大椎龍屬
Massospondylus

context: zh_tw: 大椎龍的頭部小，長度接近股骨長度的一半。頭部的眾多窩孔，減低了頭部的重量，並提供肌肉附著處，與容納感覺器官。這些窩孔在頭部兩側成對排列。頭部前方為兩個大型、橢圓形的鼻孔。眶前孔（Antorbital fenestrae）位於鼻孔與眼睛之間，小於板龍的眶前孔。眼窩所佔頭部面積比例大於板龍的眼窩。頭部後方則為兩對顳顬孔（Temporal fenestrae）：位於眼窩後方中間的側顳孔（Lateral temporal fenestrae）、與頭頂上側的上顳孔（Supratemporal fenestrae）。下頜兩側也有小型窩孔。傳統上，大椎龍的頭部被重建成較板龍的為寬、短，但從不同的標本得知，這個形狀可能是導因於化石被擠壓時，遭受到不同的力道而變形。有些頭部特徵隨者個體而有所不同，例如：眼窩上側的骨頭厚度、上頜骨後段的高度。這些差異可能是兩性異形，或者是個體變化。
en: The small head of Massospondylus was approximately half the length of the femur. Numerous openings, or fenestrae, in the skull reduced its weight and provided space for muscle attachment and sensory organs. These fenestrae were present in pairs, one on each side of the skull. At the front of the skull were two large, elliptical nares, which were roughly half the size of the orbits. The orbits were proportionally larger in Massospondylus than in related genera, such as Plateosaurus. The antorbital fenestrae, smaller than those seen in Plateosaurus, were situated between the eyes and the nose. At the rear of the skull were two more pairs of temporal fenestrae: the lateral temporal fenestrae immediately behind the eye sockets, which were shaped like an inverted "T" in Massospondylus, and the supratemporal fenestrae on top of the skull. Small fenestrae also penetrated each mandible. The shape of the skull is traditionally restored as wider and shorter than that of Plateosaurus, but this appearance may be due just to differential crushing experienced by the various specimens. Some features of the skull are variable between individuals; for example, the thickness of the upper border of the orbit and the height of the posterior maxilla. These differences may be due to sexual dimorphism or individual variation.
qas: question: zh_tw: 眶前孔位於哪兩處身體特徵之間？
en: What two body features was the antorbital fenestrae found between?
answers: zh_tw: text: 鼻孔與眼睛
en: text: eyes and the nose

context: zh_tw: 如同其他原蜥腳類恐龍，大椎龍被推測具有頰部。這個推測是根據那些缺乏頰部的爬蟲類，牠們的頜部骨頭表面具有數量眾多的小洞，而大椎龍的頜部骨頭表面只有少數大型洞孔可供血管透過。頰部可在大椎龍進食時，防止食物溢位。在 1986 年，阿佛列德・克朗普頓（A.W. Crompton）與約翰・阿特里奇（John Attridge）認為大椎龍明顯地咬合不良，並提出下頜前端應具有角質喙嘴，才能解釋口鼻部前方牙齒的磨損，與彌補前方牙齒長度的差異。但是，這個理論後來被認為是錯誤的，應該是上下擠壓的結果。未受到擠壓的頭顱骨並未呈現咬合不良的現象。牙齒的形態似乎隨者位置而不同。下頜的牙齒沒有上頜牙齒長。頜部牙齒似乎隨者位置不同，而有形態上的變化，但並沒有如畸齒龍的牙齒那樣明顯特化。接近口鼻部前方的牙齒，橫剖面為圓形，越往末端逐漸變尖；後方的牙齒呈匙狀，橫剖面為卵形。
en: Tooth count is variable between individuals and increases with skull size. The premaxilla shows the constant number of four teeth per side in all known skulls; however, in the maxilla, the tooth count ranges from 14 to 22. There are 26 teeth in each side of the lower jaw in the largest known skull. The height of the teeth crowns decreases from front to back in the upper jaw, but was more or less constant in the lower jaw. The lack of pronounced tooth wear and the variable height of the crowns suggests that the teeth were replaced by succeeding new ones in relatively short time intervals. Notably, there was variation in the tooth morphology based on the position of the teeth in the jaw. The heterodonty present in Massospondylus is greater than that present in Plateosaurus, although  not as pronounced as the specialization of teeth in Heterodontosaurus. Teeth closer to the front of the snout had round cross-sections and tapered to points, unlike the back teeth, which were spatulate and had oval cross-sections.As with other early sauropodomorphs, it has been proposed that Massospondylus had cheeks. This theory was proposed because there are a few large holes for blood vessels on the surfaces of the jaw bones, unlike the numerous small holes present on the jaws of cheekless reptiles. The cheeks would have prevented food from spilling out when Massospondylus ate. Crompton and Attridge (1986) described skulls of Massospondylus as possessing pronounced overbites and suggested the presence of a horny beak on the tip of the lower jaw to make up the difference in length and account for tooth wear on the teeth at the tip of the snout. However, the difference in length may be a misinterpretation based on crushing in a top–bottom plane, and the possession of a beak is considered unlikely in recent studies.
qas: question: zh_tw: 什麼可在大椎龍進食時，防止食物溢位？
en: What prevented the Massospondylus from dropping tis food?
answers: zh_tw: text: 頰
en: text: cheeks