弗里德里希・尼采
Friedrich Nietzsche

context: zh_tw: 於 1864 年畢業後，尼采進入波恩大學，開始對神學和古典語文學進行研究，並在此期間做了大量有關於荷馬與古典語文的演講。在經過一學期的研究後（也是出於對他母親的不滿）尼采失去對基督教的信念，停止對宗教的研究。尼采轉變的緣故可能為閱讀神學家大衛・史特勞斯所著的《耶穌的生平》一書，這對當時年輕的尼采產生極大震撼。尼采接著將心力放在研究哲學上，不久受到弗里德里希・威廉・裡奇爾（Friedrich Wilhelm Ritschl）教授的賞識，並且在隔年追隨他前往萊比錫大學就讀。在那裡他也認識後來成為古典學家的同學歐文・羅德，並且發表了第一份文字學的研究。
en: After graduation in September 1864, Nietzsche commenced studies in theology and classical philology at the University of Bonn with hope of becoming a minister. For a short time he and Deussen became members of the Burschenschaft Frankonia. After one semester (and to the anger of his mother), he stopped his theological studies and lost his faith. As early as his 1862 essay "Fate and History", Nietzsche had argued that historical research had discredited the central teachings of Christianity, but David Strauss's Life of Jesus also seems to have had a profound effect on the young man. In addition, Ludwig Feuerbach's The Essence of Christianity influenced young Nietzsche with its argument that people created God, and not the other way around. In June 1865, at the age of 20, Nietzsche wrote to his sister Elisabeth, who was deeply religious, a letter regarding his loss of faith. This letter contains the following statement:
qas: question: zh_tw: 尼采什麼時候從學校畢業？
en: When did Nietzche complete school?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1864 年
en: text: September 1864

context: zh_tw: 在 1865 年尼采研讀了許多亞瑟・叔本華的著作，並在 1866 年讀了弗里德里希・艾伯特・朗格（Friedrich Albert Lange）所著的《唯物主義之歷史》一書。他很快便迷上兩本書裡的哲學觀，這促使他將他的研究領域擴充套件至文字學以外，並且決定繼續深入學習。1867 年尼采自願入普魯士軍隊於瑙姆堡的砲兵部隊服役一年，然而在 1868 年 3 月發生的車禍卻使他無法繼續服役。尼采於是繼續他的研究，在他研究暫停的那年他也認識了理察・華格納。
en: In 1866, he read Friedrich Albert Lange's History of Materialism. Lange's descriptions of Kant's anti-materialistic philosophy, the rise of European Materialism, Europe's increased concern with science, Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, and the general rebellion against tradition and authority intrigued Nietzsche greatly. Nietzsche would ultimately argue the impossibility of an evolutionary explanation of the human aesthetic sense.In 1867, Nietzsche signed up for one year of voluntary service with the Prussian artillery division in Naumburg. He was regarded as one of the finest riders among his fellow recruits, and his officers predicted that he would soon reach the rank of captain. However, in March 1868, while jumping into the saddle of his horse, Nietzsche struck his chest against the pommel and tore two muscles in his left side, leaving him exhausted and unable to walk for months. Consequently, Nietzsche turned his attention to his studies again, completing them in 1868 and meeting with Richard Wagner for the first time later that year.
qas: question: zh_tw: 尼采閱讀了哪本書？
en: Which book did Nietzsche read?
answers: zh_tw: text: 《唯物主義之歷史》
en: text: History of Materialism

context: zh_tw: 尼采接著在 1878 年出版《人性，太人性的》一書，以格言方式討論從形而上學到宗教乃至於性別等各種議題，也是在這本書里尼採明確的拋棄華格納和叔本華的哲學。尼采與歐文・羅德等人的交誼也在這時開始冷淡。尼采在這段時期在尋找合適的婚姻物件，卻始終沒有著落。自從幼年時期開始便為許多慢性疾病所苦的尼采，健康狀況亦越來越差。嚴重的近視使他近乎喪失視力、偏頭痛的疾病、以及劇烈的胃部疾病。1868 年的車禍和 1870 年的大病也進一步惡化了他的健康狀況，迫使他在巴塞爾任教期間必須申請越來越長的病假。終於在 1879 年，尼采不得不辭去他在巴塞爾的教授職位，正常教學活動完全中止。
en: With the publication in 1878 of Human, All Too Human (a book of aphorisms ranging from metaphysics to morality to religion to gender studies), a new style of Nietzsche's work became clear, highly influenced by Afrikan Spir's Thought and Reality and reacting against the pessimistic philosophy of Wagner and Schopenhauer. Nietzsche's friendship with Deussen and Rohde cooled as well. In 1879, after a significant decline in health, Nietzsche had to resign his position at Basel. Since his childhood, various disruptive illnesses had plagued him, including moments of shortsightedness that left him nearly blind, migraine headaches, and violent indigestion. The 1868 riding accident and diseases in 1870 may have aggravated these persistent conditions, which continued to affect him through his years at Basel, forcing him to take longer and longer holidays until regular work became impractical.
qas: question: zh_tw: 除了瓦格納和叔本華，還有哪兩種與尼采的交誼因為尼采更積極的哲學思想而冷卻下來？
en: What two relationships besides Wagner and Schopenhauer with Nietzsche cooled with his more positive philosophy?
answers: zh_tw: text: 羅德
en: text: Deussen and Rohde

question: zh_tw: 他自從幼年時期為什麼所苦？
en: What has plagued him since his childhood?
answers: zh_tw: text: 許多慢性疾病
en: text: various disruptive illnesses

context: zh_tw: 在 1882 年尼采出版《快樂的科學》的第一部分，他在那年也透過瑪畢達・莫森布和保羅・瑞認識女作家露・莎樂美。尼采和莎樂美在圖林根一同度夏，妹妹伊莉莎白也經常陪伴他們。尼采最後深深愛上莎樂美，在保羅・瑞的協助下開始追求她，但當尼采向她求婚時，莎樂美拒絕了他。尼采與莎樂美和雷兩人的親密關係最終在 1882 年 / 1883 年的冬季破裂，其中一部分原因是出自妹妹伊莉莎白的從中阻撓和離間。在失戀的痛苦下尼采的病情再度復發，他與母親與妹妹的關係也由於莎樂美而幾近破裂，更數度萌起自殺的念頭。尼采接著躲至義大利的利古里亞，在那裡他僅花了十日的時間，寫下第一部分的《查拉圖斯特拉如是說》。
en: Nietzsche and Salomé spent the summer together in Tautenburg in Thuringia, often with Nietzsche's sister Elisabeth as a chaperone. Salomé reports that he asked her to marry him on three separate occasions and that she refused, though the reliability of her reports of events has come into question. Arriving in Leipzig, (Germany) in October, Salomé and Rée separated from Nietzsche after a falling-out between Nietzsche and Salomé, in which Salomé believed that Nietzsche was desperately in love with her.
qas: question: zh_tw: 尼采的妹妹叫什麼名字？
en: What was Nietzsche's sister's name?
answers: zh_tw: text: 伊莉莎白
en: text: Elisabeth

context: zh_tw: 在 1889 年 1 月 3 日，尼采開始顯露出精神狀況不穩的徵兆。有日在義大利都靈街上引起公眾騷動後，尼采被義大利警方帶回。當日究竟發生了什麼事情至今已無從得知，經常流傳的一說是尼采在卡羅・阿爾伯託廣場看見一匹馬被馬伕鞭打，突然上前抱住馬的脖子痛哭道：“我受苦受難的兄弟啊！”，接著便癱倒在地上（巧合的是，陀思妥耶夫斯基在《罪與罰》中有幕是主角拉斯柯爾尼科夫看見馬遭到鞭打的場景。尼采曾稱讚陀思妥耶夫斯基為「唯一讓我受益良多的心理學家」）。
en: On 3 January 1889, Nietzsche suffered a mental breakdown. Two policemen approached him after he caused a public disturbance in the streets of Turin. What happened remains unknown, but an often-repeated tale from shortly after his death states that Nietzsche witnessed the flogging of a horse at the other end of the Piazza Carlo Alberto, ran to the horse, threw his arms up around its neck to protect it, and then collapsed to the ground.In the following few days, Nietzsche sent short writings—known as the Wahnzettel ("Madness Letters")—to a number of friends including Cosima Wagner and Jacob Burckhardt. Most of them were signed "Dionysos", though some were also signed "der Gekreuzigte" meaning "the crucified one". To his former colleague Burckhardt, Nietzsche wrote: "I have had Caiaphas put in fetters. Also, last year I was crucified by the German doctors in a very drawn-out manner. Wilhelm, Bismarck, and all anti-Semites abolished." Additionally, he commanded the German emperor to go to Rome to be shot and summoned the European powers to take military action against Germany, that the pope should be put in jail and that he, Nietzsche, created the world and was in the process of having all anti-Semites shot dead.On 6 January 1889, Burckhardt showed the letter he had received from Nietzsche to Overbeck. The following day, Overbeck received a similar letter and decided that Nietzsche's friends had to bring him back to Basel. Overbeck travelled to Turin and brought Nietzsche to a psychiatric clinic in Basel. By that time Nietzsche appeared fully in the grip of a serious mental illness, and his mother Franziska decided to transfer him to a clinic in Jena under the direction of Otto Binswanger. In January 1889, they proceeded with the planned release of Twilight of the Idols, by that time already printed and bound. From November 1889 to February 1890, the art historian Julius Langbehn attempted to cure Nietzsche, claiming that the methods of the medical doctors were ineffective in treating Nietzsche's condition. Langbehn assumed progressively greater control of Nietzsche until his secretiveness discredited him. In March 1890, Franziska removed Nietzsche from the clinic and, in May 1890, brought him to her home in Naumburg. During this process Overbeck and Gast contemplated what to do with Nietzsche's unpublished works. In February, they ordered a fifty-copy private edition of Nietzsche contra Wagner, but the publisher C.G. Naumann secretly printed one hundred. Overbeck and Gast decided to withhold publishing The Antichrist and Ecce Homo because of their more radical content. Nietzsche's reception and recognition enjoyed their first surge.In 1893, Nietzsche's sister Elisabeth returned from Nueva Germania in Paraguay following the suicide of her husband. She read and studied Nietzsche's works and, piece by piece, took control of them and their publication. Overbeck eventually suffered dismissal and Gast finally co-operated. After the death of Franziska in 1897, Nietzsche lived in Weimar, where Elisabeth cared for him and allowed visitors, including Rudolf Steiner (who in 1895 had written one of the first books praising Nietzsche), to meet her uncommunicative brother. Elisabeth at one point went so far as to employ Steiner as a tutor to help her to understand her brother's philosophy. Steiner abandoned the attempt after only a few months, declaring that it was impossible to teach her anything about philosophy.
qas: question: zh_tw: 尼采什麼時候瘋了？
en: When did Nietzsche run mad?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1889 年 1 月 3 日
en: text: On 3 January 1889