萬有理論
Theory of everything

context: zh_tw: 阿基米德可能是人們所知最早一位用公理來描述自然，並且從中演繹出新結果的科學家。他試圖從幾個公理來描述「所有理論」。類似地，任何萬有理論也應該是基於一些公理，從這些公理能夠演繹出所有觀察到的現象。德謨克利特首先提出原子的概念，將所有觀察到的自然現象歸納為原子的運動。在古希臘時期，哲學家猜測，人們觀察到的自然現象之所以具有顯而易見的多樣性，完全是因為原子與原子之間的碰撞。在原子論之後，17 世紀的機械哲學建議，所有作用力可以最終約化為原子與原子之間的接觸力，在那時，原子被想像為微小的固體粒子。17 世紀後期，艾薩克・牛頓對於長距離引力的描述意味著並不是所有大自然作用力都源自於物體接觸的機制。在《自然哲學的數學原理》這本鉅著裡，牛頓提出萬有引力定律，並且用這涉及到超距作用的定律將伽利略・伽利萊對於地球引力的研究、描述行星運動的克卜勒定律與潮汐現象統合在一起給予合理解釋。在地球以外發生的現象與在地球發生的現象都可以用萬有引力定律做出合理解釋。1814 年，皮耶爾 - 西蒙・拉普拉斯將這些成果加以發揮闡揚，他提出一個著名的建議，假若一位足夠聰明的智者知道所有粒子在某個時間的位置與速度，則他可以應用自然定律計算出任意粒子在任意時間的位置：
en: Archimedes was possibly the first scientist known to have described nature with axioms (or principles) and then deduce new results from them. He thus tried to describe "everything" starting from a few axioms. Any "theory of everything" is similarly expected to be based on axioms and to deduce all observable phenomena from them.Following Democritean atomism, the mechanical philosophy of the 17th century posited that all forces could be ultimately reduced to contact forces between the atoms, then imagined as tiny solid particles.In the late 17th century, Isaac Newton's description of the long-distance force of gravity implied that not all forces in nature result from things coming into contact. Newton's work in his Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy dealt with this in a further example of unification, in this case unifying Galileo's work on terrestrial gravity, Kepler's laws of planetary motion and the phenomenon of tides by explaining these apparent actions at a distance under one single law: the law of universal gravitation.In 1814, building on these results, Laplace famously suggested that a sufficiently powerful intellect could, if it knew the position and velocity of every particle at a given time, along with the laws of nature, calculate the position of any particle at any other time:
qas: question: zh_tw: ” 阿基米德的對‘一切’的描述是以什麼開始的？“
en: What were the start of Archimedes description of "everything?"
answers: zh_tw: text: 幾個公理
en: text: a few axioms

context: zh_tw: 經過多年努力，物理學者仍舊無法將引力併入量子框架，更不必說與其他基本力統合。因此，他們轉移工作焦點，試圖統合其它三種力：電磁力、弱力與強力。1967–68 年，謝爾登・格拉肖、史蒂文・溫伯格、阿卜杜勒・薩拉姆提出理論共同將前兩種力合併為電弱力。對稱性破缺終止了電弱統一：在低能量狀況，電磁力與弱力變得不一樣，因為傳遞弱力的 W 及 Z 玻色子的非零質量分別為 80.4 GeV 與 91.2 GeV，而傳遞電磁力的光子的質量為零。在高能量，W 及 Z 玻色子可以很容易地被製成，兩種力變得一樣。
en: Electroweak unification is a broken symmetry: the electromagnetic and weak forces appear distinct at low energies because the particles carrying the weak force, the W and Z bosons, have non-zero masses of 80.4 GeV/c2 and 91.2 GeV/c2, whereas the photon, which carries the electromagnetic force, is massless. At higher energies Ws and Zs can be created easily and the unified nature of the force becomes apparent.
qas: question: zh_tw: 電弱力一體化是什麼？
en: What is electroweak unification?
answers: zh_tw: text: 對稱性破缺終止了電弱統一：在低能量狀況，電磁力與弱力變得不一樣，因為傳遞弱力的 W 及 Z 玻色子的非零質量分別為 80.4
en: text: a broken symmetry

question: zh_tw: 有多少種量子力專注於引力和電磁學的統合？
en: How many quantum forces focused on the unification of gravity and electromagnetism?
answers: zh_tw: text: 三

question: zh_tw: 誰導致了前兩種的合併？
en: Who was responsible for combining the first two?
answers: zh_tw: text: 謝爾登・格拉肖、史蒂文・溫伯格、阿卜杜勒・薩拉姆

context: en: Gravity and electromagnetism could always peacefully coexist as entries in a list of classical forces, but for many years it seemed that gravity could not even be incorporated into the quantum framework, let alone unified with the other fundamental forces. For this reason, work on unification, for much of the twentieth century, focused on understanding the three "quantum" forces: electromagnetism and the weak and strong forces. The first two were combined in 1967–68 by Sheldon Glashow, Steven Weinberg, and Abdus Salam into the "electroweak" force.
qas: question: zh_tw: 有多少種量子力專注於引力和電磁學的統合？
answers: en: text: three

question: zh_tw: 誰導致了前兩種的合併？
answers: en: text: Sheldon Glashow, Steven Weinberg, and Abdus Salam