zetavg/mlqa_en_zh_tw huggingface dataset:
卡約兒
Kajol

context: zh_tw: 卡約兒生於寶萊塢一個著名的演員家庭。她的父親宿姆・穆科吉（Shomu Mukherjee）和兩個叔叔都是影片製片人，母親坦努加・穆科吉（Tanuja Mukherjee）是獲獎演員。姨姨努坦（Nutan）則是聲名遐邇的印度影后，至今依然保持著五度獲得《印度電影觀眾獎》的傲人紀錄。她的外婆（Shobhna Samarth）和祖婆（Rattan Bai）也曾是知名的印地語電影演員。
en: Kajol was born in Bombay (Mumbai) to the Mukherjee-Samarth film family of Bengali-Marathi descent. Her mother, Tanuja, is an actress, while her father Shomu Mukherjee was a film director and producer. Shomu died in 2008 after suffering cardiac arrest. Her younger sister, Tanishaa is also an actress. Her maternal aunt was actress Nutan and her maternal grandmother, Shobhna Samarth, and great grandmother, Rattan Bai, were both involved in Hindi cinema. Her paternal uncles, Joy Mukherjee and Deb Mukherjee, are film producers, while her paternal and maternal grandfathers, Sashadhar Mukherjee and Kumarsen Samarth, were filmmakers. Kajol's cousins Rani Mukerji, Sharbani Mukherjee and Mohnish Behl are also Bollywood actors; whereas another cousin of hers, Ayan Mukerji is a director.Kajol describes herself as being "extremely mischievous" as a child. She added that she was very stubborn and impulsive from a very young age. Her parents separated when she was young; but according to Tanuja, Kajol was not affected by the split as "we never argued in front of [her]". In the absence of her mother, Kajol was looked after by her maternal grandmother, who "never let me feel that my mother was away and working". According to Kajol, her mother inculcated a sense of independence in her at a very young age. Growing up between two separate cultures, she inherited her "Maharashtrian pragmatism" from her mother and her "Bengali temperament" from her father.Kajol studied at the St Joseph Convent boarding school in Panchgani. Apart from her studies, she participated in extra-curricular activities, such as dancing. It was in school that she began to form an active interest in reading fiction, as it helped her "through the bad moments" in her life. At the age of sixteen, she began work on Rahul Rawail's film Bekhudi, which according to her was a "big dose of luck". She initially intended to return to school after shooting for the film during her summer vacations. However, she eventually dropped out of school to pursue a full-time career in film. On not completing her education, she quoted, "I don't think I am any less well-rounded because I didn't complete school".
qas: question: zh_tw: 努坦的職業是什麼？
en: What is the occupation of Nutan?
answers: zh_tw: text: 演員
en: text: actress
誰人樂隊
The Who

context: zh_tw: 誰人樂隊（英語：The Who）是一支英國搖滾樂團，他們在 1964 年成軍。樂隊後來成為一直以來最受高評和最受歡迎的搖滾藝術家之一，其現場演出尤其被推崇備至，被形容為「可能是史上最佳的現場演出樂團」。樂團大部分時間及經典陣容為主唱羅傑・多特里、結他手皮特・湯申德、貝司手約翰・恩特維斯托及鼓手凱思・穆恩。在凱思・穆恩及約翰・恩特維斯托先後在 1978 年及 2002 年離世，包括了 1983 年 —1988 年，及 1990 年 —1995 年的隱退期，誰人經歷一段長時間的過離合及巡迴演出後，最新錄音室專輯《Endless Wire》在 2006 年 10 月 30 日推出。1990 年被引入搖滾名人堂。
en: In 1990, the Who were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. The group have a featured collection in the hall's museum, including one of Moon's velvet suits, a Warwick bass of Entwistle's, and a drumhead from 1968.In 1991, the Who recorded a cover of Elton John's "Saturday Night's Alright for Fighting" for the tribute album Two Rooms: Celebrating the Songs of Elton John & Bernie Taupin. It was the last studio recording to feature Entwistle. In 1994, Daltrey turned 50 and celebrated with two concerts at New York's Carnegie Hall. The shows included guest spots by Entwistle and Townshend. Although all three surviving original members of the Who attended, they appeared on stage together only during the finale, "Join Together", with the other guests. Daltrey toured that year with Entwistle, Zak Starkey on drums and Simon Townshend filling in for his brother as guitarist.
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰人（The Who）是哪一年被引入的？
en: What year were The Who inducted?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1990 年
en: text: 1990
貝拉克・奧巴馬
Barack Obama

context: zh_tw: 奧巴馬生於美國夏威夷州檀香山，他在夏威夷長大，但童年時期也在華盛頓州和印度尼西亞分別生活一年和四年。在 1983 年從哥倫比亞大學畢業之後，他在芝加哥做一名社群活動組織者。1988 年奧巴馬進入哈佛法學院，在那成為哈佛法律評論的第一名非裔總編輯。畢業後他成為一名民權律師，並從 1997 年至 2004 年在芝加哥大學法學院任憲制性法律教授。1997 年當選伊利諾州參議員，並擔任職務直至 2004 年參選聯邦參議員。同年因意想不到的參議員初選勝利，在美國民主黨全國代表大會上發表主題演講和以絕對優勢勝出參議員選舉，成為全美知名的政治人物。2007 年 2 月 10 日，他正式宣佈參加 2008 年美國總統選舉。同年 6 月贏得民主黨初選，並在聯邦選舉中戰勝共和黨總統候選人約翰・麥凱恩獲得勝利。2009 年 10 月 9 日，獲頒諾貝爾和平獎。
en: Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago. In 1988, he enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. After graduating, he became a civil rights attorney and an academic, teaching constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. He represented the 13th district for three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 until 2004 when he ran for the U.S. Senate. He received national attention in 2004 with his March primary win, his well-received July Democratic National Convention keynote address, and his landslide November election to the Senate. In 2008, he was nominated for president a year after his campaign began and after a close primary campaign against Hillary Clinton. He was elected over Republican John McCain and was inaugurated on January 20, 2009. Nine months later, he was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate.
qas: question: zh_tw: 1988 年，他做了什麼？
en: what did he do in 1988
answers: zh_tw: text: 進入哈佛法學院
en: text: enrolled in Harvard Law School
EA Sports
EA Sports

context: zh_tw: 大多數的 EA Sports 遊戲是按年份推出。不過，因為 EA Sports 作為官方授權的主要買家，所以短期內很常看到相同的運動的一些遊戲以不同的授權釋出：國際足盟大賽 98 在國際足盟大賽 98：世界盃之路不久後推出（因為 EA Sports 同時擁有世界盃足球賽和歐洲足球錦標賽的官方授權，每四年會發生一次），還有美國大學的足球與籃球分別是基於勁爆美式足球和勁爆美國職籃所發行。
en: Most EA Sports games are distinguished by year, as most games are released on a yearly basis. Nevertheless, as EA Sports is the leading purchaser of official licenses, it is not uncommon that in a short span several games of the same sport but with different licenses are released: FIFA: Road to World Cup 98 was shortly followed by FIFA 98 and then World Cup 98, all in the wake of FIFA Soccer Manager in 1997 (as EA has the license for the FIFA World Cup and the European Football Championship, each happening regularly in four-year intervals), and college football and basketball games are released that are based on Madden NFL and NBA Live, respectively.
qas: question: zh_tw: 多久推出一次新遊戲？
en: How often are new games put on the market?
answers: zh_tw: text: 按年份
en: text: yearly
健神星
10 Hygiea

context: zh_tw: 在主帶中，它是黑暗的 C 型小行星，也是這一區內最大的一顆小行星。C 型小行星是主帶外緣最主要的小行星，分佈在 2.82 天文單位的柯克伍德空隙之外。它黑暗的表面和與太陽的距離大於平均距離，使從地球觀測到的它在大的小行星中顯得很黯淡。事實上，在早先發現的 23 顆小行星中，它是第三暗的，只有芙女星（13 號小行星）和海女星（17 號小行星）在衝的時候仍比它暗淡。.
en: Based on spectral evidence, Hygiea's surface is thought to consist of primitive carbonaceous materials similar to those found in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. Aqueous alteration products have been detected on its surface, which could indicate the presence of water ice in the past which was heated sufficiently to melt. The primitive present surface composition would indicate that Hygiea had not been melted during the early period of Solar System formation, in contrast to other large planetesimals like 4 Vesta.Hygiea is the main member of the Hygiea family and contains almost all the mass  (well over 90%) in this family. It is the largest of the class of dark C-type asteroids that are dominant in the outer asteroid belt—which lie beyond the Kirkwood gap at 2.82 AU. Hygiea appears to have a noticeably oblate spheroid shape, with an average diameter of 444 ± 35 km and a semimajor axis ratio of 1.11. This is much more than for the other objects in the "big four"—2 Pallas, 4 Vesta and the dwarf planet Ceres. Aside from being the smallest of the four, Hygiea, like Ceres, has a relatively low density, which is more comparable to the icy satellites of Jupiter or Saturn than to the terrestrial planets or the stony asteroids.Although it is the largest body in its region, due to its dark surface and farther-than-average distance from the Sun, Hygiea appears very dim when observed from Earth. In fact, it is the third dimmest of the first twenty-three asteroids discovered, with only 13 Egeria and 17 Thetis having lower mean opposition magnitudes. At most oppositions, Hygiea has a magnitude of around +10.2, which is as much as four orders fainter than Vesta, and observation calls for at least a 4-inch (100 mm) telescope to resolve. However, at a perihelic opposition, Hygiea can reach +9.1 magnitude and may just be resolvable with 10x50 binoculars, unlike the next two largest asteroids in the asteroid belt, 704 Interamnia and 511 Davida, which are always beyond binocular visibility.At least 5 stellar occultations by Hygiea have been tracked by Earth-based astronomers, but all with few independent observers so that little was learned of its shape. The Hubble Space Telescope has resolved the asteroid and ruled out the presence of any orbiting companions larger than about 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) in diameter.
qas: question: zh_tw: 健神星家族中最大的成員居住在哪裡？
en: where does the biggest member of the Hygiea family reside?
answers: zh_tw: text: 柯克伍德空隙
en: text: beyond the Kirkwood gap

question: zh_tw: 健神星是哪種型別的空間物體？
answers: en: text: asteroid

context: zh_tw: 科學家從地球上至少已經觀測過五次的健神星掩星，但是每次的觀測都是少數幾點的獨立觀測，所以科學家還不能描繪出健神星的形狀。哈伯太空望遠鏡也只能解析出直徑大於 16 公里的小行星和它的衛星.
qas: question: zh_tw: 健神星是哪種型別的空間物體？
en: Hygiea is what type of space object?
answers: zh_tw: text: 小行星
第三次十字軍東征

context: zh_tw: 英軍從西西里制定起航後不久，理查艦隊中的 100 艘船（載有 8000 人）便被猛烈的暴風雨襲擊，有好幾首船艦遭擱淺，包括其中一艦載有瓊安，他的新任未婚妻貝倫加麗亞，及一筆由十字軍一直以來聚斂的大額寶藏。由於塞普勒斯的伊薩得以檢獲寶藏，海難迅速就被發現，年輕婦女們皆安然無恙。理查於 5 月 6 日進入了利馬索爾與伊薩會面，後者同意將他的 500 名士兵派往聖地，並歸還理查的隨身物品。但當一回到他法馬古斯塔的堡壘，伊薩便打破了他熱情好客的誓言及開始對理查發出離開該島的命令。伊薩的氣焰促使了理查在幾天內把島上征服。
qas: question: zh_tw: 伊薩和理查所處的地理位置是什麼？
en: On what geographical piece of land were Isaac and Richard located?
answers: zh_tw: text: 島

context: zh_tw: 在 1192 年 9 月 2 日，理查最終和薩拉丁敲定了條約，其中耶路撒冷將維持在穆斯林的控制下，但也允許非武裝的基督教朝聖者和商旅來訪該城市。理查於 10 月 9 日離開聖地。
qas: question: zh_tw: 理查哪個月離開了聖地？
en: What month did Richard go away from the Holy Land?
answers: zh_tw: text: 10 月
土耳其航空 981 號班機空難
Turkish Airlines Flight 981

context: zh_tw: 981 號班機於當天早上 11 時從土耳其伊斯坦堡抵達，降落在巴黎奧利機場。該架 DC-10 客機於首段航程載著 167 名乘客及 13 名機員，其中 50 名乘客於巴黎下機。第二段航程將從巴黎飛往倫敦希斯洛機場，這段航程又有 216 名乘客登機，當中有包括 17 名英國橄欖球球隊隊員，他們出席完前一天的一場對法國的比賽後回國；另有 4 名英國模特兒，及 48 名前往美國的日本銀行管理實習生。其餘 147 人則是來自其他 12 個國家。通常從法國前往倫敦的航班都不會爆滿，但由於當時英國歐洲航空罷工影響旅客，令所有來往英法的航班需要激增。
en: Flight 981 departed from Istanbul at 7:57 am local time and landed at Paris's Orly International Airport at 11:02 am local time, after a flight time of just over four hours. The aircraft was carrying 167 passengers and 11 crew members in its first leg, and 50 of these passengers disembarked in Paris. The flight's second leg, from Paris to London Heathrow Airport, was normally underbooked; however, due to a strike by British European Airways employees, many London-bound travellers, who had been stranded at Orly, were booked onto Flight 981, delaying the flight departure by 30 minutes.The aircraft left Orly Airport at 12:32 pm, bound for Heathrow Airport, and took off in an easterly direction, before turning north. Shortly after take off, Flight 981 was cleared to flight level 230 (23,000 feet (7,000 m)) and started turning west towards London. Just after Flight 981 passed over the town of Meaux, the rear left cargo door blew off and the sudden difference in air pressure between the cargo area and the pressurised passenger cabin above it, which amounted to 2 pounds per square inch or 14 kilopascals, caused a section of the cabin floor above the open hatch to separate and be forcibly ejected through the open hatch, along with six occupied passenger seats attached to that floor section. The fully recognizable bodies of the six Japanese passengers who were ejected from the aircraft were found along with the plane's rear cargo hatch, having landed in a turnip field near Saint-Pathus, approximately 15 kilometres (9.3 miles) south of where the remainder of the plane was found. An air traffic controller noted that, as the flight was cleared to FL230, he had briefly seen a second echo on his radar that remained stationary behind the aircraft; this was likely the remains of the rear cargo door.
qas: question: zh_tw: 巴黎有多少人離開？
en: How many people left in Paris?
answers: zh_tw: text: 50
en: text: 50
亨利・福特
Henry Ford

context: zh_tw: 亨利・福特引進了福特 T 型車，帶來了運輸業及美國工業的革命。亨利・福特是福特汽車公司的老闆，因著福特 T 型車的暢銷，他也成為世界上最有錢及最廣為人知的人，不但如此，他並沒有跟其他小業主一樣拼命追逐資本，相反的，他帶來了福特主義：量產許多價廉的產品，並且給予工人高額的薪資。亨利・福特很有遠見，認為消費主義是和平的基礎。亨利・福特致力於系統化的降低成本，因此產生許多技術及商業的創新，包括可以在北美大部份地區及六大洲的大城市實施的加盟連鎖。亨利・福特將他大部份的財富都留給福特基金會，該基金指定在教育與科學研究等用途上。
en: Although Ford did not invent the automobile or the assembly line, he developed and manufactured the first automobile that many middle-class Americans could afford. In doing so, Ford converted the automobile from an expensive curiosity into a practical conveyance that would profoundly impact the landscape of the 20th century. His introduction of the Model T automobile revolutionized transportation and American industry. As the owner of the Ford Motor Company, he became one of the richest and best-known people in the world. He is credited with "Fordism": mass production of inexpensive goods coupled with high wages for workers. Ford had a global vision, with consumerism as the key to peace. His intense commitment to systematically lowering costs resulted in many technical and business innovations, including a franchise system that put dealerships throughout most of North America and in major cities on six continents. Ford left most of his vast wealth to the Ford Foundation and arranged for his family to control the company permanently.
qas: question: zh_tw: 福特將財富留給哪個基金會？
en: What Foundation did Ford leave his wealth to?
answers: zh_tw: text: 福特基金會
en: text: Ford Foundation
美國海軍陸戰隊
United States Marine Corps

context: zh_tw: 該時代海軍陸戰隊最著名的一戰就是第一次巴巴里戰爭（1801 年－1805 年），同時也是美海軍陸戰隊第一次海外行動。海軍陸戰隊攻打北非海盜，當時上兵威廉伊頓和佩理少尉帶領 7 名海軍陸戰隊士兵和 300 名傭兵拿下了的黎波里。從此這場戰鬥成為海軍陸戰隊傳奇故事。士兵也開始配備傭兵刀。1812 年戰爭期間，海軍陸戰隊登上大型護航艦作戰，取得美國於該戰爭中第一場勝利。該戰不但延遲了英軍進攻華盛頓哥倫比亞特區，也保住了安德魯・傑克遜的紐奧良防線。戰爭結束時海軍陸戰隊已經成為海戰中的船側步槍戰高手。戰後的 1820 年海軍陸戰隊迎接了第五任指揮官韓德森將軍。在他任期內海陸活動範圍擴充套件到加勒比海和墨西哥灣和西非，福克蘭群島和蘇門達臘也有海陸前往過。韓德森也反對了傑克遜總統把海軍陸戰隊和陸軍合併的意見。後來國會為了妥協而透過 1834 年的「海軍陸戰隊組織修正條例」，規定海軍陸戰隊下轄於美國海軍但是以半獨立部隊存在。但是這次事件也是海軍陸戰隊存在的必要性第一次被質疑。
en: After the war, the Marine Corps fell into a malaise that ended with the appointment of Archibald Henderson as its fifth Commandant in 1820. Under his tenure, the Corps took on expeditionary duties in the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, Key West, West Africa, the Falkland Islands, and Sumatra. Commandant Henderson is credited with thwarting President Jackson's attempts to combine and integrate the Marine Corps with the Army. Instead, Congress passed the Act for the Better Organization of the Marine Corps in 1834, stipulating that the Corps was part of the Department of the Navy as a sister service to the Navy. This would be the first of many times that the independent existence of the Corps was challenged.
qas: question: zh_tw: 戰爭結束後哪些戰隊萎靡了？
en: What corps were malaised after a war?
answers: zh_tw: text: 海軍陸戰隊
en: text: Marine Corps
Windows NT
Windows NT

context: zh_tw: Windows NT，新技術視窗作業系統（Windows New Technology）的簡稱，是美國微軟公司 1993 年推出的純 32 位作業系統核心。其基於 OS/2 NT 的基礎構造。OS/2 是由微軟和 IBM 聯合研製，分為微軟的 Microsoft OS/2 NT 與 IBM 的 IBM OS/2。由於雙方在協作後來不歡而散，IBM 繼續向市場提供先前的 OS/2 版本；而微軟則把 OS/2 NT 改名為 Windows NT，並在 1988 年 11 月開始了對於 “WinNT”（即第一代的 Windows NT 3.1）的產品研發。在研發初期，“WinNT” 曾一度被認為將會是原先 OS/2 的 3.0 版本，但面世之後的 Windows NT 是一種純 32 位作業系統，採用 NT 核心技術。
en: Windows NT is a family of operating systems produced by Microsoft, the first version of which was released on July 27, 1993. It is a processor-independent, multiprocessing and multi-user operating system.
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰創造了 Windows NT？
en: Who produces Windows NT?
answers: zh_tw: text: Technology）的簡稱，是美國微軟公司 1993 年推出的純 32 位作業系統核心。
en: text: Microsoft
毛奇號大巡洋艦
SMS Moltke

context: zh_tw: 毛奇號是唯一曾到訪美國的德國主力艦。1912 年 5 月 11 日，它在小巡洋艦斯德丁號和不來梅號的陪同下離開基爾，於 5 月 30 日抵達弗吉尼亞州的漢普頓錨地。在美國東岸巡迴訪問了兩週後，它於 6 月 24 日返抵基爾。1912 年 7 月初，毛奇號又負責護送護送德皇威廉二世的皇家遊艇霍亨索倫號出訪俄羅斯。回國後，毛奇號的艦長由海軍上校馬格努斯・馮・萊韋措接任；同時，該艦亦接任偵察部隊的旗艦，直至 1914 年 6 月 23 日，部隊司令才將他的旗幟轉移至新入役的戰列巡洋艦塞德利茨號。為了輪替裝甲巡洋艦沙恩霍斯特號，當局曾考慮將毛奇號部署至遠東，但當身處地中海的格本號也需要輪替時，該計劃被放棄了。毛奇號隨即被安排轉移接替其姊妹艦，但該計劃卻因第一次世界大戰的爆發而打斷。
en: At the launching of the ship on 7 April 1910, Helmuth von Moltke the Younger christened her after his uncle, Helmuth von Moltke the Elder, the Chief of Staff of the Prussian Army in the mid 19th century. On 11 September 1911, a crew composed of dockyard workers transferred the ship from Hamburg to Kiel through the Skagerrak. On 30 September, the ship was commissioned, under the command of Kapitän zur See von Mann, and replaced Roon in the Reconnaissance Unit. Sea trials continued until 1 April 1912.Moltke was the only German capital ship to ever visit the United States. On 11 May 1912 she left Kiel, accompanied by the light cruisers Stettin and Bremen, and arrived off Hampton Roads, Virginia, on 30 May 1912. After touring the East Coast for two weeks, she returned to Kiel on 24 June.In July 1912, Moltke escorted Kaiser Wilhelm II's yacht to Russia. Upon returning, Moltke's commander was replaced by KzS Magnus von Levetzow, and the ship became the Reconnaissance Force flagship until 23 June 1914, when the commander's flag was transferred to the new battlecruiser Seydlitz. There was some consideration given to deploying Moltke to the Far East in order to replace the armored cruiser Scharnhorst, but the plan was abandoned when it became apparent that Goeben needed replacement in the Mediterranean. Moltke was then scheduled to transfer to replace her sister ship, but this plan was interrupted by the outbreak of World War I.
qas: question: zh_tw: 毛奇號計劃被什麼戰爭打斷？
en: What war was Moltke's plan interrupted by?
answers: zh_tw: text: 第一次世界大戰
en: text: World War I
維德角埃斯庫多
Cape Verdean escudo

context: zh_tw: 維德角埃斯庫多（葡萄牙語：Escudo cabo-verdiano）是維德角共和國的流通貨幣。貨幣編號 CVE。1975 年維德角獨立後，規定維德角埃斯庫多與葡萄牙埃斯庫多等值。1999 年後變更為 1 葡萄牙埃斯庫多 = 0.55 維德角埃斯庫多。葡萄牙加入歐元區後，1 歐元 = 110.265 維德角埃斯庫多。
en: In mid-1998 an agreement with Portugal established a pegged rate of 1 Portuguese escudo = 0.55 Cape Verdean escudo. Since the replacement of the Portuguese escudo with the euro, the Cape Verdean escudo has been pegged to the euro at a rate of 1 EUR = 110.265 CVE. This peg is supported by a credit facility from the Portuguese government.
qas: question: zh_tw: 維德角的貨幣叫什麼名稱？
en: What is the name of the currency of Cape Verde?
answers: zh_tw: text: 埃斯庫多
en: text: escudo
天氣
Weather

context: zh_tw: 天氣密度（溫度和溼度）是由一個地方和另一個之間的差異。這些差異可能是由於從熱帶太陽的角度在任何特定地點，由不同緯度。極地和熱帶空氣之間的強烈的溫度反差引起的噴流。在天氣系統中緯度地區，如溫帶氣旋，造成噴流流的不穩定性。由於地球的軸是相對於它的軌道平面傾斜，陽光是在一年中不同時期的不同角度的事件。在地球表面的溫度範圍 40°C（100°F 至 - 40°F）的一次。幾千年來，地球軌道上的變化影響地球接收的太陽能量和分佈，並影響長期氣候和全球氣候變化。
en: Weather is driven by air pressure, temperature and moisture differences between one place and another.  These differences can occur due to the sun's angle at any particular spot, which varies with latitude. The strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air gives rise to the largest scale atmospheric circulations: the Hadley Cell, the Ferrel Cell, the Polar Cell, and the jet stream.  Weather systems in the mid-latitudes, such as extratropical cyclones, are caused by instabilities of the jet stream flow.  Because the Earth's axis is tilted relative to its orbital plane, sunlight is incident at different angles at different times of the year.  On Earth's surface, temperatures usually range ±40 °C (−40 °F to 100 °F) annually.  Over thousands of years, changes in Earth's orbit can affect the amount and distribution of solar energy received by the Earth, thus influencing long-term climate and global climate change.
qas: question: zh_tw: 溫帶氣旋是由什麼導致的？
en: what causes extratropical cyclones?
answers: zh_tw: text: 噴流流的不穩定性
en: text: instabilities of the jet stream flow
致命情人
Bullet for My Valentine

context: zh_tw: 致命情人（Bullet for My Valentine）是一組來自英國威爾斯布里真德的金屬核樂團。樂團成立於 1998 年，最初團名為「Jeff Killed John」，翻唱金屬製品與超脫的歌曲。 Jeff Killed John 錄製了 6 首歌，但並未發行。其中兩首歌收錄在致命情人的首張專輯。"《Eye Spy》變為《Hit The Floor》，而《Nation to Nation》變為《Turn to Dispair》。這兩首歌不僅歌名歌詞的改變，連拍子、吉他、鼓、貝斯、所有音樂都改變了。經濟拮据改變了他們的音樂方向與團名，在歷經數次團名變動後，最後將團名定為「致命情人」。 2002 年，樂團拒絕了 Roadrunner Records 的唱片合約，而與 Sony BMG 簽下了發行五張專輯的唱片約。致命情人的首張專輯《愛情毒藥》在英國於 2005 年 10 月 3 日發行，美國方面則為了突顯樂團團名，選擇在 2006 年的情人節發行。這張專輯是要獻給他們的長期友人 Simon Roy Denning。《愛情毒藥》打進告示牌排行榜第 128 名，並登上「Top Heatseekers」排行榜冠軍。到 2008 年 2 月 6 日為止，這張專輯共賣出 375,000 張。樂團參與了「Download Festival」、Kerrang! XXV 的演出，並與羅伯殭屍（Rob Zombie）一同在美國巡迴，但最後因主唱 Matthew Tuck 在樂團留言板的留言而被踢除。第二張專輯《火力全開》空降告示牌排行榜第四名，首周賣出 53,000 張。
en: Bullet for My Valentine, often abbreviated as BFMV, are a Welsh heavy metal band from Bridgend, Wales, formed in 1998. The band is currently composed of Matthew Tuck (lead vocals, rhythm guitar), Michael Paget (lead guitar, backing vocals), Jason Bowld (drums) and Jamie Mathias (bass guitar). Former members include Michael Thomas, Jason James and Nick Crandle; the latter were on bass. They were formed under the name Jeff Killed John and started their music career by covering songs by Metallica and Nirvana. Jeff Killed John recorded six songs which were not released; two of these tracks were reworked later in their career as Bullet for My Valentine. A change of style from Jeff Killed John's style, led the band to change their name. In 2002, the band secured a five-album deal with Sony BMG. The band has stated that their music is influenced by classic metal acts such as Metallica, Iron Maiden and Slayer. The band is part of the Cardiff music scene.
qas: question: zh_tw: BFMV 成立於什麼時候？
en: When did BFMV form?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1998 年
en: text: 1998
人類身高
Human height

context: zh_tw: 一般差出 2-3σ（對成人 3σ 大致相當於與平均身高差到 20%）的被認為是反常身高，例如巨人症或侏儒症患者；但反常身高本身不一定在醫學上被視為疾病。
en: Studies show that there is a correlation between small stature and a longer life expectancy. Individuals of small stature are also more likely to have lower blood pressure and are less likely to acquire cancer. The University of Hawaii has found that the “longevity gene” FOXO3 that reduces the effects of aging is more commonly found in individuals of a small body size. Short stature decreases the risk of venous insufficiency.When populations share genetic background and environmental factors, average height is frequently characteristic within the group. Exceptional height variation (around 20% deviation from average) within such a population is sometimes due to gigantism or dwarfism, which are medical conditions caused by specific genes or endocrine abnormalities.The development of human height can serve as an indicator of two key welfare components, namely nutritional quality and health. In regions of poverty or warfare, environmental factors like chronic malnutrition during childhood or adolescence may result in delayed growth and/or marked reductions in adult stature even without the presence of any of these medical conditions. Some research indicates that a greater height correlates with greater success in dating and earning in men, although other research indicates that this does not apply to non-white men.Height is a sexually dimorphic trait in humans. A study of 20th century British natality trends indicated that while tall men tended to reproduce more than short men, women of below average height had more children than taller women.
qas: question: zh_tw: 什麼導致反常身高？
en: What causes height variation?
answers: zh_tw: text: 巨人症或侏儒症患者
en: text: gigantism or dwarfism
鵝膏菌屬
Amanita

context: zh_tw: 鵝膏菌屬（學名：Amanita）包含大約 600 個傘菌物種，包含一些世界有名的最毒菇類，但也包括一些可食用菇類。本屬的菇類造成了 95% 的毒菇致死案例，其中光是毒鵝膏就佔有 50%。在這些菇類中被發現到最強力的毒性成分為 α- 鵝膏菌素。
en: The genus Amanita contains about 600 species of agarics, including some of the most toxic known mushrooms found worldwide, as well as some well-regarded edible species. This genus is responsible for approximately 95% of the fatalities resulting from mushroom poisoning, with the death cap accounting for about 50% on its own. The most potent toxin present in these mushrooms is α-amanitin.
qas: question: zh_tw: 在鵝膏菌屬中發現了什麼有毒生物？
en: What toxic species are found in the genus Amanita?
answers: zh_tw: text: 菇類
en: text: mushrooms
魯道夫星曆表
Rudolphine Tables

context: zh_tw: 第谷的一生大部分的時間都用在測量行星和恆星的位置，並且得到比以前更為精確的數值。他希望這些觀測可以做為製作一套全新和更準確星曆錶的基礎。克卜勒籌備使用第谷精確的觀測，和他自己發現的行星橢圓軌道，建立起太陽系的日心說模型，編制出新的星曆錶。藉助於新出版的對數表，簡化和使計算更精確，並且不易出差錯。
en: Tycho Brahe had spent much of his life obtaining measurements of the position of stars and planets to a much greater degree of accuracy than had been possible previously. He wished these observations to be the basis of a new and more accurate set of star tables. Kepler was able to prepare these new tables using Tycho's observations together with a heliocentric model of the Solar System and his own discovery of the elliptical orbits of the planets. Accurate computation was aided by the newly published system of logarithms, which simplified the calculations and made them less prone to errors.
qas: question: zh_tw: 對數對運算過程中計算做了什麼？
en: What did logarithms do to the calculations  used for computation
answers: zh_tw: text: 簡化
en: text: simplified
FAMAE SAF 衝鋒槍
FAMAE SAF

context: zh_tw: 9 毫米口徑的彈匣是以透明塑膠所製成的，從而允許可視地確定可用的剩餘彈數。其彈匣壁兩側附有彈匣聯接卡筍，其右側配有凸耳而左側配有相應的凹槽位，允許 2 個或 3 個彈匣不需附加其它裝置就可以很方便地並聯在一起以加快更換彈匣速度。而.40 S&W 口徑的彈匣是由鋼製成，並具有 30 發子彈的容量。選擇器具有四個設定：保險、半自動、三發點放和全自動。有些型號則被製作為只有半自動的配置。
en: The selector has four settings: safe, single shot, 3-round burst and fully automatic.  Some models were made in a semi-auto only configuration.
qas: question: zh_tw: 其中一個設定有多少發點放？
en: How many round burst is one of the settings?
answers: zh_tw: text: 三
en: text: 3
呂措號大巡洋艦
SMS Lützow

context: zh_tw: 19:00 過後不久，德國小巡洋艦威斯巴登號已被英國戰列巡洋艦無敵號的炮火擊至失效；德國戰列巡洋艦遂作 16 點轉舵至東北方向，以高速衝向受難的小巡洋艦。公海艦隊的第三戰列分艦隊，其中包括德國海軍最強大的戰列艦，也改變了航向以協助威斯巴登號。同時，英國第 3 和第 4 輕巡洋分艦隊開始對德國陣線發動魚雷攻擊；在推進至魚雷的射程期間，它們還以主炮壓制威斯巴登號。在朝東北轉向的過程中，英國驅逐艦翁斯洛號和阿卡斯忒號接近呂措號發射魚雷，但均未奏效。翁斯洛號被呂措號的副炮命中三次，被迫撤離。此後不久，第二艘驅逐艦阿卡斯忒號向呂措號發射了一枚魚雷但未能命中；作為回火，呂措號和德夫林格號以 150 毫米炮密集攻擊阿卡忒斯號，並取得兩次命中。在 19:15，德國戰列巡洋艦發現了正加入攻擊威斯巴登號的英國裝甲巡洋艦防禦號。希佩爾最初猶豫不決，他認為該艦是德國小巡洋艦羅斯托克號，但在 19:16，呂措號艦長哈德突然下令其艦隻開火。其它的德國戰列巡洋艦和戰列艦也相繼加入混戰；呂措號迅速從舷側連續射出五枚炮彈。在不到 5 分鐘的時間內，防禦號被德國艦隻的多枚重炮擊中。一輪齊射穿透了艦上的彈藥艙，導致一場巨大爆炸摧毀了防禦號。
en: Shortly after 19:00, the German cruiser Wiesbaden had become disabled by a shell from the battlecruiser Invincible; the German battlecruisers made a 16-point turn to the northeast and made for the crippled cruiser at high speed. III Battle Squadron of the German fleet, which contained the most powerful battleships of the German navy, also altered course to assist Wiesbaden. Simultaneously, the British III and IV Light Cruiser Squadrons began a torpedo attack on the German line; while advancing to torpedo range, they smothered Wiesbaden with fire from their main guns. During the turn to the northeast, the British destroyers Onslow and Acasta approached to launch torpedoes at Lützow, though without success. Onslow was hit three times by Lützow's secondary battery and was forced to withdraw. Shortly thereafter, a second destroyer, Acasta launched a torpedo at Lützow that missed; in return, Lützow and Derfflinger fired a barrage of 15 cm shells at Acasta, hitting her twice. At 19:15, the German battlecruisers spotted the British armored cruiser Defence, which had joined the attack on Wiesbaden. Hipper initially hesitated, believing the ship was the German cruiser Rostock, but at 19:16, Kapitän zur See (KzS) Harder, Lützow's commanding officer, ordered his ships' guns to fire. The other German battlecruisers and battleships joined in the melee; Lützow fired five broadsides in rapid succession. In the span of less than five minutes, Defence was struck by several heavy-caliber shells from the German ships. One salvo penetrated the ship's ammunition magazines and, in a massive explosion, destroyed the cruiser.
qas: question: zh_tw: 呂佐夫何時下令讓軍隊開火？
en: What time did Lutzow order his troops to fire?
answers: zh_tw: text: 19:16
en: text: 19:16,
亨利・基辛格
Henry Kissinger

context: zh_tw: 亨利・阿爾弗雷德・基辛格（英語：Henry Alfred Kissinger），本名海因茨・阿爾弗雷德・基辛爾（德語：Heinz Alfred Kissinger），1923 年 5 月 27 日－） ，是一位出生於德國的美國猶太裔外交官，與越南政治家黎德壽一同為 1973 年諾貝爾和平獎獲得者，原美國國家安全顧問，後擔任尼克松政府的國務卿並在水門事件之後繼續在福特政府中擔任此職。作為一位現實政治的支持者，基辛格在 1969 年到 1977 年之間在美國外交政策中發揮了中心作用。在這段時期內，他倡導緩和政策，使美蘇之間緊張的關係得到緩解，並在 1972 年和中國國務院總理周恩來的會談中扮演了至關重要的角色，促成了中國的開放和新的戰略性的反蘇中美聯盟的形成。
en: Henry Alfred Kissinger (; German: [ˈkɪsɪŋɐ]; born Heinz Alfred Kissinger; May 27, 1923) is an American political scientist, diplomat, and geopolitical consultant who served as United States Secretary of State and National Security Advisor under the presidential administrations of Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. A Jewish refugee who fled Nazi Germany with his family in 1938, he became National Security Advisor in 1969 and U.S. Secretary of State in 1973. For his actions negotiating a ceasefire in Vietnam, Kissinger received the 1973 Nobel Peace Prize under controversial circumstances, with two members of the committee resigning in protest. Kissinger later sought, unsuccessfully, to return the prize after the ceasefire failed.A practitioner of Realpolitik, Kissinger played a prominent role in United States foreign policy between 1969 and 1977. During this period, he pioneered the policy of détente with the Soviet Union, orchestrated the opening of relations with the People's Republic of China, engaged in what became known as shuttle diplomacy in the Middle East to end the Yom Kippur War, and negotiated the Paris Peace Accords, ending American involvement in the Vietnam War. Kissinger has also been associated with such controversial policies as U.S. involvement in the 1973 Chilean military coup, a "green light" to Argentina's military junta for their Dirty War, and U.S. support for Pakistan during the Bangladesh War despite the genocide being perpetrated by his allies. After leaving government, he formed Kissinger Associates, an international geopolitical consulting firm. Kissinger has written over one dozen books on diplomatic history and international relations.
qas: question: zh_tw: 亨利・基辛格的生日是什麼時候？
en: What is Henry Kissinger's birthday?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1923 年 5 月 27 日
en: text: May 27, 1923
勞埃德・沙普利
Lloyd Shapley

context: zh_tw: 勞埃德・斯托韋爾・沙普利（英語：Lloyd Stowell Shapley，1923 年 6 月 2 日－2016 年 3 月 12 日）是美國著名的數學家和經濟學家。他是美國加州大學洛杉磯分校數學和經濟學名譽教授。他在數理經濟學，尤其是博弈論領域作出了貢獻。繼馮・諾伊曼和摩根斯坦在 20 世紀 40 年代工作之後，沙普利已被許多專家視為博弈論的關鍵人物。2012 年與阿爾文・羅思共同獲得諾貝爾經濟學獎。
en: Lloyd Stowell Shapley (; June 2, 1923 – March 12, 2016) was an American mathematician and Nobel Prize-winning economist. He contributed to the fields of mathematical economics and especially game theory. Shapley is generally considered one of the most important contributors to the development of game theory since the work of von Neumann and Morgenstern. With Alvin E. Roth, Shapley won the 2012 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences "for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design."
qas: question: zh_tw: Shapley 什麼時候過世了？
en: When did Shapley pass away?
answers: zh_tw: text: Shapley，1923 年 6 月 2 日－2016 年 3 月 12 日）是美國著名的數學家和經濟學家。
en: text: March 12, 2016
20 美分硬幣
Twenty-cent piece (United States coin)

context: zh_tw: 20 美分硬幣（英語：twenty-cent piece）是美國鑄幣局於 1875 至 1878 年間生產的一種硬幣，但後兩年鑄造的硬幣沒有進入流通，只是由收藏家收藏。事實證明，由內華達州聯邦參議員約翰・P・瓊斯提議製作的這種硬幣因為尺寸上與 25 美分硬幣過於接近，容易產生混淆，所以是一件失敗的作品。
en: The American twenty-cent piece is a coin struck from 1875 to 1878, but only for collectors in the final two years.  Proposed by Nevada Senator John P. Jones, it proved a failure due to confusion with the quarter, to which it was close in both size and value.
qas: question: zh_tw: 20 美分硬幣和哪個硬幣十分相似？
en: The twenty-cent piece was similar to which other coin?
answers: zh_tw: text: 25 美分硬幣
en: text: quarter
興登堡號大巡洋艦
SMS Hindenburg

context: zh_tw: 根據結束第一次世界大戰的《康邊停戰協定》條款，德國艦隊的大部將在羅伊特的指揮下被扣押至英國斯卡帕灣；當中包括興登堡號和其餘戰列巡洋艦。1918 年 11 月 21 日，被扣押的艦隻 ——14 艘主力艦、7 艘小巡洋艦和 50 艘最具現代化的魚雷艇，最後一次駛離德國海域。在啟程之前，時任海軍內閣國務大臣的海軍上將阿道夫・馮・特羅塔向羅伊特明確表示，他不能允許協約國在任何情況下強佔這些艦隻。艦隊先與英國輕巡洋艦加的夫號會合，再由後者引領至協約國艦隊，以護送德國人前往斯卡帕灣。這支大規模的聯隊是由由 370 艘英國、美國和法國軍艦所共同組成。在落實《凡爾賽條約》的談判過程中，艦隊仍然維持扣押狀態。羅伊特透過《泰晤士報》的一份副本得知，停戰協定將於 1919 年 6 月 21 日失效，這是德國簽署和平條約的最後期限。羅伊特得出的結論是，英國人有意在停戰期滿後強佔德國軍艦。為了防止這種情況，他決定伺機鑿沉己方艦隻。6 月 21 日上午，英國艦隊離開斯卡帕灣進行訓練演習；羅伊特於 11:20 向全體德國軍艦下達了自沉命令。興登堡號是最後一艘沉沒的艦隻，時間為 17:00。其艦長特意安排艦身平穩下沉，以便他的船員更容易逃脫。經過數次不成功的嘗試之後，興登堡號最終於 1930 年 7 月 23 日被打撈上岸，並於 1930 年至 1932 年間在羅塞斯拆解報廢。其艦鍾則於 1959 年 5 月 28 日交還德國聯邦海軍。
en: Under the terms of the Armistice between Germany and the Allies that ended World War I, the majority of the German fleet was to be interned at Scapa Flow; this included Hindenburg and the rest of the battlecruisers. On 21 November 1918, the ships to be interned—14 capital ships, seven light cruisers, and 50 of the most modern torpedo boats—departed German waters for what would prove to be the last time. Prior to the departure of the German fleet, Admiral Adolf von Trotha made clear to Reuter, who was given command of the ships to be interned, that he could not allow the Allies to seize the ships, under any conditions. The fleet rendezvoused with the British light cruiser Cardiff, which led the ships to the Allied fleet that was to escort the Germans to Scapa Flow. The massive flotilla consisted of some 370 British, American, and French warships.The fleet remained in captivity during the negotiations in Versailles that ultimately produced the treaty that ended the war. A copy of The Times informed Reuter that the Armistice was to expire at noon on 21 June 1919, the deadline by which Germany was to have signed the peace treaty. Reuter came to the conclusion that the British intended to seize the German ships after the Armistice expired. To prevent this, he decided to scuttle his ships at the first opportunity. On the morning of 21 June, the British fleet left Scapa Flow to conduct training maneuvers; at 11:20 Reuter transmitted the order to his ships. Hindenburg was the last ship to sink, at 17:00. Her captain had deliberately arranged that the ship sank on an even keel to make it easier for her crew to escape. After several unsuccessful attempts, she was raised on 23 July 1930, only to be scrapped at Rosyth between 1930 and 1932. Her bell was presented to the Bundesmarine (Federal Navy) on 28 May 1959.
qas: question: zh_tw: 興登堡號何時報廢？
en: When did the Hindenburg ship turn to scrap?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1930 年至 1932
en: text: between 1930 and 1932
大衛・萊特曼晚間秀
Late Show with David Letterman

context: zh_tw: 據節目自身的 2004 年 8 月版的官方通訊稱，十一年裡大衛晚間秀共播出了 2264 場次，包括 4082 個嘉賓訪談，1382 個特寫，1668 場音樂表演，473 個嘉賓和客串音樂人參與 CBS 樂隊演奏，275 個現場喜劇和至少 1382 次遊行。在大衛・萊特曼宣佈退休後，2015 年 5 月 20 日播出最後一集。原時段由史蒂芬・科拜爾接替，原節目改為《斯蒂芬・科爾伯特晚間秀》（Late Show with Stephen Colbert）。
en: Late Show with David Letterman is an American late-night talk show hosted by David Letterman on CBS, the first iteration of the Late Show franchise. The show debuted on August 30, 1993, and was produced by Letterman's production company, Worldwide Pants, and CBS Television Studios. The show's music director and leader of the house band, the CBS Orchestra, was Paul Shaffer. The head writer was Matt Roberts and the announcer was originally Bill Wendell, then Alan Kalter. Of the major U.S. late-night programs, Late Show ranked second in cumulative average viewers over time and third in number of episodes over time. In most U.S. markets the show aired from 11:35 p.m. to 12:37 a.m. Eastern and Pacific Time, and recorded Monday through Wednesdays at 4:30 p.m., and Thursdays at 3:30 p.m. and 6:00 p.m. Eastern Time. The second Thursday episode usually aired on Friday of that week.In 2002, Late Show with David Letterman was ranked No. 7 on TV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time. As host of both Late Night and Late Show for more than 30 years, Letterman surpassed Johnny Carson as the longest running late-night talk show host in 2013. That same year, Late Night and Late Show were ranked at #41 on TV Guide's 60 Best Series of All Time.In 2014, Letterman announced his retirement and the final episode of Late Show aired on May 20, 2015. After Letterman's final Late Show, instead of airing reruns of the show or having guest host episodes of Late Show, CBS opted to put the show on hiatus in between Letterman and Colbert and instead aired reruns of scripted dramas in the 11:35 pm time slot over the summer with the branding CBS Summer Showcase. The show was then succeeded by The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, hosted by Stephen Colbert, which premiered on September 8, 2015.
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰主持了《深夜秀》？
en: Who hosted the late night show?
answers: zh_tw: text: 史蒂芬・科拜爾
en: text: Stephen Colbert
2018 年瓦加杜古襲擊事件
2018 Ouagadougou attacks

context: zh_tw: 由於利比亞內戰的緣故，大量武器和武裝人員流入該地區，武裝襲擊在周邊地區蔓延。臨近布吉納法索的馬裡在阿扎瓦德展開了戰鬥，以避免國家分裂。布吉納法索首都瓦加杜古近年來同樣面臨著類似的大規模襲擊：2016 年，一起對酒店和餐廳的襲擊奪去了 30 人的性命，其中包括不少外籍人士；2017 年，類似的襲擊再次上演，奪去了 19 人的生命。這兩起襲擊均由伊斯蘭馬格里布基地組織發起。布吉納法索在 2014 年還經歷過起義事件，導致了前總統布萊斯・孔波雷在當年下臺。
en: In the aftermath of the 2011 Libyan Civil War, militant attacks have increased due to a large influx of weapons and fighters into the region. Neighbouring Mali faced conflict in Azawad that threatened to split the country. Since 2015, Burkina Faso has faced cross-border attacks and sporadic raids in its territory, the result of instability and unrest in neighboring countries. Two major attacks have occurred in the capital Ouagadougou in recent years: In 2016, attacks on a hotel and restaurant killed 30 people, including foreigners; and in 2017, similar attacks killed 19 people, including foreigners. Both of these attacks were carried out by Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb.Burkina Faso also faced an uprising in 2014 leading to the downfall of President Blaise Compaoré later that year. Burkina Faso is a member of the Trans-Saharan Counterterrorism Partnership and its commitment of peacekeeping troops in Mali and Sudan has made it a target for extremists in the region.
qas: question: zh_tw: 馬裡在哪裡面臨衝突？
en: Where did Mali face conflict?
answers: zh_tw: text: 阿扎瓦德
en: text: Azawad
DoubleTap 德林加手槍
DoubleTap derringer

context: zh_tw: DoubleTap 在市場上最初是以海澤 DoubleTap（Heizer DoubleTap）的名字銷售，但在 2012 年 10 月，雙連擊防務有限責任公司宣佈他們正在尋找製造手槍的新合作伙伴。11 月 7 日釋出的一份宣告中，海澤防務表示，與 DoubleTap 的創造者的業務關係從來沒有被物化為經濟學提出的 “沒有預測成功的商業合作關係。” 一個月後，它宣佈位於佛羅里達州那不勒斯市的方位角科技公司（Azimuth Technology）被選中以製造手槍。
en: The DoubleTap was originally marketed under the name Heizer DoubleTap but in October 2012 DoubleTap Defense announced that they were looking for a new partner to manufacture the pistol. In a statement released on November 7, Heizer Defense stated that the business relationship with the creators of the DoubleTap had never materialized as the economics proposed "did not forecast a successful business relationship."  A month later, it was announced that Azimuth Technology in Naples, Florida had been selected to manufacture the pistol.
qas: question: zh_tw: 海澤 DoubleTap 最終使用了什麼名稱？
en: What is the name Heizer DoubleTap eventually uses?
answers: zh_tw: text: DoubleTap
en: text: The DoubleTap
TCP/IP 協議族
Internet protocol suite

context: zh_tw: 由於網路的作用減少到最小的程度，更有可能將任何網路連線到一起，而不用管它們不同的特點，這樣能解決卡恩最初的問題。一個流行的說法提到瑟夫和卡恩工作的最終產品 TCP/IP 將在執行 “兩個罐子和一根弦” 上，實際上它已經用在信鴿上。一個稱為閘道器（後來改為路由器以免與閘道器混淆）的計算機為每個網路提供一個介面並且在它們之間來回傳輸資料包。這個設計思想更細的形式由瑟夫在斯坦福的網路研究組的 1973 年–1974 年期間開發出來。處於同一時期誕生 PARC 通用包協議組的施樂 PARC 早期網路研究工作也有著重要的技術影響；人們在兩者之間搖擺不定。DARPA 於是與 BBN、斯坦福和倫敦大學簽署協議開發不同硬體平臺上協議的執行版本。有四個版本被開發出來 ——TCP v1、TCP v2、在 1978 年春天分成 TCP v3 和 IP v3 的版本，後來就是穩定的 TCP/IP v4—— 目前因特網仍然使用的標準協議。
en: The design of the network included the recognition that it should provide only the functions of efficiently transmitting and routing traffic between end nodes and that all other intelligence should be located at the edge of the network, in the end nodes. This design is known as the end-to-end principle. Using this design, it became possible to connect almost any network to the ARPANET, irrespective of the local characteristics, thereby solving Kahn's initial internetworking problem. One popular expression is that TCP/IP, the eventual product of Cerf and Kahn's work, can run over "two tin cans and a string." Years later, as a joke, the IP over Avian Carriers formal protocol specification was created and successfully tested.
qas: question: zh_tw: 這個流行的說法是什麼？
en: what is the popular expression?
answers: zh_tw: text: 瑟夫和卡恩工作的最終產品 TCP/IP 將在執行 “兩個罐子和一根弦” 上
en: text: hat TCP/IP, the eventual product of Cerf and Kahn's work, can run over "two tin cans and a string
七氧化二錳
Manganese heptoxide

context: zh_tw: 七氧化二錳是化學式為 Mn2O7 的化合物。又稱 “高錳酸酐”。可溶於四氯化碳。為酸性氧化物。這種物質在 1860 年最先被提出。由於其化學性質極不穩定且易爆，故很少直接製取。
en: Manganese(VII) oxide (manganese heptoxide) is an inorganic compound with the formula Mn2O7. This volatile liquid is highly reactive and more often discussed than intentionally prepared. It is a dangerous oxidizer and was first described in 1860. It is the acid anhydride of permanganic acid.
qas: question: zh_tw: 氧化錳的別名是什麼？
en: What is another term for Manganese oxide?
answers: zh_tw: text: 七氧化二錳
en: text: manganese heptoxide
反坦克步槍
Anti-tank rifle

context: zh_tw: K 子彈製造費用昂貴，因此它通常只配發給能有效使用它們的狙擊手或是其他技術較高的射手。普通的步槍兵只能使用效用更低而且要更靠近目標的「反向彈頭」。當然，其他手榴彈或迫擊炮之類的反戰車武器還是優先使用的。值得一提的是這兩種子彈都會對步槍造成損傷，首先是因為槍管的磨耗速度太快；其次是它們的高膛壓會讓槍栓卡死，只能用敲的方式才能開啟槍栓，這同時也可能會造成退殼勾無法退出彈殼，子彈殼底緣抓破讓彈殼卡在槍內。而射擊增加裝藥的子彈所造成的應力也有可能會讓較舊或是承受力較弱的槍從膛室處爆開（類似炸膛），輕則步槍損毀，重則讓射手受傷甚至死亡。因為上述的原因，K 子彈和反向彈頭並未受到士兵的好評。但無論如何，它們還是給了步兵在緊急狀況下阻止戰車或至少殺傷乘員的能力，當然，前提是彈頭能貫穿才行。
en: Both types had their specific advantages and disadvantages: for example, the K bullet was more expensive to produce and therefore was generally only issued to snipers and other advanced marksmen who could use it more effectively; the ordinary infantryman had to make do with reversed bullets, which were far less effective and had to be used in closer proximity to the target. In addition, both types of round damaged the rifles due to the higher propellant load and the resulting higher muzzle velocities and pressures: firstly, service life of the rifle barrel was decreased significantly because of the increased wear. Secondly, the higher pressure created in the chamber could jam the bolt, leading to the extractor claw failing to extract the cartridge and only breaking off the cartridge rim, leaving it stuck in the chamber. The strain of firing the increased charge could also burst the chamber of weaker and older rifles, at best destroying the rifle and at worst injuring or killing the rifleman. For these reasons, the K bullet and reversed bullet were not popular with the troops. Nevertheless, it gave the infantry a chance to stop a tank in an emergency, or at least injure or kill some of the crew if a bullet penetrated.
qas: question: zh_tw: 如果膛室爆開，最壞的情況是什麼？
en: What is the worst case scenario if the chamber bursts?
answers: zh_tw: text: 讓射手受傷甚至死亡
en: text: injuring or killing the rifleman
奧爾嘉・朵卡萩
Olga Tokarczuk

context: zh_tw: 她在華沙大學受過心理學培訓。朵卡萩已經出版一系列詩歌、小說以及散文等作品。她以《Bieguni》贏得 2008 年尼刻獎。
en: Olga Tokarczuk ([tɔˈkart͡ʂuk]; born 29 January 1962) is a Polish writer, activist, and public intellectual who has been described as one of the most critically acclaimed and commercially successful authors of her generation. In 2018, she won the Man Booker International Prize for her novel Flights (translated by Jennifer Croft), becoming the first Polish writer to do so.Tokarczuk is particularly noted for the mythical tone of her writing. She trained as a psychologist at the University of Warsaw and published a collection of poems, several novels, as well as other books with shorter prose works. Flights won the Nike Award, Poland's top literary prize, in 2008. She attended the 2010 Edinburgh Book Festival to discuss her book Primeval and Other Times and other work. With her novel Księgi jakubowe (The Books of Jacob), Tokarczuk won the Nike Award again in 2015. In the same year, Tokarczuk received the German-Polish International Bridge Prize, a recognition extended to persons especially accomplished in the promotion of peace, democratic development and mutual understanding among the people and nations of Europe.
qas: question: zh_tw: 奧爾加在哪裡接受培訓？
en: Where did Olga train?
answers: zh_tw: text: 華沙大學
en: text: University of Warsaw
冷戰
Cold War

context: zh_tw: 雷根對戈巴契夫釋放出的軍事和經濟讓步也以善意回應，答應將重新啟動經濟上的合作討論，並且減少軍備競賽的規模。兩人首先在 1985 年 11 月於瑞士日內瓦見面，在僅有一名口譯員參與的私人會談中，兩人一致同意將兩國的核武庫存遽減 50%。兩人第二次的會談在冰島的雷克雅維克舉行，會中兩人在大多數議題上都達成共識，直到戈巴契夫談到希望美國終止戰略防禦計劃時，雷根對此拒絕。接著在 1987 年的第三次會談中，兩人達成協議，簽下了中程飛彈條約，將所有帶有核武彈頭、射程在 500 至 5,500 公里之間的中程地基彈道飛彈都給淘汰。
en: In response to the Kremlin's military and political concessions, Reagan agreed to renew talks on economic issues and the scaling-back of the arms race. The first summit was held in November 1985 in Geneva, Switzerland. At one stage the two men, accompanied only by an interpreter, agreed in principle to reduce each country's nuclear arsenal by 50 percent. A second summit was held in October 1986 in Reykjavík, Iceland. Talks went well until the focus shifted to Reagan's proposed Strategic Defense Initiative, which Gorbachev wanted eliminated. Reagan refused. The negotiations failed, but the third summit in 1987 led to a breakthrough with the signing of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF). The INF treaty eliminated all nuclear-armed, ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges between 500 and 5,500 kilometers (300 to 3,400 miles) and their infrastructure.
qas: question: zh_tw: 雷根在什麼事情上和戈巴契夫釋持同一觀點？
en: What did Reagan agree to with the Kremlin?
answers: zh_tw: text: 重新啟動經濟上的合作討論，並且減少軍備競賽的規模
en: text: renew talks on economic issues and the scaling-back of the arms race
數線
Number line

context: zh_tw: 數學上，數線或數軸是個一維的圖，把整數標示為點而且均勻地分佈在一條線上，由笛卡爾發明。數線是一條規定了原點、方向和單位長度的直線。其中，原點、方向和單位度稱為數線的三要素。它通常被用來幫助教授簡單的加法或減法（特別是運算中有負數的時候）。
en: . Every point of a number line is assumed to correspond to a real number, and every real number to a point.The integers are often shown as specially-marked points evenly spaced on the line.  Although this image only shows the integers from −9 to 9, the line includes all real numbers, continuing forever in each direction, and also numbers not marked that are between the integers. It is often used as an aid in teaching simple addition and subtraction, especially involving negative numbers.
qas: question: zh_tw: 整數線可以幫助教師解釋哪些數學過程？
en: Which mathematical processes can an integer line can help teachers explain?
answers: zh_tw: text: 簡單的加法或減法
en: text: simple addition and subtraction
模里西斯
Mauritius

context: zh_tw: 因為歷史原因，模里西斯的教育系統秉承英國傳統。模里西斯政府為公民免費提供從學前到大學的教育。從 2005 年 7 月起，政府為所有的學生提供免費的交通。2011 年，模里西斯的教育經費支出為 117 億模里西斯盧比。佔其財政支出的 12.5%。模里西斯的教育分為四級。其中，學前教育為 3 年；初等教育屬於義務教育範疇，為其 6 年；中等教育分為 5 年的初中和 2 年的高中；高等教育包括大學、專科學院及高等技術學校。模里西斯兩所主要的大學是模里西斯大學和模里西斯理工大學。模里西斯高等教育委員會的計劃是將模里西斯建設成為區域性的教育中心。
en: The education system in Mauritius consists of pre-primary, primary, secondary and tertiary sectors. The education structure consists of two to three years of pre-primary school, six years of primary schooling leading to the Primary School Achievement Certificate, five years of secondary education leading to the School Certificate, and two years of higher secondary ending with the Higher School Certificate. Secondary schools have "college" as part of their title.  The government of Mauritius provides free education to its citizens from pre-primary to tertiary level. In 2013 government expenditure on education was estimated at about Rs 13,584 million, representing 13% of total expenditure. As of January 2017, the government has introduced changes to the education system with the Nine-Year Continuous Basic Education programme, which abolished the Certificate of Primary Education (CPE).The O-Level and A-Level examinations are carried out by the University of Cambridge through University of Cambridge International Examinations. The tertiary education sector includes universities and other technical institutions in Mauritius. The country's two main public universities are the University of Mauritius and the University of Technology.
qas: question: zh_tw: 模里西斯兒童接受多少年的小學教育？
en: How many years of primary schooling do children in Mauritius receive?
answers: zh_tw: text: 6 年
en: text: six
癌症疫苗
Cancer vaccine

context: zh_tw: 癌症疫苗（英語：cancer vaccine）可以用來治療或預防癌症，那些用來治療已存在的癌症又被稱作治療性癌症疫苗。有些或很多疫苗是「自體」的，也就是說，它是從病人自己的身體中萃取的，所以對病人有專一性。有些研究者宣告癌化細胞有規律的產生，並隨後被免疫系統消滅。 當免疫系統無法壓抑這些癌化細胞時，腫瘤便會生成。部份癌症的形成原因是正常細胞受到病毒的感染後產生癌化現象，例如肝癌、子宮頸癌等等。而傳統的疫苗可以預防這些病毒的感染，比如 B 肝疫苗、子宮頸癌疫苗等等。
en: Some researchers claim that cancerous cells routinely arise and are destroyed by the immune system; and that tumors form when the immune system fails to destroy them.
qas: question: zh_tw: 一些研究人員認為癌細胞會發生什麼？
en: what do some researchers believe happens to some cancer cells?
answers: zh_tw: text: 被免疫系統消滅
en: text: destroyed by the immune system