卵巢癌
Ovarian cancer

context: zh_tw: 排卵越多的人，罹患卵巢癌的機率也會變高。所以從未產子的、較早開始排卵的，或是較晚進入更年期的人，罹患的機率都會上升。其他危險因子包括 停經後的荷爾蒙治療、排卵藥物，和肥胖症等等。降低風險的方法則包括荷爾蒙避孕法、輸卵管結紮術，以及哺乳等。大約有 1 成的病例是來自遺傳風險，而 BRCA1 或 BRCA2 基因突變者，有將近一半的機會誘發此症。卵巢癌中最常見的型別是卵巢上皮細胞癌 （英語：ovarian carcinoma），高達 95% 的病例都屬於此型別。卵巢上皮細胞癌包含了五種亞型，其中高分化漿液性（英語：high-grade serous）卵巢癌是最常見的。一般相信這些腫瘤是來自卵巢表面的細胞，雖然有些可能是形成於輸卵管。比較罕見的型別則有 生殖細胞瘤和性索基質腫瘤。要確診是哪一種型別，通常是透過對手術中移除的部分做活體切片檢察。
en: Ovarian cancer is a cancer that forms in or on an ovary. It results in abnormal cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body. When this process begins, there may be no or only vague symptoms. Symptoms become more noticeable as the cancer progresses. These symptoms may include bloating, pelvic pain, abdominal swelling, and loss of appetite, among others. Common areas to which the cancer may spread include the lining of the abdomen, lymph nodes, lungs, and liver.The risk of ovarian cancer increases in women who have ovulated more over their lifetime. This includes those who have never had children, those who begin ovulation at a younger age and those who reach menopause at an older age. Other risk factors include hormone therapy after menopause, fertility medication, and obesity. Factors that decrease risk include hormonal birth control, tubal ligation, and breast feeding. About 10% of cases are related to inherited genetic risk; women with mutations in the genes BRCA1 or BRCA2 have about a 50% chance of developing the disease. Ovarian carcinoma is the most common type of ovarian cancer, comprising more than 95% of cases. There are five main subtypes of ovarian carcinoma, of which high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) is the most common. These tumors are believed to start in the cells covering the ovaries, though some may form at the Fallopian tubes. Less common types of ovarian cancer include germ cell tumors and sex cord stromal tumors. A diagnosis of ovarian cancer is confirmed through a biopsy of tissue, usually removed during surgery.Screening is not recommended in women who are at average risk, as evidence does not support a reduction in death and the high rate of false positive tests may lead to unneeded surgery, which is accompanied by its own risks. Those at very high risk may have their ovaries removed as a preventive measure. If caught and treated in an early stage, ovarian cancer is often curable. Treatment usually includes some combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Outcomes depend on the extent of the disease, the subtype of cancer present, and other medical conditions. The overall five-year survival rate in the United States is 45%. Outcomes are worse in the developing world.In 2012, new cases occurred in approximately 239,000 women. In 2015 it was present in 1.2 million women and resulted in 161,100 deaths worldwide.  Among women it is the seventh-most common cancer and the eighth-most common cause of death from cancer. The typical age of diagnosis is 63. Death from ovarian cancer is more common in North America and Europe than in Africa and Asia.
qas: question: zh_tw: 其他危險因子是哪些？
en: What are some other risk factors?
answers: zh_tw: text: 停經後的荷爾蒙治療、排卵藥物，和肥胖症等等。
en: text: hormone therapy after menopause, fertility medication, and obesity.