zetavg/mlqa_en_zh_tw huggingface dataset:
拉曼光譜學
Raman spectroscopy

context: zh_tw: 自發性的拉曼散射是非常微弱的，並且很難去分開強度相對於拉曼散射高的瑞利散射，使得得到的結果是光譜微弱，導致測定困難。歷史上，拉曼分光儀利用多個光柵去達到高度的分光，去除雷射，而可得到能量的微小差異。過去，光電倍增管被選擇為拉曼散射訊號的偵測計，其需要很久的時間才能得到結果。而現今的技術，帶阻濾波器 (notch filters) 可有效地去除雷射且光譜儀或傅立葉變換光譜儀和電荷耦合元件 (CCD) 偵測計的進步，在科學研究中，利用拉曼光譜研究材料特性越來越廣泛。
en: Spontaneous Raman scattering is typically very weak, and as a result the main difficulty of Raman spectroscopy is separating the weak inelastically scattered light from the intense Rayleigh scattered laser light. Historically, Raman spectrometers used holographic gratings and multiple dispersion stages to achieve a high degree of laser rejection. In the past, photomultipliers were the detectors of choice for dispersive Raman setups, which resulted in long acquisition times. However, modern instrumentation almost universally employs notch or edge filters for laser rejection and spectrographs either axial transmissive (AT), Czerny–Turner (CT) monochromator, or FT (Fourier transform spectroscopy based), and CCD detectors.
qas: question: zh_tw: 使用光電倍增管為拉曼散射訊號的偵測計，會產生什麼負面結果？
en: What was the negative result caused for using photomultipliers as detectors in dispersive Raman setups?
answers: zh_tw: text: 很久的時間
en: text: long acquisition times
聯合巴迪熊
United Buddy Bears

context: zh_tw: 巴迪熊活動以及救助貧困和災難兒童已經成為了不可分割的一體。透過捐款以及拍賣，至今已經為聯合國教科文組織以及多家當地兒童救助機構籌得了超過兩百四十萬美元的善款（截止 2008 年 7 月）。
en: As of September  2018 donations and selling Buddy Bears at auction had generated a total of Euro 2,300,000 in aid of UNICEF and of local organisations helping children in need.
qas: question: zh_tw: 拍賣會上出售了什麼？
en: What was sold at auction?
answers: zh_tw: text: 巴迪熊
en: text: Buddy Bears

question: zh_tw: 這個熊叫什麼？
en: What is the name of the bear?
answers: zh_tw: text: 巴迪熊

context: en: Buddy Bear activities and help for children in need have formed an inseparable unit. New United Buddy Bears are often designed to replace the previous unique sculpture of a particular country. Many countries are already represented with the third or fourth bear. The previous bears designed on behalf of the respective countries are generally sold at auctions.
qas: question: zh_tw: 這個熊叫什麼？
answers: en: text: Buddy Bear
血管性水腫
Angioedema

context: zh_tw: 食物消化吸收後可能帶來自己的血管擴張劑，如酒精飲料或桂皮，可加重病情。菠蘿蛋白酶與薑黃合用能減輕症狀。中藥分別稱兩種效果為 “發貨” 與抗炎消腫。
en: Consumption of foods which are themselves vasodilators, such as alcoholic beverages or cinnamon, can increase the probability of an angioedema episode in susceptible patients.  If the episode occurs at all after the consumption of these foods, its onset may be delayed overnight or by some hours, making the correlation with their consumption somewhat difficult. In contrast, consumption of bromelain in combination with turmeric may be beneficial in reducing symptoms.The use of ibuprofen or aspirin may increase the probability of an episode in some patients.  The use of acetaminophen typically has a smaller, but still present, increase in the probability of an episode.
qas: question: zh_tw: 飲酒可以增加患者的什麼？
en: Consuming alcohol can increase what in prone patients?
answers: zh_tw: text: 血管擴張
en: text: probability of an angioedema episode
撒爾塞特島
Salsette Island

context: zh_tw: 撒爾塞特島（葡萄牙語：Salsete, 馬拉地語：Sashti（साष्टी））是印度馬哈拉施特拉邦西海岸的一個島嶼。孟買大都會區和塔納市都位於島上。
en: Salsette Island (Salsete) is an island in the state of Maharashtra on India's west coast. The metropolis of Mumbai (formerly Bombay) and the city of Thane lie on it, making it very populous and one of the most densely populated islands in the world. It has about 15.1 million inhabitants living on an area of about 619 km².
qas: question: zh_tw: 撒爾塞特島位於哪裡？
en: Where is Salsette Island located?
answers: zh_tw: text: 是印度馬哈拉施特拉邦西海岸的一個島嶼
en: text: state of Maharashtra on India's west coast
豹屬雜交種

context: zh_tw: 在 San Pablo Apetatlan 市（位於墨西哥，靠近特拉斯卡拉州）的高原動物園裡，一隻雄性西伯利亞虎和一隻來自恰帕斯雨林南部的雌性美洲豹交配生下了一隻名為 “Mickey” 的雄虎美洲豹。
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪兩種動物交配生下了 Mickey？
en: What two breeds of animals were crossbred to produce Mickey?
answers: zh_tw: text: 一隻雄性西伯利亞虎和一隻來自恰帕斯雨林南部的雌性美洲豹

context: zh_tw: “Mickey” 在 400 平方米的棲息地展出，到 2009 年 6 月，“Mickey” 兩歲時被檢查出有 180 公斤（397 磅）重。
qas: question: zh_tw: 2009 年 6 月，Mickey 多少歲了？
en: how old was mickey in june 2009?
answers: zh_tw: text: 兩歲

context: zh_tw: “Dogla” 是指雄豹與雌虎的野外雜交種，或意指異常斑紋的豹。雄豹與雌虎的雜交種的學術名稱為豹虎。傳聞在印度有雄豹與雌虎雜交的證據。而假想的雜種也被當地獵人稱為 “Dogla”。印度民間也存在大型雄豹與雌虎交配的傳說。在 20 世紀初，有著所謂 “Dogla” 的報告。許多報道指出大型的豹可能在腹部、肩部有條紋，以及有著類似虎的身軀。其中一份報告說：“在研究它時，我發現這是一隻年紀非常老的雜交種。它的頭和尾巴純粹地像黑豹（印度豹），但是身體、肩部和圍脖則像虎。而身上的式樣則是玫瑰花結與條紋的組合；條紋寬而長，是黑色的，有點模糊但會形成接近分裂的花環。頭部也有斑點。這些條紋覆蓋在花環斑上。” 這個雜交種的皮膚或許被儲存過，但是已經丟失了。理論上它應該比豹大，雖是雄性，但也有雌性化的特點，所以它可能是不育的雄性雜交種。
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰聲稱這兩個物種交配？
en: Who claims that the two species mate?
answers: zh_tw: text: 印度民間

context: zh_tw: K Sankhala 的書《老虎》中提到，麻煩的豹被稱為 “adhabaghera”，意指 “混蛋”，並認為反向雜交（虎豹）不可能在野外出現，因為雄虎可能會把雌豹吃掉。Sankhala 提到曾注意到當地人的信仰中有雄豹與雌虎的自然雜交種。
qas: question: zh_tw: 這本書的作者是誰？
en: Who is the author of the book?
answers: zh_tw: text: K Sankhala

context: zh_tw: 在 1900 年，Carl Hagenback 讓一隻雌豹與一隻雄性孟加拉虎交配。而流產出來的死胎有著玫瑰斑、斑點、條紋的混合式樣。而 Henry Scherren 寫到：“一隻來自檳城（馬來西亞州屬）的雄虎與兩隻雌豹交配，兩者兼交配成功。細節並未給出且故事的結論有點矛盾。其中一隻的雌豹流產了，流產出來的死胎像小老鼠一樣大；而另一隻卻為提起。”
qas: question: zh_tw: 雌豹與哪種老虎雜交？
en: What kind of tiger was the female leopard crossed with?
answers: zh_tw: text: Hagenback 讓一隻雌豹與一隻雄性孟加拉虎交配。
肩
Shoulder

context: zh_tw: 肩，俗稱肩膀，是動物軀幹和上肢的交接點，與其相對的部位是臀。肩主要有三塊骨──鎖骨、肩胛骨與肱骨組成。為保證胳臂既能夠運動自如又具有一定力量，肩膀必須在韌性與力量間尋求一個平衡。正因如此，許多肩部問題都是其他交接點（如臀部）所不會遇到的。
en: The human shoulder is made up of three bones: the clavicle (collarbone), the scapula (shoulder blade), and the humerus (upper arm bone) as well as associated muscles, ligaments and tendons.  The articulations between the bones of the shoulder make up the shoulder joints. The shoulder joint, also known as the glenohumeral joint, is the major joint of the shoulder, but can more broadly include the acromioclavicular joint. In human anatomy, the shoulder joint comprises the part of the body where the humerus attaches to the scapula, and the head sits in the glenoid cavity. The shoulder is the group of structures in the region of the joint.The shoulder joint is the main joint of the shoulder.  It is a ball and socket joint that allows the arm to rotate in a circular fashion or to hinge out and up away from the body.  The joint capsule is a soft tissue envelope that encircles the glenohumeral joint and attaches to the scapula, humerus, and head of the biceps. It is lined by a thin, smooth synovial membrane. The rotator cuff is a group of four muscles that surround the shoulder joint and contribute to the shoulder's stability. The muscles of the rotator cuff are supraspinatus, subscapularis, infraspinatus, and teres minor. The cuff adheres to the glenohumeral capsule and attaches to the humeral head.
qas: question: zh_tw: 人的肩膀是由什麼骨頭組禾成的？
en: What bones make up the human shoulder?
answers: zh_tw: text: 鎖骨、肩胛骨與肱骨
en: text: the clavicle (collarbone), the scapula (shoulder blade), and the humerus (upper arm bone)
撒哈拉沙漠
Sahara

context: zh_tw: 在撒哈拉沙漠有一些山嶺、高原及火山，包括埃爾山脈、阿哈加爾高原、撒哈拉阿特拉斯山脈、提貝斯提高原、阿德拉爾山脈及紅海丘陵。撒哈拉沙漠的最高峰是位在北查德提貝斯提高原內的庫西山。
en: Several deeply dissected mountains, many volcanic, rise from the desert, including the Aïr Mountains, Ahaggar Mountains, Saharan Atlas, Tibesti Mountains, Adrar des Iforas, and the Red Sea Hills. The highest peak in the Sahara is Emi Koussi, a shield volcano in the Tibesti range of northern Chad.
qas: question: zh_tw: 什麼顏色用來形容海丘陵？
en: What color is used to describe the Sea Hills?
answers: zh_tw: text: 紅
en: text: Red

context: zh_tw: 撒哈拉沙漠的中間非常乾燥，幾乎沒有植物。沙漠的北邊及南邊有高地，有零散的草地及漠境灌木，在幹谷中溼氣比較集中，會有樹木或較高大的漠境灌木。
en: The central Sahara is hyperarid, with sparse vegetation. The northern and southern reaches of the desert, along with the highlands, have areas of sparse grassland and desert shrub, with trees and taller shrubs in wadis, where moisture collects. In the central, hyperarid region, there are many subdivisions of the great desert: Tanezrouft, the Ténéré, the Libyan Desert, the Eastern Desert, the Nubian Desert and others. These extremely arid areas often receive no rain for years.
qas: question: zh_tw: 撒哈拉沙漠的中間有什麼特徵？
en: What are the characteristics of central Sahara?
answers: zh_tw: text: 非常乾燥，幾乎沒有植物。
en: text: hyperarid, with sparse vegetation
瑪夏布洛姆峰
Masherbrum

context: zh_tw: 瑪夏布洛姆峰（Masherbrum）位於巴基斯坦北部，是世界第二十二高峰，巴基斯坦第十一高峰。瑪夏布洛姆峰最初被西方探險隊稱作 K1，是由於 1856 年英國蒙哥馬利少尉（T.G.Montgomerie）首次考察喀喇崑崙山脈時，用 “K” 開頭標出了此山脈自西向東的 5 座主要山峰。
en: Masherbrum (Urdu: ما شربرم ‎; formerly known as K1) is located in the Ghanche District, Gilgit Baltistan of Pakistan. At 7,821 metres (25,659 ft) it is the 22nd highest mountain in the world and the 9th highest in Pakistan. It was the first mapped peak in the Karakoram mountain range, hence the designation "K1".
qas: question: zh_tw: 這個里程碑在哪個國家？
en: What country is this landmark in?
answers: zh_tw: text: 巴基斯坦
en: text: Pakistan
薩爾曼・魯西迪
Salman Rushdie

context: zh_tw: 生於孟買，十四歲移居英國讀書，劍橋大學國王學院歷史系畢業。其作品風格往往被歸類為魔幻寫實主義，作品顯示出東西方文化的雙重影響。他在英國支援工黨，並批評祖國印度的保守派政黨。
en: Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie  (born 19 June 1947) is a British Indian novelist and essayist. His second novel, Midnight's Children (1981), won the Booker Prize in 1981 and was deemed to be "the best novel of all winners" on two separate occasions, marking the 25th and the 40th anniversary of the prize. Much of his fiction is set on the Indian subcontinent. He combines magical realism with historical fiction; his work is concerned with the many connections, disruptions, and migrations between Eastern and Western civilizations.
qas: question: zh_tw: 瓦解和遷移產生了什麼樣的文化影響
en: In what civilizations were disruptions and migrations caused
answers: zh_tw: text: 東西方文化
en: text: Eastern and Western civilizations
文化大革命
Cultural Revolution

context: zh_tw: 無產階級文化大革命，通稱文化大革命，簡稱文革，是一場於 1966 年 5 月 —1976 年 10 月間在中華人民共和國境內所發生的政治運動。文革是由時任中國共產黨中央委員會主席的毛澤東與中央文化革命小組，自上而下動員成千上萬紅衛兵在中國大陸進行全方位發動的階級鬥爭。普遍認為官方鼓勵的批鬥、抄家及告密等過激行為，使中國傳統文化與道德淪亡，整體經濟受嚴重影響，受害人數以千萬計，亦有人指不少文物都在 1966 年 6 月 1 日的破四舊中遭到紅衛兵的蹂躪。時任國家主席劉少奇、十大元帥的彭德懷和賀龍等領導人被迫害致死，鄧小平、陳雲等黨內高層亦在此期間被下放，習仲勳、薄一波等人更被打倒監禁。這場運動當時也影響了阿爾巴尼亞、朝鮮、法國、衣索比亞、荷蘭和智利等世界上一系列左翼勢力強大的地區。1981 年，中共中央透過《關於建國以來黨的若干歷史問題的決議》，公開全盤否定文革，立場和態度是，將其定性為「由領導者錯誤發動、被反革命集團利用，給黨、國家和人民帶來嚴重災難的內亂，造成全面而嚴重的危害」。。因其時間長達十年之久，故也隨後被稱為 “十年動亂” 或 “十年浩劫”。不過在 2018 年，中國官方出版的歷史教科書大大淡化了文革對國家的負面影響和毛澤東的責任，引起外界關注中共對文革的定性是否有改變。一般認為文革正式開始於 1966 年 5 月 16 日「五一六通知」出臺，是毛澤東在 1958 年前後的三面紅旗的挫敗後、以及在反蘇修、反美帝等口號的情況下，以革命名義攻擊溫和派（當時蔑稱走資派）並重回黨核心的嘗試，並在日後一兩年達到高潮，右派人物的影響力則多遭到剝奪，而當權派亦有內鬥，並導致了原定接班人林彪的死亡。1978 年 12 月中共十一屆三中全會，在文革結束及經過包括粉碎四人幫等一連串政治鬥爭後，中共中央形成了以鄧小平為首的第二代領導核心人物，並推動了撥亂反正、平反冤假錯案和改革開放，逐漸消減毛澤東時代的極左派色彩；也由於藉毛澤東權勢推動文革的極左派多被整肅，使中國社會經濟復甦並順利地由計劃經濟走向市場經濟。不過為了確保共產黨治理的合法性，文革平反後中共認為改革開放是完成對社會主義生產資料所有制的改造，並認為改革開放後中國直接步入長期地社會主義初級階段，籍中國特色的社會主義市場經濟一詞來掩飾實質上的路線變動。其允許私人資本再度活躍的做法，也令中國經濟回到了發展軌道上，讓人類歷史上前所未有的經濟增長成為可能。至今，文化大革命在中國大陸地區仍然具有極大的爭議性，中國官方和自由派人士認為文化大革命是錯誤的，自由派人士甚至認為毛澤東應該對此負主要責任。
en: The Cultural Revolution, formally the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement in China from 1966 until 1976. Launched by Mao Zedong, then Chairman of the Communist Party of China, its stated goal was to preserve Chinese Communism by purging remnants of capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society, and to re-impose Mao Zedong Thought (known outside China simply as Maoism) as the dominant ideology within the Party. The Revolution marked Mao's return to a position of power after the failures of his Great Leap Forward. The movement paralyzed China politically and negatively affected both the economy and society of the country to a significant degree. An estimated 500,000 to 2,000,000 people were killed.The movement was launched in May 1966, after Mao alleged that bourgeois elements had infiltrated the government and society at large, aiming to restore capitalism. To eliminate his rivals within the Communist Party of China (CPC), Mao insisted that revisionists be removed through violent class struggle. China's youth responded to Mao's appeal by forming Red Guard groups around the country. The movement spread into the military, urban workers, and the Communist Party leadership itself. It resulted in widespread armed clashes between conservative and radical factions in all walks of life, as a result of Mao's open call for "all-round civil war" against the conservatives in the communist party establishment. In the top leadership, it led to a mass purge of senior officials, most notably Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping. During the same period, Mao's personality cult grew to immense proportions.
qas: question: zh_tw: 文化大革命在哪裡舉行？
en: Where did The Cultural Revolution take place?
answers: zh_tw: text: 中華人民共和國
en: text: China
拉瑪克里斯納
Ramakrishna

context: zh_tw: 1855 年拉瑪受任為達克希涅斯瓦時母廟的祭司，該寺是由加爾各答 kaivarta 社群一名富裕女人 Rani Rashmoni 所蓋。拉瑪隨同他的姪子 Hriday 成為其兄 Ramkumar 的助手，他被派遣的工作是妝點神像。1856 年 Ramkumar 死後，拉瑪取而代之成為時母廟的祭司。Ramkumar 的死也讓拉瑪便得更加沉默寡言。他開始仰望時母的影像，視之為生母、宇宙之母。據說拉瑪曾在異象中看到時母即為宇宙之母，他描述道：「... 房子、門扉、寺廟，其他一切都一併消失了，無論何處都是空無一物！我看到無盡無邊的光之洋，那光即為意識。舉目所及都是閃爍的波浪，一波又一波地向我湧來。」
en: In 1855 Ramkumar was appointed as the priest of Dakshineswar Kali Temple, built by Rani Rashmoni—a rich woman of Kolkata who belonged to the kaivarta community. Ramakrishna, along with his nephew Hriday, became assistants to Ramkumar, with Ramakrishna given the task of decorating the deity. When Ramkumar died in 1856, Ramakrishna took his place as the priest of the Kali temple.After Ramkumar's death Ramakrishna became more contemplative. He began to look upon the image of the goddess Kali as his mother and the mother of the universe. Ramakrishna reportedly had a vision of the goddess Kali as the universal Mother, which he described as "... houses, doors, temples and everything else vanished altogether; as if there was nothing anywhere! And what I saw was an infinite shoreless sea of light; a sea that was consciousness. However far and in whatever direction I looked, I saw shining waves, one after another, coming towards me."
qas: question: zh_tw: 在 Ramkumar 於 1856 年去世後，Ramakrishna 接管了什麼？
en: What did Ramakrishna take over as after Ramkumar's death in 1856?
answers: zh_tw: text: 時母廟的祭司
en: text: the priest of the Kali temple
金角灣 (海參崴)

context: zh_tw: 海參崴的金角灣（俄語：Золотой Рог）是一個喇叭狀的海灣，被西北的 Shkota 半島、東面的高爾多賓那半島和西面的 Tigrovy 角與彼得大帝灣分開。此海灣長 7 公里，寬約 2 公里，深 20 到 27 米。俄羅斯港口海參崴位於海灣盡頭的山丘上。
qas: question: zh_tw: 該水域有多深？
en: How deep is the water?
answers: zh_tw: text: 20 到 27 米

context: zh_tw: 到 19 世紀中葉，海灣被中國人稱為 “海參灣”。第一艘停泊在海灣的歐洲船隻是 1852 年的一艘法國捕鯨船，在克里米亞戰爭期間，英國船 “溫徹斯特號” 來到海灣搜尋瓦西里 Zavoyko 的中隊。英國水兵把它稱為五月港。1859 年，尼古拉・尼古拉耶維奇・穆拉維約夫 - 阿穆爾斯基伯爵將其命名為金角灣，得名於君士坦丁堡同樣形狀的海港。
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰給俄羅斯的金角灣起名？
en: Who named the Zolotroy Rog bay in Russia?
answers: zh_tw: text: 尼古拉・尼古拉耶維奇・穆拉維約夫 - 阿穆爾斯基伯爵
群論
Group theory

context: zh_tw: 關於置換群的早期結果出現在約瑟夫・拉格朗日、保羅・魯非尼和尼爾斯・阿貝爾等人關於高次方程一般解的工作中。1830 年，埃瓦里斯特・伽羅瓦第一個用群的觀點來確定多項式方程的可解性。伽羅瓦首次使用了術語 “群”，並在新生的群的理論與域論之間建立起了聯絡。這套理論現在被稱為伽羅瓦理論。阿瑟・凱萊和奧古斯丁・路易・柯西進一步發展了這些研究，創立了置換群理論。
en: Group theory has three main historical sources: number theory, the theory of algebraic equations, and geometry. The number-theoretic strand was begun by Leonhard Euler, and developed by Gauss's work on modular arithmetic and additive and multiplicative groups related to quadratic fields. Early results about permutation groups were obtained by Lagrange, Ruffini, and Abel in their quest for general solutions of polynomial equations of high degree. Évariste Galois coined the term "group" and established a connection, now known as Galois theory, between the nascent theory of groups and field theory. In geometry, groups first became important in projective geometry and, later, non-Euclidean geometry. Felix Klein's Erlangen program proclaimed group theory to be the organizing principle of geometry.
qas: question: zh_tw: 埃瓦里斯特・伽羅瓦做了什麼理論？
en: What theory did Evariste Galois make?
answers: zh_tw: text: 伽羅瓦理論
en: text: Galois theory
國際單位制
International System of Units

context: zh_tw: 國際物理量系統（英語：International System of Quantities）是以以下七個基本物理量為基礎的系統：長度、質量、時間、電流、熱力學溫度、物質的量和發光強度。其他物理量，如面積、壓力及電阻，都可以根據明確、不相互矛盾的公式從這些基本物理量推導得出。國際物理量系統所定義的，是國際單位制單位所量度的物理量。ISO/IEC 80000 國際標準對國際物理量系統做了定義，定義於 2009 年經 ISO 80000-1 進一步完善。
en: The system is based on the quantities underlying each of the seven base units of the SI. Other quantities, such as area, pressure, and electrical resistance, are derived from these base quantities by clear non-contradictory equations. The ISQ defines the quantities that are measured with the SI units. The ISQ is defined in the international standard ISO/IEC 80000, and was finalised in 2009 with the publication of ISO 80000-1.
qas: question: zh_tw: 何時完成 ISQ 的？
en: When was the ISQ finalized?
answers: zh_tw: text: 80000 國際標準對國際物理量系統做了定義，定義於 2009 年經 ISO
en: text: 2009
阿貝・阿希提卡
Abhay Ashtekar

context: zh_tw: 阿貝・瓦桑特・阿希提卡（英語：Abhay Vasant Ashtekar，1949 年 7 月 5 日－）是一名印度理論物理學家。他是賓州州立大學引力與宇宙研究所的領導者，同時也是一名物理教授。作為阿希提卡變數的創始人，他圈量子引力理論及其下屬學科圈量子宇宙學的提出者之一。他也為非物理學背景的人撰寫了很多介紹圈量子引力的科普文章。1999 年，阿希提卡和他的同事計算出了黑洞的熵，證實了霍金 1974 年的預測。牛津數學物理學家羅傑・彭羅斯認為 “阿希提卡對於量子重力的研究方法是所有對相對論進行‘量子化’的嘗試中最為重要的。” 阿希提卡於 2016 年 5 月被推選為美國國家科學院院士。
en: Abhay Vasant Ashtekar (born 5 July 1949) is an Indian theoretical physicist. He is the Eberly Professor of Physics and the Director of the Institute for Gravitational Physics and Geometry at Pennsylvania State University. As the creator of Ashtekar variables, he is one of the founders of loop quantum gravity and its subfield loop quantum cosmology. He has also written a number of descriptions of loop quantum gravity that are accessible to non-physicists. In 1999, Ashtekar and his colleagues were able to calculate the entropy for a black hole, matching a legendary 1974 prediction by Hawking. Oxford mathematical physicist Roger Penrose has described Ashtekar's approach to quantum gravity as "The most important of all the attempts at 'quantizing' general relativity." Ashtekar was elected as Member to  National Academy of Sciences in May 2016.
qas: question: zh_tw: 他創造了什麼變數？
en: He created what variables?
answers: zh_tw: text: 阿希提卡
en: text: Ashtekar

question: zh_tw: 那些圈量子引力的描述是為誰寫的？
en: Who were a few of the loop quantum gravity descriptions written for?
answers: zh_tw: text: 非物理學背景的人
en: text: non-physicists

question: zh_tw: 他在哪所大學工作？
en: What university did he work at?
answers: zh_tw: text: 賓州州立大學
en: text: Pennsylvania State University
終結者外傳
Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles

context: zh_tw: 《終結者外傳 － 莎拉・康納戰紀》（英語：Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles），是一部基於電影系列《魔鬼終結者》製作的美國科幻電視劇，由 Warner Bros. Television、C2 Pictures 製作，於 2008 年 1 月 13 日在美國霍士電視臺首播。由於美國編劇協會大罷工，第一季九集，第二季 2008 年 9 月 8 日首播，二十二集。
en: Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles (sometimes abbreviated as Terminator: TSCC or simply TSCC) is an American science fiction television series that aired on Fox from January 2008 to April 2009. The show was produced by Warner Bros. Television, and C2 Pictures (C2 Pictures was replaced by The Halcyon Company in season two). It is a spin-off from the Terminator series of films. It revolves around the lives of the fictional characters Sarah and John Connor, following the events of Terminator 2: Judgment Day, and ignoring the events of the 2003 sequel Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines and the following installments. The series premiered on Sunday, January 13, 2008, on the U.S. television network Fox. Production for the series was provided by the Judgment Day and Rise of the Machines producers and C2 Pictures, Sony Pictures Entertainment (International) co-presidents Mario Kassar and Andrew G. Vajna, C2 Senior Vice President James Middleton, David Nutter and Josh Friedman, who not only served as executive producer but also wrote the script for the first two episodes.
qas: question: zh_tw: 《終結者外傳 － 莎拉・康納戰紀》在哪個電視臺播出？
en: What network was TSCC on?
answers: zh_tw: text: 霍士
en: text: Fox
南蘇丹
South Sudan

context: zh_tw: 南蘇丹的石油產量佔分裂前原蘇丹石油出口總量的 85%，石油是南蘇丹的重要經濟來源。南蘇丹基礎設施薄弱，是世界上最貧窮的國家之一。
en: South Sudan is acknowledged to have some of the worst health indicators in the world. The under-five infant mortality rate is 135.3 per 1,000, whilst maternal mortality is the highest in the world at 2,053.9 per 100,000 live births. In 2004, there were only three surgeons serving southern Sudan, with three proper hospitals, and in some areas there was just one doctor for every 500,000 people.The epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in the South Sudan is poorly documented but the prevalence is believed around 3.1%. According to a 2013 study, South Sudan "probably has the highest malaria burden in sub-Saharan Africa". South Sudan is one of the few countries where dracunculiasis still occurs.At the time of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement of 2005, humanitarian needs in Southern Sudan were massive. However, humanitarian organizations under the leadership of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) managed to ensure sufficient funding to bring relief to the local populations. Along with recovery and development aid, humanitarian projects were included in the 2007 Work Plan of the United Nations and partners. More than 90% of the population of South Sudan live on less than $1 a day, despite the GDP per capita of the entirety of Sudan being $1200 ($3.29/day).In 2007, the United Nations OCHA (under the leadership of Éliane Duthoit) decreased its involvement in Southern Sudan, as humanitarian needs gradually diminished, slowly but markedly turning over control to the recovery and development activities of NGOs and community-based organisations.Famine reportedly led to deaths in Northern Bahr el Ghazal and Warrap states in mid-2011, though the state governments of both denied hunger there was severe enough to cause fatalities.In Pibor County located in the Jonglei State, in December 2011 and January 2012, cattle raids led to border clashes that eventually resulted in widespread ethnic violence, with thousands of deaths and tens of thousands of South Sudanese being displaced, and hundreds of Médecins Sans Frontières staff went missing. The government declared the area a disaster zone and took control from local authorities. South Sudan has a very high rate of child marriage. Violence against women is common in the country, and South Sudan's laws and policies have been criticized as inadequate in offering protection.
qas: question: zh_tw: 2004 年哪個國家有三位外科醫生？
en: What country had three surgeons in 2004?
answers: zh_tw: text: 南蘇丹
en: text: South Sudan
無種

context: zh_tw: 在第十三年時，無種假扮為馬倌，化名「Granthika」（一些版本中則是「Jayasena」），待在了摩蹉國。他兼職訓馬師，在王室馬廄中照看馬匹。
qas: question: zh_tw: 訓馬師照顧什麼？
en: What did the horse-trainer look after?
answers: zh_tw: text: 在王室馬廄中照看馬匹

context: zh_tw: 黑天離去、爭鬥時開始時，般度族退隱並放棄了一切，只攜著一隻狗，開始了前往喜馬拉雅山脈朝聖的最後旅程。除堅戰之外，般度之子們都在到達聖地之前便虛弱不堪，紛紛離世。無種在黑公主和偕天之後死去。怖軍詢問堅戰為何無種會倒下，後者回答說，他對自己的外貌十分自信並堅信無人可與之比肩。
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰與般度族經歷最後的旅程？
en: Who was with the Pandavas on their final journey?
answers: zh_tw: text: 一隻狗
影像掃描器

context: zh_tw: 早期掃描器使用並口連線電腦，速度緩慢，最高傳送速度只有每秒 70 KB。專業型號採用 SCSI-II 介面，優點是傳送速度快，達每秒數 MB，但缺點是價格高昂，亦需要在電腦內加裝一張 SCSI 擴充卡，對一般用家構成不便。
qas: question: zh_tw: 為什麼早期的掃描機不能迅速傳送檔案？
en: Why were some of the first scanners not able to transfer data very fast?
answers: zh_tw: text: 早期掃描器使用並口連線電腦，速度緩慢，最高傳送速度只有每秒 70

context: zh_tw: ISIS 由 Pixel Translations 創立，仍然使用 SCSI-II 以提供高速度，被大型專業機器使用。
qas: question: zh_tw: 什麼還使用 ISIS 標準？
en: What uses ISIS?
answers: zh_tw: text: 大型專業機器
塔能鮑姆 - 託瓦茲辯論

context: zh_tw: 塔能鮑姆 - 託瓦茲辯論（英語：Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate），於 1992 年在 Usenet 討論群組（新聞組）comp.os.minix 上發起的一場辯論，主角為 Minix 創作者安德魯・斯圖爾特・塔能鮑姆與 Linux 核心原始作者林納斯・託瓦茲，討論的主題在於作業系統核心架構的選擇。塔能鮑姆認為，以微核心架構設計的作業系統，在理論上，比宏核心架構更加優越，主張 Linux 應該以微核心架構來進行重新設計。但是林納斯・託瓦茲以開發實務上的觀點展開反擊，陳述 Linux 選擇宏核心架構進行開發的理由，並比較 Minix 與 Linux 的效能差異。稍後，在 Linux 社群中的一些著名駭客也加入討論，如彼得・麥唐納、大衛・米勒、曹子德。
qas: question: zh_tw: 大衛・米勒以開發哪個作業系統核心而聞名？
en: David Miller is known for developing which OS kernel?
answers: zh_tw: text: Linux

context: zh_tw: 雖然初步的辯論顯得相對溫和，當事人雙方僅僅平淡了討論了有關核心設計的話題。但隨著每一輪的發帖和參與者的增加，辯論開始逐步變得詳細和複雜，甚至跨足於核心設計之外的其它領域，如 "哪種微處理器架構將在未來戰勝其它架構"，但其中也包括了一些意氣之爭的言詞辯論。除了塔能鮑姆和託瓦茲，Linux 開發社群中一些著名駭客也加入辯論，包括彼得・麥唐納，第一個 Linux 發行版的建立者；大衛・米勒，Linux 核心的核心開發者之一；和曹子德，北美洲第一個 Linux 核心開發者。
qas: question: zh_tw: 初步討論的話題是什麼？
en: What was the topic of the initial arguments?
answers: zh_tw: text: 核心設計

context: zh_tw: 第一條有關這場辯論的記錄，在 1992 年 1 月 29 日，塔能鮑姆在 comp.os.Minix 上發表了他的批評。在題為《Linux 是過時的》（Linux is obsolete）的帖子中，塔能鮑姆指出宏核心在整體設計上是有害的。雖然他最初並沒有加入高深的技術細節，來解釋他認為微核心更好的原因，但他也表明，這關乎可移植性，Linux 核心的耦合度太高，完全為 Intel 80386 處理器設計，但處理器架構的進化很快。不應該在某個特定架構上開發作業系統，所有的作業系統都應該具備可以被移植到其他處理器平臺的能力。他提到，在 1991 年仍然以宏核心來設計作業系統，是 “回到 1970 年代的巨大退步”（a giant step back into the 1970s），現代的作業系統，應該像 GNU Hurd 一樣採用微核心架構。
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪種核心被認為是 Linux 的負面？
en: What type of kernal was seen as a negative for Linux?
answers: zh_tw: text: 他提到，在 1991 年仍然以宏核心來設計作業系統，是 “回到 1970 年代的巨大退步”（a

context: zh_tw: 對於託瓦茲對於可移植性的回應，塔能鮑姆辯稱到 Minix 系統的侷限性與他的教授身份有關 —— 系統的硬體需求必須足夠低，才能得以讓大多數學生普遍低配的機器上使用 —— 一臺基於 Intel 8088 的計算機，有時連硬碟都沒有；而 Linux 在這時，卻針對的是 Intel 80386 平臺，顯然是更加強大（和昂貴）的處理器。塔能鮑姆同時明確表示，“在大概一年之前，就有兩個版本（的 Minix），其中一個是 PC 版（360k 軟盤），另一個是 286/386（1.2M 軟盤）。PC 版本銷量是 286/386 版本的兩倍”。他補充，雖然 Linux 是免費的，但這並不能成為他學生的選擇，學生也負擔不起執行它所需昂貴硬體，而 Minix 在一臺 “沒有硬碟的 4.77 MHz PC” 上就能使用。他同時表示專門為廉價的硬體設計作業系統，日後將導致可移植性方面的許多問題。不顧 Minix 無法完全支援 386 硬體的事實，塔能鮑姆辯稱，既然 x86 架構未來將被其它架構所取代，他並不需要去關心和解決這個問題，“當然，5 年之後情況自然會有所不同，但至少每個人都將在他們 200 MIPS 的 64M SPARC station-5 上執行自由的 GNU 系統。” 他說，因為處理器的進化速度太快，而 Linux 核心實在太依賴 386 架構，最終將會因為硬體架構的過時而失敗。
qas: question: zh_tw: MIXIX 有多少個版本？
en: How many versions of MIXIX were there?
answers: zh_tw: text: 兩
茱兒・芭莉摩
Drew Barrymore

context: zh_tw: 然而，盛名之累讓她的童年變調，染上了酗酒和毒品等惡習，二度接受康復訓練。終於克服毒癮後，1990 年芭莉摩出版自傳《迷失的小女孩》。她成功的從童星轉型成女演員，代表作包括《慾海潮》、《致命女人香》、《瀟灑有情天》、《大家都說我愛你》以及《驚聲尖叫》等多部電影，並以《婚禮歌手》和《賭你愛上我》等作品確立了她在浪漫喜劇的地位。
en: Following a highly publicized childhood marked by drug and alcohol abuse, Barrymore released an autobiography, Little Girl Lost, when she was 16 in 1991. She went on to appear in a string of successful films throughout the decade, including Poison Ivy (1992), Boys on the Side (1995), Mad Love (1995), Scream (1996), Ever After (1998) and The Wedding Singer (1998). The latter was her first collaboration with Adam Sandler; they have since starred together in 50 First Dates (2004) and Blended (2014).
qas: question: zh_tw: 在什麼情況下，16 歲的珠・芭莉摩出版自傳？
en: Under what circumstances did Drew Barrymore release her autobiography at the age of 16?
answers: zh_tw: text: 盛名之累讓她的童年變調，染上了酗酒和毒品等惡習
en: text: Following a highly publicized childhood marked by drug and alcohol abuse,
銀翼殺手

context: zh_tw: 2019 年 11 月的洛杉磯，退職警察瑞克・戴克（Rick Deckard，哈里遜・福特 飾演）被官員蓋夫（Gaff，愛德華・詹姆斯・奧莫斯 飾演）截住，蓋夫帶他去見老長官布萊恩（Bryant，麥克・艾密特・沃許 飾演）。身為一名「銀翼殺手」，戴克的工作是追捕被稱為人造人的生化機器人，並令他們「退役」（「殺死」的委婉說法）。布萊恩告訴戴克近來幾位「連鎖六型」（Nexus-6）人造人非法來到地球，他們僅有四年壽命，可能來地球尋求延長生命的方法。
qas: question: zh_tw: 戴克在哪裡被逮捕？
en: Where was Deckard arrested?
answers: zh_tw: text: 2019 年 11 月的洛杉磯，退職警察瑞克・戴克（Rick

context: zh_tw: 1977 年，漢普敦・芬奇的劇本被選中。製片人邁可・迪利對芬奇的草稿深感興趣，勸說雷德利・斯科特來導演。史考特最初謝絕了這個計劃，但在他離開《沙丘魔堡》（此片後由大衛・林區執導）進展緩慢的製作後，想要接手一個快節奏的企劃案，來轉移自己的兄長甫去世所帶來的傷痛。史考特於 1980 年 2 月 21 日開始著手籌拍《銀翼殺手》，他成功地讓電影之路公司把原先承諾投資的 1300 萬美元增加到 1500 萬美元。此時，芬奇發現了威廉・柏洛茲為艾倫・E・諾斯的小說《The Bladerunner》寫的劇本小樣，名為《銀翼殺手 （一部電影）》。史考特喜歡這個標題，讓迪利取得了該標題的使用權。他不太滿意芬奇的劇本著重於環境問題，而不是原著中佔分量更重的人性與信仰主題。史考特另僱了大衛・畢波斯來改寫劇本，而芬奇於 1980 年 12 月 21 日離開了企劃團隊，儘管他後來又回來參與了一些改寫。
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰的兄長剛去世了？
en: Who's older brother just died?
answers: zh_tw: text: 史考特

context: zh_tw: 雷利・史考特指出本片風格化的情緒基調來源於愛德華・霍普的畫作《夜遊者》，以及漫畫家莫比斯參與的法國科幻漫畫雜誌《重金屬》。他也參考了 “香港在天氣很糟糕時的城市景觀”，和他曾居住過的東北部英格蘭的工業化景象。史考特僱用了席德・米德作為概念設計師，他像史考特一樣也受到《重金屬》影響。莫比斯曾受邀參與《銀翼殺手》的前期製作，但他因為參與了赫內・拉魯的動畫片《時間之主》而婉拒了這項邀約，日後他對這個決定表示後悔。製片指導勞倫斯・G・普爾與藝術指導大衛・史奈德把米德和史考特的概念草圖轉為實物。道格拉斯・特蘭布和理查德・尤里西奇主管特效製作。
qas: question: zh_tw: 史考特的概念設計師是誰？
en: Who was Scotts concept artist?
answers: zh_tw: text: 席德・米德

context: zh_tw: 《銀翼殺手》於 1982 年 6 月 25 日在 1290 家影院上映。此日期是由製片小艾倫・拉德選中，由於他之前的高票房作品（《星際大戰》與《異形》）在接近的日期上映（1977 年與 1979 年的 5 月 25 日），使這天成為他的「幸運日」。然而首周票房令人失望，僅有 615 萬美元。造成票房不如預期的重要因素是本片與其他科幻片《突變第三型》、《星艦迷航記 II：星戰大怒吼》和《E.T. 外星人》幾乎同期上映，尤其是佔據當年夏季票房的大片《E.T. 外星人》對其影響很大。
qas: question: zh_tw: 《銀翼殺手》哪一年上映？
en: What year did Blade Runner premier?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1982
憲法法院
Constitutional court

context: zh_tw: 憲法法院屬於最高法院的一種，主要在處理關於憲法的爭訟案件。大部分國家的憲法法院都是在裁決某部法律 (甚至是憲法修正案，如中華民國司法院釋字第 499 號解釋]]) 或行政命令是否有違憲之虞。亦即該法規命令的內容是否與憲法定之人民基本權或政府職能相沖突。
en: A constitutional court is a high court that deals primarily with constitutional law. Its main authority is to rule on whether laws that are challenged are in fact unconstitutional, i.e. whether they conflict with constitutionally established rules, rights, and freedoms, among other things.
qas: question: zh_tw: 憲法法院的主要職權是什麼？
en: A constitutional court's main authority is what?
answers: zh_tw: text: 裁決某部法律 (甚至是憲法修正案，如中華民國司法院釋字第 499 號解釋]]) 或行政命令是否有違憲之虞
en: text: rule on whether laws that are challenged are in fact unconstitutional
戈勒斯坦省
Golestan Province

context: zh_tw: 戈勒斯坦省（波斯語:گلستان）是伊朗三十一個省份之一。面積 20,893 公里，在所有省份中排行第 20。人口約 1,637,063 (2005 年資料)；首府位於戈爾幹市。每公里大約 78 人。
en: The province was put as part of Region 1 upon the division of the provinces into 5 regions solely for coordination and development purposes on June 22, 2014. Majority of its population are Sunni Muslims.Golestān was split off from the province of Mazandaran in 1997. It has a population of 1.7 million (2011) and an area of 20,380 km². The province is divided into the following twelve counties (shahrestans): Aliabad County, Aqqala County, Azadshahr County, Bandar-e Gaz County, Gonbad-e Qabus County, Gorgan County, Kalaleh County, Kordkuy County, Maraveh Tappeh County, Minudasht County, Ramian County, and Torkaman County. Present-day Gorgan was called Esterabad until 1937.
qas: question: zh_tw: 戈勒斯坦的人口有多少？
en: What is the population of Golestan?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1,637,063
en: text: 1.7 million
太陽和太陽圈探測器
Solar and Heliospheric Observatory

context: zh_tw: 太陽和太陽圈探測器（Solar and Heliospheric Observatory，SOHO) 是由以馬特拉馬可尼航太公司（現在的阿斯特里姆）為首的歐洲工業財團製造，使用洛克希德馬丁的擎天神 2 號運載火箭於 1995 年 12 月 2 日發射。它是研究太陽的太空船，迄今已發現超過 3,000 顆彗星。它從 1996 年 5 月開始正常運作，是歐洲航天局和 NASA 聯合的一個國際合作專案。最初的計劃只是一個兩年的任務，但 SOHO 將在太空中服務超過 20 年。在 2013 年 6 月，一個延展的計劃獲得批准，它至少將持續工作至 2016 年 12 月。
en: The Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) is a spacecraft built by a European industrial consortium led by Matra Marconi Space (now Astrium) that was launched on a Lockheed Martin Atlas II AS launch vehicle on December 2, 1995 to study the Sun. SOHO has also discovered over 3,000 comets. It began normal operations in May 1996. It is a joint project of international cooperation between the European Space Agency (ESA) and NASA. Originally planned as a two-year mission, SOHO continues to operate after over 20 years in space: the mission is extended until the end of 2020 with a likely extension until 2022. As of 2019, only the LASCO coronagraph is still routinely producing data, with the other instruments all having been switched off.
qas: question: zh_tw: SOHO 什麼時候推出？
en: When was SOHO launched?
answers: zh_tw: text: Observatory，SOHO) 是由以馬特拉馬可尼航太公司（現在的阿斯特里姆）為首的歐洲工業財團製造，使用洛克希德馬丁的擎天神 2 號運載火箭於 1995 年 12 月 2 日發射。
en: text: December 2, 1995

question: zh_tw: 北美的哪個組織從事 SOHO 專案相關的工作？
en: What organization based in North America works on the SOHO project?
answers: zh_tw: text: NASA
en: text: NASA
精液
Semen

context: zh_tw: 在射精的過程中，精子會透過射精管並與精囊、前列腺和尿道球腺的分泌物混合，形成精液。精囊所產生的淡黃色粘稠液體構成人類精液的 7 成左右，並富含果糖等物質。受雙氫睪酮影響的前列腺分泌物是一種呈白色的淡液（有時會呈無色透明），含有蛋白水解酶、檸檬酸、酸性磷酸酶和脂質。球囊尿道腺分泌液則主要負責潤滑尿道內腔。
en: During the process of ejaculation, sperm passes through the ejaculatory ducts and mixes with fluids from the seminal vesicles, the prostate, and the bulbourethral glands to form the semen. The seminal vesicles produce a yellowish viscous fluid rich in fructose and other substances that makes up about 70% of human semen. The prostatic secretion, influenced by dihydrotestosterone, is a whitish (sometimes clear), thin fluid containing proteolytic enzymes, citric acid, acid phosphatase and lipids. The bulbourethral glands secrete a clear secretion into the lumen of the urethra to lubricate it.Sertoli cells, which nurture and support developing spermatocytes, secrete a fluid into seminiferous tubules that helps transport sperm to the genital ducts. The ductuli efferentes possess cuboidal cells with microvilli and lysosomal granules that modify the ductal fluid by reabsorbing some fluid. Once the semen enters the ductus epididymis the principal cells, which contain pinocytotic vessels indicating fluid reabsorption, secrete glycerophosphocholine which most likely inhibits premature capacitation. The accessory genital ducts, the seminal vesicle, prostate glands, and the bulbourethral glands, produce most of the seminal fluid.
qas: question: zh_tw: 前列腺分泌物中含有什麼樣的酸？
en: Prostatic secretion contained what kind of acid?
answers: zh_tw: text: 檸檬酸、酸性磷酸酶
en: text: citric acid, acid phosphatase

context: zh_tw: 人類的精漿包含有複雜的有機和無機成分。其能為在女性生殖道中移動的精子提供營養及保護。正常的陰道環境並不利於精子存活，因為它是酸性且粘稠的；精漿的成分能減輕此一問題。精液所帶有的氣味和味道主要是像腐胺、精胺、亞精胺以及屍胺般的鹼性胺類所致的。它們能中和陰道的酸性環境，避免精子所帶有的 DNA 變性。
en: The seminal plasma provides a nutritive and protective medium for the spermatozoa during their journey through the female reproductive tract. The normal environment of the vagina is a hostile one (c.f. sexual conflict) for sperm cells, as it is very acidic (from the native microflora producing lactic acid), viscous, and patrolled by immune cells. The components in the seminal plasma attempt to compensate for this hostile environment. Basic amines such as putrescine, spermine, spermidine and cadaverine are responsible for the smell and flavor of semen. These alkaline bases counteract and buffer the acidic environment of the vaginal canal, and protect DNA inside the sperm from acidic denaturation.
qas: question: zh_tw: 精子的攜帶基因產物是什麼？
en: What gene-carrying product of the sperm is protected?
answers: zh_tw: text: DNA
en: text: DNA
卡爾加里
Calgary

context: zh_tw: 在歐洲人定居卡爾加里之前，該地附近的地區便已有原住民居住。在 1787 年，探險家大衛・湯普森（David Thompson）在進行測繪期間於弓河岸邊度過了寒冬，為有記錄首名到達卡爾加里一帶的歐洲人，而首名定居卡爾加里的歐洲人則為約翰・格連（John Glenn），時為 1873 年。1873 年卡爾加里成為了西北騎警（North West Mounted Police，現加拿大皇家騎警）的一所驛站，當時名為比斯波堡（Fort Brisebois），後來在 1876 年於麥克勞上校（Colonel James Macleod）的領導下以蘇格蘭茂爾島（Isle of Mull）的地名卡加利為該驛站命名。
en: In 1875, the site became a post of the North-West Mounted Police (now the Royal Canadian Mounted Police or RCMP). The NWMP detachment was assigned to protect the western plains from US whisky traders, and to protect the fur trade. Originally named Fort Brisebois, after NWMP officer Éphrem-A. Brisebois, it was renamed Fort Calgary in 1876 by Colonel James Macleod.
qas: question: zh_tw: 在 1876 年比斯波堡被重新命名為誰的名字？
en: Who was Fort Brisbois renamed by in 1876?
answers: zh_tw: text: Brisebois），後來在 1876 年於麥克勞上校（Colonel James Macleod）的領導下以蘇格蘭茂爾島（Isle of Mull）的地名卡加利為該驛站命名。
en: text: Colonel James Macleod

context: zh_tw: 及後加拿大太平洋鐵路修建至此，卡爾加里逐漸發展成商業及農業重鎮，而該鐵路線的總部至今仍設於卡加利。卡加利在 1884 年正式取得鎮（Town）地位，選出了首任鎮長，而於 10 年後更取得市（City）的地位。
en: When the Canadian Pacific Railway reached the area in 1883, and a rail station was constructed, Calgary began to grow into an important commercial and agricultural centre. Over a century later, the Canadian Pacific Railway headquarters moved to Calgary from Montreal in 1996. Calgary was officially incorporated as a town in 1884, and elected its first mayor, George Murdoch. In 1894, it was incorporated as "The City of Calgary" in what was then the North-West Territories. The Calgary Police Service was established in 1885 and assumed municipal, local duties from the NWMP.The Calgary Fire of 1886 occurred on November 7, 1886. Fourteen buildings were destroyed with losses estimated at $103,200. Although no one was killed or injured, city officials drafted a law requiring all large downtown buildings to be built with Paskapoo sandstone, to prevent this from happening again.After the arrival of the railway, the Dominion Government started leasing grazing land at minimal cost (up to 100,000 acres (400 km2) for one cent per acre per year). As a result of this policy, large ranching operations were established in the outlying country near Calgary. Already a transportation and distribution hub, Calgary quickly became the centre of Canada's cattle marketing and meatpacking industries.By the late 19th century, the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) expanded into the interior and established posts along rivers that later developed into the modern cities of Winnipeg, Calgary and Edmonton. In 1884, the HBC established a sales shop in Calgary. The HBC also built the first of the grand "original six" department stores in Calgary in 1913, the others that followed are Edmonton, Vancouver, Victoria, Saskatoon, and Winnipeg.
qas: question: zh_tw: 卡爾加里是哪一年正式成為一個城鎮的？
en: In what year did Calgary officially become a town?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1884 年
en: text: 1884
殺手樂隊
The Killers

context: zh_tw: 2004 年 6 月 7 日，殺手樂團於英國發行出道專輯「聲名大噪 Hot Fuss」，專輯也在一週後於美國發行。其中收錄的曲目依發行地區而有所不同，在英國和澳洲第八首曲目由「Glamorous Indie Rock and Roll」取代了「Change Your Mind」。在發行初「聲名大噪 Hot Fuss」獲得了總體來說不錯的評價。由於樂團各處的巡迴演出以及「Somebody Told Me」、「All These Thing That I've Done」、「Mr. Brightside」等單曲得到格萊美獎的提名，讓「聲名大噪 Hot Fuss」成為巨大的商業成功。「聲名大噪 Hot Fuss」於 2005 年 1 月來到了英國排行榜冠軍，發行後七個月專輯在英國和愛爾蘭便獲 7x 白金認證。此專輯保持在英國排行榜上 173 周，比十年內任何一張專輯都還要久。2005 年 4 月在美國最高排名達到第七，以及獲得 3x 白金認證。2005 年 3 月在澳洲奪得榜首，同樣獲得 3x 白金認證。此專輯獲得 3x 白金認證的國家還有加拿大。另外專輯在其他國家也獲得白金 (紐西蘭) 和金 (阿根廷、比利時、德國、法國) 認證。「Mr. Brightside」截止 2017 年 7 月被下載了三百七十萬次。
en: The Killers released their debut album Hot Fuss on June 7, 2004 in the United Kingdom on Lizard King Records and a week later in the United States on Island Records. The track listing differed depending on territory, in the UK and Australia "Glamorous Indie Rock and Roll" replaces "Change Your Mind" as track eight. Upon release Hot Fuss received generally favorable reviews from critics. Extensive touring and the success of the Grammy Award nominated singles "Somebody Told Me", "All These Things That I've Done" and "Mr. Brightside" led to the album becoming a huge commercial success. Hot Fuss reached number one in the UK in January 2005, seven months after its release, and has been certified 7x Platinum in both the UK and Ireland.  It went on to spend more weeks on the UK Albums chart than any other that decade, 173 weeks in total.  In the US the album reached its peak position of number seven in April 2005 and has been certified 3x Platinum. It reached the top spot in Australia in March 2005, where it was certified 3x Platinum, it has also been certified 3x Platinum in Canada, Platinum in New Zealand and Gold in Argentina, Belgium, Germany and France. "Mr. Brightside" would eventually be downloaded 3.7 millions of times in the United States as of July 2017.
qas: question: zh_tw: 此專輯在英國專輯榜上保持了多長時間？
en: How long was the album on the UK Albums chart?
answers: zh_tw: text: 173 周
en: text: 173 weeks

context: zh_tw: 殺手樂團在 2006 年開除了他們的經理 Braden Merrick，隨後 Braden Merrick 對樂團的違約、樂團的新經理以及律師提出告訴。殺手樂團則提出反訴，認為 Braden Merrick 不佳的管理已經造成樂團數百萬的損失。此案在 2009 年擺平。
en: The band fired manager Braden Merrick in 2006, Merrick later filed a lawsuit against the band for breach of contract and their new manager and lawyer Robert Reynolds for $16 million each. The band counter sued citing that Merrick's poor management had cost them millions. The case was settled in 2009.
qas: question: zh_tw: 這個案件在什麼時候擺平？
en: What year was the case settled?
answers: zh_tw: text: 2009
en: text: 2009
熱狗
Hot dog

context: zh_tw: 跟大部份香腸一樣，熱狗要包腸衣後煮熟。傳統腸衣取自綿羊小腸。製成的香腸便稱為天然腸衣熱狗或法蘭克福香腸。這種熱狗口感較紮實，咬斷後會有「啪」的一聲，接著在口中釋出肉汁和香味。
en: As with most sausages, hot dogs must be in a casing to be cooked. Traditional casing is made from the small intestines of sheep. The products are known as "natural casing" hot dogs or frankfurters. These hot dogs have firmer texture and a "snap" that releases juices and flavor when the product is bitten.Kosher casings are expensive in commercial quantities in the US, so kosher hot dogs are usually skinless or made with reconstituted collagen casings.
qas: question: zh_tw: 羊腸腸衣又被稱為什麼？
en: Casings using intestines of sheep are known as what?
answers: zh_tw: text: 天然腸衣
en: text: "natural casing"
計算機科學
Computer science

context: zh_tw: 按照 Peter J. Denning 的說法，計算機科學的最根本問題是 “什麼能夠被有效地自動化？” 計算理論的研究就是專注於回答這個根本問題，關於什麼能夠被計算，去實施這些計算又需要用到多少資源。為了試圖回答第一個問題，遞迴論檢驗在多種理論計算模型中哪個計算問題是可解的。而計算複雜性理論則被用於回答第二個問題，研究解決一個不同目的的計算問題的時間與空間消耗。
en: According to Peter Denning, the fundamental question underlying computer science is, "What can be (efficiently) automated?" Theory of computation is focused on answering fundamental questions about what can be computed and what amount of resources are required to perform those computations. In an effort to answer the first question, computability theory examines which computational problems are solvable on various theoretical models of computation. The second question is addressed by computational complexity theory, which studies the time and space costs associated with different approaches to solving a multitude of computational problems.
qas: question: zh_tw: 皮特丹寧斯對於電腦的看法是什麼？
en: What is Peter Dennings perspective on computer science?
answers: zh_tw: text: “什麼能夠被有效地自動化？”
en: text: "What can be (efficiently) automated?"
月光集市
Chandni Chowk

context: zh_tw: 月光集市（Chandni Chowk，印地語：चाँदनी चौक, 烏爾都語：چاندنی چوک‬‎‎, 旁遮普語：ਚਾਂਦਨੀ ਚੌਂਕ）是印度老德里最古老繁忙的集市之一。據說因月光倒映在水渠中而得名。
en: The Chandni Chowk (Moonlight Square) is one of the oldest and busiest markets in Old Delhi, India. Chandni Chowk is located close to Old Delhi Railway Station. The Red Fort monument is located within the market. It was built in the 17th century by Mughal Emperor of India Shah Jahan and designed by his daughter Jahanara. The market was once divided by canals (now closed) to reflect moonlight and remains one of India's largest wholesale markets.
qas: question: zh_tw: Chandni Chowk 又被稱為什麼？
en: Chandni Chowk is also known as what?
answers: zh_tw: text: 月光集市
en: text: Moonlight Square
阿姆利則列車事故
Amritsar train disaster

context: zh_tw: 旁遮普省首席部長 Amarinder Singh 宣佈賠償死者家屬₹5 拉克（約合 4.72 萬人民幣），以及給予事故中傷者免費治療。鐵路部門沒有直接決定任何補償。中央政府宣佈給予遺屬₹2 拉克以及傷員₹50000（約合 0.48 萬元人民幣）作為補償。一些當地人在 10 月 20 日（事故第二天）在鐵軌上靜坐抗議，要求官員及火車司機採取行動，向受害者提供足夠的賠償。一些抗議者要求政府向遇難者家屬提供政府工作，並將責任歸咎於官員。鐵路部門負責人 Manoj Sinha 認為司機無過錯，不採取對他的任何行動。
en: Punjab Chief Minister Amarinder Singh announced compensation of ₹5 lakh (US$7,200) for the family of each of those killed, and free treatment for the injured. There was no immediate decision about any compensation from the railways. The central government also announced a compensation of ₹2 lakh (US$2,900) for the family of each of the dead and ₹50,000 (US$720) for the injured. The state announced a day of mourning in honor of the victims, and Singh ordered an inquiry into how the accident had occurred.On 23 October, Navjot Singh Sidhu, Minister for Local Government, Tourism and Cultural Affairs in the Punjab State Government
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰補償了家庭？
en: Who compensated the familes?
answers: zh_tw: text: Singh 宣佈賠償死者家屬₹5 拉克（約合 4.72 萬人民幣），以及給予事故中傷者免費治療。
en: text: Punjab Chief Minister Amarinder Singh
國際標準名稱識別碼
International Standard Name Identifier

context: zh_tw: 國際標準名稱識別碼（英語：International Standard Name Identifier, ISNI），是一種將媒體內容（如書籍、電視節目、報紙文章）的貢獻者賦予一個公開的獨特編碼。該編碼採用 16 個數字，每個數字分成 4 組顯示。
en: The International Standard Name Identifier (ISNI) is an identifier for uniquely identifying the public identities of contributors to media content such as books, television programmes, and newspaper articles. Such an identifier consists of 16 digits. It can optionally be displayed as divided into four blocks.
qas: question: zh_tw: ISNI 識別哪些型別的媒體？
en: What type of medium does the ISNI identify?
answers: zh_tw: text: 媒體內容（如書籍、電視節目、報紙文章）
en: text: media content such as books, television programmes, and newspaper articles
臨床心理學
Clinical psychology

context: zh_tw: 多數認為臨床心理學是 1896 年由萊特那・維特莫在賓夕法尼亞大學建立世界上第一所心理診所開始。現今臨床心理學主要應用的心理療法的流派計有：心理分析、人本主義、認知行為學派、家庭及系統治療等。
en: The field is generally considered to have begun in 1896 with the opening of the first psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania by Lightner Witmer. In the first half of the 20th century, clinical psychology was focused on psychological assessment, with little attention given to treatment. This changed after the 1940s when World War II resulted in the need for a large increase in the number of trained clinicians. Since that time, three main educational models have developed in the USA—the Ph.D. Clinical Science model (heavily focused on research), the Ph.D. science-practitioner model (integrating research and practice), and the Psy.D. practitioner-scholar model (focusing on clinical practice). In the UK and the Republic of Ireland, the Clinical Psychology Doctorate falls between the latter two of these models, whilst in much of mainland Europe, the training is at the masters level and predominantly psychotherapeutic. Clinical psychologists are expert in providing psychotherapy, and generally train within four primary theoretical orientations—psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and systems or family therapy.
qas: question: zh_tw: 心理學系什麼時候開始的？
en: The Psychology department began when?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1896 年
en: text: 1896
李約瑟
Joseph Needham

context: zh_tw: 1941 年，李約瑟獲選為英國皇家學會院士。受英國皇家學會之命，李約瑟從 1942 年到 1946 年在中國重慶任中英科學合作館館長，他為戰時中國優秀科學家在西方科學雜誌發表研究成果作出了很大的努力，並結識了竺可楨、傅斯年等中國科學家和學者，收集了大量的中國科學技術史文獻。此外他又遊歷了還沒有為日本佔領的地方，包括敦煌和雲南，又參觀考察了中國各學術機構從而收集了大量文獻和資料。這對他後來寫《中國科學技術史》有極大幫助。
en: Noel Joseph Terence Montgomery Needham  (; 9 December 1900 – 24 March 1995) was a British biochemist, historian and sinologist known for his scientific research and writing on the history of Chinese science and technology. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1941, and a fellow of the British Academy in 1971. In 1992, Queen Elizabeth II conferred on him the Companionship of Honour, and the Royal Society noted he was the only living person to hold these three titles.
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪一年諾埃爾・約瑟夫・特倫斯・蒙哥馬利・李約瑟被選為皇家學會的成員？
en: In what year was Noel Joseph Terence Montgomery Needham elected as a fellow of the Royal Society?
answers: zh_tw: text: 李約瑟
en: text: 1941
空中鐵匠
Aerosmith

context: zh_tw: 空中鐵匠（Aerosmith）是一支著名的美國硬式搖滾樂團，他們常常被稱為 “來自波士頓的壞男孩” 和 “美國最偉大的搖滾樂隊”，最初在 1970 年代早期在麻薩諸塞州的波士頓組成。他們的獨特風格，是根植於基於布魯斯的硬式搖滾，同時融合了流行音樂，重金屬，華麗金屬（glam metal），節奏與布魯斯的元素。他們的風格激勵了後期一大批搖滾藝術家們。他們長期以來都是美國最暢銷的搖滾樂團，在全球賣出了一億五千萬唱片，其中六千五百五十萬在美國售出。他們同時保持了美國樂團中最佳白金唱片的記錄。該樂隊曾 21 次進入公告牌熱榜 100 的前 40 名，9 次主流搖滾排行榜第一名，4 次格萊美獎，10 次音樂電視獎。他們在 2001 年進入了搖滾名人堂。
en: Aerosmith is the best-selling American hard rock band of all time, having sold more than 150 million records worldwide, including over 70 million records in the United States alone. With 25 gold albums, 18 platinum albums, and 12 multi-platinum albums, they hold the record for the most total certifications by an American band and are tied for the most multi-platinum albums by an American band. The band has scored twenty-one Top 40 hits on the Billboard Hot 100, nine number-one Mainstream Rock hits, four Grammy Awards, six American Music Awards, and ten MTV Video Music Awards. They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2001, and were included among both Rolling Stone's and VH1's lists of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time at number 57 and number 30 respectively. In 2013, the band's principal songwriters, Tyler and Perry, were inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame, and in 2019, the band will receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
qas: question: zh_tw: Aerosmith 獲得了多少個 MTV 影片音樂獎？
en: How many MTV Video Music Awards has Aerosmith won?
answers: zh_tw: text: 10
en: text: ten
夏洛特公主 (劍橋)
Princess Charlotte of Cambridge

context: zh_tw: 劍橋的夏洛特公主（英語：Princess Charlotte of Cambridge，2015 年 5 月 2 日－），全名為夏洛特・伊麗莎白・戴安娜（Charlotte Elizabeth Diana），是劍橋公爵威廉王子與夫人凱薩琳的長女，英女王伊麗莎白二世的曾孫女。她僅次於自己的祖父查爾斯王子、父親威廉王子及哥哥喬治王子，是英國王位第四順位繼承人。由於 2013 年王位繼承法的修訂，夏洛特是英國王室有史以來首位享有絕對英國王位繼承權的公主，不會因為弟弟路易王子的出生而降低繼承順位。這意味著，將來若其哥哥喬治王子在繼位上有任何變故而沒有任何子嗣，她將可能成為英國王室有史以來，首位正式的女王儲以及首位威爾斯女親王。
en: Princess Charlotte of Cambridge (Charlotte Elizabeth Diana; born 2 May 2015) is a member of the British royal family. She is the second child and only daughter of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge. She is fourth in the line of succession to the British throne.
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰在 5 月 2 日出生
en: Who was born on May 2nd?
answers: zh_tw: text: 劍橋的夏洛特公主（英語：Princess Charlotte of Cambridge，2015 年 5 月 2 日－），全名為夏洛特・伊麗莎白・戴安娜（Charlotte Elizabeth
en: text: Princess Charlotte