zetavg/mlqa_en_zh_tw huggingface dataset:
NGC 7424
NGC 7424

context: zh_tw: SN 2001ig 是一顆罕見的 IIb 型超新星，由澳大利亞業餘天文學家羅伯特・埃文斯在 2001 年 12 月 10 日於 NGC 7424 的外緣發現。IIb 型超新星的光譜一開始會和典型的 II 型超新星一樣有氫的譜線，但不久後會被氧、鈣和鎂的譜線取代，反而與 Ib 和 Ic 超新星類似。
en: SN 2001ig was a rare Type IIb supernova discovered by Australian amateur Robert Evans on the outer edge of NGC 7424 on 10 December 2001.
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰發現了 SN 2001ig？
en: Who discovered SN 2001ig?
answers: zh_tw: text: SN 2001ig 是一顆罕見的 IIb 型超新星，由澳大利亞業餘天文學家羅伯特・埃文斯在 2001 年 12 月 10 日於 NGC
en: text: Robert Evans
國際翻譯工作者聯合會
International Federation of Translators

context: zh_tw: F.I.T 的最高機構是法定的國會，每三年舉行一次。 它彙集了各成員協會的代表團，並選舉理事會，由理事會選舉其執行委員會，指導合適組織直至下一屆世界大會。 各理事機構得到不同委員會的支援，這些委員會每年向理事會報告其活動情況，並向大會提出報告。 法定代表大會之後舉行了一次公開會議，這是翻譯部門所有專業人員交流的國際平臺。
en: The FIT's supreme body is the statutory congress, which is held every three years. It brings together delegations from the member associations, and it elects the Council, which in turn elects its Executive Committee and directs the FIT until the next world congress. The governing bodies are supported by different committees, which report to the Council annually about their activities, and to the congress. The statutory congress is followed by an open congress, which is an outstanding platform for exchanges among all professionals in the translation sector.
qas: question: zh_tw: 法定代表大會之後舉行了什麼？
en: What comes after the statutory congress?
answers: zh_tw: text: 公開會議
en: text: an open congress
格哈特・威肯
Gerhard Weikum

context: zh_tw: 格哈特・威肯是位於德國薩爾布呂肯的馬克斯・普朗克計算機科學研究所的研究室主任（直到 2007 年 8 月，他還是該所的管理主任），在那裡他領導著從事資料庫與資訊系統相關研究的團隊。他目前的研究興趣包括分散式資訊系統，資料庫效能最佳化與智慧組織，資料庫與資訊檢索整合，資訊抽取和知識挖據（從 Web 和文字資料中自動構建大規模知識庫），以及半結構化的資訊搜尋。他合作編著了一本系統得介紹事務處理系統的書籍， 並於 2012 年由於他在資料庫領域的貢獻獲得了 VLDB 10 年貢獻獎。他也是著名的 YAGO 知識庫的建立人之一。
en: Gerhard Weikum is a Research Director at the Max Planck Institute for Informatics in Saarbrücken, Germany, where he is leading the databases and information systems department. His current research interests include transactional and distributed systems, self-tuning database systems, data and text integration, and the automatic construction of knowledge bases. He is one of the creators of the YAGO knowledge base. He is also the Dean of the International Max Planck Research School for Computer Science (IMPRS-CS).
qas: question: zh_tw: 格哈特・威肯在哪裡工作？
en: Where did Gerhard Weikum work?
answers: zh_tw: text: 馬克斯・普朗克計算機科學研究所
en: text: Max Planck Institute for Informatics
東加
Tonga

context: zh_tw: 東加王國是君主立憲制。尊崇君主取代了先前數世紀的圖依東加神聖最高領導人。也有人批評君主制不符合東加王國傳統的習俗文化與禮節。圖普六世國王 (首任君主的後裔)、其強大貴族的家族，及成長中的非皇室菁英都非常富有，但國內大多數人卻相對貧窮。目前藉由教育、醫療、跟土地所有權來縮短貧富差距。
en: Tonga is a constitutional monarchy. Reverence for the monarch replaces that held in earlier centuries for the sacred paramount chief, the Tuʻi Tonga. Criticism of the monarch is held to be contrary to Tongan culture and etiquette. King Tupou VI (a descendant of the first monarch), his family, powerful nobles and a growing non-royal elite caste live in much wealth, with the rest of the country living in relative poverty. The effects of this disparity are mitigated by education, medicine, and land tenure.
qas: question: zh_tw: 尊崇君主取代了神聖和最高領導的誰？
en: Who is the sacred paramount chies the the monach replaced?
answers: zh_tw: text: 圖依東加
en: text: Tuʻi Tonga
最終幻想 IV
Final Fantasy IV

context: zh_tw: 《最終幻想 IV》以角色推動劇情，使用了新技術以及植松伸夫廣受歡迎的配樂，被視為系列與角色扮演遊戲的里程碑。《最終幻想 IV》被視作最早使用複雜劇情的遊戲之一，並被認為開創了 RPG 戲劇性劇情的理念。任天堂 DS 重製版使用了 3D 畫面，並於 2007 年和 2008 年在任天堂 DS 平臺發行。其後傳《最終幻想 IV The After - 月之歸還 -》於 2008 年在日本手機平臺發行，並於 2009 年 6 月 1 日透過 Wii 商店頻道開放全球下載。2011 年發行的《最終幻想 IV 完全收藏輯》收錄了《最終幻想 IV》及《月之歸還》。任天堂 DS 重製版的 iOS 移植版於 2012 年 12 月 20 日發行，Android 版和 Windows 版分別於 2013 年和 2014 年發行。
en: Final Fantasy IV has been ported to several other platforms with varying differences. An enhanced remake, also called Final Fantasy IV, with 3D graphics was released for the Nintendo DS in 2007 and 2008. The game was re-titled Final Fantasy II during its initial release outside Japan as the original Final Fantasy II and Final Fantasy III had not been released outside Japan at the time. All later localizations, which began to appear after Final Fantasy VII (released worldwide under that title), used the original title.
qas: question: zh_tw: 《最終幻想 IV》在哪個遊戲平臺釋出？
en: Which gaming platform was the Final Fantasy IV released on?
answers: zh_tw: text: 任天堂 DS
en: text: Nintendo DS
心宿一
Sigma Scorpii

context: zh_tw: 心宿一的主星 —— 天蠍座 σA 是一顆 B 型藍白巨星。它是一顆仙王座 β 型變星，視星等在 + 2.86 至 + 2.94 之間變化，光變週期有多個，分別是 0.2468429、0.239671 和 8.2 天。它同時又是一顆食聯星，擁有一顆 O 型伴星，公轉一週的週期為 33 天。
en: The brightest component of the system, Sigma Scorpii Aa, is a double-lined spectroscopic binary, which means that the pair has not been resolved using a telescope. Instead, their orbit is determined by changes in their combined spectrum caused by the Doppler shift. This indicates that the pair complete an orbit every 33.01 days and have an orbital eccentricity of 0.32.The primary component of the spectroscopic binary, Sigma Scorpii Aa1, is an evolved giant star with a stellar classification of B1 III. It has around 18 times the mass of the Sun and 12 times the Sun's radius. This star is radiating about 29000 times the luminosity of the Sun from its outer envelope at an effective temperature of 26150 K. This is a variable star of the Beta Cephei type, causing the apparent magnitude to vary between +2.86 and +2.94 with multiple periods of 0.2468429, 0.239671, and 8.2 days. During each pulsation cycle, the temperature of the star varies by 4000±2000 K. The other member of the core pair, Sigma Scorpii Aa2, is a main sequence star with a classification of B1 V.Orbiting this binary at a separation of half an arcsecond, or at least 120 Astronomical units (AU), four times the Sun–Neptune distance, is the magnitude +5.2 Sigma Scorpii Ab, which has an orbital period of over a hundred years. Even farther out at 20 arcseconds, or more than 4500 AU, is Sigma Scorpii B with a magnitude of +8.7. It is classified as a B9 dwarf.
qas: question: zh_tw: 這是哪類的星體？
en: What kind of star is this?
answers: zh_tw: text: 仙王座 β 型變星
en: text: This is a variable star of the Beta Cephei type
德國葡萄酒之路
German Wine Route

context: zh_tw: 每逢八月的最後一個星期天，是德國葡萄酒之路體驗日（Erlebnistag Deutsche Weinstraße），整條葡萄酒之路都禁止汽車通行，眾多葡萄酒生產商和小酒吧為成千上萬的徒步的、騎腳踏車的、溜輪滑的漫遊者服務。
en: On the last Sunday in August, the route is closed to motorized traffic for German Wine Route Day (Erlebnistag Deutsche Weinstraße) with many wineries and Straußwirtschaften open air (seasonal wine bars) open to the hundreds of thousands of hikers, cyclers and inline skaters who visit this festival.
qas: question: zh_tw: 這條路是為誰而開的？
en: to whom was the route open?
answers: zh_tw: text: 徒步的、騎腳踏車的、溜輪滑的
en: text: hikers, cyclers and inline skaters
少女妖怪 石榴
Otome Yōkai Zakuro

context: zh_tw: 少女妖怪 石榴（日語：おとめ妖怪 ざくろ），是日本星野リリィ的漫畫作品。目前在コミックバーズ（幻冬舍 Comics）上連載。2010 年 10 月開始作為電視動畫播放。
en: Otome Yōkai Zakuro (おとめ妖怪 ざくろ, "Maiden Spirit Zakuro") is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Lily Hoshino. It began serialization in November 2006 in the monthly seinen manga magazine Comic Birz. The first tankōbon volume was released by Gentosha in January 2008; as of March 2015, ten volumes have been released. An anime adaptation produced by J.C.Staff and directed by Chiaki Kon airing in Japan from October to December 2010.
qas: question: zh_tw: 什麼是 Oteme Yokai Zakuro？
en: what is Oteme Yokai Zakuro?
answers: zh_tw: text: ざくろ），是日本星野リリィ的漫畫作品。
en: text: a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Lily Hoshino
美洲兜蘭屬
Phragmipedium

context: zh_tw: 大部份美洲兜蘭是陸生、著生或巖生的。它們有一個屏狀的退化雄蕊、長而像鬍子的花瓣及 3 室的子房。囊狀的唇瓣向內彎曲。尖葉長約 80 釐米。莖上沒有假球莖，約長 80 釐米，會長出 2－3 朵花朵。
en: Most Phragmipedium species are either terrestrial, epiphytic or lithophytic in habit. They show a unique shieldlike staminode, long, moustache-like petals and a 3-locular ovary. The large pouchlike lip is curved inwards at the margins. The acute leaves attain a length of about 80 cm. The stem lacks pseudobulbs and grows about 80 cm high, showing 2 to 3 flowers.
qas: question: zh_tw: 囊狀的唇瓣向哪個方向彎曲？
en: In which direction is the pouchlike lip curved?
answers: zh_tw: text: 內彎曲
en: text: inwards
古斯塔夫・拉德布魯赫
Gustav Radbruch

context: zh_tw: 在法律方面，這一三合一思想顯示其本身處在社會哲學、法律哲學與法學教條的子集當中。法學教條被定義居於中間。它本身定位為成文法的對立面，以後者在法律客觀的 “應有” 的感觀中在社會現實和方法論上反映本身，透過與價值觀相關的解釋呈現出來。
en: In relation to the law, this triadism shows itself in the subfields of legal sociology, legal philosophy and legal dogma. Legal dogma assumes a place in between. It posits itself in opposition to positive law, as the latter depicts itself in social reality and methodologically in the objective "should-have" sense of law, which reveals itself through value-related interpretation.
qas: question: zh_tw: 子域的三合一是什麼？
en: What is the triad of subfields?
answers: zh_tw: text: 社會哲學、法律哲學與法學教條
en: text: legal sociology, legal philosophy and legal dogma
託馬斯・布拉德華
Thomas Bradwardine

context: zh_tw: 布拉德華出生於薩塞克斯郡，就讀於牛津大學貝利奧爾學院，於 1321 年成為研究員，並取得神學博士學位。他是一位純熟的數學家、有才能的神學家。稍後，他進入牛津大學墨頓學院繼續研究。在當時，墨頓學院庇護著一群獻身於自然科學的紳士，主要領域為物理、天文、數學，是巴黎大學知識分子的競爭對手。牛津大學自 1240 年開始大力推行智識運動以來，布拉德華與其同儕奧卡姆的威廉為其頂尖人物。
en: Bradwardine subsequently moved to Merton College, Oxford on a fellowship. He was afterwards raised to the high offices of chancellor of the university and professor of divinity. Bradwardine (like his contemporary William of Occam) was a culminating figure of the great intellectual movement at Oxford that had begun in the 1240s.
qas: question: zh_tw: 布拉德沃丁搬去了哪裡？
en: Where did Bradwardine move to?
answers: zh_tw: text: 牛津大學墨頓學院
en: text: Merton College, Oxford
潔西卡・艾巴
Jessica Alba

context: zh_tw: 她 13 歲開始演藝生涯，參演電影《Camp Nowhere》和美劇《The Secret World of Alex Mack》(1994)。艾芭通過出演美劇《末世黑天使》(2000–2002) 開始嶄露頭角成為知名女演員，之後擴大其演藝版圖進軍大銀幕，多數出演動作片和喜劇片。近年出演的電影包括《Honey》(2003)、《罪惡之城》(2005)、《神奇 4 俠》(2005)、《Into the Blue》(2005)、《神奇 4 俠：銀魔現身》(2007) 以及《倒數第二個男朋友》(2007)。
en: Alba expressed an interest in acting from the age of five. In 1992, the 11-year-old Alba persuaded her mother to take her to an acting competition in Beverly Hills, where the grand prize was free acting classes. Alba won the grand prize, and took her first acting lessons. An agent signed Alba nine months later. Her first appearance on film was a small role in the 1994 feature Camp Nowhere as Gail. She was originally hired for two weeks but her role turned into a two-month job when one of the prominent actresses dropped out.Alba appeared in two national television commercials for Nintendo and J. C. Penney as a child. She was later featured in several independent films. She branched out into television in 1994 with a recurring role as the vain Jessica in three episodes of the Nickelodeon comedy series The Secret World of Alex Mack. She then performed the role of Maya in the first two seasons of the television series Flipper. Under the tutelage of her lifeguard mother, Alba learned to swim before she could walk, and she was a PADI-certified scuba diver, skills which were put to use on the show, which was filmed in Australia.In 1998, she appeared as Melissa Hauer in a first-season episode of the Steven Bochco crime-drama Brooklyn South, as Leanne in two episodes of Beverly Hills, 90210, and as Layla in an episode of Love Boat: The Next Wave. In 1999, she appeared in the Randy Quaid comedy feature P.U.N.K.S.. After Alba graduated from high school, she studied acting with William H. Macy and his wife, Felicity Huffman, at the Atlantic Theater Company, which was developed by Macy and Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright and film director, David Mamet. Alba rose to greater prominence in Hollywood in 1999 after appearing as a member of a snobby high school clique tormenting an insecure copy editor in the romantic comedy Never Been Kissed, opposite Drew Barrymore, and as the female lead in the little-seen comedy horror film Idle Hands, alongside Devon Sawa.
qas: question: zh_tw: 艾芭何時加入電視臺？
en: when did alba go into television?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1994
en: text: 1994
尼斯維爾 (佛羅里達州)
Niceville, Florida

context: zh_tw: 尼斯維爾（英語：Niceville），是美國佛羅里達州下屬的一座城市。建立於 1938 年。面積約 為 29.4 平方公里（約合 11.3 平方英里）。根據 2010 年美國人口普查，該市有人口 12,749 人。論人口在本州排行第 139。
en: Niceville is a city in Okaloosa County, Florida, United States, located near Eglin Air Force Base on Boggy Bayou that opens into Choctawhatchee Bay.
qas: question: zh_tw: 尼斯維爾位於哪州？
en: What state is Niceville located in?
answers: zh_tw: text: 佛羅里達州
en: text: Florida
立窩尼亞公國

context: zh_tw: 立窩尼亞公國（波蘭語：Księstwo Inflantskie；拉丁語：Ducatus Ultradunensis； 拉脫維亞語：Pārdaugavas hercogiste）是一個存在於 1561 年至 1621 年，屬於立陶宛大公國 —— 後屬於波蘭立陶宛聯邦的封地。
qas: question: zh_tw: 公爵領地存在於什麼時期？
en: What years did the Duchy exist?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1561 年至 1621 年

context: zh_tw: 立窩尼亞自立窩尼亞騎士團因維爾紐斯聯合和立窩尼亞聯邦在立窩尼亞戰爭解體而世俗化後，於 1561 年起屬於立陶宛大公國。立窩尼亞部分地區，構成了庫爾蘭和瑟米利亞公國，而現在的愛沙尼亞西南部和拉脫維亞東北部，包括現在的維澤梅和拉特加爾被割讓給立陶宛。
qas: question: zh_tw: 割讓的土地是哪個國家的？
en: What country was the land ceded to?
answers: zh_tw: text: 立陶宛大公國
動態核心模組支援
Dynamic Kernel Module Support

context: zh_tw: DKMS 是由戴爾的 Linux 工程團隊在 2003 年寫的。它已經被許多 Linux 發行版所包含，如 Ubuntu 8.10 (包括後來的版本) 和 Fedora。 它是以 GNU 通用公共許可證（GPL）v2 或以後的條款釋出下的免費軟體。DKMS 原生支援 RPM 和 DEB 軟體包格式。
en: DKMS was written by the Linux Engineering Team at Dell in 2003. It is included in many distributions, such as Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora, SUSE, and Arch. DKMS is free software released under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL) v2 or later.
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪個的發行版包含了由戴爾的 Linux 工程團隊在 2003 年所寫的 DKMS？
en: What is one of the distributions for DKMS written by the Linux Engineering team at Dell in 2003?
answers: zh_tw: text: Ubuntu
en: text: Ubuntu
世界貿易中心
World Trade Center (1973–2001)

context: zh_tw: 1980 年代 7 號樓建成後世界貿易中心共有七座建築物，佔地 6.5 萬平方米，其中最顯眼的是那兩座 110 層、410 米高的主樓，主樓佔整個建築群面積的十六分之一。1973 年在一次記者招待會會上有人問山崎實：“為什麼兩座 110 層的建築，為什麼不是一座 220 層的建築？” 山崎實的回答是：“我不想太狂妄。”1972 年建成後世界貿易中心 1 號樓（北樓）在此後兩年裡超過了此前 40 年為世界最高樓的帝國大廈成為世界最高樓。它的樓體高 417 米，1978 年裝上的通訊天線高 110 米。加上這個天線它的最高點達 527 米。1973 年完工時 2 號樓（南樓）成為世界上第二高樓。南樓樓頂的觀望臺高 415 米，樓內的觀望臺高 400 米。世界貿易中心僅僅很短期地佔有世界最高樓的稱號：1973 年 5 月芝加哥的威利斯大廈完工，它的樓頂達 440 米。不過在它存在的時間裡世界貿易中心的雙塔始終是世界上樓層最多的建築物（110 層）。這個數目一直到 2010 年才被哈里發塔超過。
en: One World Trade Center and Two World Trade Center, commonly the Twin Towers, were designed by architect Minoru Yamasaki as framed tube structures, which provided tenants with open floor plans, uninterrupted by columns or walls. They were the main buildings of the World Trade Center. Construction of the North Tower at One World Trade Center began in 1966 with the South Tower at Two World Trade Center. When completed in 1972, 1 World Trade Center became the tallest building in the world for two years, surpassing the Empire State Building after its 40-year reign. The North Tower stood 1,368 feet (417 m) tall and featured a 362 foot (110 m) telecommunications antenna or mast that was built on the roof in 1978. With this addition, the highest point of the North Tower reached 1,730 feet (530 m). Chicago's Sears Tower, finished in May 1973, reached 1,450 feet (440 m) at the rooftop.
qas: question: zh_tw: 以公制單位為標準，北塔的高度是多少？
en: What was the height in metric units of the North Tower?
answers: zh_tw: text: 417 米
en: text: 417 m
六島
Liu Dao

context: zh_tw: 六島藝術中心的作品利用數碼技術與世界互動溝通，呈現 21 世紀的上海在生動繁忙的環境下產生的思想及情感。六島的團體精神使其作品既遠離主流，也非毫無市場。六島的大部分作品中採用了 LED 技術。由藝術總監帶領編舞家吳豔丹、李靈溪以及 Chaim Gebber，將簡單的動作錄製下來，並將影片轉換成 LED 影像，用自編的軟體來建立作品的顏色和一系列動畫點陣圖紅門畫廊，中國最早的一間私人藝術畫廊，。形容六島的創作過程為 “將科技有機化”：“數碼媒體活了起來，開始訴說，夢想，玩花招，誘惑。作品開始具有 “偷窺、幻想”，“戀物症” 等特質。
en: The majority of Liu Dao's works involve LEDs. A simple movement is arranged by choreographers and coordinated by in-house art directors, which is then video recorded and turned into an LED representation. Homemade software is used to match colors and to create an animated sequence of bitmaps.
qas: question: zh_tw: 六島主要用什麼工作？
en: Liu Dao worked mostly with what?
answers: zh_tw: text: LED
en: text: LEDs
正規概念分析法
Formal concept analysis

context: zh_tw: 正規概念分析是一種將物件概念和其屬性自動依造本體論進行分析的方法。這個詞彙最早是由 Wille 於 1984 所提出。它應用了格理論將物件和其所對應的屬性互相關聯。所應用到的格理論則是由 Birkhoff 等人於 1930 年代所發展的。
en: The theory in its present form goes back to the early 1980s and a research group led by Rudolf Wille, Bernhard Ganter and Peter Burmeister at the Technische Universität Darmstadt. Its basic mathematical definitions, however, were already introduced in the 1930s by Garrett Birkhoff as part of general lattice theory. Other previous approaches to the same idea arose from various French research groups, but the Darmstadt group normalised the field and systematically worked out both its mathematical theory and its philosophical foundations. The latter refer in particular to Charles S. Peirce, but also to the Port-Royal Logic.
qas: question: zh_tw: 一般格理論的基本定義是誰想出來的？
en: Who came up with the basic definition for the general lattice theory?
answers: zh_tw: text: Birkhoff
en: text: Garrett Birkhoff
卡帕多細亞的戈耳狄俄斯
Gordius of Cappadocia

context: zh_tw: 戈耳狄俄斯之後受米特里達梯六世之命前往羅馬。當羅馬人立阿里奧巴爾贊一世為卡帕多細亞國王后，戈耳狄俄斯再度出使亞米尼亞，與其王提格蘭二世擬定協定，於是本都和亞美尼亞兩國在前 93 年把阿里奧巴爾贊一世逐出卡帕多細亞。羅馬大將蘇拉之後為阿里奧巴爾贊一世收復王國，並把戈耳狄俄斯逐出卡帕多細亞。
en: Gordius (in Greek Γoρδιoς), a Cappadocian by birth, was the instrument of Mithridates Eupator (120–63 BC), king of Pontus, in his attempts to annex Cappadocia to Pontus. Gordius was employed by him, in 116 BC, to murder Ariarathes VI, king of Cappadocia.  Gordius was afterwards tutor of a son of Mithridates, whom, after the murder of Ariarathes VII he made king of Cappadocia as Ariarathes IX. Gordius was sent as the envoy of Mithridates to Rome, and afterwards employed by him to engage Tigranes, king of Armenia, to attack Cappadocia, and expel Ariobarzanes I, whom the Romans made king of that country in 93 BC. Sulla restored Ariobarzanes in the following year, and drove Gordius out of Cappadocia. Gordius opposed Lucius Licinius Murena in the Battle of Halys, 82 BC.
qas: question: zh_tw: 戈耳狄俄斯位於哪裡？
en: Where was Gordius located?
answers: zh_tw: text: 卡帕多細亞
en: text: Cappadocia
託馬斯・沙夫
Thomas Schaaf

context: zh_tw: 托馬斯・沙夫（德語：Thomas Schaaf，1961 年 4 月 30 日－）是一名德國足球教練以及已退役的足球運動員。他的職業生涯只效力過德甲球隊雲達不萊梅一支球隊，並且在退役後繼續留在雲達不萊梅服務。直到 2013 年離職為止，他總計為這支球隊奉獻超過 40 年。
en: Thomas Schaaf (born 30 April 1961) is a German retired footballer who played as a defender, and a current manager.
qas: question: zh_tw: 沙夫出生於什麼時候？
en: When was Schaaf born?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1961 年 4 月 30 日
en: text: 30 April 1961
S 盒
S-box

context: zh_tw: 給定 6 位元輸入，將首尾兩個位元作為行條件、中間四個位元（inner four bits）作為列條件進行查表，最終獲得 4 位元輸出。例如，輸入 “011011”，透過首尾兩個位元 “01” 和中間的位元 “1101” 進行查表，最終的輸出應該是 “1001”。
en: Given a 6-bit input, the 4-bit output is found by selecting the row using the outer two bits (the first and last bits), and the column using the inner four bits. For example, an input "011011" has outer bits "01" and inner bits "1101"; the corresponding output would be "1001".The 8 S-boxes of DES were the subject of intense study for many years out of a concern that a backdoor — a vulnerability known only to its designers — might have been planted in the cipher. The S-box design criteria were eventually published (in Coppersmith 1994) after the public rediscovery of differential cryptanalysis, showing that they had been carefully tuned to increase resistance against this specific attack. Biham and Shamir found that even small modifications to an S-box could significantly weaken DES.There has been a great deal of research into the design of good S-boxes, and much more is understood about their use in block ciphers than when DES was released.Any S-box where each output bit is produced by a bent function of the input bits, and where any linear combination of the output bits is also a bent function of the input bits, is a perfect S-box.
qas: question: zh_tw: 你如何找到 4 位元輸出？
en: How do you find the 4-bit output?
answers: zh_tw: text: 將首尾兩個位元作為行條件、中間四個位元（inner four bits）作為列條件進行查表
en: text: selecting the row using the outer two bits (the first and last bits), and the column using the inner four bit
Cing
Cing

context: zh_tw: Cing 於 1999 年 4 月 2 日成立，其宗旨為開發一些新穎獨特的電子遊戲，以給予玩家獨特的體驗。Cing 的首個專案就是為卡普空開發 PlayStation 2 冒險遊戲《玻璃薔薇》。可是，此遊戲的銷售狀況未如理想，而此遊戲亦僅限於日本和歐洲發售。於 2005 每初，Cing 釋出了一個新的任天堂 DS 冒險遊戲《Another Code 兩段記憶》。此遊戲亦是 Cing 的首個任天堂遊戲。此遊戲利用任天堂 DS 的多個功能設計遊戲中的謎題，且其銷售狀況亦不差。接著，Cing 完成了《願望之屋 天使的記憶》的開發工作。《願望之屋 天使的記憶》是另一個任天堂 DS 冒險遊戲，此遊戲於 2007 年更加是日本第 76 暢銷遊戲。於 2007 年 3 月 13 日，Cing 宣佈他們的下一個任天堂遊戲將會是 Wii 的《國王物語》。此遊戲於 2009 年 4 月在澳大利亞和歐洲釋出，2009 年 7 月 21 日在北美髮布，並於 2009 年 9 月 3 日在日本釋出。於 2009 年 11 月，Cing 宣佈《願望之屋 天使的記憶》的續作《最後之窗 真夜中的約束》將會發布。此遊戲於 2010 年 1 月 14 日在日本釋出，並於 2010 年 9 月 17 日在歐洲釋出。可是，此遊戲並沒有在北美髮布。Cing 於 2010 年 3 月 1 日申請破產保護。此公司在破產時共欠債 2.56 億日元（290 萬美元）。
en: Cing filed for bankruptcy in Japan on March 1, 2010. The company was reportedly suffering from liabilities of 256 million yen (USD 2.9m/EUR 2.1m).
qas: question: zh_tw: 公司債務以日元計算是多少錢？
en: How much was the company debt in yen?
answers: zh_tw: text: 2.56 億
en: text: 256 million
猶加敦馬雅語
Yucatec Maya language

context: zh_tw: 現在用來書寫猶加敦瑪雅語的文字是拉丁字母，在西班牙人征服猶加敦的時候由西班牙人帶入，使用的是當時舊式的西班牙語拼字法（例如以 "x" 代表英語裡的後齒齦擦音 "sh"，此音後來在現在的西班牙語裡變為拼成 "j" 的小舌擦音，除了一些擬古的拼法，如 "México"）。在殖民時期，還有一個倒 "c" (ɔ) 常用來代表現在拼成 "dz" 的音。在前哥倫布時期，猶加敦瑪雅語是以瑪雅象形文字書寫。
en: The Maya were literate in pre-Columbian times, when the language was written using Maya script. The language itself can be traced back to proto-Yucatecan, the ancestor of modern Yucatec Maya, Itza, Lacandon and Mopan. Even further back, the language is ultimately related to all other Maya languages through proto-Mayan itself.
qas: question: zh_tw: 這是由什麼語言書寫的？
en: What was the language written in?
answers: zh_tw: text: 瑪雅象形文字
en: text: Maya
威廉・莫頓
William T. G. Morton

context: zh_tw: 威廉・T・G・莫頓（William T.G. Morton，1819 年 8 月 8 日－1868 年 7 月 15 日），美國牙科醫生，現代麻醉學創始人之一。
en: William Thomas Green Morton (August 9, 1819 – July 15, 1868) was an American dentist who first publicly demonstrated the use of inhaled ether as a surgical anaesthetic in 1846.  The promotion of his questionable claim to have been the discoverer of anaesthesia became an obsession for the rest of his life.
qas: question: zh_tw: 威廉・湯姆斯・格林・莫頓的職業是什麼？
en: What was William Thomas Green Morton's occupation?
answers: zh_tw: text: 牙科醫生
en: text: dentist
貝蒂・傅瑞丹
Betty Friedan

context: zh_tw: 貝蒂・弗裡丹（英語：Betty Friedan，1921 年 2 月 4 日－2006 年 2 月 4 日）美國作家、編輯。
en: Betty Friedan ( February 4, 1921 – February 4, 2006) was an American feminist writer and activist. A leading figure in the women's movement in the United States, her 1963 book The Feminine Mystique is often credited with sparking the second wave of American feminism in the 20th century. In 1966, Friedan co-founded and was elected the first president of the National Organization for Women (NOW), which aimed to bring women "into the mainstream of American society now [in] fully equal partnership with men."
qas: question: zh_tw: Betty Friedan 的國籍是什麼？
en: What nationality was Betty Friedan?
answers: zh_tw: text: Friedan，1921 年 2 月 4 日－2006 年 2 月 4 日）美國作家、編輯。
en: text: American
卡拉瓦喬
Caravaggio

context: zh_tw: 米開朗基羅・梅里西・達・卡拉瓦喬（義大利語：Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio，1571 年 9 月 29 日－1610 年 7 月 18 日），義大利畫家，1593 年到 1610 年間活躍於羅馬、那不勒斯、馬耳他和西西里。他通常被認為屬於巴洛克畫派，對巴洛克畫派的形成有重要影響。
en: Michelangelo Merisi (Michele Angelo Merigi or Amerighi) da Caravaggio (, US: , Italian pronunciation: [mikeˈlandʒelo meˈriːzi da (k)karaˈvaddʒo]; 28 September 1571 – 18 July 1610) was an Italian painter active in Rome, Naples, Malta, and Sicily from the early 1590s to 1610. His paintings combine a realistic observation of the human state, both physical and emotional, with a dramatic use of lighting, which had a formative influence on Baroque painting.Caravaggio employed close physical observation with a dramatic use of chiaroscuro that came to be known as tenebrism. He made the technique a dominant stylistic element, darkening shadows and transfixing subjects in bright shafts of light. Caravaggio vividly expressed crucial moments and scenes, often featuring violent struggles, torture and death. He worked rapidly, with live models, preferring to forgo drawings and work directly onto the canvas. His influence on the new Baroque style that emerged from Mannerism was profound. It can be seen directly or indirectly in the work of Peter Paul Rubens, Jusepe de Ribera, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, and Rembrandt, and artists in the following generation heavily under his influence were called the "Caravaggisti" or "Caravagesques", as well as tenebrists or tenebrosi ("shadowists").
qas: question: zh_tw: 米開朗基羅有什麼工作？
en: What job did Michelangelo have?
answers: zh_tw: text: Caravaggio，1571 年 9 月 29 日－1610 年 7 月 18 日），義大利畫家，1593 年到 1610 年間活躍於羅馬、那不勒斯、馬耳他和西西里。
en: text: Italian painter
Microsoft MapPoint
Microsoft MapPoint

context: zh_tw: MSN 為本的 Virtual Earth 虛擬地球儀服務微軟 MapPoint 每年更新。最新版本為 MapPoint 2010。該軟體支援三個平臺：Pocket PC, SmartPhone，Windows。
en: Version 2009 sporting an overhauled interface and claimed better Office integration was released in late 2008. The core map rendering engine remained the same and the GIS data was not updated as recently as one might expect of a product released in 2008, leaving out subdivisions, roads and other features that were completed in 2007 and which are shown on online mapping systems. Further, the 2009 version replaced all built-in icons with icons that were mostly brown or darker colors. This made them difficult to see on the map and resulted in users trying to restore the icon sets from version 2006.Old versions 2004 and 2006 both included 336 pushpin symbols. The 2009 version replaced these symbols with a new set of 46 pushpins. A new template can be used to add missing pushpin images to the program. The full range of pushpins were reintroduced in MapPoint 2010. The software is available for Microsoft Windows, and includes a less-featured edition entitled Pocket Streets for the Windows CE family of products, such as Pocket PC, and Windows Mobile for Smartphone and Automotive.
qas: question: zh_tw: Windows Mobile 適用於汽車和其他什麼領域？
en: Windows Mobile is available for automotive and what else?
answers: zh_tw: text: SmartPhone
en: text: Smartphone
疑問驚嘆號

context: zh_tw: 1966 年，American Type Founders 發表了 Americana 印製面，其中有疑問驚歎號。1968 年，疑問驚歎號在某些 Remington 打字機出現。1970 年代，有疑問驚歎號的鍵可供購買，可以作替換 Smith-Corona 打字機的鍵。1960 年代，隨疑問驚歎號的流行，interrobang 出現了在某些辭典，並受雜誌、報紙的文章論及。
qas: question: zh_tw: 20 世紀 60 年代流行使用什麼標點符號？
en: What punctuation was fashionable to use in the 1960s?
answers: zh_tw: text: 疑問驚歎號的流行，interrobang

question: zh_tw: 哪特別符號可在某些 1968 年製造的 Remington 打字機找到？
en: What special key can be found on some Remington typewriters manufactured in 1968?
answers: zh_tw: text: 疑問驚歎
真的不是我
I Didn't Do It (TV series)

context: zh_tw: 《真的不是我》（英語：I Didn't Do It）是一部迪士尼頻道原創影集。2012 年 11 月宣佈製作試播集並預定於 2013 年 1 月播出。2013 年 6 月 18 日宣佈製作本劇。本劇於 2013 年夏天正式展開製作並於 2014 年 1 月 17 日首播。本劇由託德・哈德莫與賈許・銀史坦開創。2014 年 7 月 3 日，迪士尼宣佈續訂第二季。 在第 2 季完結後，迪士尼宣佈取消本劇。
en: A pilot for the series was announced November 2012 with production of the pilot scheduled for January 2013. The series was picked up on June 18, 2013. The series started airing on January 17, 2014. On July 3, 2014, Disney ordered a second season of the series. The second season premiered on February 15, 2015. The series ended on October 16, 2015.
qas: question: zh_tw: 何時續訂第二季？
en: When was the second series ordered?
answers: zh_tw: text: 2014 年 7 月 3 日
en: text: July 3, 2014
波子汽水樽
Codd-neck bottle

context: zh_tw: 彈珠汽水瓶已使用了數十年，不過使用量已漸漸減少，因為小孩常會為了設法將彈珠取出而破壞汽水瓶，因此彈珠汽水瓶越來越少，在英國已變成一種收藏品。
en: Soon after its introduction, the bottle became extremely popular with the soft drink and brewing industries mainly in Europe, India and Australasia, though some alcohol drinkers disdained the use of the bottle. One etymology of the term codswallop originates from beer sold in Codd-neck bottles, though this is generally dismissed as a folk etymology.The bottles were regularly produced for many decades, but gradually declined in usage. Since children smashed the bottles to retrieve the marbles, vintage bottles are relatively scarce and have become collector items; particularly in the UK. A cobalt coloured Codd-neck bottle can fetch hundreds of British pounds at auction. Bilas, a company in Portugal created a soda named after the bottle design (Pirulito). However, the marble inside did not seal the liquid. Instead it was a normal cap which could be removed without breaking the bottle.
qas: question: zh_tw: 這些懷舊瓶子成為收藏品主要因為什麼？
en: What is the main cause of vintage bottles becoming collector items?
answers: zh_tw: text: 小孩常會為了設法將彈珠取出而破壞汽水瓶
en: text: children smashed the bottles
亞瑟・拉克姆
Arthur Rackham

context: zh_tw: 亞瑟・拉克姆（Arthur Rackham，1867 年 9 月 19 日－1939 年 9 月 6 日）是一位英國插畫家。他是英國從 1900 年代開始至一戰前的插畫 “黃金時代” 代表畫家之一。死後名聲愈大，作品也常被各種賀卡採用。
en: Arthur Rackham (19 September 1867 – 6 September 1939) was an English book illustrator. He is recognized as one of the leading literary figures during the Golden Age of British book illustration. His work is noted for its robust pen and ink drawings, which were combined with the use of watercolour. Rackham's 51 color pieces for the Early American tale became a turning point in the production of books since - through color-separated printing - it featured the accurate reproduction of color artwork.  Some of his best-known works include the illustrations for Rip Van Winkle, Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens, and Fairy Tales of the Brothers Grimm.
qas: question: zh_tw: 亞瑟・拉克姆是誰？
en: who is Arthur Rackham?
answers: zh_tw: text: 英國插畫家
en: text: English book illustrator
亞瓦派縣
Yavapai County, Arizona

context: zh_tw: 亞瓦派縣是由第一亞利桑那州地區立法局設立的初始四個亞利桑那州縣之一。亞瓦派縣原本的西面疆界為東經 113°20'，南面疆界則為希拉河，而北面和東面疆界均為亞利桑那州與其他州份的邊界。此後不久，阿帕契縣、可可尼諾縣、馬里科帕縣、以及納瓦霍縣從亞瓦派縣中分割出來，使亞瓦派縣沒有與其他州份相連。而目前亞瓦派縣的邊界是於 1891 年劃分的。
en: Yavapai County was one of the four original Arizona counties created by the 1st Arizona Territorial Legislature. The county territory was defined as being east of longitude 113° 20' and north of the Gila River. Soon thereafter, the counties of Apache, Coconino, Maricopa, and Navajo were carved from the original Yavapai County. Yavapai County's present boundaries were established in 1891.
qas: question: zh_tw: 目前的邊界是何時劃分的？
en: when was the present boundaries established?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1891
en: text: 1891
羅賓漢效應
Robin Hood effect

context: zh_tw: 國家的資本必定隨著國家的發展增加，資本的所有者也隨之擁有更多財富和收入，進而引入貧富差距。然而，諸多的再分配機制最終會導致羅賓漢效應，將財富再分配給窮人，例如涓滴效應和社會福利專案。因此，發展程度更高的國家中，貧富差距又會縮小。
en: As a country develops, it necessarily acquires more capital, and the owners of this capital will then have more wealth and income, which introduces inequality. However, eventually various possible redistribution mechanisms such as trickle down effects and social welfare programs will lead to a Robin Hood effect, with wealth redistributed to the poor.  Therefore, more developed countries move back to lower levels of inequality.
qas: question: zh_tw: 發達國家的不平等程度如何？
en: How is the level of inequality in developed countries?
answers: zh_tw: text: 小
en: text: lower
五聲音階 (樂團)
Pentatonix

context: zh_tw: 2012 月 11 月 13 日，他們推出了聖誕迷你專輯 PTXmas，緊接在第二天在 Youtube 上釋出了 "Carol of the Bells" 的音樂錄影帶。其後更參與了不同的大型演出宣傳專輯，包括 11 月 18 日的 "Coca-Cola Red Carpet LIVE! @ The 2012 American Music Awards" 和荷里活聖誕大巡遊，他們更是 12 月 16 日 "94.7 THE WAVE Christmas Concert Starring Dave Koz and Kenny Loggins" 的開場嘉賓。Ryanseacrest.com 為五人冠上 "年度矚目藝人"（Featured Artist of the Year）的名銜，以表揚組合在短短一年間發展迅速。
en: The group released their Christmas EP, PTXmas, on November 13, 2012. The group released their video of an original arrangement of "Carol of the Bells" the following day. The group performed on "Coca-Cola Red Carpet LIVE! @ The 2012 American Music Awards" Pre-Show on November 18, the Hollywood Christmas Parade, and the "94.7 THE WAVE Christmas Concert Starring Dave Koz and Kenny Loggins" on December 16. The group was also featured guests on Katie Couric (ABC), Home and Family (Hallmark), The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, and Big D NYE. Ryan Seacrest's website named Pentatonix the 2012 "Featured Artist of the Year" for their expansive growth online in just one year. The Christmas album was re-released on November 19, 2013 as a deluxe edition containing two additional tracks. One of these, "Little Drummer Boy" charted in several Billboard categories including peaking at number two on the "Streaming Songs" chart and number one on the Holiday 100 chart, receiving a number of Billboard awards. PTXmas reappeared on the Billboard charts again in November 2014, placing No. 24 on the Billboard 200 and No. 4 on the Holiday charts, giving Pentatonix three albums on the Billboard 200 at the same time. On Billboard's 2014 Year-End charts, PTXmas was No. 8 on the Catalogue Albums chart and No. 119 on the Top Billboard 200 Albums chart, with Pentatonix ranked as No. 46 on the Top Billboard 200 Artists chart. As of December 24, 2014, PTXmas has sold 356,000 copies.
qas: question: zh_tw: 11 月 18 日，這個團隊在哪裡演出？
en: Where did the group perform on November 18?
answers: zh_tw: text: Coca-Cola Red Carpet LIVE!
en: text: Coca-Cola Red Carpet LIVE!
女獵手 (漫畫)
Huntress (comics)

context: zh_tw: 在《全明星漫畫》第 72 期中，海倫娜正式加入了美國正義會社，她在其中與超能女孩建立起了一段長久的友誼。作為會社成員，她參加過幾次 JLA/JSA 的合作故事，其中大多數發生在地球 1。海倫娜也短暫的與無限群英會共事過。
en: In All Star Comics #72, Helena formally joined the Justice Society of America where she struck up a friendship with fellow new superheroine Power Girl. As a JSA member, she participated in several of the annual JLA/JSA meetings, most of which took place on Earth-One. Helena was also briefly associated with the superhero group Infinity, Inc..
qas: question: zh_tw: 海倫娜有一段時間是哪個超級英雄隊的成員？
en: What superhero groups was Helena part of for a short period of time?
answers: zh_tw: text: 無限群英會
en: text: Infinity, Inc.
加泰人塔爾高號列車
Catalan Talgo

context: zh_tw: 加泰人塔爾高號在 1969 年開始投入全歐快車服務後，於瑞士境內使用 GC/CG 的車次（即日內瓦及加泰羅尼亞的字母首寫），於西班牙境內使用 TEE83/84 的車次。1971 年 5 月 23 日起，車次被重新編號為 TEE70/71 次和 TEE72/73 次；其中在西班牙境內使用 TEE70 和 73 次，自 1974 年 5 月 26 日又變更為 TEE5073 和 5070 次。使用雙編號的原因是由於在兩座始發車站的出站車次均為奇數，且入站車次亦均為偶數。列車初始的運營線路為：巴塞羅那－赫羅納－波爾特沃－塞爾貝爾－佩皮尼昂－納博訥－貝濟耶－塞特港－蒙彼利埃－尼姆－阿維尼翁－瓦朗斯－伊塞爾河畔羅芒－格勒諾布林－沙勒萊索－尚貝里－艾克斯萊班－屈洛－貝勒加爾德－日內瓦。在 1971 年 5 月 31 日起實施的時刻表中，列車又取消了伊塞爾河畔羅芒和塞特港的停站。
en: In 1969, the TEE service started with the Swiss designation CG, GC (Catalunya-Genève and v.v.) and the Spanish train numbers TEE 83,84. On 23 May 1971, the train was renumbered to TEE 70/71 – TEE 72/73; in Spain the numbers TEE 73,70 were used, from 26 May 1974 TEE 5073,5070. The double numbering is due to the fact that, in both terminals, outbound trains are given an odd number and incoming an even number. The original route was: Barcelona – Girona – Portbou – Cerbère – Perpignan – Narbonne – Béziers – Sete – Montpellier – Nîmes – Avignon – Valence – Romans Bourg de Péage – Grenoble – Challes les Eaux – Chambéry – Aix les Bains Le Revard – Culoz – Bellegarde – Geneva-Cornavin. On 31 May 1970, the stops at Romans Bourg de Péage and Sète were removed from the timetable.
qas: question: zh_tw: 在何年何月何日取消了這些站點？
en: On what day and month of the year were the stops removed?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1971 年 5 月 31 日
en: text: 31 May 1970
霸王行動
Operation Overlord

context: zh_tw: 盟軍最高司令部總參謀部計劃於 1944 年 5 月 1 日發動入侵。1943 年 8 月的魁北克會議批准了這一計劃的最初草案。美軍上將德懷特・艾森豪威爾受任為盟軍遠征部隊最高司令部司令。英軍上將伯納德・蒙哥馬利則受任為第 21 集團軍群總司令，負責指揮參與入侵行動的全部陸軍人員。1943 年 12 月 31 日，艾森豪威爾和蒙哥馬利首次閱讀了入侵計劃。計劃稱盟軍三個師將發動兩棲登陸，兩個師將提供支援。兩人立即要求將行動規模擴充套件至五個師，亦當有三個師進行空降行動，由此將擴寬戰線，加速奪取瑟堡港。行動規模擴充套件後需要進一步獲取或製造登陸艦船，由此入侵日期推遲至 6 月。最終參與諾曼底戰役的盟軍數目為 39 個師，包括 22 個美國師、12 個英國師、3 個加拿大師、1 個波蘭師和 1 個法國師，總人數超過 100 萬，均由英國方面進行指揮。
en: Pas de Calais, the closest point in continental Europe to Britain, was the location of launch sites for V-1 and V-2 rockets, then still under development. The Germans regarded it as the most likely initial landing zone, and accordingly made it the most heavily fortified region. It offered the Allies few opportunities for expansion, however, as the area is bounded by numerous rivers and canals, whereas landings on a broad front in Normandy would permit simultaneous threats against the port of Cherbourg, coastal ports further west in Brittany, and an overland attack towards Paris and eventually into Germany. Normandy was therefore chosen as the landing site. The most serious drawback of the Normandy coast—the lack of port facilities—would be overcome through the development of artificial harbours.The COSSAC staff planned to begin the invasion on 1 May 1944. The initial draft of the plan was accepted at the Quebec Conference in August 1943. General Dwight D. Eisenhower was appointed commander of SHAEF. General Bernard Montgomery was named commander of the 21st Army Group, which comprised all of the land forces involved in the invasion. On 31 December 1943, Eisenhower and Montgomery first saw the COSSAC plan, which proposed amphibious landings by three divisions, with two more divisions in support. The two generals immediately insisted on expanding the scale of the initial invasion to five divisions, with airborne descents by three additional divisions, to allow operations on a wider front and to speed up the capture of the port at Cherbourg. The need to acquire or produce extra landing craft for the expanded operation meant delaying the invasion until June 1944. Eventually the Allies committed 39 divisions to the Battle of Normandy: 22 American, 12 British, three Canadian, one Polish, and one French, totalling over a million troops all under overall British command.
qas: question: zh_tw: 何時批准了這計劃的草案？
en: When was the draft planned?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1943 年 8 月
en: text: August 1943
肯特公爵愛德華親王
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent

context: zh_tw: 肯特公爵愛德華王子，KG，GCMG，GCVO，ADC (P)（英語：Personal aide-de-camp；1935 年 10 月 9 日－ ），全名愛德華・喬治・尼古拉斯・帕特里克・保羅（Edward George Nicholas Patrick Paul），英國國王喬治五世的孫子，伊麗莎白二世女王的堂弟。他作為全英草地網球和門球俱樂部（溫布林登網球錦標賽）的總裁或許為人所知。他還兼聯合王國國際貿易和投資的特別代表，2001 年退休。
en: Prince Edward, Duke of Kent,  (Edward George Nicholas Paul Patrick; born 9 October 1935) is a member of the British royal family.
qas: question: zh_tw: 什麼是愛德華王子的官方頭銜？
en: What is Price Edward's official title?
answers: zh_tw: text: 肯特公爵愛德華王子，KG，GCMG，GCVO，ADC (P)（英語：Personal
en: text: Duke of Kent
格里芬龍屬
Gryposaurus

context: zh_tw: 格里芬龍是草食性恐龍，可以採雙足或四足方式行走，以多種的植物為食。牠的頭顱骨有特別關節，可以做出類似咀嚼的磨碾動作，牠的牙齒會持續的替換，且保有達超過幾百顆牙齒，但只有少量是會持續使用的。牠會用寬的喙嘴來咬斷植物，並將食物送入嘴部兩旁的頰部。牠的進食範圍約為由地面至約四米高度的植物。
en: As a hadrosaurid, Gryposaurus would have been a bipedal/quadrupedal herbivore, eating a variety of plants. Its skull had special joints that permitted a grinding motion analogous to chewing, and its teeth were continually replacing and packed into dental batteries that contained hundreds of teeth, only a relative handful of which were in use at any time. Plant material would have been cropped by its broad beak, and held in the jaws by a cheek-like organ. Its feeding range would have extended from the ground to about 4 m (13 ft) above.Like other bird-hipped dinosaurs of the Dinosaur Park Formation, Gryposaurus appears to have only existed for part of the duration of time that the rocks were being formed. As the formation was being laid down, it recorded a change to more marine-influenced conditions. Gryposaurus is absent from the upper part of the formation, with Prosaurolophus present instead. Other dinosaurs known from only the lower part of the formation include the horned Centrosaurus and the hollow-crested duckbill Corythosaurus. Gryposaurus may have preferred river-related settings.
qas: question: zh_tw: 格里芬龍吃那種食物？
en: Gryposaurus eat what type of food?
answers: zh_tw: text: 植物
en: text: Plant
WSDL
Web Services Description Language

context: zh_tw: WSDL（Web 服務描述語言，Web Services Description Language）是為描述 Web 服務釋出的 XML 格式。W3C 組織（World Wide Web Consortium）沒有批准 1.1 版的 WSDL，當前的 WSDL 版本是 2.0，是 W3C 的推薦標準（recommendation）（一種官方標準），並將被 W3C 組織批准為正式標準。
en: The Web Services Description Language (WSDL ) is an XML-based interface description language that is used for describing the functionality offered by a web service. The acronym is also used for any specific WSDL description of a web service (also referred to as a WSDL file), which provides a machine-readable description of how the service can be called, what parameters it expects, and what data structures it returns. Therefore, its purpose is roughly similar to that of a type signature in a programming language.
qas: question: zh_tw: 縮略詞 WSDL 的全稱是什麼？
en: What is the complete name for the abbreviation WSDL?
answers: zh_tw: text: Web 服務描述語言，Web Services Description Language
en: text: Web Services Description Language
芬蘭在歐洲歌唱大賽之歷年表現
Finland in the Eurovision Song Contest

context: zh_tw: 芬蘭沒有參加 1970 年的比賽。因為上一年的冠軍是由四個國家平分，芬蘭和瑞典、挪威、奧地利一道抵制比賽。之後芬蘭沒在 1995 年、1997 年、1999 年、2001 年和 2003 年參賽，原因是上一個年度比賽結果糟糕而沒有取得參賽資格。
en: Due to low results, Finland was excluded from the contest in 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001, and 2003.
qas: question: zh_tw: 為什麼不允許芬蘭參加 2003 年的比賽？
en: Why was Finland not allowed to participate in 2003 contest?
answers: zh_tw: text: 比賽結果糟糕
en: text: low results
約翰・威廉・史諾
John W. Snow

context: zh_tw: 1994 至 1996 年間，他擔任了美國商業圓桌主席。那裡雲集了美國最大企業的 250 名行政總裁，扮演積極支援北美自由貿易協定的角色。
en: From 1994 through 1996 he was Chairman of the Business Roundtable, a business policy group of 250 chief executive officers of the nation's largest companies, and played a major role in supporting passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement.
qas: question: zh_tw: 有多少名行政總裁參加了商業圓桌會議？
en: How many CEO's were part of the Business Roundtable?
answers: zh_tw: text: 250
en: text: 250
圖拉真廣場
Trajan's Forum

context: zh_tw: 不過這個巨大的開挖工程可能早在圖密善時代就已經開始，但對這項工程貢獻最大的人則是敘利亞人阿波羅多羅斯，他主持了這一建築群的設計建造。同時他也曾跟隨圖拉真皇帝出征達基亞。
en: It is possible that the excavations were initiated under Emperor Domitian, while the project of the Forum was completely attributed to the architect Apollodorus of Damascus, who also accompanied Emperor Trajan in the Dacian campaign.
qas: question: zh_tw: 這個開挖工程最初可能是誰提出的？
en: The excavations may have been initiated by who?
answers: zh_tw: text: 圖密善
en: text: Emperor Domitian
費雷斯諾縣 (加利福尼亞州)
Fresno County, California

context: zh_tw: 根據 2000 年人口普查，費雷斯諾縣擁有 799,407 居民、252,940 住戶和 186,669 家庭。其人口密度為每平方英里 134 居民（每平方公里 52 居民）。費雷斯諾縣擁有 270,767 間房屋單位，其密度為每平方英里 45 間（每平方公里 18 間）。費雷斯諾縣的人口是由 54.3% 白人、5.3% 黑人、1.6% 土著、8.1% 亞洲人、0.1% 太平洋島民、25.9% 其他種族和 4.7% 混血構成。而西班牙裔或拉丁美洲人佔了人口 44%。在 799,407 居民中，有 59.3% 人口的母語為英語，31.5% 為西班牙語，3.1% 為苗語川黔滇次方言。在 252,940 住戶中，有 41.2% 擁有一個或以上的兒童（18 歲以下）、52.5% 為夫妻、15.2% 為單親家庭、26.2% 為非家庭、20.6% 為獨居、7.8% 住戶有同居長者。平均每戶有 3.09 人，而平均每個家庭則有 3.59 人。在 799,407 居民中，有 32.1% 為 18 歲以下、11.1% 為 18 至 24 歲、28.5% 為 25 至 44 歲、18.5% 為 45 至 64 歲以及 9.9% 為 65 歲以上。人口的年齡中位數為 30 歲，每 100 個女性就有 100.4 個男性。而每 100 個成年女性（18 歲以上）就有 98.2 個成年男性。費雷斯諾縣的住戶收入中位數為 $34,725，而家庭收入中位數則為 $38,455。男性的收入中位數為 $33,375，而女性的收入中位數則為 $26,501。費雷斯諾縣的人均收入為 $15,495。約 17.6% 家庭和 22.9% 人口在貧窮線以下，包括 31.7% 兒童（18 歲以下）及 9.9% 長者（65 歲以上）。
en: The median income for a household in the county was $34,725, and the median income for a family was $38,455. Males had a median income of $33,375 versus $26,501 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,495. About 17.6% of families and 22.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.7% of those under age 18 and 9.9% of those age 65 or over.
qas: question: zh_tw: 這個縣城的人均收入是多少？
en: How much did people make in the county per capita?
answers: zh_tw: text: $15,495
en: text: $15,495
華爾街
Wall Street

context: zh_tw: 曼哈頓金融區的規模在紐約僅次於中城，是全美國最大的商業區之一。在 19 世紀晚期和 20 世紀早期，紐約的企業文化是爭相建造摩天大樓，當時的對手只有芝加哥。即使在今日，金融區的天際線的確保有自己的特色，與位於北側數公里的中城有所分別，縱使大樓的高度略遜一籌。
en: In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the corporate culture of New York was a primary center for the construction of skyscrapers, and was rivaled only by Chicago on the American continent. There were also residential sections, such as the Bowling Green section between Broadway and the Hudson River, and between Vesey Street and the Battery. The Bowling Green area was described as "Wall Street's back yard" with poor people, high infant mortality rates, and the "worst housing conditions in the city". As a result of the construction, looking at New York City from the east, one can see two distinct clumps of tall buildings—the financial district on the left, and the taller midtown district on the right. The geology of Manhattan is well-suited for tall buildings, with a solid mass of bedrock underneath Manhattan providing a firm foundation for tall buildings. Skyscrapers are expensive to build, but when there is a "short supply of land" in a "desirable location", then building upwards makes sound financial sense. A post office was built at 60 Wall Street in 1905. During the World War I years, occasionally there were fund-raising efforts for projects such as the National Guard.On September 16, 1920, close to the corner of Wall and Broad Street, the busiest corner of the financial district and across the offices of the Morgan Bank, a powerful bomb exploded. It killed 38 and seriously injured 143 people. The perpetrators were never identified or apprehended. The explosion did, however, help fuel the Red Scare that was underway at the time. A report from The New York Times:
qas: question: zh_tw: 在 19 和 20 世紀，大多數在紐約建造的建築物是哪種型別？
en: What type of buildings were mostly constructed during 19th and 20th centuries in New York?
answers: zh_tw: text: 摩天大樓
en: text: skyscrapers

context: zh_tw: 華爾街上的建築風格多以鍍金年代為基礎，附近地區同時也受到裝飾藝術的影響。聯邦國家紀念堂和位於百老匯街口的紐約證券交易所是街上最著名的建築物。此外，阿圖羅・迪・莫迪卡所雕塑的公牛可以說是華爾街的代表。1989 年 12 月，莫迪卡將這尊代表牛市的雕塑作為公共藝術，放置在紐約證券交易所前方，後被移至華爾街附近的鮑林格林公園。
en: Wall Street's architecture is generally rooted in the Gilded Age, though there are also some art deco influences in the neighborhood. The streets in the area were laid out prior to the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, a grid plan that dictates the placement of most of Manhattan's streets north of Houston Street. Thus, it has small streets "barely wide enough for a single lane of traffic are bordered on both sides by some of the tallest buildings in the city", according to one description, which creates "breathtaking artificial canyons" offering spectacular views in some instances. Construction in such narrow steep areas has resulted in occasional accidents such as a crane collapse. One report divided  lower Manhattan into three basic districts:
qas: question: zh_tw: 華爾街上的建築受到什麼時代的啟發？
en: What time is the Wall Street architecture inspired by?
answers: zh_tw: text: 鍍金年代
en: text: Gilded Age
蘇格蘭教會

context: zh_tw: 蘇格蘭教會的歷史可以追溯到中世紀的基督教，1150 年以後的 400 年間，全蘇格蘭為羅馬天主教教區之一。現代意義上的蘇格蘭教會是在 1560 年蘇格蘭宗教改革之後形成的。
qas: question: zh_tw: 蘇格蘭教會是在哪一年成立的？
en: What year was the Scottish Reformation principally shaped?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1560

context: zh_tw: 截至 2013 年 12 月 (2013-12)，其正式入會的信徒有 398,389 人，佔蘇格蘭人口的 7.5%。但依照 2011 年英國人口普查，有 32% 的蘇格蘭人自認為是蘇格蘭教會信徒。英國君主亦是蘇格蘭教會的一員，但不同於英國國教會，英王不是教會最高領袖。英王在入會宣言中會表明 “保持和維護一個新教的、長老宗的政府”。英王每年都會派遣一名高階專員出席蘇格蘭教會大會或者自己親自駕臨。英王或其欽差的出席是形式上的，一般並不會參與討論。
qas: question: zh_tw: 蘇格蘭多少人口屬於教會？
en: How much of the population of Scotland was composed of the Church?
answers: zh_tw: text: (2013-12)，其正式入會的信徒有 398,389 人，佔蘇格蘭人口的 7.5%。
國家紀念堂 (愛丁堡)
National Monument of Scotland

context: zh_tw: 早在 1817 年，人們呼籲在愛丁堡興建一座紀念堂，以紀念在拿破崙戰爭中的陣亡者。1822 年 1 月，有人提議建造一個帕特農神廟的複製品，花費 4.2 萬英鎊。這項提議得到沃爾特・司各特爵士等眾多著名人士的支援。但是十六個月後，只得到 1.6 萬英鎊捐款，以及國會的 1 萬英鎊贈款。1826 年終於開工，但是由於使用優質材料，資金所剩無幾，到 1829 年被迫停建。當地人傳說，格拉斯哥願意支付費用，但是愛丁堡太驕傲，不願接受其他城市的好心。因此，該紀念堂的綽號是 “愛丁堡的恥辱” 或 “愛丁堡的愚蠢”。
en: The National Monument of Scotland, on Calton Hill in Edinburgh, is Scotland's national memorial to the Scottish soldiers and sailors who died fighting in the Napoleonic Wars. It was intended, according to the inscription, to be "A Memorial of the Past and Incentive to the Future Heroism of the Men of Scotland".The monument dominates the top of Calton Hill, just to the east of Princes Street. It was designed during 1823-6 by Charles Robert Cockerell and William Henry Playfair and is modelled upon the Parthenon in Athens. Construction started in 1826 and, due to the lack of funds, was left unfinished in 1829. This circumstance gave rise to various nicknames such as "Scotland's Folly", "Edinburgh's Disgrace", "the Pride and Poverty of Scotland" and "Edinburgh's Folly".
qas: question: zh_tw: 建造於什麼時候開工？
en: When did construction start?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1826 年
en: text: 1826