議會大火
Burning of Parliament

context: zh_tw: 威斯敏斯特宮原本是 11 世紀早期克努特大帝在泰晤士河北岸建造的一座皇家寢宮，後來被歷代國王不斷擴充壯大，其中包括：“懺悔者愛德華” 修建的西敏寺；“征服者威廉” 新建的一所皇宮，以及他的兒子威廉二世從 1097 年開始修建的威斯敏斯特大廳；亨利三世在 1270 年為財政部新建的大樓，主管國家稅務徵收，同年還建造了民訴法院、王座法庭和衡平法院。1245 年，國王的座椅被放在了這座宮殿裡，意在表明這座宮殿是英國皇室的中心。1295 年時，威斯敏斯特宮曾是由愛德華一世召集 “模範議會” 成員開會的地方，該議會也是英國首個代表議會；他當政期間就在 “國王廳” 或 “白廳” 召見 16 名議員。1332 年時，男爵（代表傳統貴族階層）、新興資產階級和市民（代表平民）開始分開召開會議，而到了 1377 年，這兩個階級已經完全分離。 1512 年，一場大火摧毀的皇家宮殿建築群的一部分，亨利八世便將皇宮遷到了不遠的懷特霍爾宮，但是威斯敏斯特宮依然 作為皇宮被保留了下來。1547 年，亨利八世的兒子，愛德華六世將聖史蒂夫教堂作為下議院辯論的場所。上議院則在中世紀的” 女王廳 “裡召開會議，直到 1801 年後才改為萊斯廳。 從 1547 年之後的三個世紀，該宮殿一直在進行擴建和改造，變成了一座到處是木製走廊和樓梯的大迷宮。聖史蒂夫教堂之前一直沒有什麼大的整修， 後來時任皇家宮殿建造總顧問克里斯多佛・雷恩爵士在 1692 年奉命對其進行結構改造。他降低了教堂的屋頂高度，移除了彩色玻璃窗，鋪上了新地板，並在這座哥特式風格的建築外牆上鑲上了木板。 前首相威廉・格萊斯頓回憶起 1832 年他剛當選議員首次進入宮殿時說道 “這座宮殿讓人感到便利的一點可能是... 很小巧。整個建築裡找不到一個可以讓你洗手的地方。” 該宮殿裡的基礎設施十分貧乏，一位激進派議員 Joseph Hume 甚至在 1831 年和 1834 年的議會辯論中呼籲議院應該去找一個新的辦公地點；同樣，另一位議員 William Cobbett 也發問 “為什麼我們要擠在一個根本不可能進行安靜有序的討論的地方... 為什麼 658 個人要被塞到一個根本挪不開腳的地方” 到 1834 年的時候，這座宮殿群已經擴大了許多。最先是 18 世紀中期 John Vardy 設計的一座石樓，然後是 19 世紀初 James Wyatt 和約翰・索恩的改建。Vardy 將那座帕拉弟奧建築風格的石樓安放在了威斯特敏斯特宮的西側； Wyatt 對下議院進行了擴建，將上議院移到了 “請願宮”，又重修了議長室。 Soane 是在 18813 年 Wyatt 死後負責宮殿改造工作的，他重修了威斯特敏斯特大廳，用新古典主義風格修建了法院，還建造了一個新的皇家入口，樓梯和畫廊，以及諸多會議室和圖書室。由於宮殿周圍沒有防火牆或界牆來阻擋可能的火災，有些人預料到這些建築將十分危險。 18 世紀後期，曾有諸多議員預計宮殿一旦起火，將會是一場災難。隨後，在 1789 年，由 14 名建築師聯名所寫的一份報告曾警告宮殿可能會發生火災，其中就有 Soane 和羅伯特・亞當。 Soane 在 1828 年再次警告，他寫道” 要想避免火災，就要儘快修繕和改造宮殿內狹窄、陰暗、骯髒的走廊，解決房間數量不足的問題 “。但是他的警告卻再一次被當局忽略。
en: The Palace of Westminster originally dates from the early eleventh century when Canute the Great built his royal residence on the north side of the River Thames. Successive kings added to the complex: Edward the Confessor built Westminster Abbey; William the Conqueror began building a new palace; his son, William Rufus, continued the process, which included Westminster Hall, started in 1097; Henry III built new buildings for the  Exchequer—the taxation and revenue gathering department of the country—in 1270 and the Court of Common Pleas, along with the Court of King's Bench and Court of Chancery. By 1245 the King's throne was present in the palace, which signified that the building was at the centre of English royal administration.In 1295 Westminster was the venue for the Model Parliament, the first English representative assembly, summoned by Edward I; during his reign he called sixteen parliaments, which sat either in the Painted Chamber or the White Chamber. By 1332 the barons (representing the titled classes) and burgesses and citizens (representing the commons) began to meet separately, and by 1377 the two bodies were entirely detached. In 1512 a fire destroyed part of the royal palace complex and Henry VIII moved the royal residence to the nearby Palace of Whitehall, although Westminster still retained its status as a royal palace. In 1547 Henry's son, Edward VI, provided St Stephen's Chapel for the Commons to use as their debating chamber. The House of Lords met in the medieval hall of the Queen's Chamber, before moving to the Lesser Hall in 1801. Over the three centuries from 1547 the palace was enlarged and altered, becoming a warren of wooden passages and stairways.St Stephen's Chapel remained largely unchanged until 1692 when Sir Christopher Wren, at the time the Master of the King's Works, was instructed to make structural alterations. He lowered the roof, removed the stained glass windows, put in a new floor and covered the original gothic architecture with wood panelling. He also added galleries from which the public could watch proceedings. The result was described by one visitor to the chamber as "dark, gloomy, and badly ventilated, and so small ... when an important debate occurred ... the members were really to be pitied". When the future Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone remembered his arrival as a new MP in 1832, he recounted "What I may term corporeal conveniences were ... marvellously small. I do not think that in any part of the building it afforded the means of so much as washing the hands." The facilities were so poor that, in debates in 1831 and 1834, Joseph Hume, a Radical MP, called for new accommodation for the House, while his fellow MP William Cobbett asked "Why are we squeezed into so small a space that it is absolutely impossible that there should be calm and regular discussion, even from circumstance alone ... Why are 658 of us crammed into a space that allows each of us no more than a foot and a half square?"By 1834 the palace complex had been further developed, firstly by John Vardy in the middle of the eighteenth century, and in the early nineteenth century by James Wyatt and Sir John Soane. Vardy added the Stone Building, in a Palladian style to the West side of Westminster Hall;  Wyatt enlarged the Commons, moved the Lords into the Court of Requests and rebuilt the Speaker's House. Soane, taking on responsibility for the palace complex on Wyatt's death in 1813, undertook rebuilding of Westminster Hall and constructed the Law Courts in a Neoclassical style. Soane also provided a new royal entrance, staircase and gallery, as well as committee rooms and libraries.The potential dangers of the building were apparent to some, as no fire stops or party walls were present in the building to slow the progress of a fire. In the late eighteenth century a committee of MPs predicted that there would be a disaster if the palace caught fire. This was followed by a 1789 report from fourteen architects warning against the possibility of fire in the palace; signatories included Soane and Robert Adam. Soane again warned of the dangers in 1828, when he wrote that "the want of security from fire, the narrow, gloomy and unhealthy passages, and the insufficiency of the accommodations in this building are important objections which call loudly for revision and speedy amendment." His report was again ignored.
qas: question: zh_tw: 男爵代表什麼階層？
en: What class did the barons represent?
answers: zh_tw: text: 貴族階層
en: text: the titled classes