哮吼
Croup

context: zh_tw: 重要的是儘量保持義膜性喉炎患兒平靜。醫生通常給孩子類固醇，但在重度情況下會使用腎上腺素。如果孩子的血液中的氧氣量低於 92％，則需要輸氧。重度義膜性喉炎患者可以住院觀察。如果需要氧氣，最好採用 “漏氣” 方法（讓氧氣源在孩子的臉附近），因為氧氣面罩相比，這種方法不易打擾孩子。為配合治療，小於 0.2％的人需要氣管插管（放入呼吸道的管）。
en: Children with croup are generally kept as calm as possible.  Steroids are given routinely, with epinephrine used in severe cases. Children with oxygen saturations under 92% should receive oxygen, and those with severe croup may be hospitalized for observation. If oxygen is needed, "blow-by" administration (holding an oxygen source near the child's face) is recommended, as it causes less agitation than use of a mask. With treatment, less than 0.2% of children require endotracheal intubation.
qas: question: zh_tw: 如果孩子們急需氧氣，需要做什麼？
en: What's necessary if kids desperately need oxygen?
answers: zh_tw: text: 氣管插管
en: text: endotracheal intubation

context: zh_tw: 可使用糖皮質激素（例如如地塞米松和布地奈德）治療義膜性喉炎。服用類固醇後，患者症狀六小時內會有顯著改善。可以口服、注射或吸入類固醇，但口服最佳。通常單劑量即足夠量，並且安全。 0.15，0.3 和 0.6 毫克 / 千克劑量的地塞米松效果幾乎一樣好。
en: Corticosteroids, such as dexamethasone and budesonide, have been shown to improve outcomes in children with all severities of croup. Significant relief is obtained as early as two hours after administration. While effective when given by injection, or by inhalation, giving the medication by mouth is preferred. A single dose is usually all that is required, and is generally considered to be quite safe. Dexamethasone at doses of  0.15, 0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg appear to be all equally effective.
qas: question: zh_tw: 什麼藥物既可以注射，也可以吸入？
en: What medication is able to be administered both by injection and by breathing it in?
answers: zh_tw: text: 地塞米松
en: text: Dexamethasone

context: zh_tw: 義膜性喉炎的其他治療方法也有研究，但沒有足夠的證據來支援其使用。呼吸熱蒸汽或溼潤空氣是傳統的自我保健治療方法，但臨床研究未能顯示效果，目前很少使用。 也不建議使用通常含有右美沙芬和 / 或愈創甘油醚的止咳藥物 。過去曾經採用呼吸氦氧混合氣（氦氣和氧氣的混合物）的方法，以減少呼吸功，但鮮有證據支援其使用。由於義膜性喉炎通常是一種病毒性疾病，除非懷疑有細菌，否則不適用抗生素。細菌感染時，建議使用抗生素萬古黴素和頭孢噻肟。在重度並伴有甲型或乙型流感的情況下，可採用抗病毒 神經氨酸苷酶抑制劑。
en: While other treatments for croup have been studied, none has sufficient evidence to support its use. Inhalation of hot steam or humidified air is a traditional self-care treatment, but clinical studies have failed to show effectiveness and currently it is rarely used. The use of cough medicines, which usually contain dextromethorphan or guaifenesin, are also discouraged. There is tentative evidence that breathing heliox (a mixture of helium and oxygen) to decrease the work of breathing is useful in those with severe disease. Since croup is usually a viral disease, antibiotics are not used unless secondary bacterial infection is suspected. In cases of possible secondary bacterial infection, the antibiotics vancomycin and cefotaxime are recommended. In severe cases associated with influenza A or B, the antiviral neuraminidase inhibitors may be administered.
qas: question: zh_tw: 吸入熱蒸汽的治療方法是什麼？
en: What is the type of treatment for hot steam inhalation?
answers: zh_tw: text: 傳統的自我保健治療方法
en: text: traditional self-care treatment

context: zh_tw: 病毒性義膜性喉炎通常是短期疾病。義膜性喉炎很少會導致呼吸衰竭和 / 或心臟驟停引起的死亡。症狀通常在兩天內得以改善，但也可持續長達七天。其他少見的併發症包括細菌性氣管炎、肺炎和肺水腫。
en: Viral croup is usually a self-limiting disease, with half of cases resolving in a day and 80% of cases in two days. It can very rarely result in death from respiratory failure and/or cardiac arrest.  Symptoms usually improve within two days, but may last for up to seven days. Other uncommon complications include bacterial tracheitis, pneumonia, and pulmonary edema.
qas: question: zh_tw: 病毒性哮吼的預計持續時間為多長？
en: What is the expected duration of the viral croup?
answers: zh_tw: text: 七天
en: text: seven days

context: zh_tw: 約 15％的兒童（通常集中在 6 個月和 5-6 歲的年齡段）會患義膜性喉炎。這個年齡段住院的患兒中約 5％為義膜性喉炎。在極少情況下，3 個月幼兒和 15 歲兒童也有患義膜性喉炎。男性罹患該病的機率比女性高 50%。義膜性喉炎在秋季（秋天）更常見。
en: Croup affects about 15% of children, and usually presents between the ages of 6 months and 5–6 years. It accounts for about 5% of hospital admissions in this population. In rare cases, it may occur in children as young as 3 months and as old as 15 years. Males are affected 50% more frequently than are females, and there is an increased prevalence in autumn.
qas: question: zh_tw: 罹患此病的範圍是什麼？
en: What is range in which it could occur?
answers: zh_tw: text: 3 個月幼兒和 15 歲兒童
en: text: 3 months and as old as 15 years

context: zh_tw: “croup” 一詞源自早期現代英語動詞 croup，意思是 “嘶啞地哭泣”；該詞被首次在蘇格蘭被用於疾病，並在 18 世紀開始流行。義膜性喉炎白喉自荷馬的 “古希臘時候就已被人們知曉。在 1826 年，Bretonneau 區分出病毒性義膜性喉炎和白喉引起的義膜性喉炎。法國稱為病毒性義膜性喉炎稱作 "faux-croup，用 “croup” 指由白喉桿菌引起的一種疾病。由於有效免疫的實施，白喉引起的義膜性喉炎逐漸鮮為人知。
en: The word croup comes from the Early Modern English verb croup, meaning "to cry hoarsely"; the name was first applied to the disease in Scotland and popularized in the 18th century. Diphtheritic croup has been known since the time of Homer's Ancient Greece and it was not until 1826 that viral croup was differentiated from croup due to diphtheria by Bretonneau. Viral croup was then called "faux-croup" by the French and often called "false croup" in English, as "croup" or "true croup" then most often referred to the disease caused by the diphtheria bacterium. False croup has also been known as pseudo croup or spasmodic croup. Croup due to diphtheria has become nearly unknown in affluent countries in modern times due to the advent of effective immunization.
qas: question: zh_tw: 在 18 世紀，在 6 個月至 5 歲之間可能發生的呼吸道感染被命名為什麼？
en: An respiratory infection that could occur between 6 months and 5 years was named what in the 18th century?
answers: zh_tw: text: 義膜性喉炎
en: text: croup