結節病
Sarcoidosis

context: zh_tw: 可以累及到神經系統的所有部份。影響大腦或神經組織的結節病被稱為神經類結節病。約 5% 的患者會發生神經類病變。顱神經是主要被影響的物件，顱神經周圍性面神經麻痺，通常為雙側性麻痺，是最常見的神經系統結節病的表現。它發生迅速，持續短暫。其他常見的神經系統表現包括視神經功能障礙、視乳頭水腫、味覺功能減退、聽力異常、下丘腦和垂體異常、慢性腦膜炎和周圍神經病變。骨髓內結節病是罕見的，不到 1% 的情況下會涉及。通常情況下，肉芽腫對基礎腦膜的牽連，會影響腦神經功能。髓內神經類結節病可能是脊髓病變的最初臨床表現。
en: Any of the components of the nervous system can be involved. Sarcoidosis affecting the nervous system is known as neurosarcoidosis. Cranial nerves are most commonly affected, accounting for about 5–30% of neurosarcoidosis cases, and peripheral facial nerve palsy, often bilateral, is the most common neurological manifestation of sarcoidosis. It occurs suddenly and is usually transient. The central nervous system involvement is present in 10–25% of sarcoidosis cases. Other common manifestations of neurosarcoidosis include optic nerve dysfunction, papilledema, palate dysfunction, neuroendocrine changes, hearing abnormalities, hypothalamic and pituitary abnormalities, chronic meningitis, and peripheral neuropathy. Myelopathy, that is spinal cord involvement, occurs in about 16–43% of neurosarcoidosis cases and is often associated with the poorest prognosis of the neurosarcoidosis subtypes. Whereas facial nerve palsies and acute meningitis due to sarcoidosis tend to have the most favourable prognosis, another common finding in sarcoidosis with neurological involvement is autonomic or sensory small-fiber neuropathy. Neuroendocrine sarcoidosis accounts for about 5–10% of neurosarcoidosis cases and can lead to diabetes insipidus, changes in menstrual cycle and hypothalamic dysfunction. The latter can lead to changes in body temperature, mood, and prolactin (see the endocrine and exocrine section for details).
qas: question: zh_tw: 結節病可能會影響什麼系統？
en: What system could Sarcoidosis possibly affect?
answers: zh_tw: text: 神經
en: text: nervous

context: zh_tw: 並且本病的嚴重程度不同種族的人之間的差異較大。多項研究資料顯示擁有非洲血統的人患病情況可能會更嚴重，比高加索人，他們更容易患病。種族和性別的不同，結節病的表現似乎略有不同。結節性紅斑男性比女性更為常見，且在白種人中比其他種族的人群更為常見的。在日本，眼部、心臟的受累也比在其他種族中更為常見的。結節病是非吸菸者中發病率較高的幾個肺部疾病之一。
en: Sarcoidosis most commonly affects young adults of both sexes, although studies have reported more cases in females. Incidence is highest for individuals younger than 40 and peaks in the age-group from 20 to 29 years; a second peak is observed for women over 50.Sarcoidosis occurs throughout the world in all races with an average incidence of 16.5 per 100,000 in men and 19 per 100,000 in women. The disease is most common in Northern European countries and the highest annual incidence of 60 per 100,000 is found in Sweden and Iceland. In the United Kingdom the prevalence is 16 in 100,000. In the United States, sarcoidosis is more common in people of African descent than Caucasians, with annual incidence reported as 35.5 and 10.9 per 100,000, respectively. Sarcoidosis is less commonly reported in South America, Spain, India, Canada, and the Philippines. There may be a higher susceptibility to sarcoidosis in those with celiac disease. An association between the two disorders has been suggested.There also has been a seasonal clustering observed in sarcoidosis-affected individuals. In Greece about 70% of diagnoses occur between March and May every year, in Spain about 50% of diagnoses occur between April and June, and in Japan it is mostly diagnosed during June and July.The differing incidence across the world may be at least partially attributable to the lack of screening programs in certain regions of the world, and the overshadowing presence of other granulomatous diseases, such as tuberculosis, that may interfere with the diagnosis of sarcoidosis where they are prevalent. There may also be differences in the severity of the disease between people of different ethnicities. Several studies suggest the presentation in people of African origin may be more severe and disseminated than for Caucasians, who are more likely to have asymptomatic disease. Manifestation appears to be slightly different according to race and sex. Erythema nodosum is far more common in men than in women and in Caucasians than in other races. In Japanese persons, ophthalmologic and cardiac involvement are more common than in other races.It is more common in certain occupations, namely firefighters, educators, military personnel, persons who work in industries where pesticides are used, law enforcement, and healthcare personnel. In the year after the September 11 attacks, the rate of sarcoidosis incidence went up four-fold (to 86 cases per 100,000).
qas: question: zh_tw: 結節性紅斑在哪種族中為常見？
en: What race is Erythema nodosum most prevalent in?
answers: zh_tw: text: 白種人
en: text: Caucasians