法國 - 蒙古同盟
Franco-Mongol alliance

context: zh_tw: 歐洲人與蒙古人之間的聯絡可追溯至大約 1220 年，教皇和歐洲君主偶爾會聯絡蒙古的領導人（例如大汗），其後與受伊兒汗國統治的伊朗人聯絡尤其頻繁。通常兩方之間是西方勸喻蒙古改為信奉西方基督教，而蒙古人則希望西方降服於蒙古及進貢予蒙古。蒙古人在推進至亞洲各地時已經征服了許多基督教和穆斯林國家，破壞了穆斯林的阿拔斯王朝和阿尤布王朝。而接下來的幾代蒙古人則在地區中與剩下的 埃及籍馬木留克穆斯林力量鬥爭。奇裡乞亞亞美尼亞王國的國王海屯一世在 1247 年降服於蒙古人，並鼓勵其他君主組成基督教 - 蒙古同盟，但只能夠說服他的女婿 (十字軍安條克公國的王子博希蒙德六世十字軍國家的安提阿)。在 1260 年，博希蒙德六世亦降服於蒙古人。其他基督教領袖，如阿卡的十字軍更不信任的蒙古人，認為蒙古人反而為地區中最大的威脅。阿卡的爵士因此與穆斯林馬木留克建立了個不尋常的被動同盟，令埃及馬木留克可以經阿卡的同意底下在 1260 年的阿音札魯特戰役而經過十字軍的領土以對抗和迎擊蒙古人。
en: Several attempts at a Franco-Mongol alliance against the Islamic caliphates, their common enemy, were made by various leaders among the Frankish Crusaders and the Mongol Empire in the 13th century. Such an alliance might have seemed an obvious choice: the Mongols were already sympathetic to Christianity, given the presence of many influential Nestorian Christians in the Mongol court. The Franks (Western Europeans and those in the Crusader States of the Levant) were open to the idea of support from the East, in part owing to the long-running legend of the mythical Prester John, an Eastern king in a magical kingdom who many believed would one day come to the assistance of the Crusaders in the Holy Land. The Franks and Mongols also shared a common enemy in the Muslims. However, despite many messages, gifts, and emissaries over the course of several decades, the often-proposed alliance never came to fruition.Contact between Europeans and Mongols began around 1220, with occasional messages from the papacy and European monarchs to Mongol leaders such as the Great Khan, and subsequently to the Ilkhans in Mongol-conquered Persia. Communications tended to follow a recurring pattern: the Europeans asked the Mongols to convert to Western Christianity, while the Mongols responded with demands for submission and tribute. The Mongols had already conquered many Christian and Muslim nations in their advance across Asia, and after destroying the Muslim Abbasid and Ayyubid dynasties, for the next few generations fought the remaining Islamic power in the region, the Egyptian Mamluks. Hethum I, king of the Christian nation of Cilician Armenia, had submitted to the Mongols in 1247, and strongly encouraged other monarchs to engage in a Christian-Mongol alliance, but was only able to persuade his son-in-law, Prince Bohemond VI of the Crusader State of Antioch, who submitted in 1260. Other Christian leaders such as the Crusaders of Acre were more mistrustful of the Mongols, perceiving them as the most significant threat in the region. The Barons of Acre therefore engaged in an unusual passive alliance with the Muslim Mamluks, allowing Egyptian forces to advance unopposed through Crusader territory to engage and defeat the Mongols at the pivotal Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260.European attitudes began to change in the mid-1260s, from perceiving the Mongols as enemies to be feared, to potential allies against the Muslims. The Mongols sought to capitalize on this, promising a re-conquered Jerusalem to the Europeans in return for cooperation. Attempts to cement an alliance continued through negotiations with many leaders of the Mongol Ilkhanate in Persia, from its founder Hulagu through his descendants Abaqa, Arghun, Ghazan, and Öljaitü, but without success. The Mongols invaded Syria several times between 1281 and 1312, sometimes in attempts at joint operations with the Franks, but the considerable logistical difficulties involved meant that forces would arrive months apart, never able to coordinate activities in any effective way. The Mongol Empire eventually dissolved into civil war, and the Egyptian Mamluks successfully recaptured all of Palestine and Syria from the Crusaders. After the Fall of Acre in 1291, the remaining Crusaders retreated to the island of Cyprus. They made a final attempt to establish a bridgehead at the small island of Ruad off the coast of Tortosa, again in an attempt to coordinate military action with the Mongols, but the plan failed, and the Muslims responded by besieging the island. With the Fall of Ruad in 1302 or 1303, the Crusaders lost their last foothold in the Holy Land.Modern historians debate whether an alliance between the Franks and Mongols would have been successful in shifting the balance of power in the region, and if it would have been a wise choice on the part of the Europeans. Traditionally, the Mongols tended to see outside parties as either subjects or enemies, with little room in the middle for a concept such as an ally.
qas: question: zh_tw: 一些基督教領袖不信任誰？
en: Who did some Christian leaders not trust?
answers: zh_tw: text: 蒙古人
en: text: the Mongols