安息帝國
Parthian Empire

context: zh_tw: 安息帝國是一個由不同文化組成的國家，它在很大程度上吸納了包括波斯文化、希臘文化及地區文化的藝術、建築、宗教信仰及皇室標記。在安息帝國的前半段統治時期，雖然宮廷履行伊朗的傳統習俗，但也採納了希臘文化的一些元素。安息帝國的統治者以萬王之王為銜頭，自稱是阿契美尼德王朝的後裔，他們仿傚阿契美尼德王朝的做法接納一方霸主成為附庸國，阿契美尼德王朝會由中央任命這些自治的總督。安息帝國也會任命一些總督，這些總督主要統領伊朗以外的地區，但他們的轄地較少，權力也不如阿契美尼德王朝的總督。隨著安息帝國的擴張，中央政府的所在地也沿著底格里斯河由尼薩遷往泰西封，其他多個城市也曾經成為首都。
en: The Parthians largely adopted the art, architecture, religious beliefs, and royal insignia of their culturally heterogeneous empire, which encompassed Persian, Hellenistic, and regional cultures. For about the first half of its existence, the Arsacid court adopted elements of Greek culture, though it eventually saw a gradual revival of Iranian traditions. The Arsacid rulers were titled the "King of Kings", as a claim to be the heirs to the Achaemenid Empire; indeed, they accepted many local kings as vassals where the Achaemenids would have had centrally appointed, albeit largely autonomous, satraps. The court did appoint a small number of satraps, largely outside Iran, but these satrapies were smaller and less powerful than the Achaemenid potentates. With the expansion of Arsacid power, the seat of central government shifted from Nisa to Ctesiphon along the Tigris (south of modern Baghdad, Iraq), although several other sites also served as capitals.
qas: question: zh_tw: 帕提亞人吸納了哪些型別的文化？
en: Which type of cultures were adopted by the Parthians?
answers: zh_tw: text: 波斯文化、希臘文化及地區文化
en: text: Persian, Hellenistic, and regional cultures

question: zh_tw: 安息王朝什麼時候採納了希臘文化元素？
en: When did the Arsacid court adopt Greek cultural elements?
answers: zh_tw: text: 前半段統治時期
en: text: first half of its existence

context: zh_tw: 在最初，塞琉古帝國是安息帝國在西線的敵人，斯基泰人則盤據在東面。不過，隨著安息帝國向西擴張，帝國也先後與亞美尼亞王國及羅馬帝國爆發衝突。安息帝國與羅馬帝國互相爭奪，爭取將亞美尼亞君主成為他們的附庸。前 53 年安息人在卡雷戰役徹底擊敗克拉蘇統領的羅馬軍隊。到前 40 年至 39 年，除了泰爾外，羅馬人控制的累範特地區被安息人攻陷。羅馬軍官馬克・安東尼對安息帝國進行反擊，多名羅馬將領也入侵美索不達米亞策應，塞琉西亞及泰西封的控制權數度易手，羅馬人始終不能牢固地控制這些地區。與對外戰爭相比，爭奪王位而頻繁爆發的內戰對安息帝國危害更大，法爾斯伊什塔克爾的統治者阿爾達希爾一世叛變，他在 224 年殺害了安息帝國最後一位統治者阿爾達班五世。阿爾達希爾一世建立了薩珊王朝，直至七世紀被穆斯林征服前一直統治著伊朗和近東大部分地區，安息帝國的分支阿薩息斯王朝則仍在亞美尼亞繼續其統治。
en: The earliest enemies of the Parthians were the Seleucids in the west and the Scythians in the east. However, as Parthia expanded westward, they came into conflict with the Kingdom of Armenia, and eventually the late Roman Republic. Rome and Parthia competed with each other to establish the kings of Armenia as their subordinate clients. The Parthians soundly defeated Marcus Licinius Crassus at the Battle of Carrhae in 53 BC, and in 40–39 BC, Parthian forces captured the whole of the Levant except Tyre from the Romans. However, Mark Antony led a counterattack against Parthia, although his successes were generally achieved in his absence, under the leadership of his lieutenant Ventidius. Various Roman emperors or their appointed generals invaded Mesopotamia in the course of the ensuing Roman–Parthian Wars of the next few centuries. The Romans captured the cities of Seleucia and Ctesiphon on multiple occasions during these conflicts, but were never able to hold on to them. Frequent civil wars between Parthian contenders to the throne proved more dangerous to the Empire's stability than foreign invasion, and Parthian power evaporated when Ardashir I, ruler of Istakhr in Persis, revolted against the Arsacids and killed their last ruler, Artabanus IV, in 224 AD. Ardashir established the Sassanid Empire, which ruled Iran and much of the Near East until the Muslim conquests of the 7th century AD, although the Arsacid dynasty lived on through the Arsacid Dynasty of Armenia, the Arsacid dynasty of Iberia, and the Arsacid Dynasty of Caucasian Albania; all eponymous branches of the Parthian Arsacids.
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰是帕提亞人最初的敵人？
en: Who were the Parthians first enemies?
answers: zh_tw: text: 塞琉古帝國
en: text: Seleucids