned by Sher Shah Suri, founder of the Sur Empire. The fort was designed to block the advances of Mughal emperor Humayun, who had been exiled to Persia following his defeat at the Battle of Kannauj. The fort occupies a strategic position between the mountainous region of Afghanistan and the plains of Punjab, and was intended to prevent the Mughal emperor from returning to India.The fort was also designed to suppress the local Gakhar tribes of the Potohar region. The Gakhar tribes were allies of the Mughal Empire, and refused to recognize the suzerainty of Sher Shah Suri."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "d6b346360821a0d3e8242855c80f7eb26f330e1d",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "這一戰略要地的主要目的是什麼？",
              "en": "What was the primary purpose of the strategic position?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "阻止莫臥兒皇帝返回印度",
                  "answer_start": 76
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "prevent the Mughal emperor from returning to India",
                  "answer_start": 351
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "要塞起源最早可追溯至蘇爾王朝，舍爾沙在擊敗莫臥兒皇帝胡馬雍之後，下令建造要塞。其建造始於 1541 年。主要用以防禦 Gakkhar 人。",
          "en": "The origin of the fort goes back to the Sur dynasty, where emperor Sher Shah Suri ordered the court to be constructed after his victory over the Mughal emperor Humayun. Construction of the fort began in 1541. It was made primarily as a defense against the Gakkhars."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "2791c7417669c06ad1d8ca3f7c6f1f9f9e7b8347",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "要塞何時建造？",
              "en": "When was the fort constructed?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "要塞",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "1541",
                  "answer_start": 203
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "古巴"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "古巴共和國是現今少數幾個由共產黨執政的社會主義國家之一。古巴 1976 年的憲法規定該國為社會主義共和國。1992 年的憲法規定該國由何塞・馬蒂思想和馬克思列寧主義指導，2002 年追加 “社會主義體制不可動搖” 一條。古巴共產黨為 “社會與國家的領導力量”，作為黨和國家最高領導人的古巴共產黨中央委員會第一書記兼任古巴國務委員會主席（國家元首）兼古巴部長會議主席（政府首腦）和古巴革命武裝力量總司令，該職務和國務委員會的 31 名委員均由全國人民政權代表大會選舉產生。國家元首和政府首腦任期五年，可任兩屆。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "6ef5d50a6cc9699dd3a9df439ac19d7d9d9528eb",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "古巴成為社會主義共和國是在哪一年？",
              "en": "Cuba was designated a socialist republic in what year?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "1976",
                  "answer_start": 30
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "體育是古巴的全民熱點，由於歷史上與美國的聯絡，古巴人較多地參與到流行於北美的運動中，而不是傳統上在西班牙語國家比較普遍的運動。其中棒球是最受歡迎的，其次有籃球、排球、板球和田徑等。古巴在業餘拳擊上居於主導地位，持續在國際比賽上取得獎牌。戴龍・羅伯斯曾是男子 110 米跨欄世界紀錄保持者。古巴政府 1962 年就宣佈取消體育職業化，實行全民免費觀看各項體育比賽。棒球和排球聞名世界。古巴排球的特點在於強勁的彈跳力和扣殺力，故有 “黑色橡膠” 之稱。而身著紅色球衣的棒球球員人稱 “紅色閃電”。1951 年起古巴成棒連續 40 次在世界盃、洲際盃、奧運及經典賽等國際賽都闖進決賽，贏過 25 次世界盃冠軍、10 次洲際盃冠軍，在 1992 年、1996 年和 2004 年三獲奧運會棒球金牌。2000 年開放職棒球員參賽之後，古巴的棒球優勢不再，很難再一枝獨秀。2008 年在荷蘭舉行的哈連杯，古巴竟兩度輸給美國大學明星隊，更是震撼國際棒壇。不過自 2011 年起，古巴棒球代表隊位列國際棒球總會世界排名榜首。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "98ec0961d4655f5ef0f2890795d858ab5c6a9269",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "為什麼古巴人參與美國的運動？",
              "en": "why do Cubans play American sports?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "由於歷史上與美國的聯絡",
                  "answer_start": 11
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "米爾頓・佛利民"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "佛利民最知名的理論，是他提出的貨幣供給作為決定生產價值基準的因素，通貨膨脹在根本上源自於貨幣供給量的主張。貨幣主義是現代經濟學在貨幣數量理論的重要觀點之一，這種理論的根源可以追溯至 16 世紀西班牙的薩拉曼卡學派，佛利民的貢獻則是現代化了這種理論，將其推廣為現代經濟學的主流貨幣學說。他在 1963 年與安娜・施瓦茨合著的《美國貨幣史》一書中檢驗了美國曆史上貨幣供給和經濟活動之間的關聯。他們得出了驚人結論：貨幣供給一向是經濟活動起伏的唯一影響來源。又或者如同美國聯邦儲備系統的主席本・伯南克在 2002 年慶祝佛利民 90 歲生日時所描述的：「有關經濟大恐慌，你是正確的，我們（聯邦儲備系統）當時的確做錯了。我們真的很抱歉。」大衛・梅塞爾曼在 1960 年代進行的幾次研究顯示了貨幣供給在決定經濟投資、以及政府開銷在決定消費及生產總額上的角色是至高無上的。佛利民的觀察研究和一些學說進一步推展了這種結論，主張貨幣供給的改變是影響經濟生產的首要原因，但長期的影響則是由物價水準決定的。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "7d26501111fe68ace02dc13c407d1a0cdfff82f4",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰也研究了貨幣供給？",
              "en": "Who also studied the money supply?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "佛利民",
                  "answer_start": 379
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "佛利民對於消費層面的分析也相當知名，亦即他在 1957 年提出的恆常所得假說。這個理論被一些經濟學者視為是他在經濟學方法論上最重要的貢獻。他其他重要的貢獻還包括了對菲利普斯曲線的批評，以及他提出的失業率的自然比率的概念（1968 年）。這些學說都與貨幣和金融政策在對經濟的長期及短期影響上有關。在統計學上，他則創造出了知名的佛利民測試。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "f76c014bf7aa69d9137f89646d295174f8fa2720",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰聲稱所得假說是佛利民最重要的成就？",
              "en": "Who claimed that the income hypothesis was the best work of Friedman?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "佛利民",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "群"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "抽象群的現代概念是從多個數學領域發展出來的。群論的最初動機是為了求解高於 4 次的多項式方程。十九世紀法國數學家埃瓦里斯特・伽羅瓦，擴充套件了保羅・魯菲尼和約瑟夫・拉格朗日先前的工作，依據特定多項式方程的根（解）的對稱群給出了對它的可解性的判別準則。這個伽羅瓦群的元素對應於根的特定置換。伽羅瓦的想法最初被同代人所拒絕，只在死後才出版。更一般的置換群由奧古斯丁・路易・柯西專門研究。阿瑟・凱萊的《On the theory of groups, as depending on the symbolic equation θn = 1》（1854 年）給出有限群的第一個抽象定義。幾何是第二個系統性的使用群，特別是對稱群的領域。這類群是菲利克斯・克萊因 1872 年的愛爾蘭根綱領的一部分。在新型的幾何如雙曲幾何和射影幾何形成之後，克萊因利用群論以更連貫的方式來組織它們。索菲斯・李進一步發展了這些想法，在 1884 年創立了李群的研究。對群論有貢獻的第三個領域是數論。一些阿貝爾群結構在卡爾・弗里德里希・高斯的數論著作《算術研究》（1798 年）中被隱含地用到，並被利奧波德・克羅內克更明顯地用到。1847 年，恩斯特・庫默爾發展了描述用素數做因數分解的理想類群，使證明費馬大定理的早期嘗試達到了高潮。把上述各種來源融合成一個群的統一理論是從卡米爾・若爾當的《Traité des substitutions et des équations algébriques》（1870 年）開始的。瓦爾特・馮・迪克（1882 年）給出了第一個抽象群的現代定義的陳述。在二十世紀，群在費迪南德・格奧爾格・弗羅貝尼烏斯和威廉・伯恩賽德的開拓性著作中獲得了廣泛的認識，他們研究有限群的表示理論，還有理查德・布勞爾的模表示論和 Issai Schur 的論文。赫爾曼・韋伊、埃利・嘉當和很多其他人推進了李群和更一般的區域性緊群的理論。它的代數對應者 —— 代數群的理論，由克勞德・舍瓦萊（從 1930 年代晚期開始）和後來阿爾曼德・波萊爾和雅克・蒂茨的重要著作奠基。芝加哥大學於 1960-61 年舉辦的 “群論年” 活動促使群論家們以丹尼爾・格倫斯坦，約翰・格里格斯・湯普森和瓦爾特・法伊特為基礎展開合作。在大量其他數學家的幫助下，他們完成了有限單群的分類。這項工程，不論是從證明長度來說還是從參與人數來說，其浩大程度超越了之前一切的數學成果。簡化此證明的研究還在進行中。群論在當下仍是一個活躍的數學分支，並仍在對其他分支產生重大影響。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "26910418f796539bf9af80b152b4299abe3b3e33",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "這項研究的目標是什麼？",
              "en": "What is the goal of the research?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "簡化此證明",
                  "answer_start": 1017
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "有時在由陪集形成的集合上可以賦予一個滿足群公理的運算而使之成為商群或因子群。這僅在子群是正規的時候才可行。給定任何正規子群 N，商群定義為"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "242d13ac49d2b1ff2b1cfdedcaba0bb59c76a5b6",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "當一個子群的陪集得到群公理時會發生什麼？",
              "en": "What happens when a subgroup's set of cosets get group law?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "使之成為商群或因子群",
                  "answer_start": 27
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "很多數系統，比如整數和有理數享有自然給予的群結構。在某些情況下比如對於有理數，加法和乘法運算二者都引發群結構。這種系統是叫做環和域的更一般的代數結構的前身。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "667d26466db11d666e87f45b42e2ff09536a5582",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "一般代數結構的兩個例子是什麼？",
              "en": "What are two examples of general algebraic structures?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "環和域",
                  "answer_start": 62
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "阿貝爾群包括有限生成阿貝爾群的基本定理的研究是非常成熟的；對這個事態的反映是很多有關群論的概念，比如中心和交換子，描述了一個給定群不是阿貝爾群的程度。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "ece9cf86a13c86472b582c271e21b23193963bee",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪一個詞最適合說明這些群的生成方式？",
              "en": "What single word best describes how these groups are generated?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "有限",
                  "answer_start": 6
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "有限對稱群比如馬蒂厄群被用於編碼理論中，它又用於傳輸資料的糾錯和 CD 播放器中。另一個應用是微分伽羅瓦理論，它刻畫有已知形式的不定積分的函式，給出何時特定微分方程的解有良好表現的群論判定標準。在群作用下保持穩定的幾何性質在幾何不變數理論中研究。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "8c212a01649e1fb7d15dedec911cf4d9d27faf30",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "馬蒂厄群是何種型別的群？",
              "en": "What type of group are Mathieu groups?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "有限對稱群",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "由所有可逆的 n 乘 n 的帶有實數元素的矩陣構成。它的子群被稱為矩陣群或線性群。上面提及的二面體群例子可以被看作（非常小的）矩陣群。另一個重要矩陣群是特殊正交群 SO (n)。它描述了 n 維的所有可能旋轉。透過尤拉角，旋轉矩陣被用於計算機圖形學中。表示理論是對群概念的應用並且對深入理解群是很重要的。它透過群作用於其他空間來研究群。一類廣泛的群表示是線性表示，就是說群作用線上性空間中，比如三維歐幾里得空間 R3。G 在 n - 維實向量空間上的表示簡單的是從群到一般線性群的群同態"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "5b318513e5f5d953e08708f9261b9a7e081d0926",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "群對何種空間型別起作用？",
              "en": "What type of space does the group act upon?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "向量空間",
                  "answer_start": 219
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "ae1bfefd0c0a57942764eeb2cb78e798872fd073",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "這個例子可以被看作是多大的矩陣群？",
              "en": "What size matrix group can the example be seen as?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "非常小的",
                  "answer_start": 58
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "。對換表示式中的 \"+\" 和 \"−\"，也就是置換方程的兩個解可以被看作（非常簡單的）群運算。類似的公式對於三次方程和四次方程也有，但是對於五次方程和更高次的方程就不普遍性的存在。與多項式相關聯的伽羅瓦群的抽象性質（特別是它們的可解性）給出了那些多項式的所有解都可用根式表達的判定標準，就是說這些解可以類似上面公式那樣只使用加法、乘法和方根來表達。這個問題可以使用域論來處理：考慮一個多項式的分裂域就把問題轉移到了域論的領域中了。現代伽羅瓦理論把上述型別的伽羅瓦群推廣到了域擴張，並透過伽羅瓦理論基本定理建立了在域和群之間的嚴格關聯，再次凸顯了群在數學中無所不在。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "db57d7df7d9d2f8a9b4e62f1de4f93912b370f4c",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "相似的公式，在什麼程度不存在？",
              "en": "At what degree do similar formulae not exist?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "五次方程和更高次",
                  "answer_start": 69
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "上面討論的二面體群是 8 階有限群。r1 的階為 4，這是它生成的子群 R（見上）的階。反射元素 fv 等的階是 2。如拉格朗日定理所述這兩個階都整除 8。上面的群 Fp× 有階 p − 1。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "815a47c5fea0e5c2ef605ecd8b153a6ace1ebd78",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "根據此定理，這兩個階數要除以幾？",
              "en": "What number do both orders divide according to the theorem?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "8",
                  "answer_start": 75
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "數學家們常常為尋求一種數學物件的完備分類（或列表）而努力。在有限群的領域內，這個目標迅速引出了一系列困難而意義深遠的數學問題。根據拉格朗日定理，p 階有限群（p 為素數）必定是迴圈（阿貝爾）群 Zp。p2 階群也被證明是阿貝爾群。但這一命題並不能推廣到 p3 階群，如上面的非阿貝爾群 ——8 階二面體群 D4 所示，其中 8 = 23。可以利用計算機代數系統來給較小的群列表，但沒有對一切有限群的分類。一箇中間步驟是有限單群分類。如果一個非平凡群僅有的正規子群是平凡群和它自身，那麼這個群叫做一個單群或簡單群。若爾當 - 赫爾德定理說明單群可以作為建構有限群的 “磚塊”。有限單群列表是當代群論的一個主要成就。1998 年的菲爾茲獎得主理查・伯切德斯成功地證明了所謂怪獸 - 胡言亂語猜想。該猜想指出了最大有限簡單散在群 ——“怪獸群” 與一種來自經典複分析和絃理論（一種被認為統一了對許多物理學現象的描述的理論）的物件模函式之間的驚人而深刻的聯絡。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "f7bc3b58fe3f4433ea74ba095835dba75fd6a15c",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "什麼是喬丹 - 霍德理論的成就？",
              "en": "What was considered a major achievement in the Jordan-Holder's theorem?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "有限單群列表",
                  "answer_start": 287
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "44b4161b1b4d2f04b8a18ece6f8499ec66c4f969",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "什麼是數學家的願望之一？",
              "en": "What is one of the Mathematicians desires?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "完備分類",
                  "answer_start": 16
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "很多群同時是群和其他數學結構的例子。用範疇論的語言來說，它們是在範疇中的群物件，這意味著它們是帶著模仿群公理的（叫做態射的）變換的物件（就是說其他數學結構的例子）。例如，所有群（如上面定義的）也是一個集合，所以群是在集合範疇中的群物件。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "3a4a39b966d8efe3282dad704fb78d883543dc43",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "所有的群也稱為什麼？",
              "en": "What is every group?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "集合",
                  "answer_start": 100
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "世界貿易中心七號大樓",
      "en": "7 World Trade Center"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "世貿中心七號新大樓於 2002 年開工，並於 2006 年完工。大樓樓高 52 層（外加地下一層），是紐約市排名第 28 高的建築物。新大樓的基地面積跟原先相比稍微縮小，以使格林威治街（從翠貝卡起穿越世貿一直延伸到南方的砲臺公園）得以重建。新樓周邊是格林威治街、維斯街、華盛頓街和巴克萊街。格林威治街對面的一座小公園曾是舊樓的一部分。新樓的設計針對安全性做考量，核心結構為鋼筋混凝土，並加寬安全樓梯，以及更厚實的鋼樑防火塗層。此外，新大樓也有許多永續設計的特色。世貿中心七號大樓是紐約市第一棟獲得美國綠建築協會領先能源與環境設計（LEED）認證的商業辦公大樓。同時也是一個參與綠建築協會領先能源與環境設計－結構體開發（LEED-CS）前導專案的建築計劃。",
          "en": "On September 11, 2001, the structure was damaged by debris when the nearby North Tower of the World Trade Center collapsed. The debris also ignited fires, which continued to burn throughout the afternoon on lower floors of the building. The building's internal fire suppression system lacked water pressure to fight the fires, and the building collapsed completely at 5:21:10 pm, according to FEMA, while the 2008 NIST study placed the final collapse time at 5:20:52 pm. The collapse began when a critical internal column buckled and triggered structural failure throughout, which was first visible from the exterior with the crumbling of a rooftop penthouse structure at 5:20:33 pm. The collapse made the old 7 World Trade Center the first tall building known to have collapsed primarily due to uncontrolled fires, and at the time, the only steel skyscraper in the world to have collapsed due to fire.Construction of the new 7 World Trade Center began in 2002, and was completed in 2006. The building is 52 stories tall (plus one underground floor), making it the 28th-tallest in New York. It is built on a smaller footprint than the original, and is bounded by Greenwich, Vesey, Washington, and Barclay Streets on the east, south, west, and north, respectively. A small park across Greenwich Street occupies space that was part of the original building's footprint. The current building's design emphasizes safety, with a reinforced concrete core, wider stairways, and thicker fireproofing of steel columns. It also incorporates numerous green design features. The building was the first commercial office building in New York City to receive the U.S. Green Building Council's Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification, where it won a gold rating. It was also one of the first projects accepted to be part of the Council's pilot program for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design – Core and Shell Development (LEED-CS)."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "bdb7aef7bb8e26ef6326b8e57230aaca09b934ee",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "此建築物多高？",
              "en": "How tall was the building?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "高 52 層",
                  "answer_start": 35
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "52 stories tall",
                  "answer_start": 1005
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "同年 11 月，所羅門兄弟暫停在中城哥倫布圓環建一個大型新複合商業區的計劃，並同意租賃世貿中心七號大樓最上面 19 個樓層長達 20 年。該建築於 1989 年經過全面翻新，以符合所羅門企業的需求。因此建築便更名為所羅門企業大廈（Salomon Brothers building）。共三個樓層清空給所羅門企業使用，同時租戶仍可繼續使用其他樓層，並且新增超過 350 噸的鋼材以構建三個雙倍高度的樓層。五樓則安裝了 9 臺柴油發電機作為備用發電站的一部分。",
          "en": "Spicer & Oppenheim agreed to lease 14 percent of the space, but for more than a year, as Black Monday and other factors adversely affected the Lower Manhattan real estate market, Silverstein was unable to find tenants for the remaining space. By April 1988, he had lowered the rent and made other concessions.In November 1988, Salomon Brothers withdrew from plans to build a large new complex at Columbus Circle in Midtown, and agreed to a 20-year lease for the top 19 floors of 7 World Trade Center. The building was extensively renovated in 1989 to accommodate the needs of Salomon Brothers. This led to the alternative naming of the building as the Salomon Brothers building. Most of three existing floors were removed as tenants continued to occupy other floors, and more than 350 tons (U.S.) of steel were added to construct three double-height trading floors. Nine diesel generators were installed on the 5th floor as part of a backup power station. \"Essentially, Salomon is constructing a building within a building – and it's an occupied building, which complicates the situation\", said a district manager of Silverstein Properties. The unusual task was possible, said Larry Silverstein, because it was designed to allow for \"entire portions of floors to be removed without affecting the building's structural integrity, on the assumption that someone might need double-height floors.\"At the time of the September 11, 2001, attacks, Salomon Smith Barney was by far the largest tenant in 7 World Trade Center, occupying 1,202,900 sq ft (111,750 m2) (64 percent of the building) which included floors 28–45. Other major tenants included ITT Hartford Insurance Group (122,590 sq ft/11,400 m2), American Express Bank International (106,117 sq ft/9,900 m2), Standard Chartered Bank (111,398 sq ft/10,350 m2), and the Securities and Exchange Commission (106,117 sq ft/9,850 m2). Smaller tenants included the Internal Revenue Service Regional Council (90,430 sq ft/8,400 m2) and the United States Secret Service (85,343 sq ft/7,900 m2). The smallest tenants included the New York City Office of Emergency Management, National Association of Insurance Commissioners, Federal Home Loan Bank, First State Management Group Inc., Provident Financial Management, and the Immigration and Naturalization Service. The Department of Defense (DOD) and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) shared the 25th floor with the IRS. (The clandestine CIA office was revealed only after the 9/11 attacks.)  Floors 46–47 were mechanical floors, as were the bottom six floors and part of the seventh floor."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "cca14a76302da2b8773598316a808b47f1196131",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "為建築物添加了多少鋼材？",
              "en": "How much steel was added to the structure?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "350 噸",
                  "answer_start": 179
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "350 tons",
                  "answer_start": 781
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "久宮祐子內親王",
      "en": "Sachiko, Princess Hisa"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "3 月 7 日，晚間 8 時 40 分身體狀況惡化，隔天 3 月 8 日午前 3 時 38 分逝世。此後，演藝節目與陸軍紀念日的活動進入自肅狀態。根據皇室喪儀令規定，未滿 7 歲的久宮不適用，所以在 3 月 13 日進行簡單的喪禮後，埋葬於豐島岡墓地。",
          "en": "On 8 March, her medical condition continued to deteriorate and the infant princess died at 3:38 am. The Emperor ordered the army to stop their actions for the day and decreed a day of national mourning. On 13 March, the princess was buried in a simple ceremony in the Toshimagaoka cemetery. The Empress was devastated; she held a doll of about the same size as Sachiko for days and would not have another child for one more year."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "4b8039cb04a125d92171aaa5cbf8965ce96b0ad4",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "小公主什麼時候去世？",
              "en": "When did the infant princess pass away?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "3 月 8 日",
                  "answer_start": 28
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "8 March",
                  "answer_start": 3
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "埃瑪・戈爾德曼"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "My Disillusionment in Russia. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page and Co., 1923."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "e0f81a3af3e1c5be87e6c49cd1596e87cef0d586",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "Garden City 在那個州？",
              "en": "What state is Garden City in?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "New York",
                  "answer_start": 43
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "Emma Goldman: A Documentary History Of The American Years, Volume 1 – Made for America, 1890–1901. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0-520-08670-8."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "e1b878128e37ff7b9bb8a619aa8ba8305ee462d6",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "這部記錄片是基於哪幾年的？",
              "en": "What was the year span that the documentary was based on?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "1890–1901",
                  "answer_start": 88
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "安妮 (英國女王)",
      "en": "Anne, Queen of Great Britain"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "安妮幼時患有一種症狀為流淚過多，稱之為「流下」的眼疾。為治療此症，她被送往法蘭西和祖母亨利埃塔・瑪麗亞王太后一起居住在巴黎附近的白鴿城堡。安妮在祖母於 1669 年過世後搬至姑姑奧爾良公爵夫人亨利埃塔・安妮的宮殿居住。可她的姑姑旋於 1670 年因病驟逝，安妮只得返回英格蘭。次年，她的母親也不幸辭世。",
          "en": "Anne was born at 11:39 p.m. on 6 February 1665 at St James's Palace, London, the fourth child and second daughter of the Duke of York (afterwards James II and VII), and his first wife, Anne Hyde. Her father was the younger brother of King Charles II, who ruled the three kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland, and her mother was the daughter of Lord Chancellor Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon. At her Anglican baptism in the Chapel Royal at St James's, her older sister, Mary, was one of her godparents, along with the Duchess of Monmouth and the Archbishop of Canterbury, Gilbert Sheldon. The Duke and Duchess of York had eight children, but Anne and Mary were the only ones to survive into adulthood.As a child, Anne suffered from an eye condition, which manifested as excessive watering known as \"defluxion\". For medical treatment, she was sent to France, where she lived with her paternal grandmother, Henrietta Maria of France, at the Château de Colombes near Paris. Following her grandmother's death in 1669, Anne lived with an aunt, Henrietta Anne, Duchess of Orléans. On the sudden death of her aunt in 1670, Anne returned to England. Her mother died the following year.As was traditional in the royal family, Anne and her sister were brought up separated from their father in their own establishment at Richmond, London. On the instructions of Charles II, they were raised as Protestants. Placed in the care of Colonel Edward and Lady Frances Villiers, their education was focused on the teachings of the Anglican church. Henry Compton, Bishop of London, was appointed as Anne's preceptor.Around 1671, Anne first made the acquaintance of Sarah Jennings, who later became her close friend and one of her most influential advisors. Jennings married John Churchill (the future Duke of Marlborough) in about 1678. His sister, Arabella Churchill, was the Duke of York's mistress, and he was to be Anne's most important general.In 1673, the Duke of York's conversion to Catholicism became public, and he married a Catholic princess, Mary of Modena, who was only six and a half years older than Anne. Charles II had no legitimate children, and so the Duke of York was next in the line of succession, followed by his two surviving daughters from his first marriage, Mary and Anne—as long as he had no son. Over the next ten years, the new Duchess of York had ten children, but all were either stillborn or died in infancy, leaving Mary and Anne second and third in the line of succession after their father. There is every indication that, throughout Anne's early life, she and her stepmother got on well together, and the Duke of York was a conscientious and loving father."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "1cb8fe2af332edeb38e807501807a75c0a65e82d",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "安妮的祖母何時過世？",
              "en": "When did Anne's grandmother die?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "1669",
                  "answer_start": 75
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "1669",
                  "answer_start": 1016
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "當查理二世在 1685 年駕崩後，安妮的父親遂繼承王位成為英格蘭和愛爾蘭的詹姆斯二世及蘇格蘭的詹姆斯七世。讓英國人吃驚錯愕的是，詹姆斯一即位就授予天主教徒擔任軍事和行政官職位，違反了為了避免此種任命而制定的《測試法令》（1673 年訂立）。而安妮繼續參加英國國教禮拜儀式，引起了人們的普遍關注。由於安妮的姊姊瑪麗居住在尼德蘭，安妮在她的家庭裡是在英格蘭參加新教禮拜儀式的唯一的王室成員。當她的父親試圖讓安妮年幼的女兒接受天主教洗禮時，安妮突然大哭了起來。“羅馬天主教是罪惡而危險的”，她在給姊姊的信中說：「他們的儀式–其中大多數是–徹頭徹尾的盲目崇拜」。由於詹姆斯對英格蘭教會勢力的削弱，使得安妮開始疏遠父親和繼母。",
          "en": "When Charles II died in 1685, Anne's father became King James II of England and VII of Scotland. To the consternation of the English people, James began to give Catholics military and administrative offices, in contravention of the Test Acts that were designed to prevent such appointments. Anne shared the general concern, and continued to attend Anglican services. As her sister Mary lived in the Netherlands, Anne and her family were the only members of the royal family attending Protestant religious services in England. When her father tried to get Anne to baptise her youngest daughter into the Catholic faith, Anne burst into tears. \"The Church of Rome is wicked and dangerous\", she wrote to her sister, \"their ceremonies—most of them—plain downright idolatry.\" Anne became estranged from her father and stepmother, as James moved to weaken the Church of England's power.In early 1687, within a matter of days, Anne miscarried, her husband caught smallpox, and their two young daughters died of the same infection. Lady Rachel Russell wrote that George and Anne had \"taken [the deaths] very heavily ... Sometimes they wept, sometimes they mourned in words; then sat silent, hand in hand; he sick in bed, and she the carefullest nurse to him that can be imagined.\" Later that year, she suffered another stillbirth."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "51b4e15bfb6d024bb458fd6b618a5859e249150d",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "設計了什麼來防止給天主教徒提供軍事職位？",
              "en": "What was designed to prevent giving Catholics military jobs?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "測試法令",
                  "answer_start": 104
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Test Acts",
                  "answer_start": 232
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "從 1688 年 11 月 5 日開始，奧蘭治的威廉（安妮的姊夫）入侵英格蘭，最終廢黜了詹姆斯國王，此一行為後世稱之為「光榮革命」。之前在 1687 年春天中旬，詹姆斯竭力阻止了瑪麗訪問英格蘭的計劃，再次表達出抗拒新教勢力的態度；詹姆斯強烈的反新教意圖，使安妮與瑪麗意識到威廉應當儘快入侵英格蘭，才能扭轉英國新教徒的厄運。1688 年底威廉登陸之後，安妮接受了丘吉爾的意見，不願再支援詹姆斯的統治權利。於是她在 11 月 18 日寫信給姊夫，表明自己贊成他的入侵行動。24 日當天，丘吉爾拋棄了不得民心的國王，連同四百位軍官倒戈加入威廉軍；而喬治王子在那天也作出了相同的決定。聽聞訊息的翌日夜晚，詹姆斯二世及七世下令將薩拉・丘吉爾軟禁在聖詹姆斯宮。安妮和薩拉在康普頓主教的幫助下，從白廳宮的後樓梯逃離。她們在康普頓的家裡躲藏了一個晚上，隨後在 12 月 1 日趕到了諾丁漢。兩個星期後，在一支大規模連隊的護送下，安妮抵達了牛津，並見到了凱旋歸來的喬治王子。“上帝助我！” 在 11 月 26 日，詹姆斯發現他的女兒拋棄了他而發出感嘆，“連我的孩子也拋棄了我。” 在 12 月 19 日，安妮回到倫敦，她第一次會見了姊夫威廉。詹姆斯則在 12 月 23 日逃往法蘭西。安妮對他父親的逃亡的訊息毫不關心，反倒則僅要求玩她平日的遊戲卡牌。正像她對自己的解釋：“我過去經常玩牌，並從未愛上做看上去裝腔作勢並侷促不安的任何事”。1689 年 1 月，慣例議會在英格蘭召開並申明當詹姆斯逃離後就已經自動放棄王位了，因此英格蘭和愛爾蘭王位空缺。蘇格蘭國會也採取了同樣的決議，並宣佈威廉和瑪麗為三國君主。《1689 年權利法令》和《1689 年權利要求法令》解決了王位繼承問題。威廉和瑪麗將由安妮和她的後裔繼承，緊接著是威廉假如再娶的話的後裔。1689 年 7 月 24 日，安妮誕下一個儘管出生時病了卻活過了嬰兒期的兒子格洛斯特公爵威廉王子。由於威廉和瑪麗未有子嗣，使得安妮的兒子好像將有在最終繼承王位的希望。",
          "en": "William of Orange invaded England on 5 November 1688 in an action, known as the Glorious Revolution, which ultimately deposed King James. Forbidden by James to pay Mary a projected visit in the spring of 1687, Anne corresponded with her and was aware of the plans to invade. On the advice of the Churchills, she refused to side with James after William landed and instead wrote to William on 18 November declaring her approval of his action. Churchill abandoned the unpopular King James on the 24th. Prince George followed suit that night, and in the evening of the following day James issued orders to place Sarah Churchill under house arrest at St James's Palace. Anne and Sarah fled from Whitehall by a back staircase, putting themselves under the care of Bishop Compton. They spent one night in his house, and subsequently arrived at Nottingham on 1 December. Two weeks later and escorted by a large company, Anne arrived at Oxford, where she met Prince George in triumph. \"God help me!\", lamented James on discovering the desertion of his daughter on 26 November, \"Even my children have forsaken me.\" On 19 December, Anne returned to London, where she was at once visited by William. James fled to France on the 23rd. Anne showed no concern at the news of her father's flight, and instead merely asked for her usual game of cards. She justified herself by saying that she \"was used to play and never loved to do anything that looked like an affected constraint\".In January 1689, a Convention Parliament assembled in England and declared that James had effectively abdicated when he fled, and that the thrones of England and Ireland were therefore vacant. The Parliament or Estates of Scotland took similar action, and William and Mary were declared monarchs of all three realms. The Bill of Rights 1689 and Claim of Right Act 1689 settled the succession. Anne and her descendants were to be in the line of succession after William and Mary, and they were to be followed by any descendants of William by a future marriage. On 24 July 1689, Anne gave birth to a son, Prince William, Duke of Gloucester, who, though ill, survived infancy. As King William and Queen Mary had no children, it looked as though Anne's son would eventually inherit the Crown."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "a639fda92ea9171c7239f1f194a519d3fd0b2ba1",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "安妮對什麼毫不關心？",
              "en": "What wasn't Anne concerned about?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "父親的逃亡的訊息",
                  "answer_start": 537
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "news of her father's flight",
                  "answer_start": 1253
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "1700 年 1 月 25 日，安妮又經歷了一次流產，誕下一個胎死腹中的男嬰，從此她不再有孕，結束了長年的妊娠生活。自結婚之後算起，她至少懷孕過十七次，其中至少有十二次生育失敗（不是流產就是胎兒死腹中，或是生下來就是死胎）。在她五個活產的孩子裡，有四個沒活到兩歲就夭折了。至少從 1698 年起，安妮就因為「痛風」發作而苦不堪言，疼痛先從四肢開始，最終蔓延到頭部和胃部。以她多次產下死嬰和軀體症狀為根據，學者在此基礎上推斷，她可能患有播散性紅斑狼瘡或是抗磷脂綜合徵。又或者，盆腔炎可以解釋為什麼她發病的症狀和她倒數第二次懷孕的症狀大致相近。除此之外，造成她接連懷孕失敗的可疑因素，還有利斯特菌病、糖尿病、宮內生長遲緩以及 Rh 因子不相配等。不過，Rh 因子不相配通常不會連續懷孕，所以從安妮頻繁的懷孕來看，患有此病的機率極低。另外，當那個唯一活過嬰兒期的兒子格洛斯特公爵威廉王子出生之後，安妮又懷出了一連串的死胎，因此專家們亦排除了與其病史不相合的梅毒、卟啉症和盆骨變形。安妮的痛風使她在晚年嚴重跛腳而不良於行。在宮廷出入移動時，她需要乘轎子或是坐輪椅，並由侍官搬運推動。當她想在自家宅院移動時，就使用一匹馬拉的輕便馬車代步，她自己駕車驅馬「洶洶氣勢似耶戶而嗜獵逞強似寧錄」。由於她長期的久坐不動，使她的體重直線上升；用薩拉的話來說：“暴增的體重使她如此臃腫、肥胖。這讓她看起來威嚴雄偉，但愁眉鎖眼卻滲進了靈魂深處”。第一代子爵約翰・卡拉克在 1706 年描述她 “在一陣陣痛風的突發下，進入到了極度心痛和痛苦之中，在這種場合下，她的一切都能使她最下賤的臣民的身體也被同樣的疾病所錯亂。她那紅而有斑的臉，在那不講究的服飾下顯得是多麼的可怕，她腳上的膏藥被一些令人厭惡的繃帶緊緊捆綁。我深為此景象所感動 ...”。",
          "en": "Anne's final pregnancy ended on 25 January 1700 with a stillbirth. She had been pregnant at least seventeen times over as many years, and had miscarried or given birth to stillborn children at least twelve times. Of her five liveborn children, four died before reaching the age of two. Anne suffered from bouts of \"gout\" (pains in her limbs and eventually stomach and head) from at least 1698. Based on her foetal losses and physical symptoms, she may have had disseminated lupus erythematosus, or Hughes syndrome. Alternatively, pelvic inflammatory disease could explain why the onset of her symptoms roughly coincided with her penultimate pregnancy. Other suggested causes of her failed pregnancies are listeriosis, diabetes, intrauterine growth retardation, and rhesus incompatibility. Rhesus incompatibility, however, generally worsens with successive pregnancies, and so does not fit with the pattern of Anne's pregnancies, as her only son to survive infancy, Prince William, Duke of Gloucester, was born after a series of stillbirths. Experts also rule out syphilis, porphyria and pelvic deformation as incompatible with her medical history."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "ff828b63a8ea29ffd8f0d51d50af7e6aab2d74f9",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "人們說什麼是懷孕失敗的原因？",
              "en": "What did people say were failed pregnancy causes?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "利斯特菌病、糖尿病、宮內生長遲緩以及 Rh 因子不相配",
                  "answer_start": 292
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "listeriosis, diabetes, intrauterine growth retardation, and rhesus incompatibility",
                  "answer_start": 705
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "第 82 屆奧斯卡金像獎",
      "en": "82nd Academy Awards"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "第 82 屆奧斯卡頒獎典禮是美國電影藝術與科學學院旨在獎勵 2009 年最優秀電影的一場晚會，於太平洋時區 2010 年 3 月 7 日下午 17 點 30 分（北美東部時區晚上 20 點 30 分）開始在美國加利福尼亞州洛杉磯好萊塢的杜比劇院舉行，共計頒發了 24 座奧斯卡金像獎（又稱學院獎）。本次頒獎典禮與往屆相比時間有所推遲，之前幾屆都是 2 月舉行，但這次為了避免與 2010 年冬季奧林匹克運動會相沖突而推遲到了 3 月。頒獎典禮透過 ABC 在美國轉播，男演員亞歷克・鮑德溫和史提夫・馬丁擔任主持人，這是馬丁繼第 73 屆和第 75 屆奧斯卡頒獎典禮以來第三次擔任主持人，同時這也是鮑德溫首度主持。這也是繼 1987 年的第 59 屆奧斯卡頒獎典禮以來首屆有多位主持人的奧斯卡頒獎典禮。",
          "en": "The 82nd Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored the best films of 2009 and took place on March 7, 2010, at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST. The ceremony was scheduled well after its usual late-February date to avoid conflicting with the 2010 Winter Olympics. During the ceremony, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories. The ceremony was televised in the United States by ABC, and was produced by Bill Mechanic and Adam Shankman and directed by Hamish Hamilton. Actors Alec Baldwin and Steve Martin hosted the show. Martin hosted for the third time; he first presided over the 73rd ceremony held in 2001 and last hosted the 75th ceremony held in 2003. Meanwhile, this was Baldwin's first Oscars hosting stint. This was also the first telecast to have multiple hosts since the 59th ceremony held in 1987.On June 24, 2009, Academy president Sid Ganis announced at a press conference that, in an attempt to revitalize interest surrounding the awards, the 2010 ceremony would feature ten Best Picture nominees instead of five, a practice that was discontinued after the 16th ceremony in 1944. On February 20, 2010, in a ceremony at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Elizabeth Banks.The Hurt Locker won six awards, including Best Picture and Best Director for Kathryn Bigelow, the first woman to win an Academy Award for Best Director. Other winners were Avatar with three awards, Crazy Heart, Precious: Based on the Novel 'Push' by Sapphire, and Up, with two awards, and The Cove, Inglourious Basterds, The Blind Side, Logorama, Music by Prudence, The New Tenants, The Secret in Their Eyes, Star Trek, and The Young Victoria with one. The telecast garnered nearly 42 million viewers in the United States, making it the most watched Oscar telecast since the 77th Academy Awards in 2005."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "753f13bffd695d5230391bc9b2f6db6cf4f2359a",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "第 82 屆奧斯卡頒獎典禮在哪座城市舉行？",
              "en": "In which city did the the 82nd Academy Awards ceremony take place?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "洛杉磯好萊塢",
                  "answer_start": 111
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Hollywood, Los Angeles",
                  "answer_start": 192
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "太陽系",
      "en": "Solar System"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "克卜勒定律描述天體公轉太陽的軌道。根據克卜勒定律，天體沿著各自的橢圓軌道公轉太陽，而太陽位在其中的一個焦點上。越靠近太陽的天體（半長軸越短），因為受到較大的太陽引力，執行的軌道速度也就越快。在一個橢圓軌道上，天體與太陽的距離會隨著公轉的年（週期）不斷的變化。它在軌道上最接近太陽的位置稱為它的近日點，距離太陽最遠的位置稱為遠日點。行星的軌道接近圓形，但許多彗星、小行星和古柏帶天體執行在極度橢圓的軌道。這些天體的位置可以使用數值模擬來預測。",
          "en": "Kepler's laws of planetary motion describe the orbits of objects about the Sun. Following Kepler's laws, each object travels along an ellipse with the Sun at one focus. Objects closer to the Sun (with smaller semi-major axes) travel more quickly because they are more affected by the Sun's gravity. On an elliptical orbit, a body's distance from the Sun varies over the course of its year. A body's closest approach to the Sun is called its perihelion, whereas its most distant point from the Sun is called its aphelion. The orbits of the planets are nearly circular, but many comets, asteroids, and Kuiper belt objects follow highly elliptical orbits. The positions of the bodies in the Solar System can be predicted using numerical models."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "07310df72371e2a6a2fa85e8c093dc6519b8af38",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "根據克卜勒定律，所有天體都聚焦在什麼？",
              "en": "What do all objects focus on according to Kepler's laws?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "太陽",
                  "answer_start": 38
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Sun",
                  "answer_start": 151
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "有少數的例外，距離太陽越遠的行星或環帶，軌道與軌道之間的距離，也就是從一個軌道到下一個軌道間的間隔，就越大。例如，金星到太陽的距離比水星遠 0.33AU，而土星到太陽的距離比木星遠 4.3AU，海王星又比天王星要遠 10.5AU。有些方程（例如提丟斯 - 波得定則）企圖建立與確定這些軌道之間的關聯性，但沒有可以被接受的理論。在這一章節開頭的影像顯示了在不同尺度上的太陽系各種組成的軌道。",
          "en": "With a few exceptions, the farther a planet or belt is from the Sun, the larger the distance between its orbit and the orbit of the next nearer object to the Sun. For example, Venus is approximately 0.33 AU farther out from the Sun than Mercury, whereas Saturn is 4.3 AU out from Jupiter, and Neptune lies 10.5 AU out from Uranus. Attempts have been made to determine a relationship between these orbital distances (for example, the Titius–Bode law), but no such theory has been accepted. The images at the beginning of this section show the orbits of the various constituents of the Solar System on different scales."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "b1f99cf0cd2fc3e4ab92706d0aea191d3eedbad1",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪個例子試圖確定軌道距離間的關係？",
              "en": "What is an example of an attempt to determine the relationship between orbital distances?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "提丟斯 - 波得定則",
                  "answer_start": 122
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "the Titius–Bode law",
                  "answer_start": 429
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "前進吧，新加坡！",
      "en": "Majulah Singapura"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "《前進吧，新加坡！》是新加坡爭取脫離英國管治的時期譜寫的。新加坡受英國殖民統治時，唱的是英國國歌《天佑吾王》。1958 年，新加坡市議會副市長王邦文請作曲家朱比賽為市議會正式集會作曲，歌名為《前進吧，新加坡！》（Majulah Singapura）。這首歌原本是為維多利亞劇院於 1958 年 9 月的開幕典禮所作曲。1959 年，新加坡取得自治，便解散市議會。政府認為一首民族歌可以團結新加坡各種族，於是新加坡副總理杜進才選用了《前進吧，新加坡！》。1965 年，新加坡脫離馬來西亞獨立，於是《前進吧，新加坡！》就成了新加坡共和國國歌。《前進吧，新加坡！》最初以 G 大調作曲，2000 年新加坡政府委託潘耀田為國歌重新編曲。2001 年 1 月 19 日正式公佈，國歌的旋律正式調降為 F 大調，為的是讓國歌聽起來更雄壯和更振奮人心。",
          "en": "The composition of Majulah Singapura occurred during a push for independence from the United Kingdom. While Singapore was a British colony, its national anthem was \"God Save the King (or Queen)\". In 1951, the colony was conferred city status by a royal charter from King George VI. In 1958, Ong Pang Boon, the Deputy Mayor of the City Council of Singapore, approached Zubir Said, a score arranger and songwriter with Cathay-Keris Film Productions, to compose a theme song for the Council's official functions to be titled Majulah Singapura (Malay for \"Onward Singapore\"). This phrase was chosen as it was a motto to be displayed in the Victoria Theatre after its renovation in 1958.Zubir took a year to finish composing the music and lyrics for the song. In a 1984 oral history interview, he recalled the process: \"[T]he difficulty is in such a short melody, I have to put in all the words.... [I]t must be very simple, understandable for all the races in Singapore.... I consult also  [sic] an author in Malay language so that I can do it in proper Malay language but not too deep and not too difficult.\" Summing up his philosophy when composing the anthem, Zubir cited the Malay proverb \"Di mana bumi dipijak, di situ langit dijunjung\" (\"You should hold up the sky of the land where you live\").The completed composition was first performed on 6 September 1958 by the Singapore Chamber Ensemble during the grand finale of a concert staged in the Victoria Theatre to celebrate its official reopening.In 1959, Singapore attained self-government and the City Council was dissolved. The Government felt that a national anthem was needed to unite the different races in Singapore. The Deputy Prime Minister Toh Chin Chye selected the City Council's song as it was already popular. At Toh's request, Zubir modified the lyrics and melody, and the revised song was adopted by the Legislative Assembly on 11 November 1959. On 30 November, the Singapore State Arms and Flag and National Anthem Ordinance 1959 was passed to regulate the use and display of these national emblems."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "6396a762a7deb18090288a9715e45ee43791b00b",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰是新加坡的政治人物？",
              "en": "Who was a political figure in Singapore?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "王邦文",
                  "answer_start": 71
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Ong Pang Boon",
                  "answer_start": 291
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "病毒包膜",
      "en": "Viral envelope"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "大部分病毒（如流感病毒等許多動物病毒）都擁有病毒包膜（英語：viral envelopes）結構，覆蓋在衣殼的外面。病毒包膜物質通常源自於宿主的細胞膜（攜帶宿主的磷脂和蛋白質），但也包含有病毒的糖蛋白。病毒包膜幫助病毒躲避宿主的免疫系統的監視。包膜表面的糖蛋白可以用於識別並激活宿主細胞膜表面的受體，在病毒進入細胞後，病毒包膜會與宿主的細胞膜融合在一起，使得病毒的衣殼和基因組可以進入並感染宿主細胞。",
          "en": "Some viruses (e.g. HIV and many animal viruses) have viral envelopes covering their protective protein capsids.  The envelopes are typically derived from portions of the host cell membranes (phospholipids and proteins), but include some viral glycoproteins. They may help viruses avoid the host immune system.  Glycoproteins on the surface of the envelope serve to identify and bind to receptor sites on the host's membrane.  The viral envelope then fuses with the host's membrane, allowing the capsid and viral genome to enter and infect the host."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "d4572fbc22387373fdf27f7deec34808cb0cd4bd",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "包膜幫助哪些病原體？",
              "en": "Envelopes help which infectious agents?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "病毒",
                  "answer_start": 101
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "viruses",
                  "answer_start": 272
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "金星 10 號",
      "en": "Venera 10"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "1975 年 10 月 23 日，軌道環繞器進入金星軌道。其任務是做為金星著陸器的中繼傳訊站及數臺大氣探測儀器的接收器。整個金星軌道環繞器搭載 17 項科學儀器與實驗裝置。",
          "en": "The orbiter entered Venus orbit on October 23, 1975. Its mission was to serve as a communications relay for the lander and to explore cloud layers and atmospheric parameters with several instruments and experiments:"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "0cea2073f20ccdd1c49b4b53d9e6e488a3fa3bd5",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "它的使命是什麼？",
              "en": "What was it's mission?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "做為金星著陸器的中繼傳訊站及數臺大氣探測儀器的接收器",
                  "answer_start": 33
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "to serve as a communications relay for the lander and to explore cloud layers and atmospheric parameters with several instruments and experiments",
                  "answer_start": 69
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "2019 年巴西布魯馬迪紐尾礦壩事故",
      "en": "Brumadinho dam disaster"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "2019 年巴西布魯馬迪紐尾礦壩事故發生在 2019 年 1 月 25 日，巴西布魯馬迪紐一個鐵礦的尾礦壩突然潰決。該大壩由淡水河谷公司擁有，公司也曾涉及 2015 年的班託羅德里格斯水壩災難。大壩倒塌後出現泥石流，淹沒附近郊區的房屋。",
          "en": "The Brumadinho dam disaster occurred on 25 January 2019 when Dam I,  a tailings dam at the Córrego do Feijão iron ore mine, 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) east of Brumadinho, Minas Gerais, Brazil, suffered a catastrophic failure. The dam is owned by Vale, the same company that was involved in the 2015 Mariana dam disaster. The dam released a mudflow that advanced through the mine's offices, including a cafeteria during lunchtime, along with houses, farms, inns and roads downstream. At least 237 people died as a result of the collapse."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "dd8fce53d59063f711dade4a25cedf0b83a58ce2",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "這個壩位於哪裡？",
              "en": "Where was the dam located?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "巴西布魯馬迪紐一個鐵礦",
                  "answer_start": 38
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "the Córrego do Feijão iron ore mine, 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) east of Brumadinho, Minas Gerais, Brazil",
                  "answer_start": 87
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "高血壓"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "對 18 歲及以上人群的高血壓的定義為收縮壓和／或舒張壓值持續高於公認的正常值（目前此值為收縮壓 139mmHg 毫米汞柱、舒張壓 89mmHg 毫米汞柱：請參見分類表（JNC7））。如果使用 24 小時血壓監測數值及家庭自測數值時，則應使用較低的閾值（收縮壓 135mmHg 或舒張壓 85mmHg）. 最近的國際高血壓指南也對高血壓範圍之下的血壓情況進行了分類，以指出在正常血壓範圍內的較高血壓亦存在的風險。JNC7（2003）將收縮壓在 120–139 mmHg 和 / 或舒張壓在 80–89 mmHg 的範圍定義為臨界高血壓，而 ESH-ESC 指南（2007）及 BHS IV（2004）以最佳、正常及正常高值細分收縮壓低於 140 mmHg 及舒張壓低於 90 mmHg 的組別。高血壓也有如下分類：JNC7 將高血壓分為高血壓一期、高血壓二期和單純收縮期高血壓。單純收縮期高血壓指收縮壓升高而舒張壓正常，在老年人中常見。 ESH-ESC 指南（2007）和 BHS IV（2004），將收縮壓超過 179mmHg 或舒張壓超過 109mmHg 的患者定義為高血壓三期。如果藥無法將血壓降低到正常水平，則此高血壓為耐藥性高血壓。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "d6d76338394c6414828179c0d07ad93ef6a248bf",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "高血壓三期的血壓是多少？",
              "en": "What is the third stage of hypertensions level of blood pressure?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "收縮壓超過 179mmHg 或舒張壓超過 109mmHg",
                  "answer_start": 451
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "新生兒的高血壓很罕見，可見於約 0.2－3% 的新生兒；健康新生兒的常規檢查不包括測量血壓。在高危新生兒中高血壓則較為多見。在決定新生兒血壓是否正常時應考慮多種因素，如胎齡，受孕齡和出生體重等。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "71efffa3e3c1d3630b3ec1e4109c8d85aa2f273e",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "高危新生兒中比較常見的狀況是什麼？",
              "en": "What is the condition that is common in newborns?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "高血壓",
                  "answer_start": 53
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "高血壓在兒童及青少年中十分常見（按年齡、性別及種族不同，分別為 2–9%）並被認為在長期可帶來其它疾病的風險。目前的建議為三歲以上的兒童在進行常規醫療檢查或治療時應進行血壓測量。應該在重複門診測量確診高血壓後才定位兒童的高血壓。兒童的血壓隨年齡升高，兒童的高血壓診斷標準為三次以上不同時間門診測量的平均結果等於或高於此兒童相應性別、年齡及身高的 95 百分位血壓。兒童高血壓前期的定義為平均收縮壓或舒張壓大於或等於 90 百分位，但小於 95 百分位。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "87c7cc6be5f8e7da5c1d4df15bf5a19daae13bbe",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "兒童高血壓是如何定義的？",
              "en": "How is hypertension defined in children?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "三次以上不同時間門診測量的平均結果等於或高於此兒童相應性別、年齡及身高的 95 百分位血壓",
                  "answer_start": 136
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "罹患妊娠高血壓的孕婦約佔懷孕孕婦的 8–10%。患有妊娠高血壓的女人，大多數在懷孕前就有原發性高血壓。妊娠高血壓可能是先兆子癇的預兆，這是一種發生於妊娠後期和生產後幾個禮拜的嚴重症狀。先兆子癇的診斷可包括血壓增高和尿蛋白。懷孕婦女約有 5% 機率會發生先兆子癇，而且約造成全球 16% 孕產婦死亡。先兆子癇亦使寶寶的死亡風險提高兩倍。先兆子癇通常沒有症狀，而且是由例行篩檢檢查出來。當發生先兆子癇的症狀，最常見的就是頭痛、視覺障礙（通常是出現閃光）、嘔吐、上腹部疼痛和水腫（腫脹）。先兆子癇有時會演變為稱之為子癇的致命病況。子癇是一種急性高血壓，並且有數種嚴重的併發症。這些併發症包括喪失視力、腦水腫、癲癇發作或驚厥、腎衰竭、肺水腫和彌散性血管內凝血（一種血液凝固功能障礙）。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "892e20cf8c340006123412c728f5ee7110572180",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪種病症通常沒有症狀？",
              "en": "what condition usually has no symptoms?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "先兆子癇",
                  "answer_start": 167
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "發育遲緩、癲癇發作、焦躁不安、缺乏活力和呼吸困難都與新生兒至三個月大的嬰兒高血壓有關。在三個月以上嬰兒和兒童當中，高血壓可引起頭痛，不明的焦躁不安，疲倦、發育遲緩、視力模糊、流鼻血和麵部神經麻痺。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "b77547691f3f5206a6a5647f8457d2013691c04f",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "是什麼原因導致年輕人在面對更大問題時可能會經歷面部運動困難？",
              "en": "What is one reason young humans might experience difficulty moving their face as part of a larger issue?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "高血壓",
                  "answer_start": 57
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "高血壓是全世界過早死亡最重要的可預防因素。高血壓增加罹患缺血性心臟病、 中風、 外周血管病變、和其它心臟疾病的風險，包括心臟衰竭、主動脈瘤、廣泛性動脈粥樣硬化和肺栓塞。高血壓同時也是罹患認知障礙、痴呆和慢性腎臟病的高風險因素。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "00df95637d0fc0837b9eba5dafceb545856459b9",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "高血壓增加了什麼？",
              "en": "What does hypertension increase?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "罹患缺血性心臟病、 中風、 外周血管病變、和其它心臟疾病的風險",
                  "answer_start": 26
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "當患者的血壓持續過高時，就會診斷為患有高血壓。傳統的做法是，需要每隔一個月對患者進行一次血壓計測量，並重復三次，才能做出診斷。對高血壓患者的初始評估包括一個完整的歷史和體檢。隨著 24 小時動態血壓監控和家用血壓器的出現，為避免對患有白大褂恐懼性高血壓的患者做出錯誤診斷，診斷程式隨之發生了變化。英國目前的典範做法是，當臨床上量到過一次血壓高指標之後，馬上要做動態測量隨訪。用七天的家庭血壓監測方法進行隨訪也是可以的，但效果不是太理想。一旦診斷為高血壓，醫生就會設法根據風險因素和其它存在的症狀，找出發病的根本原因。繼發性高血壓多見於青春期前的兒童，而大多數病例是由腎病引起的。原發性高血壓多見於青少年，有多種危險因素，包括肥胖症和高血壓家族史。也可以透過實驗室化驗，找出導致繼發性高血壓的可能原因，並確定高血壓是否已經對心臟、眼睛和腎臟造成損害。另外還可做其它針對糖尿病和高膽固醇指標的化驗，因為這些疾病都是引發心臟病的風險因素，並可能需要治療。測定血清肌酐可以確定是否有腎臟疾病。腎病既可能是導致高血壓的原因，也可能是高血壓引發的後果。可是單用血清肌酐值有可能會過高估計腎小球濾過率。最近的指導原則提倡使用諸如腎臟病飲食改良（MDRD）公式預測腎小球濾過率（eGFR）。預測腎小球濾過率 eGFR 還可以提供腎功能的其它基線指標，這些指標可以用來監控某些抗高血壓藥物對腎功能產生的副作用。用尿液樣本測試蛋白也被用作腎臟疾病的一個次要的標誌。還可以做心電圖（EKG/ECG）測試，以檢查是否有跡象表明心臟由於高血壓而變得過度疲勞。它也可以顯示心肌的增厚（左心室肥厚）或心臟以前是否出現過較小異常，如無症狀心臟病發作。也可以透過做胸部 X 光檢查或超聲心動圖來尋找心臟擴大或損壞的跡象。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "01b793014fbd87d8be9368f08eec683d2e1cc055",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "什麼體液用來檢查腎臟問題？",
              "en": "What bodily fluid is used to test for kidney problems?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "尿液",
                  "answer_start": 597
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "05d39419d02a64797526e0be53cbc6da9ccf4b1d",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "你如何發現有高血壓？",
              "en": "how do you find out hypertension?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "實驗室化驗",
                  "answer_start": 328
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "a759e6a606ce90aec3e072f1aa0f5468060cee92",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "一旦診斷為高血壓，第一步是什麼？",
              "en": "What is the first step after hypertension has been made?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "醫生就會設法根據風險因素和其它存在的症狀，找出發病的根本原因。",
                  "answer_start": 227
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "e6ea06caaa1deb4f675c8f6abad569df1c8641f6",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "心電圖的英文縮寫是什麼？",
              "en": "What is the acronym for Electrocardiogram?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "（EKG/ECG）",
                  "answer_start": 629
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "至 2000 年，有近十億人或近於 26% 的成年人患有高血壓。該病在發達國家（330,000,000）和發展中國家（639,000,000）均相當普遍。然而，不同地區的發病率差距頗大，在印度農村低至 3.4%（男性）和 6.8%（女性），在波蘭卻高達 68.9%（男性）和 72.5%（女性）。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "f29ed0f8b2d2d97291cf7b41db773105d3faefc1",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "有幾十億成年人患有高血壓？",
              "en": "How many adults in billions have hypertension?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "十億",
                  "answer_start": 11
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "現代人對心血管系統的認知始於英國醫生威廉・哈維（William Harvey，1578–1657）醫生的這部醫學著作《心血運動》（De otu ordis）。哈維在著作中描述了血液的迴圈。1733 年英國牧師斯蒂芬・海爾斯（Stephen Hales）第一次公佈了血壓測量結果。 1808 年托馬斯・楊認為高血壓是一種疾病，1836 年理查德・布萊特（Richard Bright）也把高血壓描述為一種疾病，等等。 弗雷德裡克・阿克巴・默罕默德（Frederick Akbar Mahomed，1849–1884）首次報告了一例沒有腎病症狀的血壓升高。  然而，直到 1896 年希皮奧內・裡瓦羅西（Scipione Riva-Rocci）發明了袖套法血壓計之後，高血壓才成為臨床病症。這項發明使得人們可以在臨床上測量血壓。1905 年尼古拉・柯羅特科夫（Nikolai Korotkoff）改進了血壓測量技術，提出了柯氏音概念，即血壓計袖套放氣時聽診器所聽到的的動脈聲音。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "4e0f843d642d715f22de2f205f0a498dc090bc60",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "希皮奧內・裡瓦羅西在哪一年發明了袖套法血壓計",
              "en": "In what year did Scipione Riva-Rocci invent the sphygmomanometer"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "1896 年",
                  "answer_start": 283
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "e97ae381ec1f8a2455e4cb7277000d88da26426a",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "威廉・哈維寫的是什麼書？",
              "en": "What book did William Harvey write?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "《心血運動》",
                  "answer_start": 58
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "e84177c67b7c7b03c2b1c613705316635c6a982e",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "高血壓的描述是何時起出現的？",
              "en": "When did the descriptions of hypertension come along?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "1808",
                  "answer_start": 139
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "歷史上對所謂的 “硬脈疾病” 的治療方法主要是透過放血或者採用水蛭減少血量。中國的黃帝、凱爾蘇斯、蓋倫、以及希波克拉底都主張放血。 19 世紀和 20 世紀，在有效的高血壓藥物治療方法問世以前，有三種高血壓治療方法，都有很多副作用。這些方法包括嚴格的鈉限制（例如米飯飲食）、交感神經切除術（外科手術切除部分交感神經系統）、以及熱原質治療（注射引起發熱的物質，間接降低血壓）。最早治療高血壓的化學藥物硫氰酸鈉在 1900 年投入使用，但副作用很多，沒有得到廣泛應用。 第二次世界大戰之後又開發出了幾種其它藥物。最流行且有效的有四甲基氯化銨及其衍生產品六甲銨、肼屈嗪和利血平（來源於藥用植物 “蛇根木”）。第一種耐受良好的口服藥物的發現使高血壓治療出現重大突破。這種藥物是氯噻嗪，它是第一種噻嗪化物利尿劑，來源於抗生素磺胺並於 1958 年問世。它既能防止液體瀦留，又增加鹽代謝。退伍軍人管理局主辦的一次隨機對照試驗對比了氫氯噻嗪加上利血平再加上肼酞嗪與安慰劑治療高血壓。試驗因未接受治療的一部分病人出現了大量的併發症，因此認為使他們無法接受治療是不人道的行為，從而提前終止了試驗。試驗在較低血壓的人群中繼續進行，結果顯示，即使是輕微高血壓病人，該治療也使得心血管病死亡的風險降低了一半。 1975 年，發明氯噻嗪的研究小組獲得了拉斯克公共衛生特別獎。這些研究的成果促進了公共衛生專案，增強了公眾對高血壓的認知，普及了高血壓的測量和治療。這些舉措為 1972-1994 年間中風和缺血性心臟病發病率下降 50% 做出了一定的貢獻。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "5b4172fa39234f7755a6615269035a8fc90b0bbb",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "什麼藥物源自蛇根木？",
              "en": "What is the drug derived from Rauwolfia plant?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "利血平",
                  "answer_start": 282
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "世界衛生組織已經確認高血壓為導致心血管病死亡率的主要原因。世界高血壓聯盟是 85 個國家高血壓社團和聯盟的聯盟組織，該組織認為，世界範圍內 50% 以上的高血壓患者不瞭解自身的情況。為強調這一問題，WHL 在 2005 年發起了一場全球性高血壓認知運動，並把每年的 5 月 17 日定為世界高血壓日。過去三年以來，更多的國家社團參與了世界高血壓日 WHD，並且透過其創新活動向公眾傳遞有關高血壓的資訊。2007 年，47 個 WHL 成員國家參與了這一活動。在 WHD 所在的那個星期，所有這些國家與地方政府、學術團體、非政府組織、以及私人企業合作，促進高血壓認知，通過幾個媒體和公眾集會進行宣傳。他們採用的大眾傳播媒體包括網際網路和電視，資訊受眾超過 2.5 億人。隨著發展勢頭的逐年壯大，WHL 有信心把資訊基本上傳遞到所預測的 15 億血壓升高人群。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "5ec293e4a924587a28d20f57359d4c4b93fcb191",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "各國紅會參與世界遺產保護事業已有多少年了？",
              "en": "For how many years have national societies been participating in WHD pursuits?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "過去三年以來，更多的國家社團參與了世界高血壓日 WHD，",
                  "answer_start": 150
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "cdeacee23dab19773a4d50ade89f7d0fadf605a6",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪個組織創立了世界高血壓日來提高對高血壓的認識？",
              "en": "Which organization created World Hypertension Day for awareness of hypertension?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "世界高血壓聯盟",
                  "answer_start": 29
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "834152db11e91de3c0a8e3a34e741544adc5e670",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "WHL 對解決高血壓問題做了什麼？",
              "en": "What is the WHL doing to address hypertension?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "全球性高血壓認知運動",
                  "answer_start": 116
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "在美國，高血壓是一種最為常見的慢性醫學問題，使得人們需要經常去找初級醫療服務人員。美國心臟學會估計，2010 年高血壓的直接和間接治療費用為 766 億美元。在美國，80% 的高血壓人群瞭解他們自己的狀況，其中 71% 服用治療高血壓藥物。然而，這些認識到自身狀況的人中，僅 48% 的高血壓得到了充分的控制。高血壓的診斷，治療或控制的缺陷不利於高血壓的管理。醫療服務人員在控制高血壓方面也面臨著許多困難，包括病人對服用多種藥物來達到控制血壓水平的牴觸情緒。人們同時也面對堅持服藥以及改變生活方式的挑戰。儘管如此，實現血壓控制目標仍然是可行的。降低血壓可以顯著減少現代醫療保健方面的費用。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "115ea90ffe86ecc5d9717f9edcd69a100efc7143",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "2010 年，高血壓的費用為多少？",
              "en": "In 2010, what was the cost of high blood pressure?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "766 億",
                  "answer_start": 70
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "卵巢囊腫",
      "en": "Ovarian cyst"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "育齡女性的卵巢每個月都會產生小的囊泡，這是正常的現象，但有約 8% 的女性在更年期前會遇到較大、以致於會造成不適的囊泡。在停經後有 16% 的女性會得到卵巢囊腫，相較於停經前，停經後出現的卵巢囊腫是癌症的機會較高。",
          "en": "Most women of reproductive age develop small cysts each month, and large cysts that cause problems occur in about 8% of women before menopause. Ovarian cysts are present in about 16% of women after menopause and if present are more likely to be cancer.Benign ovarian cysts are common in asymptomatic premenarchal girls and found in approximately 68% of ovaries of girls 2–12 years old and in 84% of ovaries of girls 0–2 years old. Most of them are smaller than 9 mm while about 10-20% are larger macrocysts. While the smaller cysts mostly disappear within 6 months the larger ones appear to be more persistent."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "48d6421fafbcbadbc8406e5f003b5d4c7739cdf7",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "更年期前，有百分之多少的女性出現囊腫問題？",
              "en": "What percent of women develop problematic cysts prior to menopause?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "8",
                  "answer_start": 30
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "8",
                  "answer_start": 114
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "約翰・肯尼迪",
      "en": "John F. Kennedy"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "在 1960 年 11 月 8 日舉行的大選中，肯尼迪以極其微弱的優勢戰勝了尼克森。當天夜裡，雖然根據已經統計出的選票情況表明，肯尼迪可以充分肯定自己已經獲得了勝利，但由於在賓夕法尼亞州、密蘇里州、伊利諾伊州、明尼蘇達州、密歇根州和加利福尼亞州的數字十分接近，無法做出決斷，因此他拒絕宣佈獲勝。",
          "en": "Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts and graduated from Harvard University in 1940 before joining the U.S. Naval Reserve the following year. During World War II, he commanded a series of PT boats in the Pacific theater and earned the Navy and Marine Corps Medal for his service. After the war, Kennedy represented the 11th congressional district of Massachusetts in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1947 to 1953. He was subsequently elected to the U.S. Senate and served as the junior Senator from Massachusetts from 1953 to 1960. While in the Senate, he published his book  Profiles in Courage, which won a Pulitzer Prize for Biography. In the 1960 presidential election, Kennedy narrowly defeated Republican opponent Richard Nixon, who was the incumbent vice president. At age 43, he became the second-youngest person to serve as president, the youngest person to be elected as U.S. president, as well as the only Roman Catholic to occupy that office. He was also the first president to have served in the U.S. Navy.Kennedy's time in office was marked by high tensions with communist states in the Cold War. He increased the number of American military advisers in South Vietnam by a factor of 18 over President Dwight D. Eisenhower. In April 1961, he authorized a failed joint-CIA attempt to overthrow the Cuban government of Fidel Castro in the Bay of Pigs Invasion. He subsequently rejected Operation Northwoods plans by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to orchestrate false flag attacks on American soil in order to gain public approval for a war against Cuba. However his administration continued to plan for an invasion of Cuba in the summer of 1962. In October 1962, U.S. spy planes discovered that Soviet missile bases had been deployed in Cuba; the resulting period of tensions, termed the Cuban Missile Crisis, nearly resulted in the breakout of a global thermonuclear conflict. Domestically, Kennedy presided over the establishment of the Peace Corps and supported the civil rights movement, but was only somewhat successful in passing his New Frontier domestic policies."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "6bd4f91a674673ddf4984ec2c86cfb033d20d56d",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "肯尼迪在 1960 年的總統選舉中擊敗了哪位共和黨人？",
              "en": "Which Republican did Kennedy defeat in the 1960 presedential election?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "尼克森",
                  "answer_start": 38
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Richard Nixon",
                  "answer_start": 733
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "肝素",
      "en": "Heparin"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "過量使用肝素可以致命。2006 年在印地安納波里斯的一家醫院，有三個早產兒因為被錯誤地注射了成人劑量的肝素而死。",
          "en": "As with many drugs, overdoses of heparin can be fatal. In September 2006, heparin received worldwide publicity when three prematurely born infants died after they were mistakenly given overdoses of heparin at an Indianapolis hospital."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "66ff3ba30422be855bdd5b0dbb109d5efa42af64",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪個城市有三個嬰兒因注射過量肝素而死？",
              "en": "In what city did three infants die from a heparin overdose?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "印地安納波里",
                  "answer_start": 18
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Indianapolis",
                  "answer_start": 212
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "肝素在體內的功能未知。肥大細胞合成肝素後會儲存在分泌泡中，直到組織受傷時便會釋出。因此，它被認為在體內可能與防禦細菌與其他物質入侵有關。肝素被懷疑在體內與抗凝血無關的另一個原因是，許多不具有與人類類似的凝血系統的無脊椎動物也會製造肝素。",
          "en": "Heparin's normal role in the body is unclear. Heparin is usually stored within the secretory granules of mast cells and released only into the vasculature at sites of tissue injury. It has been proposed that, rather than anticoagulation, the main purpose of heparin is defense at such sites against invading bacteria and other foreign materials. In addition, it is observed across a number of widely different species, including some invertebrates that do not have a similar blood coagulation system. It is a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan. It has the highest negative charge density of any known biological molecule."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "b8d6ce621991a42bca00bc86237fbf2c77ebf2fe",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "現在被質疑的，肝素的主要作用曾經廣泛被認為是什麼？",
              "en": "The main purpose of heparin, which is now being questioned, has generally been known as what?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "抗凝血",
                  "answer_start": 77
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "anticoagulation",
                  "answer_start": 221
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "智慧財產權",
      "en": "Intellectual property"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "智慧財產權（英語：Intellectual Property），是人類智慧創造出來的無形的財產，主要涉及版權、專利、商標等領域。 音樂和文學等形式的藝術作品，以及一些發現、發明、詞語、片語、符號、設計都能被當作知識財產而受到保護。  智慧財產權可以分為工業產權與版權兩類，工業產權包括髮明（專利）、商標、工業品外觀設計和地理標誌，版權則包括文學和藝術作品。智慧財產權被概括為一切來自知識活動領域的權利，始於 17 世紀中葉法國學者卡普佐夫的著作，後由比利時法學家皮爾第所發展；到 1967 年《成立世界智慧財產權組織公約》簽訂後，智慧財產權的概念得到世界上大多數國家所認可。",
          "en": "Intellectual property (IP) is a category of property that includes intangible creations of the human intellect. Intellectual property encompasses two types of rights: industrial property rights (trademarks, patents, designations of origin, industrial designs and models) and copyright. It was not until the 19th century that the term \"intellectual property\" began to be used, and not until the late 20th century that it became commonplace in the majority of the world.The main purpose of intellectual property law is to encourage the creation of a wide variety of intellectual goods. To achieve this, the law gives people and businesses property rights to the information and intellectual goods they create, usually for a limited period of time.  This gives economic incentive for their creation, because it allows people to profit from the information and intellectual goods they create. These economic incentives are expected to stimulate innovation and contribute to the technological progress of countries, which depends on the extent of protection granted to innovators.The intangible nature of intellectual property presents difficulties when compared with traditional property like land or goods.  Unlike traditional property, intellectual property is \"indivisible\" – an unlimited number of people can \"consume\" an intellectual good without it being depleted.  Additionally, investments in intellectual goods suffer from problems of appropriation – a landowner can surround their land with a robust fence and hire armed guards to protect it, but a producer of information or an intellectual good can usually do very little to stop their first buyer from replicating it and selling it at a lower price. Balancing rights so that they are strong enough to encourage the creation of intellectual goods but not so strong that they prevent the goods' wide use is the primary focus of modern intellectual property law."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "96d70ca816cb0138efb8779999ec9346507ec25e",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "包含人類智力的無形創造的財產類別是什麼？",
              "en": "What is the category of property that includes intangible creations of the human intellect?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "智慧財產權",
                  "answer_start": 115
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Intellectual property",
                  "answer_start": 112
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "第二次世界大戰"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "儘管阿道夫・希特勒曾在 1923 年時發起一場以失敗告結的政變嘗試推翻德國政府，出獄後競選總統輸給保羅・馮・興登堡，但在 1932 年保守右派前總理帕彭向政敵報仇的策劃下，透過右翼國家人民黨及德國企業家們政商合作，身為國會第一大黨的納粹不僅獲得資助、解除瀕臨破產的危機，更因此得到政商名流聯名遊說，最終說服興登堡任命他於 1933 年合法成為德國總理。他宣佈廢除民主制度，同時藉由民族主義的風潮提出要重新修正世界秩序，並很快便開始大規模地重整軍備。與此同時法國為了​​確保義大利仍然與其合作、維持同一陣線之協議，允許義大利將衣索比亞列為自己的殖民地。然而在希特勒的主導下，德國於 1935 年再度合併原本作為德國領土的薩爾盆地地區，而在獲得民意支援的情況下德國隨後推翻《凡爾賽條約》且加速重整軍備的計劃，甚至以大規模徵兵的方式擴充部隊兵力，而這些強調國家主權的舉動也更加加深了德國社會對於希特勒的聲望。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "66abeeee7d7a0e0b16c97cb514345a23ad027332",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪個國家允許義大利在衣索比亞獲得機會？",
              "en": "Which country allowed Italy an opportunity in Ethiopia?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "法國",
                  "answer_start": 228
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "儘管 1936 年 3 月希特勒不顧《凡爾賽條約》與《羅加諾公約》而進駐萊茵蘭，但是其他歐洲列強對於此事並未多加干涉。同年 7 月時西班牙內戰爆發，希特勒和墨索里尼公開支援主張法西斯獨裁的佛朗哥部隊和蘇聯支援的西班牙第二共和國軍隊交戰，這次雙方衝突也成了德國和義大利測試新型武器與作戰方式的地方，最終佛朗哥部隊於 1939 年初成功贏得內戰。1936 年 10 月，德國和義大利組成了柏林 - 羅馬軸心。1 個月後德國和日本簽署了《反共產國際協定》，義大利則在隔年也加入其中。這時中國也發生了西安事變後，國民黨和共產黨軍隊同意停火併組織統一戰線來反對日本入侵。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "af4a32a9dadf7710c49a23154c2133c0f8d5df73",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪兩國首先簽署了《反共產國際協定》？",
              "en": "What two countries first signed the Anti-Comintern Pact?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "德國和日本",
                  "answer_start": 207
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "德國和義大利為西班牙的弗朗西斯科・佛朗哥將軍領導的國民軍提供軍事支援，並且協助打擊當時受到蘇聯支援、而明顯朝向左派傾斜的西班牙第二共和國政府。德國和蘇聯也藉由這次代理人戰爭作為契機，不斷拿這次衝突來測試新型武器和戰術。其中 1937 年 4 月德國禿鷹軍團蓄意轟炸格爾尼卡而受到當時社會的關注，這也使國際社會擔心未來的重要戰爭將會把平民居住區也納入轟炸範圍內。1939 年 4 月國民軍贏得內戰，佛朗哥接掌政權併成為獨裁者。他在第二次世界大戰中與同盟國和軸心國都進行了交涉，但沒有達成任何重要的協議，不過他仍然派出志願軍前往東線為德國作戰，但在總體上仍然保持中立，不允許任何一方借道或進駐西班牙國土。同一時間，葡萄牙由安東尼奧・薩拉查推行法西斯獨裁統治，承認西班牙的佛朗哥法西斯軍事獨裁政權，並鎮壓葡萄牙共產黨及其他反對派，簽署反共宣言，擴大並鞏固海外殖民地，並且建立葡萄牙青年團（Mocidade Portuguesa）與國家軍團（Legião Nacional），仿效義大利總理墨索里尼的黑衫隊進行軍隊訓練。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "76d335dd3dd302e964ea75cd244c23196128df26",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰援助了德國？",
              "en": "Who aided Germany?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "佛朗哥",
                  "answer_start": 198
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "英國和法國對於德國的舉動感到震驚，但是希特勒仍進一步要求但澤自由市與其合併，這促使法國和英國向波蘭保證支援其獨立。而當意大利在 1939 年 4 月攻佔阿爾巴尼亞後，英國和法國同樣保證會支援羅馬尼亞和希臘。稍後不久英法與波蘭陸陸續續結為同盟，而德國也與義大利正式簽署了互動合作的《鋼鐵條約》。希特勒控訴英國和波蘭試圖 “包圍” 德國，並宣佈廢除《英德海軍協定》和《德波互不侵犯條約》。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "170db0702ab6db44b1162a2d1aaac235a8d6c4da",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "二戰中德意聯盟的名稱是什麼？",
              "en": "What was the name of the German-Italian alliance in world War II?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "《鋼鐵條約》",
                  "answer_start": 139
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "網際網路",
      "en": "Internet"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "網際網路（英語：Internet）是指 21 世紀之初網路與網路之間所串連成的龐大網路。這些網路以一些標準的網路協議相連，連線全世界幾十億個裝置，形成邏輯上的單一巨大國際網路。它是由從地方到全球範圍內幾百萬個私人的、學術界的、企業的和政府的網路所構成，透過電子，無線和光纖網路技術等等一系列廣泛的技術聯絡在一起。這種將計算機網路互相聯接在一起的方法可稱作「網路互聯」，在這基礎上發展出覆蓋全世界的全球性網際網路絡稱網際網路，即是互相連線一起的網路。網際網路並不等同全球資訊網（WWW），全球資訊網只是一個基於超文字相互連結而成的全球性系統，且是網際網路所能提供的服務其中之一。網際網路帶有範圍廣泛的資訊資源和服務，例如相互關聯的超文字檔案，還有全球資訊網的應用，支援電子郵件的基礎設施，對等網路，檔案共享，以及 IP 電話服務。",
          "en": "The Internet (portmanteau of interconnected network) is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link devices worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web (WWW), electronic mail, telephony, and file sharing."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "473fdf62919048c542890c220fc3772a5053c4ed",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "所提到的電子系統中，哪個可以儲存和傳輸大量的資訊？",
              "en": "What electronic system mentioned can store and transmit a large amount of information?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "網際網路",
                  "answer_start": 288
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "The Internet",
                  "answer_start": 401
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "玩命關頭",
      "en": "The Fast and the Furious (2001 film)"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "《玩命關頭》於 2001 年 6 月 22 日在北美髮行，首映週末在 2,889 家劇院中，以 40,089,015 美元的票房位居當週冠軍。而在上映期間，電影在美國的票房總額為 144,533,925 美元，其他地區 62,750,000 美元，其全球總額高達 207,283,925 美元，大幅超越 3800 萬美元的成本。",
          "en": "The Fast and the Furious was released on June 22, 2001 in North America and ranked #1 at the box office, earning $40,089,015 during its opening weekend. Its widest release was 2,889 theaters. During its run, the film has made a domestic total of $144,533,925 along with a international total of $62,750,000 bringing its worldwide total of $207,283,925 on a budget of $38 million."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "e441ff2f33a1c0c167b91cc3dcec1d51d96383a4",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "《玩命關頭》電影的基本成本是多少？",
              "en": "What is the cost basis for the original Fast and the Furious film?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "3800 萬",
                  "answer_start": 151
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "$38 million",
                  "answer_start": 367
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "素數",
      "en": "Prime number"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "一個自然數（如 1、2、3、4、5、6 等）若恰有兩個正因數（1 及此數本身），則稱之為質數。大於 1 的自然數若不是質數，則稱之為合數。",
          "en": "A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that cannot be formed by multiplying two smaller natural numbers. A natural number greater than 1 that is not prime is called a composite number. For example, 5 is prime because the only ways of writing it as a product, 1 × 5 or 5 × 1, involve 5 itself."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "f7fdac24739c32f44e1d5bde2b867b4a1ea89e3e",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "大於 1 且不是質數的數字稱為什麼？",
              "en": "How do you call a number that is higher than 1 and is not prime?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "合數",
                  "answer_start": 66
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "composite number.",
                  "answer_start": 191
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "托爾德西里亞斯條約",
      "en": "Treaty of Tordesillas"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "條約規定兩國將共同壟斷歐洲之外的世界，並將穿越當時已屬葡萄牙的西非維德角群島與哥倫布最早為西班牙發現的美洲土地古巴島和伊斯帕尼奧拉島連線中點的經線作為兩國的勢力分界線。這條經線位於維德角以西 370 裡格，即西經 46°37' 附近。分界線以西歸西班牙，以東歸葡萄牙。西、葡兩國分別於該年的 7 月 2 日和 9 月 5 日批准了該條約。這條分界線也被稱為教皇子午線。",
          "en": "The lands to the east would belong to Portugal and the lands to the west to Castile. The treaty was signed by Spain, 2 July 1494, and by Portugal, 5 September 1494. The other side of the world was divided a few decades later by the Treaty of Zaragoza, signed on 22 April 1529, which specified the antimeridian to the line of demarcation specified in the Treaty of Tordesillas. Originals of both treaties are kept at the  General Archive of the Indies in Spain and at the Torre do Tombo National Archive in Portugal.This treaty would be observed fairly well by Spain and Portugal, despite considerable ignorance as to the geography of the New World; however, it omitted all of the other European powers. Those countries generally ignored the treaty, particularly those that became Protestant after the Protestant Reformation."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "84a5336c08185c52630cbd10095081aec62f0f4e",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "葡萄牙什麼時候簽署了該條約？",
              "en": "When did Portugal sign the treaty?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "9 月 5 日",
                  "answer_start": 154
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "5 September 1494",
                  "answer_start": 147
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "ee4bf510a44210fcac96043a3be2f1de7f00f687",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "提到包含最後一個英文字母的條約是什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "the Treaty of Zaragoza",
                  "answer_start": 228
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "1500 年葡萄牙探險家佩德羅・卡布拉爾意外越過子午線，並發現了巴西。1512 年葡萄牙在太平洋發現了極有經濟價值的香料群島摩鹿加。這引起了西班牙的垂涎。1521 年環球航行的由西班牙資助的葡萄牙探險家麥哲倫，也在摩鹿加登陸。西班牙與葡萄牙在這裡遭遇。葡西兩國從 1523 年開始談判，至 1529 年達成《薩拉戈薩條約》，修訂勢力範圍界線，並明確這一分割線在太平洋上的位置。太平洋分界線劃在摩鹿加群島以東，西班牙退出摩鹿加群島，葡萄牙為此賠償西班牙 35 萬個達克特金幣。而太平洋分界線以西的菲律賓則繼續被西班牙統治。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "ee4bf510a44210fcac96043a3be2f1de7f00f687",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "提到包含最後一個英文字母的條約是什麼？",
              "en": "What treaty is mentioned which contains the last letter of the English alphabet?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "薩拉戈薩條約",
                  "answer_start": 154
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "1988 年黃石公園大火"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "1988 年黃石公園大火是美國黃石國家公園有記錄以來最大的一場大火災，多個獨立的小山火在風勢加劇和乾旱的作用下，先後失去了控制，火焰迅速地蔓延，最終形成了一場燃燒了幾個月的大火災。直至在同年秋末，由於潮溼的天氣才被完全撲滅。該大火所造成嚴重損失，總計達 3,213 平方公里（1,241 平方英里）受到影響，災害區域大約佔黃石公園總面積的 36%。根據各項資料研判顯示，1960 年代末前，火通常被認為對公園和森林有害，管理策略的目標是用最快的速度撲滅山火。1970 年代起，環境保護界別人士與相關單位則發現了火對於生態系統的益處，因此有了不同的應對森林大火態度與措施。在此論點下，讓山火在可被控制的情況下燃燒的策略，非常成功地大幅減少了每年因為山火而損失的災害面積。然而根據統計，在 1988 年的黃石大火前已經很久沒有發生一場「應有」的大火了，而且那時是特別乾燥的夏季，很多小型的 “被控制” 的山火最後形成了一場大火。火勢如同馬賽克一樣從一片跳到另一片，轉燃之間，卻發生一些災害周邊林區毫髮未損的情況。以跳躍狀態呈現的山火火勢，以大型的火災旋風橫掃黃石公園部份區域，燒掉了所經過的一切。數千萬株的樹木和其他不計其數的植物遭焚燬，一些受害嚴重火災地區更呈現一片焦土。不過於山林燃燒間，一半受災區域卻因高大的硬木樹木抵住了火災蔓延，僅造成災害不算大的地表火。同年 11 月，黃石公園大火終於全面撲滅，而在該火災之後不久，植物和樹很快生長起來，自然植物的再生獲得成功。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "b1dde800da1cfba917947226d4a5aa7786185098",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "火災結束後，什麼很快自我再生？",
              "en": "What reestablished themselves quickly after the fire ended?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "植物和樹",
                  "answer_start": 611
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "美國東部的山火較其他區域相對較小，很少危及生命和財產。當白人殖民地向西方遷移的時候，方開始遇到了大範圍的火。美國大平原的草場火災和落基山脈的森林大火比他們在東部遇到的火規模大得多，並且破壞力也強得多。很多災難性的火災大大影響了火災管理政策。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "48331339b0624ff5a309e78c77164a30b7eb499a",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "山火在美國哪個地區威脅較小？",
              "en": "Wildfires are less of a threat in what region of the United States?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "美國東部",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "32e96e03234e4fb88c7e06b4ec30893713070d9c",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "居民們向哪個方向遷移？",
              "en": "In what direction did the settlements move?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "西方",
                  "answer_start": 34
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "1871 年席捲威斯康星州的佩什蒂戈大火是美國曆史上死亡人數最多的一次大火，超過 1,500 人喪生。1889 年加利福尼亞州的大火和 1910 年蒙大拿州和愛達荷州的大火促進了火是危險的，因而必須被撲滅的理論體系。1910 年大火燃燒的區域達到 12,000 平方公里（300 萬英畝），毀壞大量社群並有 86 人葬生，這個事件使很多土地管理機構重視火災控制。美國聯邦政府土地管理機構，包括美國國家公園管理局，普遍遵循美國森林管理局制定釋出的火災管理政策，美國森林管理局負責監督美國大部分森林。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "05d688c66cf04d5404507eff1dda1eba212b251c",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "美國森林管理局的職責是什麼？",
              "en": "What is the responsibility of U.S. Forest Service?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "監督美國大部分森林",
                  "answer_start": 238
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "20 世紀中期前，大部分森林管理員認為火必須隨時被撲滅。1935 年，美國森林管理局火災管理政策規定所有的山火必須在被發現的次日上午 10 點前撲滅。在火災易發季節，所有的公共土地都建立了消防隊，主要由年輕男子組成。1940 年前，消防員甚至乘坐飛機到遠方的火災現場，從飛機上跳傘去滅火。截至第二次世界大戰以前，美國建造了超過 8000 個火情瞭望塔。雖然由於監測火情的飛機增加導致很多瞭望塔廢棄，但是在黃石國家公園依然保留了 3 個瞭望塔。消防員的努力收到了成效，從 1930 年代到 1960 年代，山火燒燬的區域的平均每年 120,000 平方公里（3 千萬英畝）降到了 8,000-20,000 平方公里（2 百萬 - 5 百萬英畝）。由於第二次世界大戰期間對木材的需求很大，因此火災燒燬森林地被認為是不可接受的。1944 年，美國森林管理局組織了一場廣告活動來教導公眾所有的火都是有害的，廣告上是一頭穿著護林人員制服的卡通美洲黑熊，取名為護林熊 \"史墨基\"（Smokey；或稱為 \"煙仔\"）。如今，這個標誌性的護林熊仍然可以在警告標牌 “Only you can prevent forest fires”（只有你能防止森林火災）上看到。早期護林熊的海報誤導公眾認為西部的森林大火主要是人為因素造成的。而在黃石國家公園，人為引起的火災大約每年 6 到 10 起，而約 35 起山火由閃電引起。一些學者以及一些木材公司和個人認為在很多生態系統中，火是一種自然現象。火可以幫助清理林下層植物和死亡的植物，從而使一些重要的樹種減少營養競爭者。印第安人經常為了大型的草食動物如美洲野牛和麋，而焚燒山林來減少生長過於茂盛的草地。早在 1924 年，環境保護主義理論家奧爾多・利奧波德提出山火對生態系統的益處，並且對很多種樹木和植物的物種自然繁殖是必要的。接下來的 40 年中，越來越多的森林學家和生態學家認同山火對生態系統的益處。1963 年，由美國國家公園管理局組織的一組生態學家建議山火應該週期性地燃燒，來保護公園裡的環境平衡。1964 年，美國透過《荒野保護法案》，提到火是生態系統中的一個自然部分。1968 年，美國國家公園管理局修改了火災管理政策。管理局確定火如果是自然引起（由閃電引起），並且在不會對人的生命和財產造成影響的情況話下，允許其燃燒。管理局還發布命令，在規定的情況下，為了生態系統恢復平衡，可以故意製造可控制的燃燒。在很多森林已經到了成熟期並且需要一場大規模焚燒的時候，火生態學被更好地領會並應用。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "c130dada9e5533431518475208b59537a0675db2",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "什麼會應用燃燒的更好？",
              "en": "What factors increase flammability in groups of trees?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "到了成熟期",
                  "answer_start": 1027
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "0c557002a203f954c8fc9679f1376a11d1531248",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "森林管理員想要抑制什麼？",
              "en": "What did forest managers want suppressed?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "火",
                  "answer_start": 19
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "c21a78482c9f987237c7972bbbce4d2bf1040ee9",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪種自然現象可以幫助一些重要的樹種多一些生長空間？",
              "en": "Which natural process can help to make more room for important species of trees to grow?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "火",
                  "answer_start": 636
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "f7360503ff17ae9632d6b19b3789207c007331b2",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "控制燃燒的目的是什麼？",
              "en": "What is the purpose of controlled burns?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "生態系統恢復平衡",
                  "answer_start": 998
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "caa402ec56b2678247a0e17425ad12be669f7f53",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "消防員大多由哪個年齡組組成？",
              "en": "Which age group mostly made up the firefighters?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "年輕男子",
                  "answer_start": 101
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "自 1972 年開始，美國國家公園管理局開始允許黃石國家公園在控制的情況下讓自然山火焚燒。這種型別的火被稱作 “作為處方的自然火”。在 1972 年到 1987 年之間，在新的管理政策下，一共有 235 場被控制的自然火燃燒了面積相對較小的 137 平方公里（33759 英畝）的區域，其中只有 15 起擴散到 100 英畝以上面積。1988 年之前的 5 年比以往更為溼潤，因此可能導致這段時間火的數量減少。“作為處方的自然火” 政策看起來是一種有效地管理火災的方式，尤其是在黃石地區。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "aca1c4a8849d15ad71b353633430cb0c757fd9ad",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "制定的自然山火可以在哪個公園使用？",
              "en": "Prescribed natural fires were used in which park?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "黃石國家公園",
                  "answer_start": 24
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "澳大利亞議會"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "澳大利亞聯邦國會由 1901 年 5 月 9 日在墨爾本成立。當時在墨爾本市內能夠容納一萬四千名來賓的場所只有皇家展覽館（Royal Exhibition Building）。在此之後，聯邦國會向維多利亞州議會借用議會大樓（即墨爾本國會大廈），並從 1901 年至 1927 年在此議事。國會於 1927 年 5 月 9 日遷至新首都堪培拉，議場也隨之遷至到現在被稱為舊國會大廈的廳所議事。雖然開始只是打算暫時在此辦公，可事實上在隨後的 60 多年裡它一直充當國會大廈的角色。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "7db54e2c15d78f06edc0ec8e5bea0b67d77112af",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "1901 年至 1927 年的議會會議在哪裡舉行？",
              "en": "Where were the Parliament meetings held between 1901 and 1927?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "議會大樓（即墨爾本國會大廈）",
                  "answer_start": 107
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "澳大利亞國會可以決定眾議院議員的數目，不過憲法要求這個數目必需 “應儘可能地為參議員人數的兩倍”。這個要求一般被稱之為 “關係條款”，因此目前眾議院由 150 位議員組成。每個州根據人口數目分配議席；不過憲法保證每個創始州不管大小至少擁有 5 個議席。憲法不保證各地區的議席數額。國會於 1922 年和 1948 年分別准予 1 個北領地和 1 個首都領地議席，但是這些地區代表在 1968 年以前只有有限表決權。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "b9b370b52d56b60da8b109a128bcc276e98780d8",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "什麼文件不保證各地區有議席？",
              "en": "What document does not guarantee that territories get representation?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "憲法",
                  "answer_start": 126
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "從 1901 年至 1949 年，眾議院由 74 或 75 名議員組成（參議員為 36 名）。從 1949 年至 1984 年，眾議院議員人數在 121 至 127 人之間（參議員為 60 人直到 1975 年升至 64 人）1977 年最高法院遵循關係條款，指令眾議院議員人數由 127 人減少到 124 人。1984 年參眾兩院擴大；其後眾議院議員人數在 148 人至 150 人之間（參議員為 76 人）。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "74cb5d4cd7c19e24b5b539df5ac336a1fb07eaf9",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "1949 年至 1984 年那裡有多少成員？",
              "en": "How many members were there between 1949 and 1984?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "在 121 至 127 人之間",
                  "answer_start": 71
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "國會的主要職責是立法和透過法案。任何一位參眾兩院議員都可以向眾議院提交申請法案（財政法案除外）。實際上，絕大多數的法案都是由內閣成員所提出，而由其他議員所提出的法案被稱為普通議員法案。所有的法案必須經上下兩院透過才能正式生效。參議院擁有和眾議院相同的立法權力，然而參議院只能投票透過或否決財政法案而不能對其進行修改。國會法案的法案制定程式僅為 “由澳大利亞國會制定”"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "03d42670aca127a899e1178ca4ad0ae4b9afa69e",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "參議院和眾議院的立法權力有什麼不同？",
              "en": "What is the difference between the Senate and the House legislative powers?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "只能投票透過或否決財政法案而不能對其進行修改",
                  "answer_start": 135
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "三進位電腦",
      "en": "Ternary computer"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "於 1840 年由 Thomas Fowler 就以平衡三進位制的設計，使用木材建造了一臺早期的計算機。第一臺數位電子三進位制計算機 Setun，是於 1958 年在蘇聯莫斯科國立大學由 Nikolay Brusentsov 所建造，它比二進位計算機在未來發展上更有優勢，但二進位計算機因其低耗電和低廉的生產成本，而於現代盛行。1970 年，布魯納多夫構建了一個增強版本，他稱之為 Setun-70。在 1973 年美國開發了在二進位計算機器上模擬三進位制計算的 Ternac 模擬器。",
          "en": "One early calculating machine, built by Thomas Fowler entirely from wood in 1840, operated in balanced ternary. The first modern, electronic ternary computer Setun was built in 1958 in the Soviet Union at the Moscow State University by Nikolay Brusentsov, and it had notable advantages over the binary computers which eventually replaced it, such as lower electricity consumption and lower production cost. In 1970 Brusentsov built an enhanced version of the computer, which he called Setun-70.  In the USA, the ternary computing emulator Ternac working on a binary machine was developed in 1973.The ternary computer QTC-1 was developed in Canada."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "bace01ba882c7d072914ae1e957583e790e7b758",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "在 1970 年的時候當時最新的 brusentov 發展的電腦是什麼？",
              "en": "What was the latest computer developed by Brusentsov in the 1970?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "Setun-70。",
                  "answer_start": 190
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Setun-70",
                  "answer_start": 485
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "8bc0787ecbb131dde97b1547320d710ffb4ae6e2",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "第一臺現代三元計算機的名稱是什麼？",
              "en": "What is the name of the first modern ternary computer?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "Setun，是於",
                  "answer_start": 66
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Setun",
                  "answer_start": 158
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "隨著生產二進位計算機元件的經濟規模出現，三進位制計算機受到關注而流行於世的可能性已經降低。然而 Donald Knuth 認為，以三元邏輯的簡單設計與高效，可能會有人再次投入研發；有種可能的可行方案是將光學計算機與三元邏輯系統相結合。使用光纖的三元計算機可以使用 0 和 2 的正交偏振光作為 1 和 -1。IBM 也有報導三元計算主題的論文，但它並沒有積極參與其中。",
          "en": "With the advent of mass-produced binary components for computers, ternary computers have diminished in significance. However, Donald Knuth argues that they will be brought back into development in the future to take advantage of ternary logic's elegance and efficiency. One possible way this could happen is by combining an optical computer with the ternary logic system. A ternary computer using fiber optics could use dark as 0 and two orthogonal polarizations of light as 1 and −1. IBM also reports infrequently on ternary computing topics (in its papers), but it is not actively engaged in it.The Josephson junction has been proposed as a balanced ternary memory cell, using circulating superconducting currents, either clockwise, counterclockwise, or off.  \"The advantages of the proposed memory circuit are capability of high speed computation, low power consumption and very simple construction with fewer elements due to the ternary operation.\"In 2009, a quantum computer was proposed which uses a quantum ternary state, a qutrit, rather than the typical qubit. When the number of basic states of quantum element is d, it is called qudit."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "47763f35608278182d22993b90783a9e28bd2cd0",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "由於大規模生產，大量減少了什麼？",
              "en": "What diminished in vast amounts due to mass production?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "Knuth 認為，以三元邏輯的簡單設計與高效，可能會有人再次投入研發；有種可能的可行方案是將光學計算機與三元邏輯系統相結合。",
                  "answer_start": 54
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "ternary computers",
                  "answer_start": 66
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "14bcbeb791c0d8fd0a7d00c24c457526bfee2b14",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰是三進位制計算機的提倡者？",
              "en": "Who is a proponent of ternary computers?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "Donald Knuth",
                  "answer_start": 47
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Donald Knuth",
                  "answer_start": 126
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "859096de0b5d619ea1d8a2a5ec4bd5e34657cce4",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "約瑟夫森結使用什麼樣的電流？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "circulating superconducting currents",
                  "answer_start": 679
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "約瑟夫遜結已被提出作為一個平衡的三元儲存器單元，採用迴圈超導電流，無論是順時針、逆時針，或關斷。“由於三元操作，所提出的儲存器電路的優點是具有高速計算能力，低功耗和非常簡單的構造，並具有較少的元件。”"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "859096de0b5d619ea1d8a2a5ec4bd5e34657cce4",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "約瑟夫森結使用什麼樣的電流？",
              "en": "What kinds of currents does the Josephson junction use?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "迴圈超導電流",
                  "answer_start": 26
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "貓和老鼠 (童話)",
      "en": "Cat and Mouse in Partnership"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "貓和老鼠（德語：Katze und Maus in Gesellschaft），又譯貓和老鼠合夥，是格林兄弟所著的一個童話。",
          "en": "\"Cat and Mouse in Partnership\" (German: Katze und Maus in Gessellschaft) is a Brothers Grimm fairy tale.  It is Aarne-Thompson type 15, Stealing the Partner's Butter."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "897e3cf0c3326e2141fcdb5dd264446baf455b68",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "阿爾內・湯普森格林兄弟的故事《偷夥伴的黃油》對應的是格林兄弟的哪個故事？",
              "en": "The story Stealing the parttner's butter by Aarne Thompson Grimm Brothers corrasponds to which story by gri mm brothers?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "貓和老鼠（德語：Katze und Maus in Gesellschaft），又譯貓和老鼠合夥",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "\"Cat and Mouse in Partnership\"",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "計時工具的歷史"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "千百年來，人類利用各種裝置來計時和報時。目前正在使用的六十進位制時間系統，追溯至公元前大約 2000 年的蘇美爾。古埃及把一天分為二個部份，每一部份再分為 12 個小時，並使用大型方尖碑追蹤太陽的移動。他們還發明瞭水鍾（water clocks）。Precinct of Amun-Re 很可能是最初使用水鐘的地方，後來在埃及以外的地方也有人使用水鍾；古希臘人就經常使用叫作 clepsydrae 的水鍾。約在同一時間，相信商朝已使用洩水型水鍾──漏壺；而漏壺可能早在公元前 2000 年，從美索不達米亞傳入。其他古代計時器包括有蠟燭鍾──在中國、日本、英格蘭，和伊拉克使用；日晷──在印度和西藏，以及歐洲一些地區廣泛使用；此外，還有沙漏，運作原理和水鍾一樣。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "892399ba3096c329a241af9437a218a6102f6675",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "古代用什麼來確定時間？",
              "en": "what was used to determine time in the ancient days?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "蠟燭鍾",
                  "answer_start": 265
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "埃及的日影鍾把白天分為十個部分，另外加上 4 個 “微亮小時”── 早上 2 個、傍晚 2 個。有一種日影鍾由一枝長杆和高架橫杆組成，長竿上有 5 個不相等的記號，橫杆的陰影會投射到記號之上。橫杆在早上指向東方，在正午會指向西方。方尖碑的運作方式差不多：陰影投射到圍繞它的記號上，埃及人從而可以計算時間。方尖碑可以指出上午或下午、夏至或冬至。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "0a20c95fc4c73edbd647031cfee17df862a3ecb6",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "方尖碑有何象徵意義？",
              "en": "What did the obelisk indicate?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "上午或下午",
                  "answer_start": 159
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "柏拉圖把水鍾（漏壺）引進古希臘之後，水鍾成為古希臘廣泛使用的計時工具。柏拉圖也發明了一種以水鍾為基礎的鬧鐘。希臘人和新巴比倫王國儲存計時記錄，作為組成天體觀察的重要部分。漏壺也用在希臘法庭，和後來的羅馬法庭上。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "5c311a45da3d8ea677e9daf9d82186155b0a0d48",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪裡使用漏壺？",
              "en": "Where were clepsydrae used?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "法庭",
                  "answer_start": 92
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "雖然水鍾比日影鍾更好用──水鍾在室內、夜間或天空多雲的日子都可以使用；不過它們並不準確。因此，希臘人尋求方法改善他們的水鍾。到了公元前 325 年，水鐘的準確度大為改善，雖然仍然及不上日影鍾。這時的鐘有鐘面，其上有時針，令人更容易讀準時間。水鍾較常見的問題是水壓：當容器注滿水時，增加的水壓令水流更迅速。在公元前 100 年，希臘和羅馬的鐘表專家，開始解決這個問題；其後的幾個世紀，在這一方面得到持續改善。為了抵消高水壓增加的水流量做成的影響，裝水的容器造成圓錐形狀，上濶下窄。於是雖然水平面下降的距離相等，但當容器水滿的時候，流出的水要比水半滿的時候多。然而，還是有些問題沒有得到解決：如溫度的影響。天氣寒冷的時候，水流比較緩慢，甚至可能凍結。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "b41234f0bb50e1dd6a377b865a38cdebbff383af",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "增加的壓力會導致什麼結果？",
              "en": "What is a result of the increased pressure?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "令水流更迅速",
                  "answer_start": 145
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "雖然希臘人和羅馬人大大改進水鐘的技術，他們仍然繼續使用影子鐘錶。據說數學家和天文學家比提尼亞的狄奧多（Theodosius of Bithynia），發明了全球通用的日晷。這個日晷在地球上任何地方都能準確報時，不過現代對它所知甚少。羅馬人在奧古斯都大帝統治期間，建造有史以來最大的日晷──奧古斯都日晷（Solarium Augusti)。其晷針是從赫利奧波利斯（Heliopolis）而來的方尖碑。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "b84a0df755a4a0c27df01d0cb19a100278518b23",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "比提尼亞的狄奧多以什麼而聞名？",
              "en": "What was Theodosius of Bithynia known for being?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "數學家和天文學家",
                  "answer_start": 34
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "遠東地區除了使用水鍾、機械鐘和蠟燭鍾外，也會使用香鍾計時。中國大約在六世紀首先使用香鍾。在日本的正倉院，仍儲存了一個香鍾，不過在其上的文字不是中文，而是梵文。由於佛教經常使用梵文，因此愛德華．沙菲爾推測香鍾在佛教儀式中使用，而且是由印度人發明。香鍾跟蠟燭鍾很相似，不過香燒均勻而且無火焰，因此在室內使用時，比蠟燭鍾更準確和更安全。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "c9fc32c8f4220d26ec063fe618491e2f16654617",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "香鍾為什麼在室內更安全？",
              "en": "What makes incense clocks safer indoors?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "香燒均勻而且無火焰",
                  "answer_start": 134
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "喬治三世"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "喬治王子在 1738 年生於倫敦諾福克府，父母分別是威爾斯親王腓特烈與薩克森 - 哥達的奧古斯塔，而喬治王子也是祖父喬治二世的孫子。由於喬治王子比原定的預產期早兩個月出生，因此他最初被認為不能活得長久，並在出生同一天獲聖詹姆士的教區牧師進行施洗。在公曆 1738 年 7 月 4 日，牛津主教托馬斯・塞克覆在諾福克府為他進行公開施洗。他的教父母為瑞典國王弗雷德裡克一世（由巴爾的摩勳爵任代理人）、薩克森 - 哥達公爵（由卡那封勳爵任代理人）、以及他的祖姑母普魯士王后索菲亞・桃樂西婭（由已故第四代漢彌爾頓公爵之女兒夏洛特・埃德溫女爵任代理人）。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "cbafe2e1c0d7ec38849e50c72aa8f8014d0ab4b6",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰給喬治王子施洗？",
              "en": "Who baptized George?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "托馬斯・塞克復",
                  "answer_start": 146
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "與此同時，喬治的健康卻不斷惡化，一方面陷入完全失明，另方面失聰的情況也愈益明顯。喬治從不知道自己在 1814 年被宣告成為漢諾威國王，也不知道自己的妻子已在 1818 年過世。在 1819 年聖誕節前後，他甚至曾持續地自言自語達 58 小時，在去世前的數星期也喪失了步行的能力。最後在 1820 年 1 月 29 日，喬治三世在溫莎堡內走完人生的盡頭，享壽八十一歲，結束了長達五十九年又九十六天的統治。臨終時，他最喜愛的兒子約克公爵腓特烈與他一起。在喬治三世駕崩前六日，他的第四子肯特公爵愛德華・奧古斯塔亦在 1 月 23 日因病去世。喬治三世的遺體在 2 月 15 日被安葬於溫莎堡聖喬治禮拜堂內。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "50768795a265b38075326808e4fa1be0596fa850",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "喬治三世生病後發生了什麼？",
              "en": "What happened after George III got sick?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "他甚至曾持續地自言自語達 58 小時，在去世前的數星期也喪失了步行的能力。",
                  "answer_start": 102
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "喬治三世終年 81 歲又 239 天，在位 59 年又 96 天，這兩個紀錄超越了在他以前的歷任英格蘭或不列顛君主。現今這個紀錄只曾被他的孫女維多利亞和後人伊麗莎白二世超越。而比較喬治三世之前三任君主，即安妮女王、喬治一世及喬治二世而言，他們三人加起來的在位時間也要比喬治三世一人短。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "19063ab82f8e134bea248578d279c2cd8afe3612",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰比喬治三世活得還久？",
              "en": "Who lived longer than George III?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "維多利亞和後人伊麗莎白二世",
                  "answer_start": 71
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "儘管在統治初年的聲望很高，但踏入 1770 年代中期以後，喬治卻因革命浪潮而失去北美十三州殖民地人民的支援（相當於英國在北美殖民地的三分一人口）。從美國獨立宣言中的指控所見，喬治被指「重複地破壞和侵奪」，以及在美洲殖民地試圖建立起「絕對暴政」，這使得美國大眾一般留下喬治三世是暴君的印象。至於在愛爾蘭，喬治也因為大不列顛暴力鎮壓 1798 年叛亂等原因而名聲不佳。當代的學者一般對喬治三世的生平評價分成了兩大陣營，一方將「意見集中於其統治後期，即是他成為全國抵抗法國計劃及力量的崇敬象徵」的那段時期；而另一方則從他們「在喬治在位頭 20 年所經歷的痛苦黨派鬥爭中，建立起他們對喬治三世的看法，因此他們在作品中反映的，往往就是反對派的意見」。從上述後者的觀點發展，使得一些 19 及 20 世紀初的英國曆史學家如脫利衛連爵士及厄爾斯金・梅等等，都對喬治三世的生平加諸以懷有敵意的評價。但到了 20 世紀中期，另一些歷史學家如劉易斯・伯恩斯坦・奈米爾爵士卻認為過往對喬治的評論「過於中傷」，並專注重新對喬治與其統治作出評估。踏入 20 世紀後期，學者諸如巴特菲爾德、裴瑞斯、麥考潘及亨特等，都傾向以同情的角度看待喬治，並把他視作命運與疾病的受害者。而時至今日，喬治三世漫長的統治，一般被視為君主政治權力萎縮的一個延續，以及君主慢慢轉形化身為國家道德形象的時代。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "7580a3eaa676b82877e6983971607c17ebc91f8b",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "美國獨立宣言指控國王喬治三世犯了什麼罪？",
              "en": "What was King George III accused of in the Declaration of Independence?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "絕對暴政",
                  "answer_start": 116
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "12c7633f3d85f2f7ac3e348921edcbd3be45dd8a",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "喬治國王在哪個年代失去了美國殖民地人民的支援？",
              "en": "During which time period did King George lose popularity amongst american colonists?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "1770 年代中期",
                  "answer_start": 16
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "特超巨星",
      "en": "Hypergiant"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "手槍星：接近銀河系的中心，位於人馬座內。手槍星的質量可能是太陽的 80～150 倍，光度是太陽的 170 萬倍。",
          "en": "The Pistol Star (V4627 Sgr), near the center of the Milky Way, in the constellation of Sagittarius. The Pistol Star is possibly as much as 150 times more massive than the Sun, and is about 1.7 million times more luminous. Considered a candidate LBV, but variability has not been confirmed."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "ff04f6514851d4886e471ba3757169c3d49b17fe",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "手槍星位於哪個星系？",
              "en": "in which galaxy is the Pistol Star located ?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "銀河系",
                  "answer_start": 6
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Milky Way,",
                  "answer_start": 52
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "紅黨 (挪威)",
      "en": "Red Party (Norway)"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "紅黨（書面挪威語：Rødt；新挪威語：Raudt；北方薩米語：Ruoksat）是挪威的一個共產主義政黨。該黨成立於 2007 年 3 月 11 日，由紅色選舉聯盟和工人共產黨合併而成。它的意識形態是共產主義、馬克思主義。它的政治立場是極左翼。它的領導人是 Bjørnar Moxnes。總部位於奧斯陸。該黨曾派代表出席國際共產主義研討會。",
          "en": "The Red Party (Bokmål: Rødt, Nynorsk: Raudt, Northern Sami: Ruoksat) is a Norwegian far-left political party. The party was founded in March 2007 by a merger of the Workers' Communist Party and the Red Electoral Alliance. Bjørnar Moxnes is the Red Party's current leader."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "d07be82ed5e650a902d746bbf518cccf6105b2e4",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "挪威極左派政黨的名字是什麼？",
              "en": "What is the name given to Norwegian far-left political party?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "紅黨",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "The Red Party",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "e594133d0b27a5eb99f53226a85a0374ae58b377",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰是紅黨的代理領導人？",
              "en": "Who is the acting leader of the Red Party?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "Bjørnar Moxnes",
                  "answer_start": 127
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Bjørnar Moxnes",
                  "answer_start": 222
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "利昂娜・伍茲"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "利昂娜・伍茲（英語：Leona Woods，1919 年 8 月 9 日－1986 年 11 月 10 日），亦稱利昂娜・伍茲・馬歇爾（Leona Woods Marshall）和利昂娜・伍茲・馬歇爾・利比（Leona Woods Marshall Libby），美國物理學家，曾協助建立人類史上首個核反應堆與首枚原子彈。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "e2866451fd2a036b9c76e1c7dd8688309558572e",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "利昂娜・伍茲出生於什麼時候？",
              "en": "When was Leona Woods born?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "1919 年 8 月 9 日",
                  "answer_start": 22
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "戰後，她加入恩里科・費米研究所，隨後先後供職於普林斯頓高等研究院、布魯克黑文國家實驗室和紐約大學，並於 1962 年成為紐約大學教授。她的研究方向包括粒子物理、天體物理和宇宙學。1966 年，她與馬歇爾離婚，轉而與諾貝爾獎得主威拉得・利比結為伉儷。此外，她還是科羅拉多大學的教授和蘭德公司的職員。晚年，她關注生態環境問題，發明了一種利用樹木年輪中同位素比例來研究氣候變化的方法。同時，她強烈支援用食品輻照作為消滅有害細菌的手段。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "94a8c104b5b793e55be57b609b656626dd6b7abe",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "1966 年後她和誰離婚了？",
              "en": "Who was she no longer married to after 1966?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "馬歇爾",
                  "answer_start": 98
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "費米的妻子勞拉（Laura Fermi）如此回憶伍茲：“（她是）一個高挑的年輕姑娘，長得像個運動員，可以擔當男人的工作，而且做得絲毫不差。她是恩裡克小組組裡唯一的女物理學家，她的母親與她一樣精力無窮，幾乎靠一己之力在芝加哥附近經營著一家農莊。為了緩解她母親的工作負擔，利昂娜把自己的時間一分為二，一部分貢獻給原子，一部分貢獻給馬鈴薯。” 同項目裡的科學家們一樣，伍茲對核輻射的風險並不放在心上。一天下午，她與威拉得・利比合作，焊接一個裝著鐳鹽和鈹金屬的罐子，在這期間，她的身體吸收了 200 倫琴的輻射，白細胞足足下降了一半。醫生們警告她，一位女性一生只有有限數量的卵細胞，暗示核輻射會影響她的生育，但她卻對此表示懷疑，一心只想著那個重要的罐子是不是焊接好了。1943 年 7 月，伍茲與約翰・馬歇爾結婚，並很快懷上了孩子。她把此事告訴了費米，他們一道瞞住沃爾特・津恩，怕後者堅持讓她遠離反應堆。為此，她甚至用寬鬆的藍粗棉布工作衫遮住懷孕的肚子。懷孕期間，她還得坐著沒有暖氣的軍用大巴上班，“每天早上都踩著點趕到，開始工作前每每嘔吐。” 第二年她生下了一個男孩，起名叫做彼得（Peter），之後僅僅休息了幾天，就又返回了工作崗位。當年，試驗取得初步成功，研究團隊帶著裝置儀器遷出芝加哥大學的冶金實驗室，入駐同在芝加哥的阿貢國家實驗室。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "42edd771fb853a1a1207df97274a47e6e75c0c1e",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "伍茲太太的母親從事什麼？",
              "en": "What was the occupation of Mrs. Wood's mother?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "經營著一家農莊",
                  "answer_start": 113
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "戰後，利昂娜・伍茲回到了芝加哥大學，加入原子能研究所（Institute for Nuclear Studies，現恩里科・費米研究所）。她參與到重水反應爐 Chicago Pile 3 的建設中，找出了一種使中子束百分之百自旋極化的方式，並測定了多種材質中子的折射率。1949 年，她的第二個孩子約翰・馬歇爾三世（John Marshall III）出生。1953 年，她成為芝加哥大學助理教授。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "2a4a9a8de163086fe5bb589cc8ea2375a99864df",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "利昂娜第二個孩子叫什麼名字？",
              "en": "What was the name of Leona's second child?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "約翰・馬歇爾三世（John Marshall III）",
                  "answer_start": 149
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "織女一"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "織女一又稱為織女星或天琴座 α（α Lyr，α Lyrae），是天琴座中最明亮的恆星，在夜空中排名第五，是北半球第二明亮的恆星，僅次於大角星。它與大角星及天狼星一樣，是非常靠近地球的恆星，距離地球只有 25.3 光年；它也是太陽附近最明亮的恆星之一。在中國古代的「牛郎織女」神話中，織女為天帝孫女，故亦稱天孫。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "c09fc87aaa08a320842c787efc8ef0812185e966",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "天空中第五亮星距離太陽多遠？",
              "en": "The fifth-brightest star in the sky exists at what distance from the Sun?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "25.3 光年",
                  "answer_start": 100
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "天文學家對織女星進行過大量的研究，因此它「無疑是天空中第二重要的恆星，僅次於太陽」。織女星大約在西元前 12,000 年曾是北半球的極星，但因歲差現象，它在 13,727 年會再度成為北極星，屆時它的赤緯會達到 + 86°14'。織女星是太陽之外第一顆被人類拍攝下來的恆星，也是第一顆有光譜記錄的恆星。它也是第一批經由視差測量估計出距離的恆星之一。織女星也曾是測量光度亮度標尺的校準基線，是 UBV 測光系統用來定義平均值的恆星之一。在北半球的夏天，觀測者多半可在天頂附近的位置見到織女星，因為身為天文學上星等的標準，其視星等被定義為 0 等，因此天文學家會以織女星作為光度測定的標準。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "7b77284a7c74ad79bdab1a571040a1e0e222a0d8",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "天空中有重大意義的一顆星星是什麼？",
              "en": "What is considered a significant star in the sky?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "織女星",
                  "answer_start": 5
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "織女星當前的年齡大約是 4 億 5500 萬年， 已經快要超過它在主序星階段壽命的一半。織女星脫離主序星階段後，將變成一顆 M 型的紅巨星並失去大部分質量，最終成為一顆白矮星。織女星目前的質量超過太陽的 2 倍，實際光度為太陽的 37 倍。織女星可能是一顆盾牌座 δ 變星，光變週期約為 0.107 天。織女星核心產生的能量來自於碳氮氧迴圈（CNO 迴圈），這是一種以碳、氮、氧原子核為中介，把質子聚合為氦的核聚變過程。進行該核聚變過程需要大約 1500 萬度的高溫， 高於太陽核心溫度，也比太陽的質子 - 質子鏈反應效率還高。CNO 迴圈對溫度高度敏感，緊鄰的對流層將核心區聚變反應產生的 “灰” 均勻散佈， 對流層外圍是輻射層，最外層則是大氣層。這與太陽形成鮮明的對照：太陽的中心是輻射層，其外覆蓋的是對流層。天文學家已經對照 “標準光源” 對織女星的能量通量進行精確地測量。這顆恆星在波長為 5480 Å 的波段光通量為 3,650Jy，誤差範圍 2%。氫的吸收光譜線在織女星的可見光譜中佔據主導地位，特別是在電子主量子數 n=2 的巴耳末系。 其他元素的譜線相對來說比較微弱，其中比較強烈的譜線是電離的鎂、鐵、鈣線。 織女星的 X 射線輻射很微弱，這表明織女星的日冕肯定很微弱甚至不存在。因為織女星的極點朝向地球，所以極區日冕洞可能存在。天文學家可能難以證實日冕確實存在，因為許多 X 射線並不會隨著可見光一起被恆星發射出去。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "494217cb4b0f28d922f3a61924c50d9a7147249d",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "織女星在未來會變成什麼？",
              "en": "What will Vega become in the future?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "白矮星",
                  "answer_start": 84
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "天文學家把原子量比氦更大的元素稱為 “金屬”。織女星光球層的金屬丰度只有太陽大氣層金屬丰度的 32%。 （跟織女星一樣，天狼星的金屬丰度也只有太陽的三分之一。） 太陽的金屬丰度（即比氦更重的元素丰度）約為 ZSol = 0.0172 ± 0.002。 從丰度上來說，織女星只有 0.54% 的組成元素比氦更重。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "38eed51d73ec98dd986957f62cf4f3c6032a512f",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "比氦的原子量大的元素的名稱是什麼？",
              "en": "What is the name for elements that have a higher atomic number than helium?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "金屬",
                  "answer_start": 19
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "2a3b6c0bf054b0728d712d1d953f82e1db341979",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "織女星有多少組成元素比氦重？",
              "en": "How many elements are heavier than helium in Vega?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "0.54%",
                  "answer_start": 138
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "中國器官移植"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "中國器官移植始於 1960 年代，是目前世界上最大規模的器官移植專案。到 2004 年為止，中國器官移植已高達 13000 例。與此同時，中國也進行了一些創新性的器官移植，如包括骨頭在內的面部移植。中國政府歷史上曾採用死刑犯器官作為器官移植的來源，有人認為，中國自鎮壓法輪功後很可能非法使用被關押法輪功修煉者的器官。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "3065b5359d7e0eb408650e11185a3bf2d30f2807",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "器官移植始於何時？\\n",
              "en": "when did organ transplantation begin?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "1960 年代",
                  "answer_start": 8
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "2006 年 3 月 16 日，衛生部發布《人體器官移植技術臨床應用管理暫行規定》，以對中國器官移植技術加強管理。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "cccc62efa3a465a33d8845b12bc2be2274c0efb8",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "2006 年 3 月，衛生部頒佈了什麼新規定？\\n",
              "en": "What new mandate was issued by the Ministry of Health in March 2006?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "人體器官移植技術臨床應用管理暫行規定",
                  "answer_start": 22
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "私刑"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "私刑作為一種有罪推定的懲罰形式，通常由自行指派的委員會、暴民或自發組織的治安維持者在沒有法律程式的情況下所執行。私刑在美國內戰前便存在於美國各州，特別是美南各州與美西拓荒區。「Lynching」這個詞彙被認為源自美國獨立戰爭時，維吉尼亞州治安法官 Charles Lynch 對保皇黨所命令的不受法律支配的刑罰。在內戰前的南方，廢奴主義的支持者常是暴民執行私刑的目標。戰後，私刑是恐怖主義的一種型式，用來威嚇自由的黑人投票和取得政治力量。一項對 1868 年至 1871 年的治安調查估計三 K 黨參與了超過 400 件私刑。黑人常被執行私刑因為他們被指控對抗白人的罪名；然而根據記者 Ida B. Wells 的研究，許多罪名經常被誇大，或根本沒有發生。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "fdae1fbbc03d5ea98cc9080a2b95c5db32cc87d9",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "美國西部和南部的維吉蘭人採取了什麼樣的警戒懲罰來自己解決問題？",
              "en": "Vigilantes in the western and southern united states took matters into their own hands in which form of vigilante punishment?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "「Lynching」這個詞彙被認為源自美國獨立戰爭時，維吉尼亞州治安法官 Charles",
                  "answer_start": 87
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "私刑短暫的衰退，但在 19 世紀末又開始增加。私刑的數量在 1892 年達到高峰，共有 230 件，但這種非法行為一直持續到了 20 世紀，1935 年仍有 20 件。阿拉巴馬州塔斯提吉學院紀錄了 1880 年到 1951 年的私刑案例，顯示了 3437 名黑人和 1293 名白人受害者，幾乎全部是共和黨黨員。美國曆史上最大的單一私刑事件發生於 1873 年 4 月 13 日路易斯安那州的 Colfax，共一次處決了 280 名黑人。非裔美國人透過抗議、遊行、寫作等方式來抗議私刑。在 1915 年一個正當化私刑和三 K 黨的電影《一個國家的誕生》放映後，三 K 黨重新組織，並開始重新使用私刑來恐嚇非裔美國人。受害者通常是黑人男性，有時女性，通常被指控攻擊或強暴白人。大部份的私刑在 1960 年代後消失。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "7617c658ffbfa423f101fa6c94e6d79b790fab52",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "根據阿拉巴馬州塔斯提吉學院，有多少白人受到私刑的處決？",
              "en": "According to the Tuskegee institute how many white victims were there of lynchings?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "1293",
                  "answer_start": 132
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "亞歷山大・蒲柏",
      "en": "Alexander Pope"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "亞歷山大・蒲柏（Alexander Pope，1688 年 5 月 21 日 - 1744 年 5 月 30 日）是 18 世紀英國最偉大的詩人。",
          "en": "Alexander Pope (21 May 1688 – 30 May 1744)  is regarded as the greatest English poet of his age, the early eighteenth century. He is best known for his satirical and discursive poetry—to include The Rape of the Lock, The Dunciad, and An Essay on Criticism—as well as for his translation of Homer. After Shakespeare, he is the second most quoted writer in the English language, as per The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations, with some of his verses having even become popular idioms in common parlance (e.g., Damning with faint praise)."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "e00d5591453a18ff7705b539f76ef8636e149442",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "亞歷山大・蒲柏什麼時候死的？",
              "en": "When did Alexander Pope die?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "亞歷山大・蒲柏（Alexander Pope，1688 年 5 月 21 日 - 1744 年 5 月 30 日）",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "30 May 1744",
                  "answer_start": 30
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "蒲柏出生於一個羅馬天主教家庭，由於當時英國法律規定學校要強制推行英國國教聖公會，因此他沒有上過學，從小在家中自學，學習了拉丁文、希臘文、法文和義大利文的大量作品。他幼年時期患有結核性脊椎炎，造成駝背，身高沒有超過 1.37 米。",
          "en": "In 1700, his family moved to a small estate at Popeswood in Binfield, Berkshire, close to the royal Windsor Forest. This was due to strong anti-Catholic sentiment and a statute preventing Papists from living within 10 miles (16 km) of London or Westminster. Pope would later describe the countryside around the house in his poem Windsor Forest. Pope's formal education ended at this time, and from then on he mostly educated himself by reading the works of classical writers such as the satirists Horace and Juvenal, the epic poets Homer and Virgil, as well as English authors such as Geoffrey Chaucer, William Shakespeare and John Dryden.  He also studied many languages and read works by English, French, Italian, Latin, and Greek poets. After five years of study, Pope came into contact with figures from the London literary society such as William Wycherley, William Congreve, Samuel Garth, William Trumbull, and William Walsh.At Binfield, he also began to make many important friends. One of them, John Caryll (the future dedicatee of The Rape of the Lock), was twenty years older than the poet and had made many acquaintances in the London literary world. He introduced the young Pope to the aging playwright William Wycherley and to William Walsh, a minor poet, who helped Pope revise his first major work, The Pastorals. He also met the Blount sisters, Teresa and Martha, both of whom would remain lifelong friends.From the age of 12, he suffered numerous health problems including Pott's disease (a form of tuberculosis that affects the spine), which deformed his body and stunted his growth, leaving him with a severe hunchback. His tuberculosis infection caused other health problems including respiratory difficulties, high fevers, inflamed eyes, and abdominal pain.  He grew to a height of only 1.37 m (4 ft 6 in). Pope was already removed from society because he was Catholic; his poor health only alienated him further. Although he never married, he had many female friends to whom he wrote witty letters, including Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. Allegedly, his lifelong friend Martha Blount was his lover."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "80a86a2c788a4ae82ae9be9bed446d476e6c2fb8",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "教皇以閱讀法語、英語、義大利語和其他哪個國家詩人的作品而聞名？",
              "en": "Pope was known for reading works by French, English, Italian and poets from what other countries?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "拉丁文、希臘文",
                  "answer_start": 60
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Latin, and Greek",
                  "answer_start": 716
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "阿德利・曼蘇爾",
      "en": "Adly Mansour"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "曼蘇爾 1945 年 12 月 23 日出生於開羅，畢業於埃及最負盛名的開羅大學法學院，獲公共法律和管理學兩個碩士學位，並曾在法國進修深造。曼蘇爾曾長期在前總統穆巴拉克政權中任職，出任過宗教部、教育部、農業部、總理府秘書處等部門的法律顧問。1983 年至 1990 年期間，曼蘇爾曾被借調到沙特工貿部擔任法律顧問。",
          "en": "Mansour was born in Cairo. He graduated from Cairo University Law School in 1967, earned a postgraduate degree in law in 1969, studied economics and earned a postgraduate degree in management science from Cairo University in 1970. He later attended France's École nationale d'administration (ENA) and graduated in 1977."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "6354aea2295e480683bc7d42e6dd0e4c03f2fa04",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "曼蘇爾從哪所法學院畢業？",
              "en": "What law school did Mansour graduate from?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "開羅大學法學院",
                  "answer_start": 36
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Cairo University Law School",
                  "answer_start": 45
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "森姆・烏迪迪",
      "en": "Samuel Umtiti"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "2016 年 6 月 30 日，森姆・烏迪迪以 2500 萬歐元轉會費加盟至西甲球會巴塞隆納。2016 年 8 月 17 日，烏迪迪在 2016 年西班牙超級盃次回合對塞維亞時首次上場，該場比賽巴塞隆納以 3-0 取勝，贏得該屆超級盃冠軍。",
          "en": "On 30 June 2016, Umtiti signed for La Liga side Barcelona for a fee of €25 million. On 17 August, Umtiti made his first appearance for Barcelona in the second leg of the 2016 Supercopa de España which Barcelona won 3–0 versus Sevilla and lifted the trophy. Umtiti picked up a knee injury in September 2016 while in Barcelona training, causing him to miss a crucial La Liga clash against Atlético Madrid. He scored his first goal for the club, on 4 March 2017, against Celta de Vigo with Barcelona winning 5–0 at the Camp Nou. He would later play a vital role in the 2016–17 Champions League round of 16 second leg fixture against Paris Saint-Germain, as he started the match alongside Gerard Piqué and Javier Mascherano in a 3-man central defence partnership. Umtiti assisted his teammates in recovering from a 4–0 first leg deficit to a historic 6–1 victory, the biggest comeback in the history of the Champions League. He would cap off his first year in Spain by winning the 2016–17 Copa del Rey and by establishing himself firmly as first-choice in central defence for the club alongside Piqué.Now established as first-choice in defence at the club, after Barcelona's subpar 2017 Supercopa de España while reeling off the loss of Neymar, Umtiti began the season with great performances, under the guidance of new manager Ernesto Valverde. On 2 December, Umtiti injured his right hamstring and was ruled out for eight weeks. Umtiti scored the winning goal against Valencia CF at Camp Nou, on 14 April, in a 2–1 victory for the Catalans. A week later, on 21 April, Umtiti started for Barcelona in the 2018 Copa del Rey Final, holding a clean sheet in an eventual 5–0 victory over Sevilla at Wanda Metropolitano. Additionally, Umtiti won his first La Liga winners' medal during his second season in Spain, with the defender appearing in 40 games and scoring one goal across all competitions.On 3 June 2018, Umtiti signed a new five-year contract with Barcelona. The release clause was subsequently set at €500 million. Umtiti was named as a substitute for the 2018 Supercopa de España behind Piqué and a new summer signing Clément Lenglet. Despite not featuring and with Barcelona winning the match 2–1 against Sevilla, Umtiti claimed his fifth winners' medal since joining the club."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "78aa30057ad97b03db0ee605ece38209fb087cdb",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "做這一切需要多少錢？",
              "en": "How much did it cost to do all of this?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "2500 萬歐元",
                  "answer_start": 23
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "€25 million",
                  "answer_start": 71
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "石洞壁畫",
      "en": "Cave painting"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "石洞壁畫是在洞穴或岩石上的繪畫，有時也稱為巖畫。一般多為史前所做。使用的顏料包括紅色和黃色赭石，赤鐵礦，氧化錳和木炭。最早的石洞壁畫可以上溯到 4 萬年前。",
          "en": "Pigments used include red and yellow ochre, hematite, manganese oxide and charcoal. Sometimes the silhouette of the animal was incised in the rock first, and in some caves all or many of the images are only engraved in this fashion, taking them somewhat out of a strict definition of \"cave painting\"."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "c57539fe41e1436b8c085c206fa533abbc101cd5",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "除過紅色還有什麼顏色的赭石被用於石洞壁畫？",
              "en": "Red and what color ochre are often used in pigments?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "石洞壁畫",
                  "answer_start": 62
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "yellow",
                  "answer_start": 30
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "中性氫區",
      "en": "H I region"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "的輻射是用來測量螺旋星系漩渦臂的一種技術，也可以用來描繪星系之間的互動作用造成的重力擾動。當兩個星系發生碰撞時，如同繩索般被抽離出來的物質，讓天文學家可以測量星系是如何移動的。",
          "en": "Mapping HI emissions with a radio telescope is a technique used for determining the structure of spiral galaxies. It is also used to map gravitational disruptions between galaxies. When two galaxies collide, the material is pulled out in strands, allowing astronomers to determine which way the galaxies are moving."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "5c9223981311d844fb6f44a28fe2cd74f25870df",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "描繪 HI 是什麼？",
              "en": "What is Mapping HI?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "用來測量螺旋星系漩渦臂的一種技術",
                  "answer_start": 4
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "technique used for determining the structure of spiral galaxies",
                  "answer_start": 49
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "尼古拉斯・斯皮克曼",
      "en": "Nicholas J. Spykman"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "尼古拉斯・斯皮克曼（Nicholas John Spykman，1893 年 - 1943 年），荷蘭裔美國人，地緣戰略學家，國際關係學者，被稱為「圍堵政策之教父」。他是美國外交政策的古典現實主義的發起者之一，將東歐政治思想帶入美國。曾在耶魯大學國際研究所任職。他教學重點放在地緣政治學。49 歲死於癌症。",
          "en": "Nicholas John Spykman (pronounced \"Speak-man\", 13 October 1893 – 26 June 1943) was an American political scientist who was one of the founders of the classical realist school in American foreign policy, transmitting Eastern European political thought to the United States. A Sterling Professor of International Relations, teaching as part of the Institute for International Studies at Yale University, one of his prime concerns was making his students geographically literate, as geopolitics was impossible without geographic understanding."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "3c9dc1d072959f84f38252e2b9562d46c701ece8",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "尼古拉斯・斯皮克曼在哪一年去世？",
              "en": "What year did Nicholas John Spykman die?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "1943 年",
                  "answer_start": 40
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "1943",
                  "answer_start": 73
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "斯蒂芬・庫夫勒",
      "en": "Stephen Kuffler"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "斯蒂芬・威廉・庫夫勒（匈牙利語：Stephen William Kuffler，1913 年 8 月 24 日－1980 年 10 月 11 日），生於匈牙利塔普，匈牙利籍 - 美籍神經生理學家，被公認為「現代神經科學之父」。1966 年，庫夫勒創立了哈佛大學神經生物學系，他在視覺、神經訊號編碼以及動物行為的神經基礎等多個領域做出了開創性的貢獻，影響深遠。他最著名的是在蛙上做的關於神經肌肉接頭，突觸前抑制和神經遞質 GABA 等方面的研究。1972 年，他被哥倫比亞大學授予路易莎・格羅斯・霍維茨獎。",
          "en": "Stephen William Kuffler  (August 24 Tap, Hungary, 1913 – October 11, 1980) was a pre-eminent Hungarian-American neurophysiologist. He is often referred to as the \"Father of Modern Neuroscience\". Kuffler, alongside noted Nobel Laureates Sir John Eccles and Sir Bernard Katz gave research lectures at the University of Sydney, strongly influencing its intellectual environment while working at Sydney Hospital. He founded the Harvard Neurobiology department in 1966, and made numerous seminal contributions to our understanding of vision, neural coding, and the neural implementation of behavior. He is known for his research on neuromuscular junctions in frogs, presynaptic inhibition, and the neurotransmitter GABA. In 1972, he was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "ffda9703f9c74514861038a4ebfa8dff3b4c0990",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "他以什麼神經遞質的名字而聞名？",
              "en": "What is the name of the neurotransmitter that he is known for?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "GABA",
                  "answer_start": 209
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "GABA",
                  "answer_start": 710
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "莉澤・邁特納",
      "en": "Lise Meitner"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "1907 年邁特納赴柏林深造，她的導師中包括馬克斯・普朗克。在那裡她也第一次遇到了後來與她一起工作了 30 年的年輕的化學家奧托・哈恩。她以 “無薪客席” 的身份在哈恩在柏林大學化學研究所的實驗室裡工作。這個實驗室本來是一個木匠工場。當時在普魯士婦女還不準接受高等教育，而且不準進入教堂和學生實驗室，因此邁特納只能從後門進入研究所。至到 1909 年普魯士才正式允許婦女進入大學。1908 年她加入新教教會。",
          "en": "After one year of attending Planck's lectures, Meitner became Planck's assistant. During the first years she worked together with chemist Otto Hahn and together with him discovered several new isotopes. In 1909 she presented two papers on beta radiation. She also, together with Otto Hahn, discovered and developed a physical separation method known as radioactive recoil, in which a daughter nucleus is forcefully ejected from its matrix as it recoils at the moment of decay."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "9e941ad333f04e4a578072aa5d5836cc0e41cc67",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰幫助她發現了新的同位素？",
              "en": "Who helped her discovered new isotopes?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "奧托・哈恩",
                  "answer_start": 62
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Otto Hahn",
                  "answer_start": 138
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "國際失蹤者日",
      "en": "International Day of the Disappeared"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "失蹤者可能遭到拘禁、被困外國、住院或死亡。透過其尋人服務部門，並與世界各地 189 個紅十字會和紅新月會合作，紅十字國際委員會致力於幫助這些家庭獲得有關親人命運的資訊。該組織提醒政府和其他團體他們有義務尊重家人對其親人命運的知情權。該組織還與失蹤者家人一起努力，幫助他們應對心理、社會、法律和經濟需求。秘密或不確定的監禁嚴重違反了一些人權理念，在武裝衝突的情況下，則嚴重違反了國際人道法。1992 年 12 月 18 日，聯合國大會通過了第 47/133 號決議《保護所有人不遭受強迫失蹤宣言》。據估計，在大約 30 個國家中都有秘密監禁的事情發生。人權高專辦被強迫或非自願失蹤問題工作組登記了約 46000 個在未知情形下失蹤之人的案例。",
          "en": "These missing may be detained, stranded in foreign countries, hospitalized or dead.  Through its tracing services and working with the 189 national Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies around the world, the ICRC seeks to obtain information about their fate on behalf of their families.   It reminds governments and other groups of their obligations to respect the families' right to know the fate of their loved ones.  It also works with families of the missing to help them address their particular psychological, social legal and financial needs.Imprisonment under secret or uncertain circumstances is a grave violation of some conceptions of human rights as well as, in the case of an armed conflict, of International Humanitarian Law. The General Assembly of the United Nations adopted a Declaration on the Protection of all Persons from Enforced Disappearance as resolution 47/133 on December 18, 1992. It is estimated that secret imprisonment is practiced in about 30 countries. The OHCHR Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances has registered about 46,000 cases of people who disappeared under unknown circumstances."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "662a53f122780020446775ff911e63290588ab54",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "1992 年聯合國通過了什麼決議？",
              "en": "What was adopted in December of 1992"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "《保護所有人不遭受強迫失蹤宣言》",
                  "answer_start": 231
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Declaration on the Protection of all Persons from Enforced Disappearance",
                  "answer_start": 792
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "35d7885396f571e64f413c277f8dbe607e522a83",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "當人們在武裝衝突期間遭到不公正待遇時，哪種法律被違反？",
              "en": "Which type of law is broken when people are held unjustly during an armed conflict?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "國際人道法",
                  "answer_start": 188
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "International Humanitarian Law",
                  "answer_start": 707
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "弗拉維奧・曼佐尼",
      "en": "Flavio Manzoni"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "曼佐尼在佛羅倫薩大學修讀建築學，專門研究工業設計。1993 年他加入藍旗亞設計中心（Centro Stile Lancia），三年後他成為該品牌汽車內飾設計的負責人。他參加過各種各樣的專案，例如藍旗亞 Dialogos 概念車和瑪莎拉蒂 3200GT 跑車。1999 年他搬到了巴塞羅那，成為西亞特汽車內飾設計總監，從事量產車西亞特 Altea 和西亞特 León 以及概念車西亞特 Salsa 和西亞特 Tango 的內飾設計工作。",
          "en": "Manzoni studied Architecture at University of Florence, specializing in industrial design. In 1993 he joined the Centro Stile Lancia, and three years later he was made responsible for Interior Design of the marque. He worked on various projects such as the interiors of the Lancia Dialogos and the Maserati 3200 GT. In 1999, he moved to Barcelona to become Interior Design Director at SEAT, and working in the interiors of the production cars SEAT Altea and SEAT León, and the concept cars SEAT Salsa and SEAT Tango."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "79471635768e9918320851373b84974ceac1a92e",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "1999 年他搬到哪裡去了？",
              "en": "Where did he move to in 1999?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "巴塞羅那",
                  "answer_start": 139
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Barcelona",
                  "answer_start": 337
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "afdcf476bda407b759051b24d7f84261a651241e",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "曼佐尼上學時專攻什麼？",
              "en": "What did Manzoni specialize in while attending school?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "工業設計",
                  "answer_start": 20
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "industrial design",
                  "answer_start": 72
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "尤塔・烏爾皮萊寧",
      "en": "Jutta Urpilainen"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "烏爾皮萊寧出生於南博滕區的拉普阿市鎮，就讀於于韋斯屈萊大學，2002 年獲得教育碩士學位。之後當教師一直到選為議員。2001 年起她是科科拉市鎮議會成員。她還在 2002 年灌製了自己的一張聖誕節頌歌 CD。",
          "en": "Born in Lapua, Southern Ostrobothnia, Urpilainen studied at the University of Jyväskylä, where she graduated as a Master of Education in 2002. She worked as a school teacher until her election to Parliament. She was also president of the Young European Federalists of Finland in 2001. She has been a member of Kokkola city council since 2001. In 2002, she made a CD of her own Christmas carols.Urpilainen has been a member of Parliament for the Vaasa constituency since 2003. She is a member of the Parliamentary Education and Culture Committee, a deputy member of the Parliamentary Finance Committee. She is also a member of the Advisory Council of the Finnish Institute of International Affairs."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "9278a0369c76e77890bcb40a92dad1bd87f72464",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "她被選為議員前的職業是什麼？",
              "en": "What was her profession before her election to Parliament?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "教師",
                  "answer_start": 48
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "teacher",
                  "answer_start": 166
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "0e57ea3b23e968923cf8e5d8b89912147f1477a1",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "什麼時候她第一次成為議會一員？",
              "en": "When did she first start being a member of council?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "2001",
                  "answer_start": 58
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "2001",
                  "answer_start": 337
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "希臘歷史",
      "en": "History of Greece"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "希臘歷史傳統上包括對於希臘人民，對於他們統治的地域，以及今天希臘國土內地區的歷史研究。這是由於古希臘史的信史和野史嚴重不足，也難以和實地發掘交相印證。另一方面，是與古希臘相關的事物以雅典為最多，而對其他城邦幾乎一無所知，經濟和社會方面的史料更是匱乏中的匱乏。另外，希臘人的居住範圍在歷史上有很大的變動，因此希臘歷史所牽涉的地域具有相當彈性，每一個時期都有自己的地域範圍。",
          "en": "The history of Greece encompasses the history of the territory of the modern nation state of Greece as well as that of the Greek people and the areas they inhabited and ruled historically. The scope of Greek habitation and rule has varied throughout the ages and as a result the history of Greece is similarly elastic in what it includes. Generally, the history of Greece is divided into the following periods:"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "04f47c8c7f9d311151a367805d289240705b7c7a",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪個地區是希臘人民居住和統治的？",
              "en": "what area is inhabited and ruled by the Greek people?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "希臘",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Greece",
                  "answer_start": 15
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "洞熊",
      "en": "Cave bear"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "末次冰期的洞熊缺乏前臼齒（其他熊具有 2 至 3 顆），但最後一顆臼齒大幅延長，並具有許多互補的尖點。雄性洞熊的肱骨與雌性洞熊的股骨長度類似現存的北極熊。而雄性洞熊的股骨的長度則近似於科迪亞克棕熊。",
          "en": "The cave bear had a very broad, domed skull with a steep forehead. Its stout body had long thighs, massive shins and in-turning feet, making it similar in skeletal structure to the brown bear. Cave bears were comparable in size to the largest modern-day bears. The average weight for males was 350 to 600 kg (770 to 1,320 lb), though some specimens weighed as much as 1000 kg (2,200 lb), while females weighed 225 to 250 kg (495 to 550 lb). Of cave bear skeletons in museums, 90% are male due to a misconception that the female skeletons were merely \"dwarfs\". Cave bears grew larger during glaciations and smaller during interglacials, probably to adjust heat loss rate.Cave bears of the last Ice Age lacked the usual two or three premolars present in other bears; to compensate, the last molar is very elongated, with supplementary cusps. The humerus of the cave bear was similar in size to that of the polar bear, as were the femora of females. The femora of male cave bears, however, bore more similarities in size to those of Kodiak bears."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "c315d12a524b5441c1837b281f79ba7b199e9015",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "在洞穴熊和北極熊身上可以找到什麼部分？",
              "en": "What part can be found in cave bear and polar bear?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "肱骨",
                  "answer_start": 56
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "The humerus",
                  "answer_start": 840
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "網際網路社會學"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "網際網路是社會學領域中，最新的研究物件之一，如美國曆史學家羅伯・丹屯說：它為社會帶來革命性的影響，「就像發生在昨天，或前天，完全看你怎樣計算這個時間距離」。網際網路起源自美國國防高等研究計劃署 1969 年開發的 ARPANET，「網際網路」（Internet）一詞則誕生於 1974 年。1990 年代中葉，全球資訊網（WWW）誕生，當圖形使用者介面和新功能如電子郵件出現後，網際網路也開始普及化了，出現非學術、軍事用途的商業網路。1995 年，微軟公司的 Internet Explorer 網頁瀏覽器正式釋出，Netscape 瀏覽器則晚了一些。Google 成立於 1998 年、維基百科在 2001 年上線，Facebook、Twitter 和 Youtube 等社群網站在 2000 年代中葉紛紛出現，當代資訊社會進入 Web 2.0 時代。全球網際網路使用者人口數正在持續上升中。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "b8e433330f2cc4a9c454e76198ba699ac12de62e",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "全球資訊網可以追溯到哪個 20 世紀 60 年代末的發展階段？",
              "en": "The World Wide Web can trace it's origins to what development in the late 1960's?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "ARPANET",
                  "answer_start": 106
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "網際網路正逐漸成為一種政治工具。2004 年美國總統選舉中，民主黨籍總統候選人霍華德・迪恩利用網路作為宣傳工具，引起不少話題；2008 年，巴拉克・歐巴馬同樣利用網路為選情加溫。當代已有許多社會運動是透過網路發起，被稱為網際網路行動主義。這表示，政治力已經懂得利用網路作為工具，甚至懂得控制網路。許多國家如北韓、伊朗、沙烏地阿拉伯、中華人民共和國等均實行嚴格的網路審查制度，而泰國、俄羅斯、澳洲等國家則對網路言論進行監控。絕大多數國家出於阻止犯罪、鼓動自殺或兒童色情等理由都有網路審查措施，僅有少數非洲、中南美洲、大洋洲和蒙古國未實施網路審查。在某些國家，人民甚至只能連上治安單位許可的網際網路服務提供者。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "f182fcbefd5ffd21ee85ee5819979777caaa52ae",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "在不同的國家，何種型別的公司有時會對警方列表中的特定網站進行訪問限制？",
              "en": "In various countries, what type of companies sometimes limit access to specific websites that are on police lists?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "網際網路服務提供者",
                  "answer_start": 293
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "當人們發現網際網路在經濟發展上的優勢後，電子商務也跟著出現，卻也證明某些認為網路會帶來貧富差距與數位落差的觀點，例如線上地圖與位置感知（location-aware）服務的誕生。電子商務衝擊大量未跟上科技發展的中小型企業與實體企業，並增長貧富差距。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "28f509ca9d17155e46e87a1b8c01b12a9223ecd4",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "是什麼加劇了經濟不平等？",
              "en": "What contributes to the reinforcement of economic inequality?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "例如線上地圖與位置感知（location-aware）服務",
                  "answer_start": 56
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "美洲金翅雀",
      "en": "American goldfinch"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "美洲金翅雀的雛鳥背部呈暗褐色，下身呈淡黃色。肩膀及尾巴都是暗黑色，雙翼及臀部有暗黃色的斑紋。雄性及雌性雛鳥都是一樣顏色的。",
          "en": "The immature American goldfinch has a dull brown back, and the underside is pale yellow. The shoulders and tail are dull black with buff-colored, rather than white, markings on wings and rump. This coloration is the same in both genders.The song of the American goldfinch is a series of musical warbles and twitters, often with a long note. A tsee-tsi-tsi-tsit call is often given in flight; it may also be described as per-chic-o-ree. While the female incubates the eggs, she calls to her returning mate with a soft continuous teeteeteeteete sound. The young begin to use a call of chick-kee or chick-wee shortly before fledging, which they use until they have left the nest entirely. There are two defense calls made by adults during nesting; a sweet call made to rally other goldfinches to the nest and distract predators, and a bearbee used to signal to the nestlings to quiet them and get them to crouch down in the nest to become less conspicuous."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "70f578419e4d5a377c8386a0cc21f457699bbda3",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "翅膀上的斑紋是什麼顏色？",
              "en": "What color are the markings on the wings?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "暗黃色",
                  "answer_start": 39
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "buff-colored",
                  "answer_start": 132
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "RAD51",
      "en": "RAD51"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "人類的 Rad51 的基因位於第 15 號染色體。包括此基因在內，哺乳類共有七種類似 recA 的基因，包括 Rad51、Rad51L1/B、Rad51L2/C、Rad51L3/D、XRCC2、XRCC3 以及 DMC1。",
          "en": "In mammals, seven recA-like genes have been identified: Rad51, Rad51L1/B, Rad51L2/C, Rad51L3/D, XRCC2, XRCC3, and DMC1/Lim15. All of these proteins, with the exception of meiosis-specific DMC1, are essential for development in mammals. Rad51 is a member of the RecA-like NTPases."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "a5f90fd5e6e891fe575b092c7d15931310fe6061",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "Rad51 是哪種基因？",
              "en": "What type of gene is Rad51?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "類似 recA",
                  "answer_start": 40
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "recA-like",
                  "answer_start": 18
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "倫蒂尼恩",
      "en": "Londinium"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "羅馬倫敦的重要考古發現，包括鑲嵌工藝、城牆瓦礫及古建築，曾藏於倫敦博物館及數間市政廳博物館（Guildhall Museum）。 1965 年後匯合，展於現今的倫敦博物館（近巴比肯藝術中心）。一間以倫敦港口歷史為主題的分館 —— 倫敦港區博物館（Museum of London Docklands），2003 年在道格斯島開幕。其他羅馬倫敦的考古發現，將由大英博物館繼續存放。城牆遺蹟大部分屬於中世紀，而羅馬時期一段在塔丘站附近、Coopers Row 8-10 號一間酒店的庭院，以及 Wood 街旁邊的 St Alphege Gardens 都可以見到。 有一段河堤可在倫敦塔上眺望。 圓形競技場的區域性遺蹟於市政廳藝廊（Guildhall Art Gallery）展出。 城西北的羅馬時期要塞，其西南塔樓仍可從 Noble 街見到。 偶有羅馬時期遺蹟納入了新建築地基的範圍，有待日後研究，但公眾一般無法造訪。",
          "en": "Major finds from Roman London, including mosaics, wall fragments, and old buildings were formerly housed in the London and Guildhall Museums. These merged after 1965 into the present Museum of London near the Barbican Centre. Museum of London Docklands, a separate branch dealing with the history of London's ports, opened on the Isle of Dogs in 2003. Other finds from Roman London continue to be held by the British Museum.Much of the surviving wall is medieval, but Roman-era stretches are visible near Tower Hill Station, in a hotel courtyard at 8–10 Coopers Row, and in St Alphege Gardens off Wood Street. A section of the river wall is visible inside the Tower. Parts of the amphitheatre are on display at the Guildhall Art Gallery. The southwestern tower of the Roman fort northwest of town can still be seen at Noble Street. Occasionally, Roman sites are incorporated into the foundations of new buildings for future study, but these are not generally available to the public."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "5cc1b9ad98b4bee2c59e50f3b334027404ed276c",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "在哪裡可以看到圓形競技場的區域性遺蹟？",
              "en": "Where can parts of the amphitheatre be viewed?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "市政廳藝廊",
                  "answer_start": 308
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Guildhall Art Gallery",
                  "answer_start": 715
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "一日可接受攝取量",
      "en": "Acceptable daily intake"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "ADI 值基於當下的研究，包括對動物人類的長期觀察。首先，不產生毒性作用的物質量無可見不良反應水平（NOAEL）被確定下來 。 通常這些研究會使用幾個不同的劑量，包括一些高劑量。 若是在對物質的不同效果進行研究的情況下，通常採用最低的 NOAEL。 然後，用 NOAEL（或其他出發點，如基準劑量水平（BMDL））除以常規 100 的安全係數，以考慮到測試動物和人之間的差異（因子 10）和可能存在的靈敏度差異（另一個因素 10）。 如果出發點價值含有不確定性，且有關資訊（NOAEL 或 BMDL）證明了這一點，則可以使用 100 以外的的安全係數。 例如，如果 ADI 基於來自人類的資料，安全係數通常為 10 而不是 100. ADI 通常以 mg /kg 體重給出。對於正常體重的成年人而言，ADI 是標準的安全攝入量，也就是該成年人每天消耗此物質的平均量。已經討論了對嬰兒安全因素的增加，但不是必需的，因為在兒童身上，化學物質的排出速度事實上通常更快。而且兒童一般患病率高於成年人，食物新增劑引起的不良反應可以容易地被偽裝成任何兒童常見的健康問題。此類的混淆對健康成年人來說將不會那麼容易。 ADI 不考慮非計量導致的個體過敏反應。",
          "en": "An ADI value is based on current research, with long-term studies on animals and observations of humans. First, a no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), the amount of a substance that shows no toxic effects, is determined. Usually the studies are performed with several doses including high doses. In the case of several studies on different effects, the lowest NOAEL is usually taken.  Then, the NOAEL (or another point of departure such as a benchmark dose level (BMDL)) is divided by a safety factor, conventionally 100, to account for the differences between test animals and humans (factor of 10) and possible differences in sensitivity between humans (another factor of 10). safety factors with values other than 100 may be used if information on uncertainty about the value of the point of departure (NOAEL or BMDL) justify it. For instance, if the ADI is based on data from humans the safety factor is usually 10 instead of 100. The ADI is usually given in mg per kg body weight.The ADI is considered a safe intake level for a healthy adult of normal weight who consumes an average daily amount of the substance in question. Increased safety factors for infants have been discussed, but are not needed, because elimination of chemicals is in fact often more rapid in children and as children generally suffer higher illness rates than adults, adverse effects caused by food additives can easily be disguised as any number of things children usually suffer with. It would be far more difficult to argue the case with a healthy adult. The ADI does not take into account allergic reactions that are individual responses rather than dose-dependent phenomena."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "5763d1ce69a2d90f66b3863cb121ce5ef806e75d",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "在這些實驗中，大約使用多少個不同的劑量？",
              "en": "How many doses approximately are used in these experiments?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "幾個",
                  "answer_start": 73
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "several",
                  "answer_start": 265
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "42b153e5ad5bbd9124cbd535325ceb201a9507ea",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "無可見不良反應水平的首字母縮寫是什麼？",
              "en": "What is the acronym for no-observe-adverse-effect level?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "NOAEL",
                  "answer_start": 50
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "NOAEL",
                  "answer_start": 148
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "考馬斯亮藍",
      "en": "Coomassie Brilliant Blue"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "考馬斯這個名字最初在 19 世紀末被一家設在英國 Blackley 的染料公司 Levinstein Ltd. 作為貿易名使用，用來售賣一些酸性羊毛染料。1896 年在第四次英國 - 阿散蒂戰爭期間，英國軍隊佔據了考馬斯鎮（今迦納庫馬西）。1918 年， Levinstein Ltd. 公司併入不列顛染料公司（British Deystuffs Cororation) ，後者在 1926 年成為帝國化學工業的一部分。雖然帝國化學工業公司仍然持有考馬斯這種商標，可是他們沒有再生產這種染料。",
          "en": "The name Coomassie was adopted at the end of the 19th century as a trade name by the Blackley-based dye manufacturer Levinstein Ltd, in marketing a range of acid wool dyes. In 1896 during the Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War, British forces had occupied the town of Coomassie (modern-day Kumasi in Ghana). In 1918 Levinstein Ltd became part of British Dyestuffs which in 1926 became part of Imperial Chemical Industries.  Although ICI still owns the Coomassie trademark, the company no longer manufactures the dyes."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "5c3bc7c9685e167efa5dd0655d43170079b4f151",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "考馬斯鎮現在叫什麼？",
              "en": "What is the town of Coomassie known as in present time?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "庫馬西",
                  "answer_start": 115
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Kumasi",
                  "answer_start": 280
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "尼爾斯・阿貝爾",
      "en": "Niels Henrik Abel"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "在巴黎期間 ，阿貝爾曾染上肺結核，長期的旅行加劇了他的病情。1828 年聖誕節，他滑著雪橇到弗羅蘭拜訪他的未婚妻克里斯汀，兩人一起享受假期的歡愉使其病情稍有緩解。在此同時，克雷勒已為阿貝爾爭取到柏林大學的教授職位。克雷勒寫信告訴阿貝爾這個好訊息，但信件送達時已太遲了，兩天前，1829 年 4 月 6 日，阿貝爾已經病逝。",
          "en": "While in Paris, Abel contracted tuberculosis. At Christmas 1828, he traveled by sled to Froland to visit his fiancée. He became seriously ill on the journey; and, although a temporary improvement allowed the couple to enjoy the holiday together, he died relatively soon after on 6 April 1829, just two days before a letter arrived from August Crelle. Crelle had been searching for a new job for Abel in Berlin and had actually managed to have him appointed as a Professor at the University of Berlin. Crelle wrote to Abel to tell him, but the good news came too late."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "c7a45575b84ef5a2ab4ce8f74617cb6473ab84a4",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "阿貝爾是哪年去看未婚妻的？",
              "en": "What year did Abel go to see his fiancee?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "1828",
                  "answer_start": 30
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "1828",
                  "answer_start": 59
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "X-24 試驗機",
      "en": "Martin Marietta X-24"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "X-24 是 NASA 德萊頓飛行研究中心與美國空軍的一個聯合研究計劃中，從 1963 年至 1975 年在加利福尼亞州愛德華空軍基地試飛過的一組升力體飛機中的一個。這些升力體飛機將會證明飛行員有能力駕駛這種無機翼的飛機從太空返回地面。",
          "en": "The X-24 was one of a group of lifting bodies flown by the NASA Flight Research Center (now Armstrong Flight Research Center) in a joint program with the U.S. Air Force at Edwards Air Force Base in California from 1963 to 1975. The lifting bodies were used to demonstrate the ability of pilots to maneuver and safely land wingless vehicles designed to fly back to Earth from space and be landed like an airplane at a predetermined site."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "612e35ebbac2b1022a62c54564c3a16a9e4233b9",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "在這個計劃中，NASA 和誰聯合？",
              "en": "Who did NASA join up with for the program?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "美國空軍的一個聯合研究計劃中，從 1963 年至 1975 年在加利福尼亞州愛德華空軍基地",
                  "answer_start": 22
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "U.S. Air Force at Edwards Air Force Base",
                  "answer_start": 154
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "X-24A 是一種很胖的水滴型飛機。它的首次無動力滑翔是在 1969 年 4 月 17 日，飛行員為美國空軍的 Jerauld Gentry 少校，他也是 1970 年 3 月 19 日第一次有動力飛行的飛行員。X-24A 會被一架改裝了的 B-52 轟炸機帶入 45000 英尺（13.7 千米）的高空，然後與母機分離。在此之後它會一直滑翔到地面，或者先啟動火箭發動機，升到一定高度後再滑翔到地面。X-24A 共飛了 28 次，速度達到了 1036 英里／時（1667 千米／時），高度達到了 71400 英尺（21.8 千米）。",
          "en": "The X-24A was a fat, short teardrop shape with vertical fins for control. It made its first, unpowered, glide flight on April 17, 1969 with Air Force Maj. Jerauld R. Gentry at the controls. Gentry also piloted its first powered flight on March 19, 1970. The craft was taken to around 45,000 feet (13.7 km) by a modified B-52 and then drop launched, then either glided down or used its rocket engine to ascend to higher altitudes before gliding down. The X-24A was flown 28 times at speeds up to 1,036 mph (1,667 km/h) and altitudes up to 71,400 feet (21.8 km)."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "5b79fbbb17f3840190665081853f92bcac0c6e96",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "X-24A 共飛了多少次？",
              "en": "How many times was the Gentry craft X-24A flown?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "28 次",
                  "answer_start": 209
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "28 times",
                  "answer_start": 470
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "在整個計劃中，X-24A 共飛了 28 次。它與 HL-10 共同證明了太空梭的降落是不需要動力的。X-24A 達到的最高速度為 1036 英里／時（1667 千米／時），高度達到了 71400 英尺（21.8 千米）。為它提供動力的是一具 XLR-11 火箭發動機，理論上它的最大推力為 8480 磅（37.7 千牛）。",
          "en": "The X-24A was flown 28 times in the program that, like the HL-10, validated the concept that a Space Shuttle vehicle could be landed unpowered. The fastest speed achieved by the X-24A was 1,036 miles per hour (1667 km/h or Mach 1.6). Its maximum altitude was 71,400 feet (21.8 km). It was powered by an XLR-11 rocket engine with a maximum theoretical vacuum thrust of 8,480 pounds force (37.7 kN)."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "c1c673c5096d9f5b539fb2733837fc244bb31654",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "X-24A 由於哪個部件能夠實現高速？",
              "en": "The X-24A was able to achieve high speeds due to which component?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "XLR-11 火箭發動機",
                  "answer_start": 120
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "XLR-11 rocket engine",
                  "answer_start": 303
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "喬・阿爾帕約",
      "en": "Joe Arpaio"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "喬・阿爾帕約於 1993 年開始擔任美國亞利桑那州馬里科帕縣治安官（sheriff），並於 1996 年、2000 年、2004 年、2008 年和 2012 年連續當選治安官，2016 年正式退休。在阿爾帕約擔任治安官期間，其嚴厲打擊罪犯與非法移民，並因試圖以粉色囚服降低罪犯暴力衝突行為，並因對囚犯待遇消極而受到一些人士的不滿。2003 年，一些囚犯抗議室外溫度達 32℃而監獄缺少降溫裝置，對此阿爾帕約回應道：“在伊拉克，士兵們住在帳篷中，那裡高達 120 華氏度（約 49℃），他們可沒有犯下罪行，所以，閉上你們的嘴！”",
          "en": "Joseph Michael Arpaio (; born June 14, 1932) is an American former law enforcement officer and politician. He served as the 36th Sheriff of Maricopa County, Arizona for 24 years, from 1993 to 2017, losing reelection to Democrat Paul Penzone in 2016."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "0b9a20ca5be4565baf5b0f78830a8645f066b5e6",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "喬・阿爾帕約曾擔任過什麼官職？",
              "en": "Joseph Michael Arpaio was a officer that served as what?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "馬里科帕縣治安官（sheriff）",
                  "answer_start": 25
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "36th Sheriff of Maricopa County",
                  "answer_start": 124
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "1981 年愛爾蘭絕食抗議"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "1981 年愛爾蘭絕食抗議（英語：1981 Irish hunger strike）發生於北愛爾蘭問題中，它將一場為期五年的共和派囚犯抗議活動推向頂峰。這一抗議活動始於 1976 年的毛毯示威（blanket protest），當時英國政府取消了準軍事組織囚犯的特殊政治犯地位（Special Category Status）。1978 年，在若干離開牢房清理便壺的囚犯受到攻擊的事件之後，這一抗議示威升級為穢物示威（dirty protest），囚犯們拒絕清洗，並且在牢房牆壁上塗滿排洩物。1980 年，七名囚犯參與了持續 53 天的第一次絕食抗議。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "69a81be147e9f76e9f17ce566c8cf654736df8b4",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "1981 年愛爾蘭人捱餓持續了多久？",
              "en": "How long did the 1981 Irish hunger strikes last?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "五年",
                  "answer_start": 59
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "1981 年的第二次絕食抗議運動是囚犯同首相瑪格麗特・撒切爾夫人的最後攤牌。一名參與絕食的囚犯博比・桑茲在絕食運動期間當選為下院議員，這激起了全世界媒體的興趣。此次絕食運動在包括博比・桑茲在內的十名囚犯死去之後停止。有 100,000 人參加了桑茲的葬禮。這一抗議事件使得民族主義更為激進，並促使新芬黨成為一個主流政黨。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "867ae34836e8ad27ac3eaec8cbeb27b6cba1c289",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "是什麼促使新芬黨成為一個受歡迎的政黨的？",
              "en": "What gave Sinn Fein the context to turn into a popular political party?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "抗議",
                  "answer_start": 130
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "1976 年 9 月 14 日，新關押囚犯 Kieran Nugent 開始發起 “毛毯示威”，愛爾蘭共和軍和愛爾蘭國家解放軍戰俘都拒絕穿上囚服，有些打赤膊有些用監獄裡的毛毯改做成衣服。1978 年獄警襲擊了出牢房 “倒尿屎盆”（例如，倒夜壺）的囚犯，這一事件後來升級為一場穢物示威運動，囚犯們不洗澡還把糞便抹在牆上。這些反抗運動都是為了獲得政治犯地位，為此他們提出後來為人們所知的 “五項要求”。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "3c9075a2d688817669d272184587ed9c8b5b0793",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "囚犯的衣服是用什麼做的？",
              "en": "What did the prisoners make garments out of?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "監獄裡的毛毯",
                  "answer_start": 81
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "漢弗萊・阿特金斯發表宣告稱桑茲的自殺 “出於某些人對他的啟示，即他的死對他們的事業有益。” 他的葬禮按照愛爾蘭共和國最高軍事榮譽進行，葬禮路線兩側排滿了超過十萬人。撒切爾夫人對他的死並未表示遺憾，她告訴下議院 “桑茲是一名罪犯。他選擇結束自己的生命。而這種選擇，他所在的組織並沒有給予被他們殺害的人。”"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "3356b07afff249dedd2d6b9c45982b1e7fa57db7",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "桑茲怎麼死？",
              "en": "How did Sands die?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "結束自己的生命",
                  "answer_start": 117
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "在喬・麥克唐納和馬丁・赫爾森死後，在七月許多抗議者家庭參加了一場由天主教牧師丹尼斯・福勒（Denis Faul）神父支援的一個會議。這些家庭考慮到缺乏和牧師集會的社群，隨後決定與格里・亞當斯（Gerry Adams）會晤。在會議上，福勒神父對亞當斯施壓要求設法結束這場罷工。亞當斯同意要求愛爾蘭共和軍領導層對群眾下達結束罷工的命令。第二天亞當斯開會向六百個抗議者簡要說明了由英國政府擬議的和解方案，以求結束這場罷工。罷工民眾拒絕了這個和解方案，深信接受低於 “五項要求” 的任何條款是對鮑比・桑得斯和其他死者所做犧牲的背叛。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "2409a8c354456eec58c7c4519862f400edc34dfb",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "與福勒神父的會面是在哪兩位先生的死亡之後？",
              "en": "The meeting with Father Faul followed the deaths of which two gentlemen?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "在喬・麥克唐納和馬丁・赫爾森死後，在七月許多抗議者家庭參加了一場由天主教牧師丹尼斯・福勒（Denis",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "鮑里斯・利沃維奇・瓦西里耶夫",
      "en": "Boris Vasilyev (writer)"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "鮑里斯・利沃維奇・瓦西里耶夫（俄語：Борис Львович Васильев，1924 年 5 月 21 日－2013 年 3 月 11 日），蘇聯作家、編劇、第二次世界大戰參戰軍人。代表作為中篇小說《這裡的黎明靜悄悄》。",
          "en": "Boris Lvovich Vasilyev (Russian: Борис Львович Васильев; 21 May 1924 – 11 March 2013) was a Russian writer and screenwriter. He is considered the last representative of the so-called lieutenant prose, a group of former low-ranking Soviet officers who dramatised their traumatic World War II experience."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "d62148be1181289d64f5cdf35f62c649a5a73710",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "瓦西里耶夫是何時出生的？",
              "en": "When was Vasilyev born?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "1924 年 5 月 21 日",
                  "answer_start": 41
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "21 May 1924",
                  "answer_start": 57
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "深淵中的基督",
      "en": "Christ of the Abyss"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "由於受到腐蝕和甲殼類動物的生長量，雕像曾經從水中取出修復，並於 2003 年恢復原貌。一隻手也曾經被錨分割，已被更換。這座雕像是在 2004 年 7 月 17 日回到了水裡的新基地。",
          "en": "The original bronze statue was placed in the Mediterranean Sea on 22 August 1954, at approximately 17 metres (56 ft) depth, and stands 2.5 metres (8 ft) tall. It was sculpted by Guido Galletti, based on an idea of Italian diving instructor Duilio Marcante. The statue was placed near the spot where Dario Gonzatti, the first Italian to use SCUBA gear, died in 1947. It depicts Christ offering a benediction of peace, with his head and hands raised skyward. The statue was subsequently dedicated to the memory of Marcante.Due to increasing amounts of corrosion and the growth of crustaceans, the statue was removed from the water and restored in 2003. A hand that had been detached, presumably by an anchor, was also replaced. The statue was returned to the water with a new base on 17 July 2004. The statue was cleaned in 2018."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "8cb15decbe7220c2293d58717522882a26293c30",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "該雕像何時被複原？",
              "en": "When was the statue restored?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "2004 年 7 月 17 日",
                  "answer_start": 65
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "17 July 2004",
                  "answer_start": 782
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "大賦格",
      "en": "Große Fuge"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "1826 年初，出版商阿爾塔利亞在提出將大賦格從原本的絃樂四重奏作品中分拆之前，已向貝多芬指有「不少意見」希望此曲有一個鋼琴四手的改編版本（由於此曲當時並不受歡迎，因此這有可能僅是出版商的託辭），但當時貝多芬對此並無興趣。因此阿爾塔利亞轉而邀請奧地利作曲家安東改編。然而貝多芬對該改編不甚滿意，於是自行譜寫一更忠於原作的版本。此版本於其第十四絃樂四重奏（作品 131）後完成，阿爾塔利亞以作品 134 出版。2005 年 10 月 13 日，有報導稱賓夕凡尼亞州溫尼伍德的柏爾馬神學院，一名圖書館管理員找到鑑證過的貝多芬 1826 年手稿，標題為「Grosse Fuge (a piano four-hands version of the op. 133 string quartet finale)」。此篇樂章即是貝多芬的鋼琴四手聯彈改編，作品 134，已經失蹤了 115 年。",
          "en": "In July 2005 an authentic 1826 Beethoven manuscript titled \"Grande Tugue [sic] à quatre mains\" was found by a librarian at the Palmer Theological Seminary in Wynnewood, Pennsylvania. The manuscript was authenticated by Dr. Jeffrey Kallberg at the University of Pennsylvania and by Dr. Stephen Roe, head of Sotheby's Manuscript Department. This was the four-hand piano arrangement of the Große Fuge, Op. 134. The manuscript had been missing for 115 years. It was auctioned by Sotheby's Auction House on 1 December 2005; it was bought for GBP 1.12 million (USD 1.95 million) by a then-unknown purchaser, who has since revealed himself to be Bruce Kovner, a publicity-shy multi-billionaire who donated the manuscript—along with 139 other original and rare pieces of music—to the Juilliard School of Music in February 2006. It has since become available in their online manuscript collection. The manuscript's known provenance is that it was listed in an 1890 catalogue and sold at an auction in Berlin to a Cincinnati, Ohio industrialist, whose daughter gave it and other manuscripts including a Mozart Fantasia to a church in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1952. It is not known how the Beethoven manuscript came to be in the possession of the library."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "274e17240522d38df8b7d9b38f1183a550d8ea1e",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "一個著名作曲家的真實檔案被發現在哪裡？",
              "en": "A genuine document of a famous composer was discovered where?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "賓夕凡尼亞州溫尼伍德的柏爾馬神學院",
                  "answer_start": 225
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Palmer Theological Seminary in Wynnewood, Pennsylvania",
                  "answer_start": 127
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "艾法度・摩拉利斯",
      "en": "Alfredo Morales"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "2008 年 11 月，摩拉利斯在德國地區聯賽首次代表哈化柏林二隊上陣。2010 年，他獲提升至職業隊，並首次獲安排加入球會的夏季訓練營，但他並未入選球員名單之列。由於佩德代（Fanol Perdedaj）及拉斐爾接連受傷，他在 2010 年 12 月 5 日對 1860 慕尼黑的賽事中首次亮相一隊賽，但在該場球隊以 0:1 落敗。",
          "en": "His first steps he did at the famous club Borussia Pankow in the east of Berlin. In November 2008, Morales made his first match for the second team of Hertha BSC in the Regionalliga. In 2010, he was allowed to travel with the professional players to the summer training camp for first time, though he could not make it to the squad. Due to injuries to Fanol Perdedaj and Raffael, however, he made his professional debut for Hertha's first team on December 5, 2010, in a match against 1860 Munich, which Hertha lost 0–1.On May 17, 2013, Morales joined FC Ingolstadt on a two-year contract. Morales received a red card in the 80th minute of Ingolstadt's opening match against Erzgebirge Aue on July 19, 2013, after earning a spot in the starting XI. On May 16, 2018 Morales joined newly promoted Bundesliga team Fortuna Düsseldorf."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "326607dfbe273b9f59d28341f5433c753a20989a",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰的受傷讓莫拉萊斯獲得了與赫塔隊的主力一起踢球的時間？",
              "en": "Who was injured that allowed Morales to get playing time with Hertha's first team?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "佩德代（Fanol Perdedaj）及拉斐爾",
                  "answer_start": 84
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Fanol Perdedaj and Raffael",
                  "answer_start": 352
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "劍橋大學休斯學院",
      "en": "Hughes Hall, Cambridge"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "起初，學院設在紐納姆學院裡的一座名為克羅夫頓（Crofton）的小樓內，共有 14 位學生。首任校長（任期：1885-1899）伊麗莎白・休斯（Elizabeth Phillips Hughes，1851-1925）畢業於紐納姆學院。1895 年，學院遷至專為其建造的大樓內。新大樓由威廉・福西特（William Fawcett）設計，面朝劍橋大學的芬那板球場（Fenner’s Cricket Ground）。該大樓沿用至今。瑪麗・休斯（Mary Hughes，1866-1956）的著書《一個八十年代的倫敦女孩》（A London Girl of the 1880s）回憶了她作者作為學院第一批學生的經歷，當時瑪麗名為茉莉・托馬斯（Molly Thomas）。",
          "en": "The college was initially founded as the Cambridge Training College for Women, and it began with 14 students in a small house in Newnham called Crofton Cottage. The first principal was a graduate of Newnham College, Elizabeth Phillips Hughes (1851-1925), who was in post from 1885 to 1899. In 1895, the college moved to a distinguished purpose-built building, designed by architect William Fawcett, overlooking Fenner's Cricket Ground - which continues to be the main college building to this day. One of the first matriculants, Molly Thomas, recounted the experience of the first class of students in A London Girl of the 1880s, published under her married name, M.V. Hughes."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "fe725406996016a4f3c711b584ca5705b09d8842",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "莫莉・托馬斯的婚名是什麼？",
              "en": "What was Molly Thomass' married name?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "瑪麗・休斯（Mary Hughes，1866-1956）的著書《一個八十年代的倫敦女孩》（A London Girl of the 1880s）",
                  "answer_start": 214
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "M.V. Hughes",
                  "answer_start": 664
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "卡斯特的復仇",
      "en": "Custer's Revenge"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "正如 1980 年代早期的很多電子遊戲製作公司一樣，Mystique 終於被迫結業。它將旗下游戲的智慧財產權出讓給 Playaround 公司，後者以《西部嘿咻》之名繼續製作本作一段時間。Playaround 對本作進行了一些小修改，例如將女性角色的皮膚改黑，讓她張開手臂作出誘使 “卡斯特” 靠近的姿態。該公司還製作了本作的一個名為《撤退將軍》（General Retreat）的修改版，這次是由女性角色克服障礙來與 “卡斯特” 相會。相對於原作的弓箭，女主角面對的是炮彈。",
          "en": "In General Retreat, it is the woman who has to overcome various obstacles to have sex with Custer. Instead of arrows, cannonballs are fired at the woman."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "c4aada56a26cd90879a0fcebfb8ffff095a526be",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "用什麼來代替弓箭？",
              "en": "What was used in replacement of arrows"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "炮彈",
                  "answer_start": 235
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "cannonballs",
                  "answer_start": 118
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "甲基鋰",
      "en": "Methyllithium"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "甲基鋰是一個有機鋰試劑，化學式為 CH3Li。這種 s 區的有機金屬化合物無論在固體或溶液中都是低聚態。這種高活性的化合物經常用於合成醚，並用於有機合成和有機金屬化學。涉及到它的反應需要在無水條件下進行，因為它與水劇烈反應。氧氣和二氧化碳也不能與它共存。因此甲基鋰使用前通常不事先製備，但可以溶解在各種醚溶液中儲存。",
          "en": "Methyllithium is the simplest organolithium reagent with the empirical formula CH3Li. This s-block organometallic compound adopts an oligomeric structure both in solution and in the solid state. This highly reactive compound, invariably used as a solution in ethers, is a reagent in organic synthesis as well as organometallic chemistry.  Operations involving methyllithium require anhydrous conditions, because the compound is highly reactive toward water. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are also incompatible with MeLi. Methyllithium is usually not prepared, but purchased as a solution in various ethers."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "fdc4fe8164ec80862c17e3ae2b98184db1a5bf3c",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "這個化合物採用什麼結構？",
              "en": "The compound adopts a what structure?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "低聚態",
                  "answer_start": 48
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "oligomeric structure",
                  "answer_start": 133
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "eacf1c4d9bc77eb464b3e3b5267a8433723eee14",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "什麼條件是甲基鋰的最佳條件？",
              "en": "What conditions are optimal conditions for methyllithium?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "無水條件",
                  "answer_start": 94
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "anhydrous conditions",
                  "answer_start": 382
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "基因表達譜",
      "en": "Gene expression profiling"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "人類基因組包含了 19000 個蛋白編碼基因，它們協同工作，產生了 1000000 不同的蛋白質。這是由於透過可變剪接，轉錄後修飾機制以及翻譯後修飾機制，細胞可以利用一個基因模板製造出多個不同的蛋白質序列。通常情況下，一次質譜分析實驗可以識別大約 2000-10000 個蛋白質分子。一個細胞能產生的精確的蛋白質種類數量比知道每個基因能能產生多少 mRNA 更有價值，基因圖譜能在單次實驗中最大程度地提供出細胞功能總體態勢圖。",
          "en": "The human genome contains on the order of 25,000 genes which work in concert to produce on the order of 1,000,000 distinct proteins.  This is due to alternative splicing, and also because cells make important changes to proteins through posttranslational modification after they first construct them, so a given gene serves as the basis for many possible versions of a particular protein. In any case, a single mass spectrometry experiment can identify about"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "d75c37f8d03e0a70df976c111b06d921ec2fd63d",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "細胞自身發生重要變化的這個現象叫什麼？",
              "en": "What is the phenomenon called in which cells make important changes amongs themselves?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "翻譯後修飾機制",
                  "answer_start": 69
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "posttranslational modification",
                  "answer_start": 237
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "JEdit",
      "en": "JEdit"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "jEdit 也有很方便的宏定義功能，可以用 BeanShell、Jython 和 JavaScript 等指令碼語言。",
          "en": "The application is highly customizable and can be extended with macros written in BeanShell, Jython, JavaScript and some other scripting languages."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "9ab311eed412bdcd04b2e6cb48a38acb0d3e7229",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "什麼用於編寫宏的程式語言例子？",
              "en": "What is an example of a programming language used to write macros?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "BeanShell、Jython 和 JavaScript",
                  "answer_start": 21
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "BeanShell, Jython, JavaScript",
                  "answer_start": 82
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "傑克森・阿維利諾・科埃略",
      "en": "Jajá"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "賈賈出自美洲 (MG) 青訓體系。2004 年 11 月，他加盟荷蘭豪門費耶諾德，之後被立即租借到比利時球隊韋斯特洛。 2006 年 1 月，賈賈加盟西班牙球隊赫塔費，並在 2006/07 賽季下半賽季得到 2 次出場機會。2006 年夏季，他被租借回到巴西，加盟弗拉門戈。之後他又被先後租借到比利時的根克和韋斯特洛。2008 年 2 月，賈賈和烏克蘭足球超級聯賽球隊哈爾科夫冶金簽約三年半。他在烏克蘭表現出色，並在 2008 年成為第二位贏得烏克蘭超級聯賽 MVP 的外籍球員。2010 年 8 月 7 日，他以 420 萬歐元的身價加盟土耳其球隊特拉布宗體育，和球隊簽約四年。 8 月 30 日，他在和安塔利亞體育的比賽上演在土耳其聯賽的首秀。 2010/11 賽季，他為球隊出場 29 次，射進 12 球。",
          "en": "A youth product of América-MG, Jajá Coelho arrived in Europe to sign for Dutch club Feyenoord in November 2004, but signed a loan deal with Westerlo immediately after his arrival to Rotterdam. Jajá joined Getafe CF in January 2006 after a year loan spell. After only two games for Getafe CF in 2nd half of 2005–06 season, he was loaned to Flamengo in the second half of the 2006 season, and later signed a loan deal with Racing Genk in the 2nd half of the 2006–07 season. Finally, he was loaned out to Westerlo in the 1st half of 2007–08."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "336fcfe0f5885d73cff953cb764dbada1c41c0c4",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "租借協議是和哪球隊籤的？",
              "en": "What company was the loan deal signed with?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "韋斯特洛",
                  "answer_start": 54
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Westerlo",
                  "answer_start": 140
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "德國頌歌",
      "en": "Hymne an Deutschland"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "《德國頌歌》（德語：Hymne an Deutschland）是德意志聯邦共和國的第一首國歌，使用於 1950 年 12 月 31 日至 1952 年 5 月 2 日。魯道夫・亞歷山大・施羅德（Rudolf Alexander Schröder）作詞，赫爾曼・路德（Hermann Reutter）作曲。由於《德意志之歌》在納粹時期作為國歌的歷史，西德總統特奧多爾・豪斯希望將《德國頌歌》採納為國歌，其音樂風格接近宗教音樂，但並未被國民熟悉。1952 年德國總理康拉德・阿登納最終說服總統將《德意志之歌》的第三段作為國歌。",
          "en": "Its lyrics were written by Rudolf Alexander Schröder in 1950. Hermann Reutter composed its tune after Carl Orff, whom Heuss wanted to have as composer, had rejected the request and suggested Reutter instead. Heuss’ attempts failed, and in 1952 he and Chancellor Adenauer recognized the \"Deutschlandlied\" as the new national anthem, with only the third stanza being sung on official occasions."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "d2a728ef0d6d9a1f32a625e62b446f35ef0cf54f",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰作的詞？",
              "en": "who wrote the lyrics?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "魯道夫・亞歷山大・施羅德（Rudolf Alexander Schröder）作詞，赫爾曼・路德（Hermann",
                  "answer_start": 84
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Rudolf Alexander Schröder",
                  "answer_start": 27
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "2900a0d1fe0a8c0abb11cb57954fb23dbbc85818",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "雷特創作了哪首歌？",
              "en": "Reutter composed which song?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "《德意志之歌》",
                  "answer_start": 245
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Deutschlandlied",
                  "answer_start": 287
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "萊克縣 (俄勒岡州)",
      "en": "Lake County, Oregon"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "根據 2000 年人口普查，萊克縣擁有 7,422 居民、3,084 住戶和 2,152 家庭。其人口密度為每平方英里 1 居民（每平方公里 0.37 居民）。萊克縣擁有 3,999 間房屋單位，其密度為每平方英里 0.48 間（每平方公里 0.18 間）。萊克縣的人口是由 90.97% 白人、0.13% 黑人、2.37% 土著、0.71% 亞洲人、0.13% 太平洋島民、3.19% 其他種族和 2.48% 混血構成。而西班牙裔或拉丁美洲人佔了人口 5.44%。在 90.97% 白人當中，有 14.1% 為愛爾蘭人、13.8% 德國人以及 11.8% 為英國人。在 7,422 居民當中，有 95.9% 母語為英語以及 3.6% 為西班牙語。在 3,084 住戶中，有 29% 擁有一個或以上的兒童（18 歲以下）、58.6% 為夫妻、7.5% 為單親家庭、30.2% 為非家庭、23.70% 住戶為獨居，12.00% 住戶有同居長者。平均每戶有 2.39 人，而平均每個家庭則有 2.84 人。在 7,422 居民中，有 24.9% 為 18 歲以下、5.1% 為 18 至 24 歲、24.3% 為 25 至 44 歲、28.1% 為 45 至 64 歲以及 17.7% 為 65 歲以上。人口的年齡中位數為 43 歲，每 100 個女性就有 100.5 個男性。而每 100 個成年女性（18 歲以上）就有 98.3 個成年男性。萊克縣的住戶收入中位數為 $29,506，而家庭收入中位數則為 $36,182。男性的收入中位數為 $29,454，而女性的收入中位數則為 $23,475。萊克縣的人均收入為 $16,136。約 13.40% 家庭和 16.10% 人口在貧窮線以下，包括 20.4% 兒童（18 歲以下）及 9.5% 長者（65 歲以上）。",
          "en": "As of the census of 2000, there were 7,422 people, 3,084 households, and 2,152 families residing in the county.  The population density was 1 person per square mile (0/km2).  There were 3,999 housing units at an average density of 0 per square mile (0/km2).  The racial makeup of the county was 90.97% White, 0.13% Black or African American, 2.37% Native American, 0.71% Asian, 0.13% Pacific Islander, 3.19% from other races, and 2.48% from two or more races.  5.44% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 14.1% were of Irish, 14.0% United States or American, 13.8% German and 11.8% English ancestry. 95.9% spoke English and 3.6% Spanish as their first language."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "a79f27ec5ba15e2816b22eecc823fb7b2abf52bf",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "該縣的人口有 7422 人是在哪一年？",
              "en": "What year did the county have a population of 7,422?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "2000 年",
                  "answer_start": 2
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "2000",
                  "answer_start": 20
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "1999 年國際足協世界青年錦標賽",
      "en": "1999 FIFA World Youth Championship"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "1999 年國際足協世界青年錦標賽是國際足總第 12 屆國際足總世界青年足球錦標賽，本屆主辦國為奈及利亞，比賽日期為 1999 年 4 月 3 日至 4 月 24 日。本次舉辦城市有 8 個，其為伊巴丹、拉哥斯、埃努古、哈科特港、卡諾、卡拉巴爾、卡杜納、包奇。",
          "en": "The 1999 FIFA World Youth Championship took place in Nigeria between 3 April and 24 April 1999. This was the 12th edition of the tournament."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "403347e14b9f20711558abff6c65915991024f4c",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "1999 年 4 月奈及利亞舉行了哪項足球賽事？",
              "en": "Which soccer event was held in Nigeria in April 1999?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "國際足總世界青年足球錦標賽",
                  "answer_start": 28
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "FIFA World Youth Championship",
                  "answer_start": 9
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "埃爾科縣",
      "en": "Elko County, Nevada"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "根據 2000 年人口普查，埃爾科縣擁有 45,291 居民、15,638 住戶和 11,493 家庭。。其人口密度為每平方英里 3 居民（每平方公里 1 居民）。埃爾科縣擁有 18,456 間房屋單位，其密度為每平方英里 1 間（每平方公里 0.41 間）。埃爾科縣的人口是由 82.04% 白人、0.59% 黑人、5.30% 土著、0.68% 亞洲人、0.11% 太平洋島民、8.50% 其他種族和 2.78% 混血構成。而西班牙裔或拉丁美洲人佔了人口 19.73%。在 15,638 住戶中，有 43.00% 擁有一個或以上的兒童（18 歲以下）、59.30% 為夫妻、8.40% 為單親家庭、而有 26.50% 為非家庭。其中 20.90% 住戶為獨居，4.80% 為同居長者。平均每戶有 2.85 人，而平均每個家庭則有 3.33 人。在 45,291 居民中，有 32.50% 為 18 歲以下、8.80% 為 18 至 24 歲、31.50% 為 25 至 44 歲、21.30% 為 45 至 64 歲以及 5.90% 為 65 歲以上。人口的年齡中位數為 31 歲，每 100 個女性就有 108.80 個男性。每 100 個成年女性（18 歲以上）就有 109.40 個成年男性。埃爾科縣的住戶收入中位數為 $48,383，而家庭收入中位數則為 $52,206。男性的收入中位數為 $41,322，而女性的收入中位數則為 $24,653。埃爾科縣的人均收入為 $18,482。約 7.00% 家庭和 8.90% 人口在貧窮線以下。",
          "en": "There were 15,638 households out of which 43.00% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.30% were married couples living together, 8.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.50% were non-families. 20.90% of all households were made up of individuals and 4.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.85 and the average family size was 3.33."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "1da8bda17fcddc02f54910502f58ea9c7c784389",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "獨居人口的百分比是多少？",
              "en": "What is the percentage of population living on their own?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "20.90%",
                  "answer_start": 317
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "20.9",
                  "answer_start": 231
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "維多利亞女王大廈",
      "en": "Queen Victoria Building"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "維多利亞女王大廈（英語：Queen Victoria Building，簡稱 “QVB”）是位於澳大利亞悉尼市中心的 19 世紀曆史建築，是悉尼的重要地標。這座羅曼復興式建築始建於 1893 年，於 1898 年落成，寬 30 米（98 英尺），長 190 米（620 英尺）。大廈佔據悉尼市中心的整個一個街區，四周為喬治街、市場街（Market Street），約克街（York Street）和逐依街（Druitt Street）。大廈設計時為市場，歷史上曾用於各種用途，並曾被廢棄而幾乎被拆，直到接近 20 世紀末才由馬來西亞華商整修恢復原貌，並回復最早的商業用途，現為新加坡政府投資公司下屬怡保公司旗下的商場。",
          "en": "The Queen Victoria Building (abbreviated as the QVB) is a heritage-listed late-nineteenth-century building designed by the architect George McRae located at 429-481 George Street in the Sydney central business district, in the Australian state of New South Wales. The Romanesque Revival building was constructed between 1893 and 1898 and is 30 metres (98 ft) wide by 190 metres (620 ft) long. The domes were built by Ritchie Brothers a steel and metal company that also built trains, trams and farm equipment. The building fills a city block bounded by George, Market, York and Druitt Streets. Designed as a marketplace, it was used for a variety of other purposes, underwent remodelling and suffered decay until its restoration and return to its original use in the late twentieth century. The property is owned by the City of Sydney and was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 5 March 2010."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "08734368a578116daa2da491691af7eb6acdbdb4",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "街區周圍有什麼街道？",
              "en": "What streets surround the city block?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "喬治街、市場街（Market Street），約克街（York Street）和逐依街（Druitt Street）",
                  "answer_start": 159
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "George, Market, York and Druitt",
                  "answer_start": 553
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "這座 “有著主教座堂般尺寸” 的大廈的設計師是蘇格蘭人喬治・麥克萊（George McRae），他在 1884 年移民悉尼。當時的悉尼正在大興土木，新建房屋中沒有任一風格佔據多數，因此麥克萊提供了四種不同風格的設計（哥特復興式、新文藝復興式、安妮女王式和羅曼復興式）供市議會選擇。市議會最終選定的維多利亞時代羅曼復興式設計反映了美國建築師亨利・霍布森・理查森（Henry Hobson Richardson）的風格影響：被選中的麥克萊設計中對立柱、圓拱的使用，及鋪張的細節設計都具有 “理查森式羅曼式” 的特色，這是一種在 1877 年到 1886 年之間確立的折衷主義風格。大廈最引人注目的特徵是中央的圓頂：由玻璃質內層穹頂和貼銅的外層圓頂構成，外層頂部還有一座小圓頂。屋頂上還分佈了大大小小的其他較小圓頂，其中長方形大廈的四角上各有一座圓頂。",
          "en": "The building, on the \"scale of a cathedral\" was designed by George McRae, a Scottish architect who had emigrated to Sydney in 1884. At the time, Sydney was undergoing a building boom and since in architecture \"no one school or style predominated\", McRae produced four designs for the building in different styles (Gothic, Renaissance, Queen Anne and Romanesque) from which the Council could choose. The Council's choice of Victorian Romanesque style conveys the influences of American architect Henry Hobson Richardson. The use of columns, arches, and a prodigal amount of detail such as was used by McRae in the chosen design are typical of Richardsonian Romanesque, an eclectic style identifiably established between 1877 and 1886."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "eaa076860295c84bcca755894565b1c4ebbdffc3",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "麥克萊設計的建築有幾種風格？",
              "en": "In what styles did McRae produce buildings?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "哥特復興式、新文藝復興式、安妮女王式和羅曼復興式",
                  "answer_start": 108
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Gothic, Renaissance, Queen Anne and Romanesque",
                  "answer_start": 314
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "大廈中央部分大量採用花玻璃窗採光，包括一扇半圓形的大型 “車輪” 窗，圖案為悉尼市的紋章。此外，整個屋頂中央設定南北向的拱頂天窗，使得建築內部得到大量自然光照。建築細部的柱廊、圓拱、欄杆和圓亭等都具有細膩的維多利亞式特徵。",
          "en": "The dominant feature of the building is the central dome which consists of an interior glass dome and a copper-sheathed exterior, topped by a domed cupola. Smaller domes of various sizes are on the rooftop, including ones on each upper corner of the rectangular building. Stained-glass windows, including a cartwheel window depicting the arms of the City of Sydney, allow light into the central area, and the roof itself incorporates arched skylights running lengthways north and south from the central dome. The colonnades, arches, balustrades and cupolas are of typically intricate Victorian style."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "702c810386909b2530db9a8dcd4e700821079927",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "這些弓箭看起來是來自哪個時期的？",
              "en": "What era do the arches look like they are from?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "維多利亞",
                  "answer_start": 103
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Victorian",
                  "answer_start": 584
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "現在的大廈內部闢有四層商鋪，上三層中開有大空格（有裝飾性鑄鐵圍欄圍繞），使得自然光可以從玻璃屋頂照射到下面的樓層。內部的瓷磚（特別是中央穹頂下的部分）許多都是原物，其他則是按照原樣複製的。此外，大廈還有一層地下走廊，往南聯通市政廳地下火車站，往北聯通麥葉百貨公司大樓。",
          "en": "The building consists of four main shopping floors. The top three levels have large openings (protected by decorative cast-iron railings) that allow natural light from the ceiling to illuminate the lower floors. Much of the tilework, especially under the central dome, is original, and the remainder is in keeping with the original style. Underground arcades lead south to Town Hall railway station and north to the Myer building."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "1f835445d631aa72c6ffb61dc63b442a19692fb4",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "大部分瓷磚是原物還是重新設計的？",
              "en": "Is most of the tilework original or has it been redesigned?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "原樣",
                  "answer_start": 88
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "original",
                  "answer_start": 272
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "樓雲",
      "en": "Lou Yun"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "1981 年樓雲參加了在日本舉行的 “中部日本杯” 國際體操邀請賽，獲跳馬和自由體操冠軍。之後他又參加了東京都國際體操賽，又將這兩塊金牌收入囊中。",
          "en": "Lou Yun began gymnastics training at the Hangzhou Sports School for Amateurs, and in the same year he also entered the provincial sports school of Zhejiang. He was selected for the National Gymnastics team in 1977.  Known for his specialty in the vault, he won the 1987 World Championships in that event, in addition to his two gold medals."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "5379e4a03e39f4899eaa9d4460d1a8189a4035cd",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "他獲得多少個第一名的獎牌？",
              "en": "How many first place medals did he receive?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "兩塊金牌",
                  "answer_start": 64
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "two gold medals",
                  "answer_start": 324
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "埃德薩伯國",
      "en": "County of Edessa"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "埃德薩伯國所有十字軍城邦中佔地最大的國家之一，它的人口卻是最少的之一。埃德薩城內約有一萬名居民，其他地區則多為軍事堡壘。埃德薩在全盛時期佔有的土地自安條克的邊境沿著幼發拉底河向東延伸，向北至多到達亞美尼亞本土，向南至多到達贊吉王朝的首都 - 阿勒頗附近。埃德薩城的居民中多數是敘利亞正教及亞美尼亞正教教徒，希臘正教教徒及穆斯林也佔據了一部分的人口。儘管在埃德薩城的拉丁人相對很少，在城內依舊有一位羅馬天主教的主教。",
          "en": "Edessa was one of the largest of the Crusader states in terms of territory but had one of the smallest  populations.  Edessa itself had about 10,000 inhabitants.  The rest of the county consisted mostly of fortresses.  The county's territory extended from Antioch in the west to across the Euphrates in the east at its greatest extent.  It also often occupied land as far north as Armenia proper.  To the south and east were the powerful Muslim cities of Aleppo and Mosul, and the Jazira (northern Iraq). The inhabitants were mostly Syriac Orthodox and Armenian Orthodox Christians, with some Greek Orthodox Christians and Arab Muslims.  Although the numbers of Latins always remained small, there was a Roman Catholic Patriarch. The fall of the city was the catalyst for the Second Crusade in 1146."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "26745e8c60c0cc29e1d4070c4435ddc11daf9866",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪一群體的人數從來就不是很多？",
              "en": "Which group of people were never large in number?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "拉丁人",
                  "answer_start": 182
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Latins",
                  "answer_start": 662
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "起重機",
      "en": "Crane (machine)"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "通常，用起重機來完成垂直搬運要被常規的方式更安全、更廉價。因此，在港口、礦山和尤其是建築等領域，踏輪起重機應用廣泛，其在高聳的哥特式教堂的建造中發揮了重要作用。然而，無論當時的文字還是圖案資料都表明像踏輪起重機、獨輪車等新引入的機械遠沒有取代傳統的勞動力密集的梯子、泥漿桶、擔架等方式。相反，在中世紀新舊方式一直在港口和建築工地共存。除了踏輪，中世紀的資料顯示，當時的起重機也有用帶輻條、曲柄的絞盤來手動驅動的，直至 15 世紀仍有用船舵形狀的絞盤來驅動起重機的。已知早在 1123 年，飛輪就被用來緩解吊裝過程中衝擊的不規則性和克服 “死點” 的影響。儘管踏輪起重機的重新興起毫無疑問地與當時哥特式建設的大規模興建有關，但其具體過程是不明確的。踏輪起重機的重現還可能導致了絞盤的技術進步。另外，中世紀踏輪可能是刻意借鑑古羅馬建築師維特魯威的《建築十書》中的圖樣來製作的，該書可以在很多修道院的圖書室中輕易得到。早期踏輪的結構與水車十分相似，所以踏輪的再現也可能是從水車的省力結構中受到了啟發。",
          "en": "Generally, vertical transport could be done more safely and inexpensively by cranes than by customary methods. Typical areas of application were harbors, mines, and, in particular, building sites where the treadwheel crane played a pivotal role in the construction of the lofty Gothic cathedrals. Nevertheless, both archival and pictorial sources of the time suggest that newly introduced machines like treadwheels or wheelbarrows did not completely replace more labor-intensive methods like ladders, hods and handbarrows. Rather, old and new machinery continued to coexist on medieval construction sites and harbors.Apart from treadwheels, medieval depictions also show cranes to be powered manually by windlasses with radiating spokes, cranks and by the 15th century also by windlasses shaped like a ship's wheel. To smooth out irregularities of impulse and get over 'dead-spots' in the lifting process flywheels are known to be in use as early as 1123.The exact process by which the treadwheel crane was reintroduced is not recorded, although its return to construction sites has undoubtedly to be viewed in close connection with the simultaneous rise of Gothic architecture. The reappearance of the treadwheel crane may have resulted from a technological development of the windlass from which the treadwheel structurally and mechanically evolved. Alternatively, the medieval treadwheel may represent a deliberate reinvention of its Roman counterpart drawn from Vitruvius' De architectura which was available in many monastic libraries. Its reintroduction may have been inspired, as well, by the observation of the labor-saving qualities of the waterwheel with which early treadwheels shared many structural similarities."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "c39b3a34f1b152f9b2008e756497b23cf548a8a5",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "在哪裡應用？",
              "en": "where were the ares of application?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "港口、礦山和尤其是建築等領域",
                  "answer_start": 33
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "harbors, mines, and, in particular, building sites",
                  "answer_start": 145
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "長度收縮"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "邁克爾遜 - 莫雷實驗：在狹義相對論中，這個實驗可以這樣解釋：在干涉儀的靜止系中，光在各個方向上傳播時間相同。在干涉儀運動系中，縱向光束的傳播路徑要比靜止系中長，其傳播時間也會相應變長，在向前和反射路徑中，其與橫向光束傳播時間需要分別乘以 L/(c-v) 與 L/(c+v)。因此，為使各向傳播時間重新一致，干涉儀中橫向路徑發生收縮。兩路光束的傳播速度一致，兩個垂直臂的總時間與其運動方向無關。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "937cd14655dccd4a0ce9fd16e9c01baf30693cc7",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "依據狹義相對論，該如何進行定義？",
              "en": "What is the definition according to special relativity?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "在狹義相對論中，這個實驗可以這樣解釋：在干涉儀的靜止系中，光在各個方向上傳播時間相同",
                  "answer_start": 12
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "快 μ 子的活動範圍要比慢 μ 子大得多。在地球固聯絡中，大氣層厚度保持原長。μ 子壽命增長可以透過時間膨脹解釋。然而在，繆子靜止系中，其壽命並沒有改變，但大氣層厚度收縮以致 μ 子能夠到達地球表面。重離子靜止時會是球形，而在以接近光速的速度運動時則會變成盤形。粒子碰撞的部分實驗結果只能透過由長度收縮引起的核子密度增大解釋。高速運動的帶電粒子電離能力較強。經典物理學的結果卻與之相反，因為運動的電離粒子會與其他原子電子相互作用的過程會佔去部分時間。在相對論中，則可以透過靜電場發生的長度收縮導致其在傳播方向上電場增強解釋。在同步加速器以及自由電子鐳射器中，高速電子會被注入波盪器中以產生同步輻射。在電子靜止系中，波盪器的長度會收縮易產生更高頻率的輻射。除此之外，為了達到實驗室系中測到的頻率，人們可以應用相對論性多普勒效應。波盪器所能產生的極高頻率輻射只能透過長度收縮以及相對論性多普勒效應得到。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "878533eaf7e1ff208933ef4a810a8eac4cefe137",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "解釋粒子碰撞的結果時必須考慮什麼？",
              "en": "What must be considered when explaining results from particle collisions?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "長度收縮引起的核子密度",
                  "answer_start": 147
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "ICON A5",
      "en": "ICON A5"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "A5 是一架上單翼，船底的兩棲飛機。該機擁有碳纖維補強的機身以及收放式起落架，駕駛艙內最多可坐下兩人。同時使用一具 100 馬力（約 75 千瓦）的 Rotax 912iS 引擎帶動一隻後置推力漿。採用了 Dornier 風格的船舷以提供流體力學上的穩定性，同時給起落架提供收納空間，也方便乘員上下機。機翼則可以摺疊起來方便運輸以及存放。航電裝置中包含一個通用航空中比較罕見的迎角指示器。還可以選裝整機用降落傘。",
          "en": "The A5 is a high-wing flying boat-type amphibious monoplane with a carbon fiber airframe and retractable undercarriage. It seats two people in an enclosed 46-inch-wide (116.8 cm) cockpit and is powered by a single 100 hp (75 kW) Rotax 912 iS engine driving a three-bladed pusher propeller. Dornier-style sponsons provide hydrodynamic stability, housing the retracted main landing gear, and act as a step for crew and passenger. The wings can be folded aft for ground transport and storage. The factory installed equipment includes an angle of attack indicator as a safety enhancement for stall awareness, a feature not usually found in general aviation aircraft. A whole-airframe Ballistic Recovery Systems parachute is optional, except for in U.S.-registered A5s where it is mandatory, due to ICON's exemption to the U.S. LSA weight limit. The A5 uses many different design elements to provide a manageable stall recovery."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "67bf7da1a8afa7355e9325c1b62f32ba1b0ea969",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "A5 是什麼型別的物體？",
              "en": "What type of object is the A5?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "上單翼，船底的兩棲飛機",
                  "answer_start": 6
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "high-wing flying boat-type amphibious monoplane",
                  "answer_start": 12
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "絮勒什・馬加什",
      "en": "Mátyás Szűrös"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "絮勒什・馬加什 (Mátyás Szűrös}(1933 年 9 月 11 日－) 匈牙利政治家。1989 年 10 月 18 日–1990 年 5 月 2 日擔任共產主義過渡到民主政府的臨時總統。絮勒什曾擔任匈牙利社會主義工人黨中央書記，主管國際事務。1989 年 3 月至 1990 年 5 月擔任匈牙利國民議會議長，10 月 23 日總統委員會解散後出任臨時總統。廢除 1949 年憲法，從它的官方名稱匈牙利人民共和國刪除了 “人民” 名稱，僅稱匈牙利共和國。1990 年 5 月 2 日由根茨・阿爾帕德接任臨時總統，絮勒什回到國民議會任副主席。",
          "en": "Mátyás Szűrös (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈmaːcaːʃ ˈsyːrøʃ]; born 11 September 1933 in Püspökladány) is a Hungarian politician. He served as provisional President of the Republic from 23 October 1989 to 2 May 1990. His presidency occurred during Hungary's transition from Communism to democratic government.Szűrös served as Speaker of the National Assembly of Hungary from March 1989 to May 1990. In the fall of 1989, as part of an agreement between the Communists and the opposition to establish multiparty democracy, the 1949 Constitution was almost completely rewritten to remove its Communist character. The Presidential Council, the country's Communist-era collective presidency, was dissolved. Under the Constitution, Szűrös became provisional president until the election. Soon after taking office on 23 October he made the official proclamation that Hungary had removed the \"People's Republic\" from its constitutional name and was now the \"Republic of Hungary.\""
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "2f6b07076541f0436f5f973824d8bac092480862",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "絮勒什・馬加什是誰？",
              "en": "Who is Matyas Szuros?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "匈牙利政治家",
                  "answer_start": 41
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Hungarian politician",
                  "answer_start": 105
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "Santa Tell Me",
      "en": "Santa Tell Me"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "《Santa Tell Me》最高美國《公告牌》Hot 100 榜第四十二位，同時衝進了其他國家的音樂排行榜，包括日本、韓國、澳大利亞和歐洲各國。音樂影片由克里斯・馬爾斯・皮利羅執導，於 2014 年 12 月 12 日在 Vevo 平臺播出。2014 年 11 月 18 日在洛杉磯神殿大會堂舉行的音樂會 A Very Grammy Christmas 中，愛莉安娜首次演唱歌曲。",
          "en": "Commercially, \"Santa Tell Me\" reached the top 10 in Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, South Korea and Switzerland, as well as the top 20 in Australia, Austria, Canada, the Czech Republic, Germany, Ireland, New Zealand, Slovakia and the United Kingdom. The song entered the US Billboard Hot 100 at number 65 and later peaked at number 42. The music video was directed by Chris Marrs Piliero and was released on Grande's official Vevo on December 12, 2014. The song received its first performance at the 2014 A Very Grammy Christmas concert in the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles on November 18, 2014."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "415f291aacd8553953ce1926cddc1e540fc2713e",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "“音樂影片《Santa Tell Me》在哪一年第一次在 Vevo 平臺播出？”",
              "en": "What year did the music video for \"Santa Tell Me\" premier on Vevo?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "2014 年",
                  "answer_start": 93
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "2014",
                  "answer_start": 466
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "下瓦爾登州",
      "en": "Canton of Nidwalden"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "在 1500 年左右，下瓦爾登人主要是當僱傭兵。由十九世紀中葉以降，貿易、工業及旅遊業得到了長足的發展。到二十世紀中葉為止，下瓦爾登的經濟產業主要是農業，牛隻及乳酪主要出口到義大利北部。現在主導經濟的是中小型企業，行業有機械製造、醫療用品、國際貿易、光學及電子儀器等。州內最大的僱主是一間叫皮拉圖斯的飛機建造商。",
          "en": "From the middle of the 19th century onwards, trade, industry and tourism gained momentum. Nevertheless, until the middle of the 20th century, agriculture dominated the canton. Today a great number of small and middle-sized businesses dominate the economy. The largest employer is the airplane constructor Pilatus. The small and middle-sized businesses work in a wide range of areas. Many specialize in machine construction, medical equipment, international trade, optics and electronics."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "b650d5b721943b4bb6af4912ee8e4e84a53a4d6f",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "這些經濟部門在什麼時候開始增長？",
              "en": "When did these sectors of the economy begin to grow?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "十九世紀",
                  "answer_start": 25
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "19th century",
                  "answer_start": 23
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "施達德",
      "en": "Charles Studd"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "施達德（1860 年 12 月 2 日－1931 年 7 月 16 日），原名查爾斯・托馬斯・施達德（Charles Thomas Studd）是英國著名的板球手，曾代表英國參加重要賽事；1885 年改行擔任傳教士（劍橋七傑之一），先後在中國、印度和非洲傳教。",
          "en": "Charles Thomas Studd, often known as C. T. Studd (2 December 1860 – 16 July 1931), was a British missionary, a contributor to The Fundamentals, and a cricketer."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "5bd8a86787f44cd2f95658332c0e75012af0e535",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "施達德是哪個國家的人？",
              "en": "What is the nationality of Mr. Studd?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "Studd）是英國著名的板球手，曾代表英國參加重要賽事；1885 年改行擔任傳教士（劍橋七傑之一），先後在中國、印度和非洲傳教。",
                  "answer_start": 65
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "British",
                  "answer_start": 89
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "薩克斯・羅默",
      "en": "Sax Rohmer"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "羅默的作品在 1903 年首次被出版，《皮爾遜週刊》刊登了他的短篇小說《The Mysterious Mummy》。他的文學創作似乎主要受到了埃德加・愛倫・坡、柯南道爾及 M・P・希爾的影響。",
          "en": "Born in Birmingham to a working-class family, Arthur Ward initially pursued a career as a civil servant before concentrating on writing full-time. He worked as a poet, songwriter and comedy sketch writer for music hall performers before creating the Sax Rohmer persona and pursuing a career writing fiction.Like his contemporaries Algernon Blackwood and Arthur Machen, Rohmer claimed membership to one of the factions of the qabbalistic Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. Rohmer also claimed ties to the Rosicrucians, but the validity of his claims has been questioned. His doctor and family friend Dr R. Watson Councell may have been his only legitimate connection to such organisations.His first published work came in 1903, when the short story \"The Mysterious Mummy\" was sold to Pearson's Weekly. Rohmer's main literary influences seem to have been Edgar Allan Poe, Arthur Conan Doyle and M. P. Shiel.He gradually transitioned from writing for music hall performers to concentrating on short stories and serials for magazine publication. In 1909 he married Rose Elizabeth Knox."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "31c99333cfce9abf5678c55cf9d0c0e6c1df4488",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "首次出版的作品是什麼？",
              "en": "What was the first published work?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "The Mysterious Mummy",
                  "answer_start": 36
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "The Mysterious Mummy",
                  "answer_start": 749
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "d4884fbad057df34898f2c81298bba9f4647cd8f",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "1909 年，他與誰結婚？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Rose Elizabeth Knox",
                  "answer_start": 1061
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "漸漸地，他從為音樂廳表演寫劇本轉變為專注於雜誌上短篇小說與連載小說的釋出。1909 年，他與羅斯・伊麗莎白・洛克斯結婚。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "d4884fbad057df34898f2c81298bba9f4647cd8f",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "1909 年，他與誰結婚？",
              "en": "Who did he marry in 1909?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "羅斯・伊麗莎白・洛克斯",
                  "answer_start": 46
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "NBA 最佳運動精神獎",
      "en": "NBA Sportsmanship Award"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "每一年，NBA 的 30 支球隊中每支球隊都有一名球員可以角逐這個獎項。在這 30 名候選者中，6 位來自 NBA 六個不同賽區的球員將被評審選為這 6 個賽區的候選者，最後在 NBA 例行賽結束之後，由聯盟全部球員投票評選出最終的得獎者。獲得第一位的選票將獲得 11 分，第二位選票獲得 9 分，第三位選票獲得 7 分，第四位選票 5 分，第五位選票獲得 3 分，第六位選票獲得 1 分。最終得分最高的球員將獲得該獎項（無論該球員是否獲得最多的第一位選票），獲得該獎項的球員將同時獲聯盟頒發「喬・杜馬斯獎」，而第一個獲獎者是前底特律活塞隊球員喬・杜馬斯，NBA 在將聯盟歷史上第一個最佳運動精神獎給杜馬斯的同時，也將此獎項用他的名字命名。",
          "en": "Every year, each of the 30 NBA teams nominates one of its players to compete for this award. From these nominees, one player from each NBA division are selected by a panel as the divisional Sportsmanship Award winners. At the end of the regular season, players in the league cast votes for the award, with eleven points given for each first-place vote, nine for second-place vote, seven points for third, five points for fourth, three points for fifth and one point for each sixth place vote received. The player with the highest point total, regardless of the number of first-place votes, wins the award and presented with the Joe Dumars Trophy; named after the former Detroit Pistons player and the award's inaugural recipient.Grant Hill has won the award three times; the most in NBA history.  Kemba Walker, Jason Kidd and Mike Conley are the only other players to have won it multiple times, each having done so twice."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "9917086f27443031d33467e21bf8d2233d8e296e",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "格蘭特・希爾獲獎多少次？\\n",
              "en": "How many times did Grant Hill win the award?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "3",
                  "answer_start": 178
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "three",
                  "answer_start": 758
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "霍默的恐懼症",
      "en": "Homer's Phobia"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "《霍默的恐懼症》是羅恩・豪格編劇的第一集《辛普森一家》，邁克・B・安德森擔任導演。劇情源自喬治・邁爾的初步構想，節目統籌比爾・歐克利和喬希・溫斯坦也曾計劃製作一期莉薩發現坎普風魅力所在的節目，《霍默的恐懼症》就是兩種構思的結合。福克斯的審查部門認為節目主題和內容都容易引發爭議，所以拒絕批准播出，幸而福克斯的工作人員之後推翻了這一決定。電影人約翰・沃特斯在劇中客串演出，為新角色約翰配音。",
          "en": "It was the first episode written by Ron Hauge and was directed by Mike B. Anderson. George Meyer pitched \"Bart the homo\" as an initial idea for an episode while show runners Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein were planning an episode involving Lisa \"discovering the joys of campy things\". Oakley and Weinstein combined the two ideas and they eventually became \"Homer's Phobia\". Fox censors originally found the episode unsuitable for broadcast because of its controversial subject matter, but this decision was reversed after a turnover in the Fox staff. Filmmaker John Waters guest-starred, providing the voice of the new character, John."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "0717490c072137d1ceea779d8e96f3b65281d0dc",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "“誰導演了有爭議的《霍默的恐懼症》一集？”",
              "en": "Who directed the controversial \"Homer's Phobia\" episode?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "邁克・B・安德森",
                  "answer_start": 28
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Mike B. Anderson",
                  "answer_start": 66
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "馬耳他峰會",
      "en": "Malta Summit"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "會議選擇在遠離馬耳他島的地中海上進行。蘇聯代表團乘坐斯拉瓦號導彈巡洋艦，美國代表團則乘坐海軍貝爾納普號參加會議，雙方的軍艦都停泊在馬耳他海港城市馬爾薩什洛克。暴風雨的天氣和海面的波濤洶湧使得雙方的一些會議取消或改期，在國際媒體間傳出了 “暈船峰會（Seasick Summit）” 的綽號。最後會議在蘇聯的遊輪馬克西姆・高爾基號上舉行。",
          "en": "The meetings took place in the Mediterranean, off the island of Malta. The Soviet delegation used the missile cruiser Slava, while the US delegation had their sleeping quarters aboard USS Belknap. The ships were anchored in a roadstead off the coast of Marsaxlokk. Stormy weather and choppy seas resulted in some meetings being cancelled or rescheduled, and gave rise to the moniker the \"Seasick Summit\" among international media. The meetings ultimately took place aboard Maksim Gorkiy, a Soviet cruise ship chartered to West German tour company Phoenix Reisen, which anchored in the harbor at Marsaxlokk."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "f1134d7268c52b7e6bfe0c9f2991fa4b595b14b4",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "會議在那艘船上舉行？",
              "en": "On which ship did the meetings occur?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "馬克西姆・高爾基號",
                  "answer_start": 155
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Maksim Gorkiy,",
                  "answer_start": 473
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "阿司匹林"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "布洛芬或萘普生過敏的人群、對水楊酸（或一般非甾體抗炎藥）不耐受的人群禁用，患有哮喘的人群或會因非甾體抗炎藥導致支氣管痙攣的人群慎用。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "7388d21add9ad134b672d3caf5fd8a4ec0a32d44",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪些人不能服用阿司匹林？",
              "en": "Who are those exempted from taking aspirin?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "布洛芬或萘普生過敏的人群、對水楊酸（或一般非甾體抗炎藥）不耐受的人群",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "因為阿司匹林會對胃壁產生影響，生產廠商建議患有消化性潰瘍、輕症糖尿病或胃炎的人群在服用前先諮詢醫師。 即使沒有上述情況，當阿司匹林與酒精或華法林同時服用時也有導致胃出血的風險。 患有血友病或其它出血性疾病的人群也不應服用該藥及其它水楊酸類藥物。 患有遺傳性疾病葡萄糖 - 6 - 磷酸脫氫酶缺乏症的人群服用阿司匹林會導致溶血性貧血，這取決於用量的多少和病情的嚴重性。 不建議登革熱患者服用該藥，因為這會提高出血傾向。 患有腎病、高尿酸血癥或痛風的人群不宜服用，因為阿司匹林會抑制腎臟排出尿酸的功能，從而加重病情。另外不應使用該藥治療兒童或青少年的發熱或流感，因為這與患上瑞氏綜合徵有關。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "6e2331d2b6c053b2ee40befb021a6f143acbc4e9",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "阿司匹林是否危險到服用前需諮詢醫生建議？",
              "en": "Is aspirin dangerous enough to require medical advice before usage?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "生產廠商建議患有消化性潰瘍、輕症糖尿病或胃炎的人群在服用前先諮詢醫師",
                  "answer_start": 15
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "阿司匹林是水楊酸的乙醯衍生物，呈弱酸性，在 25 °C（77 °F）下酸度係數為 3.5。 阿司匹林可以在醋酸銨或鹼金屬的醋酸鹽、碳酸鹽、檸檬酸鹽和氫氧化物溶液中迅速分解。阿司匹林在乾燥空氣中性質穩定，但在潮溼的環境中會逐漸水解成乙酸和水楊酸。在鹼性溶液中，阿司匹林迅速水解，生成只含有水楊酸鹽與乙酸鹽的澄清溶液。如同麵粉廠一樣，生產阿司匹林的工廠也需要留意空氣中阿司匹林的含量，因為過量的粉末會導致粉塵爆炸。在美國，美國國家職業安全衛生研究所（NIOSH）將建議暴露限值定為 5 毫克每立方米（時間加權平均）。1989 年，美國職業安全與健康管理局（OSHA）將允許最大暴露限值定為 5 毫克每立方米，但這項規定在 1993 年 OSHA 和美國勞工聯合會 - 產業工會聯合會（AFL–CIO）的訴訟中被廢除。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "8bc7a18a440d5e8e67235457e06a2caf0f207fce",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "酸度係數是在多少攝氏度下的？",
              "en": "What is the acid dissociation in Celsius?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "，在 25 °C（77 °F）下酸度係數為 3.5",
                  "answer_start": 19
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "製取阿司匹林的反應通常歸為酯化反應。水楊酸和乙酸酐（一種乙酸的衍生物）發生反應，水楊酸中的羥基替換為酯基（R-OH → R-OCOCH3），生成阿司匹林和副產物乙酸。通常用少量硫酸作催化劑（有時用磷酸）。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "9c1cf7a5ae88441a10fc0a70f749b11969f77aa7",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "硫酸可以用來做什麼？",
              "en": "What is sulfuric acid used for?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "催化劑",
                  "answer_start": 91
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "阿司匹林還有三種作用方式。一是使線粒體的氧化磷酸化解偶聯。阿司匹林會攜帶質子從線粒體膜間隙擴散進入線粒體基質，然後再次電離釋放質子。簡而言之，阿司匹林作為緩衝劑運輸質子，因此高劑量服用時會因電子傳遞鏈釋放的熱量而造成發熱，這和低劑量服用的退燒作用相反。 二是阿司匹林會促進一氧化氮自由基的生成。一氧化氮自由基本身在小鼠體內也有抗炎的作用，它能減少白細胞粘附，後者是免疫系統應對感染的重要一步。不過，沒有足夠證據表明阿司匹林能抗感染。 第三，更新的研究表明水楊酸及其衍生物能透過 NF-κB 調節細胞訊號。NF-κB 是一種轉錄因子複合體，在許多生物過程（包括髮炎）中起重要作用。阿司匹林在體內分解為水楊酸，而水楊酸本身則有抗炎、退燒、鎮痛等作用。2012 年發現水楊酸還能啟用 AMP 活化蛋白激酶，這是水楊酸和阿司匹林藥效的一種可能的解釋。 阿司匹林分子中的乙醯基也並非沒有作用。細胞蛋白的乙醯化是其轉譯後修飾中被廣泛研究的現象。阿司匹林能使包括 COX 同工酶在內的幾種蛋白質乙醯化。這些乙醯化反應可能可以闡釋一些阿司匹林尚未得到解釋的效應。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "b895480b6d51c7f9e2661ef2ae72acca5f8d46fd",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "NF-kB 是什麼？",
              "en": "What is NF-kB?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "轉錄因子複合體",
                  "answer_start": 261
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "乙醯水楊酸是一種弱酸，口服後在胃的酸性環境中幾乎不電離，而是迅速經細胞膜吸收。小腸中較高的 pH 促進了藥物的電離，從而減緩了藥物在小腸中的吸收。過量服用時藥物會凝結，所以吸收更慢，血漿濃度在服用後 24 小時內都會上升。血液中的水楊酸有 50–80% 與白蛋白結合，其餘是具有活性的電離態。藥物和蛋白質的結合和濃度有關。結合位點飽和以後遊離態的水楊酸就會增加，其毒性也會增強。藥物的分佈體積是 0.1–0.2 升每千克。酸中毒會增強水楊酸向組織中的滲透，從而增加藥物的分佈體積。若按治療劑量服用，則有多達 80% 的水楊酸在肝臟中代謝。它和甘氨酸反應生成水楊醯胺乙酸，但這種代謝途徑容量有限。少量水楊酸也會羥基化形成龍膽酸。大劑量服用時，藥物代謝從一級反應變為零級反應，因為代謝途徑已飽和，腎臟的排出變得更加重要。水楊酸主要透過腎臟作為水楊醯胺乙酸（75%）、遊離水楊酸（10%）、水楊酸苯酚（10%）、醯基葡萄糖醛酸苷（5%）、龍膽酸（< 1%）、2,3 - 二羥基苯甲酸排洩。當攝入低劑量時（小於 250mg，成人），所有途徑都透過一級動力學，消除半衰期約為 2.0 至 4.5 小時。 當攝入高劑量水楊酸時（大於 4000mg），半衰期會延長至 15-30 小時，因為水楊醯胺乙酸和水楊酚醛葡糖苷酸的生物轉化途徑已飽和。 代謝途徑的飽和使得腎臟對水楊酸的排洩更加重要，而尿液酸鹼度對其影響也更為敏感。當尿液的 pH 值從 5 升至 8 時，腎臟對水楊酸的清除能力會提升 10-20 倍。透過鹼化尿液來增加水楊酸的清除率便是利用了這一點。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "54563d93abda8c0ac80bf2d7d04788e3ea96016e",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "阿司匹林的分佈體積是多少？",
              "en": "What is the volume distribution of aspirin?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "0.1–0.2 升每千克",
                  "answer_start": 197
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "蝙蝠俠對超人：正義曙光",
      "en": "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "《蝙蝠俠對超人：正義曙光》（英語：Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice）是一部於 2016 年上映的美國超級英雄電影，以 DC 漫畫人物蝙蝠俠和超人為題材，由華納兄弟與拉特帕克 - 沙丘娛樂聯合制作，同時也是 2013 年電影《超人：鋼鐵英雄》的續集，本片則為 DC 擴充套件宇宙的第二部作品。電影仍由查克・史奈德執導，大衛・S・高耶與克里斯・泰瑞歐撰寫劇本，並由亨利・卡維爾、班・艾佛列克、艾美・亞當斯、傑西・艾森柏格、傑瑞米・艾朗、黛安・蓮恩、勞倫斯・費許朋、荷莉・杭特以及蓋兒・加朵主演。本片是史上首部超人與蝙蝠俠合作的電影，主要講述超人和蝙蝠俠兩位英雄，在邪惡商人雷克斯・路瑟誤導加上縱使之下展開了鬥爭，而電影裡也首次在大銀幕中介紹了其他正義聯盟英雄神力女超人、鋼骨、水行俠和閃電俠。",
          "en": "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice is a 2016 American superhero film featuring the DC Comics characters Batman and Superman. It is the follow-up to 2013's Man of Steel and the second installment in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU). The film is directed by Zack Snyder, written by Chris Terrio and David S. Goyer, and features an ensemble cast that includes Ben Affleck, Henry Cavill, Amy Adams, Jesse Eisenberg, Diane Lane, Laurence Fishburne, Jeremy Irons, Holly Hunter, and Gal Gadot. Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice is the first live-action film to feature Batman and Superman together, as well as the first live-action cinematic portrayal of Wonder Woman. In the film, criminal mastermind Lex Luthor manipulates Batman into a preemptive battle with Superman, whom Luthor is obsessed with."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "df8e70278b97a3a0f3ecf454d7a7f82a4fe91294",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰執導電影《蝙蝠俠對超人：正義曙光》？",
              "en": "Who directed Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "查克・史奈德",
                  "answer_start": 167
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Zack Snyder",
                  "answer_start": 255
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "2013 年 6 月，宣佈導演查克・史奈德和編劇大衛・S・高耶既會迴歸《超人：鋼鐵英雄》的續集，之前高耶很快地和華納兄弟簽了幾份合約，其中包括《超人：鋼鐵英雄》、續集和正義聯盟的電影，此外也在考慮於 2014 年發行的電影。2013 年 7 月，查克・史奈德在聖地亞哥國際動漫展上向大眾確定了在這 2015 年的續集中將會有蝙蝠俠加盟。高耶和史奈德將共同寫故事，並採用高耶編寫的劇本。克里斯多福・諾蘭則擔任參與監製顧問的角色。史奈德表示，這部電影的靈感將採用於漫畫《蝙蝠俠：黑暗騎士歸來》。然而，2013 年 11 月，史奈德澄清，這部電影不會完全都基於漫畫。「如果你要做到這一點，你需要一個不同的超人。我們把蝙蝠俠變成現在這個超人一起生活的相同宇宙」。該片也是神力女超人首次亮相於大螢幕的電影，在此之前，華納兄弟早於 1996 年在開發。2013 年 12 月，《亞果出任務》的編劇克里斯・泰瑞歐被僱來改寫劇本，因為基於高耶還有其他工作專案要執行。官方電影正名《蝙蝠俠對超人：正義曙光》於 2014 年 5 月公佈。史奈德說，標題中的「v」而不是「vs.」是為了避免太絕對「versus」的意思。《富比士》指出，雖然影片一開始被定為《超人：鋼鐵英雄》續集，但後來正義聯盟的前傳或蝙蝠俠的獨立電影。",
          "en": "In June 2013, Warner Bros. announced that director Zack Snyder and screenwriter David S. Goyer would return for a Man of Steel sequel, with the studio considering the release for the film in 2015. The following month, Snyder confirmed at San Diego Comic-Con International that the sequel to Man of Steel would feature Superman and Batman meeting for the first time on film. Goyer and Snyder would co-write the story, with Goyer authoring the script despite saying in 2006 that a 'Batman Vs. Superman' film \"is where you go when you admit to yourself that you've exhausted all possibilities ... an admission that this franchise is on its last gasp\", and Christopher Nolan involved in an advisory role as executive producer. According to Snyder, the film would take inspiration from the comic The Dark Knight Returns.In November 2013, Snyder clarified his film would not be based upon the aforementioned graphic novel. \"If you were going to do that, you would need a different Superman. We're bringing Batman into the universe that now this Superman lives in.\" Batman v Superman marks the first appearance of Wonder Woman in a live-action, theatrical film, which Warner Bros. had been developing as far back as 1996. In December 2013, Chris Terrio was hired to rewrite the script, due to Goyer's commitments to other projects. Further commenting on the influences, Terrio revealed in an article published by The Wall Street Journal that the movie would draw inspiration from Nolan's Batman trilogy, Italian semiotician Umberto Eco's 1972 essay \"The Myth of Superman\", and the W.H. Auden poem \"Musée des Beaux Arts\" which contrasts the quotidian details of normal people's lives with the epic struggles of mythological figures. According to him, \"In superhero stories, Batman is Pluto, god of the underworld, and Superman is Apollo, god of the sky. That began to be really interesting to me — that their conflict is not just due to manipulation, but their very existence.\" The Joker and the Riddler were supposed to appear in the film, but Snyder ultimately decided to cut them from the final script.The film's official title, Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, was revealed in May 2014. Snyder stated that having the \"v\" in the title instead of \"vs.\" was a way \"to keep it from being a straight 'versus' movie, even in the most subtle way\". Henry Cavill later stated, \"I wouldn't call this a Superman sequel [...] This is Batman versus Superman. It's a separate entity altogether. It's introducing the Batman character and expanding upon the universe, which was kicked off by Man of Steel.\" Forbes noted that although the film originated as a sequel to Man of Steel, it was \"revamped into a backdoor pilot for Justice League and/or an eventual stand-alone Batman movie.\" As part of a settlement with his heirs, this is the first Batman production that lists Bill Finger as a co-creator."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "77c1567dcd87750112079399b0b6ab9c7b08eec3",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "克里斯・泰瑞歐哪一年開始改寫《蝙蝠俠對超人》的劇本？",
              "en": "What year did Chris Terrio start rewriting Batman V. Superman?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "2013",
                  "answer_start": 370
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "2013",
                  "answer_start": 1227
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "麥當勞",
      "en": "McDonald's"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "2003 年 9 月至今──一個大 M 字和口號（通常在最後才出現）直到現在，麥當勞已在美國的廣告用了 23 個不同的口號，有些更是其國家地區的精選口號。但同時它某些廣告活動也帶來不少問題。",
          "en": "McDonald's has for decades maintained an extensive advertising campaign. In addition to the usual media (television, radio, and newspaper), the company makes significant use of billboards and signage, and also sponsors sporting events ranging from Little League to the FIFA World Cup and Olympic Games. Television has played a central role in the company's advertising strategy. To date, McDonald's has used 23 different slogans in United States advertising, as well as a few other slogans for select countries and regions."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "8c26e86b2fa39d2d9fa92c0a280209662cea40c7",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "麥當勞在美國市場有多少個官方口號？",
              "en": "What is the number of official slogans McDonald's has had in American markets?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "23",
                  "answer_start": 51
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "23",
                  "answer_start": 408
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "米爾克 (電影)"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "由於對現實生活的不滿，米爾克和他的愛人決定搬到舊金山，寄希望於在那裡使他們的關係得到更多的認可。他們在尤里卡谷（Eureka Valley）卡斯楚街開了一家卡斯特羅照相機館（Castro Camera），那裡本來是藍領階級社群，並逐漸發展成同志村。米爾克對於周圍愛爾蘭天主教的保守和壓力而感到十分的沮喪，於是他動用自己的背景從商人成為了一位同性戀權利運動家，亦成為了來三藩市闖天下的同性戀少年克里夫・鍾斯（Cleve Jones）之良師益友。在起初，史密斯還是米爾克的選戰經理，可是因為米爾克越來越專注於政治活動，破壞了他與史密斯的關係，後來史密斯離開了他。之後米爾克認識了傑克・里拉（Jack Lira），就像史密斯一樣對於米爾克對政治活動的投入無法忍受，後來上吊自殺。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "891ae9748fd3c6f29a9c88db8dd21cf8654db8bd",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "為了能得到更多的認同，這對夫婦搬到哪裡去了？",
              "en": "Where did the couple move to in the hopes they would find more acceptance?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "舊金山",
                  "answer_start": 23
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "cdc9ebe21932bdaba7703141c139a5c9a94a6e03",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰致力於政治活動？",
              "en": "Who was devoted to political activism?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "米爾克",
                  "answer_start": 281
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "在 1973 年和 1975 年兩次競選三藩市市監事委員會（San Francisco Board of Supervisors）以及在 1976 年的加州州眾議員（California State Assembly）失敗後，米爾克於 1977 年代表第五選區參與了三藩市市監事委員會的選舉，最後更贏得了議席。他的勝利使他成為美國曆史上公開同性戀身份的參加政治選舉的第一人。米爾克之後認識了同為議員的丹・懷特。懷特是越戰退伍軍人，在政治上和社交上都是思想保守的人，於是他與米爾克的關係不算太好，由於傳媒和同事的關注都投向了米爾克，於是在懷特的心裡對他產生了怨恨。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "c5a1f18656d6f0800b7bb456b249d38c7c5145ed",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "米爾克在哪區當選？",
              "en": "What District did Milk when a seat for?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "第五選區",
                  "answer_start": 126
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "就這樣米爾克和懷特一直保持著複雜的關係。一次，米爾克被邀請去參加懷特孩子的受洗儀式，當時懷特希望米爾克支援他反對在自己選區建設精神病醫院的主張，用來交換他支援對米爾克推出同性戀權利的法案。但是米爾克並沒有支援懷特，懷特感到了米爾克背叛，並最終在同性戀權利法律中投下了唯一一張反對票。米爾克也努力去反對《6 號提案》（Proposition 6），這是一個 1978 年 11 月在加利福尼亞州的全民投票，提案由約翰・布里格斯（John Briggs）發起，他是來自橙縣保守派州參議員，他的提案帶有同性戀歧視立場，禁止同性戀者在加利福尼亞州的公立學校工作。這同樣也是一個全國性的保守運動，起始於安妮塔・布萊恩（Anita Bryant）和她的組織，目的在於廢止當地同性戀的平等權利。在 1978 年 11 月 7 日，米爾克在竭盡全力反對《6 號提案》並取得成功之後，他和支持者更加的團結起來。懷特支援了《6 號提案》，投票後關注議員加薪，但得不到很大支援，並對市監事委員會提交自己的辭呈。可是不久他又改變了初衷，希望市長喬治・莫斯科尼同意讓他復職，在米爾克對市長的遊說下，市長拒絕了他的請求。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "8e9adffcaa475cb19cc30f0ab68af559456aab93",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰反對了米爾克的同性戀權利法？",
              "en": "Who voted against Milk's ordinance?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "懷特",
                  "answer_start": 32
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "6cb9cd47112b10497e22c3e3e8199bac5e3cc7df",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "不顧一切的懷特支援什麼？",
              "en": "What does a desperate White favor?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "關注議員加薪",
                  "answer_start": 412
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "1978 年 11 月 27 日的早晨，為了避開金屬探測器以藏匿他身上攜帶的槍支，懷特透過地下室的窗戶進入了三藩市市政廳。他要求和市長再見面，可是在被輕率的拒絕後。懷特勃然大怒，對市長和米爾克發射。電影以成千人的米爾克和市長的支持者的燭光遊行而告終。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "bd67030f1b38bb26323a27bd988bc95b4789a8e2",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "那白人怎樣進入市政廳？",
              "en": "How did White enter City Hall?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "透過地下室的窗戶",
                  "answer_start": 43
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "早在在 1991 年初，奧利弗・斯通（Oliver Stone）就計劃製作並非執導一部關於米爾克一生的電影； 他為電影寫下了劇本，稱為《卡斯特羅街的市長》。 在 1992 年 7 月，導演葛斯・範・桑簽約了華納兄弟公司，並請羅賓・威廉斯作為男主演執導一部傳記片。 直到 1993 年 4 月，範・桑特在非議下離開了工作室。 在 2007 年 4 月，這部專輯電影的劇本由達斯汀・蘭斯・布萊克創作，而與此同時，導演布萊恩・辛格正在製作電影《卡斯特羅街的市長》（The Mayor of Castro Street） 同年 9 月，西恩・潘和馬特・戴蒙被邀請分別飾演米爾克和他的刺殺者丹・懷特。 戴蒙後來因為在 9 月的檔期衝突無法參演影片。 到了 11 月，美國焦點電影公司把《米爾克》這部電影移交給葛斯・範・桑特來執導，而同時辛格的電影由於編劇罷工而陷入了僵局。 在 2007 年 11 月喬什・布洛林，艾米爾・荷許以及詹姆斯・弗蘭科參加電影的演出，由喬什・布洛林代替戴蒙飾演丹・懷特。 2008 年電影《米爾克》在舊金山正式開始拍攝。電影製作人在透過調查舊金山的瞭解米爾克的同性戀者，將城市塑造成當時的那個年代。他們也重訪了當地卡斯特羅街米爾克開的照相機館，並把街佈景成上個世紀 70 年代的樣子。當初的照相機館，如今已是一個禮品店，被電影製作人租下來幾個月用來電影的拍攝。電影在卡斯特羅街的製作，同時也翻新了卡斯特羅劇場，它的外部重新經過了粉刷，並重新搭建了劇場前的篷子。電影的一些鏡頭也是在舊金山市政大廳拍攝，然而米爾克被殺害的地方 —— 懷特的辦公室，也同樣進行了翻修，因為如今的辦公室變得十分現代。電影製作人同時也想透過重新設計懷特的辦公室來展示一下舊金山歌劇院。 電影於 2008 年 3 月殺青。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "9338734ab1b2ba81d77c1f52c13c0c56bb4b54fb",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "1991 年初，奧利弗・斯通 (oliver stone) 在考慮製作什麼？",
              "en": "what was oliver stone thinking about producing in early 1991?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "一部關於米爾克一生的電影",
                  "answer_start": 41
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "faf1119bc2174b3f7cf3e81bc273ebea28690fc4",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "電影《哈維・米爾克》的導演是誰？",
              "en": "Who directed the film Harvey Milk?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "在 2007 年 4 月，這部專輯電影的劇本由達斯汀・蘭斯・布萊克創作，而與此同時，導演布萊恩・辛格正在製作電影《卡斯特羅街的市長》（The",
                  "answer_start": 161
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "敘利亞宗教",
      "en": "Religion in Syria"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "敘利亞猶太人主要集中在首都。敘利亞猶太人說阿拉伯語，與他們周圍的阿拉伯人幾乎沒有區別。在敘利亞和其他地方一樣，猶太人對宗教學科的程度也各不相同。政府把猶太人視為一個宗教社群，而不是一個民族社群。官方檔案稱他們為 musawiyin（摩西的追隨者）而不是 yahudin（猶太人）。雖然猶太人社群看起來有某種特權，但整體上它受到相當大的限制，更多是因為政治因素而不是宗教因素。猶太人的經濟自由是有限的，受到敘利亞警方的不斷監視。據報導，他們的情況在 1967 年第三次中東戰爭之前雖然不是很好，但從那時以後越來越惡化。",
          "en": "In Syria, Jews of both origins, numbering altogether fewer than 3,000 in 1987, are found. After a mass emigration in 1992, today fewer than 200 Jews live in Syria, mostly in the capital. Syrian Jews are Arabic-speaking and barely distinguishable from the Arabs around them. In Syria, as elsewhere, the degree to which Jews submit to the disciplines of their religion varies."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "bc39774de6ecb0fc88e979a49744e6347ad46830",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "在敘利亞，猶太人之間有什麼不一致的地方？",
              "en": "In Syria what is something that is not consistent between the Jewish population?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "猶太人對宗教學科的程度也各不相同",
                  "answer_start": 55
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "the degree to which Jews submit to the disciplines of their religion",
                  "answer_start": 298
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "b6e5624b36a61e24140443f919edb4aaf599889d",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "敘利亞猶太人說什麼語言？",
              "en": "What language do Syrian Jews speak?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "阿拉伯語",
                  "answer_start": 21
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Arabic",
                  "answer_start": 203
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "哈利・波特 (角色)",
      "en": "Harry Potter (character)"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "哈利・詹姆・波特（英語：Harry James Potter），英國作家 J・K・羅琳奇幻小說《哈利波特》系列中的主角。書中大部分的情節涵蓋了成為了孤兒的哈利在 11 歲時得知自己是巫師的身分，併入讀霍格華茲魔法與巫術學院六年來的生活，在慈祥的校長鄧不利多及其他教授指導下學習使用魔法。哈利還發現自己在魔法世界已甚為著名，因為眾所皆知人人懼怕的黑魔法巫師佛地魔是殺害其父母詹姆・波特及莉莉・波特的兇手，而哈利自己是在其攻擊之下唯一存活之人，被稱為「那個活下來的男孩」（The Boy Who Lived）及「被選中的人」（The Chosen One）。",
          "en": "Harry James Potter  is the titular protagonist of J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter series. The majority of the books' plot covers seven years in the life of the orphan Potter, who, on his eleventh birthday, learns he is a wizard. Thus, he attends Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry to practice magic under the guidance of the kindly headmaster Albus Dumbledore and other school professors along with his best friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger. Harry also discovers that he is already famous throughout the novel's magical community, and that his fate is tied with that of Lord Voldemort, the internationally feared Dark Wizard and murderer of his parents, Lily and James. The film and book series revolve around Harry's struggle to adapt to the wizarding world and defeat Voldemort. Harry is considered a fictional icon and has been described by many critics, readers, and audiences as one of the greatest literary and film characters of all time."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "d8e40f39374bdb438f78512eb492181a5eb046ab",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "主角的姓氏是什麼？",
              "en": "What is the last name of the main character?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "波特",
                  "answer_start": 6
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Potter",
                  "answer_start": 12
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "小行星 90377",
      "en": "90377 Sedna"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "賽德娜（英文：Sedna）為一顆外海王星天體，小行星編號為 90377。它於 2003 年 11 月 14 日由天文學家布朗（加州理工學院）、特魯希略（雙子星天文臺）及拉比諾維茨（耶魯大學）共同發現，它被發現時是太陽系中距離地球最遠的天然天體。賽德娜目前距離太陽 88 天文單位，為海王星與太陽之間距離的 3 倍。在賽德娜大部分的公轉週期中，它與太陽之間的距離比任何已知的矮行星候選都要遙遠。賽德娜是太陽系中顏色最紅的天體之一。它大部分由水、甲烷、氮冰及託林（Tholin）所構成。國際天文聯會目前並未將賽德娜視為矮行星，但是有一些天文學家認為它應該是一顆矮行星。",
          "en": "90377 Sedna is a large minor planet in the outer reaches of the Solar System that was, as of 2015, at a distance of about 86 astronomical units (1.29×1010 km; 8.0×109 mi) from the Sun, about three times as far as Neptune. Spectroscopy has revealed that Sedna's surface composition is similar to those of some other trans-Neptunian objects, being largely a mixture of water, methane, and nitrogen ices with tholins. Its surface is one of the reddest among Solar System objects. It is most likely a dwarf planet. Among the eight largest trans-Neptunian objects, Sedna is the only one not known to have a moon.For most of its orbit, it is even farther from the Sun than at present, with its aphelion estimated at 937 AU (31 times Neptune's distance), making it one of the most distant-known objects in the Solar System other than long-period comets.Sedna has an exceptionally long and elongated orbit, taking approximately 11,400 years to complete and a distant point of closest approach to the Sun at 76 AU. These facts have led to much speculation about its origin. The Minor Planet Center currently places Sedna in the scattered disc, a group of objects sent into highly elongated orbits by the gravitational influence of Neptune. This classification has been contested because Sedna never comes close enough to Neptune to have been scattered by it, leading some astronomers to informally refer to it as the first known member of the inner Oort cloud. Others speculate that it might have been tugged into its current orbit by a passing star, perhaps one within the Sun's birth cluster (an open cluster), or even that it was captured from another star system. Another hypothesis suggests that its orbit may be evidence for a large planet beyond the orbit of Neptune.Astronomer Michael E. Brown, co-discoverer of Sedna and the dwarf planets Eris, Haumea, and Makemake, thinks that it is the most scientifically important trans-Neptunian object found to date, because understanding its unusual orbit is likely to yield valuable information about the origin and early evolution of the Solar System."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "c2649b7aa6c532df1a9cd51f75791d49d03f6a07",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "賽德娜行星的表面是什麼顏色？",
              "en": "What color is the surface of planet Sedna?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "紅",
                  "answer_start": 207
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "red",
                  "answer_start": 441
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "第三次英緬戰爭",
      "en": "Third Anglo-Burmese War"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "哈利・普倫德加斯特少將擔任這次入侵的指揮官。他統率 3,029 英軍、6,005 印度火槍軍、67 門大砲及至少 55 艘軍艦及在艦上設定 24 挺機關槍以控制河道。",
          "en": "At this time, except that the country was one of dense jungle, and therefore most unfavourable for military operations, the British knew little of the interior of Upper Burma; but British steamers had for years been running on the great river highway of the Irrawaddy River, from Rangoon to Mandalay, and it was obvious that the quickest and most satisfactory method of carrying out the British campaign was an advance by water direct on the capital. Further, a large number of light-draught river steamers and barges (or flats), belonging to the Irrawaddy Flotilla Company under the control of Frederick Charles Kennedy, were available at Rangoon, and the local knowledge of the company's officers of the difficult river navigation was at the disposal of the British forces.Major-General, afterwards Sir, Harry Prendergast was placed in command of the invasion. As was only to be expected in an enterprise of this description, the navy as well as the army was called in requisition; and as usual the services rendered by the seamen and guns were most important. The total effective force available was 3,029 British troops, 6,005 Indian sepoys and 67 guns, and for river service, 24 machine guns. The river fleet which conveyed the troops and stores was composed of more than 55 steamers, barges, and launches, etc."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "cd0c18f66e5d0b723f547a242a26694f4f64050c",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "軍隊中有多少英軍？",
              "en": "How many British troops were part of the army?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "3,029",
                  "answer_start": 25
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "3,029",
                  "answer_start": 1103
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "朝鮮民主主義人民共和國宗教"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "朝鮮民主主義人民共和國沒有公佈任何有關宗教的官方統計數字。北韓是一個世俗國家，官方不鼓勵公眾信仰宗教。從 1990 年代末至 2000 年代， 北韓的主要宗教無法估計。傳統上，朝鮮巫教和天道教占主導地位，也有一小部分佛教徒和基督徒。北韓政府視天道教為朝鮮族的 “民族宗教”，天道教青友黨為朝鮮勞動黨的衛星黨，也是參加朝鮮民主主義民族統一戰線和祖國統一民主主義戰線的主要民主政黨之一。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "16e436b0460afdc207f140afdf2dc8e56c913ffe",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "北韓有哪些宗教團體？",
              "en": "What communities are there in North Korea?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "一小部分佛教徒和基督徒",
                  "answer_start": 104
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "在古代，所有的朝鮮人都相信他們的本土宗教是由巫師（무）所引領的。佛教在中國前秦時期（372 年）傳入朝鮮半島， 並發展成朝鮮佛教。當時朝鮮半島分為三個王國：北部的高句麗、西南方的百濟及東南方的新羅。佛教在公元 5 世紀才傳入新羅，而在公元 552 年成為新羅國教。 在高句麗，朝鮮傳統巫教依然佔優勢地位，在新羅和百濟則盛行佛教。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "ee17a6689e7cfe9566c80e05658e2689cec38306",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "中國古代秦朝把佛教傳播到哪個國家？",
              "en": "What state did the Chinese Former Qin introduce Buddhism to?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "佛教在中國前秦時期（372 年）傳入朝鮮半島，",
                  "answer_start": 32
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "李氏朝鮮時期（1392-1910）嚴厲地壓制朝鮮的佛教 和薩滿教 。大量佛教寺院被毀，佛教僧侶數量從幾百人下降到三十六人；佛教信仰從城鎮的生活中被消滅了，僧尼被邊緣化。這些限制一直持續到 19 世紀才結束。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "41b549a5a66a0a632e5ef62137aa048e4b06db1a",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "佛教被消滅的主要原因是什麼？",
              "en": "What was the primary cause of the decline of Buddhism?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "僧尼被邊緣化。",
                  "answer_start": 77
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "佛教（불교）於朝鮮三國時期由中國傳入，對新羅和高麗王朝的文化有重要影響且成為這兩個王朝的主要宗教。李氏朝鮮時期（1392-1910）嚴厲地壓制了朝鮮的佛教和薩滿教。儒學成為國家的主要思想和宗教，大量佛教寺院被毀，佛教僧侶數量從幾百人下降到三十六人；佛教信仰從城鎮的生活中被消滅了，僧尼被邊緣化。這些限制一直持續到 19 世紀。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "e0c2b6592ced2cf9cde4b4b9d1ed7238de3fb366",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "除了朝鮮的薩滿教，還有別的宗教被禁？",
              "en": "Besides Korean shamanism, what other religion was forbidden?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "朝鮮的佛教",
                  "answer_start": 72
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "基督宗教（그리스도교）在十八世紀末到十九世紀在朝鮮半島北部非常流行。第一批天主教傳教士於 1794 年到達，這是在中國北京首次受洗的朝鮮外交官李承薰回到朝鮮王朝十年之後。基督新教的傳教士在 1880 年帶抵達朝鮮王朝，他們和天主教傳教士使大量朝鮮人信仰基督宗教。衛理會和長老會在朝鮮建立了學校、醫院和孤兒院，對於朝鮮現代化建設中發揮了重要作用。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "d7466586292b8430b6fcbd970cc7dc66fd1c3ef3",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "何時基督教在朝鮮受到青睞？",
              "en": "When did Christianity become favored in northern Korea?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "十八世紀末到十九世紀",
                  "answer_start": 12
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "希伯侖",
      "en": "Hebron"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "希伯侖以葡萄、石灰石、陶器作坊和玻璃工廠著稱，著名的乳製品製造商 al-Juneidi 也位於此處。希伯侖老城的特點是狹窄曲折的街道、平頂的石頭房屋和古老的集市。希伯侖擁有希伯侖大學和巴勒斯坦理工大學。",
          "en": "Hebron is a busy hub of West Bank trade, generating roughly a third of the area's gross domestic product, largely due to the sale of limestone from quarries in its area. It has a local reputation for its grapes, figs, limestone, pottery workshops and glassblowing factories, and has the major dairy-product manufacturer al-Juneidi. The old city of Hebron features narrow, winding streets, flat-roofed stone houses, and old bazaars. The city is home to Hebron University and Palestine Polytechnic University.Hebron is attached to cities of ad-Dhahiriya, Dura, Yatta, the surrounding villages with no borders. Hebron Governorate is the largest Palestinian governorate, with a population of 600,364 as of 2010."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "a32c07855706c9cbdbdfa9091fff9d1964cbef27",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "街道有多寬？",
              "en": "How wide are the streets?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "狹窄",
                  "answer_start": 59
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "narrow",
                  "answer_start": 364
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "控制桿"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "通常認為 “控制桿（joystick）” 一詞由 20 世紀初法國飛行員 Robert Esnault-Pelterie 最先使用的。同時還有他的飛行員夥伴 Robert Loraine，James Henry Joyce 和 Mr A.E. George。1910 年，飛行員先驅 Mr A.E. George 和他的同事 Mr. Jobling 在英格蘭 Newcastle 建造並起飛了一架雙翼飛機。據說是他發明了 “喬治杆（George Stick）”，後來更多的被稱為控制桿（joystick）。喬治和 Jobling 的飛機控制欄收藏在英格蘭 Newcastle Upon Tyne 的 Discovery Museum。在早期的飛機就有控制桿了，儘管具體操作的細節還不確定。1944 年左右在德國出現了第一個電動 2 軸控制桿。改進的該裝置用於使滑翔炸彈 Henschel Hs 293 瞄準艦船目標。在這裡，控制桿是由一個操作者來掌控讓導彈射中目標。此時的控制桿只是一個開關，而不是模擬感測器，即數字操縱桿。控制桿到達導彈的訊號是由無線電傳遞的。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "4a98db3180456026443e4cf9e34fb4c50822fbc4",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "George 的職業是什麼？",
              "en": "What was George occupation?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "飛行員先驅",
                  "answer_start": 136
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "2f96dfbce0121645583cdfc2ac98af712766a134",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "這個裝置主要瞄準什麼目標？",
              "en": "What type of targets were mainly targeted with the device?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "293 瞄準艦船目標。",
                  "answer_start": 396
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "a4bd597b65c210244c83dc4a1bd4b9aa551472a2",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "\"除了 Robert Esnault-Pelterie 之外，還有哪些人認為他們創造了\" 控制桿 \" 這個名字？",
              "en": "What are some other people besides Robert Esnault-Pelteri who argued that they created name\"joystick\"?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "Robert Loraine，James Henry Joyce 和 Mr A.E. George",
                  "answer_start": 78
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "在 20 世紀 60 年代無線電控制飛機模型系統廣泛使用控制桿，如 1964 年 Phill Kraft 生產的 Kwik Fly。Kraft Systems 最終成為計算機行業和其他使用者的一個重要 OEM 控制桿供應商。電動輪椅是控制桿在除了無線電控制飛機以外的第一個行業，如 1963 年的 Permobil。在這段期間內，美國宇航局使用控制桿作為阿波羅任務控制裝置的一部分。例如，月球著陸器的測試模型使用控制桿操縱。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "ce88218a3895a7b4c20fb2ae634a6ee81ae9a03f",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "Kraft 系統向美國宇航局供應了什麼作為控制裝置？",
              "en": "Kraft systems supplied what object to NASA to use as control devices?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "控制桿",
                  "answer_start": 172
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "街機控制桿是一種用於遊戲機或電腦的大型控制器。一些街機上配置使用杆和按鈕，用於使用特別的多鍵組合。例如，街機遊戲街頭霸王 II 或真人快打系列的 6 按鈕佈局在家用機手柄上實現起來並不舒服，所以有用於 Xbox 360 玩這類遊戲的家用控制桿出現了。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "c87d11aee77aa1ba84445a5dcc12ed753b2571d4",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "《街機遊戲街頭霸王 II》的遊戲機上有多少用於控制角色的圓形物體？",
              "en": "How many circular shaped objects used to control characters were present on the arcade machines for Street Fighter II?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "6",
                  "answer_start": 72
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "醫用控制桿，是一種輔具指標裝置，是為相當嚴重的身體殘疾的人用來取代滑鼠的。這種控制桿不是用來玩遊戲的，而是插入 USB 埠和控制游標的。對於患痙病的人（如腦麻痺）來說，抓住控制桿比抓住滑鼠容易。微型控制桿也可為肌肉乏力的人們提供幫助，如肌肉萎縮症，或運動神經疾病。它們還用於電動輪椅的控制，因為它們是簡單而有效的一種控制方法。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "cc52b29559c6e61d96ee46167dde64576234076b",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "什麼樣的病情是腦癱？",
              "en": "What kind of condition is cerebral palsy?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "腦麻痺",
                  "answer_start": 77
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "MacBook",
      "en": "MacBook (2006–2012)"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "MacBook 有 4 個獨立設計。第一代中使用的是以 iBook G4 為藍本，使用結合聚碳酸酯和玻璃纖維的白色或黑色外殼，是蘋果第一個搭載 Intel Core Duo 處理器的筆記型電腦。第二代在 2008 年 10 月與 15 寸 MacBook Pro 一同推出，採用了類似 15 寸 MacBook Pro 的一體式鋁製外殼，但移除了 FireWire，以降低價格。FireWire 的缺乏使客戶抱怨，導致 MacBook 銷售不佳。第三代在 2009 年 1 月推出，再次使用了聚碳酸酯外殼，並重新添加了 FireWire。FireWire 是在 2009 年底釋出的更新版本再度被移除。MacBook 系列與入門級的 MacBook Air 系列和專業級的 MacBook Pro 系列組成完整的產品線。",
          "en": "The MacBook was a line of Macintosh notebook computers designed, manufactured and sold by Apple Inc. from May 2006 to February 2012. A new line of computers by the same name was released in 2015, serving the same purpose as an entry-level laptop. It replaced the iBook series and 12-inch PowerBook series of notebooks as a part of Apple's transition from PowerPC to Intel processors. Positioned as the low end of the MacBook family, below the premium ultra-portable MacBook Air and the powerful MacBook Pro,  the MacBook was aimed at the consumer and education markets.  It was the best-selling Macintosh ever. For five months in 2008, it was the best-selling laptop of any brand in US retail stores.  Collectively, the MacBook brand is the \"world's top-selling line of premium laptops.\"There have been four separate designs of the MacBook. The original model used a combination of polycarbonate and fiberglass casing which was modeled after the iBook G4. The second type was introduced in October 2008 alongside the 15-inch MacBook Pro; the MacBook shared the more expensive laptop's unibody aluminium casing, but omitted FireWire.  A third design, introduced in late 2009, had a polycarbonate unibody casing."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "ed39778440619f7c15cf231a8cbc1cf49142a46d",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "2008 年 10 月上市的蘋果膝上型電腦多大？",
              "en": "How big was the MacBook Pro that was launched in October 2008?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "第二代在 2008 年 10 月與 15 寸",
                  "answer_start": 97
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "15-inch",
                  "answer_start": 1017
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "梅賽德斯 - 賓士 S 級"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "1972 年，梅賽德斯 - 賓士推出了 W116 S 系列，史上第一個被劃作 S 系列的車型。W116 S 系列的特點是裝置四輪獨立懸掛系統和碟煞系統。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "989426596c76fcb3cbb8ebda9082205646c36e6b",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "梅賽德斯 - 賓士何時推出 W116？",
              "en": "when did the Mercedes -Benz introduce the W116?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "1972",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "W116 S 系列共有 280、350 和 450 型號冠有 SE 和 SEL 版本，整個 W116 S 系列的生產總量為 473,035 輛。這是個具有開創性的車款，並在梅賽德斯 - 賓士史上的第一次，公然強調造車哲學上，車輛安全高於造型設計。在 1960 年代後期開始的 “車輛安全研究”，將眾多安全功能融入整體設計。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "fc0bcc9372b6488ec5b4dd27d8919d8835fafd9f",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "生產了多少臺 W116？",
              "en": "How many units of the W116 were produced?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "S 系列共有 280、350 和 450 型號冠有 SE 和 SEL 版本，整個 W116 S 系列的生產總量為 473,035 輛。",
                  "answer_start": 5
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "1998 年 7 月，梅賽德斯 - 賓士發表了完全重新設計的 W220 S 系列，身形稍微比其前款更小，重量更輕。不同於 W140 S 系列設計風格，展開新一代梅賽德斯 - 賓士設計語彙，重新關注優雅的風格，相較 W140 S 系列更加圓潤的造型風格。儘管車體較小，W220 比 W140 提供了更大的內部空間。 W220 S 系列的總產量為 485,000 輛，略超過 W140 S 系列。W220 S 系列配備全新 AIRMATIC 空氣懸吊系統和主動通風座椅（座椅使用微型風扇將空氣透過穿孔）的創新技術，中控臺安裝螢幕顯示導航系統以及 COMAND 輸入控制系統。其他選配包括：無鑰匙開門和點火，雷達控制的 Distronic 巡航控制系統和主動氣缸關閉控制系統。 2003 年，4MATIC 全時四輪驅動系統的 S 系列被匯入到北美市場，取代了傳統的後輪驅動配置。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "3025d664faca7b8037ca3b02c58b82aaeaec6292",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "生產了多少 W220 s 級車輛？",
              "en": "How many W220 S-Class's were produced?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "485,000 輛",
                  "answer_start": 171
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "愛倫・坡",
      "en": "Edgar Allan Poe"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "愛倫・坡後將心力投入散文，並在接著數年間謀職於文學雜誌與期刊，以他獨特的風格成為小有名氣的文學評論家。愛倫・坡因工作需求常來往巴爾的摩、費城、紐約等城市，而於 1835 年，26 歲的他與 13 歲的表妹維吉尼亞・克萊姆在巴爾的摩完婚。1845 年 1 月，愛倫・坡發表了詩作《烏鴉》，一夕成名。二年後，他的妻子死於結核病。愛倫・坡開始籌劃以個人名義創辦一份刊物《賓州報》（後改名為《鐵筆報》），但到死前都沒有完成此業。1849 年 10 月 7 日，愛倫・坡逝於巴爾的摩。",
          "en": "Poe planned for years to produce his own journal The Penn (later renamed The Stylus), but he died before it could be produced. He died in Baltimore on October 7, 1849, at age 40; the cause of his death is unknown and has been variously attributed to alcohol, \"brain congestion\", cholera, drugs, heart disease, rabies, suicide, tuberculosis, and other causes.Poe and his works influenced literature around the world, as well as specialized fields such as cosmology and cryptography. He and his work appear throughout popular culture in literature, music, films, and television. A number of his homes are dedicated museums today. The Mystery Writers of America present an annual award known as the Edgar Award for distinguished work in the mystery genre."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "2e62cb1a941e40208fe73d1d11d77611f8fc91af",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "這項工作最初的計劃名稱是什麼？",
              "en": "What was the originally planned name for this work?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "《賓州報》",
                  "answer_start": 181
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "The Penn",
                  "answer_start": 49
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "特爾納特蘇丹國"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "特爾納特蘇丹國（印尼語：Kesultanan Ternate）是印度尼西亞最老的穆斯林王國之一，由 Baab Mashur Malamo 建立於 1257 年。在巴布拉蘇丹（Baabullah）時代（1570–1583）達到鼎盛的黃金時期。蘇丹國範圍包括印尼東部和菲律賓南部的一部分。特爾納特蘇丹國在 15 至 17 世紀是個區域大國以及世界主要的丁香生產地。現在特爾納特蘇丹國僅僅是文化的象徵，蘇丹也只是象徵性的存在，並沒有任何政治權利。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "1300ae5c5c2b6d4b7c574d4e92caa19891338a16",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰製作過丁香？",
              "en": "Who produced cloves?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "特爾納特",
                  "answer_start": 142
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "eef0c5b1c2e41b7a6758c7da029548dfea46328b",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "特爾納特蘇丹國的立國者的姓氏是什麼？\\n\\n",
              "en": "What was the last name of the man who created The Sultanate of Ternate?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "Malamo",
                  "answer_start": 61
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "巴布拉蘇丹（Baabullah）（1570–1583 在位）時期是特爾納特蘇丹國的統治頂峰，其影響力遠達蘇拉威西島東部、安汶島、斯蘭島、帝汶島、棉蘭老島南部還有巴布亞部分地區。鄰近的蒂多雷蘇丹國經常與之激烈競爭以控制周圍島嶼，歷史學家倫納德・安達婭說，特爾納特與蒂多雷的 “二元” 對抗是馬魯古群島早期歷史的主題。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "d83b37e4cba0b8fb025808e260613e932f894a4e",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "巴布拉蘇丹統治的頂峰時期他的影響力遍及的地區有哪些？",
              "en": "Which areas did Sultan Baabullah have under his influence at the peak of his reign?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "蘇拉威西島東部、安汶島、斯蘭島、帝汶島、棉蘭老島南部還有巴布亞部分地區",
                  "answer_start": 52
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "行星 (占星術)"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "現代占星術家對行星的影響力來源持不同之意見。霍恩（Hone）寫道行星發揮作用是直接透過引力或他者，即未知的影響力。其他人認為行星們自己本身並沒有直接的影響力，可是卻為宇宙中基本的組織原則之反映。換句話說，宇宙無所不在得重複祂們自己的基本模式，在類似 - 分形（fractal-like ）塑造之中，並且如其在上如其在下（as above so below）；而前述這段話是出自鍊金術的整體宇宙觀原則，全文為──“如其在上，如其在下，如其在內，如其在外。（As above, so below.  As within, so without.）”──。因此，行星們在天空中所形成的模式反映了人類內心精力基本的高低起伏。行星們也是互有關聯，尤其是在中國的傳統命理中，是與自然界的基本力量在一起得。最新的占星術家，提出星體的影響力來自於量子交換或是量子纏結，影響到人類身體與心靈、情緒反應。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "80bcb10b8cb26025441db59a89f1761fef827bf7",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "在中國文化中，什麼基本力量與行星有關聯？",
              "en": "What basic forces are associated with plants in Chinese culture?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "行星們",
                  "answer_start": 308
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "墨丘利 - 水星（）是雙子座與處女座的守護主星以及在處女座或是水瓶座中是擢升星。在羅馬神話中，墨丘利是眾神的使者，祂的速度和迅捷是著名與出名的。與此相呼應，為酷熱、鬱熱且沒有風世界的水星繞著太陽轉，他在太陽系任何行星之中是公轉軌道速度最快的行星。水星只有運用了 88 天的時間繞著太陽軌道來執行一週，在進入每一個黃道十二星座之中則必須耗費 7.33 天的時間。太陽系的行星裡，水星是這麼如此的貼近著太陽得，祂是跟隨著太陽仍在地平線之上之前，並且在太陽即將要下山之後的那個時刻人們即可以用肉眼來看見祂了，但也只有一個短暫的時間會存在於天空上顯現。占星術領域中的解釋，水星代表著溝通、智力（mentality）、思維模式、理性和推理，以及適應性和變化性的原則。水星是支配與掌管著學校和教育、周圍環境的鄰居、親兄弟姊妹與堂或表親兄弟姊妹、短距離的交通運輸，資訊和通訊形式像是郵遞、電子郵件和電話、報紙、新聞業與寫作、資訊情報的蒐集技能與身體的靈巧性。西元一世紀的詩人曼尼裡烏斯描述著水星為一顆變化無常、活潑和好奇的行星。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "d9afe587eae466c7150aa12ece06e74ce00c3a0a",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "水星繞著太陽軌道執行一週要多少天？",
              "en": "How many days does Mercury take to orbit the Sun?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "88",
                  "answer_start": 130
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "9967d5138401adce00d498d8698888c0372695c7",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "水星有哪些和人相似的特點？",
              "en": "Which human like qualities were attributed to mercury"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "資訊情報的蒐集技能與身體的靈巧性",
                  "answer_start": 405
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "聯合國糧食及農業組織"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "2007 年 12 月，糧農組織實施應對糧價飛漲計劃幫助小生產者提高產量並增加收入。這個計劃也是糧農組織對 2008 年 4 月成立的聯合國全球糧食危機高級別工作組制定的全面行動框架的貢獻。糧農組織已經在 25 個國家實施專案，赴近 60 個國家執行機構間任務。透過全球糧食和農業資訊及預警系統提高監測工作，對國家提供政策建議，同時支援他們在提高糧食產量方面所作的努力，鼓勵農業投資。該計劃也與歐盟密切合作。例如，在海地實施一個一千萬美元的優質種子分發和培育專案；該專案顯著提高了糧食產量，降低了糧價，增加了農民收入。。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "84963273129122b0d40caa05c83295fda00e6157",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪個聯盟與聯合國糧食及農業組織密切合作，共同應對全球糧食危機？\\n",
              "en": "Which Union worked closely with FAO to combat the Global  Food Crisis?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "歐盟",
                  "answer_start": 197
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "cfffe36d647b33faef889a7eb6c0cc25255cad87",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "糧農組織何時發起這項倡議？",
              "en": "When did FAO launch the initiative?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "2007 年 12 月",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "糧食安全特別計劃 是糧農組織的首要行動，作為千年發展目標承諾的一部分，實現到 2015 年全世界飢餓人口數量減半的目標（當前估計接近 10 億人）。 透過全球超過 100 個國家的專案，該計劃促進提供切實有效地解決方案以消除飢餓、營養不良和貧困。當前 102 個國家參加了該計劃，並且有近 30 個國家開始轉向國家計劃。為取得這項工作的最大成效，糧農組織極力推動該計劃由國家管理，並充分利用其自身的資源來運轉。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "c887807bbfbe38ff88ae09923662c40ddd65c642",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "糧食安全特別計劃的主要目標是對抗什麼？",
              "en": "What does the Special Programme aim to combat?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "消除飢餓、營養不良和貧困。",
                  "answer_start": 110
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "每位糧農組織親善大使 – 來自藝術界、娛樂界、體育界和科學領域的名流，如諾貝爾獎獲得者麗塔・列維 - 蒙塔爾奇尼，著名演員鞏俐，歌唱家米瑞安・馬卡貝，足球運動員羅伯特・巴喬和勞爾・岡薩雷斯・布蘭科等很多名人 – 為糧農組織的願景，做出了個人和職業承諾，那就是為我們這一代和子孫後代建設一個糧食有保障的世界。親善大使們利用他們的智慧和影響力，帶動老少、貧富所有人一起投身於這場消除飢餓的全球運動，他們的目標是力爭在 21 世紀實現 “人人有糧”。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "576d7546c500c44c51c89325271d6d35bce6dac4",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "親善大使吸引人們參加什麼活動？",
              "en": "What campaign does the Goodwill Ambassador draw people in for?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "每位糧農組織親善大使",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "薩娜・奧斯本",
      "en": "Sarah Osborne"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "1692 年 3 月 1 日，奧斯本被下達逮捕令。3 月 7 日，她和提圖芭、古德一起被送往波士頓。在等待審判期間，她一直被收押在波士頓的監獄。然而最終她卻從未接受審判，因為她早一步於 1692 年 5 月 10 日在監獄中逝世，一般認為她過世時年滿 49 歲。",
          "en": "All three women were considered social outcasts, albeit for different reasons. Tituba was an enslaved woman for Samuel Parris and his family; she and Sarah Good were both poor women, whereas Osborne was not. Osborne had not attended church in almost three years due to a long illness, and was still dealing with legal issues with the Putnam family. The accusations against Osborne likely were the product of powerful suggestions from the Putnam family. The warrant for Sarah Osborne's arrest was written for March 1, 1692. She was to be placed in the Boston jails for the duration of her examinations and trials and was sent to Boston along with Tituba and Sarah Good on March 7th, 1692. During her examinations, she claimed she was innocent and denied being involved with evil spirits or hurting the children. She did not confess, nor did she accuse anyone else. This contrasts Tituba's account, who confessed to witchcraft and claimed that Osborne and Sarah Good participated in witchcraft with her. Osborne died in jail on May 10, 1692, believed to have been 49 years of age."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "9a8f6a8a46b131e1ac44c1051e51ebb6c1730846",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "薩拉奧斯本什麼時候被捕？",
              "en": "When was Sarah Osborne arrested?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "1692 年 3 月 1 日",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "March 1, 1692",
                  "answer_start": 508
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "5a7e29a91acf14928eba69dc916a42b574cbcb43",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "為什麼奧斯本近三年沒有去教堂？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "long illness",
                  "answer_start": 271
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "出於不同的原因，三名女性都處於社會底層。提圖芭是奴隸，她和古德都是窮人，只有奧斯本不是窮人。由於長期患病，奧斯本近三年沒有進過教堂，且她和普特南家族有法律糾紛，非常有可能是普特南家族在幕後推動，促成了對奧斯本的指控 。為了奪得財產，她和普特南家族打官司，動搖了這個大家族在塞勒姆的權威和穩定性，這讓普特南家族認定她是個威脅。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "5a7e29a91acf14928eba69dc916a42b574cbcb43",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "為什麼奧斯本近三年沒有去教堂？",
              "en": "Why did Osborne not go to church for nearly three years?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "由於長期患病，奧斯本近三年沒有進過教堂，且她和普特南家族有法律糾紛，非常有可能是普特南家族在幕後推動，促成了對奧斯本的指控",
                  "answer_start": 46
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "《激情年代》，美國劇作家亞瑟・米勒 1953 年的作品。奧斯本在原始的戲劇版本中只有被提及名字，並沒有演員來飾演她。1996 年，亞瑟・米勒撰寫本劇的電影改編版本時，在法庭的場景加入了奧斯本的角色，由露絲・馬萊奇飾演。電影中的她被描寫成一位精神已經瘋狂的女乞丐。史實上的奧斯本並沒有留下精神病和成為乞丐的紀錄，電影版本的她很可能是融合了薩娜・古德的形象。",
          "en": "Osborne is mentioned in the original version of Arthur Miller's The Crucible but does not appear as a character. Miller added her (along with other characters) into a courtroom scene when he wrote the screenplay for the 1996 film adaptation. In the drama, her name is spelled \"Osburn\". She was portrayed as a very pathetic character by actress Ruth Maleczech, an impoverished and obviously deranged beggar but also aware that she is in grave danger. As no evidence indicates that Osborne was mentally ill, her movie depiction may be a composite character of Osborne and Sarah Good, the latter of whom was known to mutter and insist she was reciting the Ten Commandments, as does the Osborne character in the movie."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "049e6e157a2c580e4371721d8bbe24150e820e97",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "電影《激情年代》的改編版什麼時候上映的？",
              "en": "When was 'The Crucible' film adaptation released?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "1996",
                  "answer_start": 58
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "1996",
                  "answer_start": 220
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "第五種力"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "現代物理學認為有四種基本作用力存在。然而，物理學中並沒有一個公認的統一理論，因此偶爾物理學家們也會假定存在一個額外的基本力 —— 第五種力。大多數物理學家假定第五種力大約和引力的強度相近（也就是說，比電磁力和核力弱得多），而其力程則從一毫米到宇觀尺度不等。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "b13edbb194b86f676d410a01715d80d7e612ddd8",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪自然現象比喻為第五種力？",
              "en": "What natural phenomenon is the fifth force likened to?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "引力",
                  "answer_start": 86
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "關於額外的基本力的想法很難被驗證，這是因為引力實在是太弱了，兩個物體間的引力相互作用只有當其中一個物體質量很大時才無法被忽略。因此，想要測量比起地球還要小的物體間的引力，將需要非常精密的裝置。儘管如此，在 20 世紀 80 年代末，一群研究者們（Fischbach 等）在回顧 20 世紀早期由 Loránd Eötvös 所得出的關於第五種力的結論時，他們發現了作用尺度大約在 100m 量級的新的作用力。這一作用力被認為與超荷有關。然而，後來的實驗均沒能復現這一結果。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "4e725346efefc36598751dc61dd592128c1e2866",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "測量地球引力相互作用需要什麼？",
              "en": "What does it take to measure earth's gravitational interactions?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "非常精密的裝置",
                  "answer_start": 88
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "愛爾蘭歷史",
      "en": "History of Ireland"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "羅馬帝國佔領英格蘭後愛爾蘭的貴族有時襲擊英格蘭進行搶劫。羅馬人稱愛爾蘭為希伯尼亞（Hibernia）。托勒密於 100 年精確地描寫了愛爾蘭的地理和部落。愛爾蘭從未是羅馬帝國的一部分，但羅馬的影響往往超出它的疆域。塔西陀曾提及一個愛爾蘭部落首領，他在大不列顛與羅馬將軍阿古可拉相遇後回到愛爾蘭去奪權。尤維納爾報道說羅馬 “軍隊在愛爾蘭海岸被俘”。假如羅馬或其同盟者試圖入侵過愛爾蘭的話，那麼他們沒有留下多少痕跡。愛爾蘭與羅馬的關係到底怎樣今天不很清楚。",
          "en": "Linguists realised from the 17th century onwards that the language spoken by these people, the Goidelic languages, was a branch of the Celtic languages. This is usually explained as a result of invasions by Celts from the continent. However, other research has postulated that the culture developed gradually and continuously, and that the introduction of Celtic language and elements of Celtic culture may have been a result of cultural exchange with Celtic groups in southwest continental Europe from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age.The hypothesis that the native Late Bronze Age inhabitants gradually absorbed Celtic influences has since been supported by some recent genetic research.The Romans referred to Ireland as Scotia 500 CE, and later Hibernia. Ptolemy, in 100 CE, recorded Ireland's geography and tribes. Ireland was never a part of the Roman Empire, but Roman influence was often projected well beyond its borders. Tacitus writes that an exiled Irish prince was with Agricola in Roman Britain and would return to seize power in Ireland. Juvenal tells us that Roman \"arms had been taken beyond the shores of Ireland\". In recent years, some experts have hypothesized that Roman-sponsored Gaelic forces (or perhaps even Roman regulars) mounted some kind of invasion around 100 CE, but the exact relationship between Rome and the dynasties and peoples of Hibernia remains unclear."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "9a376e789d10ecea2b7b469d38895ff2739a2551",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪位學者在 100 年記錄了愛爾蘭的部落和地理？",
              "en": "What scholar made records of both the tribes and geography of Ireland in 100CE?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "托勒密",
                  "answer_start": 51
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Ptolemy",
                  "answer_start": 757
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "3e28ad95f1f2bbf71b6fab08a90ad8ae1da1ee68",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰記述了流亡的愛爾蘭王子？",
              "en": "who wrote about the the exiled  Irish prince ?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "塔西陀",
                  "answer_start": 107
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Tacitus",
                  "answer_start": 929
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "隨著新的信仰的普及傳統的德魯伊教垮臺了。愛爾蘭的學者在修道院中學習拉丁語和基督教神學，修道院在愛爾蘭非常繁華。從愛爾蘭到英格蘭和歐洲大陸的傳道士宣傳愛爾蘭的學風，從歐洲各地吸引了許多學者到愛爾蘭來。這些修道院非常出色，而且它們與世隔絕，為將拉丁語的許多知識儲存下來起了很大的作用。為書畫插圖的藝術、金屬加工、雕刻在愛爾蘭獲得巨大發展。",
          "en": "Patrick is traditionally credited with preserving and codifying Irish laws and changing only those that conflicted with Christian practices. He is credited with introducing the Roman alphabet, which enabled Irish monks to preserve parts of the extensive oral literature. The historicity of these claims remains the subject of debate and there is no direct evidence linking Patrick with any of these accomplishments. The myth of Patrick, as scholars refer to it, was developed in the centuries after his death.Irish scholars excelled in the study of Latin learning and Christian theology in the monasteries that flourished shortly thereafter. Missionaries from Ireland to England and Continental Europe spread news of the flowering of learning, and scholars from other nations came to Irish monasteries. The excellence and isolation of these monasteries helped preserve Latin learning during the Early Middle Ages. The period of Insular art, mainly in the fields of illuminated manuscripts, metalworking, and sculpture flourished and produced such treasures as the Book of Kells, the Ardagh Chalice, and the many carved stone crosses that dot the island. Insular style was to be a crucial ingredient in the formation of the Romanesque and Gothic styles throughout Western Europe. Sites dating to this period include clochans, ringforts and promontory forts."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "e31c491da6f0a1f4c27c527995948a3e983bc8b4",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "提到的第一個國家是哪個？",
              "en": "What is the first country mentioned?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "愛爾蘭",
                  "answer_start": 56
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Ireland",
                  "answer_start": 660
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "性別社會學",
      "en": "Sociology of gender"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "許多小孩子長到三歲的時候，就已經有認定自己屬於男性或女性的自我意識了，且這一性別認同將會伴隨其終身。此外，許多學齡前兒童也形成了強烈的性別角色意識，認定不能做出自己的生理性別不符的行為舉止，或者穿和自己的生理性別不符的服裝。但不見得每個人的性別認同會與生理性別相一致。社交理論則簡單直白地解釋了性別身份的認同過程。剛剛降生的嬰兒宛如一張白紙，靜候社會的渲染。透過與親近的人互動，以及與社會上流行的那些價值觀的接觸，嬰兒明白了他們被賦予了什麼性別，以及他們將要學會扮演怎樣的角色。而獎懲制度（獎勵孩子那些符合性別模式的行為，懲罰那些不符合性別模式的行為）進一步將孩子們磨合進了他們的社會性別之中。比如說，比起女兒來說，父母更喜歡和兒子進行大動作的玩耍行為，而這會產生一些長期的效果（在這個例子中，男孩子從一開始便被教導了身體行為會更加暴力、激進一些）。此外，男孩子和女孩子在試圖與成年人溝通時，成年人的反應是不同的。一項針對 13 個月大的嬰兒的研究顯示，當男孩子需要吸引注意力時，通常會表現更加氣勢洶洶，大哭，哽咽或者尖叫，這樣成年人通常就會前來照顧他們了。而相反的是，女孩子們只有在使用語言、手勢，或者很溫和地觸碰時，成年人才會對她們的要求有所回應，而那些賣力氣來求得關注的女孩子們常常會被忽略掉。在這項研究剛剛開始的時候，男孩子和女孩子在與人溝通的方式上幾乎毫無差別，但是到了兩歲的時候，女孩子變得更愛說話了，男孩子則在溝通技巧上變得更武斷了。",
          "en": "Socialization theory offers a straightforward account of the acquisition of gendered identities. Infants are seen as blank slates, waiting to be written down on by their environment. Through their interactions with people close to them and exposure to the values of their society, infants learn what sex is attributed to them and what roles they are expected to learn. Reinforcement (through rewarding gender-appropriate behavior and punishing what may seem as deviant behavior) socializes children into their genders. Parents, for example, are far more likely to engage with their sons in rough physical play than they are with their daughters, and it has been argued that long-term consequences may follow (in this case, a head start for boys in the development of physical violence and aggressiveness.)Parents and family can influence the way that a child develops their view of gender. These types of influences can include parental attitudes and difference of treatment regarding male and female children. Researcher Susan Witt claims that parents also expose children to gender from the time they are born via specific toys, colors, and names associated with genders in the binary. Witt suggests that parental attitudes about gender can differ from male to female children and that these attitudes develop quickly after a child's birth.Author Susan Grieshaber, in \"Constructing the Gendered Infant\", suggests that attitudes regarding pregnancy change after parents find out the sex of their child, subsequently changing parental attitudes towards the unborn child. According to Grieshaber's theory, once parents determine the sex of their unborn child, they assume a gender while planning for the child's arrival. Because of this, Grieshaber claims that infants are born into a gendered world where they never know anything other than the gender traits that are assumed due to their sex. Dr. Kara Smith utilizes similar theory throughout the analysis of her pregnancy journals kept throughout her second pregnancy. Smith concluded that her attitude towards her child changed after learning that her child’s sex was male. Smith's claim is reflected in changes in tone of voice when talking to the unborn child as well as differences in physical touch of her stomach throughout the rest of her pregnancy. Another theory of gender socialization, discussed by Susan McHale, is that the gender roles and attitudes of older siblings can impact the gender roles adopted by younger children. Throughout the findings of McHale's study, it is maintained that parents still have the most familial influence on childhood socialization.By the time children reach the age of three, many will have acquired a firm sense of themselves as male or female, a gender identity that remains throughout life. In addition, many pre-schoolers develop a firm awareness of gender stereotypes, insisting that certain activities or items of clothing are not for girls and others not for boys. Yet gender identity does not automatically follow from biological sex.Adults respond differently to communicative efforts of boys and girls. A study of infants aged 13 months found that when boys demand attention - by behaving aggressively, or crying, whining or screaming - they tended to get it. By contrast, adults tended to respond to girls only when they used language, gestures, or gentle touches; girls who used attention-seeking techniques were likely ignored. There was little difference in the communicative patterns at the start of the study, but by the age of two, the girls have become more talkative and boys more assertive in their communicative techniques.The norms that are taught throughout childhood are influential in an individual's life because the ideas about gender that are typically taught by parents in early years are reinforced outside of the home. A study done by Dr. Mick Cunningham states that the normative behaviors and attitudes that children observe can influence the way that these children grow up to structure their own households in adulthood. Normative gender roles can be reinforced outside of the household, adding power to these hegemonic ideas about gender. An analysis of children’s books in the twenty-first century, by Janice McCabe, suggests that this particular avenue of children’s media symbolically annihilates females, representing them about half as often as that of males. Underrepresentation such as this can affect children and their views of gender. Children’s TV networks, such as Disney, Nickelodeon, and Cartoon Network have demonstrated a disproportional representation of males and females on their respective shows in a study done by Beth Hentges and Kim Case. According to Hentges and Case, there are less female characters across all three children’s networks; however, there is more propagation of stereotypical gendered behavior on Cartoon Network and Nickelodeon than that of Disney."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "223e2db32044ac402fd1edafcbec4f7f40fa6a7c",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "當女孩使用尋求關注方法時會發生什麼？",
              "en": "What happens when girl use attention-seeking techniques?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "被忽略",
                  "answer_start": 545
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "ignored",
                  "answer_start": 3430
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "第一次世界大戰中的英國",
      "en": "History of the United Kingdom during the First World War"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "英國陸軍的規模與其他歐洲主要勢力對比是比較小的。在戰爭爆發前，英國陸軍是一支小而現代化（相對當時而言）的志願軍，一共有 400,000 人，大多數人在大英帝國在全世界各地的軍事基地和要塞服役（至 1914 年 8 月，157 個步兵營中有 74 個、31 個騎兵團中有 12 個部署在海外）。這些常備軍和其他預備役軍人被編入「英國遠征軍」（British Expeditionary Force，BEF）遠征法國參加與德國的對戰。",
          "en": "The British Army during World War I was small in size when compared to the other major European powers. In 1914, the British had a small, largely urban English, volunteer force of 400,000 soldiers, almost half of whom were posted overseas to garrison the British Empire. (In August 1914, 74 of the 157 infantry battalions and 12 of the 31 cavalry regiments were posted overseas.) This total included the Regular Army and reservists in the Territorial Force. Together they formed the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), for service in France and became known as the Old Contemptibles. The mass of volunteers in 1914–1915, popularly known as Kitchener's Army, was destined to go into action at the battle of the Somme. In January 1916, conscription was introduced, and by the end of 1918, the army had reached its peak of strength of four million men."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "3a6f61347e39a7e850853a79ca4bf2572fdd9ca2",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "為什麼志願軍在世界各地工作？",
              "en": "Why were the volunteers working overseas?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "要塞服役",
                  "answer_start": 91
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "to garrison the British Empire",
                  "answer_start": 239
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "7b9a205b5ab5dd63dc37bccb4975836f86db87ab",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "BEF 的含義是什麼？",
              "en": "what is the meaning of BEF?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "英國遠征軍",
                  "answer_start": 163
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "British Expeditionary Force",
                  "answer_start": 483
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "LL 剖析器",
      "en": "LL parser"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "'$' 時一個特殊的終結符，用於表示分析棧的棧底或者輸入的結束；而 'S' 則時文法的開始符號。分析器會嘗試根據它在輸入流中看到的符號來改寫分析棧中的資料，但只會將仍需修改的資料存回分析棧中。",
          "en": "So the parser should also use the rule A → w if ε is in Fi(w) and it sees on the input stream a symbol that could follow A. Therefore, we also need the Follow-set of A, written as Fo(A) here, which is defined as the set of terminals a such that there is a string of symbols αAaβ that can be derived from the start symbol. We use $ as a special terminal indicating end of input stream and S as start symbol."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "01a3c016461767cc62b28038a7bde4770d23d081",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "“$” 這一符號表示什麼？",
              "en": "What is $ used for?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "一個特殊的終結符",
                  "answer_start": 5
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "as a special terminal indicating end of input stream",
                  "answer_start": 331
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "女教論"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "18 世紀該書出版時，可謂現代自學書籍（self-help book）的一位先驅。該書成文參考大量文學舊作，如建議手冊、宗教故事等。18 世紀下半頁有大量行為指南得以出版，市場蓬勃發展，沃斯通克拉夫特出版《女教論》時正利用了這點。然而，該書談不上非常成功：儘管書評加以讚譽，但僅有一份雜誌有過評論，書也只重印過一次。儘管當時一些通俗雜誌有摘錄該書內容，但上世紀 70 年代女性主義文學批判崛起之前，該書一直未能重印。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "1bd2fb2e0cdf511a20df8fd2343440b99cb45a8b",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "Thoughts 在哪個年代重印？",
              "en": "During which decade did Thoughts recirculate?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "上世紀 70 年代",
                  "answer_start": 177
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "雖然《女教論》與所有女性行為手冊一樣，陳詞濫調與建議鋪天蓋地，但從其中少數章節（如她對苦難單身女性的辛酸描述）可以預見沃斯通克拉夫特在《女權辯護》（1792 年）一書裡所闡述的女權主義者的論點。然而，一些評論家認為，根據沃斯通克拉夫特的後期作品可以看出《女教論》裡的這些章節似乎只有激進意味。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "2a27b850d204ea87c3144546b37d34839c4fb8e7",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "《女權辯護》是什麼時候寫成的？",
              "en": "When was the Vindication of Rights Woman made?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "1792 年",
                  "answer_start": 74
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "澳大利亞政府"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "澳大利亞參議院的 76 名參議員中有 72 名由澳大利亞的六個州選舉產生，每個州均可選舉 12 名聯邦參議員。選舉採用比例代表制和可轉移單票制；每名參議員的任期為六年，參議院每三年改選一半。除了每個州選舉的參議員之外，北領地和澳大利亞首都領地亦可每個領地選舉 2 名聯邦參議員。在澳大利亞選舉制度中，北領地選區除了包含北領地之外，還包括澳大利亞位於印度洋的領土聖誕島和科科斯（基林）群島；同樣的，澳大利亞首都領地除了包括澳大利亞首都領地之外，還包括傑維斯灣領地。領地所選舉的參議員採用偏好投票制，其任期並不固定。通常情況下，領地所選舉的參議員任期從眾議院大選結束後開始，一直持續到下一次大選開始前。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "76c57de229fe93ce7943dd405a9865f327138bd5",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "每名參議員的較長任期為多長時間？",
              "en": "How long is the longer term a senator can serve?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "任期為六年",
                  "answer_start": 78
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "由於《澳大利亞聯邦憲法》自 1901 年才頒佈；而在此之前，澳大利亞是屬於大英帝國統治下的自治領。由於當時的澳大利亞並非主權國家，所以並不使用 “國家元首” 一詞。因為現在的澳大利亞是一個君主立憲制國家，所以政府和學術界均將女王視為澳大利亞的國家元首。 但是在實踐中，澳大利亞的國家元首由澳大利亞女王和澳大利亞總督共同擔任，其中澳大利亞總督由女王根據澳大利亞總理的提議進行任命。雖然在許多方面，澳大利亞總督是澳大利亞女王的代表，並以她的名義行使各種憲法權力；但他們也各自行使其他一些重要權力。澳大利亞總督在國際上代表澳大利亞，並出訪其他國家。澳大利亞君主目前為伊麗莎白二世，她同時也是包括聯合王國在內等 15 個英聯邦國家的君主。與其他自治領一樣，澳大利亞也是透過《1931 年西敏法令》從英國國會獲得立法獨立。該法令於 1942 年在澳大利亞透過，並以 1939 年 9 月 3 日為追溯期始。根據 1953 年的《皇室風格與頭銜法案，澳大利亞國會授予伊麗莎白二世 “澳大利亞女王” 的頭銜。而到了 1973 年，更是刪除了她其他諸如 “聯合王國女王”、“信仰捍衛者” 之類的頭銜，僅保留了 “澳大利亞女王” 稱號。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "3ec485ea192187daaa5b6f6aaedeb4a36b23649f",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "《澳大利亞聯邦憲法》自哪一年頒佈？",
              "en": "What year does the Austrailian Constitution date from?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "1901 年",
                  "answer_start": 13
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "耦合性 (電腦科學)",
      "en": "Coupling (computer programming)"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "耦合性和內聚性二個名詞常一起出現，用來表示一個理想模組需要有的特點，也就是低耦合性及高內聚性。耦合性著重於不同模組之間的相依性，而內聚性著重於一模組中不同功能之間的關聯性。低內聚性表示一個模組中的各機能之間沒什麼關聯，當模組擴充時常常會出現問題。",
          "en": "Coupling and cohesion are terms which occur together very frequently. Coupling refers to the interdependencies between modules, while cohesion describes how related the functions within a single module are. Low cohesion implies that a given module performs tasks which are not very related to each other and hence can create problems as the module becomes large."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "8481b4840e879f26253cd5ebea26e0684e8af501",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "什麼是耦合性？",
              "en": "What is coupling?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "不同模組之間的相依性",
                  "answer_start": 53
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "interdependencies between modules",
                  "answer_start": 93
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "Banana Fish",
      "en": "Banana Fish"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "《BANANA FISH 戰慄殺機》（日語：バナナフィッシュ，英語：BANANA FISH）是由吉田秋生所創作的日本漫畫作品。於《別冊少女 COMIC》1985 年 5 月號至 1994 年 4 月號（1994 年 6 月號、8・9 月合併號、1995 年 1 月號刊載番外篇）之間連載。單行本全 19 集、文庫版全 12 集另含番外篇 1 集。也發行以本作為基礎製作的廣播劇。",
          "en": "Banana Fish (Japanese: バナナフィッシュ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Akimi Yoshida. Serialized in Bessatsu Shōjo Comic from 1985 to 1994 and adapted into an anime television series in 2018, the series follows Ash Lynx, a teenage gang leader in New York City. It takes its name from the J. D. Salinger short story \"A Perfect Day for Bananafish\"."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "9e94d23da3b19d764a6660ef8b403ba31427fa68",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "該日本叢書的名稱中提到了什麼水果？",
              "en": "What fruit is mentioned in the name of this Japanese book series?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "BANANA",
                  "answer_start": 1
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Banana",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "伊朗航空 277 號班機空難",
      "en": "Iran Air Flight 277"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "伊朗航空 277 號班機是伊朗國內的一趟定期航班。由伊朗航空經營。當地時間 2011 年 1 月 9 日 19 時 45 分，執行此航班的波音 727-286Adv，在即將降落烏爾米耶機場時墜毀。當時機上有 105 人",
          "en": "Iran Air Flight 277 was a passenger flight which crashed near Urmia Airport, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran, on 9 January 2011. At least 77 of the more than 100 aboard died. The aircraft involved, a Boeing 727-286Adv, was operating Iran Air's scheduled domestic service from Mehrabad International Airport, Tehran, to Urmia. It crashed after a go-around was initiated during final approach, in poor weather conditions."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "d473cacae5e04b4a6e445e82e3cac84cb670cdf5",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "2011 年在伊朗墜毀的班機是什麼號碼？",
              "en": "What was the flight number that crashed in Iran in 2011?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "277",
                  "answer_start": 4
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "277",
                  "answer_start": 16
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "美熹德 (加利福尼亞州)",
      "en": "Merced, California"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "美熹德也被稱為「通往優勝美地之門 (Gateway to Yosemite)」，因為 99 號加利福尼亞州州道及 140 號加利福尼亞州州道的交匯點就在美熹德城內。經由 CA-140 一路往東，優勝美地國家公園即在美熹德約兩個小時車程的地方，；美熹德往西，經由 CA-152 公路可到達蒙特瑞灣 (Monterey Bay) 和太平洋，與漫長的海灘。美熹德位處加州中央谷地中部，距離舊金山約 2.5 小時車程，距離加州首府沙加緬度約 2 小時車程，距離洛杉磯約 5 小時車程。附近較大的城市有 南邊的佛雷斯諾及北邊的莫德斯托。",
          "en": "Merced, known as the \"Gateway to Yosemite,\" is less than two hours by automobile from Yosemite National Park to the east and Monterey Bay, the Pacific Ocean, and multiple beaches to the west. The community is served by the passenger rail service Amtrak, a minor, heavily subsidized airline through Merced Regional Airport, and three bus lines. It is approximately 110 miles (180 km) from Sacramento, 130 miles (210 km) from San Francisco, 45 miles (72 km) from Fresno, and 270 miles (430 km) from Los Angeles."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "478b77b895d8b64cb196ec9b6c0abf58dc01847c",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "美熹德又叫做什麼？",
              "en": "What is Merced also known as?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "通往優勝美地之門",
                  "answer_start": 8
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Gateway to Yosemite",
                  "answer_start": 22
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "颶風約翰 (1994 年)"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "受東北太平洋上空的強烈高壓脊影響，約翰繼續向西移動，而因上層風切變存在而無法超越熱帶風暴強度標準。由於風切變強度不斷變化，風暴的強度波動也很大。在此期間，氣旋上空雲系多次被風切變破壞，約翰的強度一度降至接近熱帶低氣壓標準。在太平洋上空緩慢移動了 8 天后，風切變於 8 月 19 日開始大幅減少，約翰隨即得到顯著強化，於太平洋時區當天下午 17 點升級成颶風。8 月 19 至 20 日的 18 小時裡，約翰從一級颶風增強成大型颶風。PDT8 月 20 日上午 11 點左右，風暴進入中太平洋，預警責任由美國國家颶風中心移交中太平洋颶風中心。進入中太平洋後，約翰繼續緩慢西進，並因夏威夷群島以南較遠處洋麵的環境有利而繼續快速增強，於 8 月 22 日成為薩菲爾 - 辛普森颶風等級下最高級別的五級颶風，再於夏威夷標準時間當天晚上達到持續風速每小時 280 公里的最高強度。約翰還在 22 日這天（夏威夷標準時間）從夏威夷群島以南約 500 公里海域經過，是風暴距該群島最近的一次，並且一度存在轉向北上的可能，對群島構成威脅。但由於有高壓脊的保護，約翰的移動路線保持偏南，只是其外圍雨帶還是在群島產生狂風暴雨。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "d7d853f907650b1fd11eaa4da733afd8ad670d09",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "約翰號何時升級成颶風？",
              "en": "What time was hurricane John registered as a hurricane?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "太平洋時區當天下午 17 點",
                  "answer_start": 160
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "經過夏威夷群島後，約翰開始緩慢轉向北上，前進方向幾乎正對約翰斯頓環礁，這裡建有美國的軍事基地，除基地人員外沒有常駐人口。受風切變增多的影響，風暴緩慢減弱，強度從五級颶風標準降至一級，風力時速 145 公里。當地時間 8 月 25 日，約翰在約翰斯頓環礁以北僅 24 公里洋麵掠過，這也是氣旋距該群島最近的一次。約翰斯頓環礁上測得的最大持續風速為每小時 95 公里，相當於強烈熱帶風暴標準，陣風時速則有 120 公里。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "72bac74764cb133604da2de17f70a4b4e5f5f360",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "約翰距離約翰斯頓環礁有多近？",
              "en": "How close did John make it to Johnston Atoll?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "24 公里",
                  "answer_start": 129
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "經過約翰斯頓環礁近海後，氣旋轉向西北，並因風切變減少而再度增強。當地時間 8 月 27 日，約翰達到風力時速 210 公里的第二波最高強度，並在不久後從北緯 22° 附近洋麵穿越國際日期變更線，進入聯合颱風警報中心駐關島辦事處監控範圍。至此風暴成為颱風，並且在西太平洋行進期間都被稱為颱風約翰。穿過國際日期變更線後不久，約翰再次減弱並且基本停止前進。到了 9 月 1 日，系統已降級成熱帶風暴，而且就在國際日期變更線以西不遠處洋麵，基本沒有移動。約翰在此徘徊 6 天之久，連續多天的移動路線形成逆時針環路。9 月 7 日，由於有低壓槽逼近，風暴快速向東北方向移動，於 9 月 8 日經過國際日期變更線回到中太平洋。回到中太平洋後，約翰在中途島以北較遠處海域達到持續風速每小時 145 公里的第三波最高強度，相當於較為強烈的一級颶風。但由於低壓槽和中北太平洋水溫較低的共同影響，這一強度只保持了很短的時間。風暴結構快速消解，中太平洋颶風中心於 9 月 10 日釋出針對系統的第 120 份公告，宣佈約翰在烏納拉斯卡島以南約 1600 公里洋麵轉變成溫帶氣旋。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "234590c0bdb4716408dd53e5252159adc9a1ccfd",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "約翰在哪裡成為颱風？",
              "en": "Where did John become a typhoon?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "西太平洋",
                  "answer_start": 130
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "約翰進入西北太平洋後，聯合颱風警報中心在預測風暴動向和估計氣旋強度上都遭遇困難。進入西北太平洋後，颱風約翰的強度有大幅降低，聯合颱風警報中心在連續 4 份公告中都宣稱系統已弱化成熱帶低氣壓，還認為氣旋很快就會消散。但實際上，約翰並沒有像聯合颱風警報中心預計的那樣消散，所以該機構又在下一份公告中將系統升級成弱熱帶風暴。與此同時，有兩份相互獨立的船隻報告稱，約翰的持續風速至少有 55 節（相當於每小時 100 公里），遠較聯合颱風警報中心公告中的 35 節（相當於每小時 65 公里）要快。風暴返回中北太平洋後還會繼續增強，成為較為強烈的一級颶風，超出聯合颱風警報中心的所有預報。經過重新分析，該機構將協調世界時 9 月 1 日中午 12 點至 9 月 8 日中午 12 點間釋出的所有有關約翰的公告作出修改，把其中估計的風力時速資料提高至少 9 公里，最多的則有 40 公里。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "dd3353e3e94ef90f19726624a8af5729ece422d8",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "JWTC 評估的時候 John 在哪裡？",
              "en": "Where was John while it was evaluated by the JWTC?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "西北太平洋",
                  "answer_start": 4
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "dbb9d650f173bebcf58a43f463263da092edb87a",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "55 節相當於每小時多少公里？",
              "en": "How many miles per hour is 55 knots?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "每小時 100 公里",
                  "answer_start": 197
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "颶風約翰先後對夏威夷群島和約翰斯頓環礁構成影響，但程度很輕。風暴在夏威夷群島以南約 550 公里洋麵經過，多個島上的信風風速增強，朝向東南或南面的海岸還受到大浪衝擊，並且隨著氣旋向西移動，群島的西向海岸也出現大浪。沿海浪高在 1.8 至 3 米不等，凱盧阿科納（Kailua-Kona）的海灘公園被淹。此外，夏威夷大島因暴雨引發區域性洪災，但程度較輕，還有部分短線道路封閉。沒有任何報道表明夏威夷群島因這場颶風引發人員傷亡或嚴重破壞。颶風約翰在距約翰斯頓環礁不足 25 公里海域掠過，但距該群島最近時已大幅減弱成一級颶風。風暴來襲前，新聞報道稱島上的浪高達 6.1 至 9.1 米。與此同時，北半球熱帶氣旋的最強風力和最大雨量大都集中在風暴前進方向的右側（北面），所以位於約翰路徑以南的約翰斯頓環礁也就免於受到風暴最強破壞力的衝擊。不過，群島上美軍基地的 1100 名工作人員還是預先撤離到火奴魯魯，以防萬一。群島上的建築物受到相當程度破壞，但由於海島面積狹小、基地的作用也較為有限，因此破壞導致的損失不大，總計數額約為 1500 萬美元（1994 年美元）。風暴殘留途經阿留申群島，在烏納拉斯卡產生時速 74 公里的陣風。風暴還給當地帶去暖空氣，有兩家氣象站測得的氣溫為 19°C，這在當地已屬高溫天氣。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "204de300f3288fcb938533064d61d15c4fa32b53",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "颶風約翰經過時距離夏威夷群島以南有多遠？",
              "en": "How long did John pass south?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "550 公里",
                  "answer_start": 41
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "e3d18da316e3fbbd97fb12c8d8be169000437d3f",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "暴雨在哪裡？",
              "en": "Where were heavy rains?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "夏威夷大島",
                  "answer_start": 154
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "土衛十八"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "早在 1985 年，Jeffrey N. Cuzzi 和 Jeffrey D. Scargle 就依據恩克環縫明顯是受到引力擾動的鋸齒狀邊緣預測環縫內有衛星。在 1986 年，Showalter 等人依據重力強度模式推測其軌道和質量。他們得到非常準確的預測，軌道半長軸是 133,603 ± 10 公里，質量是土星質量的 5–10×10−12，並且推斷恩克環縫內只有單獨一顆衛星。與實際的半長軸差距只有 19 公里，而精確的質量是土星的 8.6×10−12。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "0d74914421f037409434d2eccffea1410756cc06",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "半軸有多大差異？",
              "en": "How much does the semi-axis differ by?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "19 公里",
                  "answer_start": 201
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "稍後，這顆衛星在距離預測位置 1° 之處被發現。這項搜尋使用了航海家 2 號所有的影像，並且利用電腦來計算，在充份有利的條件下，影像的解析度是否高到足以看見衛星。每幅航海家 2 號影像解析度必須比～50 公里 / 畫素還要好，才能讓潘清楚的顯現出來。總計，有 11 張航海家 2 號的影像中出現了潘的身影。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "f3104e91d6d940a9be361d78cabe8590d5db98c6",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "月球離它被認為所處的位置有多近？",
              "en": "How close was the moon to the exact position that it was thought to be in?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "1°",
                  "answer_start": 14
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "潘的軌道離心率造成它與土星的距離大約有 4 公里的變化。就目前資料來看，其傾斜角（上移和下移的角度）與零無甚差別。潘繞行其中的恩克環縫，寬度大約是 325 公里。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "a3875c17506b6ae69eddf084b9ff1ed161fd3f28",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "潘繞行有什麼特徵導致距離變化？",
              "en": "What feature of Pan's orbit causes a distance variation?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "恩克環縫",
                  "answer_start": 63
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "伍迪・艾倫",
      "en": "Woody Allen"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "艾倫・斯圖爾特・康尼斯堡生於紐約市布朗克斯區，在布魯克林區長大。母親內蒂（Nettie Cherry，1906 年 11 月 8 日－2002 年 1 月 27 日）在家族經營的熟肉店裡做會計，父親馬丁・康尼斯堡（Martin Konigsberg，1900 年 12 月 25 日－2001 年 1 月 13 日）則是一名珠寶雕刻師和服務員。 艾倫的家族是阿什肯納茲猶太人，祖父母是俄羅斯和奧地利移民，說意第緒語、希伯來語和德語。 艾倫的父母均出生在曼哈頓下東城。艾倫有一個妹妹 Letty，1943 年出生，在布魯克林 Midwood 社群長大。",
          "en": "Allen was born Allan Stewart Konigsberg in the Brooklyn borough of New York City. He and his sister, Letty (b. 1943), were raised in Midwood, Brooklyn. He is the son of Nettie (née Cherry; November 8, 1906 – January 27, 2002), a bookkeeper at her family's delicatessen, and Martin Konigsberg (December 25, 1900 – January 8, 2001), a jewelry engraver and waiter. His family was Jewish, and his grandparents immigrated to the US from Russia and Austria and spoke Yiddish, Hebrew, and German. Both of Allen's parents were born and raised on the Lower East Side of Manhattan.His childhood was not particularly happy; his parents did not get along, and he had a rocky relationship with his stern, temperamental mother. Allen spoke German quite a bit in his early years. He would later joke that when he was young he was often sent to inter-faith summer camps. While attending Hebrew school for eight years, he went to Public School 99 (now the Isaac Asimov School for Science and Literature) and to Midwood High School, where he graduated in 1953. Unlike his comic persona, he was more interested in baseball than school and his strong arms ensured he was first to be picked for a team. He impressed students with his extraordinary talent with cards and magic tricks.For pay, he wrote jokes (or \"gags\") for agent David O. Alber, who sold them to newspaper columnists. At age 17 he legally changed his name to Heywood Allen and later began to call himself Woody Allen. According to Allen, his first published joke read: \"Woody Allen says he ate at a restaurant that had O.P.S. prices—over people's salaries.\" He was earning more than both his parents combined. After high school, he attended New York University, studying communication and film in 1953, before dropping out after failing the course \"Motion Picture Production\". He studied film at City College of New York in 1954 but left before the end of the first semester. He taught himself rather than studying in the classroom. He taught at The New School and studied with writing teacher Lajos Egri.p.74"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "ab534437c815d9b4fc0f7399638be2fc3f75acfe",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "他父或母較長壽？",
              "en": "Which parent of his lived longer?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "馬丁・康尼斯堡",
                  "answer_start": 99
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Martin Konigsberg",
                  "answer_start": 274
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "f01b0bc09793408aad044d78eece433b44db55b2",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "他何時自稱伍迪・艾倫？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "age 17",
                  "answer_start": 1366
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "艾倫的童年不算特別愉快：父母不和，母子間關係也很僵硬。 艾倫小時候常說德語。在希伯來語學校學習了 8 年之後，他進入了 99 公立學校（即現在的艾薩克・阿西莫夫科學與文學學院）和 Midwood 米德伍德高中。那時的他對棒球更為著迷，希望能練就一副強壯的手臂以保證被校隊選中。 艾倫在牌技與魔術方面表現出的過人天賦也給他的同學留下了深刻印象。為了賺錢，艾倫給經紀人 David O. Alber 寫笑話，後者再轉賣給報紙專欄作家。他開始自稱伍迪・艾倫。17 歲時，他把自己的本名改為 Heywood Allen。 那時他的收入已經超過了他父母收入的總和。高中畢業後，艾倫就讀於紐約大學，學習通訊與電影專業。之後他進入紐約市立學院學習，但沒過多久就退學了。 後來艾倫透過自學學習了課程，而不是在教室裡。他最後在紐約新學院任教。他還跟隨寫作老師拉約什・埃格里學習寫作。p.74"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "f01b0bc09793408aad044d78eece433b44db55b2",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "他何時自稱伍迪・艾倫？",
              "en": "How old was Woody Allen when he took his name?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "17 歲",
                  "answer_start": 226
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "Novell"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "Novell 將它的網路傳輸協定基於 XNS，並從 IDP 及 SPP 中建立自己的標準，名為 IPX（Internetwork Packet eXchange）與 SPX（Sequenced Packet eXchange）。檔案與列印服務透過 IPX 執行 NetWare 核心協定（NCP），IPX 同時包括 Routing Information Protocol（RIP）與 Service Advertising Protocol（SAP）。NetWare 使用 Novell DOS（前身為 DR-DOS）作為開機載入器。Novell DOS 類似 MS-DOS 與 IBM PC-DOS，但不需要額外的 DOS 許可證；這於 1991 年收購 Digital Research 中獲得。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "ce5827e3d0b818f44a811206a765674b0a44aeaf",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "SAP 字母表示什麼？",
              "en": "What do the letters SAP signify?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "Service Advertising Protocol",
                  "answer_start": 192
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "761d37b4302660b0a404cc97a42f47d7ac69f1db",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "從 IDP 及 SPP 中建立自己的標準，那標準名為什麼？",
              "en": "what were the name of the standards Novell created from IDP and SPP?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "IPX（Internetwork Packet eXchange）與 SPX（Sequenced Packet eXchange）",
                  "answer_start": 47
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "2003 年至 2005 年 Novell 發表一個橫越其業務量的轉折產品，目的為阻止市場份額的下跌以及離開其他附屬 Novell 的產品，但開始並不如 Novell 預期那麼成功。為了盡力減低損失 Novell 在 2005 年後期進行一輪臨時解僱。同時其 Linux 業務的收入不斷增加，成長不夠快以容納 NetWare 損失的收入。這意味著公司的收入不是急速下跌，也不成長。缺乏清晰的方向與不適當的管理意味 Novell 完成改組需要比預期更多時間。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "c5770cf25b914ca39721f9612f216ccc9159540e",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "為了減少人力成本，諾維爾什麼時候開始解僱人員？",
              "en": "When did Novell fire people to cut costs?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "2005 年後期",
                  "answer_start": 108
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "海灣戰爭",
      "en": "Gulf War"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "美國總統布什很快就宣佈美國將發動一項旨在防止伊拉克入侵沙烏地阿拉伯的防禦行動 ——「沙漠之盾行動」。8 月 7 日美軍進駐沙烏地阿拉伯。8 月 8 日伊拉克宣稱科威特的一部分劃分為巴士拉省，另一部分自立為省。以艾森豪威爾號航空母艦和獨立號航空母艦為首的兩支美國海軍艦隊進入戰鬥地區。最後美軍在當地的駐軍達 50 萬人。當時軍事分析家的意見是，假如伊拉克在十月份以前入侵沙烏地阿拉伯的話，美軍在當地的駐軍將不足以阻擋入侵者。聯合國安理會和阿拉伯聯盟就這場衝突發表了一系列決議，其中最重要的是 11 月 29 日的聯合國安理會第 678 號決議，其中設定伊拉克撤出科威特的截止日期為 1991 年 1 月 15 日，並授權「以一切必要手段執行第 660 號決議」—— 一種授權動武的外交語言。",
          "en": "Acting on the Carter Doctrine policy, and out of fear the Iraqi Army could launch an invasion of Saudi Arabia, US President George H. W. Bush quickly announced that the US would launch a \"wholly defensive\" mission to prevent Iraq from invading Saudi Arabia, under the codename Operation Desert Shield. The operation began on 7 August 1990, when US troops were sent to Saudi Arabia, due also to the request of its monarch, King Fahd, who had earlier called for US military assistance. This \"wholly defensive\" doctrine was quickly abandoned when, on 8 August, Iraq declared Kuwait to be Iraq's 19th province and Saddam named his cousin, Ali Hassan Al-Majid, as its military-governor.The US Navy dispatched two naval battle groups built around the aircraft carriers USS Dwight D. Eisenhower and USS Independence to the Persian Gulf, where they were ready by 8 August. The US also sent the battleships USS Missouri and USS Wisconsin to the region. A total of 48 US Air Force F-15s from the 1st Fighter Wing at Langley Air Force Base, Virginia, landed in Saudi Arabia and immediately commenced round-the-clock air patrols of the Saudi–Kuwait–Iraq border to discourage further Iraqi military advances. They were joined by 36 F-15 A-Ds from the 36th Tactical Fighter Wing at Bitburg, Germany. The Bitburg contingent was based at Al Kharj Air Base, approximately an hour south east of Riyadh. The 36th TFW would be responsible for 11 confirmed Iraqi Air Force aircraft shot down during the war. There were also two Air National Guard units stationed at Al Kharj Air Base, the South Carolina Air National Guard's 169th Fighter Wing flew bombing missions with 24 F-16s flying 2,000 combat missions and dropping four million pounds (1,800,000 kilograms; 1,800 metric tons) of munitions, and the New York Air National Guard's 174th Fighter Wing from Syracuse flew 24 F-16s on bombing missions. Military buildup continued from there, eventually reaching 543,000 troops, twice the number used in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Much of the material was airlifted or carried to the staging areas via fast sealift ships, allowing a quick buildup."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "5bb523e95c25e58167a097e5584ff352fab68336",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "喬治・H・布什防止伊拉克入侵沙烏地阿拉伯的任務代號是什麼？",
              "en": "What was the codename for the mission to prevent Iraq from invading Saudi Arabia by George H. W. Bush?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "沙漠之盾行動",
                  "answer_start": 42
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Operation Desert Shield",
                  "answer_start": 277
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "科威特被佔領後不久，在美國就成立了一個叫做「公民為自由科威特」的組織，這個組織用科威特政府的 1100 萬美元開始了一場宣傳戰。其中一個很可能是欺騙性的情節談到，伊拉克士兵將科威特嬰兒從他們的保育箱中扔出來，讓他們在醫院的地板上死去。這個情節出現在一個由多個美國電視臺報道的，由美國國會舉行的關於伊拉克在科威特的暴行的聽證會上。在這次聽證會上，陳述這個情節的那個 15 歲的女孩後來證明是科威特駐美國大使的女兒，一位王室成員。",
          "en": "Although there were human rights abuses committed in Kuwait by the invading Iraqi military, the alleged incidents that received the most publicity in the US were fabrications of the public relations firm hired by the government of Kuwait to influence US opinion in favor of military intervention. Shortly after Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, the organization Citizens for a Free Kuwait was formed in the US. It hired the public relations firm Hill & Knowlton for about $11 million, paid by Kuwait's government.Among many other means of influencing US opinion, such as distributing books on Iraqi atrocities to US soldiers deployed in the region, \"Free Kuwait\" T-shirts and speakers to college campuses, and dozens of video news releases to television stations, the firm arranged for an appearance before a group of members of the US Congress in which a young woman identifying herself as a nurse working in the Kuwait City hospital described Iraqi soldiers pulling babies out of incubators and letting them die on the floor.The story helped tip both the public and Congress towards a war with Iraq: six Congressmen said the testimony was enough for them to support military action against Iraq and seven Senators referenced the testimony in debate. The Senate supported the military actions in a 52–47 vote. However, a year after the war, this allegation was revealed to be a fabrication. The young woman who had testified was found to be a member of Kuwait's Royal Family, in fact the daughter of Kuwait's ambassador to the US. She hadn't lived in Kuwait during the Iraqi invasion."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "c57bed08021f552b5e2df23f32689ba88b155934",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪國入侵科威特導致美國採取軍事行動？",
              "en": "What country's invasion of Kuwait resulted in U.S. military action?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "伊拉克",
                  "answer_start": 81
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Iraq",
                  "answer_start": 311
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "聯合國安理會第 678 號決議的最後通牒過後，1991 年 1 月 17 日，聯軍開始執行名為「沙漠風暴行動」的強烈空襲，每天的攻擊次數上千。使用的武器有制導炸彈、集束炸彈、空氣炸彈和巡航導彈。相應地伊拉克次日向以色列發射了 8 顆飛毛腿導彈。盟軍的首要目標是摧毀伊拉克的空軍和防空設施，這個任務很快就完成了，在此後的戰爭期間盟軍空軍幾乎暢通無阻。雖然伊拉克的防空能力比預期的要好，但在戰爭第一天盟軍只損失了一架隸屬於 VFA-81「劃日者」的 F/A-18C 戰鬥機（機號 AA403），遭伊拉克空軍的 MIG-25 PD 戰鬥機擊落。在這段時間裡隱形戰機被多次使用來消滅伊拉克的地對空導彈和其它防空武器。這些武器被消滅後，盟軍的其它飛機的行動就安全得多了。大多數飛機是從沙烏地阿拉伯和盟軍在波斯灣的六艘航空母艦上起飛的。",
          "en": "Iraq's government made no secret that it would attack if invaded. Prior to the war's start, in the aftermath of the failed US–Iraq peace talks in Geneva, Switzerland, a reporter asked Iraq's English-speaking Foreign Minister and Deputy Prime Minister Tariq Aziz: \"Mr. Foreign Minister, if war starts ... will you attack?\" His response was: \"Yes, absolutely, yes.\"Five hours after the first attacks, Iraq's state radio broadcast declaring that \"The dawn of victory nears as this great showdown begins.\" Iraq fired eight missiles the next day. These missile attacks were to continue throughout the war. A total of 88 Scud missiles were fired by Iraq during the war's seven weeks."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "173b7652b5b3f5166e8ff17a513a98d6127697d7",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "伊拉克一共發射了多少枚導彈？",
              "en": "How many missiles in total did Iraq launch?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "8 顆飛毛腿導彈",
                  "answer_start": 112
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "eight missiles",
                  "answer_start": 513
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "盟軍的下一個目標是指揮和通訊設施。薩達姆在兩伊戰爭中對他的軍隊的指揮非常詳細，小部隊自己的主動性幾乎全部喪失。盟軍戰略家希望假如伊拉克的指揮和控制系統被摧毀後它的抵抗力就會被大為削減。戰爭的第一個星期中伊拉克進行了幾次攻擊，但其效果甚小，38 架伊拉克米格機被盟軍飛機擊落，此後伊拉克空軍開始逃往伊朗。",
          "en": "The next targets were command and communication facilities. Saddam Hussein had closely micromanaged Iraqi forces in the Iran–Iraq War, and initiative at lower levels was discouraged. Coalition planners hoped that Iraqi resistance would quickly collapse if deprived of command and control."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "67dc3640acdeb040043cce9583e10c696c54ffb4",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "策劃人員希望用什麼樣的剝奪領導權的方式來瓦解伊拉克的抵抗力量？",
              "en": "What type of leadership deprivation did planners hope would collapse the Iraqi resistance?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "指揮和控制系統",
                  "answer_start": 68
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "command and control",
                  "answer_start": 268
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "1991 年 2 月 22 日伊拉克同意一個由蘇聯提出的停火協議。這個協議要求伊拉克在三週內退回到戰前的位置和完全停火，此外聯合國安理會觀察撤兵和停火。美國拒絕了這個建議但說回退的伊拉克軍隊將不被攻擊並限令伊拉克於 24 小時內撤兵。",
          "en": "The coalition rejected the proposal, but said that retreating Iraqi forces would not be attacked, and gave 24 hours for Iraq to withdraw its forces. On 23 February, fighting resulted in the capture of 500 Iraqi soldiers. On 24 February, British and American armored forces crossed the Iraq–Kuwait border and entered Iraq in large numbers, taking hundreds of prisoners. Iraqi resistance was light, and four Americans were killed."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "6e98e93fdc86044ebbb2a3f7700c52eacb004d8a",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "聯盟軍隊要求在多長時間內撤兵？",
              "en": "How long did the coalition provide for the removal of forces?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "24 小時",
                  "answer_start": 107
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "24 hours",
                  "answer_start": 107
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "假如我們在 1991 年消滅薩達姆政府，將陸戰改為入侵伊拉克的話，那麼我們將違反我們的不在行動中改變目標的宗旨，進入目標滑動的狀態，其結果是不可估算的人道和政治代價…… 我們將不得不佔領巴格達和整個伊拉克。同盟將立刻解散，阿拉伯國家會憤怒地離開我們，其它同盟國也會離開。在這種情況下我們沒有任何可行的，不違反我們的原則的「逃避計劃」…… 假如我們入侵的話，美國可能今天還是一個敵對國的佔領者。其結果 —— 可能是悲慘的結果 —— 將是另一個樣子。伊拉克沒有使用化學武器，而盟軍的進展也比美國將軍估計的要快。2 月 26 日伊拉克軍隊開始退出科威特，他們撤出時將科威特油田點燃。在從科威特通向伊拉克的高速公路上伊拉克軍隊和伊拉克和巴勒斯坦平民組成了一條長龍。這支隊伍被盟軍飛機猛烈轟炸以至於它獲得了「死亡高速公路」的外號。陸戰開始後 100 小時布什總統宣佈停火，2 月 27 日他宣佈科威特被解放。記者西摩・赫希稱停火被宣佈兩天後一支由巴里・邁卡弗裡指揮的美軍系統地屠殺撤退的伊拉克軍隊和一些平民。邁卡弗裡自己否認這個事件，在後來美國陸軍的調查中邁卡弗裡被證實無罪。",
          "en": "On 25 February 1991, Iraqi forces fired a Scud missile at an American barracks in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. The missile attack killed 28 US military personnel.The coalition's advance was much swifter than US generals had expected. On 26 February, Iraqi troops began retreating from Kuwait, after they had set 737 of its oil wells on fire. A long convoy of retreating Iraqi troops formed along the main Iraq-Kuwait highway. Although they were retreating, this convoy was bombed so extensively by coalition air forces that it came to be known as the Highway of Death. Thousands of Iraqi troops were killed. American, British, and French forces continued to pursue retreating Iraqi forces over the border and back into Iraq, eventually moving to within 150 miles (240 km) of Baghdad, before withdrawing back to Iraq's border with Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.One hundred hours after the ground campaign started, on 28 February, President Bush declared a ceasefire, and he also declared that Kuwait had been liberated."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "6e346dbeb1a7cd5b7a19dda1a4631e5473f58506",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "該地區最終被命名為什麼？",
              "en": "What did the area ultimately be named as?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "死亡高速公路",
                  "answer_start": 349
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Highway of Death",
                  "answer_start": 545
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "和平談判是在被佔領的伊拉克土地上進行的。在這個會議上，伊拉克被准許在它的邊界內使用武裝直升機。此後不久，這些直升飛機和其它部隊被用來打擊南部的叛亂。在北方，庫爾德人的領導人相信了美國關於支援人民起義的號召開始武裝暴亂，並希望以此激起一次政變。但當美國不進行干涉時，伊拉克軍人保持他們的忠誠並嚴重地打擊了庫爾德人的軍隊。上百萬庫爾德人逃過土耳其和伊朗的邊境。後來這些事件被用來建立伊拉克南部和北部的禁飛地帶。在科威特，埃米爾的獨裁政府被恢復。被懷疑為伊拉克合作者的人，尤其巴勒斯坦人受到特別法庭調查。最後 40 萬以上的人被逐出境。",
          "en": "In coalition-occupied Iraqi territory, a peace conference was held where a ceasefire agreement was negotiated and signed by both sides. At the conference, Iraq was authorized to fly armed helicopters on their side of the temporary border, ostensibly for government transit due to the damage done to civilian infrastructure. Soon after, these helicopters and much of Iraq's military were used to fight an uprising in the south. The rebellions were encouraged by an airing of \"The Voice of Free Iraq\" on 2 February 1991, which was broadcast from a CIA-run radio station out of Saudi Arabia. The Arabic service of the Voice of America supported the uprising by stating that the rebellion was well supported, and that they soon would be liberated from Saddam.In the North, Kurdish leaders took American statements that they would support an uprising to heart, and began fighting, hoping to trigger a coup d'état. However, when no US support came, Iraqi generals remained loyal to Saddam and brutally crushed the Kurdish uprising. Millions of Kurds fled across the mountains to Turkey and Kurdish areas of Iran. These events later resulted in no-fly zones being established in northern and southern Iraq. In Kuwait, the Emir was restored, and suspected Iraqi collaborators were repressed. Eventually, over 400,000 people were expelled from the country, including a large number of Palestinians, because of PLO support of Saddam. Yasser Arafat didn't apologize for his support of Iraq, but after his death, the Fatah under Mahmoud Abbas' authority formally apologized in 2004.There was some criticism of the Bush administration, as they chose to allow Saddam to remain in power instead of pushing on to capture Baghdad and overthrowing his government. In their co-written 1998 book, A World Transformed, Bush and Brent Scowcroft argued that such a course would have fractured the alliance, and would have had many unnecessary political and human costs associated with it."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "a1e022b0af5dfe40f9bcca1bd5057b57879d0f44",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪裡建立了禁飛地帶？",
              "en": "Where were the no-fly zones established?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "伊拉克南部和北部",
                  "answer_start": 189
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "northern and southern Iraq",
                  "answer_start": 1172
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "海灣戰爭也是一場「媒體戰」。戰爭不再是來自遙遠地方的新聞故事，首次世界各地的人可以直接在電視前看到導彈擊中它們的目標或從軍艦上發射的戰鬥實況轉播。盟軍非常願意顯示他們武器的精確性。",
          "en": "The war was heavily televised. For the first time, people all over the world were able to watch live pictures of missiles hitting their targets and fighters departing from aircraft carriers. Allied forces were keen to demonstrate their weapons' accuracy."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "e88583433c6542ea4577bdf7e0016f7d009b87a7",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "為了證明他們武器的精確性，盟軍使用實時照片來顯示戰士從哪裡離開？",
              "en": "Allied forces, wanting to demonstrate their weapon's accuracy, used live pictures to show fighters departing from where?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "軍艦",
                  "answer_start": 60
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "aircraft carriers",
                  "answer_start": 172
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "美國的愛國者導彈第一次在戰時被使用。美國軍方聲稱他們將多枚飛毛腿導彈在飛行中擊落。後來證明愛國者導彈對於聯軍的保護主要是心理上的。其實際攔截效率很難確定，最低的一種估計甚至認為只有為 9%。而美國軍方始終堅持愛國者導彈在海灣戰爭中的表現是「奇蹟般的」。",
          "en": "Scud missiles utilize inertial guidance which operates for the duration that the engines operate. Iraq used Scud missiles, launching them into both Saudi Arabia and Israel. Some missiles caused extensive casualties, while others caused little damage.The US Patriot missile was used in combat for the first time. The US military claimed a high effectiveness against Scuds at the time, but later analysis gives figures as low as 9%, with 45% of the 158 Patriot launches being against debris or false targets. The Dutch Ministry of Defense, which also sent Patriot missiles to protect civilians in Israel and Turkey, later disputed the higher claim. Further, there is at least one incident of a software error causing a Patriot missile's failure to engage an incoming Scud, resulting in deaths. Both the US Army and the missile manufacturers maintained the Patriot delivered a \"miracle performance\" in the Gulf War."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "5ef1260e1bc05fe69da61e451eb9a4acae2802e5",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪類導彈在海灣戰爭中備受好評？",
              "en": "Which type of missile was greatly acclaimed in the Gulf war?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "愛國者",
                  "answer_start": 104
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Patriot",
                  "answer_start": 854
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "原子"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "儘管原子的英文名稱（atom）本意是不能被進一步分割的最小粒子，但是在現代科學領域，原子實際上包含了很多不同的亞原子粒子。它們分別是電子，質子和中子。氫原子和帶一個正電荷的氫離子例外，前者沒有中子，後者只有一個質子。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "419b7f01519b290e2117a5b753f64661d62bd196",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "最初知道的最小顆粒是什麼？",
              "en": "What was initially known to be the smallest particle?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "原子",
                  "answer_start": 2
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "掃描隧道顯微鏡是用來在原子水平觀測物體表面的一種儀器。它利用了量子穿隧效應，使得電子能夠穿越一些平時不能夠克服的障礙。在操作中，電子能夠隧穿介於兩個平面金屬電極之間的真空。每一個電極表面吸附有一個原子，使得穿隧電流密度大到可以測量。保持電流恆定，隨著掃描的進行，可以得到一個探針末端的上下位移與橫向位移之間的關係圖。計算證明掃描隧道顯微鏡所得到的顯微影象能夠分辨出單個原子。在低偏差的情況下，顯微影象顯示的是對相近能級的電子軌道的一種空間平均後的尺寸，這些相近的能級也就是費米能中的區域性態密度。當原子失去一個電子時，該原子就被電離了。這一個多餘的電荷就使其在磁場中執行的軌跡發生偏折。這個偏轉角度是由原子的質量所決定的。質譜儀就利用了這個原理來測定離子的質荷比。如果一個樣品裡面有多種同位素，質譜可以透過測量不同離子束的強度來推導每一種同位素的比例。使原子氣化的技術包括電感耦合等離子體原子發射光譜以及電感耦合等離子體質譜法。這兩種技術都使用了氣態或等離子態的樣品。另外一個有侷限性的方法是電子能量損失譜，它是透過測量透射電子顯微鏡中電子束穿越一個樣品後所損失的能量。原子探針顯像具有三維亞奈米級的解析度，也可以透過飛行時間質譜儀來鑑定單個的原子。激發態光譜可以用來研究遠距離恆星的元素組成。透過觀測到的來自恆星的光譜中一些特殊的波長，可以得到氣體狀態下原子的量子轉變。使用同種元素的氣體放電燈，可以得到相同的顏色。氦元素就是透過這種手段在太陽的光譜中被發現的，比在地球上發現早了 23 年。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "e8a39385c2c204738ace7fccf71747f5dceb7e28",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "使得粒子透過的現象名為什麼？",
              "en": "What is the name of the phenomenon that allows the particles to pass through?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "量子穿隧效應",
                  "answer_start": 31
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "ed172bfd33995b7a9729ae81984cebe04ce16f68",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "掃描隧道顯微鏡用於什麼水平？",
              "en": "At what level is a scanning tunneling microscope used at?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "原子水平",
                  "answer_start": 11
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "蓋瑞・貝克",
      "en": "Gary Becker"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "1951 年得到普林斯頓大學學士學位，1955 年獲得芝加哥大學博士學位，博士論文題目為《種族歧視的經濟學》（The economics of racial discrimination）。",
          "en": "Born to a Jewish family in Pottsville, Pennsylvania, Becker earned a B.A. at Princeton University in 1951, and a Ph.D. at the University of Chicago in 1955 with a thesis entitled The Economics of Racial Discrimination. At Chicago, Becker was influenced by Milton Friedman, whom Becker called \"by far the greatest living teacher I have ever had\". Before turning 30, he began to teach at Columbia University in 1957, and in 1970 returned to the University of Chicago. In 1965 he was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association. Becker was a founding partner of TGG Group, a business and philanthropy consulting company. Becker won the John Bates Clark Medal in 1967. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1972, and was a member (and for a time the President) of the Mont Pelerin Society. Becker also received the National Medal of Science in 2000.A political conservative, he wrote a monthly column for Business Week from  1985 to 2004, alternating with liberal Princeton economist Alan Blinder. In 1996 Becker was a senior adviser to Republican Presidential Candidate Robert Dole. In December 2004, Becker started a joint weblog with Judge Richard Posner entitled The Becker-Posner Blog.\"The Becker-Posner Blog\". uchicagolaw. University of Chicago Law School.Becker's first wife was Doria Slote, from 1954 until her death in 1970. The marriage produced two daughters, Catherine Becker and Judy Becker. About ten years later, in 1980 Becker married Guity Nashat, a historian of the Middle East whose research interests overlapped his own. Becker had two stepsons, Cyrus Claffey and Michael Claffey, from his second marriage.Becker died in Chicago, Illinois, aged 83, on May 3, 2014, after complications from surgery at Northwestern Memorial Hospital.In 2014 he was honored in a three-day conference organized at the University of Chicago."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "ace930a0256e3486c802f3b4cadbc0eeda3d9acc",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "貝克爾為他的博士學位做了什麼研究？",
              "en": "What research did Becker work on for his doctorate?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "1951 年得到普林斯頓大學學士學位，1955 年獲得芝加哥大學博士學位，博士論文題目為《種族歧視的經濟學》（The",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "The Economics of Racial Discrimination",
                  "answer_start": 179
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "2007 年國際足協女子世界盃外圍賽",
      "en": "2007 FIFA Women's World Cup qualification"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "2007 年國際足協女子世界盃外圍賽將決出 15 支出線隊與東道主中國一起參加 2007 年國際足協女子世界盃，名額分配為：歐洲 5 席，亞洲 3.5（含東道主），中北美與加勒比海地區 2.5 席，南美洲 2 席，非洲 2 席及大洋洲 1 席。",
          "en": "Qualification for the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup determined which 15 teams joined China, the hosts of the 2007 tournament, to play for the Women's World Cup. Europe had 5 qualifying berths, Asia 3.5 berths (including the hosts), North and Central America 2.5 berths, Africa 2 berths, South America 2 berths and Oceania 1 berth. The 16th spot was determined through a play-off match between the third-placed teams in North/Central America and Asia."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "f582cf495c0c1a3f9e7b1b1c4921d895428c4e1c",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "非洲有資格獲得幾個席位？",
              "en": "How many qualifying berths did Africa have?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "2",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "2",
                  "answer_start": 275
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "2006 非洲女子足球錦標賽同時作為女子世界盃預選賽。此屆比賽原定於加彭舉行，後來由於 “組織上的問題” 而退出，最終賽事移師 奈及利亞舉行。共有 32 支球隊參與此次比賽以爭奪 2 個出線名額，但有 6 支隊在預選賽期間退出。",
          "en": "The 2006 Women's African Football Championship functioned as a qualifying tournament. Originally, this tournament was scheduled to be held in Gabon, but due to \"organisational reasons\" Gabon withdrew from hosting the competition. 32 teams entered the African Championships and competed for the two available spots, but six withdrew during the qualifying session."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "9b93ae81f211853a3b0cb94348487f4a25c8948b",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪是 2006 年的資格賽？",
              "en": "What was the qualifying tournament in 2006?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "非洲女子足球錦標賽",
                  "answer_start": 4
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Women's African Football Championship",
                  "answer_start": 9
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "珍妮佛・李",
      "en": "Jennifer Lee (filmmaker)"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "她生於 1971 年，母親和父親分別為 Linda Lee 與 Saverio Rebecchi，生長於羅德島州的 East Providence。獲得新罕布什爾大學的英語學位，之後到紐約從事印刷藝術設計工作。30 歲時進入哥倫比亞大學藝術學院學習電影美術，取得藝術創作碩士學位，並遇到了事業搭檔 Phil Johnston，後來兩人共同擔任《無敵破壞王》的編劇。2018 年 6 月，在迪士尼創意總監約翰・拉塞特因醜聞宣佈離職後，迪士尼宣佈珍妮佛・李將接替他在迪士尼的位置。",
          "en": "After the loss of her boyfriend at age 20, Lee became closer to her sister Amy. At around 30 years old, she entered Columbia University School of the Arts and earned a Master of Fine Arts in film. There she met Phil Johnston, her future writing partner on Wreck-It Ralph. Lee graduated from Columbia in 2005 and stayed in New York City, where she developed a background in live-action film, working as assistant director on and producer of the short film in 2004, \"A Thousand Words\".In March 2011, Johnston called Lee to ask her to join him at Disney Animation in Burbank to help him write Wreck-It Ralph. What was supposed to be a temporary eight-week writing gig eventually turned into a much longer commitment. First, she was asked to stay on until Ralph was finished. She then became involved with Frozen, initially as screenwriter and later as co-director with Chris Buck. When Lee was brought on board, she helped transition the film from an action-adventure to \"more musical, with more comedy.\" She worked closely with the songwriters (Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez) in the writing of the script. Frozen gave her the opportunity to celebrate \"wild and wonderful\" girls like her childhood self, and her daughter, Agatha. It was also the highest-earning film with a female director in terms of domestic earnings, until surpassed by Warner Bros.' Wonder Woman.On May 17, 2014, Lee delivered the commencement address to the class of 2014 at her alma mater, the University of New Hampshire.  She revealed that she had struggled with self-doubt while growing up, and then in April of her junior year of college, her boyfriend was killed in a boating accident, after which she felt \"no doubt, only grief ... and for a brief moment ... [knew] better than to waste a second doubting.\"  Years later, that memory would help her overcome her initial doubt over whether she was good enough to apply to Columbia. At Columbia, Johnston recognized she was talented but insecure, and one day asked her to \"promise ... that you'll leave it out of your work, just know that you're good enough and move on.\"  She concluded: \"If I learned one thing it is that self-doubt is one of the most destructive forces. It makes you defensive instead of open, reactive instead of active. Self-doubt is consuming and cruel and my hope today is that we can all collectively agree to ban it ... Please know, from here on out, you are enough and dare I say, more than enough.\"  UNH then awarded her the honorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters.In September 2014, it was announced that Lee and Buck would co-direct a short film featuring the Frozen characters called Frozen Fever. It was released in March 2015. Lee was one of several Disney writers and directors who received credit for \"Creative Leadership\" on the 2014 film Big Hero 6 and the 2016 film Moana, and received screen credit as one of the writers who developed the story for the 2016 film Zootopia.In August 2014, Variety reported that Lee's next project after Frozen would be an adaptation of Madeleine L'Engle's 1962 novel A Wrinkle in Time. After the news broke, Lee tweeted: \"Been in love with the book for over 30 years. Writing this script means the world to me.\" Catherine Hand, the executive producer of the 2003 television film version, and Jim Whitaker produced for Disney, and Ava DuVernay directed the film, based on Lee's script. A Wrinkle in Time was released in March 2018.On March 12, 2015, Disney announced that Lee and Buck would co-direct a full length sequel to Frozen.In June 2018, Lee was named the chief creative officer of Walt Disney Animation Studios, following John Lasseter's exit from Disney."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "aebf960e6e0bd9ff77638f9552ac0ba7b0a678e9",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "她是什麼學歷？",
              "en": "What degree did she achieve?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "30 歲時進入哥倫比亞大學藝術學院學習電影美術，取得藝術創作碩士學位，並遇到了事業搭檔",
                  "answer_start": 105
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Master of Fine Arts in film",
                  "answer_start": 168
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "柳特波德攝政王號戰列艦",
      "en": "SMS Prinzregent Luitpold"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "柳特波德攝政王號戰列艦（德語：SMS Prinzregent Luitpold）是德意志帝國海軍皇帝級戰列艦的第五艘及最後一艘。該艦於 1910 年 10 月在基爾的日耳曼尼亞船廠進行龍骨架設，1912 年 2 月 17 日下水，並於 1913 年 8 月 19 日交付海軍服役。柳特波德攝政王號在五座雙聯裝炮塔中裝備有十門 305 毫米 50 倍徑速射炮，最高航速為 21.7 節（40.2 公里每小時；25.0 英里每小時）。",
          "en": "SMS Prinzregent Luitpold was the fifth and final vessel of the Kaiser class of battleships of the Imperial German Navy. Prinzregent Luitpold's keel was laid in October 1910 at the Germaniawerft dockyard in Kiel. She was launched on 17 February 1912 and was commissioned into the navy on 19 August 1913. The ship was equipped with ten 30.5-centimeter (12.0 in) guns in five twin turrets, and had a top speed of 21.7 knots (40.2 km/h; 25.0 mph)."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "9771b7b3b082ba8e29c6a89ca7de2f6120895a17",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "皇帝級戰列艦的最後一艘是什麼艦？",
              "en": "Within the Kaiser class of battleships what was considered the final vessel?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "柳特波德攝政王號戰列艦（德語：SMS Prinzregent Luitpold）",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "SMS Prinzregent Luitpold",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "倫敦金屬交易所",
      "en": "London Metal Exchange"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "倫敦金屬交易所是全球最大的基本金屬及其他金屬的期貨、期權市場，位於英國倫敦市 Leadenhall 街道。倫敦金屬交易所提供了從交易日開始到 3 個月到期的合約，還有長至 123 個月的合約，它同時還允許現貨交易。它同時提供了商品對沖，世界範圍內的參考價格，以及現貨交割方式來了結合約的期權。",
          "en": "The London Metal Exchange (LME) is the futures exchange with the world's largest market in options and  futures contracts on base and other metals. As the LME offers contracts with daily expiry dates of up to three months from trade date, weekly contracts to six months, and monthly contracts up to 123 months, it also allows for cash trading. It offers hedging, worldwide reference pricing, and the option of physical delivery to settle contracts. Since 2012 it has been owned by Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing after LME's shareholders voted in July 2012 to approve the sale of the exchange for a price of £1.4 billion."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "da4ddecafe5f927e991a0dbe69b73e3fef1a0622",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "倫敦金屬交易所為全球提供了什麼？",
              "en": "what does London Metal exchange offer worldwide?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "參考價格",
                  "answer_start": 124
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "reference pricing",
                  "answer_start": 373
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "前哥倫布時期",
      "en": "Pre-Columbian era"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "許多前哥倫布時期的文明都留下了歷史的印記：永久性住宅、城市、農業、民用或紀念用建築，大型土方結構、複雜的社會等級體系。其中一些文明伴隨著第一批歐洲和非洲的永久住民的到來 (15 世紀後期至 16 世紀早期) 而消亡，只能透過考古調查和口述歷史窺見一斑。另一些文明則與殖民時期同時代因而被記載到歐洲當時的歷史文獻中。還有一些，例如瑪雅文明，留有他們自己的文字記錄。因為當時許多歐洲天主教徒把這些文字視作異端，一些人譬如迪亞哥・德・蘭達雖然一方面試圖保護當地歷史，一方面卻又燒燬了許多文獻。只有一些秘藏的文獻逃過一劫，另有一些則透過抄錄或者口述轉成西班牙語，譲現代歷史學家得以一窺遠古的知識和文化。",
          "en": "Many pre-Columbian civilizations were marked by permanent settlements, cities, agriculture, civic and monumental architecture, major earthworks, and complex societal hierarchies. Some of these civilizations had long faded by the time of the first permanent European colonies and the arrival of enslaved Africans (c. late 16th–early 17th centuries), and are known only through archaeological investigations and oral history. Other civilizations were contemporary with the colonial period and were described in European historical accounts of the time. A few, such as the Maya civilization, had their own written records. Because many Christian Europeans of the time viewed such texts as pagan, men like Diego de Landa burned them, even while seeking to preserve native histories. Only a few hidden documents have survived in their original languages, while others were transcribed or dictated into Spanish, giving modern historians glimpses of ancient culture and knowledge."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "bce8d30ece50727a54c436729bb7dd4935476c27",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "記錄是如何保持的？",
              "en": "How were the records documented?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "文字",
                  "answer_start": 176
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "written",
                  "answer_start": 603
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "邁克爾・度德威特",
      "en": "Michaël Dudok de Wit"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "邁克爾・度德威特（Michaël Dudok de Wit，1953 年 7 月 15 日－）生於荷蘭阿布考德，是一位動畫師，導演，插畫家。他起初在瑞士學習版畫，之後在 1978 年畢業於英國的西薩瑞藝術學院（West Surrey College of Art）學習動畫，且完成首部作品《會見》（The Interview)。在巴塞羅那工作一年之後，定居在英國為電影、電視以及廣告製作動畫。1992 年他創作了第一部動畫短片《清潔工湯姆》（Tom Sweep），1994 年的《和尚與飛魚》使他獲得（The Monk and the Fish）獲得了奧斯卡最佳動畫短片的提名和其它眾多獎項包括法國凱撒獎與歐洲金動畫獎等。他同時也製作兒童圖書，並在英國等地的藝術學院教課。",
          "en": "After working for a year in Barcelona, he settled in London where he directs and animates award-winning commercials for television and cinema. In 1992, he created the short film Tom Sweep, followed by The Monk and the Fish (1994), which was made in France with the studio Folimage. This film was nominated for an Oscar   and has won numerous prizes including a César Award for Best Short Film and the Cartoon d'or. Michael also writes and illustrates children's picture books and teaches animation at art colleges in England and abroad."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "4ce3a98e2113ece570a6cea8ad3f82d1d2d6fcfc",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "邁克爾任教的大學在哪裡？",
              "en": "Where are the colleges located where Michael teaches at?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "英國等地",
                  "answer_start": 324
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "England and abroad",
                  "answer_start": 517
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "社會信用體系",
      "en": "Social Credit System"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "目前，部分技術由阿里巴巴旗下螞蟻金服運營的芝麻信用所實現。阿里巴巴運營了中國最大的線上服務平臺，如網路購物和電子支付。阿里巴巴為了評估一個人的信用分數而透過其監管體系自由地收集來自社交網路，公共和私有機構等平臺的資料，而這些資料皆來自於個人在這些平臺自有的賬戶，以及網路活動。平臺運營方可以挖掘個人留下的的資料軌跡從而獲得完整的社交檔案，包括：位置資訊、好友、健康記錄、保險、私人訊息、財務狀況、遊戲時間、智慧家居統計、首選報紙、購物記錄以及約會行為。除了芝麻信用這類商業性質機制外，中國政府部門也落實相應措施，透過收集銀行的信用評估資訊和行政部門的處罰記錄，對滿足要求的組織或個人給予便利，或者限制或懲罰不滿足要求的組織或個人，例如針對失信被執行人乘坐高鐵、飛機等高消費行為，或宣傳他們等。",
          "en": "The Chinese government aims at assessing the trustworthiness and compliance of each person. The data collected stems both from peoples' own accounts, as well as their network's activities. Website operators can mine the traces of data that users exchange with websites and derive a full social profile that includes location, friends, health records, insurance, private messages, financial position, gaming duration, smart home statistics, preferred newspapers, shopping history, and dating behaviour."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "1e6eea1b2a0a4a3404f6b269d334582d15a0cf68",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "網站可以挖掘什麼？",
              "en": "what can websites mine?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "資料軌跡",
                  "answer_start": 153
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "traces of data",
                  "answer_start": 220
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "索羅門群島"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "島嶼多為火山島，不同活動程度的火山位於一些較大的島嶼，而許多較小的島嶼只是由沙子與棕櫚樹覆蓋的小環礁島。最西與最東之間的島嶼大約相距 1500 公里。位於萬那杜以北的聖塔克魯茲群島遠離其他島嶼多於 200 公里。最大的瓜達爾卡納爾島面積達 6475 平方千米，島上有全國最高峰波波馬納休山，海拔 2330 米。氣候為赤道多雨氣候，終年炎熱，盛行赤道海洋氣團，無旱季。年均降水量在 3000 毫米左右。索羅門群島由兩組截然不同的陸地生態區組成。當中大多數島嶼，連同屬於巴布亞紐幾內亞的領土的布干維爾島及布卡島，都屬於索羅門群島雨林生態區；聖塔克魯茲群島是所羅門東邊主要的一群，與臨近的萬那杜群島屬於萬那杜雨林生態區。這兩個生態區，連同鄰近的新喀里多尼亞、俾斯麥群島、新幾內亞、澳大利亞和紐西蘭，都屬於澳亞大陸生態區的範圍。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "e18b622076aef43307b5a837683a3f6779bca4c7",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "索羅門群島有多少生態區？",
              "en": "How many ecoregions are there in the Solomon Islands?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "兩組",
                  "answer_start": 206
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "2007 年 12 月 13 日，索羅門群島議會以 25 票對 22 票透過對總理梅納西・索格瓦雷的不信任案。索格瓦雷成為這個南太平洋島國自 1978 年獨立以來第一個因議會不信任投票下臺的總理。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "7e38c1ad56b52c1939ca1330d77db703b018f1ed",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "2007 年 6 月索羅門群島的總理是誰？",
              "en": "Who was the prime minister of solomon island in June 2007?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "梅納西・索格瓦雷",
                  "answer_start": 41
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "索羅門群島政府以薄弱的政黨政治和非常不穩定的議會聯盟為特點。他們受頻繁的不信任投票影響，內閣因此經常改組。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "290ad41f5d0ec5981f753efb1b547e22670a6c82",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "索羅門群島有穩定的議會聯盟嗎？",
              "en": "Does Solomon Islands have stable parliamentary coalition?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "非常不穩定的",
                  "answer_start": 16
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "核糖核酸",
      "en": "RNA"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "如同 DNA，RNA 也可以攜帶遺傳資訊。RNA 病毒的基因組由 RNA 組成，可以轉譯出多種蛋白質，其中一些負責基因組的複製，而其它的則作為保護構造，在病毒離開宿主細胞後，保護基因組。類病毒是另一種型別的病原體，但它們僅由 RNA 組成，且該 RNA 並不會轉譯出任何蛋白質，並利用宿主的聚合酶來複制。",
          "en": "Like DNA, RNA can carry genetic information. RNA viruses have genomes composed of RNA that encodes a number of proteins. The viral genome is replicated by some of those proteins, while other proteins protect the genome as the virus particle moves to a new host cell. Viroids are another group of pathogens, but they consist only of RNA, do not encode any protein and are replicated by a host plant cell's polymerase."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "d8f98ee20d5173fc8a52bc3ceb83ca4ab9b7fe38",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "除了 DNA 之外，還有什麼能夠攜帶遺傳資訊？",
              "en": "In addition to DNA, what else is capable of conveying genetic information?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "RNA",
                  "answer_start": 7
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "RNA",
                  "answer_start": 10
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "阿凡達",
      "en": "Avatar (2009 film)"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "《阿凡達》（英語：Avatar）是 2009 年上映的一部美國科幻史詩式電影，由詹姆斯・卡麥隆撰寫劇本並執導，主要演員有山姆・沃辛頓、柔伊・沙達納、雪歌妮・薇佛、蜜雪兒・羅德里奎茲和史帝芬・朗。電影設定於 2154 年，當時人類正在南門二恆星系生態茂盛的潘朵拉衛星上開採珍稀礦產難得素。 採礦殖民地的擴張威脅到了當地部落納美人的生存：納美人是土生土長於潘多拉星球上的有感知智慧能力的類人種族。電影的標題「阿凡達」，指的是經過基因改造而能為部分人類所控制的納美人身體，人類使用他們來同潘朵拉星上的原住民展開交流。阿凡達的開發始於 1994 年，卡梅隆當時為這部電影撰寫了 80 頁的劇本論述。柯麥隆原計劃在 1997 年的《鐵達尼號》攝製完成後就開始製作這部電影，並打算在 1999 年上映，但最終未能如願。柯麥隆解釋說，當時的技術手段還不足以表現出他想像的電影場景。為電影中的外星人創造語言的工作開始於 2005 年夏天，柯麥隆也在 2006 年初開始發展劇本及其虛構世界。官方公佈的《阿凡達》製作費為 2.37 億美元。其餘的估計則認為電影製作大概花費了 2.8 至 3.1 億美元，另外投入 1.5 億美元到市場的宣傳營銷上。在發行上，這部電影不僅使用了傳統的 2D 放映格式，還使用了包括 RealD 3D、Dolby 3D、XpanD 3D 和 IMAX 3D 在內的多種 3D 格式，乃至 4D 格式。因為在 3D 視野和立體視覺製片上有著諸多創新，這部電影被譽為電影製片技術上的一大突破。因為這部電影，爾後所有好萊塢動作片都使用了 3D 拍攝技術，之後，3D 放映版本也開始遍及全世界幾乎所有的首輪戲院。",
          "en": "Avatar (marketed as James Cameron's Avatar) is a 2009 American epic science fiction film directed, written, produced, and co-edited by James Cameron, and stars Sam Worthington, Zoe Saldana, Stephen Lang, Michelle Rodriguez, and Sigourney Weaver. The film is set in the mid-22nd century, when humans are colonizing Pandora, a lush habitable moon of a gas giant in the Alpha Centauri star system, in order to mine the mineral unobtanium, a room-temperature superconductor. The expansion of the mining colony threatens the continued existence of a local tribe of Na'vi – a humanoid species indigenous to Pandora. The film's title refers to a genetically engineered Na'vi body operated from the brain of a remotely located human that is used to interact with the natives of Pandora.Development of Avatar began in 1994, when Cameron wrote an 80-page treatment for the film. Filming was supposed to take place after the completion of Cameron's 1997 film Titanic, for a planned release in 1999, but, according to Cameron, the necessary technology was not yet available to achieve his vision of the film. Work on the language of the film's extraterrestrial beings began in 2005, and Cameron began developing the screenplay and fictional universe in early 2006. Avatar was officially budgeted at $237 million. Other estimates put the cost between $280 million and $310 million for production and at $150 million for promotion. The film made extensive use of new motion capture filming techniques, and was released for traditional viewing, 3D viewing (using the RealD 3D, Dolby 3D, XpanD 3D, and IMAX 3D formats), and for \"4D\" experiences in select South Korean theaters. The stereoscopic filmmaking was touted as a breakthrough in cinematic technology.Avatar premiered in London on December 10, 2009, and was released in the United States on December 18 to positive reviews, with critics highly praising its groundbreaking visual effects. During its theatrical run, the film broke several box office records and became the highest-grossing film of all time, as well as in the United States and Canada, surpassing Cameron's Titanic, which had held those records for twelve years. It also became the first film to gross more than $2 billion and the best-selling film of 2010 in the United States. Avatar was nominated for nine Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director, and won three, for Best Art Direction, Best Cinematography and Best Visual Effects."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "66a081658627a29d274b69b8ecf6e38984d380ee",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "《阿凡達》製作費為多少美元？",
              "en": "What was the original amount allotted to film Avatar?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "2.37 億",
                  "answer_start": 451
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "$237 million",
                  "answer_start": 1287
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "2006 年 1 月至 4 月，柯麥隆逐步完善了劇本，並發展了電影中外星人納美人的文化。南加州大學的語言學家保羅・弗朗莫創造了該族的語言。納美語大概有 1000 個詞彙，其中有 30 個是由柯麥隆加入的。發音音位中的緊喉子音（例如將「kx」讀成「skxawng」）出現在衣索比亞的阿姆哈拉語中；而詞尾的「ng」則可能是柯麥隆從紐西蘭的毛利語裡借出來的。雪歌妮・韋佛與電影的佈景設計師拜訪了加州大學河濱分校的植物生理學教授喬迪・S・霍爾特，向他求教植物學家研究和取樣植物的方法，並對如何解釋電影中潘多拉星生物的交流進行了討論。2006 年 7 月，柯麥隆宣佈他將在 2007 年 2 月確定演員後開始《阿凡達》的主要攝影工作，並計劃於 2008 年年中上映。同年 8 月，特效公司維塔數碼與柯麥隆簽約，以協助其製作《阿凡達》。此前與柯麥隆合作過的斯坦・溫斯頓，也協助了《阿凡達》的設計。電影的製片設計花費了幾年時間。電影有著兩組不同的製片設計師，和兩組相互獨立的藝術部門，其一主要負責潘朵拉星的植物群和動物群，其二主要負責創作人類機器和人類元素。2006 年 9 月，報導稱柯麥隆將使用他自己的現實攝影系統拍攝 3D 畫面。該系統將在一臺攝影機體中使用兩臺高畫質晰度的攝影機，以產生有深度感的畫面。當所有準備工作開始進行後，福克斯卻動搖了，他們還記得柯麥隆上部電影《鐵達尼號》預算超支和延期上映的痛苦經歷。柯麥隆為此重寫了《阿凡達》的劇本，合併了好幾名角色，還答應假如電影不成功的話就減少他的報酬，但都未能完全消除福克斯的擔心。柯麥隆在聯合制片人喬恩・蘭多的辦公室外安裝了盞交通訊號燈，並將其設為黃燈，以表現電影無法確定的未來。2006 年年中，福克斯告訴柯麥隆，他們已經「毫無疑問地放棄了這部電影」；於是，柯麥隆開始尋找其他的公司，並向迪克・庫克（後來成為了華特迪士尼公司的主席）展示了他的概念驗證。然而，當迪士尼打算接手時，福克斯卻動用了它的優先購買權。2006 年 10 月，在精巧媒體答應支援這部電影后，福克斯終於同意將《阿凡達》付諸製作；前者為後者分擔了佔官方預算一半以上的財務風險。在福克斯接受《阿凡達》後，柯麥隆和蘭多將交通燈轉為綠色。在兩位製片人參與撰寫的《阿凡達的藝術：詹姆士・柯麥隆的史詩歷險》（The Art of Avatar: James Cameron's Epic Adventure）一書中，有位仍覺懷疑的福克斯主管告訴蘭多說：「我不知道讓你們拍這電影是誰的瘋狂主意，是我們的還是你們的！」2006 年 12 月，柯麥隆將《阿凡達》描述為「一部 200 年後發生在一顆星球上的未來故事…… 是一場飽含環保意識的老式叢林歷險」。2007 年 1 月釋出的新聞稿則這樣描述這部電影：「《阿凡達》還是一場關於救贖和革命的心靈旅程。是一出關於一名負傷的前海軍陸戰隊隊員的故事，他不情願地加入了旨在佔領並利用一顆生物繁茂的外星球的行動，但他最終轉而率領當地種族為生存而戰」。而「我們將創造整個世界，包括由幻影般的植物和動物構成的完整生態系統，以及具有豐富文化和語言的原住民。」根據估計，電影使用了大約 2.8 至 3.1 億美元用於製作，並使用 1.5 億美元用於營銷；其 3,000 萬美元的稅收抵免在一定程度上減緩了對片方及其融資方的財務衝擊。然而，製片廠的一位發言人對電影網站 The Wrap 說，電影的預算「為 2.37 億美元，另有 1.5 億用於推廣，這就是全部了。」",
          "en": "From January to April 2006, Cameron worked on the script and developed a culture for the film's aliens, the Na'vi. Their language was created by Dr. Paul Frommer, a linguist at USC. The Na'vi language has a lexicon of about 1000 words, with some 30 added by Cameron. The tongue's phonemes include ejective consonants (such as the \"kx\" in \"skxawng\") that are found in the Amharic language of Ethiopia, and the initial \"ng\" that Cameron may have taken from New Zealand Māori. Actress Sigourney Weaver and the film's set designers met with Jodie S. Holt, professor of plant physiology at University of California, Riverside, to learn about the methods used by botanists to study and sample plants, and to discuss ways to explain the communication between Pandora's organisms depicted in the film.From 2005 to 2007, Cameron worked with a handful of designers, including famed fantasy illustrator Wayne Barlowe and renowned concept artist Jordu Schell, to shape the design of the Na'vi with paintings and physical sculptures when Cameron felt that 3-D brush renderings were not capturing his vision, often working together in the kitchen of Cameron's Malibu home. In July 2006, Cameron announced that he would film Avatar for a mid-2008 release and planned to begin principal photography with an established cast by February 2007. The following August, the visual effects studio Weta Digital signed on to help Cameron produce Avatar. Stan Winston, who had collaborated with Cameron in the past, joined Avatar to help with the film's designs. Production design for the film took several years. The film had two different production designers, and two separate art departments, one of which focused on the flora and fauna of Pandora, and another that created human machines and human factors. In September 2006, Cameron was announced to be using his own Reality Camera System to film in 3-D. The system would use two high-definition cameras in a single camera body to create depth perception.While these preparations were underway, Fox kept wavering in its commitment to Avatar because of its painful experience with cost overruns and delays on Cameron's previous picture, Titanic, even though Cameron rewrote the script to combine several characters together and offered to cut his fee in case the film flopped. Cameron installed a traffic light with the amber signal lit outside of co-producer Jon Landau's office to represent the film's uncertain future. In mid-2006, Fox told Cameron \"in no uncertain terms that they were passing on this film,\" so he began shopping it around to other studios, and approached Walt Disney Studios, showing his proof-of-concept to then-chairman Dick Cook. However, when Disney attempted to take over, Fox exercised its right of first refusal. In October 2006, Fox finally agreed to commit to making Avatar after Ingenious Media agreed to back the film, which reduced Fox's financial exposure to less than half of the film's official $237 million budget. After Fox accepted Avatar, one skeptical Fox executive shook his head and told Cameron and Landau, \"I don't know if we're crazier for letting you do this, or if you're crazier for thinking you can do this ...\""
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "ea2965f90478032118cb13eddc3eda7ec6d9a849",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰協助柯麥隆製作《阿凡達》？",
              "en": "Who assisted Cameron in making avatar?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "維塔數碼",
                  "answer_start": 339
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Weta Digital",
                  "answer_start": 1374
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "銀蓮花",
      "en": "Anemone coronaria"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "銀蓮花屬植物屬毛茛科，是多年生草本植物。其株高一般介於 30 至 60 釐米，基生葉 4—8，葉柄長 6—30 cm，疏生長柔毛；葉片圓腎形，三全裂；花 2 至 5 朵，直徑 3.5 至 5 釐米，白色或帶粉紅色；瘦果上有長綿毛，部分品種如罌粟狀銀蓮花（罌粟秋牡丹，A. coronaria）有塊莖；胚珠內珠被有一層（與銀蓮花類似的還有胡桃、向日葵等），有些種因為果實構造不同，而被視為獨立的屬 —— 白頭翁屬（Pulsatilla）。歐洲的木質銀蓮花指森林銀蓮花（A. nemorosa）能引起皮膚起皰，從前曾藥用，開白花。北美的木質銀蓮花指五葉銀蓮花（A. quinquefolia），葉深裂。其花期一般為春季，部分品種的花期在秋季。春季開花的有亞平寧銀蓮花（A. apennina）、希臘銀蓮花（A. blanda）和孔雀狀銀蓮花（A. pavonina）。湖北金蓮花（A. hupehensis）或稱日本銀蓮花（A. japonica），是受歡迎的秋季開花的沿邊花壇花卉。很多種因花色鮮豔而栽培在花園中。",
          "en": "Anemone coronaria is a herbaceous perennial tuberous plant growing to 20–40 cm tall, rarely to 60 cm (0.75–1.50 feet), spreading to 15–23 cm (0.50 to 0.75 feet), with a basal rosette of a few leaves, the leaves with three leaflets, each leaflet deeply lobed. The flowers which bloom from April to June are borne singly on a tall stem with a whorl of small leaves just below the flower; the flower is 3–8 cm diameter, with 5–8 red (but may be white or blue) showy petal-like tepals and a black centre. The pollen is dry, has an unsculpted exine, is less than 40 nm in diameter, and is usually deposited within 1.5 m of its source. This central mound consists of tightly packed pistils in the centre, with a crown-like ring of stamens surrounding this, which gives the species its name. The flowers produce 200–300 seeds. The plants form hard black tubers as storage organs.Aside from its flowers resembling poppies, the red single wild form flowers resemble the flowers of the red single wild form of Ranunculus asiaticus."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "503cd34d86793392ed2469472c6dcd79f582d59f",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "銀蓮花冠形花冠最高可達幾英尺，但只是偶爾發生？",
              "en": "How many feet is the tallest that Anemone coronaria will grow but only happens occasionally?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "其株高一般介於 30 至 60 釐米，基生葉 4—8，葉柄長 6—30",
                  "answer_start": 20
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "0.75–1.50",
                  "answer_start": 102
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "副傷寒",
      "en": "Paratyphoid fever"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "副傷寒是一種由腸道沙門氏菌引起的疾病，目前已知有三種血清型可造成該疾病。症狀與傷寒相當類似，且通常發生於接觸細菌後的 6 至 30 天。 通常會逐漸地在幾天內發展出高燒，其他像是感到虛弱、沒有食慾以及頭痛也都相當常見。有些人會在皮膚上表現出玫瑰色紅斑。如果沒有接受治療，症狀將持續數週甚至數月。 有部分的人可能會攜帶著細菌卻不會遭受感染，即便如此，還是具備傳染其他人的能力。 傷寒和副傷寒的嚴重度相似，兩者所造成的熱病皆屬於腸熱。",
          "en": "Paratyphoid fever, also known simply as paratyphoid, is a bacterial infection caused by one of the three types of Salmonella enterica. Symptoms usually begin 6–30 days after exposure and are the same as those of typhoid fever. Often, a gradual onset of a high fever occurs over several days. Weakness, loss of appetite, and headaches also commonly occur. Some people develop a skin rash with rose-colored spots. Without treatment, symptoms may last weeks or months. Other people may carry the bacteria without being affected; however, they are still able to spread the disease to others. Both typhoid and paratyphoid are of similar severity. Paratyphoid and typhoid fever are types of enteric fever.Paratyphoid is caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica of the serotypes Paratyphi A, Paratyphi B, or Paratyphi C growing in the intestines and blood. They are usually spread by eating or drinking food or water contaminated with the feces of an infected person. They may occur when a person who prepares food is infected. Risk factors include poor sanitation as is found among poor crowded populations. Occasionally, they may be transmitted by sex. Humans are the only animals infected. Diagnosis may be based on symptoms and confirmed by either culturing the bacteria or detecting the bacterial DNA in the blood, stool, or bone marrow. Culturing the bacteria can be difficult. Bone-marrow testing is the most accurate. Symptoms are similar to that of many other infectious diseases. Typhus is an unrelated disease.While no vaccine is available specifically for paratyphoid, the typhoid vaccine may provide some benefit. Prevention includes drinking clean water, better sanitation, and better handwashing. Treatment of the disease is with antibiotics such as azithromycin. Resistance to a number of other previously effective antibiotics is common.Paratyphoid affects about six million people a year. It is most common in parts of Asia and rare in the developed world. Most cases are due to Paratyphi A rather than Paratyphi B or C. In 2015, paratyphoid fever resulted in about 29,200 deaths, down from 63,000 deaths in 1990. The risk of death is between 10 and 15% without treatment, while with treatment, it may be less than 1%."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "780c4e10a07c92528ee5a2810fcba2effd3a2cbd",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "在不接受治療的情況下，症狀會持續多久？",
              "en": "How long do symptoms last without treatment?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "數週甚至數月",
                  "answer_start": 140
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "weeks or months",
                  "answer_start": 449
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "克里斯蒂安・波爾森",
      "en": "Christian Poulsen"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "克里斯蒂安・波爾森（Christian Bager Poulsen，1980 年 2 月 28 日－）是一名丹麥職業足球運動員，司職防守中場。",
          "en": "Christian Bjørnshøj Poulsen (born 28 February 1980) is a Danish former footballer. After starting his career with Holbæk, he played for a number of European clubs as a defensive midfielder, winning the Danish Superliga championship with F.C. Copenhagen, the German DFB-Ligapokal trophy with FC Schalke 04, and the European UEFA Cup with Spanish team Sevilla FC, later also playing for Italian Serie A club Juventus, as well as Premier League side, Liverpool, French side Evian, and Dutch side Ajax."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "d172d2522a36f23c81cca800b2eb874d55e5eea6",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "克里斯蒂安・波爾森的國籍是什麼？",
              "en": "What Nationality is Christian  Bjørnshøj Poulsen?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "丹麥",
                  "answer_start": 54
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Danish",
                  "answer_start": 57
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "塞瓦斯托波爾國際機場",
      "en": "Sevastopol International Airport"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "機場在 1941 年 6 月建成，當時是在第二次世界大戰中的第一年。在戰事中，此機場是用於駐守軍用戰鬥機航空隊。跑道地面不是硬地，在戰事後才鋪上混凝土。在二戰後，機場仍然用作軍用。直至 80 年代後期，米哈伊爾・戈爾巴喬夫統治下，機場便開始改變成為民用。",
          "en": "The airfield was first constructed in June 1941, during the third year of World War II. Initially it housed a military fighter aviation unit. Constructed without a hardened runway, after the war the airfield received a concrete runway, but remained exclusively in use by the military. During the second half of the 1980s, after Mikhail Gorbachev came to power, the airfield was significantly increased and improved, as the airfield was to be used by him when travelling to the presidential dacha on the southern coast of the Crimea, near the cape of Foros. Subsequently, it was also allowed to use the airfield for civilian purposes."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "e7e39a037c18e146cffee11905c4dc6eda0fbb45",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "第一個機場是哪一年建成的？",
              "en": "What year was the first airfield constructed"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "1941 年",
                  "answer_start": 3
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "1941",
                  "answer_start": 43
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "瑞塔・奧拉"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "芮塔・薩赫丘・奧拉（英語：Rita Sahatçiu Ora，1990 年 11 月 26 日－），是一名英國歌手、詞曲作家和演員。她的第一張專輯《尤拉 (Ora)》於 2012 年最先在英國發布。專輯收錄了英國的冠軍單曲 《安息 (R.I.P.)》 和 《派對 (How We Do (Party))》。在她客串 DJ Fresh 的單曲 《Hot Right Now》使尤拉獲得在英國單曲排行榜的第三個冠軍之後，她已經成為 2012 年在英國單曲排行榜上獲得最多冠軍的歌手。2013 年，她在全英音樂獎上獲得了三個提名。奧拉的第二張專輯的首支單曲 「我永不讓你失望 (I Will Never Let You Down)」在英國單曲排行榜上奪冠，這也是她 2014 年在英國單曲排行榜上獲得的第一個冠軍。同年，奧拉客串了伊基・阿塞莉婭的單曲《黑寡婦 (Black Widow)》。這支單曲曾在美國奪得第三名的成績。在 2015 年，尤拉成為英國之聲第 4 季的導師。同年年末也擔任了英國版 X 音素第 12 季的評委。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "1a24c9b91fdbd121cf28dcef8beb2fb7b394f19d",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "芮塔・薩赫丘・奧拉什麼時候出生的？",
              "en": "When was Rita Sahatciu Ora born?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "1990 年 11 月 26 日",
                  "answer_start": 31
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "瑞塔・奧拉出生於科索沃首都普裡什蒂納，瑞塔・奧拉是阿爾巴尼亞裔，而她父母都是阿爾巴尼亞裔。母親 Vera 是一名精神科醫師，父親 Besnik 是經濟學家而且經營一家酒吧。她有一個弟弟 Don, 跟姐姐 Elena。她姐姐同時是她管理團隊的一員。她的本姓 Sahatçiu 源自土耳其語，意為 “表匠”。後來父母為了方便發音而在後面加上 Ora（阿爾巴尼亞語，意為 “時間”）作為姓氏。1991 年在她 1 歲的時候跟隨父母搬到了英國倫敦居住。小的時候她就表現出了對歌唱的熱愛。2004 年參演電影「Spivs」。並於 2009 年參加了「歐洲歌唱大賽」節目。在 2009 年在星探引薦下與 Jay Z 相識，得到了在 Jay Z 單曲「Forever Young」的 MV 中露臉的機會。由於在唱功和演技方面的出色表現，很快得到了 Jay-Z 的賞識。2011 年在 YouTube 中上傳了一個叫做「Hot Right Now」的影片，成為英國單曲榜第一名。2013 年，短暫演出了「玩命關頭 6」的賽車女郎。2014 年與伊基・阿塞莉婭合作演唱「Black Widow」。她參演了 2015 年上映的電影「格雷的五十道陰影」。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "512ccdb41af96f51b481a603957ad3fbc007fc6c",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "奧拉哪一年一週歲？",
              "en": "What year was Ora one year old?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "1991",
                  "answer_start": 193
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "鄧肯・愛德華茲",
      "en": "Duncan Edwards"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "出生於達德利的愛華士在年少時已獲曼聯僱用，隨後成為甲級聯賽最年輕的球員，以及第二次世界大戰後英格蘭隊中最年輕的球員。在短短五年的職業足球生涯中，他曾經協助曼聯贏得兩次足球聯賽冠軍，並打入歐洲盃四強。1958 年 2 月，雖然他在慕尼黑空難中獲救，但延至 15 天后傷重不治。",
          "en": "Born in Woodside, Dudley, Edwards signed for Manchester United as a teenager and went on to become the youngest player to play in the Football League First Division and at the time the youngest England player since the Second World War, going on to play 18 times for his country at top level. In a professional career of less than five years he helped United to win two Football League championships and two FA Charity Shields, and reach the semi-finals of the European Cup."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "fbe6f05d08184e573272cda34188fd784d0f8bd5",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "愛德華茲贏取了幾次足球聯賽冠軍？",
              "en": "How many Football League Chamionships did Edwards win?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "兩次",
                  "answer_start": 81
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "two",
                  "answer_start": 366
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "教父 (電影)",
      "en": "The Godfather"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "電影的第一個令人震驚的畫面，也就是「沃爾茨發現自己的種馬頭顱被放在床上」，引來了動物保育人士的抨擊。柯波拉後來澄清片中的馬頭，來自於一家狗食工廠製造馬肉罐頭所剩下的，劇組並沒有特地殺馬。這段鏡頭則是在紐約華盛頓港拍攝。",
          "en": "One of the film's most shocking moments involved an actual, severed, horse's head. Coppola received some criticism for the scene, although the head was obtained from a dog-food company from a horse that was to be killed regardless of the film.  On June 22, the scene where Sonny is killed was shot on a runway at Mitchel Field in Mineola, where three tollbooths were built, along with guard rails, and billboards to set the scene. Sonny's car was a 1941 Lincoln Continental with holes drilled in it to resemble bullet holes. The scene took three days to film and cost over $100,000.Coppola's request to film on location was observed; approximately 90 percent was shot in New York City and its surrounding suburbs, using over 120 distinct locations. Several scenes were filmed at the Filmways Studio in East Harlem. The remaining portions were filmed in California, or on-site in Sicily, except for the scenes set in Las Vegas because there were insufficient funds to travel there. Savoca and Forza d'Agrò were the Sicilian towns featured in the film. The opening wedding scene was shot in a Staten Island neighborhood using almost 750 locals as extras. The house used as the Corleone household and the wedding location was at 110 Longfellow Road in the Todt Hill neighborhood of Staten Island. The wall around the Corleone compound was made from styrofoam. Scenes set in and around the Corleone olive oil business were filmed on Mott Street.After filming had ended on August 7, post-production efforts were focused on trimming the film to a manageable length. In addition, producers and director were still including and removing different scenes from the end product, along with trimming certain sequences. In September, the first rough cut of the film was viewed. Many of the scenes removed from the film were centered around Sonny, which did not advance the plot. By November, Coppola and Ruddy finished the semi-final cut. Debates over personnel involved with the final editing remained even 25 years after the release of the film. The film was shown to Paramount staff and exhibitors in late December 1971 and January 1972."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "8a8d97549469bfe5b88525df95e5342866af366e",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "柯波拉在哪裡接收到讓他面對抨擊的馬頭？",
              "en": "Where did Coppola receive the horse head from that gave him criticism?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "一家狗食工廠",
                  "answer_start": 66
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "a dog-food company",
                  "answer_start": 166
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "腎癌",
      "en": "Kidney cancer"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "腎癌最常見的徵兆或症狀是腹部出現腫塊或血尿。另外，疲倦、胃口差、體重下降、發高燒、大量出汗、腹部出現持續性疼痛都是腎癌的症狀。然而，上述症狀也可能會由其他情況造成，也有人患上腎癌後不會有上述症狀，特別是他患上的腎癌處於早期時。",
          "en": "The most common signs and symptoms of kidney cancer are a mass in the abdomen and/or blood in the urine (or hematuria). Other symptoms may include tiredness, loss of appetite, weight loss, a high temperature and heavy sweating, and persistent pain in the abdomen, especially in the early stages of the disease."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "21cf2fd41bb6dad49a89adf7856cb613efa38231",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "如果患了腎癌，會有什麼症狀。糸艸",
              "en": "What would you see if you expected yourself to have developed Kidney Cancer."
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "腹部出現腫塊或血尿",
                  "answer_start": 12
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "a mass in the abdomen and/or blood in the urine (or hematuria)",
                  "answer_start": 56
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "愛德華・庫倫"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "小說中的愛德華被描述為是個氣質迷人、彬彬有禮、意志堅定且非常固執的人。他對貝拉的保護欲十分強，並把她的安全、作為人類的一切及福利作為大前提。他特別於貝拉的安全風險的情況下經常過度分析情況，並傾向作出過度反應。他保持著自己還是人類的二十世紀初期一些過時的說話語調。愛德華把自己視為怪物，在他愛上了貝拉後，他拼命地希望自己是人類而非吸血鬼。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "1b071581966239865aa9bc31973e0eeef46c1b48",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "愛德華很保護誰？",
              "en": "Edward is very protective of whom?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "貝拉",
                  "answer_start": 37
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "如《暮光之城》中所有吸血鬼一樣，愛德華被形容為有一種不可思議的美麗。在系列中不同的地方，貝拉把他與希臘神話中的神阿多尼斯進行比較。他的皮膚「像大理石一樣」— 非常蒼白、冰冷、肌膚會在陽光下閃耀。作者把他的臉部特徵形容為完美和有尖角的 — 有較高的顴骨、強大下頜的輪廓、筆直的鼻子、和豐滿的雙唇。他的頭髮，繼承了他生母那非一般的青銅色頭髮，但總是凌亂的。而他的眼睛，人類的時候是綠色的，現在被描述為金棕色。若他長時間沒有進食的話，他的外觀就會改變 — 他的眼睛會變得深色，幾乎變成黑色，和紫色的瘀傷會出現於眼睛的下方。愛德華的身高為 6 呎 2 吋，擁有修長而肌肉發達的身軀。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "e06b6655996a099fb05708d7dfd9b64a85c5e606",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "愛德華的皮膚被比作什麼？",
              "en": "What was Edward's skin compared to?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "他的皮膚「像大理石一樣」—",
                  "answer_start": 65
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "15225d7f8e2ea27689bce0435f7a1e1785817997",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "貝拉拿誰和愛德華比較？",
              "en": "Who does Bella compare Edward to?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "阿多尼斯",
                  "answer_start": 56
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "愛德華像《暮光之城》中所有吸血鬼一樣，擁有超越常人的耐力、感應、智力和敏捷度，以及自愈因素及夜視能力。他超乎常人的力量能使他制伏他的獵物、把樹木連根拔起、把汽車扔在一邊，及把金屬粉碎。他的身體組織比花崗岩更強更堅硬，使他比人類更強硬和耐用，這對他的體重稍有貢獻。他被形容為有一種不可思議的美麗，有一些精緻和完美的特徵。他的聲音和氣味對貝拉來說是非常誘人，以至經常讓她感到十分迷網。在《暮光之城》中，愛德華解釋自己如其他吸血鬼一樣，他不需要呼吸，但他仍習慣這樣做，因這有助他嗅到他身處的環境。他不能消化正常的食物，對他來說就像一般人吃泥一樣。愛德華不需要睡覺，就如吸血鬼一樣。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "26f04d7f272004dbd5e245a85d4acdddf684ca42",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "愛德華不能消化什麼？",
              "en": "What can't Edward digest?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "正常的食物",
                  "answer_start": 250
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "此外，愛德華也跟他的吸血鬼家人分享他的異能，然有些能力是他獨有的：他擁有超級驚人的速度，與其他吸血鬼相比，他是庫倫家族中最快的一個，能夠超越庫倫家族中任何一個；愛德華擁有讀心術，能讀懂跟自己距離幾英里內任何人的心思，唯獨是貝拉除外，作者說那是由於貝拉的一種異能。愛德華還保留了他於 20 世紀初作為人類生活的一些傳統思維和過時的說話方式。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "74094800bc2b2ad8cd716ac67a5543fbded45b7d",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "愛德華保留了來自 20 世紀生活的什麼？",
              "en": "What does Edward have from 20th century life?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "傳統思維和過時的說話方式",
                  "answer_start": 156
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "愛德華是個音樂人，他能像鋼琴演奏家一樣演奏彈鋼琴。他享受演奏的音樂範疇很廣泛，包括古典樂、爵士樂、前衛金屬、另類搖滾和朋克搖滾，但不喜歡鄉村音樂。他喜歡獨立搖滾音樂到主流音樂，也一樣地欣賞搖滾和古典音樂。他於《暮光之城》中提到，比起 60 年代的音樂，他更喜歡 50 年代的，但他不喜歡 70 年代的，並指 80 年代的是「可以忍受的」。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "710acf3422edffe9895a4e58282fd03d7cd1a1b3",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "“”“暮光之城”“如何描述 80 年代的音樂？”",
              "en": "How is eighties music described in \"Twilight?\""
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "可以忍受的",
                  "answer_start": 162
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "ef0706aa21dfe4289f0d47dc2838177008ea2e23",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "愛德華討厭哪種音樂？",
              "en": "what kind of music does Edward hate?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "鄉村音樂",
                  "answer_start": 68
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "193e303358cd2b8049cbaa936f96c036ecaa2279",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "愛德華擅長彈奏什麼樂器？",
              "en": "Which musical instrument did Edward play well?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "鋼琴",
                  "answer_start": 12
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "愛德華的興趣是收藏汽車，他擁有一輛富豪 S60 及雅士頓・馬田 V12 Vanquish 作為「特別場合」的汽車。在《暮光之城：月蝕》中，他把一輛保時捷 911 的房車作為給姐姐愛麗絲的禮物。他本來買下一輛摩托車打算與貝拉同遊，但當他得知貝拉喜歡跟雅各布一起乘摩托車後，愛德華便把購得的摩托車送給賈斯珀。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "d0c2c79b9ddd4e94633f797747e99f23add6842b",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "愛德華的姐姐叫什麼名字？",
              "en": "Edward's sibling name is what?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "愛麗絲",
                  "answer_start": 89
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "cc23b8b4ae601489f1f08111bdbc0c561588c550",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "愛德華收藏汽車的愛好讓他出於什麼目的擁有一輛富豪和雅士頓・馬田？",
              "en": "Edward's hobby of collecting cars led him to owning a Volvo and Aston Martin for what purpose?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "特別場合",
                  "answer_start": 48
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "然而，一次庫倫家族的棒球活動中，愛德華對貝拉的保護性讓她成為了另一吸血鬼詹姆斯的目標獵物。詹姆斯不同於庫倫家族，詹姆斯是經常吸食人血的，並且吸不到貝拉的血誓不罷休，對貝拉展開追捕。在庫倫家族的幫助下，愛德華從詹姆斯手上救到貝拉，他發現自己生命中不能沒有她，但如何確保貝拉的持久的安全仍然是一個懸而未決的問題。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "2cf6f07a1e72ce3e8b7c32ff7b5838c6870132d4",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰幫助愛德華拯救貝拉？",
              "en": "Who helped Edward rescue Bella?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "家族",
                  "answer_start": 93
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "貝拉願意嫁給愛德華，條件是要由愛德華把她變成吸血鬼，還有就是在她還是人類的時候，跟她發生關係。愛德華最終妥協，同意由自己把她變成吸血鬼，但他畢竟是思想傳統的人，他認為親密行為應在婚後才發生。在第一集死去的吸血鬼詹姆斯，他的吸血鬼伴侶維多利亞，為了詹姆斯的死進行報復，決意要狩獵貝拉，並創造了一支新生的吸血鬼軍團。庫倫家族與由狼人雅各及山姆領導的種族戰鬥暫時停戰，因貝拉跟他們是朋友。後來，貝拉發現雅各比她所想的更愛自己，然而她知道自己對愛德華的愛更甚。後來，愛德華接受貝拉對雅各存在的關心，當二人成功地摧毀維多利亞後，貝拉承認愛德華是她一生中最愛。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "f3dd628c6dcc34221e7543768b89bee40083753d",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "維多利亞的愛人是誰？",
              "en": "Who was Victoria's lover?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "詹姆斯",
                  "answer_start": 105
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "在雙方家人支援下，愛德華終於跟貝拉共諧連理，貝拉並在蜜月期間懷孕了。但是半人半吸血鬼胎兒的迅速增長讓貝拉的健康嚴重受到影響。愛德華試圖強迫她打掉胎兒，以挽救自己的生命。但是貝拉在短短日子已感覺到她跟未出生孩子之間的聯絡，堅持要把他生下來。愛德華也漸漸感受到了寶寶對他的愛，讀取到他的想法，並得知寶寶也愛貝拉。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "192d3212a7fd6a29dc8def086ceb68158fb74e52",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "愛德華愛上了誰？",
              "en": "Who did Edward come to love?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "寶寶",
                  "answer_start": 129
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "貝拉在剖宮產期間的緊急情況下幾乎死亡，但愛德華成功把女兒取出來，然後把自己的毒液注射到貝拉的心臟。毒液慢慢的流到身體的各部分，使她身上的傷口迅速癒合，她變成了一名新生的吸血鬼。在貝拉痛苦的轉變過程中，雅各把他們的女兒雲妮絲美・庫倫烙印了。名叫伊琳娜的吸血鬼，一次意外地看見雲妮絲美的出現，誤會認為是庫倫家族製造不朽的吸血鬼小孩 — 在吸血鬼世界中被禁止的。她向伏圖爾一族告發他們。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "4cebc2fadd10d52ab2ce7ee59042dbfbc4f21b56",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "什麼醫療程式幾乎導致貝拉死亡？",
              "en": "What medical procedure almost caused the death of Bella?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "剖宮產",
                  "answer_start": 3
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "NTFS"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "相對於之前的版本，NTFS v3.0 包含若干新功能：磁碟使用限額、稀疏檔案支援、重解析點、分佈連結跟蹤，以及檔案級加密（即 “加密檔案系統（EFS）”）。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "605868ba99428ddfddbf9def8501d9f9f552455d",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "什麼系統比它的前輩有許多新特性？",
              "en": "What system has many new features over it's predecessors?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "NTFS v3.0 包含若干新功能：",
                  "answer_start": 9
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "理論上，NTFS 卷的最大容量為 264-1 簇。在 Windows XP 專業版中，由於分割槽表限制，實際實現的最大容量為 232-1 簇。例如，在當簇的從大小為 64 KiB 時，Windows XP 的 NTFS 卷的最大容量為 256 TiB 減去 64 KiB；而當簇大小為預設的 4 KiB 時，卷最大容量將變為 16 TiB 減去 4 KiB（但這都超過了 Windows XP SP1 對磁碟容量的 128 GiB 限制）。由於主引導記錄（MBR）分割槽表最大支援單個分割槽容量為 2 TiB，因此如果要建立超過 2 TiB 的 NTFS 卷，必須要使用動態卷或者 GPT 卷。注意：微軟預設的載入程式必須使用 UEFI 和 64 位作業系統才能從 GPT 卷引導系統。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "57fa4d13871953d49556b0b5bbff40f383dacd66",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "新技術檔案系統的最大容量為多少？",
              "en": "What is the maximum size of an NTFS volume?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "232-1 簇",
                  "answer_start": 62
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "事務 NTFS 並不要求事務是本機 NTFS 卷的檔案操作，可以包含在其它位置的任意事務資料或操作，例如對其它卷、本地登錄檔、SQL 資料庫中、系統服務或者遠端服務中的事務修改。所有這些事務使用 Windows 系統中的 “分佈事務協調器（DTC）” 服務在網路級別協調所有參與者，以確保所有參與者都能接收到同樣的提交狀態，並傳輸所有經過確認的更改。分散式 NTFS 事務的一個典型例子是可以以事務方式建立一個網路級別的分散式檔案系統，並且每個客戶端都保留每個檔案的準確的離線快取。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "3b4be33572e0c41d69cf27205e82e8c937bc2bc2",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪種資料庫被事務 NTFS 所限制？",
              "en": "What type of databases are restricted by transactional NTFS?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "SQL",
                  "answer_start": 63
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "加密檔案系統（EFS）提供對 NTFS 捲上任意檔案和資料夾的使用者透明的強保護。加密檔案系統需要與 EFS 服務、Microsoft 的加密應用程式介面（CryptoAPI）以及 EFS 檔案執行時庫（FSRTL）聯合工作。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "32c33dc2be64c07545ed1472f81a85380961e8ce",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "EFS​​與 Microsoft 合作的程式是什麼？",
              "en": "What Microsoft program does EFS work in conjunction with?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "加密檔案系統需要與 EFS 服務、Microsoft 的加密應用程式介面（CryptoAPI）以及 EFS",
                  "answer_start": 41
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "EFS 使用對稱金鑰（也被稱為 “檔案加密金鑰（FEK）”）加密檔案，這比起使用非對稱金鑰加密在加密和解密大量資料時消耗的時間較少。該對稱金鑰使用一個和請求加密檔案的使用者相關的公鑰加密檔案的內容，加密後的資料儲存在被加密檔案的可選資料流中。當需要解密檔案時，檔案系統使用使用者的金鑰解密儲存在檔案頭中的對稱金鑰，然後使用該對稱金鑰解密檔案。這些操作在檔案系統級別完成，因此對使用者來說是透明的。為了處理使用者丟失金鑰的情況，加密檔案系統中還支援多個附加解密金鑰，因此除使用者外，授權過的恢復代理也能訪問資料。NTFS 提供的加密和壓縮功能是互相排斥的 —— 如果同時希望加密和壓縮，則 NTFS 檔案系統級別隻能開啟其中一種功能，另一種功能需要使用其它第三方工具完成。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "1d937121240bf07603aa8ff91793eff54930a028",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "如檔案丟失，可使用什麼進行訪問？",
              "en": "What is used to access if the file is lose?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "附加解密金鑰",
                  "answer_start": 225
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "Basic、Home 和 MediaCenter 版本的 Windows 不支援磁碟限額功能。要使用這個功能，必須安裝 Professional、Ultimate 或者伺服器版本的 Windows，或者使用 Windows 域中的企業部署工具進行部署。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "f654163ca76e8921eab5ac023ca1820f6dda491e",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "如何啟用加密檔案系統？",
              "en": "How can you activate EFS?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "安裝 Professional、Ultimate 或者伺服器版本的 Windows，或者使用 Windows 域中的企業部署工具進行部署。",
                  "answer_start": 57
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "由於歷史原因，不支援 NTFS 的 Windows 使用本地時區作為時間戳，而目前版本的 Windows 對非 NTFS 分割槽也是用此方式進行處理。這意味著當檔案在 NTFS 和非 NTFS 分割槽間進行移動時，作業系統需要實時轉換時間戳。如果某些檔案移動時處於夏令時，而某些檔案處於標準時間，則可能移動後的時間可能會產生歧義，特別是當執行時間正好在時制轉換前後時，使用者可能會看到一小時的時間差。基於不同地區的不同夏令時規則，在任意 12 個月中，可能會產生最多 4 個小時的永久時間戳錯誤。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "022dbbe4a4df7a6e3b9e72723308a757a9afc07b",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "時間戳錯誤可能是幾個小時？",
              "en": "How many hours may the timestamp error be?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "4",
                  "answer_start": 233
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "童軍活動",
      "en": "Scouting"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "童軍運動開始於 1907 年，那時英國陸軍的中將羅伯特・貝登堡，在英國的白浪島舉辦第一次的童軍露營。貝登堡以他早期的軍事著作為基礎，在他的著作《童軍警探》（倫敦，1908 年）寫下了童軍運動的原則，並受到叢林印地安人創辦人歐尼斯特・湯普森・西頓、基督少年軍創辦人威廉・亞歷山大・史密斯的影響和出版家西里爾・亞瑟・培生的支援。在 20 世紀的前半期，這個運動發展成包括 3 個童軍年齡層（幼童軍、童軍和羅浮童軍）和 3 個女童軍年齡層（小女童軍、女童軍和蘭姐女童軍）。",
          "en": "In 1906 and 1907 Robert Baden-Powell, a lieutenant general in the British Army, wrote a book for boys about reconnaissance and scouting. Baden-Powell wrote Scouting for Boys (London, 1908), based on his earlier books about military scouting, with influence and support of Frederick Russell Burnham (Chief of Scouts in British Africa), Ernest Thompson Seton of the Woodcraft Indians, William Alexander Smith of the Boys' Brigade, and his publisher Pearson. In the summer of 1907 Baden-Powell held a camp on Brownsea Island in England to test ideas for his book. This camp and the publication of  Scouting for Boys are generally regarded as the start of the Scout movement."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "6a66741939d238c363e3b8cb2e6705da0753fa2c",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "貝登堡的書是關於什麼的",
              "en": "what were Baden-Powell's books about?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "童軍運動",
                  "answer_start": 91
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "military scouting",
                  "answer_start": 223
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "這些童軍類團體大多由成人自願者運作，像是父母、以前是童軍或女童軍的成人、學生、社群的領導者，也包含了教師和宗教領袖。童軍服務員在這些團體的地位會劃入「制服領袖」和「會友」的位置上。制服領袖或服務員常接受正式的訓練，像是木章訓練；會友委員常常支援擔任兼職角色，像是會議諮詢人員、委員會委員和顧問等，但是有少部分的會友是全職專業人員。",
          "en": "Scout units are usually operated by adult volunteers, such as parents and carers, former Scouts, students, and community leaders, including teachers and religious leaders. Scout Leadership positions are often divided into 'uniform' and 'lay' positions. Uniformed leaders have received formal training, such as the Wood Badge, and have received a warrant for a rank within the organization. Lay members commonly hold part-time roles such as meeting helpers, committee members and advisors, though there are a small number of full-time lay professionals.A unit has uniformed positions—such as the Scoutmaster and assistants—whose titles vary among countries. In some countries, units are supported by lay members, who range from acting as meeting helpers to being members of the unit's committee. In some Scout associations, the committee members may also wear uniforms and be registered Scout leaders.Above the unit are further uniformed positions, called Commissioners, at levels such as district, county, council or province, depending on the structure of the national organization. Commissioners work with lay teams and professionals. Training teams and related functions are often formed at these levels. In the UK and in other countries, the national Scout organization appoints the Chief Scout, the most senior uniformed member."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "2f5c9dd2376b6c33534e96d98df5782128a18da5",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "童子軍領導被劃分成哪兩種職位？",
              "en": "What are the two types of positions that scout leadership is divided into?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "「制服領袖」和「會友」",
                  "answer_start": 74
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "'uniform' and 'lay'",
                  "answer_start": 222
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "GPRS",
      "en": "General Packet Radio Service"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "GPRS 有別於舊的電路交換連線，電路交換連線在 Release 97 之前就已經被納入 GSM 標準。在舊有系統中，一個數據連線要建立並保持一個電路連線，在整個連線過程中這條電路將被獨佔，直到連線被解除。GPRS 基於分組交換，也就是多個使用者可以共享一個相同的傳輸通道，每個使用者只有在傳輸資料的時候才會佔用通道。這意味著所有的可用頻寬可以立即分配給當前傳送資料的使用者，這樣有更多的間隙傳送或接受資料，使用者可以共享頻寬。WEB 瀏覽、收發電子郵件和即時訊息都是能有效利用共享頻寬的間歇傳輸資料的服務。",
          "en": "GPRS is a best-effort service, implying variable throughput and latency that depend on the number of other users sharing the service concurrently, as opposed to circuit switching, where a certain quality of service (QoS) is guaranteed during the connection.  In 2G systems, GPRS provides data rates of 56–114 kbit/sec. 2G cellular technology combined with GPRS is sometimes described as 2.5G, that is, a technology between the second (2G) and third (3G) generations of mobile telephony. It provides moderate-speed data transfer, by using unused time division multiple access (TDMA) channels in, for example, the GSM system. GPRS is integrated into GSM Release 97 and newer releases."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "cfb9a7f9d4f61803541dbde3c9517cc5b5f70000",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "集成了 GPRS 的首個 GSM 版本是什麼？",
              "en": "What is the first release of GSM that GPRS is integrated in?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "97",
                  "answer_start": 32
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "97",
                  "answer_start": 660
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "使用 CS-4 有可能達到每時隙 22.8kbps 的速度。但是如果使用這個方案，現有網路只能覆蓋一般情況的 25% 的區域。CS-1 能達到 9.05 kbit/s 每時隙的速率而且可以覆蓋 98% 的正常區域。",
          "en": "Using the CS-4 it is possible to achieve a user speed of 20.0 kbit/s per time slot. However, using this scheme the cell coverage is 25% of normal. CS-1 can achieve a user speed of only 8.0 kbit/s per time slot, but has 98% of normal coverage. Newer network equipment can adapt the transfer speed automatically depending on the mobile location."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "9ccbc6ac219f9e164203c03f5d2b249b92e25911",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "如果使用這個方案，手機覆蓋率是多少？",
              "en": "what is the cell coverage if one uses this scheme?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "一般情況的 25%",
                  "answer_start": 49
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "25% of normal",
                  "answer_start": 132
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "2caebc1efd784ab27d239a118e9ffa6c78296c58",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "CS-1 的正常覆蓋率是多少？",
              "en": "What percentage of normal coverage does the CS-1 have?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "98%",
                  "answer_start": 96
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "98%",
                  "answer_start": 219
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "同分異構",
      "en": "Isomer"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "同分異構體又稱同分異構物，英文為 Isomer。同分異構物指的是擁有相同分子式，但結構式卻不相同的多種分子。同分異構物之間並不擁有相同的化學性質，除非它們擁有相同的官能團（functional groups）。化學中常見的兩種主要的種類為結構異構（structural isomerism 或 constitutional isomerism）以及立體異構（stereoisomerism）。",
          "en": "In chemistry, isomers are ions or molecules with identical formulas but distinct structures. Isomers do not necessarily share similar properties. Two main forms of isomerism are structural isomerism (or constitutional isomerism) and stereoisomerism (or spatial isomerism)."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "80901755f069f271ab0c6c6132488d8c7c86e7e2",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "主要異構被稱為什麼？",
              "en": "What are the primary forms of isomerism known as?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "結構異構（structural isomerism 或 constitutional isomerism）以及立體異構（stereoisomerism）",
                  "answer_start": 119
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "structural isomerism (or constitutional isomerism) and stereoisomerism (or spatial isomerism)",
                  "answer_start": 178
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "另外一個有著不同化學性質的同分異構體的例子是黃嘌呤。巧克力中的可可鹼中如果兩個甲基中的一個移動到雙環上的另外一個位置，這個同分異構體就是茶鹼了。",
          "en": "Isomers having different medical properties are common; for example, the placement of methyl groups. In substituted xanthines, theobromine, found in chocolate, is a vasodilator with some effects in common with caffeine; but, if one of the two methyl groups is moved to a different position on the two-ring core, the isomer is theophylline, which has a variety of effects, including bronchodilation and anti-inflammatory action. Another example of this occurs in the phenethylamine-based stimulant drugs. Phentermine is a non-chiral compound with a weaker effect than that of amphetamine. It is used as an appetite-reducing medication and has mild or no stimulant properties. However, a different atomic arrangement gives dextromethamphetamine, which is a stronger stimulant than amphetamine."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "7b5a0b7c8c112563c751ad3d03248f43312e1b68",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "在巧克力中發現什麼，而這與巧克力有共同的影響？",
              "en": "What is found in chocolate that has the common effect of chocolate?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "可可鹼",
                  "answer_start": 31
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "theobromine",
                  "answer_start": 127
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "愛丁堡大學",
      "en": "University of Edinburgh"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "愛丁堡大學的建立歸功於奧克尼群島首府柯克沃爾的聖馬格努斯大教堂的主教羅伯特・裡德，他在 1558 年去世後將其財產遺留下來作為大學最初的建立基金，並由愛丁堡鎮議會（Edinburgh Town Council）付諸實施，最終在多方努力下於 1582 年由詹姆斯六世頒發皇家憲章而成立，當年為 1582 年。因為當時的大學都是由教皇詔書創立的，這便非同尋常。最初名為 “Tounis College”，1617 年改名位詹姆斯國王學院（King James's College）。1583 年開始在一名年輕的聖安德魯斯畢業生 Robert Rollock 的管理下授課。這是當時第四所蘇格蘭大學，而同期英格蘭只有牛劍兩所。18 世紀成為了歐洲啟蒙運動的中心之一。",
          "en": "Founded by the Edinburgh Town Council, the university began life as a college of law using part of a legacy left by a graduate of the University of St Andrews, Bishop Robert Reid of St Magnus Cathedral, Orkney. Through efforts by the Town Council and Ministers of the City the institution broadened in scope and became formally established as a college by a Royal Charter, granted by King James VI of Scotland on 14 April 1582 after the petitioning of the Council. This was unprecedented in newly Presbyterian Scotland, as older universities in Scotland had been established through Papal bulls. Established as the \"Tounis College\", it opened its doors to students in October 1583. Instruction began under the charge of another St Andrews graduate Robert Rollock. It was the fourth Scottish university in a period when the richer and much more populous England had only two. It was renamed King James's College in 1617. By the 18th century, the university was a leading centre of the Scottish Enlightenment."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "fd1a7ec51ba47467cc342dbc3800eb2a8111cd53",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "蘇格蘭的第四所大學何時改名為詹姆斯國王學院？",
              "en": "When was the fourth Scottish university renamed King Jame's college?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "1617",
                  "answer_start": 200
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "1617",
                  "answer_start": 914
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "AlphaGo",
      "en": "AlphaGo"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "2016 年 3 月，透過自我對弈數以萬計盤進行練習強化，AlphaGo 在一場五番棋比賽中 4:1 擊敗頂尖職業棋手李世石，成為第一個不借助讓子而擊敗圍棋職業九段棋士的電腦圍棋程式，立下了里程碑。五局賽後韓國棋院授予 AlphaGo 有史以來第一位名譽職業九段。",
          "en": "In October 2015, the original AlphaGo became the first computer Go program to beat a human professional Go player without handicaps on a full-sized 19×19 board. In March 2016, it beat Lee Sedol in a five-game match, the first time a computer Go program has beaten a 9-dan professional without handicaps. Although it lost to Lee Sedol in the fourth game, Lee resigned in the final game, giving a final score of 4 games to 1 in favour of AlphaGo. In recognition of the victory, AlphaGo was awarded an honorary 9-dan by the Korea Baduk Association. The lead up and the challenge match with Lee Sedol were documented in a documentary film also titled AlphaGo, directed by Greg Kohs. It was chosen by Science as one of the Breakthrough of the Year runners-up on 22 December 2016.At the 2017 Future of Go Summit, its successor AlphaGo Master beat Ke Jie, the world No.1 ranked player at the time, in a three-game match (the even more powerful AlphaGo Zero already existed but was not yet announced). After this, AlphaGo was awarded professional 9-dan by the Chinese Weiqi Association.AlphaGo and its successors use a Monte Carlo tree search algorithm to find its moves based on knowledge previously \"learned\" by machine learning, specifically by an artificial neural network (a deep learning method) by extensive training, both from human and computer play.  A neural network is trained to predict AlphaGo's own move selections and also the winner's games. This neural net improves the strength of tree search, resulting in higher quality of move selection and stronger self-play in the next iteration."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "b5f69709bd343be802552e94d03b3cde2fc014f2",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "AlphaGo 在哪年的五番棋比賽中擊敗李世石？",
              "en": "In what year did AlphaGo defeat Lee Sadol in a five game match?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "2016",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "2016",
                  "answer_start": 170
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "澳大利亞歷史",
      "en": "History of Australia"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "1901 年 1 月 1 日，幾個英國的殖民地組成了第一個隸屬於英國的澳洲聯邦（Commonwealth of Australia），白澳政策及移民限制法被透過。1914 年至 1918 年，澳洲參與第一次世界大戰。1920 年，澳洲航空公司（Qantas）國內航線成立。1921 年，伊迪斯科文（Edith Dircksey Cowan）成為澳洲首位女性國會議員。1927 年前，澳大利亞的首都是墨爾本。",
          "en": "The consumerism, entertainment culture, and new technologies that characterised the 1920s in the United States were also found in Australia. Prohibition was not implemented in Australia, though anti-alcohol forces were successful in having hotels closed after 6 pm, and closed altogether in a few city suburbs.The fledgling film industry declined through the decade, over 2 million Australians attending cinemas weekly at 1250 venues. A Royal Commission in 1927 failed to assist and the industry that had begun so brightly with the release of the world's first feature film, The Story of the Kelly Gang (1906), atrophied until its revival in the 1970s.Stanley Bruce became Prime Minister in 1923, when members of the Nationalist Party Government voted to remove W.M. Hughes. Speaking in early 1925, Bruce summed up the priorities and optimism of many Australians, saying that \"men, money and markets accurately defined the essential requirements of Australia\" and that he was seeking such from Britain. The migration campaign of the 1920s, operated by the Development and Migration Commission, brought almost 300,000 Britons to Australia, although schemes to settle migrants and returned soldiers \"on the land\" were generally not a success. \"The new irrigation areas in Western Australia and the Dawson Valley of Queensland proved disastrous\"In Australia, the costs of major investment had traditionally been met by state and Federal governments and heavy borrowing from overseas was made by the governments in the 1920s. A Loan Council was set up in 1928 to co-ordinate loans, three-quarters of which came from overseas. Despite Imperial Preference, a balance of trade was not successfully achieved with Britain. \"In the five years from 1924..to..1928, Australia bought 43.4% of its imports from Britain and sold 38.7% of its exports. Wheat and wool made up more than two-thirds of all Australian exports\", a dangerous reliance on just two export commodities.Australia embraced the new technologies of transport and communication. Coastal sailing ships were finally abandoned in favour of steam, and improvements in rail and motor transport heralded dramatic changes in work and leisure. In 1918 there were 50,000 cars and lorries in the whole of Australia. By 1929 there were 500,000. The stage coach company Cobb and Co, established in 1853, finally closed in 1924. In 1920, the Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Service (to become the Australian airline Qantas) was established. The Reverend John Flynn, founded the Royal Flying Doctor Service, the world's first air ambulance in 1928. Daredevil pilot, Sir Charles Kingsford Smith pushed the new flying machines to the limit, completing a round Australia circuit in 1927 and in 1928 traversed the Pacific Ocean, via Hawaii and Fiji from the US to Australia in the aircraft Southern Cross. He went on to global fame and a series of aviation records before vanishing on a night flight to Singapore in 1935."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "259859e7ef46ceec687fca2499c6dd2ea6d1ffb3",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "在哪一年，澳洲航空公司最初是以另一個名字成立的？",
              "en": "In what year was the airline Qantas originally established under another name?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "1920",
                  "answer_start": 108
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "1920",
                  "answer_start": 2372
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "蓋爾・加朵",
      "en": "Gal Gadot"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "蓋兒・加朵 - 瓦爾薩諾（希伯來語：גל גדות‎‎，拉丁化：Gal Gadot-Varsano，1985 年 4 月 30 日－）是一位以色列女演員、製片人與時裝模特兒。她曾贏得 2004 年以色列小姐的頭銜並代表以色列參加了 2004 年環球小姐的選美比賽。此外還是服裝公司 Castro 的時尚領導。2012 年 4 月，媒體網站《Shalom Life》評選出的「50 位全球最有天賦、最聰穎、最有趣及最高雅的猶太女性」中，將加朵列為第五名。2018 年被《時代》雜誌評選為「最具影響力一百人」。",
          "en": "Gal Gadot Varsano (Hebrew: גל גדות‎, [ˈɡal ɡaˈdot]; born 30 April 1985) is an Israeli actress and model. At age 18, she was crowned Miss Israel 2004. She then served two years in the Israel Defense Forces as a combat instructor, and began studying law and international relations at IDC Herzliya college while building up her modeling and acting careers.Gadot's first international film role came as Gisele Yashar in Fast & Furious (2009), a role she reprised in subsequent installments of the film franchise. She went on to earn worldwide fame for portraying Wonder Woman in the DC Extended Universe, beginning with Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016), followed by the solo film Wonder Woman and the ensemble Justice League (both 2017). In 2018, Gadot was included on Time's annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world, and was listed among the highest-paid actresses in the world."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "4d3656f9ce6bd3a3b4c4b53ffa0f7390d797aaa1",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "瓦爾薩諾哪一年出生？",
              "en": "When was Varsano born?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "Gadot-Varsano，1985 年 4 月 30 日－）是一位以色列女演員、製片人與時裝模特兒。",
                  "answer_start": 35
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "30 April 1985",
                  "answer_start": 57
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "蓋兒・加朵出生在以色列佩塔提克瓦（屬特拉維夫都會區）的阿什肯納茲猶太人家庭。她在鄰城羅什艾因長大。父母都住在薩布拉。加朵說她是在「很猶太的以色列家庭氛圍中長大的」。她的祖先是來自歐洲的猶太移民（她描述自己的家庭背景是「四分之一的波蘭猶太人、四分之一的奧地利猶太人、四分之一的德國猶太人和四分之一的捷克猶太人」）。加朵的外祖父是捷克斯洛伐克的猶太人，他的家人被送到奧斯威辛集中營，他的母親和兄弟在毒氣室裡死亡。加朵是一個狂熱的摩托車騎手，並擁有一輛黑色的 Ducati Monster-S2R（2006 年）。而她也擅長排球、籃球和網球。在出演《玩命關頭》時就發揮了自己的本領。加朵說：「我認為主要的原因是，林詣彬真的很喜歡我在軍隊的時候，他想採用我的武器知識」。",
          "en": "Gal Gadot was born in Petah Tikva, Israel, and raised in its neighbouring city of Rosh HaAyin. In Hebrew, her first name means \"wave\" and her surname means \"riverbanks\". Her parents are Irit (née Weiss), a teacher, and Michael Gadot, an engineer. Both her parents were born in Israel, and they Hebraized their surname from \"Greenstein\" to \"Gadot\" prior to her birth. Her father is a sixth-generation Israeli. Her maternal grandparents were born in Europe; her grandfather, who was imprisoned in the Auschwitz concentration camp, survived the Holocaust, and her grandmother left before the Nazi invasion. Gadot has stated that she was brought up in a \"very Jewish, Israeli family environment\". Her ancestry is Polish-Jewish, Austrian-Jewish, German-Jewish, and Czech-Jewish. She has one younger sister.Her high school major was biology. She says that in high school she was good at basketball because of her height. As a teenager, her first jobs were babysitting and working at Burger King. As an adult, Gadot studied law and international relations at the IDC Herzliya college.Gadot completed her two mandatory years of service in the Israel Defense Forces, enlisted as a combat instructor. She said of her time in the Israeli military: \"You give two or three years, and it's not about you. You learn discipline and respect.\" Gadot says that her background helped her to win the role of Gisele in Fast & Furious: \"I think the main reason was that the director Justin Lin really liked that I was in the military, and he wanted to use my knowledge of weapons.\""
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "bd866dce517b6216d216287a26c9e713db9d29da",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "加朵的祖先是由什麼種族構成的？",
              "en": "Gadot's ancestry is made up of what ethnicities?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "四分之一的波蘭猶太人、四分之一的奧地利猶太人、四分之一的德國猶太人和四分之一的捷克猶太人",
                  "answer_start": 109
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Polish-Jewish, Austrian-Jewish, German-Jewish, and Czech-Jewish",
                  "answer_start": 709
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "Android",
      "en": "Android (operating system)"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "2005 年 7 月 11 日，Google 以高於 $5,000 萬美元的價錢收購了 Android 科技公司，使其成為 Google 旗下的一部分。Android 的關鍵人物包括安迪・魯賓、利奇・米納爾和克里斯・懷特，以及所有 Android 科技公司的員工都一併加入 Google，作為收購的一部分。當時並沒有人知道 Google 為何會作出這項收購，引來許多的猜測，後來證實 Google 正是藉助該次收購正式進入行動領域。根據前 Google CEO 施密特的說法，收購 Android 目的是抗衡微軟，試圖阻止微軟在移動市場複製桌面市場的成功。在 Google，由魯賓領導的團隊開發了一個基於 Linux 核心驅動的行動作業系統的平臺，該開發專案便是 Android 作業系統。Google 向手機制造商及手機網路供應商推出該平臺，承諾提供一個靈活可靠並可升級的系統，為 Android 提供一個廣闊的市場。Google 組織了一系列硬體及軟體的合作伙伴，並向運營商示意指公司開放到各種程度的合作。",
          "en": "Android Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California, in October 2003 by Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears, and Chris White. Rubin described the Android project as \"tremendous potential in developing smarter mobile devices that are more aware of its owner's location and preferences\". The early intentions of the company were to develop an advanced operating system for digital cameras, and this was the basis of its pitch to investors in April 2004. The company then decided that the market for cameras was not large enough for its goals, and by five months later it had diverted its efforts and was pitching Android as a handset operating system that would rival Symbian and Microsoft Windows Mobile.Rubin had difficulty attracting investors early on, and Android was facing eviction from its office space. Steve Perlman, a close friend of Rubin, brought him $10,000 in cash in an envelope, and shortly thereafter wired an undisclosed amount as seed funding. Perlman refused a stake in the company, and has stated \"I did it because I believed in the thing, and I wanted to help Andy.\"In July 2005, Google acquired Android Inc. for at least $50 million. Its key employees, including Rubin, Miner and White, joined Google as part of the acquisition. Not much was known about the secretive Android at the time, with the company having provided few details other than that it was making software for mobile phones. At Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered by the Linux kernel. Google marketed the platform to handset makers and carriers on the promise of providing a flexible, upgradeable system. Google had \"lined up a series of hardware components and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various degrees of cooperation\".Speculation about Google's intention to enter the mobile communications market continued to build through December 2006. An early prototype had a close resemblance to a BlackBerry phone, with no touchscreen and a physical QWERTY keyboard, but the arrival of 2007's Apple iPhone meant that Android \"had to go back to the drawing board\". Google later changed its Android specification documents to state that \"Touchscreens will be supported\", although \"the Product was designed with the presence of discrete physical buttons as an assumption, therefore a touchscreen cannot completely replace physical buttons\". By 2008, both Nokia and BlackBerry announced touch-based smartphones to rival the iPhone 3G, and Android's focus eventually switched to just touchscreens. The first commercially available smartphone running Android was the HTC Dream, also known as T-Mobile G1, announced on September 23, 2008."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "e7d28274ef65219ddfbdd758a4e12820cd4fdb0b",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "與負責開發移動裝置平臺的團隊相關的公司是什麼？",
              "en": "What is the company associated with the team in charge of developing a mobile device platform?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "Google",
                  "answer_start": 279
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Google",
                  "answer_start": 1414
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "普羅米修斯 (電影)"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "《普羅米修斯》（英語：Prometheus）是 2012 年的英國科幻電影，由雷德利・斯科特執導，喬・斯派茨和戴蒙・林道夫編劇，勞米・拉佩斯、麥可・法斯賓達、蓋・皮爾斯、伊德瑞斯・艾爾巴、羅根・馬歇爾 - 格林和查理茲・塞隆主演。影片的故事背景設定在 21 世紀，劇情圍繞一艘名為 “普羅米修斯號”（Prometheus）的太空船及其船員展開，他們根據從多個地球古文明文物中發現的星圖前往外太空尋找人類的起源。然而當他們到達一個遙遠的世界後，卻發現了可能導致人類滅絕的威脅。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "728968dc0992834b2c33dd4680e48b59eddec616",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "船員們想找到什麼？",
              "en": "What are the crew trying to find?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "人類的起源",
                  "answer_start": 199
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "費菲爾德突變成了一隻可怕的怪物並攻擊了 “普羅米修斯號” 的機庫，殺死了多名船員後才被別的船員所殺。“普羅米修斯號” 的船長簡尼克（Janek）推測，這個人造建築是工程師的一個軍事設施，而黑色液體則是一種致命的生物武器，其失控導致了設施的荒廢，他還相信這個建築中存在一個航天器。韋蘭與另外幾人在大衛的陪同下到達控制室，肖也跟在後面。大衛喚醒了休眠中的工程師，然後開始向對方說明韋蘭希望得到永生的願望。工程師反問其要求永生的原因，韋蘭表示自己創造了人造人，有如工程師創造人類，自誇為神，絕對有永生的權利。然而工程師一族早已否定人類的存在，多年前已打算消滅人類。（有分析相信工程師一族忌諱人類的潛能，終究會威脅自身的存在，在多年前已著手消滅人類，但生物兵器洩漏的意外令計劃延誤。生還的工程師驚覺人類已經能夠越過星海，瞭解自己的語言及科技，甚至創造出人造人及妄圖永生，更深信人類為極之危險的存在）工程師扯下了大衛的頭，然後殺死了韋蘭及其隊員，只有肖成功逃脫，然後工程師重新激活了飛船。肖告訴簡尼克，工程師的目標是地球，打算在地球上釋放那種可怕的黑色液體消滅人類，請他一定要阻止工程師的飛船。簡尼克彈出救生艇，將 “普羅米修斯號” 朝外星人的飛船撞上去，犧牲了自己和另外兩位飛行員。維克斯從救生艇中逃出，但被工程師嚴重損毀的飛船壓死。前往救生艇的肖發現自己的外星人後代還活著，並且已經長到非常大。大衛的頭部功能仍然正常，他警告肖那個工程師還活著。工程師強行打開了救生艇的氣閘來攻擊肖，後者為自保而放出外星人後代，工程師雖然極力掙扎，但還是被制服，被怪獸的產卵器刺入喉嚨。蕭找到了大衛的殘骸，大衛表示可以協助蕭利用另一艘外星人太空船回到地球，因此帶著大衛被分離的身體及頭部，前往另一艘太空船，並要大衛協助前往外星人的母星，詢問為什麼要毀滅人類；在離開時，蕭發出警告訊息不要前往本訊息的發射地星球，該星球已無人生還。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "577dddc2d8cde0caf772983a674767ee2c430067",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "在工程師開始屠殺船員後，誰得以逃脫？",
              "en": "After the engineer starts killing the crew, who is able to escape?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "維克斯",
                  "answer_start": 537
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "2b94ddc3abae3830b97bd476dc599a5e2f1f04f1",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "探險隊重返哪建築時，誰與韋蘭在一起？",
              "en": "Who is with Weyland when the team returns to the structure?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "肖",
                  "answer_start": 159
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "5cd104b7ca52cae404b1103dc5377d6adc1c0e99",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "大衛把工程師從什麼中喚醒？",
              "en": "What does David wake the Engineer up from?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "休眠",
                  "answer_start": 171
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "2011 年 9 月，劇組轉戰西班牙阿利坎特的光明之城（Ciudad de la Luz）電影製片廠。拍攝地點包括製片廠的大水池和附近的海灘。劇組從 2011 年 8 月 22 日起到 2011 年 12 月 10 日訂下了相關區域，而外景建設則從 8 月起持續到 9 月下旬。西班牙的拍攝週期約為 3 個月，共有約 250 人的參與，給當地經濟帶去了約 100 萬歐元的收益，此外劇組還有在約旦的瓦地倫谷進行拍攝。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "544f3863a35735cd19c101c42113dce8869fd976",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪段期間預訂了製片廠？",
              "en": "what dates were the complex booked for?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "從 2011 年 8 月 22 日起到 2011 年 12 月 10 日",
                  "answer_start": 73
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "2000 年歐洲冠軍聯賽決賽",
      "en": "2000 UEFA Champions League Final"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "這場勝利使得皇家馬德里第 8 次贏得歐冠獎盃，也是其三年內的第 2 次奪冠，值得一提的是，這也是比森特・德爾・博斯克以主教練身份贏得的第一項錦標。此外，這場比賽也成為了一座里程碑，因它是首次由來自同一個國家的兩支球隊角逐的決賽。同時史蒂夫・麥克馬納曼也成為首個隨國外俱樂部贏得歐冠的英格蘭球員。",
          "en": "The win was Real's eighth European Cup Championship overall and their second in three years, and was notable for being Vicente del Bosque's first title as manager. It was also a landmark for being the first final played between two teams from the same nation. Upon this win, McManaman became the first English player to win the tournament with a non-English club."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "47f3c634b2554b704e40f997750d2548f424345e",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪支球隊贏得了首次由來自同一個國家的兩支球隊角逐的決賽",
              "en": "Who won the first ever final between two teams of the same nation"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "皇家馬德里",
                  "answer_start": 6
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Real",
                  "answer_start": 12
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "米格 - 19 戰鬥機",
      "en": "Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "作為蘇聯空軍與東德空軍的主力裝備，米格 - 19 參加了大量對西方飛機的攔截行動。1957 年秋季，一架米格 - 19 的駕駛員報告稱發現了一架偵察機，事後發現這是一架 U-2。在 U-2 後來執行的幾次任務中，米格 - 19 多次起飛試圖攔截，但由於升限限制均未成功。在攔截中，米格 - 19 採用了一種被稱為 “倉卒向上射擊” 的機動，即透過開啟加力衝刺至本機升限（甚至略微超過），然後用機炮或火箭彈攻擊上方的 U-2。這樣的危險動作導致許多米格 - 19 進入尾旋狀態無法改出而墜毀。1960 年擊落加里・鮑爾斯所駕駛的 U-2 的行動中，由於指揮混亂，一架米格 - 19P 被己方的一枚 S-75（北約稱 SA-2）擊落，飛行員謝爾蓋・薩夫羅諾夫陣亡。1960 年 7 月 1 日，一架米格 - 19 擊落了一架 RB-47H（編號 S/N53-4281），但北約方面聲稱該機當時正位於北極圈內的公海上空，機上 6 名成員中 4 人死亡，2 人被俘，1961 年被釋放。1964 年 1 月 28 日，一架誤入東德領空的 T-39 被米格 - 19 擊落，機上 3 人死亡。",
          "en": "During their service with Soviet Anti-Air Defense and in East Germany, MiG-19s were involved in multiple interceptions of Western reconnaissance aircraft. The first documented encounter with a Lockheed U-2 took place in the autumn of 1957. The MiG-19 pilot reported seeing the aircraft, but could not make up the 2,234 m (7,000 ft) difference in altitude. When Francis Gary Powers's U-2 was shot down in the 1960 incident, one pursuing MiG-19P was also hit by the salvo of S-75 Dvina (NATO: SA-2 \"Guideline\") missiles, killing the pilot Sergei Safronov. In a highly controversial incident, on 1 July 1960, a MiG-19 shot down an RB-47H (S/N 53-4281) reconnaissance aircraft in international airspace over the Arctic Circle with four of the crew killed and two captured by the Soviets (they were released in 1961). In another incident, on 28 January 1964, a MiG-19 shot down a T-39 Sabreliner which had strayed into East German airspace while on a training mission; all three crewmembers were killed."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "4a4b28d17796a941a3eff70e01f1455964af746e",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "1960 年 7 月，有多少名蘇聯人在這場極具爭議的事件中被俘？",
              "en": "How many Soviets were caught in the highly controversial incident in July of 1960?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "2",
                  "answer_start": 378
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "two",
                  "answer_start": 755
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "乙酸"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "乙酸是一種簡單的羧酸，由一個甲基一個羧基組成，是一種重要的化學試劑。在化學工業中，它被用來製造聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯，後者即飲料瓶的主要部分。乙酸也被用來製造電影膠片所需要的醋酸纖維素和木材用膠粘劑中的聚乙酸乙烯酯，以及很多合成纖維和織物。家庭中，乙酸稀溶液常被用作除垢劑。食品工業方面，在食品新增劑列表 E260 中，乙酸是規定的一種酸度調節劑。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "d5dfd50b955a195beedfb53ce514ea9cc1898f1a",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "E260 調節什麼樣的酸？",
              "en": "What kind of acid does E260 control?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "乙酸",
                  "answer_start": 158
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "以醋的形式，乙酸溶液（一般含 5% 到 18%（質量分數）的乙酸）被用作調味品，也被用來醃蔬菜和其他食物。一般來說，醃菜用的醋在濃度上比一般調味品醋濃度更大。食用醋的總量在世界乙酸年產量中只佔一個很小的比例，不過在歷史上，這卻是一個悠久的應用。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "85aea1f80ebf543955cb0b0d2beb73319d7a958c",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "使用哪種調味品是眾所周知的應用。",
              "en": "Using what condiment is a well-known application."
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "醋",
                  "answer_start": 81
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "印度航空 101 號班機空難",
      "en": "Air India Flight 101"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "印度航空 101 號班機空難是印度航空一班的來回賈特拉帕蒂・希瓦吉國際機場至倫敦希斯洛機場定期航班，1966 年 1 月 24 日，一架波音 707 客機墜毀於白朗峰附近，造成 117 人死亡。",
          "en": "Air India Flight 101 was a scheduled Air India passenger flight from Bombay to London that accidentally flew into Mont Blanc in France on the morning of 24 January 1966. The accident was caused by a misunderstood verbal instruction from the radar controller to the pilot in lieu of VOR data, one of the receivers being out of service. The crash was almost at the exact spot where Air India Flight 245, a Lockheed 749 Constellation on a charter flight, had crashed in 1950 with the loss of all 48 on board that aircraft."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "88f90e89d149f784cb76a8bc567f840e6297f7f4",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "101 號班機飛過哪裡？",
              "en": "Where did flight 101 fly?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "白朗峰",
                  "answer_start": 80
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "into Mont Blanc in France",
                  "answer_start": 109
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "柏林",
      "en": "Berlin"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "柏林無論是從文化、政治、傳媒還是科學上講都稱的上是世界級城市。該市經濟主要基於服務業，包括多種多樣的創造性產業、傳媒集團、議會舉辦地點。柏林扮演歐洲大陸上航空與鐵路運輸交通樞紐的角色，同時它也是歐盟內遊客數量最多的城市之一。主要的產業包括資訊科技、製藥、生物工程、生物科技、光學電子、交通工程和可再生能源。",
          "en": "Berlin is a world city of culture, politics, media and science. Its economy is based on high-tech firms and the service sector, encompassing a diverse range of creative industries, research facilities, media corporations and convention venues. Berlin serves as a continental hub for air and rail traffic and has a highly complex public transportation network. The metropolis is a popular tourist destination. Significant industries also include IT, pharmaceuticals, biomedical engineering, clean tech, biotechnology, construction and electronics."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "186ceeedd46ede6c730de500ceb410be1dc57b83",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "柏林以什麼聞名？",
              "en": "What is Berlin known for?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "文化、政治、傳媒還是科學",
                  "answer_start": 6
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "culture, politics, media and science",
                  "answer_start": 26
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "羅素的茶壺",
      "en": "Russell's teapot"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "羅素寫道，如果他聲稱，有一個茶壺在地球和火星之間圍繞太陽轉，而他指望別人相信他的理由，居然是沒有人能證明這宣告是錯，他認為這顯然是荒謬的。羅素的茶壺至今仍然頻繁出現在有關神是否存在的討論中。",
          "en": "Russell specifically applied his analogy in the context of religion. He wrote that if he were to assert, without offering proof, that a teapot, too small to be seen by telescopes, orbits the Sun somewhere in space between the Earth and Mars, he could not expect anyone to believe him solely because his assertion could not be proven wrong."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "121b3b6033660884cb5cc18958534715db95844e",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "羅素運用什麼比喻來反對宗教？",
              "en": "What is the analogy Russell uses to argue against religion?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "有一個茶壺在地球和火星之間圍繞太陽轉",
                  "answer_start": 11
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "without offering proof, that a teapot, too small to be seen by telescopes, orbits the Sun somewhere in space between the Earth and Mars",
                  "answer_start": 105
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "克里斯・馬汀",
      "en": "Chris Martin"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "克里斯・馬汀以個人的身分為不同的歌手撰寫了許多歌曲，包括 Embrace 樂團的「Gravity」和潔米莉雅（Jamelia）的「See It In a Boy's Eyes」等。他也與朗・賽克斯（Ron Sexsmith）、Faultline、街頭小子（The Streets）和伊安・馬克庫羅（Ian McCulloch）等人合作。此外，他在 2004 年底也參與了 Band Aid 20 的單曲「Do They Know It's Christmas?」，在其中擔任主唱。在 2005 年，馬汀和妮莉・費塔朵（Nelly Furtado）為了她的專輯《Loose》而合唱「All Good Things」這首歌曲。但唱片公司隨後認為克里斯的聲音聽起來音太粗而將這首歌從專輯中拿掉。他們一起在 2002 年的格拉斯頓伯裡音樂節（Glastonbury Festival）表演之後，曾有傳聞指出兩人是一對戀人。對此費塔朵開玩笑表示「是啊，他是我的男友 — 只是他還不知道而已」。在 2006 年和肯伊・威斯特（Kanye West）於 Abbey Road 錄音室 的現場即興演出後，馬汀也期待與他進行合作。他和肯伊・威斯特的合作歌曲預計會收錄在威斯特的新專輯《Graduation》中，預計在 2007 年下半年發行。馬汀對於嘻哈音樂的興趣不只如此，2006 年夏天他和饒舌歌手傑斯（Jay-Z）合作《王者再臨》（Kingdom Come）專輯。兩人曾先在年初見面，傑斯向馬汀表示他希望有合作的機會，因此兩人在之後一直保持連絡。馬汀為了歌曲「Beach Chair」編寫了一些和絃，並交給傑斯請嘻哈製作人德瑞博士（Dr. Dre）加入鼓聲節奏，最後完成這首歌曲。傑斯在 2006 年 9 月 27 日場次的歐洲巡迴演唱會中與馬汀一起演出了這首歌。",
          "en": "As a solo artist, Martin has written songs for a variety of acts including Embrace (\"Gravity\") and Jamelia (\"See It in a Boy's Eyes\", co-written with Coldplay producer Rik Simpson). Martin has also collaborated with Ron Sexsmith, Faultline, the Streets, and Ian McCulloch. He also sang a part of the vocals for the Band Aid 20 single, \"Do They Know It's Christmas?\" at the end of 2004. In 2005, Martin collaborated with Nelly Furtado on the track \"All Good Things (Come to an End)\", for her 2006 album, Loose. The two were once rumoured to be a couple, after they both performed at Glastonbury in 2002. Nelly Furtado joked about it, saying, \"Yeah, he's my boyfriend—he just doesn't know it yet\".Martin's fascination with hip hop was shown in mid-2006 when he collaborated with rapper Jay-Z for the rapper's comeback album Kingdom Come after the two met earlier in the year. Martin put some chords together for a song known as \"Beach Chair\" and sent them to Jay-Z who enlisted the help of hip-hop producer Dr. Dre to mix it. Coldplay producer Rik Simpson conceived and performed the drum beats. The song was performed on 27 September 2006 by the two during Jay-Z's European tour at Royal Albert Hall. Martin has also worked on a solo collaboration with Kanye West, with whom he shared an impromptu jam session during a 2006 concert at Abbey Road Studios. He performed the chorus of \"Homecoming\", from Kanye West's album Graduation."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "4904db3df460aa71692ee54fcc30be98b7f64f52",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "費塔朵 2006 年的專輯叫什麼？",
              "en": "What was the name of Furtado's 2006 album?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "《Loose》",
                  "answer_start": 279
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Loose",
                  "answer_start": 503
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "國際帕拉林匹克委員會",
      "en": "International Paralympic Committee"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "1989 年起擔任主席的為加拿大籍的羅伯特・斯特德沃德，他為創始主席至 2001 年，曾於加拿大成立加拿大殘疾人體育基金。",
          "en": "The International Paralympic Committee has had three presidents to date. Its founding president, who presided it from 1989 to 2001, was the Canadian Robert Steadward, who had previously founded the Canadian Sports Fund for the Physically Disabled. He was succeeded in 2001 by Philip Craven, a British Paralympian and former President of the International Wheelchair Basketball Federation, who served as President until 2017. Craven was succeeded by Brazil's Andrew Parsons, IPC Vice President from 2013 to 2017 and a former President of the Brazilian Paralympic Committee."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "816e3b8379b22ab3535228e4e92dd0a89d142b66",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "羅伯特・斯特德沃德的國際是什麼？",
              "en": "What was Robert Steadward's nationality?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "加拿大籍",
                  "answer_start": 13
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Canadian",
                  "answer_start": 140
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "維諾德・柯斯拉",
      "en": "Vinod Khosla"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "維諾德・柯斯拉（古木基文：ਵਿਨੋਦ ਖੋਸਲਾ，英語：Vinod Khosla，1955 年 1 月 28 日－），生於印度德里，印度裔美國籍企業家，創業投資家。他是昇陽電腦的共同創辦者之一，也是第一任執行長與主席。1986 年，他加入風險投資公司，Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers。",
          "en": "Vinod Khosla (born 28 January 1955) is an Indian American billionaire engineer, businessman and venture capitalist. He is a co-founder of Sun Microsystems, and the founder of Khosla Ventures. In 2014, Forbes named him amongst the 400 richest people in the world. He is well-known for a failed decade-long legal battle to overturn the California Coastal Act and privatize Martins Beach."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "9f26a3087a0936f314c7c8f930ebec21411f15d9",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "維諾德・柯斯拉在哪月出生？",
              "en": "Which month was Vinod Khosla born in?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "1 月",
                  "answer_start": 47
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "January",
                  "answer_start": 22
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "2014 年冬季奧林匹克運動會無舵雪橇比賽",
      "en": "Luge at the 2014 Winter Olympics"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "總共有來自 24 個國家 110 名運動員參賽。哈薩克和東加 (也是首次參加冬奧) 都是首次參加冬奧無舵雪橇比賽。",
          "en": "110 athletes from 24 nations are scheduled to participate, with number of athletes in parenthesis. Both Kazakhstan and Tonga (also making its Winter Olympics debut) marked their first Olympic appearances in the sport. India's athlete competed as an Independent Olympic Participants, as the Indian Olympic Association was suspended by the International Olympic Committee; the suspension was later lifted, but not before India's athlete had already competed under the Independent Olympic Participant banner. IOC decision to disqualify Russia was nullified by the Court of Arbitration for Sport."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "c9df105e709646aa441dd8f9497d778e39569a40",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪些國家在奧運會期間首次亮相？",
              "en": "Which countries made their debut during the Olympics?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "哈薩克和東加",
                  "answer_start": 24
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Kazakhstan and Tonga",
                  "answer_start": 104
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "五朔節"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "康瓦爾郡的（Padstow）每年舉行 「Obby-Oss」 (愛好馬匹) 節日。這被認為是英國最古老的土壤肥力儀式（fertility rites）之一；慶祝者會和 Oss 一起跳著舞穿過城鎮街道甚至私人花園，伴隨著手豐琴演奏者和身著用紅色或藍色的飾帶裝飾的白衣的演唱傳統「五朔節」歌曲的跟隨者。全鎮用春季綠樹裝飾每年有上千盤觀者參與。19 世紀前特殊的五朔節慶典曾在康瓦爾郡流傳甚廣，現又在聖艾夫斯和彭贊斯復甦。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "d4fe8a6930317390a55804e79ed8581db292b05c",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "多少人前來慶祝愛好馬匹節日？",
              "en": "How many people go to Obby-Oss?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "上千",
                  "answer_start": 160
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "若年份是閏年那麼就該由女性放置花柱。所有行動通常都是秘密的，由個人決定是否提示她 / 他自己的身份或保持匿名。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "eabe3ab87fd9c55c55e4c704a650200b786386e7",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰負責放置五朔節的花柱？",
              "en": "Who is in charge of placing the maypole?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "女性",
                  "answer_start": 11
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "JQuery"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "jQuery 是一套跨瀏覽器的 JavaScript 函式庫，簡化 HTML 與 JavaScript 之間的操作。由約翰・雷西格（John Resig）在 2006 年 1 月的 BarCamp NYC 上釋出第一個版本。目前是由 Dave Methvin 領導的開發團隊進行開發。全球前 10,000 個訪問最高的網站中，有 65% 使用了 jQuery，是目前最受歡迎的 JavaScript 函式庫。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "6f0caef74de9e513b5ea33545f64b135e8159dda",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "最終在哪一年成型？",
              "en": "What year did it finally come to be?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "2006 年",
                  "answer_start": 78
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "jQuery 是開源軟體，使用 MIT 許可證授權。 jQuery 的語法設計使得許多操作變得容易，如操作文件物件（document）、選擇文件物件模型（DOM）元素、建立動畫效果、處理事件、以及開發 Ajax 程式。jQuery 也提供了給開發人員在其上建立外掛的能力。這使開發人員可以對底層互動與動畫、高階效果和高階主題化的元件進行抽象化。模組化的方式使 jQuery 函式庫能夠建立功能強大的動態網頁以及網路應用程式。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "be9cc99d90072948f8e3bf9e8cc143c3fd498da3",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "指令碼庫以什麼聞名？",
              "en": "What is the javascript library known for?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "建立功能強大的動態網頁以及網路應用程式",
                  "answer_start": 192
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "微軟和諾基亞已宣佈在他們的平臺上繫結 jQuery。微軟最初在 Visual Studio 中集成了 jQuery 以便在微軟自己的 ASP.NET AJAX 框架和 ASP.NET MVC Framework 中使用，而諾基亞則在他的 Web 執行時元件開發平臺中集成了 jQuery。MediaWiki 自從 1.16 版本後也開始使用 jQuery。"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "e6cdaa12ad273b0327c44dcfd33b1132d640c1ca",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "什麼公司將 MVC 和 AJAX 框架整合到一個小部件開發平臺？",
              "en": "What company integrated the MVC and AJAX frame works into a widget development platform?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "微軟最初在 Visual Studio 中集成了 jQuery 以便在微軟自己的 ASP.NET AJAX 框架和 ASP.NET MVC",
                  "answer_start": 26
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "巴黎 - 奧利機場",
      "en": "Orly Airport"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "巴黎 - 奧利機場（法語：Aéroport de Paris - Orly，IATA 程式碼：ORY；ICAO 程式碼：LFPO）是一座位於瓦勒德馬恩省奧利的機場。機場距離巴黎市中心 13 公里（8.1 英里）。該機場的航班都是往歐洲、中東、非洲、加勒比地區、北美洲和東南亞地區。在戴高樂機場建成前，這座機場是全巴黎最重要的機場。現在多數國際航班都轉往戴高樂機場，只有部分國際航班和國內航班留在此機場。奧利機場是法國第二繁忙的機場。在 2007 年，客運量為 26,441,000。",
          "en": "Paris Orly Airport (French: Aéroport de Paris-Orly), commonly referred to as Orly (IATA: ORY, ICAO: LFPO), is an international airport located partially in Orly and partially in Villeneuve-le-Roi, 7 NM (13 km; 8.1 mi) south of Paris, France. It serves as a secondary hub for domestic and overseas territories flights of Air France and as the homebase for Transavia France.  Flights operate to destinations in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Caribbean, North America, East Asia and Southeast Asia. Prior to the opening of Charles de Gaulle Airport in March 1974, Orly was the main airport of Paris. Even with the shift of most international traffic to Charles de Gaulle Airport, Orly remains the busiest French airport for domestic traffic and the second busiest French airport overall in passenger traffic, with 33,120,685 passengers in 2018. The airport is operated by Groupe ADP under the brand Paris Aéroport. Since February 2018, the CEO of the airport has been Régis Lacote."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "c1e8faf6ccd98017aa64ab94426dfa18b4738bc5",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "從巴黎 - 奧利機場起飛的航班，其目的地為哪些？",
              "en": "Where are some destinations flights from Paris Orly operate to?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "歐洲、中東、非洲、加勒比地區、北美洲和東南亞地區",
                  "answer_start": 115
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Caribbean, North America, East Asia and Southeast Asia",
                  "answer_start": 409
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "歐文衝鋒槍",
      "en": "Owen Gun"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "歐文槍是在 1942 年開始正式由坎布拉港和紐卡斯爾的約翰・萊薩特工廠投入生產，在生產高峰期每個星期生產 800 支。1942 年 3 月至 1943 年 2 月之間，萊薩特生產了 28,000 枝歐文槍。然而，最初的一批彈藥型別竟然是錯誤的，以至 10,000 枝歐文槍無法提供彈藥。政府再一次推翻軍方的官僚主義作風​​，並讓彈藥透過其最後的生產階段，以及運送到當時在新幾內亞與日軍戰鬥的澳大利亞部隊的手中。在 1941 年至 1945 年間生產了約 50,000 枝歐文槍。在戰爭期間，歐文槍的平均生產成本為 $ 30。雖然它是有點笨重，因為其可靠性，歐文槍在士兵當中變得非常流行。它是如此成功，它也被紐西蘭、英國和美國訂購。歐文槍後來也被澳大利亞部隊在朝鮮戰爭和越南戰爭，特別是步兵組的偵察兵。這仍然是一枝制式的澳大利亞陸軍武器，直到 1960 年代中期，它被 F1 衝鋒槍所取代。",
          "en": "The Owen went into production at the John Lysaght factories at Port Kembla and Newcastle. Between March 1942 and February 1943, Lysaght's produced 28,000 Owen Guns. However, the initial batch of ammunition turned out to be the wrong type and 10,000 guns could not be supplied with ammunition. Once again the government overrode military bureaucracy, and took the ammunition through the final production stages and into the hands of Australian troops, at that time fighting Japanese forces in New Guinea. Approximately 45,000 Owens were produced from 1942 to 1944. During the war, the average cost to manufacture the Owen submachine gun was $30.Although it was somewhat bulky, the Owen became very popular with soldiers because of its reliability. New Zealanders fighting in the Guadacanal and Solomon Islands campaigns swapped their Thompson submachine guns for Owens, as they found the Australian weapons to be more reliable.The Owen was later used by Australian troops in the Korean and Vietnam Wars, particularly the scouts in infantry sections. It remained a standard weapon of the Australian Army until the mid-1960s, when it was replaced by the F1 submachine gun and, later, the M16."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "ab64cc016e388ff778115f5497069dcdf2cfc914",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "什麼取代了制式武器？",
              "en": "What was the standard weapon replaced with?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "F1 衝鋒槍",
                  "answer_start": 383
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "F1 submachine gun",
                  "answer_start": 1151
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "約瑟夫 - 伊尼亞斯・吉約丹",
      "en": "Joseph-Ignace Guillotin"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "約瑟夫 - 伊尼亞斯・吉約丹（Joseph-Ignace Guillotin，1738 年 5 月 28 日－1814 年 3 月 26 日）是一名法國醫生，出生於法國西南部城市桑特，1789 年入選國民制憲議會。他是廢除殘酷死刑的主要倡導者之一，推動通過了一項要求所有死刑應由一個簡單而高效的裝置來執行的法律，使得斬首不再是貴族的特權，死刑儘可能的不痛苦。在醫院利用死屍進行了幾個令人滿意的試驗後，於 1792 年 4 月 25 日使用新式斷頭臺在巴黎市政廳廣場處死了一名強盜。最初，斷頭臺在西方語言中是以其發明人安託萬・路易的名字命名為 Louisette 或 Louison，後來改為以吉約丹的名字稱呼斷頭臺為 Guillotine。吉約丹醫生本人在 1814 年因肩膀生疽而過世，絕非如傳說中的死在源於其姓氏的斷頭臺。為避免和斷頭臺扯上關係，他的後人更改了自己的姓氏。",
          "en": "Dr. Joseph-Ignace Guillotin (French pronunciation: ​[ɡijɔtɛ̃]; 28 May 1738 – 26 March 1814) was a French physician, politician and freemason who proposed on 10 October 1789 the use of a device to carry out death penalties in France, as a less painful method of execution. Although he really did not invent the guillotine, and in fact opposed the death penalty, his name became an eponym for it. The actual inventor of the prototype was a man named Tobias Schmidt. working with the kings physician Antoine Louis."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "dff9fd27fc5ac7f365d469e67da3515a57d99c3b",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "吉約丹何時出生的？",
              "en": "When was Guillotin born?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "1738 年 5 月 28 日",
                  "answer_start": 39
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "28 May 1738",
                  "answer_start": 63
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "索馬利亞蘭",
      "en": "Somaliland"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "農業被認為是一個前景光明的行業，特別是糧食和園藝的生產。礦產業也很有潛力，雖然目前只包括沙石場，但是各種礦產儲量豐富。當地的車輛有 99% 都是日本製造。最近一次在索馬利蘭附近的調查顯示該國擁有豐富的海上和內陸石油及天然氣儲量。在過去幾年中已經有一些油井被開採，但是鑑於該國不被承認的現狀，外國石油公司無法從中獲益。",
          "en": "Various telecommunications firms also have branches in Somaliland. Among these companies is Telesom, one of the largest operators in Somaliland. Founded in 2002 with the objective of supplying the local market with telecommunications services such as GSM, fixed line, and Internet access, it has an extensive network that covers all of Somaliland's major cities and more than 40 districts in both Somalia and Somaliland. Telesom also offers among the cheapest international calling rates at US$0.2 less than its nearest competitor. Other telecommunication firms serving the region include Somtel, Telcom and NationLink.Livestock is the backbone of Somaliland's economy. Sheep, camels, and cattle are shipped from the Berbera port and sent to Gulf Arab countries, such as Saudi Arabia.Agriculture is generally considered to be a potentially successful industry, especially in the production of cereals and horticulture. Mining also has potential, though simple quarrying represents the extent of current operations, despite the presence of diverse quantities of mineral deposits."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "e8b338998ace2e4a093097e778cd27146d4f3668",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "他們在採石場尋找什麼？",
              "en": "What are they searching for in the quarry?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "礦產儲量",
                  "answer_start": 52
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "mineral deposits",
                  "answer_start": 1061
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "胼胝體",
      "en": "Corpus callosum"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "第一個研究胼胝體的是費城外科醫生比恩，1906 年他認為 “胼胝體特別大的人可能特別聰明”，並認為男子和女子有明顯區分。可能與當時的政治氣候相關他必須說不同人種胼胝體的大小不同。最後他自己待的實驗室的主任富蘭克林・默爾否認了他的理論。",
          "en": "The first study of the corpus with relation to gender was by R. B. Bean, a Philadelphia anatomist, who suggested in 1906 that \"exceptional size of the corpus callosum may mean exceptional intellectual activity\" and that there were measurable differences between men and women. Perhaps reflecting the political climate of the times, he went on to claim differences in the size of the callosum across different races. His research was ultimately refuted by Franklin Mall, the director of his own laboratory.Of more mainstream impact was a 1982 Science article by Holloway and Utamsing that suggested sex difference in human brain morphology, which related to differences in cognitive ability. Time published an article in 1992 that suggested that, because the corpus is \"often wider in the brains of women than in those of men, it may allow for greater cross-talk between the hemispheres—possibly the basis for women’s intuition.\"More recent publications in the psychology literature have raised doubt as to whether the anatomic size of the corpus is actually different. A meta-analysis of 49 studies since 1980 found that, contrary to de Lacoste-Utamsing and Holloway, no sex difference could be found in the size of the corpus callosum, whether or not account was taken of larger male brain size. A study in 2006 using thin slice MRI showed no difference in thickness of the corpus when accounting for the size of the subject."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "467291ba5e6fe108c21ed84b9f23e326a86f1532",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "解剖學家比恩來自美國哪個城市？",
              "en": "The anatomist R.B. Bean is from which American city?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "費城",
                  "answer_start": 10
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Philadelphia",
                  "answer_start": 75
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "福州市",
      "en": "Fuzhou"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "根據 2011 年的統計資料，福州全市常住總人口 720 萬人，全市戶籍總人口 649.41 萬人，市區常住人口 296.30 萬人，市區戶籍人口 190.02 萬人，均居福建第二位，市區非農業戶籍人口 158.33 萬人，居福建第一位，是中國的特大城市之一。福州當地居民以漢族的福州族群為主，還包括被官方識別為漢族的福州疍民以及畲族、滿族等少數民族人口。 根據官方統計，福州籍的海外人口達到 300 多萬，還有 80 萬福州族群分佈於臺灣。 2005 年福州的出生率、死亡率和自然增長率分別為 11.3‰、5.5‰、5.8‰，城鎮人口占 54.5％，老齡人口占 9.9%，其中 65 歲以上的老齡人口占 6.76%。 2002 年的失業率為 1.27%，2008 年城鎮人口失業率為 3.3%。20 世紀晚期以來，福州經濟快速發展，產生大量勞動力需求，因此大批來自福建省內其他地區和外省的外來人口湧入福州就業。21 世紀初福州的外來人口有 44.74 萬，主要分佈在市區，佔總人口的 7% 左右，大部分為來榕務工的勞動力，其中來自福建本省和外省的勞動力大概各佔一半，外省勞動力主要來自四川、江西、安徽、湖南、浙江、貴州。外來勞動力 60% 以上從事工業、建築業等行業，還有 16% 左右在服務性行業工作。外來人口填補了福州經濟發展對勞動力的需求，對促進經濟起到了積極作用，但另一方面，這些外來人口的犯罪率較高，也造成了福州市治安一定程度的惡化。2001 年左右，福州罪犯中的外來人口占到了 36%，相對於外來總人口所佔比例為 7% 而言，該資料大大超過了當地人口的犯罪率。",
          "en": "Fuzhou lies on the north (left) bank of the estuary of Fujian's largest river, the Min River. All along its northern border lies Ningde, and Ningde's Gutian County lies upriver. Its population was 7,115,370 inhabitants as of the 2010 census, of whom 4,408,076 inhabitants are urban representing around 61.95%, while rural population is at 2,707,294 representing around 38.05%. In 2015, Fuzhou was ranked as the 10th Fastest Growing Metropolitan Areas in the world by Brookings Institution."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "69acaabc375b6d1a7fc6c1fdf42873759089f641",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "在 2010 年人口普查中，是福州市區人口少還是農村人口少？",
              "en": "Which is smaller as of the 2010 census, the urban population or the rural population of Fuzhou?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "農業戶籍人口",
                  "answer_start": 95
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "rural population",
                  "answer_start": 316
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "Xsolla",
      "en": "Xsolla"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "Xsolla 總部位於美國洛杉磯，在俄羅斯的莫斯科和彼爾姆以及烏克蘭的基輔，韓國的首爾都開設了辦事處。其服務被多家知名遊戲公司所採用：Valve（Steam）、Aeria Games、BigPoint、Gameforge、Ankama、Wargaming.net、Gaijin Entertainment、GoodGame Studios、Snail Games 等等。",
          "en": "Xsolla is headquartered in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles, California. It has offices in Moscow and Perm in Russia, Kiev in Ukraine and Seoul in South Korea. Companies that use the service include Valve, Twitch.tv, Epic Games, Aeria Games, BigPoint Games, Gameforge, Ankama Games, Gaijin Entertainment, Goodgame Studios, Snail Games, and Roblox Corporation."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "3e53e3bc32c88ad0f7c69dd82e2809c4effef512",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "韓國的辦事處在哪裡？",
              "en": "where is the office in South Korea?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "首爾",
                  "answer_start": 41
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Seoul",
                  "answer_start": 131
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "戰慄時空 2 首部曲：浩劫重生",
      "en": "Half-Life 2: Episode One"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "遊戲的負評主要集中於劇情的長度，整個遊戲基本上只要 4 至 6 小時就可結束，許多人認為遊戲並不符合其所標定的價格。另外《電腦遊戲雜誌》（Computer Games Magazine）質疑三部曲的劇情可能會越走越偏，而身為首部曲的本作，最後將會淪為無足輕重的地位；Game Revolution 則對遊戲沒有新武器或是新場景而感到失望",
          "en": "Upon release, Episode One was sold in both retail stores and Valve's online Steam distribution system, where it was sold at a discount price. The game was also distributed by Electronic Arts as both a standalone release and as part of Half-Life 2: Platinum Collection. It was available for pre-load and pre-purchase through Steam on May 1, 2006, with Half-Life Deathmatch: Source and Half-Life 2: Deathmatch immediately available for play as part of the package. Episode One is available as part of a bundle package known as The Orange Box, which also includes Half-Life 2, Episode Two, Team Fortress 2, and Portal; and is available for Mac, PC, Xbox 360, and PlayStation 3. About 1.4 million retail copies of Episode One were sold by 2008.Response to Episode One was generally positive, and reviewers praised the game for having more intricate, well-paced gameplay than Half-Life 2. The game's interactivity, particularly in the form of Alyx and her reactions to the player's actions and the events of the game, was also singled out for praise. PC Gamer commented that \"while this inaugural episode may not be the essential FPS that Half-Life 2 is, I can't imagine any shooter fan who'd want to miss it.\" In its review, PC Gamer UK directed particular praise to the balance between puzzle-oriented and action-oriented challenges throughout the game. In Australia, the magazine PC PowerPlay awarded the game 10 out of 10. Edge praised the \"deftness\" with which the game was able to direct the player's eyes, and the strength of Alyx as a companion, concluding, \"In an interactive genre bound to the traditions of the pop-up gun and invisible hero, it simply doesn't get more sophisticated than this.\"  Episode One earned a scores of 87/100 and 85.59% on review aggregators Metacritic and GameRankings respectively. IGN awarded Episode One \"Best PC FPS of 2006\" and described it as a \"great bang for the buck using Valve's new episodic plan\", although it did not offer \"the complete experience that Half-Life 2 was\". GameSpy ranked Episode One ninth on its 2006 \"Games of the Year\" list, and it also noted the implementation of Alyx as a believable and useful companion.A common criticism of the game is its short length. Episode One takes roughly 4–6 hours to complete, which raises the issue of whether the game justifies its price. Computer Games Magazine argued the futility of reviewing the game due to its episodic nature; as the first part of a three-part story arc, it is difficult to judge it when divorced from the final product. Game Revolution expressed disappointment at a lack of new features such as environments and weapons."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "3a66cd3eb1baee3a15dc1ac4ab4d2a067aea4129",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "《第一章》需要多少小時才能完成？",
              "en": "How any hours did Episode One take to complete?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "4 至 6",
                  "answer_start": 25
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "4–6",
                  "answer_start": 2247
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "LuaTeX",
      "en": "LuaTeX"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "LuaTeX 是作為帶有 Lua 指令碼引擎嵌入的 pdfTeX 版本發起的基於 TeX 的電腦排版系統。經過一段時間的開發後被 pdfTeX 小組採納作為 pdfTeX 的繼任者（本身是 eTeX 的擴充套件，後者也生成 PDF）。後來在專案中 Aleph 的功能被包含進去（尤其是多方向排印）。該專案最初由 Oriental TeX project 資助，由 Idris Samawi Hamid、Hans Hagen 和 Taco Hoekwater 發起。",
          "en": "LuaTeX is a TeX-based computer typesetting system which started as a version of pdfTeX with a Lua scripting engine embedded. After some experiments it was adopted by the pdfTeX team as a successor to pdfTeX (itself an extension of eTeX, which generates PDFs). Later in the project some functionality of Aleph was included (esp. multi-directional typesetting). The project was originally sponsored by the Oriental TeX project, founded by Idris Samawi Hamid, Hans Hagen, and Taco Hoekwater."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "90ab1779892ae30a8935e5ae8e0577fe4b9c0d69",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰採用了它？",
              "en": "Who adopted it?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "pdfTeX 小組",
                  "answer_start": 64
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "pdfTeX team",
                  "answer_start": 170
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "自由文化運動",
      "en": "Free-culture movement"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "在 1998 年，美國國會通過了桑尼・波諾版權期限延長法案，由柯林頓總統簽署。這份法案將著作權的期限延長了二十年，使得原先在著作人身後的著作權保護期限增加至七十年。因為這份立法過程經過像是迪士尼這樣的企業大力遊說，有時被戲稱為「保護米老鼠法案」。勞倫斯・雷席格表示，版權法是阻礙文化發展，知識共享和技術創新，且是基於私人利益（而不是公共利益）的立法。他在 1998 年到美國各地的校園演講，催生了自由文化運動，也為斯沃斯莫爾學院的自由文化學生組織奠立了基礎。",
          "en": "In 1998, the United States Congress passed the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act which President Clinton signed into law. The legislation extended copyright protections for twenty additional years, resulting in a total guaranteed copyright term of seventy years after a creator's death. The bill was heavily lobbied by music and film corporations like Disney, and dubbed as the Mickey Mouse Protection Act. Lawrence Lessig claims copyright is an obstacle to cultural production, knowledge sharing and technological innovation, and that private interests – as opposed to public good – determine law. He travelled the country in 1998, giving as many as a hundred speeches a year at college campuses, and sparked the movement. It led to the foundation of the first chapter of the Students for Free Culture at Swarthmore College."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "a2d7fba47e1fa1f49849f397febe83d779a25faf",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "什麼在斯沃斯莫爾學院被建立？",
              "en": "What was founded at Swarthmore College?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "自由文化學生組織",
                  "answer_start": 215
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Students for Free Culture",
                  "answer_start": 783
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "黑麋鹿",
      "en": "Black Elk"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "黑麋鹿（拉科塔語：Heȟáka Sápa；英語：Black Elk；1863 年 12 月－1950 年 8 月 19 日），北印地安奧格拉拉蘇族人，身兼獵人、戰士、巫醫及先知等角色，為北美印第安戰爭中的印地安領袖瘋馬之堂弟（其父與瘋馬之父為堂兄弟）。9 歲時曾目睹「偉大的幻景」（靈視，vision）。1882 年（19 歲）開始行醫。1886 年（23 歲）曾參加表演團赴芝加哥、紐約、倫敦等地演出「麋鹿儀式」，英國維多利亞女王曾親臨觀賞。曾參與多次與白人的戰役，包括 1890 年（27 歲）的傷膝河之役。",
          "en": "Heȟáka Sápa (Black Elk) (December 1, 1863 – August 19, 1950) was a wičháša wakȟáŋ (\"medicine man, holy man\") and heyoka of the Oglala Lakota people. He was a second cousin of the war leader Crazy Horse."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "2c23031bb4ce56d96f447909d4a13771e5df1002",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰是瘋馬的血親？",
              "en": "Who was related to Crazy Horse?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "黑麋鹿",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Heȟáka Sápa",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "吉爾吉斯斯坦",
      "en": "Kyrgyzstan"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "作為中亞古國，吉爾吉斯斯坦歷史達兩千年，經歷各種王朝與文化。因其被山巒環繞而相對孤立，吉爾吉斯文化得以較好傳承；又因地理位置，吉爾吉斯斯坦處於多個文化交匯點。儘管眾多部落族群在吉爾吉斯斯坦居住已久，但時有外來勢力入侵統治。直至 1991 年從原蘇聯獨立後，吉爾吉斯斯坦成為一個擁有獨立主權的民族國家。政治體制為單一制和議會制。吉爾吉斯斯坦至今仍時有民族衝突、叛亂以及經濟問題。現為獨聯體、歐亞經濟聯盟和集體安全條約組織成員國；同時也是上海合作組織、伊斯蘭合作組織、突厥議會和突厥文化國際組織成員國。",
          "en": "Since independence, the sovereign state has officially been a unitary parliamentary republic, although it continues to endure ethnic conflicts, revolts, economic troubles, transitional governments and political conflict. Kyrgyzstan is a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Eurasian Economic Union, the Collective Security Treaty Organization, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Turkic Council, the Türksoy community and the United Nations."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "0cd6543a6ccac9874930fd2cf7e1b40ac0afcce8",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "吉爾吉斯斯坦參與的伊斯蘭組織叫什麼名字？",
              "en": "What is the name fo the Islamic organisation that Kyrgyzstan is a part of?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "伊斯蘭合作組織",
                  "answer_start": 224
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation",
                  "answer_start": 400
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "微分方程",
      "en": "Differential equation"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "數學領域對微分方程的研究著重在幾個不同的面向，但大多數都是關心微分方程的解。只有少數簡單的微分方程可以求得解析解。不過即使沒有找到其解析解，仍然可以確認其解的部份性質。在無法求得解析解時，可以利用數值分析的方式，利用電腦來找到其數值解。 動力系統理論強調對於微分方程系統的量化分析，而許多數值方法可以計算微分方程的數值解，且有一定的準確度。",
          "en": "If a closed-form expression for the solution is not available, the solution may be numerically approximated using computers. The theory of dynamical systems puts emphasis on qualitative analysis of systems described by differential equations, while many numerical methods have been developed to determine solutions with a given degree of accuracy."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "7107d04673007cafc4b89adbfb25bf846c94db6f",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "可以用什麼來找到解析表示式的數值解？",
              "en": "What can be used to find solution to closed-form expression?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "電腦",
                  "answer_start": 108
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "computers",
                  "answer_start": 114
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "濱海灣浮動舞臺",
      "en": "The Float @ Marina Bay"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "濱海灣浮動舞臺（英語：The Float@Marina Bay，或 Marina Bay Floating Platform）是世界上最大的浮動舞臺。位於新加坡濱海灣濱海蓄水池。",
          "en": "The Float at Marina Bay, stylised as The Float@Marina Bay and also known as the Marina Bay Floating Platform, is the world's largest floating stage. It is located on the waters of the Marina Reservoir, in Marina Bay, Singapore."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "1a4747b6d8700c658c87c2d96c8a009b01516676",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "名稱風格如何？",
              "en": "How is the name stylized?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "濱海灣浮動舞臺",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "The Float@Marina Bay",
                  "answer_start": 37
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "擁抱阿瑪",
      "en": "Mata Amritanandamayi"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "Mātā Amṛtānandamayī Devī （讀作：瑪妲・阿穆瑞達南達瑪依・蔕薇，傳統譯法：摩多・阿彌利哆難陀摩伊・提毗），原名 Sudhamani Idamannel，1953 年九月 27 日出生，是印度的印度教靈性導師暨上師，被信眾奉為聖人，尊稱為 Amma （讀作：阿瑪），意指「母親」或是「神聖母效能量」。因她不吝給人擁抱，因此也被稱為擁抱阿瑪。",
          "en": "Mātā Amritānandamayī Devī (born Sudhamani Idamannel; 27 September 1953), better known simply as Amma (\"Mother\"), is a Hindu spiritual leader and guru who is revered as a saint by her followers."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "e8a76330b229bd172442f06ed9a026d9059641a1",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "蔕薇尊稱為什麼？",
              "en": "What is Devi better known as?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "Amma",
                  "answer_start": 130
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Amma",
                  "answer_start": 96
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "Adobe Illustrator",
      "en": "Adobe Illustrator"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "被納入 Creative Suite 套裝後不用數字編號，而改稱 CS 版本，並同時擁有 Mac OS X 和 Microsoft Windows 作業系統兩個版本。維納斯的頭像從 Illustrator CS（實質版本號 11.0）被更新為一朵藝術化的花朵，增加創意軟體的自然效果。CS 版本新增功能有新的文字引擎（對 OpenType 的支援）、“3D 效果” 等等。",
          "en": "Illustrator CS2 (version 12) was available for both the Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows operating systems. It was the last version for the Mac which did not run natively on Intel processors. Among the new features included in Illustrator CS2 were Live Trace, Live Paint, a control palette and custom workspaces. Live Trace allows for the conversion of bitmap imagery into vector art and improved upon the previous tracing abilities. Live Paint allows users more flexibility in applying color to objects, specifically those that overlap. In the same year as the CS2 release, Adobe Systems announced an agreement to acquire Macromedia in a stock swap valued at about $3.4 billion and it integrated the companies' operations, networks, and customer-care organizations shortly thereafter.  Adobe now owned FreeHand along with the entire Macromedia product line and in 2007, Adobe announced that it would discontinue development and updates to the FreeHand program. Instead, Adobe would provide tools and support to ease the transition to Illustrator.CS3 included interface updates to the Control Bar, the ability to align individual points, multiple Crop Areas, the Color Guide panel and the Live Color feature among others. CS3 was released March 27, 2007."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "742b5767c20847ad565ecfa0b87b504fa373c981",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪些作業系統支援 Illustrator CS2？",
              "en": "Which operating systems support Illustrator CS2?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "Mac OS X 和 Microsoft Windows",
                  "answer_start": 44
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows",
                  "answer_start": 56
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "2037 轟炸機",
      "en": "2037 Bomber"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "2037 轟炸機（英文：2037 Bomber）是一個非官方稱呼，它是美國空軍用以取代 B-2 幽靈戰略轟炸機的戰略轟炸機。據預測，2037 轟炸機將集隱形能力、超音速飛行能力、遠端轟炸能力和無人駕駛能力於一身。",
          "en": "The 2037 Bomber is the unofficial name given to a heavy strategic bomber planned by the United States Air Force, intended to serve as a replacement for the Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit. The aircraft is projected to enter service in 2037 as a stealth, supersonic, long-range bomber aircraft with capability for unmanned operation."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "481c9bc0b0a3e95bc5f3f4788bba0e53699a1f2d",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "2037 轟炸機能夠使用哪種型別的操作？",
              "en": "What type of operation will the 2037 Bomber model be capable of using?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "無人",
                  "answer_start": 96
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "unmanned",
                  "answer_start": 309
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "奈加代三期文化",
      "en": "Naqada III"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "城邦在這個時代，甚至更早的時期開始形成。各種小城邦在沿尼羅河出現。通過幾個世紀的征服，上埃及地區合併成為三個大國：提尼斯，納卡達和希拉孔波利斯。納卡達是在提尼斯和希拉孔波利斯之間第一個覆滅的。然後提尼斯征服下埃及。希拉孔波利斯與提尼斯關係是不確定的，這兩個國家可能和平地進行合併，隨著提尼斯王室統治全埃及的。幾個世紀，提尼斯國王被埋在阿拜多斯的烏姆・卡伯墓地。",
          "en": "State formation began during this era and perhaps even earlier. Various small city-states arose along the Nile. Centuries of conquest then reduced Upper Egypt to three major states: Thinis, Naqada, and Nekhen. Sandwiched between Thinis and Nekhen, Naqada was the first to fall. Thinis then conquered Lower Egypt. Nekhen's relationship with Thinis is uncertain, but these two states may have merged peacefully, with the Thinite royal family ruling all of Egypt. The Thinite kings were buried at Abydos in the Umm el-Qa'ab cemetery."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "0937728e0a273128db520e44c016f83b19711000",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "埃及的統治者都埋放在哪裡？",
              "en": "Where were the rulers of Egypt laid to rest?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "阿拜多斯的烏姆・卡伯墓地",
                  "answer_start": 167
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Abydos in the Umm el-Qa'ab cemetery",
                  "answer_start": 494
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "弗里德里希・奧古斯特・凱庫勒・馮・斯特拉多尼茨",
      "en": "August Kekulé"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "這個理論來自於原子價的觀念，特別是碳的四價（Kekulé 在 1857 年末宣佈），和碳原子相互聯絡的能力（在 1858 年 5 月發表的一篇論文中宣佈）以確定分子中所有原子的鍵合順序。根據那些先行者們的想法，例如威廉姆森，愛德華・弗蘭克蘭德，威廉・奧丁，奧古斯特・羅朗，查爾斯 - 阿道夫・武爾茨等人，凱庫勒是化學結構理論（1857-58）的主要制定者。",
          "en": "In 1856 Kekulé became Privatdozent at the University of Heidelberg.  In 1858 he was hired as full professor at the University of Ghent, then in 1867 he was called to Bonn, where he remained for the rest of his career.  Basing his ideas on those of predecessors such as Williamson, Edward Frankland, William Odling, Auguste Laurent, Charles-Adolphe Wurtz and others, Kekulé was the principal formulator of the theory of chemical structure (1857–58). This theory proceeds from the idea of atomic valence, especially the tetravalence of carbon (which Kekulé announced late in 1857) and the ability of carbon atoms to link to each other (announced in a paper published in May 1858), to the determination of the bonding order of all of the atoms in a molecule. Archibald Scott Couper independently arrived at the idea of self-linking of carbon atoms (his paper appeared in June 1858), and provided the first molecular formulas where lines symbolize bonds connecting the atoms. For organic chemists, the theory of structure provided dramatic new clarity of understanding, and a reliable guide to both analytic and especially synthetic work. As a consequence, the field of organic chemistry developed explosively from this point. Among those who were most active in pursuing early structural investigations were, in addition to Kekulé and Couper, Frankland, Wurtz, Alexander Crum Brown, Emil Erlenmeyer, and Alexander Butlerov.Kekulé's idea of assigning certain atoms to certain positions within the molecule, and schematically connecting them using what he called their \"Verwandtschaftseinheiten\" (\"affinity units\", now called \"valences\" or \"bonds\"), was based largely on evidence from chemical reactions, rather than on instrumental methods that could peer directly into the molecule, such as X-ray crystallography.  Such physical methods of structural determination had not yet been developed, so chemists of Kekulé's day had to rely almost entirely on so-called \"wet\" chemistry. Some chemists, notably Hermann Kolbe, heavily criticized the use of structural formulas that were offered, as he thought, without proof.   However, most chemists followed Kekulé's lead in pursuing and developing what some have called \"classical\" structure theory, which was modified after the discovery of electrons (1897) and the development of quantum mechanics (in the 1920s)."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "a75b1b2525787844e72aeae8203f4836b35fb534",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "凱庫勒的理論是在哪個科學領域？",
              "en": "In what area of science was the Kekulé's theory?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "化學結構",
                  "answer_start": 156
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "chemical structure",
                  "answer_start": 419
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "白松縣 (內華達州)",
      "en": "White Pine County, Nevada"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "根據 2000 年人口普查，白松縣擁有 9,181 居民、3,282 住戶和 2,159 家庭。其人口密度為每平方英里 1 居民（每平方公里 0.4 居民）。白松縣擁有 4,439 間房屋單位，其密度為每平方英里 0.5 間（每平方公里 0.19 間）。白松縣的人口是由 86.35% 白人、4.14% 黑人、3.29% 土著、0.78% 亞洲人、0.24% 太平洋島民、3.09% 其他種族和 2.10% 混血構成。而西班牙裔或拉丁美洲人佔了人口 10.98%。在 3,282 住戶中，有 31.20% 擁有一個或以上的兒童（18 歲以下）、51.80% 為夫妻、9.3% 為單親家庭、而有 34.2% 為非家庭。其中 29.6% 住戶為獨居，11.5% 為同居長者。平均每戶有 2.42 人，而平均每個家庭則有 3.01 人。在 9,181 居民中，有 24.2% 為 18 歲以下、7.6% 為 18 至 24 歲、29.9% 為 25 至 44 歲、24.8% 為 45 至 64 歲以及 13.5% 為 65 歲以上。人口的年齡中位數為 38 歲，每 100 個女性就有 128.6 個男性。而每 100 個成年女性（18 歲以上）就有 138.5 個成年男性。白松縣的住戶收入中位數為 $36,688，而家庭收入中位數則為 $44,136。男性的收入中位數為 $36,083，而女性的收入中位數則為 $18,309。白松縣的人均收入為 $19,785。約 10.3% 家庭和 11.0% 人口在貧窮線以下。",
          "en": "There were 3,282 households out of which 31.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.80% were married couples living together, 9.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.2% were non-families. 29.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 3.01."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "d1a5e6945781120d17755acf2b9a271a6bf6039d",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "獨居的住戶佔百分之多少？",
              "en": "What percentage of households were individual residences?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "29.6%",
                  "answer_start": 310
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "29.6%",
                  "answer_start": 228
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "弗裡茨・茲威基",
      "en": "Fritz Zwicky"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "他在宇宙論中所設定的一些數值，對今天我們所認識的宇宙有深遠的影響。他在 1942 年被任命為加州理工學院的天文學教授，同時還是噴射飛機工程公司的研究主任 / 顧問 (1943-1961 年)，而在他的職業生涯中，大部分時間都是和威爾遜山天文臺和帕羅馬山天文臺的工作人員。他開發出最早期的噴射引擎並且擁有 50 項以上的專利，許多噴射推進器，他也是水下噴射引擎 (時間在 1949 年 3 月 14 日)、兩段噴射馬達和逆水脈衝器的發明者。",
          "en": "Fritz Zwicky was born in Varna, Bulgaria, to a Swiss father. His father, Fridolin (b. 1868), was a prominent industrialist in the Bulgarian city and also served as ambassador of Norway in Varna (1908–1933). The Zwicky House in Varna was designed and built by Fridolin Zwicky. Fritz's mother, Franziska Vrček (b. 1871), was an ethnic Czech of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Fritz was the oldest of the Zwicky family's three children: he had a younger brother named Rudolf and a sister, Leonie. Fritz's mother died in Varna in 1927, and his father Fridolin remained in Bulgaria until 1945, when he returned to Switzerland. His sister Leonie married a Bulgarian from Varna and spent her entire life in the city.In 1904, at the age of six, Fritz was sent to his grandparents in the family's ancestral canton of Glarus, Switzerland, to study commerce. His interests shifted to math and physics and he received an advanced education in mathematics and experimental physics at the Swiss Federal Polytechnic (today known as ETH Zurich) in Zurich. In 1925, he immigrated to the United States to work with Robert Millikan at California Institute of Technology (Caltech) with an office down the hall from Robert Oppenheimer after receiving the \"international fellowship from the Rockefeller Foundation.\"He was responsible for positing numerous cosmological theories that have a profound impact on the understanding of our universe today. He coined the term \"supernova\" during his fostering the concept of neutron stars. It would be five years later when Oppenheimer would publish his landmark paper announcing \"neutron stars\". Fritz was appointed Professor of Astronomy at Caltech in 1942 and also worked as a research director/consultant for Aerojet Engineering Corporation (1943–1961) and staff member of Mount Wilson Observatory and Palomar Observatory for most of his career. He developed some of the earliest jet engines and holds over 50 patents, many in jet propulsion, and is the inventor of the Underwater Jet (TIME March 14, 1949), the Two Piece Jet Thrust Motor and Inverted Hydro Pulse.In April 1932, Fritz Zwicky married Dorothy Vernon Gates (1904-1991), a member of a prominent local family and a daughter of California State Senator Egbert Gates. Her money was instrumental in the funding of the Palomar Observatory during the Great Depression. Nicholas Roosevelt, cousin of President Theodore Roosevelt, was his brother-in-law by marriage to Tirzah Gates. Zwicky and Dorothy divorced amicably in 1941. In 1947 Zwicky was married in Switzerland to Anna Margaritha Zurcher and they had three daughters, Margrit, Franziska, and Barbarina. The Zwicky Museum at the Landesbibliothek, Glarus, houses many of his papers and scientific works, and the Fritz Zwicky Stiftung (Foundation) in Switzerland carries on his ideas relating to \"Morphological analysis\". Zwicky died in Pasadena on February 8, 1974, and was buried in Mollis, Switzerland."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "db5f0b891294bab251329d8f85f8628c16906513",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "弗裡茨在哪個學校教書？",
              "en": "What school did Fritz teach at?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "加州理工學院的天文",
                  "answer_start": 46
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Astronomy at Caltech",
                  "answer_start": 1647
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "王儲號戰列艦",
      "en": "SMS Kronprinz"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "1916 年 8 月 19 日，王儲號參加了一個炮擊桑德蘭的行動。舍爾上將試圖重演原本在 5 月 31 日的計劃；兩個仍可供使用的德國戰列艦巡洋艦毛奇號和馮・德坦恩號將在三艘無畏艦的支援下，炮擊桑德蘭沿岸的城鎮，以引誘和摧毀貝蒂的戰列巡洋艦。而艦隊的其餘部分，包括王儲號，則尾隨在後並提供掩護。但英國人已事先破譯了德國人的計劃，並派出大艦隊應戰。在 14 時 35 分，舍爾收到了大艦隊迫近的警告，他並不願意在難分伯仲的日德蘭海戰後僅 11 周便又與整個大艦隊交戰，於是下令全體艦隊掉頭撤回德國港口。王儲號還參加過兩次波瀾不驚的艦隊行動：一次是一個月前於 7 月 16 日航行至黑爾戈蘭島北部；另一次是 10 月 18－20 日推進至北海。在此之後，王儲號連同第三分艦隊的其餘部分被直接派往波羅的海進行訓練，並一直持續至 11 月 2 日。從波羅的海返回後，王儲號和第三分艦隊又奉命為取回在丹麥沿岸擱淺的兩艘 U 型潛艇提供保護。在回程途中，於 1916 年 11 月 5 日，王儲號在喇叭礁附近被英國潛艇 J1 號施射的魚雷擊中。魚雷在艦隻最前端炮塔的下方爆炸，並使得約 250 噸水進入艦身。王儲號維持其航速並抵達港口。第二日，它被安排在威廉港帝國船廠的旱塢進行維修，並一直持續至 12 月 4 日。迴歸第三分艦隊後，王儲號在擔當德意志灣的警戒任務前，參加了于波羅的海進行的分艦隊訓練。在 1917 年 3 月 5 日的訓練演習期間，王儲號於黑爾戈蘭灣意外的遭到其姊妹艦大選帝侯號撞擊。碰撞造成輕微水浸，共有 600 噸水滲入王儲號艦身。它再度駛入威廉港的旱塢，從 3 月 6 日至 5 月 17 日進行維修。9 月 11 日，王儲號再從艦隊中分離至波羅的海參加訓練。然後，它被編入特遣部隊參加阿爾比恩行動。",
          "en": "On 18 August 1916, Kronprinz took part in an operation to bombard Sunderland. Admiral Scheer attempted a repeat of the original 31 May plan; the two serviceable German battlecruisers—Moltke and Von der Tann—supported by three dreadnoughts, were to bombard the coastal town of Sunderland in an attempt to draw out and destroy Beatty's battlecruisers. The rest of the fleet, including Kronprinz, would trail behind and provide cover. The British were aware of the German plans and sortied the Grand Fleet to meet them. By 14:35, Admiral Scheer had been warned of the Grand Fleet's approach and, unwilling to engage the whole of the Grand Fleet just eleven weeks after the decidedly close call at Jutland, turned his forces around and retreated to German ports.Kronprinz participated in two uneventful fleet operations, one a month prior on 16 July to the north of Helgoland, and one into the North Sea on 18–20 October. Kronprinz and the rest of III Squadron were sent to the Baltic directly afterward for training, which lasted until 2 November. Upon returning from the Baltic, Kronprinz and the rest of III Squadron were ordered to cover the retrieval of a pair of U-boats that were stranded on the Danish coast. On the return trip, on 5 November 1916, Kronprinz was torpedoed by the British submarine J1 near Horns Reef. The torpedo struck the ship beneath the forward-most gun turret and allowed approximately 250 metric tons (250 long tons; 280 short tons) of water into the ship. Kronprinz maintained her speed and reached port. The following day she was placed in drydock at the Imperial Dockyard in Wilhelmshaven for repairs, which lasted from 6 November to 4 December. During this period, Bernhard Rösing took command of the vessel.After returning to III Squadron, Kronprinz took part in squadron training in the Baltic before conducting defensive patrols in the German Bight. In early 1917, the ship became the flagship of the deputy commander of the squadron, at that time Rear Admiral Karl Seiferling. During training maneuvers on 5 March 1917, Kronprinz was accidentally rammed by her sister ship Grosser Kurfürst in the Heligoland Bight. The collision caused minor flooding in the area abreast of her forward superfiring turret; Kronprinz shipped some 600 t (590 long tons; 660 short tons) of water. She again went into the drydock in Wilhelmshaven, from 6 March to 14 May. On 11 September, Kronprinz was detached for training in the Baltic. She then joined the Special Unit for Operation Albion."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "fd3e19fd081c871b1f639e90b7ac6bded7836528",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "王儲號在戰爭中發生了什麼？",
              "en": "What happened to Kronprinz during the war?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "王儲號在喇叭礁附近被英國潛艇 J1 號施射的魚雷擊中。",
                  "answer_start": 439
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Kronprinz was torpedoed by the British submarine J1 near Horns Reef.",
                  "answer_start": 1253
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "馬丁・路德・金",
      "en": "Martin Luther King Jr."
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "1964 年 10 月 14 日，諾貝爾委員會因小馬丁・路德・金長期以非暴力方法追求種族平等理想而授予他諾貝爾和平獎。1965 年，他與 SCLC 共同組織「由塞爾瑪向蒙哥馬利進軍」行動；隔年又將民權運動往北擴散至芝加哥。在他生命最後幾年，除了民權運動，金也關注美國的貧窮問題和越南戰爭，發表《越南背後：打破沉默的時刻》演講說明他對越戰的立場轉變。金以曾規劃全美性質的佔領華盛頓特區行動，是為「窮人運動」。1968 年 4 月 4 日，馬丁・路德・金遭人暗殺，地點是田納西州孟斐斯一家汽車旅館。金遇刺後，全美各地都出現暴動。之後，詹姆斯・厄爾・雷遭到逮捕，被指為殺害金的兇手；根據他的辯詞，他是與政府特工一同策劃或犯案的，直到暗殺案後 20 年仍如此堅稱。1999 年 7 月召開的民事審判庭上，餐廳老闆勞伊德・宙沃斯被指為金遇刺案的共犯。",
          "en": "On October 14, 1964, King won the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolent resistance. In 1965, he helped organize the Selma to Montgomery marches. The following year, he and the SCLC took the movement north to Chicago to work on segregated housing. In his final years, he expanded his focus to include opposition towards poverty and the Vietnam War. He alienated many of his liberal allies with a 1967 speech titled \"Beyond Vietnam\". J. Edgar Hoover considered him a radical and made him an object of the FBI's COINTELPRO from 1963 on. FBI agents investigated him for possible communist ties, recorded his extramarital liaisons and reported on them to government officials, and on one occasion mailed King a threatening anonymous letter, which he interpreted as an attempt to make him commit suicide."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "b39af081552fd68b0ebd27ed4c6d3eff2fe21c73",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "國王支援哪種抗議？",
              "en": "What type of protest did King advocate?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "非暴力",
                  "answer_start": 35
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "nonviolent",
                  "answer_start": 92
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "孫達爾・皮柴",
      "en": "Sundar Pichai"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "皮採在印度泰米爾納德邦出生並長大。他在印度理工學院坎普爾分校 (Indian Institutes of Technology Kanpur) 獲得過工學學士學位（冶金工程）並被授予學院銀獎章， 同時擁有斯坦福大學的理學碩士學位（材料科學與工程）以及賓夕法尼亞大學沃頓商學院的工商管理學碩士學位。",
          "en": "Pichai was born in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India in a Tamil family. His mother Lakshmi was a stenographer and his father, Regunatha Pichai was an electrical engineer at GEC, the British conglomerate. His father also had a manufacturing plant that produced electrical components. Pichai grew up in a two-room apartment in Ashok Nagar, Chennai.Pichai completed schooling in Jawahar Vidyalaya, a Central Board of Secondary Education school in Ashok Nagar, Chennai and completed the Class XII from Vana Vani school in the Indian Institute of Technology Madras. He earned his degree from Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur in metallurgical engineering. He is currently a distinguished alumnus. He holds an M.S. from Stanford University in material sciences and engineering, and an MBA from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, where he was named a Siebel Scholar and a Palmer Scholar, respectively."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "aa721a3a0b5f5764556bbe4d69040f4e222c3b6b",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "皮採出生於什麼樣的家庭？",
              "en": "Into what type of family was Pichai born?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "泰米爾",
                  "answer_start": 5
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Tamil",
                  "answer_start": 51
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "氬",
      "en": "Argon"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "因為氬的低傳熱率和惰性，氬氣在水肺潛水可以用來作為膨脹潛水衣的氣體。氬氣還可以在水肺中代替氮氣（吸收純氧對身體不好，因此水肺中要新增其他氣體），因為氮氣在高壓下會溶進血液裡而造成氮麻醉，氬氣則可以減輕這種症狀（雖然一般來說，惰性氣體也會造成這種症狀）。使用特定的方法可以使氬氣離子化並且發光，這種功能可用於電漿燈和粒子物理學中的能量器。以氬作成的氬雷射會發出藍光，它在醫學外科中可用於連線動脈、去除腫瘤和治療眼睛的缺陷等。氬氣還可以用於濺鍍。另外氬 - 39 有 269 年的半衰期，可以用於測定地下水和冰層的年齡，而鉀 - 氬年代測定法適用鉀 - 40 衰變成氬 - 40 的過程來用於測定火成岩的年齡。",
          "en": "Argon is used for thermal insulation in energy-efficient windows. Argon is also used in technical scuba diving to inflate a dry suit because it is inert and has low thermal conductivity.Argon is used as a propellant in the development of the Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket (VASIMR).  Compressed argon gas is allowed to expand, to cool the seeker heads of some versions of the AIM-9 Sidewinder missile and other missiles that use cooled thermal seeker heads. The gas is stored at high pressure.Argon-39, with a half-life of 269 years, has been used for a number of applications, primarily ice core and ground water dating. Also, potassium–argon dating and related argon-argon dating is used to date sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks.Argon has been used by athletes as a doping agent to simulate hypoxic conditions.  In 2014, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) added argon and xenon to the list of prohibited substances and methods, although at this time there is no reliable test for abuse."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "cc81fb916f547d7d51730e0f726891179b361ebd",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "氬 - 39 的半衰期是多長時間？",
              "en": "What is the half-life of Argon 39?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "269 年",
                  "answer_start": 231
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "269 years",
                  "answer_start": 539
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "大衛・勞埃德・約翰斯頓",
      "en": "David Johnston"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "大衛・勞埃德・莊士敦 CC CMM COM CD FRSC (hon) （英語：David Lloyd Johnston，1941 年 6 月 28 日－）曾任麥吉爾大學和滑鐵盧大學校長。由前加拿大總理史提芬・哈珀提名及經加拿大女王伊利沙白二世的任命，於 2010 年 10 月 1 日接替莊美楷成為加拿大總督。",
          "en": "Johnston was born and raised in Ontario, studying there before enrolling at Harvard University and later Cambridge and Queen's universities. He went on to work as a professor at various post-secondary institutions in Canada, eventually serving administrative roles as dean of law at the University of Western Ontario, principal of McGill University, and president of the University of Waterloo. At the same time, Johnston involved himself with politics and public service, moderating political debates and chairing commissions in both the federal and provincial spheres, his most renowned position in that field being the chairmanship of the inquiry into the Airbus affair. He was in 2010 appointed as governor general by Queen Elizabeth II, on the recommendation of then Prime Minister of Canada Stephen Harper, to replace Michaëlle Jean as viceroy and he occupied the post until succeeded by Julie Payette in 2017. At the time, Johnston was predominantly praised as a worthy choice for the Queen's representative, though his appointment was denounced by some Quebec sovereigntists."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "244b552d2f8e850eb0b88d4c7440c575639fa911",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "史提芬・哈珀在政府扮演什麼角色？",
              "en": "What role  in government did Stephen Harper have?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "總理",
                  "answer_start": 99
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Prime Minister",
                  "answer_start": 772
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "克里斯・安吉爾",
      "en": "Criss Angel"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "克里斯・安吉爾製作並主演了 A&E 網路的電視節目克里斯・安吉爾的街頭魔術。第一、第二季是在星球好萊塢酒店和賭場拍攝，而第三季則在拉斯維加斯的盧克索酒店拍攝。節目首映於 2005 年 7 月 20 日，內容包括水中漫步、在盧克索酒店表演的人體漂浮（表演在 39 盞聚光燈下進行，以致在太空中也觀測得到表演地）、身處裝有 C4 炸藥的木箱並在爆炸後存活、觀眾圍觀下的全景人體切割，以及躺臥在滿布玻璃碎床上經壓路機碾壓等等不可思議的幻術。另外，在第三季中，他因在疾駛的汽車中跳車而備受關注。在這次表演中，安吉爾負傷並中斷節目製作長達 3 周。",
          "en": "In 2005, Criss Angel became the creator, director, and executive producer of the A&E Network show Criss Angel Mindfreak, and had entered production in January. Seasons 1 and 2 were filmed at The Aladdin in Las Vegas, with Season 3 at the Luxor Las Vegas. Premiering on July 20, 2005, the show's illusions included walking on water, levitating, walking up the side of Luxor Hotel (in the light of 39 focused lamps that can be seen from space), floating between two buildings, causing a Lamborghini to disappear, surviving in an exploding C4 Crate, cutting himself in half in full view of an audience and getting run over by a steamroller while lying on a bed of broken glass."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "4716c0c31202186e963a12a50143d48978f8a0a2",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "第三季在哪家酒店拍攝？",
              "en": "What hotel was season 3 filmed at?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "拉斯維加斯的盧克索酒店",
                  "answer_start": 65
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Luxor Las Vegas",
                  "answer_start": 238
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "zh_tw": "斯巴達克斯",
      "en": "Spartacus"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "zh_tw": "斯巴達克斯這個名字被證實也用於黑海地區：色雷斯王朝波斯普拉王國和本都的國王都曾使用過這個名字。而稱謂「斯巴達」（Sparta）、「斯巴大克斯」（Spardacus）或奧德李希（色雷斯一部落）撒西斯一世的父親的名字「斯巴多克斯」（Sparadokos）也廣為人知。",
          "en": "The name Spartacus is otherwise manifested in the Black Sea region. Kings of the Thracian dynasty of the Cimmerian Bosporus and Pontus are known to have borne it, and a Thracian \"Sparta\" \"Spardacus\" or \"Sparadokos\", father of Seuthes I of the Odrysae, is also known."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "c555e59e9cf74869aaf94cbeaf932cd1fd89e55e",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪個國王？",
              "en": "which King?"
            },
            "answers": {
              "zh_tw": [
                {
                  "text": "色雷斯王朝",
                  "answer_start": 20
                }
              ],
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Kings of the Thracian dynasty",
                  "answer_start": 68
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Joystick"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "An arcade stick is a large-format controller for use with home consoles or computers. They use the stick-and-button configuration of some arcade cabinets, such as those with particular multi-button arrangements. For example, the six button layout of the arcade games Street Fighter II or Mortal Kombat cannot be comfortably emulated on a console joypad, so licensed home arcade sticks for these games have been manufactured for home consoles and PCs."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "c87d11aee77aa1ba84445a5dcc12ed753b2571d4",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "《街機遊戲街頭霸王 II》的遊戲機上有多少用於控制角色的圓形物體？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "six",
                  "answer_start": 229
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "In the 1960s the use of joysticks became widespread in radio-controlled model aircraft systems such as the Kwik Fly produced by Phill Kraft (1964). The now-defunct Kraft Systems firm eventually became an important OEM supplier of joysticks to the computer industry and other users. The first use of joysticks outside the radio-controlled aircraft industry may have been in the control of powered wheelchairs, such as the Permobil (1963). During this time period NASA used joysticks as control devices as part of the Apollo missions. For example, the lunar lander test models were controlled with a joystick."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "ce88218a3895a7b4c20fb2ae634a6ee81ae9a03f",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "Kraft 系統向美國宇航局供應了什麼作為控制裝置？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "joysticks",
                  "answer_start": 472
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Specialist joysticks, classed as an assistive technology pointing device, are used to replace the computer mouse for people with fairly severe physical disabilities. Rather than controlling games, these joysticks control the pointer. They are often useful to people with athetoid conditions, such as cerebral palsy, who find them easier to grasp than a standard mouse. Miniature joysticks are available for people with conditions involving muscular weakness such as muscular dystrophy or motor neurone disease as well. They are also used on electric powered wheelchairs for control since they are simple and effective to use as a control method."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "cc52b29559c6e61d96ee46167dde64576234076b",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "什麼樣的病情是腦癱？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "athetoid",
                  "answer_start": 271
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "The electrical two-axis joystick was invented by C. B. Mirick at the United States Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) and patented in 1926 (U.S. Patent no. 1,597,416)\".  NRL was actively developing remote controlled aircraft at the time and the joystick was possibly used to support this effort.  In the awarded patent, Mirick writes: \"My control system is particularly applicable in maneuvering aircraft without a pilot.\"The Germans developed an electrical two-axis joystick around 1944.  The device was used as part of the Germans' Funkgerät FuG 203 Kehl radio control transmitter system used in certain German bomber aircraft, used to guide both the rocket-boosted anti-ship missile Henschel Hs 293, and the unpowered pioneering precision-guided munition Fritz-X, against maritime and other targets. Here, the joystick of the Kehl transmitter was used by an operator to steer the missile towards its target. This joystick had on-off switches rather than analogue sensors. Both the Hs 293 and Fritz-X used FuG 230 Straßburg radio receivers in them to send the Kehl's control signals to the ordnance's control surfaces.  A comparable  joystick unit was used for the contemporary American Azon steerable munition, strictly to laterally steer the munition in the yaw axis only.This German invention was picked up by someone in the team of scientists assembled at the Heeresversuchsanstalt in Peenemünde. Here a part of the team on the German rocket program was developing the Wasserfall missile, a variant of the V-2 rocket, the first ground-to-air missile. The Wasserfall steering equipment converted the electrical signal to radio signals and transmitted these to the missile."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "2f96dfbce0121645583cdfc2ac98af712766a134",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "這個裝置主要瞄準什麼目標？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "maritime",
                  "answer_start": 772
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "The name \"joystick\" is thought to originate with early 20th century French pilot Robert Esnault-Pelterie. There are also competing claims on behalf of fellow pilots Robert Loraine, James Henry Joyce, and A. E. George. Loraine is cited by the Oxford English Dictionary for using the term \"joystick\" in his diary in 1909 when he went to Pau to learn to fly at Bleriot's school. George was a pioneer aviator who with his colleague Jobling built and flew a biplane at Newcastle in England in 1910. He is alleged to have invented the \"George Stick\" which became more popularly known as the joystick. The George and Jobling aircraft control column is in the collection of the Discovery Museum in Newcastle upon Tyne, England."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "4a98db3180456026443e4cf9e34fb4c50822fbc4",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "George 的職業是什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "pioneer aviator",
                  "answer_start": 389
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "a4bd597b65c210244c83dc4a1bd4b9aa551472a2",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "\"除了 Robert Esnault-Pelterie 之外，還有哪些人認為他們創造了\" 控制桿 \" 這個名字？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Robert Loraine, James Henry Joyce, and A. E. George",
                  "answer_start": 165
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Isaac Newton"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "From 1670 to 1672, Newton lectured on optics. During this period he investigated the refraction of light, demonstrating that the multicoloured spectrum produced by a prism could be recomposed into white light by a lens and a second prism. Modern scholarship has revealed that Newton's analysis and resynthesis of white light owes a debt to corpuscular alchemy.He showed that coloured light does not change its properties by separating out a coloured beam and shining it on various objects, and that regardless of whether reflected, scattered, or transmitted, the light remains the same colour. Thus, he observed that colour is the result of objects interacting with already-coloured light rather than objects generating the colour themselves. This is known as Newton's theory of colour."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "8deebf03088b2efe6a248acb57439844faaf582b",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "顏色來自哪裡？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "objects interacting with already-coloured light",
                  "answer_start": 641
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "1412334a2b268481e33030d187013df11fe87fab",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰分析了白光？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Newton",
                  "answer_start": 19
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "He was appointed Lucasian Professor of Mathematics in 1669, on Barrow's recommendation. During that time, any Fellow of a college at Cambridge or Oxford was required to take holy orders and become an ordained Anglican priest. However, the terms of the Lucasian professorship required that the holder not be active in the church – presumably so as to have more time for science. Newton argued that this should exempt him from the ordination requirement, and Charles II, whose permission was needed, accepted this argument. Thus a conflict between Newton's religious views and Anglican orthodoxy was averted."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "be840d83f09c9c98da4488aafda24eff3a055460",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪些大學規定要擔任聖職？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Cambridge or Oxford",
                  "answer_start": 133
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Isaac Newton was born (according to the Julian calendar, in use in England at the time) on Christmas Day, 25 December 1642 (NS 4 January 1643) \"an hour or two after midnight\", at Woolsthorpe Manor in Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, a hamlet in the county of Lincolnshire. His father, also named Isaac Newton, had died three months before. Born prematurely, Newton was a small child; his mother Hannah Ayscough reportedly said that he could have fit inside a quart mug. When Newton was three, his mother remarried and went to live with her new husband, the Reverend Barnabas Smith, leaving her son in the care of his maternal grandmother, Margery Ayscough. Newton disliked his stepfather and maintained some enmity towards his mother for marrying him, as revealed by this entry in a list of sins committed up to the age of 19: \"Threatening my father and mother Smith to burn them and the house over them.\" Newton's mother had three children from her second marriage.From the age of about twelve until he was seventeen, Newton was educated at The King's School, Grantham, which taught Latin and Greek and probably imparted a significant foundation of mathematics. He was removed from school, and returned to Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth by October 1659. His mother, widowed for the second time, attempted to make him a farmer, an occupation he hated. Henry Stokes, master at The King's School, persuaded his mother to send him back to school. Motivated partly by a desire for revenge against a schoolyard bully, he became the top-ranked student, distinguishing himself mainly by building sundials and models of windmills.In June 1661, he was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge, on the recommendation of his uncle Rev William Ayscough, who had studied there. He started as a subsizar—paying his way by performing valet's duties—until he was awarded a scholarship in 1664, guaranteeing him four more years until he could get his MA. At that time, the college's teachings were based on those of Aristotle, whom Newton supplemented with modern philosophers such as Descartes, and astronomers such as Galileo and Thomas Street, through whom he learned of Kepler's work. He set down in his notebook a series of \"Quaestiones\" about mechanical philosophy as he found it. In 1665, he discovered the generalised binomial theorem and began to develop a mathematical theory that later became calculus. Soon after Newton had obtained his BA degree in August 1665, the university temporarily closed as a precaution against the Great Plague. Although he had been undistinguished as a Cambridge student, Newton's private studies at his home in Woolsthorpe over the subsequent two years saw the development of his theories on calculus, optics, and the law of gravitation."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "dcc42ec6b396191626e80999aa237337761b5117",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "亨利・斯托克斯做了什麼，讓牛頓被勒令退學後，又回伍爾斯索普呢？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "persuaded his mother to send him back to school",
                  "answer_start": 1388
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "33852d3f97b7651a7acc25675298ddcd3546fb3a",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰養大了艾薩克・牛頓？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "his maternal grandmother, Margery Ayscough",
                  "answer_start": 609
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "6eaf6cdc35490b6d82078a735319b29378171d08",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "他在哪一年發現了廣義二項式定理？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "1665",
                  "answer_start": 2264
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "It is known from his notebooks that Newton was grappling in the late 1660s with the idea that terrestrial gravity extends, in an inverse-square proportion, to the Moon; however it took him two decades to develop the full-fledged theory. The question was not whether gravity existed, but whether it extended so far from Earth that it could also be the force holding the Moon to its orbit. Newton showed that if the force decreased as the inverse square of the distance, one could indeed calculate the Moon's orbital period, and get good agreement. He guessed the same force was responsible for other orbital motions, and hence named it \"universal gravitation\"."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "7cb8a08435da80688b76e574ddd03f86c587dee2",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "什麼有關引力的質疑？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "whether it extended so far from Earth that it could also be the force holding the Moon to its orbit",
                  "answer_start": 287
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "0d9d240495c4103e48aa59a4dc7d8ae384d64f80",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "牛頓對地球引力的看法是什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "if the force decreased as the inverse square of the distance, one could indeed calculate the Moon's orbital period",
                  "answer_start": 407
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "John Conduitt, Newton's assistant at the Royal Mint and husband of Newton's niece, also described the event when he wrote about Newton's life:"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "cfbf0f7b7044622d4cf9b5b58fff2f4adb2a6419",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "康杜特與誰結了婚？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Newton's niece",
                  "answer_start": 67
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Newton built the first practical reflecting telescope and developed a sophisticated theory of colour based on the observation that a prism separates white light into the colours of the visible spectrum. His work on light was collected in his highly influential book Opticks, published in 1704. He also formulated an empirical law of cooling, made the first theoretical calculation of the speed of sound, and introduced the notion of a Newtonian fluid. In addition to his work on calculus, as a mathematician Newton contributed to the study of power series, generalised the binomial theorem to non-integer exponents, developed a method for approximating the roots of a function, and classified most of the cubic plane curves."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "f6d0c42792c166772d6947b1ae69a88ff0ae03da",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰負責光譜的觀察？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Newton",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Newton died in his sleep in London on 20 March 1727 (OS 20 March 1726; NS 31 March 1727). His body was buried in Westminster Abbey. Voltaire may have been present at his funeral. A bachelor, he had divested much of his estate to relatives during his last years, and died intestate. His papers went to John Conduitt and Catherine Barton. After his death, Newton's hair was examined and found to contain mercury, probably resulting from his alchemical pursuits. Mercury poisoning could explain Newton's eccentricity in late life."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "3e7f0fd26153a784adf6aa6765a61f35d3d2fed5",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪種中毒有助解釋牛頓的晚年生活？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Mercury",
                  "answer_start": 460
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "99eaecf7bcc8585dcefa55c1176bc896fc9a09b2",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "牛頓是怎麼死的？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "in his sleep",
                  "answer_start": 12
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Newton was relatively modest about his achievements, writing in a letter to Robert Hooke in February 1676:"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "a05046cdf2cfbf0f5e3ee7cb0ad9f3125186886b",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "這兩個人之間以怎樣溝通？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "writing in a letter",
                  "answer_start": 53
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Newton's work has been said \"to distinctly advance every branch of mathematics then studied.\" His work on the subject usually referred to as fluxions or calculus, seen in a manuscript of October 1666, is now published among Newton's mathematical papers. The author of the manuscript De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas, sent by Isaac Barrow to John Collins in June 1669, was identified by Barrow in a letter sent to Collins in August of that year as \"[...] of an extraordinary genius and proficiency in these things.\"Newton later became involved in a dispute with Leibniz over priority in the development of calculus (the Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy). Most modern historians believe that Newton and Leibniz developed calculus independently, although with very different mathematical notations. Occasionally it has been suggested that Newton published almost nothing about it until 1693, and did not give a full account until 1704, while Leibniz began publishing a full account of his methods in 1684. Leibniz's notation and \"differential Method\", nowadays recognised as much more convenient notations, were adopted by continental European mathematicians, and after 1820 or so, also by British mathematicians.Such a suggestion fails to account for the calculus in Book 1 of Newton's Principia itself and in its forerunner manuscripts, such as De motu corporum in gyrum of 1684; this content has been pointed out by critics of both Newton's time and modern times.His work extensively uses calculus in geometric form based on limiting values of the ratios of vanishingly small quantities: in the Principia itself, Newton gave demonstration of this under the name of \"the method of first and last ratios\" and explained why he put his expositions in this form, remarking also that \"hereby the same thing is performed as by the method of indivisibles.\"Because of this, the Principia has been called \"a book dense with the theory and application of the infinitesimal calculus\" in modern times and in Newton's time \"nearly all of it is of this calculus.\" His use of methods involving \"one or more orders of the infinitesimally small\" is present in his De motu corporum in gyrum of 1684 and in his papers on motion \"during the two decades preceding 1684\"."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "f56e644b8266381ada22b2c0a01faa2bdc94a072",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪些人被認為創造了稱為微積分學的數學領域？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Newton and Leibniz",
                  "answer_start": 715
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Of Natures Obvious Laws & Processes in Vegetation (unpublished, c. 1671–75)"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "21fec539768f1e537f1cef78d62d12020cda4543",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "年度範圍是什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "1671–75",
                  "answer_start": 67
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Hypertension"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "As of 2014, approximately one billion adults or ~22% of the population of the world have hypertension. It is slightly more frequent in men, in those of low socioeconomic status, and it becomes more common with age. It is common in high, medium, and low income countries. In 2004 rates of high blood pressure were highest in Africa, (30% for both sexes) and lowest in the Americas (18% for both sexes). Rates also vary markedly within regions with rates as low as 3.4% (men) and 6.8% (women) in rural India and as high as 68.9% (men) and 72.5% (women) in Poland. Rates in Africa were about 45% in 2016.In Europe hypertension occurs in about 30-45% of people as of 2013. In 1995 it was estimated that 43 million people (24% of the population) in the United States had hypertension or were taking antihypertensive medication. By 2004 this had increased to 29% and further to 32% (76 million US adults) by 2017. In 2017, with the change in definitions for hypertension, 46% of people in the United States are affected. African-American adults in the United States have among the highest rates of hypertension in the world at 44%. It is also more common in Filipino Americans and less common in US whites and Mexican Americans. Differences in hypertension rates are multifactorial and under study."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "f29ed0f8b2d2d97291cf7b41db773105d3faefc1",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "有幾十億成年人患有高血壓？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "one",
                  "answer_start": 26
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Descriptions of hypertension as a disease came among others from Thomas Young in 1808 and especially Richard Bright in 1836. The first report of elevated blood pressure in a person without evidence of kidney disease was made by Frederick Akbar Mahomed (1849–1884)."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "e84177c67b7c7b03c2b1c613705316635c6a982e",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "高血壓的描述是何時起出現的？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "1808",
                  "answer_start": 81
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Failure to thrive, seizures, irritability, lack of energy, and difficulty in breathing can be associated with hypertension in newborns and young infants. In older infants and children, hypertension can cause headache, unexplained irritability, fatigue, failure to thrive, blurred vision, nosebleeds, and facial paralysis."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "b77547691f3f5206a6a5647f8457d2013691c04f",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "是什麼原因導致年輕人在面對更大問題時可能會經歷面部運動困難？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "hypertension",
                  "answer_start": 185
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "High blood pressure is the most common chronic medical problem prompting visits to primary health care providers in USA. The American Heart Association estimated the direct and indirect costs of high blood pressure in 2010 as $76.6 billion. In the US 80% of people with hypertension are aware of their condition, 71% take some antihypertensive medication, but only 48% of people aware that they have hypertension adequately control it. Adequate management of hypertension can be hampered by inadequacies in the diagnosis, treatment, or control of high blood pressure. Health care providers face many obstacles to achieving blood pressure control, including resistance to taking multiple medications to reach blood pressure goals. People also face the challenges of adhering to medicine schedules and making lifestyle changes. Nonetheless, the achievement of blood pressure goals is possible, and most importantly, lowering blood pressure significantly reduces the risk of death due to heart disease and stroke, the development of other debilitating conditions, and the cost associated with advanced medical care."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "115ea90ffe86ecc5d9717f9edcd69a100efc7143",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "2010 年，高血壓的費用為多少？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "$76.6 billion",
                  "answer_start": 226
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Hypertension is the most important preventable risk factor for premature death worldwide. It increases the risk of ischemic heart disease, strokes, peripheral vascular disease, and other cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure, aortic aneurysms, diffuse atherosclerosis, chronic kidney disease, atrial fibrillation, and pulmonary embolism. Hypertension is also a risk factor for cognitive impairment and dementia. Other complications include hypertensive retinopathy and hypertensive nephropathy."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "00df95637d0fc0837b9eba5dafceb545856459b9",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "高血壓增加了什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "the risk of ischemic heart disease, strokes, peripheral vascular disease, and other cardiovascular diseases",
                  "answer_start": 103
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Hypertension occurs in approximately 8–10% of pregnancies. Two blood pressure measurements six hours apart of greater than 140/90 mm Hg are diagnostic of hypertension in pregnancy. High blood pressure in pregnancy can be classified as pre-existing hypertension, gestational hypertension, or pre-eclampsia.Pre-eclampsia is a serious condition of the second half of pregnancy and following delivery characterised by increased blood pressure and the presence of protein in the urine. It occurs in about 5% of pregnancies and is responsible for approximately 16% of all maternal deaths globally. Pre-eclampsia also doubles the risk of death of the baby around the time of birth. Usually there are no symptoms in pre-eclampsia and it is detected by routine screening. When symptoms of pre-eclampsia occur the most common are headache, visual disturbance (often \"flashing lights\"), vomiting, pain over the stomach, and swelling. Pre-eclampsia can occasionally progress to a life-threatening condition called eclampsia, which is a hypertensive emergency and has several serious complications including vision loss, brain swelling, seizures, kidney failure, pulmonary edema, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (a blood clotting disorder).In contrast, gestational hypertension is defined as new-onset hypertension during pregnancy without protein in the urine."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "892e20cf8c340006123412c728f5ee7110572180",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪種病症通常沒有症狀？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "pre-eclampsia",
                  "answer_start": 708
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Hypertension occurs in around 0.2 to 3% of newborns; however, blood pressure is not measured routinely in healthy newborns. Hypertension is more common in high risk newborns. A variety of factors, such as gestational age, postconceptional age and birth weight needs to be taken into account when deciding if a blood pressure is normal in a newborn.Hypertension defined as elevated blood pressure over several visits affects 1% to 5% of children and adolescents and is associated with long term risks of ill-health. Blood pressure rises with age in childhood and, in children, hypertension is defined as an average systolic or diastolic blood pressure on three or more occasions equal or higher than the 95th percentile appropriate for the sex, age and height of the child. High blood pressure must be confirmed on repeated visits however before characterizing a child as having hypertension. Prehypertension in children has been defined as average systolic or diastolic blood pressure that is greater than or equal to the 90th percentile, but less than the 95th percentile. In adolescents, it has been proposed that hypertension and pre-hypertension are diagnosed and classified using the same criteria as in adults.The value of routine screening for hypertension in children over the age of 3 years is debated. In 2004 the National High Blood Pressure Education Program recommended that children aged 3 years and older have blood pressure measurement at"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "71efffa3e3c1d3630b3ec1e4109c8d85aa2f273e",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "高危新生兒中比較常見的狀況是什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Hypertension",
                  "answer_start": 124
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "87c7cc6be5f8e7da5c1d4df15bf5a19daae13bbe",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "兒童高血壓是如何定義的？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "average systolic or diastolic blood pressure on three or more occasions equal or higher than the 95th percentile appropriate for the sex, age and height of the child",
                  "answer_start": 606
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "In people aged 18 years or older hypertension is defined as either a systolic or a diastolic blood pressure measurement consistently higher than an accepted normal value (this is above 129 or 139 mmHg systolic, 89 mmHg diastolic depending on the guideline). Other thresholds are used (135 mmHg systolic or 85 mmHg diastolic) if measurements are derived from 24-hour ambulatory or home monitoring. Recent international hypertension guidelines have also created categories below the hypertensive range to indicate a continuum of risk with higher blood pressures in the normal range. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC7) published in 2003 uses the term prehypertension for blood pressure in the range 120–139 mmHg systolic or 80–89 mmHg diastolic, while European Society of Hypertension Guidelines (2007) and British Hypertension Society (BHS) IV (2004) use optimal, normal and high normal categories to subdivide pressures below 140 mmHg systolic and 90 mmHg diastolic. Hypertension is also sub-classified: JNC7 distinguishes hypertension stage I, hypertension stage II, and isolated systolic hypertension. Isolated systolic hypertension refers to elevated systolic pressure with normal diastolic pressure and is common in the elderly. The ESH-ESC Guidelines (2007) and BHS IV (2004) additionally define a third stage (stage III hypertension) for people with systolic blood pressure exceeding 179 mmHg or a diastolic pressure over 109 mmHg. Hypertension is classified as \"resistant\" if medications do not reduce blood pressure to normal levels. In November 2017, the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology published a joint guideline which updates the recommendations of the JNC7 report."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "d6d76338394c6414828179c0d07ad93ef6a248bf",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "高血壓三期的血壓是多少？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "exceeding 179 mmHg or a diastolic pressure over 109 mmHg",
                  "answer_start": 1476
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "In the 19th and 20th centuries, before effective pharmacological treatment for hypertension became possible, three treatment modalities were used, all with numerous side-effects: strict sodium restriction (for example the rice diet), sympathectomy (surgical ablation of parts of the sympathetic nervous system), and pyrogen therapy (injection of substances that caused a fever, indirectly reducing blood pressure).The first chemical for hypertension, sodium thiocyanate, was used in 1900 but had many side effects and was unpopular. Several other agents were developed after the Second World War, the most popular and reasonably effective of which were tetramethylammonium chloride, hexamethonium, hydralazine, and reserpine (derived from the medicinal plant Rauwolfia serpentina). None of these were well tolerated. A major breakthrough was achieved with the discovery of the first well-tolerated orally available agents. The first was chlorothiazide, the first thiazide diuretic and developed from the antibiotic sulfanilamide, which became available in 1958. Subsequently, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and renin inhibitors were developed as antihypertensive agents."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "5b4172fa39234f7755a6615269035a8fc90b0bbb",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "什麼藥物源自蛇根木？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "reserpine",
                  "answer_start": 715
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Modern understanding of the cardiovascular system began with the work of physician William Harvey (1578–1657), who described the circulation of blood in his book \"De motu cordis\". The English clergyman Stephen Hales made the first published measurement of blood pressure in 1733.  However, hypertension as a clinical entity came into its own with the invention of the cuff-based sphygmomanometer by Scipione Riva-Rocci in 1896. This allowed easy measurement of systolic pressure in the clinic. In 1905, Nikolai Korotkoff improved the technique by describing the Korotkoff sounds that are heard when the artery is ausculted with a stethoscope while the sphygmomanometer cuff is deflated. This permitted systolic and diastolic pressure to be measured."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "4e0f843d642d715f22de2f205f0a498dc090bc60",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "希皮奧內・裡瓦羅西在哪一年發明了袖套法血壓計"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "1896",
                  "answer_start": 422
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "e97ae381ec1f8a2455e4cb7277000d88da26426a",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "威廉・哈維寫的是什麼書？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "De motu cordis",
                  "answer_start": 163
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Once the diagnosis of hypertension has been made, healthcare providers should attempt to identify the underlying cause based on risk factors and other symptoms, if present. Secondary hypertension is more common in preadolescent children, with most cases caused by kidney disease. Primary or essential hypertension is more common in adolescents and adults and has multiple risk factors, including obesity and a family history of hypertension. Laboratory tests can also be performed to identify possible causes of secondary hypertension, and to determine whether hypertension has caused damage to the heart, eyes, and kidneys. Additional tests for diabetes and high cholesterol levels are usually performed because these conditions are additional risk factors for the development of heart disease and may require treatment.Initial assessment of the hypertensive people should include a complete history and physical examination. Serum creatinine is measured to assess for the presence of kidney disease, which can be either the cause or the result of hypertension. Serum creatinine alone may overestimate glomerular filtration rate and recent guidelines advocate the use of predictive equations such as the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula to estimate glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). eGFR can also provide a baseline measurement of kidney function that can be used to monitor for side effects of certain anti-hypertensive drugs on kidney function. Additionally, testing of urine samples for protein is used as a secondary indicator of kidney disease. Electrocardiogram (EKG/ECG) testing is done to check for evidence that the heart is under strain from high blood pressure. It may also show whether there is thickening of the heart muscle (left ventricular hypertrophy) or whether the heart has experienced a prior minor disturbance such as a silent heart attack. A chest X-ray or an echocardiogram may also be performed to look for signs of heart enlargement or damage to the heart."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "01b793014fbd87d8be9368f08eec683d2e1cc055",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "什麼體液用來檢查腎臟問題？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "urine",
                  "answer_start": 1494
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "05d39419d02a64797526e0be53cbc6da9ccf4b1d",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "你如何發現有高血壓？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Laboratory tests",
                  "answer_start": 442
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "a759e6a606ce90aec3e072f1aa0f5468060cee92",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "一旦診斷為高血壓，第一步是什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "healthcare providers should attempt to identify the underlying cause",
                  "answer_start": 50
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "e6ea06caaa1deb4f675c8f6abad569df1c8641f6",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "心電圖的英文縮寫是什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "EKG/ECG",
                  "answer_start": 1591
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "The World Health Organization has identified hypertension, or high blood pressure, as the leading cause of cardiovascular mortality. The World Hypertension League (WHL), an umbrella organization of 85 national hypertension societies and leagues, recognized that more than 50% of the hypertensive population worldwide are unaware of their condition. To address this problem, the WHL initiated a global awareness campaign on hypertension in 2005 and dedicated May 17 of each year as World Hypertension Day (WHD). Over the past three years, more national societies have been engaging in WHD and have been innovative in their activities to get the message to the public. In 2007, there was record participation from 47 member countries of the WHL. During the week of WHD, all these countries – in partnership with their local governments, professional societies, nongovernmental organizations and private industries – promoted hypertension awareness among the public through several media and public rallies. Using mass media such as Internet and television, the message reached more than 250 million people. As the momentum picks up year after year, the WHL is confident that almost all the estimated 1.5 billion people affected by elevated blood pressure can be reached."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "5ec293e4a924587a28d20f57359d4c4b93fcb191",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "各國紅會參與世界遺產保護事業已有多少年了？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "three years,",
                  "answer_start": 525
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "cdeacee23dab19773a4d50ade89f7d0fadf605a6",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪個組織創立了世界高血壓日來提高對高血壓的認識？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "World Hypertension League",
                  "answer_start": 137
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "834152db11e91de3c0a8e3a34e741544adc5e670",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "WHL 對解決高血壓問題做了什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "global awareness campaign on hypertension",
                  "answer_start": 394
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Emma Goldman"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Emma Goldman: A Documentary History of the American Years, Volume 1 – Made for America, 1890–1901. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. ISBN 0-520-08670-8."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "e1b878128e37ff7b9bb8a619aa8ba8305ee462d6",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "這部記錄片是基於哪幾年的？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "1890–1901",
                  "answer_start": 88
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "My Disillusionment in Russia. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page and Co., 1923."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "e0f81a3af3e1c5be87e6c49cd1596e87cef0d586",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "Garden City 在那個州？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "New York",
                  "answer_start": 43
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "George III of the United Kingdom"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "George III hoped that \"the tongue of malice may not paint my intentions in those colours she admires, nor the sycophant extoll me beyond what I deserve\", but in the popular mind George III has been both demonised and praised. While very popular at the start of his reign, by the mid-1770s George had lost the loyalty of revolutionary American colonists, though it has been estimated that as many as half of the colonists remained loyal. The grievances in the United States Declaration of Independence were presented as \"repeated injuries and usurpations\" that he had committed to establish an \"absolute Tyranny\" over the colonies. The Declaration's wording has contributed to the American public's perception of George as a tyrant. Contemporary accounts of George III's life fall into two camps: one demonstrating \"attitudes dominant in the latter part of the reign, when the King had become a revered symbol of national resistance to French ideas and French power\", while the other \"derived their views of the King from the bitter partisan strife of the first two decades of the reign, and they expressed in their works the views of the opposition\".Building on the latter of these two assessments, British historians of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, such as Trevelyan and Erskine May, promoted hostile interpretations of George III's life. However, in the mid-twentieth century the work of Lewis Namier, who thought George was \"much maligned\", started a re-evaluation of the man and his reign. Scholars of the later twentieth century, such as Butterfield and Pares, and Macalpine and Hunter, are inclined to treat George sympathetically, seeing him as a victim of circumstance and illness. Butterfield rejected the arguments of his Victorian predecessors with withering disdain: \"Erskine May must be a good example of the way in which an historian may fall into error through an excess of brilliance. His capacity for synthesis, and his ability to dovetail the various parts of the evidence ... carried him into a more profound and complicated elaboration of error than some of his more pedestrian predecessors ... he inserted a doctrinal element into his history which, granted his original aberrations, was calculated to project the lines of his error, carrying his work still further from centrality or truth.\" In pursuing war with the American colonists, George III believed he was defending the right of an elected Parliament to levy taxes, rather than seeking to expand his own power or prerogatives. In the opinion of modern scholars, during the long reign of George III the monarchy continued to lose its political power, and grew as the embodiment of national morality."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "7580a3eaa676b82877e6983971607c17ebc91f8b",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "美國獨立宣言指控國王喬治三世犯了什麼罪？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "absolute Tyranny",
                  "answer_start": 594
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "12c7633f3d85f2f7ac3e348921edcbd3be45dd8a",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "喬治國王在哪個年代失去了美國殖民地人民的支援？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "mid-1770s",
                  "answer_start": 279
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "George III lived for 81 years and 239 days and reigned for 59 years and 96 days: both his life and his reign were longer than those of any of his predecessors and subsequent kings. Only Queens Victoria and Elizabeth II have since lived and reigned longer."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "19063ab82f8e134bea248578d279c2cd8afe3612",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰比喬治三世活得還久？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Queens Victoria and Elizabeth II",
                  "answer_start": 186
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "George was born in London at Norfolk House in St James's Square. He was the grandson of King George II, and the eldest son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and Augusta of Saxe-Gotha. As he was born two months prematurely and thought unlikely to survive, he was baptised the same day by Thomas Secker, who was both Rector of St James's and Bishop of Oxford."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "cbafe2e1c0d7ec38849e50c72aa8f8014d0ab4b6",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰給喬治王子施洗？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Thomas Secker",
                  "answer_start": 284
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Meanwhile, George's health deteriorated. He developed dementia, and became completely blind and increasingly deaf. He was incapable of knowing or understanding that he was declared King of Hanover in 1814, or that his wife died in 1818. At Christmas 1819, he spoke nonsense for 58 hours, and for the last few weeks of his life was unable to walk. He died at Windsor Castle at 8:38 pm on 29 January 1820, six days after the death of his fourth son, the Duke of Kent. His favourite son, Frederick, Duke of York, was with him. George III was buried on 16 February in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.George was succeeded by two of his sons, George IV and William IV, who both died without surviving legitimate children, leaving the throne to the only legitimate child of the Duke of Kent, Victoria, the last monarch of the House of Hanover."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "50768795a265b38075326808e4fa1be0596fa850",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "喬治三世生病後發生了什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "he spoke nonsense for 58 hours, and for the last few weeks of his life was unable to walk",
                  "answer_start": 256
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Milton Friedman"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Friedman was also known for his work on the consumption function, the permanent income hypothesis (1957), which Friedman himself referred to as his best scientific work. This work contended that rational consumers would spend a proportional amount of what they perceived to be their permanent income. Windfall gains would mostly be saved. Tax reductions likewise, as rational consumers would predict that taxes would have to increase later to balance public finances. Other important contributions include his critique of the Phillips curve and the concept of the natural rate of unemployment (1968). This critique associated his name, together with that of Edmund Phelps, with the insight that a government that brings about greater inflation cannot permanently reduce unemployment by doing so. Unemployment may be temporarily lower, if the inflation is a surprise, but in the long run unemployment will be determined by the frictions and imperfections of the labor market."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "f76c014bf7aa69d9137f89646d295174f8fa2720",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰聲稱所得假說是佛利民最重要的成就？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Friedman",
                  "answer_start": 112
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Friedman was best known for reviving interest in the money supply as a determinant of the nominal value of output, that is, the quantity theory of money. Monetarism is the set of views associated with modern quantity theory. Its origins can be traced back to the 16th-century School of Salamanca or even further; however, Friedman's contribution is largely responsible for its modern popularization. He co-authored, with Anna Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960 (1963), which was an examination of the role of the money supply and economic activity in the U.S. history. A striking conclusion of their research regarded the way in which money supply fluctuations contribute to economic fluctuations. Several regression studies with David Meiselman during the 1960s suggested the primacy of the money supply over investment and government spending in determining consumption and output. These challenged a prevailing, but largely untested, view on their relative importance. Friedman's empirical research and some theory supported the conclusion that the short-run effect of a change of the money supply was primarily on output but that the longer-run effect was primarily on the price level."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "7d26501111fe68ace02dc13c407d1a0cdfff82f4",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰也研究了貨幣供給？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Friedman's",
                  "answer_start": 998
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Acetic acid"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Acetic acid has 349 kcal per 100 g. Vinegar is typically no less than 4% acetic acid by mass. Legal limits on acetic acid content vary by jurisdiction. Vinegar is used directly as a condiment, and in the pickling of vegetables and other foods. Table vinegar tends to be more diluted (4% to 8% acetic acid), while commercial food pickling employs solutions that are more concentrated. The proportion of acetic acid used worldwide as vinegar is not as large as commercial uses, but is by far the oldest and best-known application."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "85aea1f80ebf543955cb0b0d2beb73319d7a958c",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "使用哪種調味品是眾所周知的應用。"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "vinegar",
                  "answer_start": 432
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Acetic acid is the second simplest carboxylic acid (after formic acid). It consists of a methyl group attached to a carboxyl group. It is an important chemical reagent and industrial chemical, used primarily in the production of cellulose acetate for photographic film, polyvinyl acetate for wood glue, and synthetic fibres and fabrics. In households, diluted acetic acid is often used in descaling agents. In the food industry, acetic acid is controlled by the food additive code E260 as an acidity regulator and as a condiment. In biochemistry, the acetyl group, derived from acetic acid, is fundamental to all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "d5dfd50b955a195beedfb53ce514ea9cc1898f1a",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "E260 調節什麼樣的酸？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "acetic",
                  "answer_start": 429
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Solomon Islands"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "On 13 December 2007, Prime Minister Manasseh Sogavare was toppled by a vote of no confidence in Parliament, following the defection of five ministers to the opposition. It was the first time a prime minister had lost office in this way in Solomon Islands. On 20 December, Parliament elected the opposition's candidate (and former Minister for Education) Derek Sikua as Prime Minister, in a vote of 32 to 15."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "7e38c1ad56b52c1939ca1330d77db703b018f1ed",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "2007 年 6 月索羅門群島的總理是誰？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Manasseh Sogavare",
                  "answer_start": 36
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Solomon Islands governments are characterised by weak political parties (see List of political parties in Solomon Islands) and highly unstable parliamentary coalitions. They are subject to frequent votes of no confidence, leading to frequent changes in government leadership and cabinet appointments."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "290ad41f5d0ec5981f753efb1b547e22670a6c82",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "索羅門群島有穩定的議會聯盟嗎？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "highly unstable",
                  "answer_start": 127
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "The Solomon Islands archipelago is part of two distinct terrestrial ecoregions. Most of the islands are part of the Solomon Islands rain forests ecoregion, which also includes the islands of Bougainville and Buka; these forests have come under pressure from forestry activities. The Santa Cruz Islands are part of the Vanuatu rain forests ecoregion, together with the neighbouring archipelago of Vanuatu. Soil quality ranges from extremely rich volcanic (there are volcanoes with varying degrees of activity on some of the larger islands) to relatively infertile limestone. More than 230 varieties of orchids and other tropical flowers brighten the landscape. Mammals are scarce on the islands, with the only terrestrial mammals being bats and small rodents. Birds and reptiles, however, are abundant.The islands contain several active and dormant volcanoes. The Tinakula and Kavachi volcanoes are the most active."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "e18b622076aef43307b5a837683a3f6779bca4c7",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "索羅門群島有多少生態區？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "two",
                  "answer_start": 43
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Sociology of the Internet"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Governments are also getting online. Some countries, such as those of Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Myanmar, the People's Republic of China, and Saudi Arabia use filtering and censoring software to restrict what people in their countries can access on the Internet. In the United Kingdom, they also use software to locate and arrest various individuals they perceive as a threat. Other countries including the United States, have enacted laws making the possession or distribution of certain material such as child pornography illegal but do not use filtering software. In some countries Internet service providers have agreed to restrict access to sites listed by police."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "f182fcbefd5ffd21ee85ee5819979777caaa52ae",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "在不同的國家，何種型別的公司有時會對警方列表中的特定網站進行訪問限制？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Internet service providers",
                  "answer_start": 583
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "The Internet is a relatively new phenomenon. As Robert Darnton wrote, it is a revolutionary change that \"took place yesterday, or the day before, depending on how you measure it.\" The Internet developed from the ARPANET, dating back to 1969; as a term it was coined in 1974. The World Wide Web as we know it was shaped in the mid-1990s, when graphical interface and services like email became popular and reached wider (non-scientific and non-military) audiences and commerce. Internet Explorer was first released in 1995; Netscape a year earlier. Google was founded in 1998. Wikipedia was founded in 2001. Facebook, MySpace, and YouTube in the mid-2000s. Web 2.0 is still emerging. The amount of information available on the net and the number of Internet users worldwide has continued to grow rapidly. The term 'digital sociology' is now becoming increasingly used to denote new directions in sociological research into digital technologies since Web 2.0."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "b8e433330f2cc4a9c454e76198ba699ac12de62e",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "全球資訊網可以追溯到哪個 20 世紀 60 年代末的發展階段？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "ARPANET",
                  "answer_start": 212
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "While much has been written of the economic advantages of Internet-enabled commerce, there is also evidence that some aspects of the Internet such as maps and location-aware services may serve to reinforce economic inequality and the digital divide. Electronic commerce may be responsible for consolidation and the decline of mom-and-pop, brick and mortar businesses resulting in increases in income inequality."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "28f509ca9d17155e46e87a1b8c01b12a9223ecd4",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "是什麼加劇了經濟不平等？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Internet such as maps and location-aware services",
                  "answer_start": 133
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Enceladus"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Images taken by Cassini during the flyby on July 14, 2005, revealed a distinctive, tectonically deformed region surrounding Enceladus's south pole. This area, reaching as far north as 60° south latitude, is covered in tectonic fractures and ridges. The area has few sizable impact craters, suggesting that it is the youngest surface on Enceladus and on any of the mid-sized icy satellites; modeling of the cratering rate suggests that some regions of the south polar terrain are possibly as young as 500,000 years or less. Near the center of this terrain are four fractures bounded by ridges, unofficially called \"tiger stripes\". They appear to be the youngest features in this region and are surrounded by mint-green-colored (in false color, UV–green–near IR images), coarse-grained water ice, seen elsewhere on the surface within outcrops and fracture walls. Here the \"blue\" ice is on a flat surface, indicating that the region is young enough not to have been coated by fine-grained water ice from the E ring. Results from the visual and infrared spectrometer (VIMS) instrument suggest that the green-colored material surrounding the tiger stripes is chemically distinct from the rest of the surface of Enceladus. VIMS detected crystalline water ice in the stripes, suggesting that they are quite young (likely less than 1,000 years old) or the surface ice has been thermally altered in the recent past. VIMS also detected simple organic (carbon-containing) compounds in the tiger stripes, chemistry not found anywhere else on Enceladus thus far. And in 27 June 2018, scientists reported the detection of complex macromolecular organics on Enceladus' jet plumes, as sampled by the Cassini orbiter.One of these areas of \"blue\" ice in the south polar region was observed at high resolution during the July 14, 2005 flyby, revealing an area of extreme tectonic deformation and blocky terrain, with some areas covered in boulders 10–100 m across."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "7461836a40e86d7302118fbf546a9c55f8d6f4fe",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪一年拍攝了土衛二的南極？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "2005",
                  "answer_start": 53
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "The discoveries Cassini made at Enceladus have prompted studies into follow-up mission concepts, including a probe flyby (Journey to Enceladus and Titan or JET) to analyze plume contents in-situ, a lander by the German Aerospace Center to study the habitability potential of its subsurface ocean (Enceladus Explorer), and two astrobiology-oriented mission concepts (the Enceladus Life Finder and Life Investigation For Enceladus (LIFE)).The European Space Agency (ESA) was assessing concepts in 2008 to send a probe to Enceladus in a mission to be combined with studies of Titan: Titan Saturn System Mission (TSSM). TSSM was a joint NASA/ESA flagship-class proposal for exploration of Saturn's moons, with a focus on Enceladus, and it was competing against the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM) proposal for funding. In February 2009, it was announced that NASA/ESA had given the EJSM mission priority ahead of TSSM, although TSSM will continue to be studied and evaluated."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "11ce5ad7b966892f28efb848eb742d37d0c408c2",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪一個計劃被 NASA 認為更加重要"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "the EJSM mission",
                  "answer_start": 879
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Voyager 2 was the first spacecraft to observe Enceladus's surface in detail, in August 1981. Examination of the resulting highest-resolution imagery revealed at least five different types of terrain, including several regions of cratered terrain, regions of smooth (young) terrain, and lanes of ridged terrain often bordering the smooth areas. In addition, extensive linear cracks and scarps were observed. Given the relative lack of craters on the smooth plains, these regions are probably less than a few hundred million years old. Accordingly, Enceladus must have been recently active with \"water volcanism\" or other processes that renew the surface. The fresh, clean ice that dominates its surface gives Enceladus the most reflective surface of any body in the Solar System, with a visual geometric albedo of 1.38 and bolometric Bond albedo of 0.81±0.04. Because it reflects so much sunlight, its surface only reaches a mean noon temperature of −198 °C (−324 °F), somewhat colder than other Saturnian satellites.Observations during three flybys by Cassini on February 17, March 9, and July 14, 2005, revealed Enceladus' surface features in much greater detail than the Voyager 2 observations. The smooth plains, which Voyager 2 had observed, resolved into relatively crater-free regions filled with numerous small ridges and scarps. Numerous fractures were found within the older, cratered terrain, suggesting that the surface has been subjected to extensive deformation since the craters were formed. Some areas contain no craters, indicating major resurfacing events in the geologically recent past. There are fissures, plains, corrugated terrain and other crustal deformations. Several additional regions of young terrain were discovered in areas not well-imaged by either Voyager spacecraft, such as the bizarre terrain near the south pole. All of this indicates that Enceladus's interior may be liquid today, even though it should have been frozen long ago."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "2b86cc8838dd2f17d69afbb493ca7e98b62508e1",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "在哪裡發現了年輕的地形？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "near the south pole",
                  "answer_start": 1828
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "General relativity"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "As intriguing as geometric Newtonian gravity may be, its basis, classical mechanics, is merely a limiting case of (special) relativistic mechanics. In the language of symmetry: where gravity can be neglected, physics is Lorentz invariant as in special relativity rather than Galilei invariant as in classical mechanics. (The defining symmetry of special relativity is the Poincaré group, which includes translations, rotations and boosts.) The differences between the two become significant when dealing with speeds approaching the speed of light, and with high-energy phenomena.With Lorentz symmetry, additional structures come into play. They are defined by the set of light cones (see image). The light-cones define a causal structure: for each event A, there is a set of events that can, in principle, either influence or be influenced by A via signals or interactions that do not need to travel faster than light (such as event B in the image), and a set of events for which such an influence is impossible (such as event C in the image). These sets are observer-independent. In conjunction with the world-lines of freely falling particles, the light-cones can be used to reconstruct the space–time's semi-Riemannian metric, at least up to a positive scalar factor. In mathematical terms, this defines a conformal structure or conformal geometry."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "232b14bebdf00ba29173731437d47a4278d7c3b3",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "在對稱性中，什麼是特殊的運動相對性？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Poincaré group",
                  "answer_start": 372
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "At the base of classical mechanics is the notion that a body's motion can be described as a combination of free (or inertial) motion, and deviations from this free motion. Such deviations are caused by external forces acting on a body in accordance with Newton's second law of motion, which states that the net force acting on a body is equal to that body's (inertial) mass multiplied by its acceleration. The preferred inertial motions are related to the geometry of space and time: in the standard reference frames of classical mechanics, objects in free motion move along straight lines at constant speed. In modern parlance, their paths are geodesics, straight world lines in curved spacetime.Conversely, one might expect that inertial motions, once identified by observing the actual motions of bodies and making allowances for the external forces (such as electromagnetism or friction), can be used to define the geometry of space, as well as a time coordinate. However, there is an ambiguity once gravity comes into play. According to Newton's law of gravity, and independently verified by experiments such as that of Eötvös and its successors (see Eötvös experiment), there is a universality of free fall (also known as the weak equivalence principle, or the universal equality of inertial and passive-gravitational mass): the trajectory of a test body in free fall depends only on its position and initial speed, but not on any of its material properties. A simplified version of this is embodied in Einstein's elevator experiment, illustrated in the figure on the right: for an observer in a small enclosed room, it is impossible to decide, by mapping the trajectory of bodies such as a dropped ball, whether the room is at rest in a gravitational field, or in free space aboard a rocket that is accelerating at a rate equal to that of the gravitational field.Given the universality of free fall, there is no observable distinction between inertial motion and motion under the influence of the gravitational force. This suggests the definition of a new class of inertial motion, namely that of objects in free fall under the influence of gravity. This new class of preferred motions, too, defines a geometry of space and time—in mathematical terms, it is the geodesic motion associated with a specific connection which depends on the gradient of the gravitational potential. Space, in this construction, still has the ordinary Euclidean geometry. However, spacetime as a whole is more complicated. As can be shown using simple thought experiments following the free-fall trajectories of different test particles, the result of transporting spacetime vectors that can denote a particle's velocity (time-like vectors) will vary with the particle's trajectory; mathematically speaking, the Newtonian connection is not integrable. From this, one can deduce that spacetime is curved. The resulting Newton–Cartan theory is a geometric formulation of Newtonian gravity using only covariant concepts, i.e. a description which is valid in any desired coordinate system. In this geometric description, tidal effects—the relative acceleration of bodies in free fall—are related to the derivative of the connection, showing how the modified geometry is caused by the presence of mass."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "444aff2e573454101fc25d8c80ea5d026526a03c",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "什麼造成物體自由落體？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "gravity",
                  "answer_start": 2148
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "In general relativity, no material body can catch up with or overtake a light pulse. No influence from an event A can reach any other location X before light sent out at A to X. In consequence, an exploration of all light worldlines (null geodesics) yields key information about the spacetime's causal structure. This structure can be displayed using Penrose–Carter diagrams in which infinitely large regions of space and infinite time intervals are shrunk (\"compactified\") so as to fit onto a finite map, while light still travels along diagonals as in standard spacetime diagrams.Aware of the importance of causal structure, Roger Penrose and others developed what is known as global geometry. In global geometry, the object of study is not one particular solution (or family of solutions) to Einstein's equations. Rather, relations that hold true for all geodesics, such as the Raychaudhuri equation, and additional non-specific assumptions about the nature of matter (usually in the form of energy conditions) are used to derive general results."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "c0743cc7ff039fd531ce7e2198c85df06323759b",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "光定必定從某一點傳播到某一點嗎？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "A to X",
                  "answer_start": 170
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Several relativistic effects are directly related to the relativity of direction. One is geodetic precession: the axis direction of a gyroscope in free fall in curved spacetime will change when compared, for instance, with the direction of light received from distant stars—even though such a gyroscope represents the way of keeping a direction as stable as possible (\"parallel transport\"). For the Moon–Earth system, this effect has been measured with the help of lunar laser ranging. More recently, it has been measured for test masses aboard the satellite Gravity Probe B to a precision of better than 0.3%.Near a rotating mass, there are gravitomagnetic or frame-dragging effects. A distant observer will determine that objects close to the mass get \"dragged around\". This is most extreme for rotating black holes where, for any object entering a zone known as the ergosphere, rotation is inevitable. Such effects can again be tested through their influence on the orientation of gyroscopes in free fall. Somewhat controversial tests have been performed using the LAGEOS satellites, confirming the relativistic prediction. Also the Mars Global Surveyor probe around Mars has been used."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "15ec3998ad199d71e8d0f622bdbd65764ebb14ff",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "什麼幫助測量了地球 - 月球系統的大地歲差？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "lunar laser ranging",
                  "answer_start": 465
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Some predictions of general relativity differ significantly from those of classical physics, especially concerning the passage of time, the geometry of space, the motion of bodies in free fall, and the propagation of light. Examples of such differences include gravitational time dilation, gravitational lensing, the gravitational redshift of light, and the gravitational time delay. The predictions of general relativity in relation to classical physics have been confirmed in all observations and experiments to date. Although general relativity is not the only relativistic theory of gravity, it is the simplest theory that is consistent with experimental data. However, unanswered questions remain, the most fundamental being how general relativity can be reconciled with the laws of quantum physics to produce a complete and self-consistent theory of quantum gravity."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "9786f25f64439691c89c81c9744b4f30b416b4e2",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "愛因斯坦的廣義相對論的特定預測與哪種物理學不一致？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "classical physics",
                  "answer_start": 74
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "The notion of evolution equations is intimately tied in with another aspect of general relativistic physics. In Einstein's theory, it turns out to be impossible to find a general definition for a seemingly simple property such as a system's total mass (or energy). The main reason is that the gravitational field—like any physical field—must be ascribed a certain energy, but that it proves to be fundamentally impossible to localize that energy.Nevertheless, there are possibilities to define a system's total mass, either using a hypothetical \"infinitely distant observer\" (ADM mass) or suitable symmetries (Komar mass). If one excludes from the system's total mass the energy being carried away to infinity by gravitational waves, the result is the Bondi mass at null infinity. Just as in classical physics, it can be shown that these masses are positive. Corresponding global definitions exist for momentum and angular momentum. There have also been a number of attempts to define quasi-local quantities, such as the mass of an isolated system formulated using only quantities defined within a finite region of space containing that system. The hope is to obtain a quantity useful for general statements about isolated systems, such as a more precise formulation of the hoop conjecture."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "6c0a01e73d4bc3620f2382f091657b9ecf793025",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "準定域量的一個定義是什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "the mass of an isolated system formulated using only quantities defined within a finite region of space containing that system",
                  "answer_start": 1017
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "is the spacetime metric. Isotropic and homogeneous solutions of these enhanced equations, the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker solutions, allow physicists to model a universe that has evolved over the past 14 billion years from a hot, early Big Bang phase. Once a small number of parameters (for example the universe's mean matter density) have been fixed by astronomical observation, further observational data can be used to put the models to the test. Predictions, all successful, include the initial abundance of chemical elements formed in a period of primordial nucleosynthesis, the large-scale structure of the universe, and the existence and properties of a \"thermal echo\" from the early cosmos, the cosmic background radiation.Astronomical observations of the cosmological expansion rate allow the total amount of matter in the universe to be estimated, although the nature of that matter remains mysterious in part. About 90% of all matter appears to be dark matter, which has mass (or, equivalently, gravitational influence), but does not interact electromagnetically and, hence, cannot be observed directly. There is no generally accepted description of this new kind of matter, within the framework of known particle physics or otherwise. Observational evidence from redshift surveys of distant supernovae and measurements of the cosmic background radiation also show that the evolution of our universe is significantly influenced by a cosmological constant resulting in an acceleration of cosmic expansion or, equivalently, by a form of energy with an unusual equation of state, known as dark energy, the nature of which remains unclear.An inflationary phase, an additional phase of strongly accelerated expansion at cosmic times of around 10−33 seconds, was hypothesized in 1980 to account for several puzzling observations that were unexplained by classical cosmological models, such as the nearly perfect homogeneity of the cosmic background radiation. Recent measurements of the cosmic background radiation have resulted in the first evidence for this scenario. However, there is a bewildering variety of possible inflationary scenarios, which cannot be restricted by current observations. An even larger question is the physics of the earliest universe, prior to the inflationary phase and close to where the classical models predict the big bang singularity. An authoritative answer would require a complete theory of quantum gravity, which has not yet been developed (cf. the section on quantum gravity, below)."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "4d70d4c6366a3ee0993c0bae033733244f84f47a",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪種引力需要有權威性的解答？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "quantum gravity",
                  "answer_start": 2441
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Cuba"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Due to historical associations with the United States, many Cubans participate in sports that are popular in North America, rather than sports traditionally played in other Latin American nations. Baseball is the most popular. Other sports and pastimes include football, basketball, volleyball, cricket, and athletics. Cuba is a dominant force in amateur boxing, consistently achieving high medal tallies in major international competitions. Cuban boxers are not permitted to turn professional by their government. However, many boxers defect to the U.S. and other countries. Cuba also provides a national team that competes in the Olympic Games."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "98ec0961d4655f5ef0f2890795d858ab5c6a9269",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "為什麼古巴人參與美國的運動？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Due to historical associations with the United States",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "The Republic of Cuba is one of the world's last remaining socialist countries following the Marxist–Leninist ideology. The Constitution of 1976, which defined Cuba as a socialist republic, was replaced by the Constitution of 1992, which is \"guided by the ideas of José Martí and the political and social ideas of Marx, Engels and Lenin.\" The constitution describes the Communist Party of Cuba as the \"leading force of society and of the state\".The First Secretary of the Communist Party is concurrently President of the Council of State (President of Cuba) and President of the Council of Ministers (sometimes referred to as Prime Minister of Cuba). Members of both councils are elected by the National Assembly of People's Power. The President of Cuba, who is also elected by the Assembly, serves for five years and there is no limit to the number of terms of office."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "6ef5d50a6cc9699dd3a9df439ac19d7d9d9528eb",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "古巴成為社會主義共和國是在哪一年？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "1976",
                  "answer_start": 139
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Group (mathematics)"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Exchanging \"+\" and \"−\" in the expression, i.e., permuting the two solutions of the equation can be viewed as a (very simple) group operation. Similar formulae are known for cubic and quartic equations, but do not exist in general for degree 5 and higher. Abstract properties of Galois groups associated with polynomials (in particular their solvability) give a criterion for polynomials that have all their solutions expressible by radicals, i.e., solutions expressible using solely addition, multiplication, and roots similar to the formula above.The problem can be dealt with by shifting to field theory and considering the splitting field of a polynomial.  Modern Galois theory generalizes the above type of Galois groups to field extensions and establishes—via the fundamental theorem of Galois theory—a precise relationship between fields and groups, underlining once again the ubiquity of groups in mathematics."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "db57d7df7d9d2f8a9b4e62f1de4f93912b370f4c",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "相似的公式，在什麼程度不存在？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "5 and higher",
                  "answer_start": 241
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Finite symmetry groups such as the Mathieu groups are used in coding theory, which is in turn applied in error correction of transmitted data, and in CD players. Another application is differential Galois theory, which characterizes functions having antiderivatives of a prescribed form, giving group-theoretic criteria for when solutions of certain differential equations are well-behaved. Geometric properties that remain stable under group actions are investigated in (geometric) invariant theory."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "8c212a01649e1fb7d15dedec911cf4d9d27faf30",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "馬蒂厄群是何種型別的群？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Finite symmetry groups",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "In some situations the set of cosets of a subgroup can be endowed with a group law, giving a quotient group or factor group. For this to be possible, the subgroup has to be normal. Given any normal subgroup N, the quotient group is defined by"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "242d13ac49d2b1ff2b1cfdedcaba0bb59c76a5b6",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "當一個子群的陪集得到群公理時會發生什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "giving a quotient group or factor group",
                  "answer_start": 84
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Many groups are simultaneously groups and examples of other mathematical structures. In the language of category theory, they are group objects in a category, meaning that they are objects (that is, examples of another mathematical structure) which come with transformations (called morphisms) that mimic the group axioms. For example, every group (as defined above) is also a set, so a group is a group object in the category of sets."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "3a4a39b966d8efe3282dad704fb78d883543dc43",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "所有的群也稱為什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "set",
                  "answer_start": 377
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Many number systems, such as the integers and the rationals enjoy a naturally given group structure. In some cases, such as with the rationals, both addition and multiplication operations give rise to group structures. Such number systems are predecessors to more general algebraic structures known as rings and fields. Further abstract algebraic concepts such as modules, vector spaces and algebras also form groups."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "667d26466db11d666e87f45b42e2ff09536a5582",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "一般代數結構的兩個例子是什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "rings and fields",
                  "answer_start": 302
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Mathematicians often strive for a complete classification (or list) of a mathematical notion. In the context of finite groups, this aim leads to difficult mathematics. According to Lagrange's theorem, finite groups of order p, a prime number, are necessarily cyclic (abelian) groups Zp. Groups of order p2 can also be shown to be abelian, a statement which does not generalize to order p3, as the non-abelian group D4 of order 8 = 23 above shows. Computer algebra systems can be used to list small groups, but there is no classification of all finite groups. An intermediate step is the classification of finite simple groups. A nontrivial group is called simple if its only normal subgroups are the trivial group and the group itself. The Jordan–Hölder theorem exhibits finite simple groups as the building blocks for all finite groups. Listing all finite simple groups was a major achievement in contemporary group theory. 1998 Fields Medal winner Richard Borcherds succeeded in proving the monstrous moonshine conjectures, a surprising and deep relation between the largest finite simple sporadic group—the \"monster group\"—and certain modular functions, a piece of classical complex analysis, and string theory, a theory supposed to unify the description of many physical phenomena."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "f7bc3b58fe3f4433ea74ba095835dba75fd6a15c",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "什麼是喬丹 - 霍德理論的成就？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Listing all finite simple groups",
                  "answer_start": 838
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "44b4161b1b4d2f04b8a18ece6f8499ec66c4f969",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "什麼是數學家的願望之一？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "complete classification",
                  "answer_start": 34
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Matrix groups consist of matrices together with matrix multiplication. The general linear group GL(n, R) consists of all invertible n-by-n matrices with real entries. Its subgroups are referred to as matrix groups or linear groups. The dihedral group example mentioned above can be viewed as a (very small) matrix group. Another important matrix group is the special orthogonal group SO(n). It describes all possible rotations in n dimensions. Via Euler angles, rotation matrices are used in computer graphics.Representation theory is both an application of the group concept and important for a deeper understanding of groups. It studies the group by its group actions on other spaces. A broad class of group representations are linear representations, i.e., the group is acting on a vector space, such as the three-dimensional Euclidean space R3. A representation of G on an n-dimensional real vector space is simply a group homomorphism"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "ae1bfefd0c0a57942764eeb2cb78e798872fd073",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "這個例子可以被看作是多大的矩陣群？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "very small",
                  "answer_start": 295
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "5b318513e5f5d953e08708f9261b9a7e081d0926",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "群對何種空間型別起作用？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "vector space",
                  "answer_start": 785
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "The dihedral group (discussed above) is a finite group of order 8. The order of r1 is 4, as is the order of the subgroup R it generates (see above). The order of the reflection elements fv etc. is 2. Both orders divide 8, as predicted by Lagrange's theorem. The groups Fp× above have order p − 1."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "815a47c5fea0e5c2ef605ecd8b153a6ace1ebd78",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "根據此定理，這兩個階數要除以幾？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "8",
                  "answer_start": 219
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "The modern concept of an abstract group developed out of several fields of mathematics. The original motivation for group theory was the quest for solutions of polynomial equations of degree higher than 4. The 19th-century French mathematician Évariste Galois, extending prior work of Paolo Ruffini and Joseph-Louis Lagrange, gave a criterion for the solvability of a particular polynomial equation in terms of the symmetry group of its roots (solutions).  The elements of such a Galois group correspond to certain permutations of the roots. At first, Galois' ideas were rejected by his contemporaries, and published only posthumously. More general permutation groups were investigated in particular by Augustin Louis Cauchy. Arthur Cayley's On the theory of groups, as depending on the symbolic equation θn = 1 (1854) gives the first abstract definition of a finite group.Geometry was a second field in which groups were used systematically, especially symmetry groups as part of Felix Klein's 1872 Erlangen program. After novel geometries such as hyperbolic and projective geometry had emerged, Klein used group theory to organize them in a more coherent way. Further advancing these ideas, Sophus Lie founded the study of Lie groups in 1884.The third field contributing to group theory was number theory. Certain abelian group structures had been used implicitly in Carl Friedrich Gauss' number-theoretical work Disquisitiones Arithmeticae (1798), and more explicitly by Leopold Kronecker. In 1847, Ernst Kummer made early attempts to prove Fermat's Last Theorem  by developing groups describing factorization into prime numbers.The convergence of these various sources into a uniform theory of groups started with Camille Jordan's Traité des substitutions et des équations algébriques (1870). Walther von Dyck (1882) introduced the idea of specifying a group by means of generators and relations, and was also the first to give an axiomatic definition of an \"abstract group\", in the terminology of the time. As of the 20th century, groups gained wide recognition by the pioneering work of Ferdinand Georg Frobenius and William Burnside, who worked on representation theory of finite groups, Richard Brauer's modular representation theory and Issai Schur's papers. The theory of Lie groups, and more generally locally compact groups was studied by Hermann Weyl, Élie Cartan and many others. Its algebraic counterpart, the theory of algebraic groups, was first shaped by Claude Chevalley (from the late 1930s) and later by the work of Armand Borel and Jacques Tits.The University of Chicago's 1960–61 Group Theory Year brought together group theorists such as Daniel Gorenstein, John G. Thompson and Walter Feit, laying the foundation of a collaboration that, with input from numerous other mathematicians, led to the classification of finite simple groups, with the final step taken by Aschbacher and Smith in 2004. This project exceeded previous mathematical endeavours by its sheer size, in both length of proof and number of researchers. Research is ongoing to simplify the proof of this classification. These days, group theory is still a highly active mathematical branch, impacting many other fields."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "26910418f796539bf9af80b152b4299abe3b3e33",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "這項研究的目標是什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "simplify the proof of this classification",
                  "answer_start": 3067
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "The study of finitely generated abelian groups is quite mature, including the fundamental theorem of finitely generated abelian groups; and reflecting this state of affairs, many group-related notions, such as center and commutator, describe the extent to which a given group is not abelian."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "ece9cf86a13c86472b582c271e21b23193963bee",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪一個詞最適合說明這些群的生成方式？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "finitely",
                  "answer_start": 13
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "World War II"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Greatly alarmed and with Hitler making further demands on the Free City of Danzig, the United Kingdom and France guaranteed their support for Polish independence; when Italy conquered Albania in April 1939, the same guarantee was extended to Romania and Greece. Shortly after the Franco-British pledge to Poland, Germany and Italy formalised their own alliance with the Pact of Steel. Hitler accused the United Kingdom and Poland of trying to \"encircle\" Germany and renounced the Anglo-German Naval Agreement and the German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact.The situation reached a general crisis in late August as German troops continued to mobilise against the Polish border. In August 23, when tripartite negotiations about a military alliance between France, the United Kingdom and Soviet Union stalled, the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact with Germany. This pact had a secret protocol that defined German and Soviet \"spheres of influence\" (western Poland and Lithuania for Germany; eastern Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Bessarabia for the Soviet Union), and raised the question of continuing Polish independence. The pact neutralized the possibility of Soviet opposition to a campaign against Poland and assured that Germany would not have to face the prospect of a two-front war, as it had in World War I. Immediately after that, Hitler ordered the attack to proceed on 26 August, but upon hearing that the United Kingdom had concluded a formal mutual assistance pact with Poland, and that Italy would maintain neutrality, he decided to delay it.In response to British requests for direct negotiations to avoid war, Germany made demands on Poland, which only served as a pretext to worsen relations. On 29 August, Hitler demanded that a Polish plenipotentiary immediately travel to Berlin to negotiate the handover of Danzig, and to allow a plebiscite in the Polish Corridor in which the German minority would vote on secession. The Poles refused to comply with the German demands, and on the night of 30–31 August in a stormy meeting with the British ambassador Neville Henderson, Ribbentrop declared that Germany considered its claims rejected."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "170db0702ab6db44b1162a2d1aaac235a8d6c4da",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "二戰中德意聯盟的名稱是什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Pact of Steel",
                  "answer_start": 370
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "The German Empire was dissolved in the German Revolution of 1918–1919, and a democratic government, later known as the Weimar Republic, was created. The interwar period saw strife between supporters of the new republic and hardline opponents on both the right and left. Italy, as an Entente ally, had made some post-war territorial gains; however, Italian nationalists were angered that the promises made by the United Kingdom and France to secure Italian entrance into the war were not fulfilled in the peace settlement. From 1922 to 1925, the Fascist movement led by Benito Mussolini seized power in Italy with a nationalist, totalitarian, and class collaborationist agenda that abolished representative democracy, repressed socialist, left-wing and liberal forces, and pursued an aggressive expansionist foreign policy aimed at making Italy a world power, promising the creation of a \"New Roman Empire\".Adolf Hitler, after an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the German government in 1923, eventually became the Chancellor of Germany in 1933. He abolished democracy, espousing a radical, racially motivated revision of the world order, and soon began a massive rearmament campaign. Meanwhile, France, to secure its alliance, allowed Italy a free hand in Ethiopia, which Italy desired as a colonial possession. The situation was aggravated in early 1935 when the Territory of the Saar Basin was legally reunited with Germany and Hitler repudiated the Treaty of Versailles, accelerated his rearmament programme, and introduced conscription.The United Kingdom, France and Italy formed the Stresa Front in April 1935 in order to contain Germany, a key step towards military globalization; however, that June, the United Kingdom made an independent naval agreement with Germany, easing prior restrictions. The Soviet Union, concerned by Germany's goals of capturing vast areas of Eastern Europe, drafted a treaty of mutual assistance with France. Before taking effect though, the Franco-Soviet pact was required to go through the bureaucracy of the League of Nations, which rendered it essentially toothless. The United States, concerned with events in Europe and Asia, passed the Neutrality Act in August of the same year.Hitler defied the Versailles and Locarno treaties by remilitarising the Rhineland in March 1936, encountering little opposition due to appeasement. In October 1936, Germany and Italy formed the Rome–Berlin Axis. A month later, Germany and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact, which Italy would join in the following year."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "66abeeee7d7a0e0b16c97cb514345a23ad027332",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪個國家允許義大利在衣索比亞獲得機會？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "France",
                  "answer_start": 1197
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "af4a32a9dadf7710c49a23154c2133c0f8d5df73",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪兩國首先簽署了《反共產國際協定》？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Germany and Japan",
                  "answer_start": 2449
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "When civil war broke out in Spain, Hitler and Mussolini lent military support to the Nationalist rebels, led by General Francisco Franco.  Italy supported the Nationalist to a greater extent than  National-Socialist did: altogether Mussolini sent to Spain more than 70,000 ground troops and 6,000 aviation personnel, as well as about 720 aircraft. The Soviet Union supported the existing government, the Spanish Republic. Over 30,000 foreign volunteers, known as the International Brigades, also fought against the Nationalists. Both Germany and the Soviet Union used this proxy war as an opportunity to test in combat their most advanced weapons and tactics. The Nationalists won the civil war in April 1939; Franco, now dictator, remained officially neutral during World War II but generally favoured the Axis. His greatest collaboration with Germany was the sending of volunteers to fight on the Eastern Front."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "76d335dd3dd302e964ea75cd244c23196128df26",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰援助了德國？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Franco",
                  "answer_start": 710
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Yellowstone fires of 1988"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Before the middle of the 20th century, most forest managers believed that fires should be suppressed at all times. By 1935, the U.S. Forest Service's fire management policy stipulated that all wildfires were to be suppressed by 10 a.m. the morning after they were first spotted. Firefighting crews were established throughout public lands, and generally staffed by young men during fire seasons. By 1940, firefighters known as smokejumpers would parachute out of airplanes to extinguish flames in remote locations. By the beginning of World War II, more than 8,000 fire lookout towers had been constructed in the United States. Though many have been torn down due to increased use of airplanes for fire spotting, three are still used each year in Yellowstone. Firefighting efforts were highly successful, with the area burned by wildfires reduced from an annual average of 30,000,000 acres (120,000 km2) during the 1930s, to between 2,000,000 acres (8,100 km2) and 5,000,000 acres (20,000 km2) by the 1960s. The need for lumber during World War II was high and fires that destroyed timberland were deemed unacceptable. In 1944, the U.S. Forest Service developed an ad campaign to help educate the public that all fires were detrimental, using a cartoon black bear named Smokey Bear. This iconic firefighting bear can still be seen on posters with the catchphrase \"Only you can prevent forest fires\". Early posters of Smokey Bear misled the public into believing that western wildfires were predominantly human-caused. In Yellowstone, human-caused fires average between 6 and 10 annually, while 35 wildfires are ignited by lightning.Some researchers, as well as some timber companies and private citizens, understood that fire was a natural state of affairs in many ecosystems. Fire would help clean out the understory and dead plant matter, allowing economically important tree species to grow with less competition for nutrients. Native Americans would often burn woodlands to reduce overgrowth and increase grasslands for large prey animals such as bison and elk. As early as 1924, environmentalist Aldo Leopold argued that wildfires were beneficial to ecosystems, and were necessary for the natural propagation of numerous tree and plant species. Over the next 40 years, increasing numbers of foresters and ecologists concurred about the benefits of wildfire to ecosystems. In 1963, a group of ecologists consulted by the National Park Service released a report recommending that wildfires should be allowed to periodically burn to restore the environmental balance in parks. The Wilderness Act of 1964 helped to address the role of fire as a natural part of ecosystems. By 1968, the National Park Service had adjusted its fire management policies to reflect changing attitudes. The service determined that fires that started naturally (by lightning) would be permitted to burn if they posed little risk to human life and property. The service also decreed that under prescribed conditions, controlled burns would be deliberately set to restore balance to ecosystems. Fire ecology became better understood after many forests had aged to maturity and were overdue for a large scale burn."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "c130dada9e5533431518475208b59537a0675db2",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "什麼會應用燃燒的更好？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "aged to maturity",
                  "answer_start": 3132
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "0c557002a203f954c8fc9679f1376a11d1531248",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "森林管理員想要抑制什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "fires",
                  "answer_start": 74
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "c21a78482c9f987237c7972bbbce4d2bf1040ee9",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪種自然現象可以幫助一些重要的樹種多一些生長空間？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Fire",
                  "answer_start": 1777
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "f7360503ff17ae9632d6b19b3789207c007331b2",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "控制燃燒的目的是什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "restore balance to ecosystems",
                  "answer_start": 3040
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "caa402ec56b2678247a0e17425ad12be669f7f53",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "消防員大多由哪個年齡組組成？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "young men",
                  "answer_start": 365
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "From 1972, the National Park Service began allowing natural fires in Yellowstone to burn under controlled conditions. Fires of this type were referred to as prescribed natural fires. Between 1972 and 1987, a total of 235 prescribed natural fires burned a relatively small 33,759 acres (137 km2) under the directives of the new policy. Of these, only 15 spread to more than 100 acres (0.4 km2). The five years prior to 1988 were much wetter than normal and this may have reduced the area of the fires during that period. The prescribed natural fire policy appeared to be an effective way to manage fires, especially in the Yellowstone region."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "aca1c4a8849d15ad71b353633430cb0c757fd9ad",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "制定的自然山火可以在哪個公園使用？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Yellowstone",
                  "answer_start": 69
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "In contrast, in 1988, Yellowstone was overdue for a large fire, and, in the exceptionally dry summer, the many smaller \"controlled\" fires combined. The fires burned discontinuously, leaping from one patch to another, leaving intervening areas untouched. Intense fires swept through some regions, burning everything in their paths. Tens of millions of trees and countless plants were killed by the wildfires, and some regions were left looking blackened and dead. However, more than half of the affected areas were burned by ground fires, which did less damage to hardier tree species. Not long after the fires ended, plant and tree species quickly reestablished themselves, and natural plant regeneration has been highly successful."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "b1dde800da1cfba917947226d4a5aa7786185098",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "火災結束後，什麼很快自我再生？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "plant and tree species",
                  "answer_start": 617
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "In the eastern United States, with its significant rainfall, wildfires are relatively small and have rarely posed great risk to life and property. As white settlements moved further west into drier areas, the first large scale fires were encountered. Range fires on the Great Plains and forest fires in the Rocky Mountains were far larger and more destructive than what had ever been seen in the east. A number of catastrophic fire events over the years greatly influenced fire management policies."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "48331339b0624ff5a309e78c77164a30b7eb499a",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "山火在美國哪個地區威脅較小？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "eastern United States",
                  "answer_start": 7
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "32e96e03234e4fb88c7e06b4ec30893713070d9c",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "居民們向哪個方向遷移？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "west",
                  "answer_start": 182
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "The worst loss of life in United States history due to a wildfire occurred in 1871 when the Peshtigo Fire swept through Wisconsin, killing more than 1,500 people. The Santiago Canyon Fire of 1889 in California and especially the Great Fire of 1910 in Montana and Idaho contributed to the philosophy that fire was a danger that needed to be suppressed. The Great Fire of 1910 burned 3,000,000 acres (12,000 km2), destroyed a number of communities, and killed 86 people; this event prompted various land management agencies to emphasize wildfire suppression. U.S. Government land agencies, including the National Park Service, generally followed the fire management policies established by the U.S. Forest Service, which oversees the majority of the nation's forestlands."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "05d688c66cf04d5404507eff1dda1eba212b251c",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "美國森林管理局的職責是什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "oversees the majority of the nation's forestlands",
                  "answer_start": 719
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Parliament of Australia"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Parliament may determine the number of members of the House of Representatives but the Constitution provides that this number must be \"as nearly as practicable, twice the number of Senators\"; this requirement is commonly called the \"nexus provision\". Hence, the House presently consists of 150 members. Each state is allocated seats based on its population; however, each original state, regardless of size, is guaranteed at least five seats. The Constitution does not guarantee representation for the territories. Parliament granted a seat to the Northern Territory in 1922, and to the Australian Capital Territory in 1948; these territorial representatives, however, had only limited voting rights until 1968. Federal electorates have their boundaries redrawn or redistributed whenever a state or territory has its number of seats adjusted, if electorates are not generally matched by population size or if seven years have passed since the most recent redistribution.From 1901 to 1949, the House consisted of either 74 or 75 members (the Senate had 36). Between 1949 and 1984, it had between 121 and 127 members (the Senate had 60 until 1975, when it increased to 64). In 1977, the High Court ordered that the size of the House be reduced from 127 to 124 members to comply with the nexus provision. In 1984, both the Senate and the House were enlarged; since then the House has had between 148 and 150 members (the Senate has 76)."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "b9b370b52d56b60da8b109a128bcc276e98780d8",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "什麼文件不保證各地區有議席？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "The Constitution",
                  "answer_start": 443
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "74cb5d4cd7c19e24b5b539df5ac336a1fb07eaf9",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "1949 年至 1984 年那裡有多少成員？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "between 121 and 127",
                  "answer_start": 1087
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "The Commonwealth of Australia came into being on 1 January 1901 with the federation of the six Australian colonies. The inaugural election took place on 29 and 30 March and the first Australian Parliament was opened on 9 May 1901 in Melbourne by Prince George, Duke of Cornwall and York, later King George V. The only building in Melbourne that was large enough to accommodate the 14,000 guests was the western annexe of the Royal Exhibition Building. After the official opening, from 1901 to 1927 the Parliament met in Parliament House, Melbourne, which it borrowed from the Parliament of Victoria (which sat, instead, in the Royal Exhibition Building until 1927)."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "7db54e2c15d78f06edc0ec8e5bea0b67d77112af",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "1901 年至 1927 年的議會會議在哪裡舉行？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Parliament House",
                  "answer_start": 520
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "The principal function of the Parliament is to pass laws, or legislation. Any Senator or Member may introduce a proposed law (a bill), except for a money bill (a bill proposing an expenditure or levying a tax), which must be introduced in the House of Representatives. In practice, the great majority of bills are introduced by ministers. Bills introduced by other Members are called private members' bills. All bills must be passed by both Houses to become law. The Senate has the same legislative powers as the House, except that it may not amend money bills, only pass or reject them. The enacting formula for Acts of Parliament is simply \"The Parliament of Australia enacts:\".The Commonwealth legislative power is limited to that granted in the Constitution. Powers not specified are considered \"residual powers\", and remain the domain of the states. Section 51 grants the Commonwealth power over areas such as taxation, external affairs, defence and marriage. Section 51 also allows State parliaments to refer matters to the Commonwealth to legislate.Section 96 of the Australian Constitution gives the Commonwealth Parliament the power to grant money to any State, \"on such terms and conditions as the Parliament thinks fit\". In effect, the Commonwealth can make grants subject to States implementing particular policies in their fields of legislative responsibility. Such grants, known as \"tied grants\" (since they are tied to a particular purpose), have been used to give the federal parliament influence over state policy matters such as public hospitals and schools.The Parliament performs other functions besides legislation. It can discuss urgency motions or matters of public importance: these provide a forum for debates on public policy matters. Senators and Members can move motions of censure against the government or against individual ministers. On most sitting days in both Houses there is a session called Question time at which Senators and Members address questions to the Prime Minister and other ministers. Senators and Members can also present petitions from their constituents. Both Houses have an extensive system of committees in which draft bills are debated, evidence is taken and public servants are questioned. There are also joint committees, composed of members from both Houses."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "03d42670aca127a899e1178ca4ad0ae4b9afa69e",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "參議院和眾議院的立法權力有什麼不同？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "that it may not amend money bills, only pass or reject them",
                  "answer_start": 527
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "History of timekeeping devices"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Although the Greeks and Romans did much to advance water clock technology, they still continued to use shadow clocks. The mathematician and astronomer Theodosius of Bithynia, for example, is said to have invented a universal sundial that was accurate anywhere on Earth, though little is known about it. Others wrote of the sundial in the mathematics and literature of the period. Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, the Roman author of De Architectura, wrote on the mathematics of gnomons, or sundial blades. During the reign of Emperor Augustus, the Romans constructed the largest sundial ever built, the Solarium Augusti. Its gnomon was an obelisk from Heliopolis. Similarly, the obelisk from Campus Martius was used as the gnomon for Augustus's zodiacal sundial. Pliny the Elder records that the first sundial in Rome arrived in 264 BC, looted from Catania, Sicily; according to him, it gave the incorrect time until the markings and angle appropriate for Rome's latitude were used—a century later."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "b84a0df755a4a0c27df01d0cb19a100278518b23",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "比提尼亞的狄奧多以什麼而聞名？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "mathematician and astronomer",
                  "answer_start": 122
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Egyptian shadow clocks divided daytime into 12 parts with each part further divided into more precise parts. One type of shadow clock consisted of a long stem with five variable marks and an elevated crossbar which cast a shadow over those marks. It was positioned eastward in the morning so that the rising sun cast a shadow over the marks, and was turned west at noon to catch the afternoon shadows. Obelisks functioned in much the same manner: the shadow cast on the markers around it allowed the Egyptians to calculate the time. The obelisk also indicated whether it was morning or afternoon, as well as the summer and winter solstices. A third shadow clock, developed c. 1500 BC, was similar in shape to a bent T-square. It measured the passage of time by the shadow cast by its crossbar on a non-linear rule. The T was oriented eastward in the mornings, and turned around at noon, so that it could cast its shadow in the opposite direction.Although accurate, shadow clocks relied on the sun, and so were useless at night and in cloudy weather. The Egyptians therefore developed a number of alternative timekeeping instruments, including water clocks, and a system for tracking star movements. The oldest description of a water clock is from the tomb inscription of the 16th-century BC Egyptian court official Amenemhet, identifying him as its inventor. There were several types of water clocks, some more elaborate than others. One type consisted of a bowl with small holes in its bottom, which was floated on water and allowed to fill at a near-constant rate; markings on the side of the bowl indicated elapsed time, as the surface of the water reached them. The oldest-known waterclock was found in the tomb of pharaoh Amenhotep I (1525–1504 BC), suggesting that they were first used in ancient Egypt. Another Egyptian method of determining the time during the night was using plumb-lines called merkhets. In use since at least 600 BC, two of these instruments were aligned with Polaris, the north pole star, to create a north–south meridian. The time was accurately measured by observing certain stars as they crossed the line created with the merkhets."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "0a20c95fc4c73edbd647031cfee17df862a3ecb6",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "方尖碑有何象徵意義？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "whether it was morning or afternoon",
                  "answer_start": 560
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "In Greek tradition, clepsydrae were used in court; later, the Romans adopted this practice, as well. There are several mentions of this in historical records and literature of the era; for example, in Theaetetus, Plato says that \"Those men, on the other hand, always speak in haste, for the flowing water urges them on\". Another mention occurs in Lucius Apuleius' The Golden Ass: \"The Clerk of the Court began bawling again, this time summoning the chief witness for the prosecution to appear. Up stepped an old man, whom I did not know. He was invited to speak for as long as there was water in the clock; this was a hollow globe into which water was poured through a funnel in the neck, and from which it gradually escaped through fine perforations at the base\". The clock in Apuleius's account was one of several types of water clock used. Another consisted of a bowl with a hole in its centre, which was floated on water. Time was kept by observing how long the bowl took to fill with water.Although clepsydrae were more useful than sundials—they could be used indoors, during the night, and also when the sky was cloudy—they were not as accurate; the Greeks, therefore, sought a way to improve their water clocks. Although still not as accurate as sundials, Greek water clocks became more accurate around 325 BC, and they were adapted to have a face with an hour hand, making the reading of the clock more precise and convenient. One of the more common problems in most types of clepsydrae was caused by water pressure: when the container holding the water was full, the increased pressure caused the water to flow more rapidly. This problem was addressed by Greek and Roman horologists beginning in 100 BC, and improvements continued to be made in the following centuries. To counteract the increased water flow, the clock's water containers—usually bowls or jugs—were given a conical shape; positioned with the wide end up, a greater amount of water had to flow out in order to drop the same distance as when the water was lower in the cone. Along with this improvement, clocks were constructed more elegantly in this period, with hours marked by gongs, doors opening to miniature figurines, bells, or moving mechanisms. There were some remaining problems, however, which were never solved, such as the effect of temperature. Water flows more slowly when cold, or may even freeze.Between 270 BC and AD 500, Hellenistic (Ctesibius, Hero of Alexandria, Archimedes) and Roman horologists and astronomers began developing more elaborate mechanized water clocks. The added complexity was aimed at regulating the flow and at providing fancier displays of the passage of time. For example, some water clocks rang bells and gongs, while others opened doors and windows to show figurines of people, or moved pointers, and dials. Some even displayed astrological models of the universe."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "5c311a45da3d8ea677e9daf9d82186155b0a0d48",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪裡使用漏壺？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "in court",
                  "answer_start": 41
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "b41234f0bb50e1dd6a377b865a38cdebbff383af",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "增加的壓力會導致什麼結果？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "water to flow more rapidly",
                  "answer_start": 1606
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "In addition to water, mechanical, and candle clocks, incense clocks were used in the Far East, and were fashioned in several different forms. Incense clocks were first used in China around the 6th century; in Japan, one still exists in the Shōsōin, although its characters are not Chinese, but Devanagari. Due to their frequent use of Devanagari characters, suggestive of their use in Buddhist ceremonies, Edward H. Schafer speculated that incense clocks were invented in India. Although similar to the candle clock, incense clocks burned evenly and without a flame; therefore, they were more accurate and safer for indoor use.Several types of incense clock have been found, the most common forms include the incense stick and incense seal. An incense stick clock was an incense stick with calibrations; most were elaborate, sometimes having threads, with weights attached, at even intervals. The weights would drop onto a platter or gong below, signifying that a certain amount of time had elapsed. Some incense clocks were held in elegant trays; open-bottomed trays were also used, to allow the weights to be used together with the decorative tray. Sticks of incense with different scents were also used, so that the hours were marked by a change in fragrance. The incense sticks could be straight or spiraled; the spiraled ones were longer, and were therefore intended for long periods of use, and often hung from the roofs of homes and temples. In Japan, a geisha was paid for the number of senkodokei (incense sticks) that had been consumed while she was present, a practice which continued until 1924.Incense seal clocks were used for similar occasions and events as the stick clock; while religious purposes were of primary importance, these clocks were also popular at social gatherings, and were used by Chinese scholars and intellectuals. The seal was a wooden or stone disk with one or more grooves etched in it into which incense was placed. These clocks were common in China, but were produced in fewer numbers in Japan. To signal the passage of a specific amount of time, small pieces of fragrant woods, resins, or different scented incenses could be placed on the incense powder trails. Different powdered incense clocks used different formulations of incense, depending on how the clock was laid out. The length of the trail of incense, directly related to the size of the seal, was the primary factor in determining how long the clock would last; all burned for long periods of time, ranging between 12 hours and a month.While early incense seals were made of wood or stone, the Chinese gradually introduced disks made of metal, most likely beginning during the Song dynasty. This allowed craftsmen to more easily create both large and small seals, as well as design and decorate them more aesthetically. Another advantage was the ability to vary the paths of the grooves, to allow for the changing length of the days in the year. As smaller seals became more readily available, the clocks grew in popularity among the Chinese, and were often given as gifts. Incense seal clocks are often sought by modern-day clock collectors; however, few remain that have not already been purchased or been placed on display at museums or temples."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "c9fc32c8f4220d26ec063fe618491e2f16654617",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "香鍾為什麼在室內更安全？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "burned evenly and without a flame",
                  "answer_start": 532
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Other ancient timekeeping devices include the candle clock, used in ancient China, ancient Japan, England and Mesopotamia; the timestick, widely used in India and Tibet, as well as some parts of Europe; and the hourglass, which functioned similarly to a water clock.  The sundial, another early clock, relies on shadows to provide a good estimate of the hour on a sunny day.  It is not so useful in cloudy weather or at night and requires recalibration as the seasons change (if the gnomon was not aligned with the Earth's axis)."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "892399ba3096c329a241af9437a218a6102f6675",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "古代用什麼來確定時間？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "candle clock",
                  "answer_start": 46
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Leona Woods"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "After the war, Leona Marshall returned to the University of Chicago, where she became a fellow at Fermi's Institute for Nuclear Studies. Working with the Chicago Pile 3 heavy water reactor, she found a way to 100 percent spin polarize neutron beams, and determined the refractive index of neutrons for various materials. Her second child, John Marshall III, was born in 1949. She became an assistant professor in 1953.After Fermi died in 1954, the Marshalls separated. John Marshall returned to the Los Alamos Laboratory, while Leona, now effectively a single mother, became a fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey in 1957. The following year she became a fellow at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, at a time when the focus of research in physics was shifting away from the nucleus and towards elementary particles. In 1960, she joined New York University as an associate professor of physics. She became a professor in 1962.Three years later, she became a professor at the University of Colorado, researching high-energy physics, astrophysics and cosmology. She then became a staff member at RAND Corporation, where she worked until 1976. In 1966, she divorced John Marshall, and married Willard Libby, who had won the Nobel prize in 1960. She later joined him at UCLA, where she became a visiting professor of environmental studies, engineering, engineering archaeology, mechanical aerospace  and nuclear engineering in 1973.Now known as Leona Marshall Libby, she became interested in ecological and environmental issues, and she devised a method of using the isotope ratios of Oxygen-18 to Oxygen-16, Carbon-13 to Carbon-12, and Deuterium to Hydrogen in tree rings to study changes in temperature and rainfall patterns hundreds of years before records were kept, opening the door to the study of climate change.Like Willard Libby, she was a strong advocate of food irradiation as a means of killing off harmful bacteria, and advocated that legal and regulatory restrictions on its use be relaxed. She proposed that, instead of it being sprayed with malathion, fruit affected by the Mediterranean fruit fly could be treated with gamma rays.She was a prolific author, publishing over 200 scientific papers.  While at RAND she wrote a paper on Creation of an Atmosphere for the Moon (1969). Her works include the autobiographical The Uranium People (1979), a history of early atomic research. After Libby died in 1980, she edited his papers with Rainer Berger, and published The Life Work of Nobel Laureate Willard Libby (1982). Her last paper, on quasi-stellar objects, appeared in 1984.She died at St. John's Medical Center in Santa Monica, California, on November 10, 1986, from an anesthesia-induced stroke. She was survived by her sons Peter and John, and four grandchildren. She also had two stepdaughters, Janet Eva Libby and Susan Charlotte Libby from her second marriage."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "2a4a9a8de163086fe5bb589cc8ea2375a99864df",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "利昂娜第二個孩子叫什麼名字？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "John Marshall III",
                  "answer_start": 339
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "After the war, she became a fellow at Fermi's Institute for Nuclear Studies. She later worked at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, the Brookhaven National Laboratory, and New York University, where she became a professor in 1962. Her research involved high-energy physics, astrophysics and cosmology. In 1966 she divorced Marshall and married Nobel laureate Willard Libby. She became a professor at the University of Colorado, and a staff member at RAND Corporation. In later life she became interested in ecological and environmental issues, and she devised a method of using the isotope ratios in tree rings to study climate change. She was a strong advocate of food irradiation as a means of killing harmful bacteria."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "94a8c104b5b793e55be57b609b656626dd6b7abe",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "1966 年後她和誰離婚了？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Marshall",
                  "answer_start": 347
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Laura Fermi remembered Woods as \"a tall young girl built like an athlete, who could do a man's job and do it well. She was the only woman physicist in Enrico's group. At that time, her mother, who was also endowed with inexhaustible energy, was running a small farm near Chicago almost by herself. To relieve Mrs. Woods of some work, Leona divided her time between atoms and potatoes.\"Like many scientists working on the project, Woods affected a casual attitude towards the danger posed by radiation. After a morning with Willard Libby soldering a canister containing a mixture of radium salt and beryllium metal, Woods absorbed about 200 roentgens, and her white blood cell count halved. The doctors gave her a lecture on how a woman has only a fixed number of egg cells, a proposition that Woods was skeptical of. She considered that the important thing was that the solder was done correctly. When the team moved to their new home at Argonne, Woods had a dormitory all to herself.Woods married John Marshall in July 1943. Soon after, she fell pregnant. While she told Enrico Fermi, they agreed not to let Walter Zinn know, for fear that he would insist that she leave the reactor building. She covered up her pregnant belly with her baggy denim work clothes. She rode to work each day on an unheated Army bus, \"arriving each morning barely in time to vomit before starting the day's work.\" The child, a boy called Peter, was born in 1944. She returned to work a few days later.A team from Argonne was on hand for powering up the first reactor at the Hanford Site, where large reactors would produce plutonium for bombs. They watched the reactor in shifts, with John Marshall and others on the day shift, Enrico Fermi and Leona Marshall on the night shift, ending at midnight, and Don Hughes and John Wheeler on the swing shift. While the Marshalls were babysitting the reactor in Hanford, they left Peter with Leona's mother.The reactor was powered up successfully, but after a few hours the power level dropped and the reactor shut down. Leona speculated that a water leak was the problem, rather than a radioactive poison. However, during the night the operators were able to power the reactor up again only to have it once more die away. The timings now pointed to a radioactive poison. After working through the numbers with slide rules and hand calculators, they determined the neutron cross section of the poison, which turned out to be xenon-135. Fortunately, the DuPont engineers had equipped the reactor with 50 per cent more fuel tubes than the physicists had called for, and by loading them up, they managed to get the reactor started.Asked many years later about how she felt about her involvement in the Manhattan Project, she said:"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "42edd771fb853a1a1207df97274a47e6e75c0c1e",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "伍茲太太的母親從事什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "running a small farm",
                  "answer_start": 245
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Leona Harriet Woods (August 9, 1919 – November 10, 1986), later known as Leona Woods Marshall and Leona Woods Marshall Libby, was an American physicist who helped build the first nuclear reactor and the first atomic bomb."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "e2866451fd2a036b9c76e1c7dd8688309558572e",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "利昂娜・伍茲出生於什麼時候？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "August 9, 1919",
                  "answer_start": 21
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Vega"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "In astronomy, those elements with higher atomic numbers than helium are termed \"metals\". The metallicity of Vega's photosphere is only about 32% of the abundance of heavy elements in the Sun's atmosphere. (Compare this, for example, to a threefold metallicity abundance in the similar star Sirius as compared to the Sun.) For comparison, the Sun has an abundance of elements heavier than helium of about ZSol = 0.0172 ± 0.002. Thus, in terms of abundances, only about 0.54% of Vega consists of elements heavier than helium."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "38eed51d73ec98dd986957f62cf4f3c6032a512f",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "比氦的原子量大的元素的名稱是什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "metals",
                  "answer_start": 80
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "2a3b6c0bf054b0728d712d1d953f82e1db341979",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "織女星有多少組成元素比氦重？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "0.54%",
                  "answer_start": 468
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Vega has been extensively studied by astronomers, leading it to be termed “arguably the next most important star in the sky after the Sun”. Vega was the northern pole star around 12,000 BC and will be so again around the year 13,727, when the declination will be +86°14'. Vega was the first star other than the Sun to be photographed and the first to have its spectrum recorded. It was one of the first stars whose distance was estimated through parallax measurements. Vega has functioned as the baseline for calibrating the photometric brightness scale and was one of the stars used to define the zero point for the UBV photometric system."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "7b77284a7c74ad79bdab1a571040a1e0e222a0d8",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "天空中有重大意義的一顆星星是什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Vega",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Vega is the brightest star in the northern constellation of Lyra. It has the Bayer designation α Lyrae, which is Latinised to Alpha Lyrae and abbreviated Alpha Lyr or α Lyr. This star is relatively close at only 25 light-years from the Sun, and, together with Arcturus and Sirius, one of the most luminous stars in the Sun's neighborhood. It is the fifth-brightest star in the night sky, and the second-brightest star in the northern celestial hemisphere, after Arcturus."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "c09fc87aaa08a320842c787efc8ef0812185e966",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "天空中第五亮星距離太陽多遠？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "25 light-years",
                  "answer_start": 212
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Vega's spectral class is A0V, making it a blue-tinged white main sequence star that is fusing hydrogen to helium in its core. Since more massive stars use their fusion fuel more quickly than smaller ones, Vega's main-sequence lifetime is roughly one billion years, a tenth of the Sun's. The current age of this star is about 455 million years, or up to about half its expected total main-sequence lifespan. After leaving the main sequence, Vega will become a class-M red giant and shed much of its mass, finally becoming a white dwarf. At present, Vega has more than twice the mass of the Sun and its bolometric luminosity is about 40 times the Sun's. Because it is rapidly-rotating and seen nearly pole-on, its apparent luminosity, calculated assuming it was the same brightness all over, is about 57 times the Sun's. If Vega is variable, then it may be a Delta Scuti type with a period of about 0.107 days.Most of the energy produced at Vega's core is generated by the carbon–nitrogen–oxygen cycle (CNO cycle), a nuclear fusion process that combines protons to form helium nuclei through intermediary nuclei of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. This process requires a temperature of about 15 million K, which is higher than the core temperature of the Sun, but is less efficient than the Sun's proton-proton chain reaction fusion reaction. The CNO cycle is highly temperature sensitive, which results in a convection zone about the core that evenly distributes the 'ash' from the fusion reaction within the core region. The overlying atmosphere is in radiative equilibrium. This is in contrast to the Sun, which has a radiation zone centered on the core with an overlying convection zone.The energy flux from Vega has been precisely measured against standard light sources. At 5480 Å, the flux is 3,650 Jy with an error margin of 2%. The visual spectrum of Vega is dominated by absorption lines of hydrogen; specifically by the hydrogen Balmer series with the electron at the n=2 principal quantum number. The lines of other elements are relatively weak, with the strongest being ionized magnesium, iron, and chromium. The X-ray emission from Vega is very low, demonstrating that the corona for this star must be very weak or non-existent. However, as the pole of Vega is facing Earth and a polar coronal hole may be present, confirmation of a corona as the likely source of the X-rays detected from Vega (or the region very close to Vega) may be difficult as most of any coronal X-rays would not be emitted along the line of sight.Using spectropolarimetry, a magnetic field has been detected on the surface of Vega by a team of astronomers at the Observatoire du Pic du Midi. This is the first such detection of a magnetic field on a spectral class A star that is not an Ap chemically peculiar star. The average line of sight component of this field has a strength of −0.6 ± 0.3 G. This is comparable to the mean magnetic field on the Sun. Magnetic fields of roughly 30 gauss have been reported for Vega, compared to about 1 gauss for the Sun. In 2015, bright star spots were detected on the star's surface—the first such detection for a normal A-type star, and these features show evidence of rotational modulation with a period of 0.68 days."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "494217cb4b0f28d922f3a61924c50d9a7147249d",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "織女星在未來會變成什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "a white dwarf",
                  "answer_start": 521
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Organ transplantation in China"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "In March 2006, the Ministry of Health issued the Interim Provisions on Clinical Application and Management of Human Organ Transplantation, which stipulated that medical centres must meet new requirements for transplant services; the provinces were made responsible for plans for clinical applications. Establishments performing transplantation were thereby obliged to incorporate considerations for ethics, medical and surgical expertise, and intensive care. In April 2006, the Committee of Clinical Application of Human Organ Transplantation Technologies was created to standardise clinical practice; a national summit on clinical management took place in November 2006 which issued a declaration outlining regulatory steps. Professor Guo Shuzhong conducted a series of face transplant experiments in Xijing hospital, leading in April 2006 to the world's first face transplant that included bone. The donor had been declared brain-dead before the operation.In May 2007 the Regulation on Human Organ Transplantation came into force, banning organ trading and the removal of a person's organs without their prior written consent, and this has been favourably received by the World Health Organization and The Transplantation Society. To curb illegal transplants, doctors involved in commercial trade of organs will face fines and suspensions; only a few hospitals will be certified to perform organ transplants. As a result of a systematic overhaul, the number of institutions approved for transplants has been reduced from more than 600 in 2007 to 87 as at October 2008; another 77 have received provisional approval from the Ministry of Health.To further combat transplant tourism, the Health Ministry issued a notice in July 2007 in line with the Istanbul Declaration, giving Chinese citizens priority as organ recipients. In October 2007, after several years of discussions with the WHO, the Chinese Medical Association agreed to cease commercial organ collection from condemned prisoners, who would only be able to donate to their immediate relatives. Other safeguards implemented under the legislation include documentation of consent for organ removal from the donor, and review of all death sentences by the Supreme People's Court. Transplant professionals are not involved until death is declared. A symposium among legal and medical professionals was held in April 2008 to discuss the diagnostic criteria for brain death for donors of transplant organs.A liver-transplant registry system was established in Shanghai, in 2008, which allows the monitoring of the after-care of liver recipients; at the same time a nationwide proposal was announced that would allow people to note on their driving licence that they wish to donate their organs. Despite these initiatives the China Daily newspaper reported in August 2009 that approximately 65% of transplanted organs still came from death row prisoners, which has been described as \"not a proper source for organ transplants\" by Vice-Health Minister Huang Jiefu. China's first posthumous organ donation system was jointly launched in March 2010 by the Red Cross and the Ministry of Health. Huang Jiefu announced that the scheme, which will allow people to express their wishes on their driver's licences, would be trialled in 10 pilot regions including the cities of Tianjin, Wuhan and Shenzhen. Funds will be made available for the families of people who voluntarily donate their organs. Chinese authorities say they hope the pilot program's success will reduce the need to take organs from death row prisoners and stem the tide of black market organs. In 2012 China officials stated they plan to phase out organ harvesting of death-row inmates.In September 2012, the report Organ Harvesting of Religious and Political Dissidents by the Chinese Communist Party presented to the members of a US Congress Subcommittee by Damon Noto, the spokesperson for the organization Doctors Against Forced Organ Harvesting, opined: \"Medical doctors outside China have confirmed that their patients have gone to China and received organs from Falun Gong practitioners\".The Hangzhou resolution was promulgated in front of the 2013 China National Transplantation Congress on 31 October 2013 and was presented on 2 November 2013. The resolution vows for the cessation of the harvesting of organs from executed prisoners. While not all transplantation facilities have adopted the resolution, a campaign to eradicate inmate organ harvesting is underway."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "cccc62efa3a465a33d8845b12bc2be2274c0efb8",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "2006 年 3 月，衛生部頒佈了什麼新規定？\\n"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Interim Provisions on Clinical Application and Management of Human Organ Transplantation",
                  "answer_start": 49
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Organ transplantation in China has taken place since the 1960s, and is one of the largest organ transplant programmes in the world, peaking at over 13,000 transplants a year in 2004. China is also involved in innovative transplant surgery such as face transplantation including bone.Involuntary organ harvesting is illegal under Chinese law; though, under a 1984 regulation, it became legal to remove organs from executed criminals with the prior consent of the criminal or permission of relatives. Growing concerns about possible ethical abuses arising from coerced consent and corruption led medical groups and human rights organizations, by the 1990s, to start condemning the practice. These concerns resurfaced in 2001, when a Chinese asylum-seeking doctor testified that he had taken part in organ extraction operations.In 2006, allegations emerged that a large number of Falun Gong practitioners had been killed to supply China's organ transplant industry. An initial investigation stated \"the source of 41,500 transplants for the six year period 2000 to 2005 is unexplained\" and concluded that \"there has been and continues today to be large scale organ seizures from unwilling Falun Gong practitioners\".In December 2005, China's Deputy Health Minister acknowledged that the practice of removing organs from executed prisoners for transplants was widespread. In 2007, China issued regulations banning the commercial trading of organs, and the Chinese Medical Association agreed that the organs of prisoners should not be used for transplantation, except for members of the immediate family of the deceased. In 2008, a liver-transplant registry system was established in Shanghai, along with a nationwide proposal to incorporate information on individual driving permits for those wishing to donate their organs.Despite these initiatives, China Daily reported in August 2009 that approximately 65% of transplanted organs still came from death row prisoners.  The condemned prisoners have been described as \"not a proper source for organ transplants\" by Vice-Health Minister Huang Jiefu, and in March 2010 he announced the trial of China's first organ donation program starting after death, jointly run by the Red Cross Society and the Ministry of Health, in 10 pilot regions. In 2013, Huang Jiefu altered his position on utilizing prisoners' organs, stating that death row prisoners should be allowed to donate organs and should be integrated into the new computer-based organ allocation system."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "3065b5359d7e0eb408650e11185a3bf2d30f2807",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "器官移植始於何時？\\n"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "1960s",
                  "answer_start": 57
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Lynching"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Lynchings declined briefly after the takeover in the 1870s. By the end of the 19th century, with struggles over labor and disenfranchisement, and continuing agricultural depression, lynchings rose again. The number of lynchings peaked at the end of the 19th century, but these kinds of murders continued into the 20th century. Tuskegee Institute records of lynchings between the years 1880 and 1951 show 3,437 African-American victims, as well as 1,293 white victims. Lynchings were concentrated in the Cotton Belt (Mississippi, Georgia, Alabama, Texas and Louisiana).Due to the high rate of lynching, racism, and lack of political and economic opportunities in the South, many black southerners decided to live outside the South to escape these conditions. From 1910 to 1940, 1.5 million southern blacks migrated to urban and industrial Northern cities such as New York City, Chicago, Detroit, Cincinnati, Boston, and Pittsburgh during the Great Migration. The rapid influx of southern blacks into the North disturbed the racial balance within Northern cities, exacerbating hostility between both black and white Northerners. Many whites defended their space with violence, intimidation, or legal tactics toward blacks, while many other whites migrated to more racially homogeneous regions, a process known as white flight. Overall, blacks in Northern cities experienced systemic discrimination in a plethora of aspects of life. Throughout this period, racial tensions exploded, most violently in Chicago, and lynchings—mob-directed hangings—increased dramatically in the 1920s.African Americans resisted through protests, marches, lobbying Congress, writing of articles, rebuttals of so-called justifications of lynching, organizing women's groups against lynching, and getting integrated groups against lynching. African-American playwrights produced 14 anti-lynching plays between 1916 and 1935, ten of them by women."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "7617c658ffbfa423f101fa6c94e6d79b790fab52",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "根據阿拉巴馬州塔斯提吉學院，有多少白人受到私刑的處決？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "1,293",
                  "answer_start": 447
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Lynchings took place in the United States both before and after the American Civil War, most commonly in Southern states and Western frontier settlements and most frequently in the late 19th century.  It was performed without due process of law by self-appointed commissions, mobs, or vigilantes  as a form of punishment for presumed criminal offences .  At the first recorded lynching, in St. Louis in 1835, a black man named McIntosh who killed a deputy sheriff while being taken to jail was captured, chained to a tree, and burned to death on a corner lot downtown in front of a crowd of over 1,000 people.In the South in the antebellum era, members of the abolitionist movement or other people who opposed slavery were sometimes victims of mob violence. The largest lynching during the war and perhaps the largest lynching in all of U.S. history, was the lynching of 41 men in the Great Hanging at Gainesville, Texas in October 1862. Most of the victims were hanged after an extrajudicial \"trial\" but at least fourteen of them did not receive that formality.  The men had been accused of insurrection or treason.  Five more men were hanged in Decatur, Texas as part of the same sweep.After the war, southern whites struggled to maintain their social dominance. Secret vigilante and insurgent groups such as the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) instigated extrajudicial assaults and killings in order to keep whites in power and discourage freedmen from voting, working and getting educated. They also sometimes attacked Northerners, teachers, and agents of the Freedmen's Bureau. A study of the period from 1868 to 1871 estimates that the KKK was involved in more than 400 lynchings. The aftermath of the war was a period of upheaval and social turmoil, in which most white men had been war veterans. Mobs usually alleged crimes for which they lynched blacks. In the late 19th century, however, journalist Ida B. Wells showed that many presumed crimes were either exaggerated or had not even occurred."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "fdae1fbbc03d5ea98cc9080a2b95c5db32cc87d9",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "美國西部和南部的維吉蘭人採取了什麼樣的警戒懲罰來自己解決問題？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Lynchings",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Sultanate of Ternate"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "The Sultanate of Ternate is one of the oldest Muslim kingdoms in Indonesia, established by Baab Mashur Malamo in 1257. It reached its Golden Age during the reign of Sultan Baabullah (1570–1583) and encompassed most of the eastern part of Indonesia and a part of southern Philippines. Ternate was a major producer of cloves and a regional power from the 15th to 17th centuries."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "eef0c5b1c2e41b7a6758c7da029548dfea46328b",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "特爾納特蘇丹國的立國者的姓氏是什麼？\\n\\n"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Malamo",
                  "answer_start": 103
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "1300ae5c5c2b6d4b7c574d4e92caa19891338a16",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰製作過丁香？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Ternate",
                  "answer_start": 284
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "The peak of Ternate's power came near the end of the 16th century, under Sultan Baabullah (1570–1583), when it had influence over most of the eastern part of Sulawesi, the Ambon and Seram area, Timor island, parts of southern Mindanao and as well as parts of Papua. It frequently engaged in fierce competition for control of its periphery with the nearby Sultanate of Tidore. According to historian Leonard Andaya, Ternate's \"dualistic\" rivalry with Tidore is a dominant theme in the early history of the Maluku Islands."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "d83b37e4cba0b8fb025808e260613e932f894a4e",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "巴布拉蘇丹統治的頂峰時期他的影響力遍及的地區有哪些？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Sulawesi, the Ambon and Seram area, Timor island, parts of southern Mindanao and as well as parts of Papua",
                  "answer_start": 158
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Planets in astrology"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Mercury () is the ruling planet of Gemini and is exalted in Virgo and Aquarius. In classical Roman mythology, Mercury is the messenger of the gods, noted for his speed and swiftness. Echoing this, the scorching, airless world Mercury circles the Sun on the fastest orbit of any planet. Mercury takes only 88 days to orbit the Sun, spending about 7.33 days in each sign of the zodiac. Mercury is so close to the Sun that only a brief period exists after the Sun has set where it can be seen with the naked eye, before following the Sun beyond the horizon.Astrologically speaking, Mercury represents the principles of communication, mentality, thinking patterns, rationality and reasoning, and adaptability and variability. Mercury governs schooling and education, the immediate environment of neighbors, siblings and cousins, transport over short distances, messages and forms of communication such as post, email and telephone, newspapers, journalism and writing, information gathering skills and physical dexterity. The 1st-century poet Marcus Manilius described Mercury as an inconstant, vivacious and curious planet."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "d9afe587eae466c7150aa12ece06e74ce00c3a0a",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "水星繞著太陽軌道執行一週要多少天？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "88",
                  "answer_start": 305
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "9967d5138401adce00d498d8698888c0372695c7",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "水星有哪些和人相似的特點？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "information gathering skills and physical dexterity",
                  "answer_start": 964
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Modern astrologers differ on the source of the planets' influence. Hone writes that the planets exert it directly through gravitation or another, unknown influence. Others hold that the planets have no direct influence in themselves, but are mirrors of basic organizing principles in the universe. In other words, the basic patterns of the universe repeat themselves everywhere, in fractal-like fashion, and \"as above, so below\".  Therefore, the patterns that the planets make in the sky reflect the ebb and flow of basic human impulses. The planets are also associated, especially in the Chinese tradition, with the basic forces of nature."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "80bcb10b8cb26025441db59a89f1761fef827bf7",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "在中國文化中，什麼基本力量與行星有關聯？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "planets",
                  "answer_start": 542
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Food and Agriculture Organization"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Each of FAO's Goodwill Ambassadors – celebrities from the arts, entertainment, sport and academia such as Nobel Prize winner Rita Levi Montalcini, actress Gong Li, the late singer Miriam Makeba, International Singers Ronan Keating, and Anggun. and soccer players Roberto Baggio and Raúl, to name a few – have made a personal and professional commitment to FAO's vision: a food-secure world for present and future generations. Using their talents and influence, the Goodwill Ambassadors draw the old and the young, the rich and the poor into the campaign against world hunger. They aim to make Food for All a reality in the 21st century and beyond."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "576d7546c500c44c51c89325271d6d35bce6dac4",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "親善大使吸引人們參加什麼活動？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "against world hunger",
                  "answer_start": 554
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "In December 2007, FAO launched its Initiative on Soaring Food Prices to help small producers raise their output and earn more. Under the initiative, FAO contributed to the work of the UN High-Level Task Force on the Global Food Crisis, which produced the Comprehensive Framework for Action. FAO has carried out projects in over 25 countries and inter-agency missions in nearly 60, scaled up its monitoring through the Global Information and Early Warning System on Food and Agriculture, provided policy advice to governments while supporting their efforts to increase food production, and advocated for more investment in agriculture. s also worked hand-in-hand with the European Union. One example of its work is a US$10.2 million, €7.5 billion scheme to distribute and multiply quality seeds in Haiti, which has significantly increased food production, thereby providing cheaper food and boosting"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "84963273129122b0d40caa05c83295fda00e6157",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪個聯盟與聯合國糧食及農業組織密切合作，共同應對全球糧食危機？\\n"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "European Union",
                  "answer_start": 671
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "cfffe36d647b33faef889a7eb6c0cc25255cad87",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "糧農組織何時發起這項倡議？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "December 2007",
                  "answer_start": 3
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "The Special Programme for Food Security is FAO's flagship initiative for reaching the goal of halving the number of hungry in the world by 2015 (currently estimated at close to 1 billion people), as part of its commitment to the Millennium Development Goals. Through projects in over 100 countries worldwide, the programme promotes effective, tangible solutions to the elimination of hunger, undernourishment and poverty. Currently 102 countries are engaged in the programme and of these approximately 30 have begun shifting from pilot to national programmes. To maximize the impact of its work, FAO strongly promotes national ownership and local empowerment in the countries in which it operates."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "c887807bbfbe38ff88ae09923662c40ddd65c642",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "糧食安全特別計劃的主要目標是對抗什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "elimination of hunger, undernourishment and poverty",
                  "answer_start": 369
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Fifth force"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "A new fundamental force might be difficult to test. Gravity, for example, is such a weak force that the gravitational interaction between two objects is only significant when one of them has a great mass. Therefore, it takes very sensitive equipment to measure gravitational interactions between objects that are small compared to the Earth. A new (or \"fifth\") fundamental force might similarly be weak and therefore difficult to detect. Nonetheless, in the late 1980s a fifth force, operating on municipal scales (i.e. with a range of about 100 meters), was reported by researchers (Fischbach et al.) who were reanalyzing results of Loránd Eötvös from earlier in the century. The force was believed to be linked with hypercharge. Over a number of years, other experiments have failed to duplicate this result.There are at least three kinds of searches that can be undertaken, which depend on the kind of force being considered, and its range."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "4e725346efefc36598751dc61dd592128c1e2866",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "測量地球引力相互作用需要什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "very sensitive equipment",
                  "answer_start": 225
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Some speculative theories have proposed a fifth force to explain various anomalous observations that do not fit existing theories.  The characteristics of this fifth force depend on the theory being advanced. Many postulate a force roughly the strength of gravity (i.e. it is much weaker than electromagnetism or the nuclear forces) with a range of anywhere from less than a millimeter to cosmological scales. Another proposal is a new weak force, mediated by W′ and Z′ bosons."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "b13edbb194b86f676d410a01715d80d7e612ddd8",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪自然現象比喻為第五種力？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "gravity",
                  "answer_start": 256
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Thoughts on the Education of Daughters"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Although much of Thoughts is devoted to platitudes and advice common to all conduct books for women, a few passages anticipate Wollstonecraft's feminist arguments in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), such as her poignant description of the suffering single woman. However, several critics suggested that such passages only seem to have radical undertones in light of Wollstonecraft's later works."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "2a27b850d204ea87c3144546b37d34839c4fb8e7",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "《女權辯護》是什麼時候寫成的？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "1792",
                  "answer_start": 204
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "An early version of the modern self-help book, the 18th-century British conduct book drew on many literary traditions, such as advice manuals and religious narratives. There was an explosion in the number of conduct books published during the second half of the 18th century, and Wollstonecraft took advantage of this burgeoning market when she published Thoughts. However, the book was only moderately successful: it was favourably reviewed, but only by one journal and it was reprinted only once. Although it was excerpted in popular contemporary magazines, it was not republished until the rise of feminist literary criticism in the 1970s."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "1bd2fb2e0cdf511a20df8fd2343440b99cb45a8b",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "Thoughts 在哪個年代重印？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "1970s",
                  "answer_start": 636
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Government of Australia"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "The Australian Constitution dates from 1901, when the Dominions of the British Empire were not sovereign states, and does not use the term \"head of state\". As Australia is a constitutional monarchy, government and academic sources describe the Queen as head of state. In practice, the role of head of state of Australia is divided between two people, the Queen of Australia and the Governor-General of Australia, who is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister of Australia. Though in many respects the Governor-General is the Queen's representative, and exercises various constitutional powers in her name, they independently exercise many important powers in their own right. The governor-general represents Australia internationally, making and receiving state visits."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "3ec485ea192187daaa5b6f6aaedeb4a36b23649f",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "《澳大利亞聯邦憲法》自哪一年頒佈？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "1901",
                  "answer_start": 39
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Twelve Senators from each state are elected for six-year terms, using proportional representation and the single transferable vote (known in Australia as \"quota-preferential voting\": see Australian electoral system), with half elected every three years. In addition to the state Senators, two senators are elected by voters from the Northern Territory (which for this purpose includes the Indian Ocean Territories, Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands), while another two senators are elected by the voters of the Australian Capital Territory (which for this purpose includes the Jervis Bay Territory). Senators from the territories are also elected using preferential voting, but their term of office is not fixed;  it starts on the day of a general election for the House of Representatives and ends on the day before the next such election."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "76c57de229fe93ce7943dd405a9865f327138bd5",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "每名參議員的較長任期為多長時間？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "six-year terms",
                  "answer_start": 48
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Prometheus (2012 film)"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "A monstrous, mutated Fifield returns to the Prometheus and kills several crew members before he is killed. The Prometheus' captain, Janek, speculates that the structure was an Engineer military base that lost control of a virulent biological weapon, the dark liquid. He also determines that the structure houses a spacecraft. Weyland and a team return to the structure, accompanied by Shaw. David wakes the Engineer from stasis and speaks to him in an attempt to explain what Weyland wants. The Engineer responds by decapitating David and killing Weyland and his team, before reactivating the spacecraft. Shaw flees and warns Janek that the Engineer is planning to release the liquid on Earth, convincing him to stop the spacecraft. Janek and the remaining crew sacrifice themselves by ramming the Prometheus into the alien craft, ejecting the lifeboat in the process, while Vickers flees in an escape pod. The Engineer's disabled spacecraft crashes onto the ground, killing Vickers. Shaw goes to the lifeboat and finds her alien offspring is alive and has grown to gigantic size. David's still-active head warns Shaw that the Engineer is pursuing her. The Engineer forces open the lifeboat's airlock and attacks Shaw, who releases her alien offspring onto the Engineer; it thrusts an ovipositor down the Engineer's throat, subduing him. Shaw recovers David's remains, and with his help, launches another Engineer spacecraft. She intends to reach the Engineers' homeworld in an attempt to understand why they wanted to destroy humanity."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "577dddc2d8cde0caf772983a674767ee2c430067",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "在工程師開始屠殺船員後，誰得以逃脫？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Vickers",
                  "answer_start": 875
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "2b94ddc3abae3830b97bd476dc599a5e2f1f04f1",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "探險隊重返哪建築時，誰與韋蘭在一起？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Shaw",
                  "answer_start": 385
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "5cd104b7ca52cae404b1103dc5377d6adc1c0e99",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "大衛把工程師從什麼中喚醒？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "stasis",
                  "answer_start": 421
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Principal photography began on March 21, 2011, lasted 82 days, and had an estimated $120–130 million budget. Filming began at Shepperton Studios and Pinewood Studios in England. Scott used eight sound stages for filming, including the 007 Stage. Studio space was limited and the crew had to make five stages work for approximately 16 sets, and increased the size of the 007 stage by over 30%.Exterior shots of the alien world were shot in Iceland, where filming occurred for two weeks. It commenced on July 11, 2011, at the base of Hekla, an active volcano in southern Iceland. Speaking about working at the volcano, Scott said, \"If one is afraid of nature in this profession then it would be best to find a different job\". Filming also took place at Dettifoss, one of the most powerful waterfalls in Europe. The Iceland shoot involved 160 Icelandic crew members and over 200 imported crew. Scott said that the filming in Iceland comprised approximately fifteen minutes of footage for the film, and that the area represented the beginning of time. Morocco had been chosen as a location for these scenes, but the 2010 Arab Spring protests forced the change of venue. Alternatives including the Mojave Desert had been considered, but Scott explained that Iceland was ultimately chosen because \"here it is so rough and 'Jurassic-like' and that proved decisive\".In September 2011, filming moved to the Ciudad de la Luz audiovisual complex in Alicante, Spain. Shooting areas included the complex's large water tank, and a nearby beach. The complex was booked from August 22, 2011, through to December 10, 2011, and set construction occurred from August until late September. Approximately 250 people worked on the three-month-long Spain shoot, generating over €1 million in the local economy. Filming also took place in the Wadi Rum valley in Jordan.Scott avoided using green screens unless necessary. Instead, he used various items so the actors would know where they should be looking in any particular scene on the practical sets where CGI elements would be inserted in post-production. Rapace said that green screens were used fewer than six times during filming. The production used five 3ality Technical Atom 3D rigs, four of which were configured with Red Epic 3D cameras set on camera dollies and tripods, which were continuously in use during filming. The fifth rig used an Epic camera as a steadicam, which was used only occasionally."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "544f3863a35735cd19c101c42113dce8869fd976",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪段期間預訂了製片廠？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "August 22, 2011, through to December 10, 2011",
                  "answer_start": 1559
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Prometheus ( prə-MEE-thee-əs) is a 2012 science fiction film directed by Ridley Scott, written by Jon Spaihts and Damon Lindelof and starring Noomi Rapace, Michael Fassbender, Guy Pearce, Idris Elba, Logan Marshall-Green, and Charlize Theron. It is set in the late 21st century and centers on the crew of the spaceship Prometheus as it follows a star map discovered among the artifacts of several ancient Earth cultures. Seeking the origins of humanity, the crew arrives on a distant world and discovers a threat that could cause the extinction of the human species."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "728968dc0992834b2c33dd4680e48b59eddec616",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "船員們想找到什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "the origins of humanity",
                  "answer_start": 429
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "The Avengers (2012 film)"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Ideas for a film based on the Avengers began in 2003, with Avi Arad, the CEO of Marvel Studios, first announcing plans to develop the film in April 2005, after Marvel Enterprises declared independence by allying with Merrill Lynch to produce a slate of films that would be distributed by Paramount Pictures. Marvel discussed their plans in a brief presentation to Wall Street analysts; the studio's intention was to release individual films for the main characters—to establish their identities and familiarize audiences with them—before merging the characters together in a crossover film. Screenwriter Zak Penn, who wrote The Incredible Hulk (2008), became attached to the film in 2006, and was hired by Marvel Studios to write the film in June 2007. In the wake of the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike, Marvel negotiated with the Writers Guild of America to ensure that it could create films based on its comic book counterparts, including Captain America, Ant-Man and The Avengers. After the successful release of Iron Man (2008) in May, the company set a July 2011 release date for The Avengers. In September 2008, Marvel Studios reached an agreement with Paramount—an extension of a previous partnership—which gave the company distribution rights for five future Marvel films.Casting began in October 2008 with Downey's signing. Though Don Cheadle was also reported to be reprising his Iron Man 2 role of War Machine for The Avengers, he later stated that he did not think the character would appear in the film. At the same time, two major prospects occurred for Marvel: Jon Favreau was brought in as an executive producer for the film, and the company signed a long-term lease with Raleigh Studios to produce three other big-budget films—Iron Man 2, Thor (2011), and Captain America: The First Avenger (2011)—at their Manhattan Beach, California complex. Lou Ferrigno, who voiced Hulk in The Incredible Hulk, stated that he would be involved in the film. In February 2009, Samuel L. Jackson signed a nine-picture deal with Marvel Entertainment to play Nick Fury in Iron Man 2 and other films. In September 2009, Edward Norton, who played Bruce Banner in The Incredible Hulk stated that he was open to returning in the film. The next month, executive producer Jon Favreau stated that he would not direct the film, but would \"definitely have input and a say\". Favreau also expressed concerns, stating, \"It's going to be hard, because I was so involved in creating the world of Iron Man, and Iron Man is very much a tech-based hero, and then with Avengers you're going to be introducing some supernatural aspects because of Thor... [Mixing] the two of those works very well in the comic books, but it's going to take a lot of thoughtfulness to make that all work and not blow the reality that we've created\". In March 2009, actress Scarlett Johansson replaced Emily Blunt in portraying Natasha Romanoff in Iron Man 2, a deal that subsequently attached her to The Avengers. The following day, Marvel announced that the film's release date had been pushed back to May 4, 2012, almost a full year later. Chris Hemsworth and Tom Hiddleston joined the film's cast in June, returning as Thor and Loki, respectively.In July 2009, Penn talked about the crossover process, stating, \"My job is to kind of shuttle between the different movies and make sure that finally we're mimicking that comic book structure where all of these movies are connected. . . There's just a board that tracks 'Here's where everything that happens in this movie overlaps with that movie'. . . I'm pushing them to do as many animatics as possible to animate the movie, to draw boards so that we're all working off the same visual ideas. But the exigencies of production take first priority\". At first, Penn tried to reduce Thor's role in the script because he had doubts about the character's ability to succeed on film. He changed his mind once Hemsworth was cast as Thor. The film had always intended to use Loki as its villain, but Penn noted that early discussion had considered using Red Skull.In January 2010, Marvel Studios chief Kevin Feige was asked if it would be difficult to meld the fantasy of Thor with the high-tech science fiction in Iron Man and The Avengers. \"No,\" he said, \"because we're doing the Jack Kirby/Stan Lee/Walt Simonson/J. Michael Straczynski Thor. We're not doing the blow-the-dust-off-of-the-old-Norse-book-in-your-library Thor. And in the Thor of the Marvel Universe, there's a race called the Asgardians. And we're linked through this Tree of Life that we're unaware of. It's real science, but we don't know about it yet. The 'Thor' movie is about teaching people that\". In March, it was reported that Penn had completed the first draft of the script, and that Marvel editor-in-chief Joe Quesada and Avengers comic-book writer Brian Michael Bendis had received copies. Also in March, Chris Evans accepted an offer to play Captain America in three films including The Avengers."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "1d537a0144c187339c1fbec5e0e4a493ec8fa4fa",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "鋼鐵俠是哪一年上映的？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "2008",
                  "answer_start": 1037
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "84f9b3bb128cbc29290aded9ba8f6d697072b077",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "何時開始製片？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "September 2008",
                  "answer_start": 1113
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Doom 3"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Doom 3 is a story-driven action game played from a first-person perspective. As with previous Doom games, the main objective is to successfully pass through its levels, defeating a variety of enemy characters intent on killing the player's character. Doom 3's more story-centered approach, however, means that the player often encounters friendly non-player characters, who provide key plot information, objectives and inventory items. The game incorporates ten weapons for the player's use to survive, including conventional firearms such as a submachine gun, shotgun and grenades, experimental plasma weaponry, and the powerful BFG 9000 and chainsaw weapons of the Doom franchise. Enemies come in multiple forms and with different abilities and tactics, but fall into two broad categories of either zombies or demons. Zombies are humans possessed by demonic forces, who attack the player's character using their hands and melee weapons or a variety of firearms, while demons are creatures from Hell, most of which attack using claws and spines, or by summoning plasma-based fireballs. The corpses of demons are reduced to ashes after death, leaving no trace of their body behind."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "faf513d17057c6bb95175c670ec98061b5cb2fce",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪一些毀滅戰士特許經營的獨家武器在遊戲中最強大？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "BFG 9000 and chainsaw weapons",
                  "answer_start": 630
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "36e2d9a94f3e08427a85e202229e50350abc80e1",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪個故事導向的動作遊戲包含多種武器並需要多級通關來取勝。"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Doom 3",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Doom 3 was released with a four-player multiplayer element, featuring four game modes. However, the game's community created a modification to boost this to eight or sixteen players. The Resurrection of Evil expansion would later officially increase the player limit to eight. The four game modes are all deathmatches. The standard deathmatch game mode involves each player moving around a level, collecting weaponry and killing the other players, with the player with the highest kills when the time runs out winning. A team variation of this involves the same principle. The third game mode is \"last man standing\", in which each player has a limited amount of respawns, with players losing a life when they are killed. Eventually, all but one player will be eliminated from the game, leaving the survivor as the winner. The final game mode is \"tournament\", in which two players fight each other while the other players watch as spectators. The victor of the battle remains in the arena, facing each other player one at a time until the winner of previous rounds is defeated. The loser then moves to the spectators and the new winner remains to fight the next player. The Xbox version of Doom 3 also incorporates an additional two-player co-operative mode for the main single-player game."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "b3fa3ec7514fab23baa7b630814e670a1418ee40",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪單人遊戲有雙人遊戲模式？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Doom 3",
                  "answer_start": 1189
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "2012 India blackouts"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "At 02:35 IST (21:05 UTC on 29 July), circuit breakers on the 400 kV Bina-Gwalior line tripped. As this line fed into the Agra-Bareilly transmission section, breakers at the station also tripped, and power failures cascaded through the grid. All major power stations were shut down in the affected states, causing an estimated shortage of 32 GW. Officials described the failure as \"the worst in a decade\".On the day of the collapse, Power Minister Sushilkumar Shinde stated that the exact cause of the failure was unknown, but that at the time of the failure, electricity use was \"above normal\". He speculated that some states had attempted to draw more power than permitted due to the higher consumption. Spokesperson for PowerGrid Corporation of India Limited (PGCIL) and the Northern Regional Load Dispatch Centre (NRLDC) stated that Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana were the states responsible for the overdraw. PGCIL's chairman also stated that electrical service was restored \"at a record time\".A senior director for an Indian power company described the outage as \"a fairly large breakdown that exposed major technical faults in India's grid system. Something went terribly wrong which caused the backup safety systems to fail.\"More than 300 million people, about 25% of India's population, were without power. Railways and some airports were shut down until 08:00. The busiest airport in South Asia, Delhi Airport, continued functioning because it switched to back-up power in 15 seconds. The outage caused \"chaos\" for Monday morning rush hour, as passenger trains were shut down and traffic signals were non-operational. Trains stalled for three to five hours. Several hospitals reported interruptions in health services, while others relied on back-up generators. Water treatment plants were shut down for several hours, and millions were unable to draw water from wells powered by electric pumps.The Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM) stated that the blackout had \"severely impacted\" businesses, leaving many unable to operate. Oil refineries in Panipat, Mathura and Bathinda continued operating because they have their own captive power stations within the refineries and do not depend on the grid.It took 15 hours to restore 80% of service."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "22eda0eb4cb5a5fae8943f1f44873ec94c192ae6",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "使用超出允許額度的電力區域的結果是什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "higher consumption",
                  "answer_start": 685
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "India is the world's third largest producer and consumer of electricity after the United States and China; however, the electrical infrastructure is generally considered unreliable. The northern electrical grid had previously collapsed in 2001. In 2012, an estimated 27% of energy generated was lost in transmission or stolen, while peak supply fell short of demand by an average of 9%. During that period, the nation suffered from frequent power outages that lasted as long as 10 hours and about 25% of the population, about 300 million people, had no electricity at all. Efforts are underway to reduce transmission and distribution losses and increase production.In the summer of 2012, leading up to the failure, extreme heat had caused power use to reach record levels in New Delhi. Due to the late arrival of monsoons, agricultural areas in Punjab and Haryana drew increased power from the grid for running pumps irrigating paddy fields. The late monsoon also meant that hydropower plants were generating less than their usual production."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "68a4e408276f5cec099218a9b883881d703079cc",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "農民用泵做什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "irrigating paddy fields",
                  "answer_start": 917
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "On the day of the collapse, Power Minister Sushilkumar Shinde ordered a three-member panel to determine the reason for the failure and report on it in fifteen days. In response to criticism, he observed that India was not alone in suffering major power outages, as blackouts had also occurred in the United States and Brazil within the previous few years.The Washington Post described the failure as adding urgency to Indian Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh's plan for a US$400 billion overhaul of India's power grid. His plan calls for a further 76 gigawatts of generation by 2017, produced in part by nuclear power."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "41d00d2334a4de013c544892d33d57d8292cc47b",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "總理曼莫漢・辛格博士改革印度電網計劃的主要內容是什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "nuclear power",
                  "answer_start": 604
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Statistics"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "An example of an observational study is one that explores the association between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case, the researchers would collect observations of both smokers and non-smokers, perhaps through a cohort study, and then look for the number of cases of lung cancer in each group. A case-control study is another type of observational study in which people with and without the outcome of interest (e.g. lung cancer) are invited to participate and their exposure histories are collected."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "0e6532385efde88720e10f839ee52741c372795c",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "觀察研究具體例子的研究物件是什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "the association between smoking and lung cancer",
                  "answer_start": 58
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "An experimental study involves taking measurements of the system under study, manipulating the system, and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements. In contrast, an observational study does not involve experimental manipulation. Instead, data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "547e0938092beb3a7fee76d6171bf548ef443f8e",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "研究了什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "correlations between predictors and response",
                  "answer_start": 357
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Documenting and presenting the results of the study.Experiments on human behavior have special concerns. The famous Hawthorne study examined changes to the working environment at the Hawthorne plant of the Western Electric Company. The researchers were interested in determining whether increased illumination would increase the productivity of the assembly line workers. The researchers first measured the productivity in the plant, then modified the illumination in an area of the plant and checked if the changes in illumination affected productivity. It turned out that productivity indeed improved (under the experimental conditions). However, the study is heavily criticized today for errors in experimental procedures, specifically for the lack of a control group and blindness. The Hawthorne effect refers to finding that an outcome (in this case, worker productivity) changed due to observation itself. Those in the Hawthorne study became more productive not because the lighting was changed but because they were being observed."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "ab6e897b1c03718761723c709b98dd8ae21059a2",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "什麼樣的錯誤在研究中被批評？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "experimental procedures, specifically for the lack of a control group and blindness",
                  "answer_start": 701
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "The concept of correlation is particularly noteworthy for the potential confusion it can cause. Statistical analysis of a data set often reveals that two variables (properties) of the population under consideration tend to vary together, as if they were connected. For example, a study of annual income that also looks at age of death might find that poor people tend to have shorter lives than affluent people. The two variables are said to be correlated; however, they may or may not be the cause of one another. The correlation phenomena could be caused by a third, previously unconsidered phenomenon, called a lurking variable or confounding variable. For this reason, there is no way to immediately infer the existence of a causal relationship between the two variables. (See Correlation does not imply causation.)"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "05e4fdf7a22720bb3125a7f9a92afe418bb85c39",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "採用哪種數學方法來確定樣本之間的比較相似性？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Statistical analysis",
                  "answer_start": 96
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Attalus I"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Attalus was a protector of the Greek cities of Anatolia and viewed himself as the champion of Greeks against barbarians. During his reign he established Pergamon as a considerable power in the Greek East. He died in 197 BC, shortly before the end of the second war, at the age of 72, having suffered an apparent stroke while addressing a Boeotian war council some months before. He and his wife were admired for their rearing of their four sons. He was succeeded as king by his son Eumenes II."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "70fd9514773ce076bbe537cdb7f321a5af60dcde",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "他何時逝世？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "197 BC",
                  "answer_start": 216
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Attalus won an important victory over the Galatians, newly arrived Celtic tribes from Thrace, who had been, for more than a generation, plundering and exacting tribute throughout most of Asia Minor without any serious check. This victory, celebrated by the triumphal monument at Pergamon (famous for its Dying Gaul) and the liberation from the Gallic \"terror\" which it represented, earned for Attalus the name of \"Soter\", and the title of \"king\". A courageous and capable general and loyal ally of Rome, he played a significant role in the first and second Macedonian Wars, waged against Philip V of Macedon. He conducted numerous naval operations, harassing Macedonian interests throughout the Aegean, winning honors, collecting spoils, and gaining for Pergamon possession of the Greek islands of Aegina during the first war, and Andros during the second, twice narrowly escaping capture at the hands of Philip."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "822569aa3e108a729f0bdb8686aa7abfb62a15ba",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "當時誰是馬其頓的統治者？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Philip V",
                  "answer_start": 588
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Bradysaurus"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "B. seeleyi (Haughton and Boonstra, 1929) is from the Tapinocephalus zone, Lower Beaufort Beds, Karoo basin, South Africa. This is a less common form. Boonstra, 1969, considered this a valid species of Bradysaurus and Lee, 1997, considers this animal a sister group to more advanced pareiasaurs. B. seelyi seems to be closely related to Nochelesaurus and Embrithosaurus. In contrast to the more numerous but similarly sized B. baini, the cheekbones were heavy and greatly enlarged. There were 19 or 20 pairs of strongly overlapping teeth on each jaw."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "68cc3a13aa96fe18ffe8b825c86d50c32753721a",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "對 baini 來說不同的是什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "the cheekbones were heavy and greatly enlarged",
                  "answer_start": 433
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Bradysaurus is the only member of the subfamily Bradysaurinae. It is the most primitive known pareiasaur and can be considered a good ancestral type from which the others developed. Its large dimensions show that, even very early in their evolutionary history, these strange animals had already attained an optimal size. Even later, more advanced forms, like Scutosaurus, were no larger. The advantage of large size was to provide defense against predators and to maintain a stable body temperature (gigantothermy)."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "a53ed3d4d026191b632be45cd1aa965f85557804",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "什麼時期動物達到理想的大小？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "early in their evolutionary history",
                  "answer_start": 224
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Damdin Sükhbaatar"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "At the end of May 1921, Khiagt came under pressure from Baron Ungern's forces, who moved towards Soviet Russia. This offensive was repulsed by mid-June, with the help of troops of the Far Eastern Republic. At the end of June, the People's Partisans and the Red Army decided to attack Khüree. They reached the town on July 6, having destroyed smaller groups of Ungern's forces on the way."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "13b7d03a1d1a8828d2eaeaa6848c7989b52869ce",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪個軍隊襲擊了庫倫？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Red Army",
                  "answer_start": 257
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Immediately after the congress, the provisional government and the MPP central committee decided to seize the Mongolian part of Khiagt from the Chinese troops, and on February 15 an ultimatum was sent to the Chinese military authorities in the town. The Chinese commanders refused to surrender, and on March 18, Sükhbaatar's troops succeeded in taking the town, despite being heavily outnumbered. This day is now the official holiday of Mongolia's army, and is usually celebrated as the equivalent of Defender of the Fatherland Day in Russia. The provisional government moved to the Mongolian part of Khiagt and began to establish Ministries of the Army, Finances and Foreign Affairs, but when a fire in the aftermath of the battle burnt down the greater part of the town, the government moved on to Altanbulag."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "376ea02c90d9906611ebb79fc591cdb3e64402ae",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "在哪個城鎮發生的鬥爭，最終致使 3 月 18 日成為蒙古軍的官方節日？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "the Mongolian part of Khiagt",
                  "answer_start": 106
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "In 1912, Russian advisers to the Bogd Khan set up a military school at Khujirbulan, and Sükhbaatar was one of the soldiers transferred there. His talent for military tactics and his skills at riding and shooting earned him the respect of his comrades, and after the training he became a platoon leader of the machine gun company at Khujirbulan. In 1913, he set up his own household with his wife Yanjmaa. They had had their first son in 1911, but Yanjmaa's parents objected to the relationship on the grounds that Sükhbaatar was too poor."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "28ad6604aff1b23701637cc7b4e27456f47c609d",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "排長什麼時候有的第一個兒子？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "1911",
                  "answer_start": 437
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Sükhbaatar's widow Yanjmaa went on to serve in a number of senior positions in the Mongolian government, including acting president."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "a1ffcba1a6dc1ab5026ae9717668ec013ef6097b",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "彥吉瑪是誰？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Sükhbaatar's widow",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "The new government was not in a secure position, and rumours of anti-communist plots increased. In 1922, Bodoo, Chagdarjav, Da Lama Puntsagdorj and others were executed on allegations that they had collaborated with internal and external enemies of the new state. In early 1923, amid official suspicions that a coup was planned for Tsagaan Sar, the state of alert became too exhausting for Sükhbaatar. He broke down on the night of February 14/15, and died on February 20. In the 1940s under Choibalsan's reign, it was alleged that Sükhbaatar had been poisoned, but later socialist publications did not explicitly discuss the cause of death. Nonetheless, this version is still somewhat popular in Mongolia. Some historians say that he died of pneumonia, because of cold rain. Neither version could be proved officially."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "fdb8bd4701c99a7902189842ea5971456bb4ee57",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "蘇赫巴托爾懷疑誰在 1923 年計劃政變？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Tsagaan Sar",
                  "answer_start": 332
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "The Dark Side of the Moon"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Following the completion of the dialogue sessions, producer Chris Thomas was hired to provide \"a fresh pair of ears\".  Thomas's background was in music, rather than engineering.  He had worked with Beatles producer George Martin, and was acquainted with Pink Floyd's manager Steve O'Rourke. All four members of the band were engaged in a disagreement over the style of the mix, with Waters and Mason preferring a \"dry\" and \"clean\" mix which made more use of the non-musical elements, and Gilmour and Wright preferring a subtler and more \"echoey\" mix. Thomas later claimed there were no such disagreements, stating \"There was no difference in opinion between them, I don't remember Roger once saying that he wanted less echo.  In fact, there were never any hints that they were later going to fall out.  It was a very creative atmosphere.  A lot of fun.\" Although the truth remains unclear, Thomas's intervention resulted in a welcome compromise between Waters and Gilmour, leaving both entirely satisfied with the end product.  Thomas was responsible for significant changes to the album, including the perfect timing of the echo used on \"Us and Them\".  He was also present for the recording of \"The Great Gig in the Sky\" (although Parsons was responsible for hiring Torry). Interviewed in 2006, when asked if he felt his goals had been accomplished in the studio, Waters said:"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "08399c7040e7de52bc03350e72a25dde4301762d",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "克里斯・托馬斯和什麼經理是朋友？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Steve O'Rourke",
                  "answer_start": 275
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Much of the album's early American success is attributed to the efforts of Pink Floyd's US record company, Capitol Records.  Newly appointed chairman Bhaskar Menon set about trying to reverse the relatively poor sales of the band's 1971 studio album Meddle.  Meanwhile, disenchanted with Capitol, the band and manager O'Rourke had been quietly negotiating a new contract with CBS president Clive Davis, on Columbia Records.  The Dark Side of the Moon was the last album that Pink Floyd were obliged to release before formally signing a new contract.  Menon's enthusiasm for the new album was such that he began a huge promotional advertising campaign, which included radio-friendly truncated versions of \"Us and Them\" and \"Time\". In some countries – notably the UK – Pink Floyd had not released a single since 1968's \"Point Me at the Sky\", and unusually \"Money\" was released as a single on 7 May, with \"Any Colour You Like\" on the B-side.  It reached number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 in July 1973. A two-sided white label promotional version of the single, with mono and stereo mixes, was sent to radio stations.  The mono side had the word \"bullshit\" removed from the song – leaving \"bull\" in its place – however, the stereo side retained the uncensored version.  This was subsequently withdrawn; the replacement was sent to radio stations with a note advising disc jockeys to dispose of the first uncensored copy. On 4 February 1974, a double A-side single was released with \"Time\" on one side, and \"Us and Them\" on the opposite side. Menon's efforts to secure a contract renewal with Pink Floyd were in vain however; at the beginning of 1974, the band signed for Columbia with a reported advance fee of $1M (in Britain and Europe they continued to be represented by Harvest Records)."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "9499620e5d66aefb6b7e20411e6c0d28a0138bd3",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰是平克・弗洛伊德在美國的唱片公司？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Capitol Records",
                  "answer_start": 107
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Returning from the US in January 1973, they recorded \"Brain Damage\", \"Eclipse\", \"Any Colour You Like\" and \"On the Run\", while fine-tuning the work they had already laid down in the previous sessions.  A foursome of female vocalists was assembled to sing on \"Brain Damage\", \"Eclipse\" and \"Time\", and saxophonist Dick Parry was booked to play on \"Us and Them\" and \"Money\".  With director Adrian Maben, the band also filmed studio footage for Pink Floyd: Live at Pompeii. Once the recording sessions were complete, the band began a tour of Europe."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "70c95874ff20b8fd06e69b4e6020859d145af5df",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "他們哪一年回到美國？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "1973",
                  "answer_start": 33
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "The artwork was created by their associate, George Hardie.  Hipgnosis offered the band a choice of seven designs, but all four members agreed that the prism was by far the best. The final design depicts a glass prism dispersing light into colour. The design represents three elements: the band's stage lighting, the album lyrics, and Wright's request for a \"simple and bold\" design.  The spectrum of light continues through to the gatefold – an idea that Waters came up with. Added shortly afterwards, the gatefold design also includes a visual representation of the heartbeat sound used throughout the album, and the back of the album cover contains Thorgerson's suggestion of another prism recombining the spectrum of light, facilitating interesting layouts of the sleeve in record shops. The light band emanating from the prism on the album cover has six colours, missing indigo compared to the traditional division of the spectrum into red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet.  Inside the sleeve were two posters and two pyramid-themed stickers.  One poster bore pictures of the band in concert, overlaid with scattered letters to form PINK FLOYD, and the other an infrared photograph of the Great Pyramids of Giza, created by Powell and Thorgerson.The band were so confident of the quality of Waters' lyrics that, for the first time, they printed them on the album's sleeve."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "5a79c812c32001aad3476afd9a84f21215929d43",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "是誰為這張專輯做藝術設計？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "George Hardie",
                  "answer_start": 44
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Lockheed P-38 Lightning"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Lockheed proposed a carrier-based Model 822 version of the Lightning for the United States Navy. The Model 822 would have featured folding wings, an arresting hook, and stronger undercarriage for carrier operations. The navy was not interested, as they regarded the Lightning as too big for carrier operations and did not like liquid-cooled engines anyway, and the Model 822 never went beyond the paper stage. However, the navy did operate four land-based F-5Bs in North Africa, inherited from the USAAF and redesignated FO-1."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "ce05ea0454dd39f23e0b6a3d064452f3f3b24114",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "美國海軍在北非使用了多少架陸基 F-5B 飛機？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "four",
                  "answer_start": 440
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "On 20 September 1939, before the YP-38s had been built and flight tested, the USAAF ordered 66 initial production P-38 Lightnings, 30 of which were delivered to the USAAF in mid-1941, but not all these aircraft were armed. The unarmed aircraft were subsequently fitted with four .50 in (12.7 mm) machine guns (instead of the two .50 in/12.7 mm and two .30 in/7.62 mm of their predecessors) and a 37 mm (1.46 in) cannon. They also had armored glass, cockpit armor and fluorescent cockpit controls. One was completed with a pressurized cabin on an experimental basis and designated XP-38A. Due to reports the USAAF was receiving from Europe, the remaining 36 in the batch were upgraded with small improvements such as self-sealing fuel tanks and enhanced armor protection to make them combat-capable. The USAAF specified that these 36 aircraft were to be designated P-38D. As a result, there never were any P-38Bs or P-38Cs. The P-38D's main role was to work out bugs and give the USAAF experience with handling the type.In March 1940, the French and the British, through the Anglo-French Purchasing Committee, ordered a total of 667 P-38s for US$100M, designated Model 322F for the French and Model 322B for the British. The aircraft would be a variant of the P-38E. The overseas Allies wished for complete commonality of Allison engines with the large numbers of Curtiss P-40 Tomahawks both nations had on order, and thus ordered the Model 322 twin right-handed engines instead of counter-rotating ones and without turbo-superchargers. Performance was supposed to be 400 mph (640 km/h) at 16,900 ft (5,200 m). After the fall of France in June 1940, the British took over the entire order and gave the aircraft the service name \"Lightning.\" By June 1941, the War Ministry had cause to reconsider their earlier aircraft specifications based on experience gathered in the Battle of Britain and The Blitz. British displeasure with the Lockheed order came to the fore in July, and on 5 August 1941 they modified the contract such that 143 aircraft would be delivered as previously ordered, to be known as \"Lightning (Mark) I,\" and 524 would be upgraded to US-standard P-38E specifications with a top speed of 415 mph (668 km/h) at 20,000 ft (6,100 m) guaranteed, to be called \"Lightning II\" for British service. Later that summer an RAF test pilot reported back from Burbank with a poor assessment of the \"tail flutter\" situation, and the British cancelled all but three of the 143 Lightning Is. As a loss of approximately US$15M was involved, Lockheed reviewed their contracts and decided to hold the British to the original order. Negotiations grew bitter and stalled. Everything changed after the 7 December, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor after which the United States government seized some 40 of the Model 322s for West Coast defense; subsequently all British Lightnings were delivered to the USAAF starting in January 1942. The USAAF lent the RAF three of the aircraft, which were delivered by sea in March 1942 and were test flown no earlier than May at Cunliffe-Owen Aircraft Swaythling, the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment and the Royal Aircraft Establishment. The A&AEE example was unarmed, lacked turbochargers and restricted to 300 mph (480 km/h); though the undercarriage was praised and flight on one engine described as comfortable. These three were subsequently returned to the USAAF; one in December 1942 and the others in July 1943. Of the remaining 140 Lightning Is, 19 were not modified and were designated by the USAAF as RP-322-I ('R' for 'Restricted', because non-counter-rotating propellers were considered more dangerous on takeoff), while 121 were converted to non-turbo-supercharged counter-rotating V-1710F-2 engines and designated P-322-II. All 121 were used as advanced trainers; a few were still serving that role in 1945. A few RP-322s were later used as test modification platforms such as for smoke-laying canisters. The RP-322 was a fairly fast aircraft below 16,000 ft (4,900 m) and well-behaved as a trainer.One result of the failed British/French order was to give the aircraft its name. Lockheed had originally dubbed the aircraft Atalanta from Greek mythology in the company tradition of naming planes after mythological and celestial figures, but the RAF name won out."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "3eed7368a5f3f85e2b3b32fe1f4779deda91775d",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "它叫什麼名字？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "XP-38A",
                  "answer_start": 580
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "The P-38F was followed in early 1943 by the P-38G, using more powerful Allisons of 1,400 hp (1,000 kW) each and equipped with a better radio. A dozen of the planned P-38G production were set aside to serve as prototypes for what would become the P-38J with further uprated Allison V-1710F-17 engines (1,425 hp (1,063 kW) each) in redesigned booms which featured chin-mounted intercoolers in place of the original system in the leading edge of the wings and more efficient radiators. Lockheed subcontractors, however, were initially unable to supply both of Burbank's twin production lines with a sufficient quantity of new core intercoolers and radiators. War Production Board planners were unwilling to sacrifice production, and one of the two remaining prototypes received the new engines but retained the old leading edge intercoolers and radiators."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "75a2b44a5726b1b6e7125872391a662c5f73d549",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "P-38F 的繼任者是什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "P-38G",
                  "answer_start": 44
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "1981 Irish hunger strike"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Following the deaths of Joe McDonnell and Martin Hurson, the families of some of the hunger strikers attended a meeting on 28 July with Catholic priest Father Denis Faul. The families expressed concern at the lack of a settlement to the priest, and a decision was made to meet with Gerry Adams later that day. At the meeting Father Faul put pressure on Adams to find a way of ending the strike, and Adams agreed to ask the IRA leadership to order the men to end the hunger strike. The following day Adams held a meeting with six of the hunger strikers to outline a proposed settlement on offer from the British government should the strike be brought to an end. The six men rejected the settlement, believing that accepting anything less than the \"Five Demands\" would be a betrayal of the sacrifice made by Bobby Sands and the other hunger strikers who had died.On 31 July, the hunger strike began to break, when the mother of Paddy Quinn insisted on medical intervention to save his life. The following day Kevin Lynch died, followed by Kieran Doherty on 2 August, Thomas McElwee on 8 August and Michael Devine on 20 August. On the day Devine died, Sands' election agent Owen Carron won the Fermanagh and South Tyrone by-election with an increased number of votes.On 6 September, the family of Laurence McKeown became the fourth family to intervene and asked for medical treatment to save his life, and Cahal Daly issued a statement calling on republican prisoners to end the hunger strike. A week later, James Prior replaced Humphrey Atkins as Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, and met with prisoners in an attempt to end the strike. Liam McCloskey ended his strike on 26 September after his family said they would ask for medical intervention if he became unconscious, and it became clear that the families of the remaining hunger strikers would also intervene to save their lives.The strike was called off at 3:15 pm on 3 October. Three days later, Prior announced partial concessions to the prisoners including the right to wear their own clothes at all times. The only one of the \"Five Demands\" still outstanding was the right not to do prison work. Following sabotage by the prisoners and the Maze Prison escape in 1983, the prison workshops were closed, effectively granting all of the \"Five Demands\" but without any formal recognition of political status from the government."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "2409a8c354456eec58c7c4519862f400edc34dfb",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "與福勒神父的會面是在哪兩位先生的死亡之後？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Joe McDonnell and Martin Hurson",
                  "answer_start": 24
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "On 14 September 1976, newly convicted prisoner Kieran Nugent began the blanket protest, in which IRA and Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) prisoners refused to wear prison uniform and either went naked or fashioned garments from prison blankets. In 1978, this escalated into the dirty protest, where prisoners refused to leave their cells to wash or empty their chamber pots (a chore known as \"slopping out\"). To mitigate the build-up of flies, they smeared their excrement on the walls of their cells. These protests aimed to re-establish their political status by securing what were known as the \"Five Demands\":"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "3c9075a2d688817669d272184587ed9c8b5b0793",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "囚犯的衣服是用什麼做的？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "prison blankets",
                  "answer_start": 233
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "On 5 May, Sands died in the prison hospital on the sixty-sixth day of his hunger strike, prompting rioting in nationalist areas of Northern Ireland. Humphrey Atkins issued a statement saying that Sands had committed suicide \"under the instructions of those who felt it useful to their cause that he should die\". More than 100,000 people lined the route of his funeral, which was conducted with full IRA military honours. Margaret Thatcher showed no sympathy for his death, telling the House of Commons that \"Mr. Sands was a convicted criminal. He chose to take his own life. It was a choice that his organisation did not allow to many of its victims\".In the two weeks following Sands' death, three more hunger strikers died. Francis Hughes died on 12 May, resulting in further rioting in nationalist areas of Northern Ireland, in particular Derry and Belfast. Following the deaths of Raymond McCreesh and Patsy O'Hara on 21 May, Tomás Ó Fiaich, by then Primate of All Ireland, criticised the British government's handling of the hunger strike. Despite this, Thatcher continued to refuse to negotiate a settlement, stating \"Faced with the failure of their discredited cause, the men of violence have chosen in recent months to play what may well be their last card\", during a visit to Belfast in late May.Nine protesting prisoners contested the general election in the Republic of Ireland in June. Kieran Doherty and Paddy Agnew (who was not on hunger strike) were elected in Cavan–Monaghan and Louth respectively, and Joe McDonnell narrowly missed election in Sligo–Leitrim. There were also local elections in Northern Ireland around that time and, although Sinn Féin did not contest them, some smaller groups and independents who supported the hunger strikers gained seats, such as the Irish Independence Party with 21 seats, while the Irish Republican Socialist Party (the INLA's political wing) and People's Democracy (a Trotskyist group) gained two seats each, and a number of pro-hunger strike independent candidates also won seats. The British government passed the Representation of the People Act 1981 to prevent another prisoner contesting the second by-election in Fermanagh and South Tyrone, which was due to take place following the death of Sands."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "3356b07afff249dedd2d6b9c45982b1e7fa57db7",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "桑茲怎麼死？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "take his own life",
                  "answer_start": 556
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "The 1981 Irish hunger strike was the culmination of a five-year protest during The Troubles by Irish republican prisoners in Northern Ireland. The protest began as the blanket protest in 1976, when the British government withdrew Special Category Status for convicted paramilitary prisoners. In 1978, the dispute escalated into the dirty protest, where prisoners refused to leave their cells to wash and covered the walls of their cells with excrement. In 1980, seven prisoners participated in the first hunger strike, which ended after 53 days.The second hunger strike took place in 1981 and was a showdown between the prisoners and the British Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher. One hunger striker, Bobby Sands, was elected as a member of parliament during the strike, prompting media interest from around the world. The strike was called off after ten prisoners had starved themselves to death—including Sands, whose funeral was attended by 100,000 people. The strike radicalised Irish nationalist politics, and was the driving force that enabled Sinn Féin to become a mainstream political party."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "69a81be147e9f76e9f17ce566c8cf654736df8b4",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "1981 年愛爾蘭人捱餓持續了多久？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "five-year",
                  "answer_start": 54
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "867ae34836e8ad27ac3eaec8cbeb27b6cba1c289",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "是什麼促使新芬黨成為一個受歡迎的政黨的？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "The strike",
                  "answer_start": 960
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Length contraction"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Heavy ions that are spherical when at rest should assume the form of \"pancakes\" or flat disks when traveling nearly at the speed of light. And in fact, the results obtained from particle collisions can only be explained when the increased nucleon density due to length contraction is considered."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "878533eaf7e1ff208933ef4a810a8eac4cefe137",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "解釋粒子碰撞的結果時必須考慮什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "nucleon density due to length contraction",
                  "answer_start": 239
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "It was the negative result of a famous experiment, that required the introduction of length contraction: the Michelson–Morley experiment (and later also the Kennedy–Thorndike experiment). In special relativity its explanation is as follows: In its rest frame the interferometer can be regarded as at rest in accordance with the relativity principle, so the propagation time of light is the same in all directions. Although in a frame in which the interferometer is in motion, the transverse beam must traverse a longer, diagonal path with respect to the non-moving frame thus making its travel time longer, the factor by which the longitudinal beam would be delayed by taking times L/(c-v) & L/(c+v) for the forward and reverse trips respectively is even longer. Therefore, in the longitudinal direction the interferometer is supposed to be contracted, in order to restore the equality of both travel times in accordance with the negative experimental result(s). Thus the two-way speed of light remains constant and the round trip propagation time along perpendicular arms of the interferometer is independent of its motion & orientation."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "937cd14655dccd4a0ce9fd16e9c01baf30693cc7",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "依據狹義相對論，該如何進行定義？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "In its rest frame the interferometer can be regarded as at rest in accordance with the relativity principle, so the propagation time of light is the same in all directions",
                  "answer_start": 241
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Aspirin"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Acetylsalicylic acid is a weak acid, and very little of it is ionized in the stomach after oral administration. Acetylsalicylic acid is quickly absorbed through the cell membrane in the acidic conditions of the stomach. The increased pH and larger surface area of the small intestine causes aspirin to be absorbed more slowly there, as more of it is ionized. Owing to the formation of concretions, aspirin is absorbed much more slowly during overdose, and plasma concentrations can continue to rise for up to 24 hours after ingestion.About 50–80% of salicylate in the blood is bound to albumin protein, while the rest remains in the active, ionized state; protein binding is concentration-dependent. Saturation of binding sites leads to more free salicylate and increased toxicity. The volume of distribution is 0.1–0.2 L/kg. Acidosis increases the volume of distribution because of enhancement of tissue penetration of salicylates.As much as 80% of therapeutic doses of salicylic acid is metabolized in the liver. Conjugation with glycine forms salicyluric acid, and with glucuronic acid to form two different glucuronide esters. The conjugate with the acetyl group intact is referred to as the acyl glucuronide; the deacetylated conjugate is the phenolic glucuronide. These metabolic pathways have only a limited capacity. Small amounts of salicylic acid are also hydroxylated to gentisic acid. With large salicylate doses, the kinetics switch from first-order to zero-order, as metabolic pathways become saturated and renal excretion becomes increasingly important.Salicylates are excreted mainly by the kidneys as salicyluric acid (75%), free salicylic acid (10%), salicylic phenol (10%), and acyl glucuronides (5%), gentisic acid (< 1%), and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid. When small doses (less than 250 mg in an adult) are ingested, all pathways proceed by first-order kinetics, with an elimination half-life of about 2.0 h to 4.5 h. When higher doses of salicylate are ingested (more than 4 g), the half-life becomes much longer (15 h to 30 h), because the biotransformation pathways concerned with the formation of salicyluric acid and salicyl phenolic glucuronide become saturated. Renal excretion of salicylic acid becomes increasingly important as the metabolic pathways become saturated, because it is extremely sensitive to changes in urinary pH. A 10- to 20-fold increase in renal clearance occurs when urine pH is increased from 5 to 8. The use of urinary alkalinization exploits this particular aspect of salicylate elimination. It was found that short-term aspirin use in therapeutic doses might precipitate reversible acute renal failure when the patient was ill with glomerulonephritis or cirrhosis. Aspirin for some patients with chronic renal insufficiency and some children with congestive heart failure was contraindicated."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "54563d93abda8c0ac80bf2d7d04788e3ea96016e",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "阿司匹林的分佈體積是多少？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "0.1–0.2 L/kg",
                  "answer_start": 812
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Aspirin has been shown to have at least three additional modes of action. It uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in cartilaginous (and hepatic) mitochondria, by diffusing from the inner membrane space as a proton carrier back into the mitochondrial matrix, where it ionizes once again to release protons. Aspirin buffers and transports the protons. When high doses are given, it may actually cause fever, owing to the heat released from the electron transport chain, as opposed to the antipyretic action of aspirin seen with lower doses. In addition, aspirin induces the formation of NO-radicals in the body, which have been shown in mice to have an independent mechanism of reducing inflammation. This reduced leukocyte adhesion is an important step in the immune response to infection; however, evidence is insufficient to show aspirin helps to fight infection. More recent data also suggest salicylic acid and its derivatives modulate signaling through NF-κB. NF-κB, a transcription factor complex, plays a central role in many biological processes, including inflammation."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "b895480b6d51c7f9e2661ef2ae72acca5f8d46fd",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "NF-kB 是什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "a transcription factor complex",
                  "answer_start": 970
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Aspirin should not be taken by people who are allergic to ibuprofen or naproxen, or who have salicylate intolerance or a more generalized drug intolerance to NSAIDs, and caution should be exercised in those with asthma or NSAID-precipitated bronchospasm. Owing to its effect on the stomach lining, manufacturers recommend people with peptic ulcers, mild diabetes, or gastritis seek medical advice before using aspirin. Even if none of these conditions is present, the risk of stomach bleeding is still increased when aspirin is taken with alcohol or warfarin. People with hemophilia or other bleeding tendencies should not take aspirin or other salicylates. Aspirin is known to cause hemolytic anemia in people who have the genetic disease glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, particularly in large doses and depending on the severity of the disease. Use of aspirin during dengue fever is not recommended owing to increased bleeding tendency. People with kidney disease, hyperuricemia, or gout should not take aspirin because it inhibits the kidneys' ability to excrete uric acid, thus may exacerbate these conditions. Aspirin should not be given to children or adolescents to control cold or influenza symptoms, as this has been linked with Reye's syndrome."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "6e2331d2b6c053b2ee40befb021a6f143acbc4e9",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "阿司匹林是否危險到服用前需諮詢醫生建議？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "manufacturers recommend people with peptic ulcers, mild diabetes, or gastritis seek medical advice before using aspirin",
                  "answer_start": 298
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "7388d21add9ad134b672d3caf5fd8a4ec0a32d44",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪些人不能服用阿司匹林？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "people who are allergic to ibuprofen or naproxen",
                  "answer_start": 31
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Aspirin, an acetyl derivative of salicylic acid, is a white, crystalline, weakly acidic substance, with a melting point of 136 °C (277 °F), and a boiling point of 140 °C (284 °F). Its acid dissociation constant (pKa) is 3.5 at 25 °C (77 °F)."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "8bc7a18a440d5e8e67235457e06a2caf0f207fce",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "酸度係數是在多少攝氏度下的？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "25 °C",
                  "answer_start": 227
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "The synthesis of aspirin is classified as an esterification reaction. Salicylic acid is treated with acetic anhydride, an acid derivative, causing a chemical reaction that turns salicylic acid's hydroxyl group into an ester group (R-OH → R-OCOCH3). This process yields aspirin and acetic acid, which is considered a byproduct of this reaction. Small amounts of sulfuric acid (and occasionally phosphoric acid) are almost always used as a catalyst. This method is commonly employed in undergraduate teaching labs."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "9c1cf7a5ae88441a10fc0a70f749b11969f77aa7",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "硫酸可以用來做什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "a catalyst",
                  "answer_start": 436
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Milk (film)"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "After two unsuccessful political campaigns in 1973 and 1975 to become a city supervisor and a third in 1976 for the California State Assembly, Milk finally wins a seat on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors in 1977 for District 5. His victory makes him the first openly gay man to be voted into major public office in California and the third openly homosexual politician in the entire US. Milk subsequently meets fellow Supervisor Dan White, a Vietnam veteran and former police officer and firefighter. White, who is politically and socially conservative, has a difficult relationship with Milk, and develops a growing resentment for Milk when he opposes projects that White proposes."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "c5a1f18656d6f0800b7bb456b249d38c7c5145ed",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "米爾克在哪區當選？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "District 5",
                  "answer_start": 222
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Dissatisfied with his life and in need of a change, Milk and Smith decide to move to San Francisco in the hope of finding larger acceptance of their relationship. They open Castro Camera in the heart of Eureka Valley, a working-class neighborhood in the process of evolving into a predominantly gay neighborhood known as The Castro. Frustrated by the opposition they encounter in the once Irish-Catholic neighborhood, Milk utilizes his background as a businessman to become a gay activist, eventually becoming a mentor for Cleve Jones. Early on, Smith serves as Milk's campaign manager, but he grows frustrated with Milk's devotion to politics, and he leaves him. Milk later meets Jack Lira, a sweet-natured but unbalanced young man. As with Smith, Lira cannot tolerate Milk's devotion to political activism, and eventually hangs himself. Milk clashes with the local gay \"establishment\" which he feels to be too cautious and risk-averse."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "891ae9748fd3c6f29a9c88db8dd21cf8654db8bd",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "為了能得到更多的認同，這對夫婦搬到哪裡去了？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "San Francisco",
                  "answer_start": 85
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "cdc9ebe21932bdaba7703141c139a5c9a94a6e03",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰致力於政治活動？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Milk",
                  "answer_start": 770
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "In April 2007, the director sought to direct the biopic based on a script by Dustin Lance Black, while at the same time, director Bryan Singer was developing The Mayor of Castro Street, which had been in development hell. By the following September, Sean Penn was attached to play Harvey Milk and Matt Damon was attached to play Milk's assassin, Dan White. Damon pulled out later in September due to scheduling conflicts. By November, Focus Features moved forward with Van Sant's production, Milk, while Singer's project ran into trouble with the writers' strike. In December 2007, actors Josh Brolin, Emile Hirsch, Alison Pill, and James Franco joined Milk, with Brolin replacing Damon as Dan White. Milk began filming on location in San Francisco in January 2008.The production design and costume design crew for the film researched the history of the city's gay community in the archives of the GLBT Historical Society in San Francisco, where they spent several weeks reviewing photographs, film and video, newspapers, historic textiles and ephemera, as well as the personal belongings of Harvey Milk, which were donated to the institution by the estate of Scott Smith. The crew also talked to people who knew Milk to shape their approach to the era."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "faf1119bc2174b3f7cf3e81bc273ebea28690fc4",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "電影《哈維・米爾克》的導演是誰？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Bryan Singer",
                  "answer_start": 130
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "In early 1991, Oliver Stone was planning to produce, but not direct, a film on Milk's life; he wrote a script for the film, called The Mayor of Castro Street. In July 1992, director Gus Van Sant was signed with Warner Bros. to direct the biopic with actor Robin Williams in the lead role. By April 1993, Van Sant parted ways with the studio, citing creative differences. Other actors considered for Harvey Milk at the time included Richard Gere, Daniel Day-Lewis, Al Pacino, and James Woods."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "9338734ab1b2ba81d77c1f52c13c0c56bb4b54fb",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "1991 年初，奧利弗・斯通 (oliver stone) 在考慮製作什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "a film on Milk's life",
                  "answer_start": 69
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Milk and White forge a complex working relationship. Milk is invited to, and attends, the christening of White's first child, and White asks for Milk's assistance in preventing a psychiatric hospital from opening in White's district, possibly in exchange for White's support of Milk's citywide gay rights ordinance. When Milk fails to support White because of the negative effect it will have on troubled youth, White feels betrayed, and ultimately becomes the sole vote against the gay rights ordinance. Milk also launches an effort to defeat Proposition 6, an initiative on the California state ballot in November 1978. Sponsored by John Briggs, a conservative state legislator from Orange County, Proposition 6 seeks to ban gays and lesbians (in addition to anyone who supports them) from working in California's public schools. It is also part of a nationwide conservative movement that starts with the successful campaign headed by Anita Bryant and her organization Save Our Children in Dade County, Florida to repeal a local gay rights ordinance."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "8e9adffcaa475cb19cc30f0ab68af559456aab93",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰反對了米爾克的同性戀權利法？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "White",
                  "answer_start": 130
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "On November 7, 1978, after working tirelessly against Proposition 6, Milk and his supporters rejoice in the wake of its defeat. A desperate White favors a supervisor pay raise, but does not get much support, and shortly after supporting the proposition, resigns from the Board. He later changes his mind and asks to be reinstated. Mayor Moscone denies his request, after being lobbied by Milk."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "6cb9cd47112b10497e22c3e3e8199bac5e3cc7df",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "不顧一切的懷特支援什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "a supervisor pay raise",
                  "answer_start": 153
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "On the morning of November 27, 1978, White enters City Hall through a basement window to conceal a gun from metal detectors. He requests another meeting with Moscone, who rebuffs his request for appointment to his former seat. Enraged, White shoots Moscone in his office and then goes to meet Milk, where he guns him down, with the fatal bullet delivered execution-style. The film suggests that Milk believed that White might be a closeted gay man.The last scene is a candlelight vigil held by thousands for Milk and Moscone throughout the streets of the city. Pictures of the actual people depicted in the film, and brief summaries of their lives follow."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "bd67030f1b38bb26323a27bd988bc95b4789a8e2",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "那白人怎樣進入市政廳？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "through a basement window",
                  "answer_start": 60
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Religion in North Korea"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Christianity (Korean: 그리스도교; MR: Kurisudogyo) became very popular in northern Korea from the late 18th century to the 19th century. The first Catholic missionaries arrived in 1794, a decade after the return of Yi Sung-hun, a diplomat who was the first baptised Korean in Beijing. He established a grassroots lay Catholic movement in the peninsula. However, the writings of the Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci, who was resident at the imperial court in Beijing, had been already brought to Korea from China in the 17th century. Scholars of the Silhak (\"Practical Learning\"), were attracted to Catholic doctrines, and this was a key factor for the spread of the Catholic faith in the 1790s. The penetration of Western ideas and Christianity in Korea became known as Seohak (\"Western Learning\"). A study of 1801 found that more than half of the families that had converted to Catholicism were linked to the Silhak school. Largely because converts refused to perform Confucian ancestral rituals, the Joseon government prohibited the proselytisation of Christianity. Some Catholics were executed during the early 19th century, but the restrictive law was not strictly enforced."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "d7466586292b8430b6fcbd970cc7dc66fd1c3ef3",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "何時基督教在朝鮮受到青睞？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "late 18th century to the 19th century",
                  "answer_start": 93
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "In ancient times, most Koreans believed in their indigenous religion socially guided by mu (shamans). Buddhism was introduced from the Chinese Former Qin state in 372 to the northern Korean state of Goguryeo, and developed into distinctive Korean forms. At that time, the Korean peninsula was divided into three kingdoms: the aforementioned Goguryeo in the north, Baekje in the southwest, and Silla in the southeast. Buddhism reached Silla only in the 5th century, but it was made the state religion only in that kingdom in the year 552. In Goguryeo the Korean indigenous religion remained dominant, while Buddhism became more widespread in Silla and Baekje (both areas comprehended in modern South Korea)."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "ee17a6689e7cfe9566c80e05658e2689cec38306",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "中國古代秦朝把佛教傳播到哪個國家？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Goguryeo",
                  "answer_start": 199
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "The Joseon kingdom (1392–1910), strictly Neo-Confucian, harshly suppressed Korean Buddhism and Korean shamanism. Buddhist monasteries were destroyed and their number dropped from several hundreds to a mere thirty-six; Buddhism was eradicated from the life of towns as monks and nuns were prohibited from entering them and were marginalised to the mountains. These restrictions lasted until the 19th century."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "41b549a5a66a0a632e5ef62137aa048e4b06db1a",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "佛教被消滅的主要原因是什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "monks and nuns were prohibited from entering them and were marginalised to the mountains.",
                  "answer_start": 268
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "e0c2b6592ced2cf9cde4b4b9d1ed7238de3fb366",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "除了朝鮮的薩滿教，還有別的宗教被禁？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Korean Buddhism",
                  "answer_start": 75
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "There are no known official statistics of religions in North Korea. Officially, North Korea is an atheist state. Based on estimates from the late 1990s and the 2000s, North Korea is mostly irreligious, with the main religions being Korean shamanism and Chondoism. There are small communities of Buddhists and Christians. Chondoism is represented in politics by the Party of the Young Friends of the Heavenly Way, and is regarded by the government as Korea's \"national religion\" because of its identity as a minjung (popular) and \"revolutionary anti-imperialist\" movement."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "16e436b0460afdc207f140afdf2dc8e56c913ffe",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "北韓有哪些宗教團體？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "small communities of Buddhists and Christians",
                  "answer_start": 274
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Mercedes-Benz S-Class"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "In 1972, Mercedes-Benz introduced the W116 line, the first to be officially called the  S-Class. Produced from 1972 through 1980, the W116 series featured a four-wheel independent suspension and disc brakes. The 280, 350, and 450 (4.5L version) models featured SE and SEL versions. Production of the W116 totaled 473,035 units. This was a groundbreaking sedan for Mercedes-Benz, and for the first time in the company history, the car had an obvious, blatant and outward emphasis on safety placed above a pure styling viewpoint. The overall design incorporated numerous safety features developed from the \"safety research vehicles\" in the mid-to-late 1960s to the very early 1970s."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "fc0bcc9372b6488ec5b4dd27d8919d8835fafd9f",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "生產了多少臺 W116？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "473,035",
                  "answer_start": 313
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "989426596c76fcb3cbb8ebda9082205646c36e6b",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "梅賽德斯 - 賓士何時推出 W116？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "1972",
                  "answer_start": 3
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "In July 1998, the W220 was presented. The W220 S-Class was restyled due to an update on previous models or new cars released compared to its W140 predecessor. Unlike its predecessor, the W220 was not the first model to feature the company's new design theme for the next generation of Mercedes-Benz. This honour was given to the W168 A-Class when it launched in 1997. The new S-Class incorporated the new styling cues first introduced on the Mk I A-Class the year before (for example, the dashboard carried over the new styling details first seen in the A-Class), with a renewed focus on elegance and style in a more rounded shape compared to the preceding W140. Despite being smaller, the W220 S-Class offered more interior space than the W140. Production of the W220 S-Class totaled 485,000 units, slightly more than the production totals from the W140. The W220 was produced in a sedan version only.As with each new S-Class, the W220 brought in innovations such as Airmatic air suspension and Active Ventilated Seats (which used miniature fans in the seats to move air through perforations). A navigation system with center console-mounted screen display was introduced, along with the COMAND input control system. Other options included keyless entry and ignition, a radar-controlled Distronic cruise control system and a cylinder shut-off system called Active Cylinder Control. The 4MATIC all-wheel drive system was introduced to the North America market S-Class for 2003, complementing the traditional rear-wheel drive configurations. In 2003, Mercedes launched the S63 AMG, the first ever performance model of the S-Class. It featured a 6.5 litre V8 engine through a 7-speed brand new gearbox, it made 450 hp, and was brilliant to drive."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "3025d664faca7b8037ca3b02c58b82aaeaec6292",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "生產了多少 W220 s 級車輛？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "485,000 units",
                  "answer_start": 785
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "JQuery"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "The set of jQuery core features—DOM element selections, traversal and manipulation—enabled by its selector engine (named \"Sizzle\" from v1.3), created a new \"programming style\", fusing algorithms and DOM data structures. This style influenced the architecture of other JavaScript frameworks like YUI v3 and Dojo, later stimulating the creation of the standard Selectors API.Microsoft and Nokia bundle jQuery on their platforms. Microsoft includes it with Visual Studio for use within Microsoft's ASP.NET AJAX and ASP.NET MVC frameworks while Nokia has integrated it into the Web Run-Time widget development platform."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "e6cdaa12ad273b0327c44dcfd33b1132d640c1ca",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "什麼公司將 MVC 和 AJAX 框架整合到一個小部件開發平臺？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Microsoft",
                  "answer_start": 427
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "jQuery is a JavaScript library designed to simplify HTML DOM tree traversal and manipulation, as well as event handling, CSS animation, and Ajax. It is free, open-source software using the permissive MIT License. As of May 2019, jQuery is used by 73% of the 10 million most popular websites. Web analysis indicates that it is the most widely deployed JavaScript library by a large margin, having 3 to 4 times more usage than any other JavaScript library.jQuery's syntax is designed to make it easier to navigate a document, select DOM elements, create animations, handle events, and develop Ajax applications. jQuery also provides capabilities for developers to create plug-ins on top of the JavaScript library. This enables developers to create abstractions for low-level interaction and animation, advanced effects and high-level, themeable widgets. The modular approach to the jQuery library allows the creation of powerful dynamic web pages and Web applications."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "be9cc99d90072948f8e3bf9e8cc143c3fd498da3",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "指令碼庫以什麼聞名？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "creation of powerful dynamic web pages and Web applications",
                  "answer_start": 906
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "jQuery was originally created in January 2006 at BarCamp NYC by John Resig, influenced by Dean Edwards' earlier cssQuery library. It is currently maintained by a team of developers led by Timmy Willison (with the jQuery selector engine, Sizzle, being led by Richard Gibson).jQuery was originally licensed under the CC BY-SA 2.5, and relicensed to the MIT license in 2006. At the end of 2006, it was dual-licensed under GPL and MIT licenses. As this led to some confusion, in 2012 the GPL was dropped and is now only licensed under the MIT license."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "6f0caef74de9e513b5ea33545f64b135e8159dda",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "最終在哪一年成型？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "2006",
                  "answer_start": 41
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "World Wide Web"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Scholars generally agree that a turning point for the World Wide Web began with the introduction of the Mosaic web browser in 1993, a graphical browser developed by a team at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (NCSA-UIUC), led by Marc Andreessen. Funding for Mosaic came from the US High-Performance Computing and Communications Initiative and the High Performance Computing Act of 1991, one of several computing developments initiated by US Senator Al Gore. Prior to the release of Mosaic, graphics were not commonly mixed with text in web pages and the web's popularity was less than that of older protocols in use over the Internet, such as Gopher and Wide Area Information Servers (WAIS). Mosaic's graphical user interface allowed the Web to become, by far, the most popular Internet protocol. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was founded by Tim Berners-Lee after he left the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in October 1994. It was founded at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Laboratory for Computer Science (MIT/LCS) with support from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), which had pioneered the Internet; a year later, a second site was founded at INRIA (a French national computer research lab) with support from the European Commission DG InfSo; and in 1996, a third continental site was created in Japan at Keio University. By the end of 1994, the total number of websites was still relatively small, but many notable websites were already active that foreshadowed or inspired today's most popular services."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "5bfd33773a60aca0ec82bcd02628fd68de6af419",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "蒂姆伯納斯在哪一年離開歐洲核子研究中心？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "1994",
                  "answer_start": 1011
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "The proposal was modelled after the SGML reader Dynatext by Electronic Book Technology, a spin-off from the Institute for Research in Information and Scholarship at Brown University. The Dynatext system, licensed by CERN, was a key player in the extension of SGML ISO 8879:1986 to Hypermedia within HyTime, but it was considered too expensive and had an inappropriate licensing policy for use in the general high energy physics community, namely a fee for each document and each document alteration. A NeXT Computer was used by Berners-Lee as the world's first web server and also to write the first web browser, WorldWideWeb, in 1990. By Christmas 1990, Berners-Lee had built all the tools necessary for a working Web: the first web browser (which was a web editor as well) and the first web server. The first web site, which described the project itself, was published on 20 December 1990.The first web page may be lost, but Paul Jones of UNC-Chapel Hill in North Carolina announced in May 2013 that Berners-Lee gave him what he says is the oldest known web page during a 1991 visit to UNC. Jones stored it on a magneto-optical drive and on his NeXT computer. On 6 August 1991, Berners-Lee published a short summary of the World Wide Web project on the newsgroup alt.hypertext. This date is sometimes confused with the public availability of the first web servers, which had occurred months earlier. As another example of such confusion, several news media reported that the first photo on the Web was published by Berners-Lee in 1992, an image of the CERN house band Les Horribles Cernettes taken by Silvano de Gennaro; Gennaro has disclaimed this story, writing that media were \"totally distorting our words for the sake of cheap sensationalism\".The first server outside Europe was installed at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) in Palo Alto, California, to host the SPIRES-HEP database. Accounts differ substantially as to the date of this event. The World Wide Web Consortium's timeline says December 1992, whereas SLAC itself claims December 1991, as does a W3C document titled A Little History of the World Wide Web. The underlying concept of hypertext originated in previous projects from the 1960s, such as the Hypertext Editing System (HES) at Brown University, Ted Nelson's Project Xanadu, and Douglas Engelbart's oN-Line System (NLS). Both Nelson and Engelbart were in turn inspired by Vannevar Bush's microfilm-based memex, which was described in the 1945 essay \"As We May Think\".Berners-Lee's breakthrough was to marry hypertext to the Internet. In his book Weaving The Web, he explains that he had repeatedly suggested that a marriage between the two technologies was possible to members of both technical communities, but when no one took up his invitation, he finally assumed the project himself. In the process, he developed three essential technologies:"
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "89d39291f0bb52e14e9dae67c970ef9927bd388a",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "隱含的超文字概念多久之前就存在了？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "1960s",
                  "answer_start": 2214
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "8a180f4ebe6ee6a6f4e423270db1f5959d031353",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "伯納斯 - 李寫的是什麼書？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Weaving The Web",
                  "answer_start": 2585
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).The World Wide Web had several differences from other hypertext systems available at the time. The Web required only unidirectional links rather than bidirectional ones, making it possible for someone to link to another resource without action by the owner of that resource. It also significantly reduced the difficulty of implementing web servers and browsers (in comparison to earlier systems), but in turn presented the chronic problem of link rot. Unlike predecessors such as HyperCard, the World Wide Web was non-proprietary, making it possible to develop servers and clients independently and to add extensions without licensing restrictions. On 30 April 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free to anyone, with no fees due. Coming two months after the announcement that the server implementation of the Gopher protocol was no longer free to use, this produced a rapid shift away from Gopher and towards the Web. An early popular web browser was ViolaWWW for Unix and the X Window System."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "b1f082d1a1f5c08b20a41307cf8933cb28bf538e",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "歐洲核子研究中心何時宣佈了免費全球資訊網？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "30 April 1993",
                  "answer_start": 691
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Atom"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "The scanning tunneling microscope is a device for viewing surfaces at the atomic level. It uses the quantum tunneling phenomenon, which allows particles to pass through a barrier that would normally be insurmountable. Electrons tunnel through the vacuum between two planar metal electrodes, on each of which is an adsorbed atom, providing a tunneling-current density that can be measured. Scanning one atom (taken as the tip) as it moves past the other (the sample) permits plotting of tip displacement versus lateral separation for a constant current. The calculation shows the extent to which scanning-tunneling-microscope images of an individual atom are visible. It confirms that for low bias, the microscope images the space-averaged dimensions of the electron orbitals across closely packed energy levels—the Fermi level local density of states.An atom can be ionized by removing one of its electrons. The electric charge causes the trajectory of an atom to bend when it passes through a magnetic field. The radius by which the trajectory of a moving ion is turned by the magnetic field is determined by the mass of the atom. The mass spectrometer uses this principle to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of ions. If a sample contains multiple isotopes, the mass spectrometer can determine the proportion of each isotope in the sample by measuring the intensity of the different beams of ions. Techniques to vaporize atoms include inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, both of which use a plasma to vaporize samples for analysis.A more area-selective method is electron energy loss spectroscopy, which measures the energy loss of an electron beam within a transmission electron microscope when it interacts with a portion of a sample. The atom-probe tomograph has sub-nanometer resolution in 3-D and can chemically identify individual atoms using time-of-flight mass spectrometry.Spectra of excited states can be used to analyze the atomic composition of distant stars. Specific light wavelengths contained in the observed light from stars can be separated out and related to the quantized transitions in free gas atoms. These colors can be replicated using a gas-discharge lamp containing the same element. Helium was discovered in this way in the spectrum of the Sun 23 years before it was found on Earth."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "e8a39385c2c204738ace7fccf71747f5dceb7e28",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "使得粒子透過的現象名為什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "quantum tunneling phenomenon",
                  "answer_start": 100
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "ed172bfd33995b7a9729ae81984cebe04ce16f68",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "掃描隧道顯微鏡用於什麼水平？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "atomic",
                  "answer_start": 74
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Though the word atom originally denoted a particle that cannot be cut into smaller particles, in modern scientific usage the atom is composed of various subatomic particles. The constituent particles of an atom are the electron, the proton and the neutron; all three are fermions. However, the hydrogen-1 atom has no neutrons and the hydron ion has no electrons."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "419b7f01519b290e2117a5b753f64661d62bd196",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "最初知道的最小顆粒是什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "atom",
                  "answer_start": 16
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Hurricane John (1994)"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "At the same time, however, two separate ship reports indicated that John had sustained winds of at least 55 knots (100 km/h, 65 mph), far stronger than the advisory strength of 35 knots (65 km/h, 40 mph). John would go on to restrengthen into a strong Category 1 hurricane after reentering the Central North Pacific, defying all JTWC predictions. After later reanalysis, the JTWC raised the estimated wind speeds of John for every advisory from 1200 UTC September 1 to its final advisory exactly a week later by at least 5 knots (9 km/h, 6 mph) and as much as 25 knots (46 km/h, 29 mph)."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "dbb9d650f173bebcf58a43f463263da092edb87a",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "55 節相當於每小時多少公里？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "65 mph",
                  "answer_start": 125
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Clearing Johnston Atoll, John turned to the northwest and began strengthening again as shear decreased. On August 27 local time, John reached a secondary peak strength of 135 miles per hour (210 km/h), and shortly thereafter it crossed the International Date Line at approximately 22° N and came under the surveillance of the Guam branch of the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC). By crossing into the western Pacific, John also became a typhoon and was referred to as Typhoon John during its time in the western Pacific. Immediately after crossing the Date Line, John again weakened and its forward motion stalled. By September 1, John had weakened to a tropical storm and was nearly motionless just west of the Date Line. There, John lingered for six days while performing a multi-day counterclockwise loop. On September 7, a trough moved into the area and quickly moved John to the northeast. John crossed the Date Line again on September 8 and reentered the central Pacific.After reentering the central Pacific, John briefly reached a tertiary peak strength of 90 miles per hour (145 km/h), a strong Category 1 hurricane, well to the north of Midway Island. However, the trough was rapidly pulling apart John's structure, and the cold waters of the northern central Pacific were not conducive to a tropical cyclone. On September 10, the 120th advisory was released on the system, finally declaring John to have become extratropical approximately 1,000 miles (1600 km) south of Unalaska Island."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "234590c0bdb4716408dd53e5252159adc9a1ccfd",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "約翰在哪裡成為颱風？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "western Pacific",
                  "answer_start": 403
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "During John's time in the Western North Pacific, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) had particular difficulty in forecasting and even estimating the strength of John. John weakened considerably after entering the Western North Pacific, and, before estimates were later revised, four consecutive advisories were issued that declared John a tropical depression. Each of these advisories called for imminent dissipation. As John persisted and did not dissipate as the JTWC had predicted, it was upgraded to a minimal tropical storm in the next advisory."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "dd3353e3e94ef90f19726624a8af5729ece422d8",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "JWTC 評估的時候 John 在哪裡？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Western North Pacific",
                  "answer_start": 26
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "John affected both the Hawaiian Islands and Johnston Atoll, but only lightly. While John passed over 345 miles (550 km) to the south of Hawaiʻi, the islands did experience strengthened trade winds and rough surf along the southeast- and south-facing shores, and, while moving westward, on west-facing shores as well. The waves, ranging from 6 to 10 ft (1.8 to 3.0 m) in height, flooded beach parks in Kailua-Kona. Additionally, heavy rains on the Big Island of Hawaiʻi caused minor, localized flooding and some short-term road closures. No deaths, injuries or significant damages were reported in Hawaiʻi.Although John passed within 25 km (16 mi) of Johnston Atoll, it had weakened greatly to a Category 1 system by closest approach. Prior to the storm's arrival, waves between 20 and 30 ft (6.1 and 9.1 m) were reported on the island. Additionally, in the Northern Hemisphere, the strongest winds and heaviest rain lie to the north of a tropical cyclone, so the atoll, which lay to the south of the storm's path, was spared the brunt of the storm. Nonetheless, the 1,100-man personnel for the United States military base on Johnston Atoll had been evacuated to Honolulu as a precaution while John approached. Damage to structures was considerable, but the size of the island and relative functionality of the base led to low damage; monetary losses were estimated at close to $15 million (1994 US$).The remnants of John moved through the Aleutian Islands, producing a wind gust of 46 mph (74 km/h) in Unalaska. The storm brought a plume of warm air, and two stations recorded a high temperature of 66 °F (19 °C)."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "204de300f3288fcb938533064d61d15c4fa32b53",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "颶風約翰經過時距離夏威夷群島以南有多遠？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "345 miles",
                  "answer_start": 101
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "e3d18da316e3fbbd97fb12c8d8be169000437d3f",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "暴雨在哪裡？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Big Island of Hawaiʻi",
                  "answer_start": 447
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "The origins of Hurricane John were thought by the United States National Hurricane Center (NHC) to be from a tropical wave that moved off the coast of Africa on July 25, 1994. The wave subsequently moved across the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean without distinction, before it crossed Central America and moved into the Eastern Pacific Ocean on or around August 8. Upon entering the Eastern Pacific the wave gradually developed, before the NHC initiated advisories on the system and designated it as Tropical Depression Ten-E during August 11. The system was at this time moving westwards and located around 345 miles (555 km) to the south-southeast of Acapulco, Mexico. Quickly developing banding features and well-defined outflow, it was upgraded to a tropical storm and named John later that day.A strong ridge of high pressure over the northeastern Pacific Ocean forced John westward, where upper level wind shear kept John a tropical storm. Intensity fluctuated considerably, however, as shear levels varied. More than once, shear cleared away most of the clouds above John and nearly caused it to weaken to a tropical depression. However, after eight days of slow westward movement across the Pacific Ocean, shear lessened greatly on August 19, and John intensified significantly and was designated as a hurricane at 17:00 PDT. During an eighteen-hour period between August 19 and August 20, John further strengthened from a weak Category 1 hurricane to a Category 3 major hurricane. Around 1100 PDT on August 20, John crossed into the central Pacific, the first of three basin crosses John would make.After entering the central Pacific, John left the area monitored by the NHC and was instead monitored by the Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC). As the storm moved slowly westward, Hurricane John continued to strengthen considerably in an increasingly favorable environment well south of the Hawaiian Islands; on August 22, John was designated a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale (the highest classification for hurricanes) and later that day (by Hawaii Standard Time) reached its peak intensity, with 1-minute sustained winds of 175 miles per hour (280 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 929 millibars (27.4 inHg). Also, on August 22 (by Hawaii Standard Time), John made its closest approach to the Hawaiian Islands, 345 miles (500 km) to the south. John had threatened to turn north and affect the islands days before, but the ridge of high pressure that typically shields the islands from hurricanes kept John on its southerly path. Nonetheless, heavy rains and wind from the outer bands of John affected the islands.With the Hawaiian Islands behind it, John began a slow turn to the north, taking near-direct aim at Johnston Atoll, a small group of islands populated only by a United States military base. The storm slowly weakened from its peak as a Category 5 hurricane in the face of increasing shear, dropping down to a Category 1 hurricane with 90 miles per hour (145 km/h) maximum winds. On August 25 local time, John made its closest approach to the Johnston Atoll only 15 miles (24 km) to the north. On Johnston Atoll, sustained winds were reported up to 60 miles per hour (95 km/h), the equivalent of a strong tropical storm, and gusts up to 75 miles per hour (120 km/h) were recorded."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "d7d853f907650b1fd11eaa4da733afd8ad670d09",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "約翰號何時升級成颶風？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "17:00 PDT",
                  "answer_start": 1321
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "72bac74764cb133604da2de17f70a4b4e5f5f360",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "約翰距離約翰斯頓環礁有多近？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "15 miles",
                  "answer_start": 3122
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Pan (moon)"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "The eccentricity of Pan's orbit causes its distance from Saturn to vary by ~4 km.  Its inclination, which would cause it to move up and down, is not distinguishable from zero with present data.  The Encke Gap, within which Pan orbits, is about 325 km wide."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "a3875c17506b6ae69eddf084b9ff1ed161fd3f28",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "潘繞行有什麼特徵導致距離變化？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Encke Gap",
                  "answer_start": 199
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "The existence of a moon in the Encke Gap was first predicted by Jeffrey N. Cuzzi and Jeffrey D. Scargle in 1985, based on wavy edges of the gap which indicated a gravitational disturbance. In 1986 Showalter et al. inferred its orbit and mass by modeling its gravitational wake. They arrived at a very precise prediction of 133,603 ± 10 km for the semi-major axis and a mass of 5–10×10−12 Saturn masses, and inferred that there was only a single moon within the Encke gap. The actual semi-major axis differs by 19 km and the actual mass is 8.6×10−12 of Saturn's."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "0d74914421f037409434d2eccffea1410756cc06",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "半軸有多大差異？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "19 km",
                  "answer_start": 510
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "The moon was later found within 1° of the predicted position. The search was undertaken by considering all Voyager 2 images and using a computer calculation to predict whether the moon would be visible under sufficiently favorable conditions in each one. Every qualifying Voyager 2 image with resolution better than ~50 km/pixel shows Pan clearly. In all, it appears in eleven Voyager 2 images."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "f3104e91d6d940a9be361d78cabe8590d5db98c6",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "月球離它被認為所處的位置有多近？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "1°",
                  "answer_start": 32
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Novell"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "From 2003 through 2005 Novell released many products across its portfolio, with the intention of arresting falling market share and to move away from dependencies on other Novell products, but the launches were not as successful as Novell had hoped. In late 2004, Chris Stone again left the company, after an apparent control issue with then CEO Jack Messman. In an effort to cut costs, Novell announced a round of layoffs in late 2005. While revenue from its Linux business continued to grow, the growth was not fast enough to offset the decrease in revenue of NetWare. While the company's revenue was not falling rapidly, it wasn't growing, either. Lack of clear direction or effective management meant that Novell took longer than expected to complete its restructuring."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "c5770cf25b914ca39721f9612f216ccc9159540e",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "為了減少人力成本，諾維爾什麼時候開始解僱人員？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "late 2005",
                  "answer_start": 426
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Novell based its network protocol on Xerox Network Systems (XNS), and created its own standards from IDP and SPP, which it named Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) and Sequenced Packet Exchange (SPX). File and print services ran on the NetWare Core Protocol (NCP) over IPX, as did Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and Service Advertising Protocol (SAP)."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "ce5827e3d0b818f44a811206a765674b0a44aeaf",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "SAP 字母表示什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Service Advertising Protocol",
                  "answer_start": 320
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "761d37b4302660b0a404cc97a42f47d7ac69f1db",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "從 IDP 及 SPP 中建立自己的標準，那標準名為什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) and Sequenced Packet Exchange (SPX)",
                  "answer_start": 129
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Rita Ora"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Ora was born in Pristina, SFR Yugoslavia (present-day Kosovo), to Albanian parents. Her mother, Vera (née Bajraktari), is a psychiatrist, and her father, Besnik Sahatçiu, is a pub owner, having previously studied economics. Ora has an older sister, Elena, and a younger brother, Don. She was born as Rita Sahatçiu (pronounced [sahatˈtʃiu]; surname derived from the Turkish word, saatçi, which means \"watchmaker\"), but her parents later added Ora (which means \"time\" in Albanian) to the family surname so it could be easily pronounced.Her family left Kosovo for political reasons, because of the persecution of Albanians initiated with the disintegration of Yugoslavia. They relocated to London, England in 1991, when she was a year old. She grew up in Notting Hill, in West London, and attended St Cuthbert with St Matthias Primary School in Earls Court, following which she graduated from a performing arts school, Sylvia Young Theatre School. She began singing at an early age."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "512ccdb41af96f51b481a603957ad3fbc007fc6c",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "奧拉哪一年一週歲？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "1991",
                  "answer_start": 706
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Rita Sahatçiu Ora (born Rita Sahatçiu; 26 November 1990) is an English singer, songwriter and actress. She rose to prominence in February 2012 when she featured on DJ Fresh's single \"Hot Right Now\", which reached number one in the UK. Her debut studio album, Ora, released in August 2012, debuted at number one in the United Kingdom. The album contained the UK number-one singles \"R.I.P.\" and \"How We Do (Party)\". Ora was the artist with the most number-one singles on the UK Singles Chart in 2012, with three consecutive singles reaching the top position.Ora’s second studio album, Phoenix, was released in November 2018. The lead single, \"Your Song\", reached the UK top ten, and the subsequent singles, \"Anywhere\" and  \"Let You Love Me\", reached the top five in the UK; the latter single made Ora the first British female solo artist to have thirteen top ten songs in the United Kingdom."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "1a24c9b91fdbd121cf28dcef8beb2fb7b394f19d",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "芮塔・薩赫丘・奧拉什麼時候出生的？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "26 November 1990",
                  "answer_start": 39
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Edward Cullen"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "A hobby of Edward's is collecting cars. He owns a Volvo S60 R and an Aston Martin V12 Vanquish as a \"special occasion\" car. He also gave his sister Alice a Porsche 911 Turbo as a gift in Eclipse. He bought a motorcycle to ride alongside Bella, but gave it to Jasper after he realized that riding motorcycles was a hobby she enjoyed sharing with Jacob."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "d0c2c79b9ddd4e94633f797747e99f23add6842b",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "愛德華的姐姐叫什麼名字？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Alice",
                  "answer_start": 148
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "cc23b8b4ae601489f1f08111bdbc0c561588c550",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "愛德華收藏汽車的愛好讓他出於什麼目的擁有一輛富豪和雅士頓・馬田？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "special occasion",
                  "answer_start": 101
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Breaking Dawn sees Edward and Bella marry. Bella becomes pregnant on their honeymoon, and the rapid growth of the half-human, half-vampire fetus swiftly impacts on Bella’s health. Edward tries to coerce her into having an abortion in order to save her own life. However, Bella feels a bond with her unborn child and insists on giving birth. Edward comes to feel love for the baby as well, after he hears its thoughts and learns that the baby loves Bella in return. Bella nearly dies giving birth in an emergency c-section, but Edward successfully delivers his daughter and then injects Bella's heart with his venom, healing her wounds by turning her into an immortal vampire. During Bella's painful transformation, Jacob imprints on their baby daughter, Renesmee."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "192d3212a7fd6a29dc8def086ceb68158fb74e52",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "愛德華愛上了誰？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "baby",
                  "answer_start": 375
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "4cebc2fadd10d52ab2ce7ee59042dbfbc4f21b56",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "什麼醫療程式幾乎導致貝拉死亡？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "c-section",
                  "answer_start": 512
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Edward is described in the book as being charming, polite, determined, and very stubborn. He is very protective over Bella and puts her safety, humanity and welfare before anything else. He often over-analyzes situations and has a tendency to overreact, especially in situations where Bella's safety is at risk. He retains some outdated speech from his human life in the early 20th century. Edward sees himself as a monster, and after falling in love with Bella, he desperately wishes that he were human instead of a vampire."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "1b071581966239865aa9bc31973e0eeef46c1b48",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "愛德華很保護誰？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Bella",
                  "answer_start": 117
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Edward is musical, able to play the piano like a virtuoso. He enjoys a wide range of music, including classical, jazz, progressive metal, alternative rock, and punk rock, but dislikes country. He prefers indie rock to mainstream, and appreciates rock and classical music equally. He mentions in Twilight that he likes music from the fifties better than the sixties, dislikes the seventies, and says the eighties were \"bearable\"."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "710acf3422edffe9895a4e58282fd03d7cd1a1b3",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "“”“暮光之城”“如何描述 80 年代的音樂？”"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "\"bearable\"",
                  "answer_start": 417
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "ef0706aa21dfe4289f0d47dc2838177008ea2e23",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "愛德華討厭哪種音樂？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "country",
                  "answer_start": 184
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "193e303358cd2b8049cbaa936f96c036ecaa2279",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "愛德華擅長彈奏什麼樂器？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "the piano",
                  "answer_start": 32
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Edward, like all vampires in the Twilight series, possesses superhuman stamina, senses, mentality, and agility, as well as a healing factor and night vision. His superhuman strength allows him to subdue his prey, uproot trees, throw cars, and crush metal. His bodily tissue is stronger than granite, making him much more durable and tougher than humans as well as contributing slightly to his body weight. He is described as being inhumanly beautiful with refined and perfected features. His scent and voice are enormously seductive to Bella, so much so that he occasionally sends her into a pliant daze entirely by accident. In Twilight, Edward explains that like other vampires, he does not need to breathe, though he chooses to do so out of habit and because it is helpful to smell his environment. He cannot digest regular food, and compares its attractiveness for him to the prospect of eating dirt for a regular person. Like other vampires, Edward is not able to sleep."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "26f04d7f272004dbd5e245a85d4acdddf684ca42",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "愛德華不能消化什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "regular food",
                  "answer_start": 819
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "However, Edward constantly warns Bella against being with him, perceiving her life to be at risk if she continues to associate with him. Bella's love and confidence in Edward's restraint cause her to ignore his warnings, even after she becomes the vampire James' target. Unlike the Cullen family, who are \"vegetarian\" vampires (committed to only feeding on animals), James regularly feeds on humans and will not stop until he drinks Bella's blood. With his family's help, Edward is able to save Bella from James' predations, but how to assure Bella's continued safety remains an open question."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "2cf6f07a1e72ce3e8b7c32ff7b5838c6870132d4",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰幫助愛德華拯救貝拉？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "his family",
                  "answer_start": 453
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "In Eclipse, Bella agrees to marry Edward on the condition he will make love to her while she is still human. Edward eventually relents and agrees, on the stipulation it will only occur after they are married. The plot is driven by the machinations of the vampire Victoria, who, seeking revenge for the death of her mate James, is hunting Bella and creating new vampires to build an army. A grudging truce is made between the Cullens and the Native-American werewolf pack led by Sam Uley and Jacob Black, a friend of Bella's who was there for her when Edward broke her heart. However, the truce is endangered when Bella realizes Jacob means more to her than she thought. Ultimately, Edward accepts that Bella cares for Jacob and successfully destroys Victoria, and Bella acknowledges that Edward is the most important person in her life. Edward tells Bella that they may attempt making love before they get married, as he realizes that she spends too much of her life trying to please other people. However, she refuses his offer and agrees to doing things the way Edward initially wanted: marriage, making love, and then becoming a vampire."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "f3dd628c6dcc34221e7543768b89bee40083753d",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "維多利亞的愛人是誰？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "James",
                  "answer_start": 320
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "In addition to the traits he shares with his fellow vampires, Edward has certain abilities that are his alone. He possesses superior superhuman speed compared to that of other vampires and is the fastest of the Cullens, able to outrun any of them. Edward is also telepathic, able to read the mind of anyone within a few miles of himself; Bella is the sole exception to this rule, which Meyer has stated is due to Bella having a very private mind.  Edward also retains some of the traditional mindset and dated patterns of speech from his early-20th century human life."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "74094800bc2b2ad8cd716ac67a5543fbded45b7d",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "愛德華保留了來自 20 世紀生活的什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "traditional mindset and dated patterns of speech",
                  "answer_start": 480
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Like all the vampires in the Twilight series, Edward is described as being impossibly beautiful. At various points in the series, Bella compares him to the mythical Greek god Adonis. His skin is \"like marble\"—very pale, ice cold, and sparkles in the sunlight. She describes his facial features as being perfect and angular—high cheekbones, strong jawline, a straight nose, and full lips. His hair, which is always messy, retains the unusual bronze shade that he inherited in his human life from his biological mother. His eyes, once green, are now described as topaz. His appearance changes if he goes too long without feeding: his eyes darken, becoming almost black, and purple bruises appear beneath his eyes. Edward is 6'2\", and has a slender but muscular body."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "e06b6655996a099fb05708d7dfd9b64a85c5e606",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "愛德華的皮膚被比作什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "like marble",
                  "answer_start": 196
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "15225d7f8e2ea27689bce0435f7a1e1785817997",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "貝拉拿誰和愛德華比較？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Adonis",
                  "answer_start": 175
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "NTFS"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Encrypting File System (EFS) provides strong and user-transparent encryption of any file or folder on an NTFS volume. EFS works in conjunction with the EFS service, Microsoft's CryptoAPI and the EFS File System Run-Time Library (FSRTL). EFS works by encrypting a file with a bulk symmetric key (also known as the File Encryption Key, or FEK), which is used because it takes a relatively small amount of time to encrypt and decrypt large amounts of data than if an asymmetric key cipher is used. The symmetric key that is used to encrypt the file is then encrypted with a public key that is associated with the user who encrypted the file, and this encrypted data is stored in an alternate data stream of the encrypted file. To decrypt the file, the file system uses the private key of the user to decrypt the symmetric key that is stored in the file header. It then uses the symmetric key to decrypt the file. Because this is done at the file system level, it is transparent to the user. Also, in case of a user losing access to their key, support for additional decryption keys has been built into the EFS system, so that a recovery agent can still access the files if needed. NTFS-provided encryption and NTFS-provided compression are mutually exclusive; however, NTFS can be used for one and a third-party tool for the other."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "1d937121240bf07603aa8ff91793eff54930a028",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "如檔案丟失，可使用什麼進行訪問？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "additional decryption keys",
                  "answer_start": 1052
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "32c33dc2be64c07545ed1472f81a85380961e8ce",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "EFS​​與 Microsoft 合作的程式是什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "CryptoAPI",
                  "answer_start": 177
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "For historical reasons, the versions of Windows that do not support NTFS all keep time internally as local zone time, and therefore so do all file systems – other than NTFS – that are supported by current versions of Windows. This means that when files are copied or moved between NTFS and non-NTFS partitions, the OS needs to convert timestamps on the fly. But if some files are moved when daylight saving time (DST) is in effect, and other files are moved when standard time is in effect, there can be some ambiguities in the conversions. As a result, especially shortly after one of the days on which local zone time changes, users may observe that some files have timestamps that are incorrect by one hour. Due to the differences in implementation of DST in different jurisdictions, this can result in a potential timestamp error of up to 4 hours in any given 12 months."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "022dbbe4a4df7a6e3b9e72723308a757a9afc07b",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "時間戳錯誤可能是幾個小時？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "4",
                  "answer_start": 843
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "NTFS v3.0 includes several new features over its predecessors: sparse file support, disk use quotas, reparse points, distributed link tracking, and file-level encryption called the Encrypting File System (EFS)."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "605868ba99428ddfddbf9def8501d9f9f552455d",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "什麼系統比它的前輩有許多新特性？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "NTFS v3.0",
                  "answer_start": 0
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "The maximum NTFS volume size implemented in Windows XP Professional is 232 − 1 clusters, partly due to partition table limitations. For example, using 64 KB clusters, the maximum size Windows XP NTFS volume is 256 TB minus 64 KB. Using the default cluster size of 4 KB, the maximum NTFS volume size is 16 TB minus 4 KB. Both of these are vastly higher than the 128 GB limit in Windows XP SP1. Because partition tables on master boot record (MBR) disks support only partition sizes up to 2 TB, multiple GUID Partition Table (GPT or \"dynamic\") volumes must be combined to create a single NTFS volume larger than 2 TB. Booting from a GPT volume to a Windows environment in a Microsoft supported way requires a system with Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) and 64-bit support.The NTFS maximum theoretical limit on the size of individual files is 16 EiB (16 × 10246 or 264 bytes) minus 1 KB, which totals 18,446,744,073,709,550,592 bytes. With Windows 10 version 1709 and Windows Server 2019, the maximum implemented file size is 8 PB minus 2 MB or 9,007,199,252,643,840 bytes."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "57fa4d13871953d49556b0b5bbff40f383dacd66",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "新技術檔案系統的最大容量為多少？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "232 − 1 clusters",
                  "answer_start": 71
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "The support of EFS is not available in Basic, Home, and MediaCenter versions of Windows, and must be activated after installation of Professional, Ultimate, and Server versions of Windows or by using enterprise deployment tools within Windows domains."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "f654163ca76e8921eab5ac023ca1820f6dda491e",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "如何啟用加密檔案系統？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "after installation of Professional, Ultimate, and Server versions of Windows or by using enterprise deployment tools within Windows domains",
                  "answer_start": 111
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Transactional NTFS does not restrict transactions to just the local NTFS volume, but also includes other transactional data or operations in other locations such as data stored in separate volumes, the local registry, or SQL databases, or the current states of system services or remote services. These transactions are coordinated network-wide with all participants using a specific service, the DTC, to ensure that all participants will receive same commit state, and to transport the changes that have been validated by any participant (so that the others can invalidate their local caches for old data or rollback their ongoing uncommitted changes). Transactional NTFS allows, for example, the creation of network-wide consistent distributed file systems, including with their local live or offline caches."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "3b4be33572e0c41d69cf27205e82e8c937bc2bc2",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "哪種資料庫被事務 NTFS 所限制？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "SQL",
                  "answer_start": 221
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "David Copperfield"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Edward Murdstone – The main antagonist of the first half of the novel, he is Young David's cruel stepfather who beats him for falling behind in his studies. David reacts by biting Mr Murdstone, who then sends him to Salem House, the private school owned by his friend Mr Creakle. After David's mother dies, Mr Murdstone sends him to work in his factory in London, where he has to clean wine bottles. He appears at Betsey Trotwood's house after David runs away. Mr Murdstone appears to show signs of repentance when confronted by Copperfield's aunt about his treatment of Clara and David, but when David works at Doctor's Commons, he meets Murdstone taking out a marriage license for his next young and trusting wife."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "0e353da159e03778f885363bc08d7779c5bfa489",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "Murdstone 先生在倫敦的工廠從事什麼樣的工作？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "clean wine bottles",
                  "answer_start": 380
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "It has been called his masterpiece, \"the triumph of the art of Dickens\", which marks a turning point in his work, the point of separation between the novels of youth and those of maturity. Though written in the first person, David Copperfield is considered to be more than an autobiography, going beyond this framework in the richness of its themes and the originality of its writing, which makes it a true autobiographical novel. In the words of the author, this novel was \"a very complicated weaving of truth and invention\". Some elements of the novel follow events in Dickens's own life. It was Dickens' favourite among his own novels. In the preface to the 1867 edition, Dickens wrote, \"like many fond parents, I have in my heart of hearts a favourite child. And his name is David Copperfield.\"Dickens wrote this novel without an outline, unlike the way he wrote Dombey and Son, the previous novel. He wrote chapter summaries after the chapters were completed. Some aspects of the story were fixed in his mind from the start, but others, like the obsession of Mr Dick with Charles I, the profession of David Copperfield as a writer, and the sad fate of Dora, were not decided by Dickens until the serial publications were underway; August 1849, December 1849 and May 1850, respectively, were the dates when those decisions were made.At first glance, the work is modeled in the loose and somewhat disjointed way of \"personal histories\" that was very popular in the United Kingdom of the 18th century; but in reality, David Copperfield is a carefully structured and unified novel. It begins, like other novels by Dickens, with a rather bleak painting of the conditions of childhood in Victorian England, notoriously when the troublesome children are parked in infamous boarding schools, then he strives to trace the slow social and intimate ascent of a young man who, painfully providing for the needs of his good aunt while continuing his studies, ends up becoming a writer; the story, writes Paul Davis, of \"a Victorian everyman seeking self-understanding\".The novel has a primary theme of growth and the changes that occur on the way to maturity. In addition, Dickens included many aspects of Victorian Era life that he wanted to highlight or wished to change, which were primarily integrated into the story, using satire as one device. The plight of prostitutes and the attitude of middle class society to them, the status of women in marriage, the rigid class structure, are aspects that he highlighted, while the system for handling criminals, the quality of schools, and the employment of children in the fast-spreading factories of the 19th century were aspects he wished to influence, to change for the better. He, among other authors, achieved success in bringing about changes regarding child labor and schooling for more children up to age 12."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "6a982661b194bdecc6711e9ede5cf6b893ab1474",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "狄更斯在 1876 年序言中寫了些什麼？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "like many fond parents, I have in my heart of hearts a favourite child",
                  "answer_start": 691
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Marco Casagrande"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Casagrande claimed that he volunteered for the Bosnian Croat Defence Forces HVO in 1993 after his service in the Finnish Army. He wrote under the pen name Luca Moconesi a controversial book Mostarin tien liftarit / Hitchhikers on the Road to Mostar (WSOY 1997) about his alleged experiences in the Bosnian Civil War, and based on descriptions of war crimes committed by the main character in the autobiographical book, he came under suspicion as a possible war criminal. After becoming under suspicion he claimed that the book was in fact a work of fiction. The truth about Casagrande's involvement in the war remains uncertain.Later Casagrande has expressed views condemning war crimes: \"Those troops know that they are doing wrong. This is the very opposite of constructive collectivity and group spirit. Anybody can understand that it is by no measures militarily efficient to go kicking the doors of old people's home.\" Casagrande has been lecturing in the National Defence University of Finland since 2006 on courses of strategy and leadership."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "9835becbfb3914e25253151e3c43fe0bfa2fecc4",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "卡薩格蘭在哪年當志願者？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "1993",
                  "answer_start": 83
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Casagrande was born in Turku, Finland, to a well-off Finnish-Italian Catholic family. He spent his childhood in Ylitornio in Finnish Lapland, but went to school in Karis, a southern Finland small town, before moving to Helsinki to study architecture."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "a7888e1802b7ed59e0d6e4b6ff4348595f5d1f74",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "卡薩格蘭到哪裡研習建築學？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Helsinki",
                  "answer_start": 219
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "From the early stages of his career Casagrande started to mix architecture with other disciplines of art and science landing with a series of ecologically conscious architectural installations around the world. After being a finalist in the UK journal Architectural Review's Emerging Architecture competition (1999) Marco Casagrande and his then partner Sami Rintala were invited to the Venice Biennial 2000.  The New York Times reporter chose their project \"60 Minute Man\" as his personal favorite in the Biennale. In the project Casagrande & Rintala had planted on oak forest in an abandoned barge on top of 60 minutes worth of composted human waste produced by the city of Venice. Casagrande's cross-over architectural work encompasses the realms of architecture, urban and environmental planning, environmental art, circuses and other artistic disciplines.In search for subconscious architecture, real reality and connection between the modern man and nature. He believes that one shall not be blindfolded by stress, the surroundings of economics, the online access to entertainment or information. What is real is valuable.Casagrande's works and teaching are moving freely in-between architecture, urban and environmental design and science, environmental art and circus adding up into cross-over architectural thinking of commedia dell'architettura, a broad vision of built human environment tied into social drama and environmental awareness. There is no other reality than nature.Casagrande was nominated as the professor of ecological urban planning in the Taiwan based Tamkang University after the Treasure Hill  project, in which Casagrande changed an illegal settlement of urban farmers into an experimental laboratory of environmental urbanism. The overhaul had mixed reactions from the community. In 2017, he was invited-professor at the ENSAV : École Nationale Supérieure d'Architecture de Versailles."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "040b6b9d4ceb3cc4f0981e59aabc47227232e371",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "卡薩格蘭德認為現代人被什麼所矇蔽？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "stress, the surroundings of economics, the online access to entertainment or information",
                  "answer_start": 1013
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "Furfural"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "At the time, formic acid was formed by the distillation of dead ants, and Döbereiner's ant bodies probably contained some plant matter. In 1840, the Scottish chemist John Stenhouse found that the same chemical could be produced by distilling a wide variety of crop materials, including corn, oats, bran, and sawdust, with aqueous sulfuric acid; he also determined an empirical formula of (C5H4O2). George Fownes named this oil furfurol in 1845 (from furfur - bran, and oleum). This name persisted prominently in the literature until 1901 when the German chemist Carl Harries deduced furfural's structure.Furfural remained relatively obscure until 1922, when the Quaker Oats Company began mass-producing it from oat hulls. Today, furfural is still produced from agricultural byproducts like sugarcane bagasse and corn cobs. The main countries producing furfural today are the Dominican Republic, South Africa and China."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "c19ba4f5138d602ed6a4a0b667e4abb2d32b2f1a",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "玉米哪部分現今用於糠醛的生產？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "corn cobs",
                  "answer_start": 812
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Furfural was first isolated in 1821 (published in 1832) by the German chemist Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner, who produced a small sample as a byproduct of formic acid synthesis."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "9e9a108fdf106838bceeb3b4d9693e39931df705",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "Döbereiner 生產哪種酸？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "formic",
                  "answer_start": 152
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "1998 Winter Olympics medal table"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "In the two-man bobsleigh competition, a tie meant that two gold medals were awarded, so no silver medal was awarded for that event. A tie for second in the men's Super G skiing competition meant that a pair of silver medals were given out, so no bronze medal was awarded for that event. In the four-man bobsleigh, a tie for third resulted in the awarding of two bronze medals. Due to these ties, the number of gold medals awarded was one more than the number of silver or bronze medals. In snowboarding, Canadian Ross Rebagliati won the gold medal in the men's Giant Slalom, but it was briefly stripped by the IOC after he tested positive for marijuana. After the Canadian Olympic Association filed an appeal, however, the IOC's decision was overturned."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "99a1f901a73d718a3c45d96654544022c9cb99a4",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "在長橇比賽中，頒發的金牌比較多還是銅牌比較多？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "gold",
                  "answer_start": 410
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "The medal table is based on information provided by the IOC and is consistent with IOC convention in its published medal tables. By default, the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a nation have won; a nation is an entity represented by a National Olympic Committee. The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If nations are still tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "ea494dfe41f7dc3e07e3d78efd41b88b25d3d03c",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "各國以什麼順序列出？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "alphabetically",
                  "answer_start": 464
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "QRpedia"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "QRpedia was conceived by Roger Bamkin, a Wikipedia volunteer, coded by Terence Eden, and unveiled in April 2011. It is currently in use at museums and other institutions in countries including Australia, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Macedonia, Spain, India, the United Kingdom, Germany, Ukraine and the United States. The project's source code is freely reusable under the MIT License."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "8c0229d7cad48da215db0e1462be5e58b4dd6182",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰製作了 QRpedia？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "Roger Bamkin",
                  "answer_start": 25
                }
              ]
            }
          },
          {
            "id": "24c2fadf1a10ac4837c1cb2dc4836bdae4d13cd4",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "原始碼是有專利的，還是可以自由使用的？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "freely reusable",
                  "answer_start": 357
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  {
    "title": {
      "en": "May Day"
    },
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "In the Rhineland, 1 May is also celebrated by the delivery of a maypole, a tree covered in streamers to the house of a girl the night before. The tree is typically from a love interest, though a tree wrapped only in white streamers is a sign of dislike. Women usually place roses or rice in the form of a heart at the house of their beloved one. It is common to stick the heart to a window or place it in front of the doormat. In leap years, it is the responsibility of the women to place the maypole. All the action is usually done secretly and it is an individual's choice whether to give a hint of their identity or stay anonymous."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "eabe3ab87fd9c55c55e4c704a650200b786386e7",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "誰負責放置五朔節的花柱？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "women",
                  "answer_start": 474
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "context": {
          "en": "Padstow in Cornwall holds its annual Obby-Oss (Hobby Horse) day of festivities. This is believed to be one of the oldest fertility rites in the UK; revellers dance with the Oss through the streets of the town and even through the private gardens of the citizens, accompanied by accordion players and followers dressed in white with red or blue sashes who sing the traditional \"May Day\" song. The whole town is decorated with springtime greenery, and every year thousands of onlookers attend. Prior to the 19th-century, distinctive May Day celebrations were widespread throughout west Cornwall, and are being revived in St. Ives and Penzance."
        },
        "qas": [
          {
            "id": "d4fe8a6930317390a55804e79ed8581db292b05c",
            "question": {
              "zh_tw": "多少人前來慶祝愛好馬匹節日？"
            },
            "answers": {
              "en": [
                {
                  "text": "thousands",
                  "answer_start": 461
                }
              ]
            }
          }
        ]
      }
    ]
  }
]