達達主義
Dada

context: zh_tw: 酒店停業之後，達達主義者的活動開始轉移向一個新的畫廊。不久，巴爾離開了歐洲，而查拉則開始大肆宣揚達達主義的觀點。他給法國和義大利的藝術家和作家們寫信，激烈的抨擊他們的作品。很快，查拉便成為達達主義的領袖以及名副其實的戰略統帥。
en: After the cabaret closed down, Dada activities moved on to a new gallery, and Hugo Ball left for Bern. Tzara began a relentless campaign to spread Dada ideas. He bombarded French and Italian artists and writers with letters, and soon emerged as the Dada leader and master strategist. The Cabaret Voltaire re-opened, and is still in the same place at the Spiegelgasse 1 in the Niederdorf.
qas: question: zh_tw: 查拉寫信給誰？
en: Tzara wrote letters to whom?
answers: zh_tw: text: 法國和義大利的藝術家和作家們
en: text: French and Italian artists and writers

context: zh_tw: 德國的達達主義運動並不如其他國家的達達主義運動那樣 “反藝術”，而是具有非常顯著的政治和社會變革色彩。德國的達達主義者熱衷於發表煽動性的宣言，動用宣傳和諷刺的力量，發動大規模的公眾示威和政治活動。
en: The groups in Germany were not as strongly anti-art as other groups. Their activity and art were more political and social, with corrosive manifestos and propaganda, satire, public demonstrations and overt political activities. The intensely political and war-torn environment of Berlin had a dramatic impact on the ideas of Berlin Dadaists. Conversely, New York's geographic distance from the war spawned its more theoretically-driven, less political nature.In February 1918, while the Great War was approaching its climax, Huelsenbeck gave his first Dada speech in Berlin, and he produced a Dada manifesto later in the year. Following the October Revolution in Russia, by then out of the war, Hannah Höch and George Grosz used Dada to express communist sympathies. Grosz, together with John Heartfield, Höch and Hausmann developed the technique of photomontage during this period.
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪個國家不那麼反藝術？
en: Which country held less negative views of art?
answers: zh_tw: text: 德國
en: text: Germany

context: zh_tw: 在一戰期間，美國紐約也和蘇黎世一樣成為大批流亡藝術家和作家棲身的場所。從法國流亡美國的藝術家馬塞爾・杜尚和弗朗西・畢卡比亞結識了美國藝術家曼・雷。1916 年，這三人成為美國 “反藝術” 運動的核心人物。曾經留學法國的美國藝術家比阿特麗斯・伍德後來也加入了這一團體。
en: Like Zürich, New York City was a refuge for writers and artists from the First World War. Soon after arriving from France in 1915, Marcel Duchamp and Francis Picabia met American artist Man Ray. By 1916 the three of them became the center of radical anti-art activities in the United States. American Beatrice Wood, who had been studying in France, soon joined them, along with Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven. Arthur Cravan, fleeing conscription in France, was also in New York for a time. Much of their activity centered in Alfred Stieglitz's gallery, 291, and the home of Walter and Louise Arensberg.
qas: question: zh_tw: 除了紐約之外，還有哪座名城因在一戰期間庇護作家而聞名？
en: What other famous city, besides NYC, is known for their protection of novelists in WWI?
answers: zh_tw: text: 蘇黎世
en: text: Zürich

context: zh_tw: 紐約的藝術家們並沒有以 “達達主義者” 自居，他們也從未發表過任何宣言或組織過任何政治活動。然而他們卻透過自己的出版物對舊的藝術和文化體系進行大肆的炮轟，這些出版物包括《盲人》、《紐約達達》等。在這些刊物中，他們將舊的藝術譏稱為 “博物館藝術”。
en: The New Yorkers, though not particularly organized, called their activities Dada, but they did not issue manifestos. They issued challenges to art and culture through publications such as The Blind Man, Rongwrong, and New York Dada in which they criticized the traditionalist basis for museum art. New York Dada lacked the disillusionment of European Dada and was instead driven by a sense of irony and humor. In his book Adventures in the arts: informal chapters on painters, vaudeville and poets Marsden Hartley included an essay on "The Importance of Being 'Dada'".
qas: question: zh_tw: 《紐約客》從未發表過什麼？
en: What was not issued by The New Yorkers?
answers: zh_tw: text: 宣言
en: text: manifestos

context: zh_tw: 畢卡比亞對歐洲的出訪加強了紐約、蘇黎世和巴黎的達達主義組織之間的聯絡。他曾連續七年堅持出版達達主義期刊《391》。這本期刊從 1917 年至 1924 年在紐約、蘇黎世和巴黎出版。
en: Picabia's travels tied New York, Zürich and Paris groups together during the Dadaist period. For seven years he also published the Dada periodical 391 in Barcelona, New York City, Zürich, and Paris from 1917 through 1924.
qas: question: zh_tw: 有人堅持為達達主義期刊《391》寫作了多長時間？
en: how long did someone write for the dada periodical in 391?
answers: zh_tw: text: 七年
en: text: For seven years