伊利亞・穆羅梅茨
Sikorsky Ilya Muromets

context: zh_tw: 伊利亞・穆羅梅茨最初是以豪華客機為目的而製造的，他成為了航空史上第一個具有封閉式的乘客座艙的飛機，機上甚至有一間臥室、一間休息室，以及第一個飛機的洗手間，飛機上還有暖氣和電力照明。 S-22 的機艙內有足夠的空間，可以讓幾個人跑去看看飛行員在做些甚麼。機身兩旁的開放空間允許技師在飛行時自機艙爬出去維修引擎。在駕駛艙左後方有一個艙門能夠進出乘客機艙。主客艙兩邊都有一個大窗戶，再往後則是私人座艙，裡面有一個床位、小桌子和櫃子。照明電力由風力發電機提供，暖氣則由兩個長的發動機排氣管提供，這些排氣管會穿過機艙的各個角落。 儘管在乘坐環境尚有諸多進步，伊利亞・穆羅梅茨的航空裝置依舊相當原始。它使用了四個轉速錶，每個對應一個發動機，一具指南針、粗糙的高度計和空速指示器，以及一系列垂直位於機身前端的水平杆，用於測量爬升和下降。兩個玻璃 V 形管和一個球做成的水平儀，以及一排的橫線，用於測量攀升和下降。 之後，轟炸機的變型加裝了一個飛行指標和基本投彈瞄準器。西元 1914 年 1 月，伊利亞・穆羅梅茨 107 號進行首飛，同年 2 月 11 日，第二原型（工廠機體編號 128）成為伊利亞系列機型第一架載客的飛機，共有 16 名乘客搭乘，創下當時載客數最多的紀錄。 西元 1914 年 6 月 30 日至 7 月 12 日，又創下了一個世界紀錄－自聖彼得堡飛往基輔並返航，而兩地距離約 1200 公里。第一段航程共時 14 小時 38 分鐘，在奧爾沙落地加油，返航途中於諾佛索柯尼基落地加油，返航花費的時間更短，約 13 個小時。 當對西科爾斯基的讚譽傳到了沙皇尼古拉二世的耳中時，沙皇相當高興，並贈與西科爾斯基聖弗拉迪米爾大公四級勳章，當時戰事將近，沙皇額外給了他免役的資格，允許他繼續他的設計工作，並承諾會從國家杜馬撥款十萬盧布資助他的研究。7 月時，一個在紅村舉辦的國家軍事審查會中，尼古拉二世將伊利亞・穆羅梅茨 B 型 128 號軍用原型機命名為「基輔」。在測試期間，伊利亞・穆羅梅茨安裝了滑雪板和浮筒等預期可能投入生產的新變種。如果伊利亞系列沒有被用於第一次世界大戰中的話，他可能在戰爭爆發的同一年投入客運服務。
en: Russia had a chance to become the birthplace of the first multi-passenger and multi-engine airliner. The Ilya Muromets was first conceived and built as a luxurious aircraft. For the first time in aviation history, it had an insulated passenger saloon, comfortable wicker chairs, a bedroom, a lounge and even the first airborne toilet. The aircraft also had heating and electrical lighting.  The S-22 cockpit had sufficient space allowing several persons to observe the pilot. Openings on both sides of the fuselage permitted mechanics to climb out onto the lower wings to service the engines during flight.  A hatch on the left side provided an entry to the main cabin, behind the cockpit. The main cabin featured two large windows on each side. Further back was a private cabin which included a berth, small table and a cabinet. Lighting was provided by a wind-driven generator and heating was supplied by two long engine exhaust pipes which passed through the corners of the cabin. Despite many advancements, the flight instruments on the Ilya Muromets were primitive. They included four tachometers, one per engine, a compass, a crude altimeter and airspeed indicator, two glass V-shaped tubes and a ball for bank indication, and a series of horizontal bars situated vertically on the nose of the fuselage for measuring climbs and descents. Later, in the bomber variants, a drift indicator and elementary bombsight was added to aid bombing.In January 1914 the Ilya Muromets No. 107 flew for the first time, and on 11 February 1914, the second prototype (factory airframe 128) took off for its first demonstration flight with 16 passengers aboard, marking a record for number of passengers carried. From 30 June to 12 July 1914, it set a world record by making a trip from Saint Petersburg to Kiev, a distance of some 1200 km, and back. The first leg took 14 hours and 38 minutes, with one landing for fuel at Orsha, and the return one, with a fuel stop at Novosokolniki, took even less time, about 13 hours.  The acclaim received by Sikorsky included Tsar Nicholas II presenting him with the Order of St. Vladimir, Fourth Degree, arranging for an exemption from the wartime draft to allow him to continue his design work, and a promise of a grant worth 100,000 rubles from the State Duma.  During an Imperial military review at Krasnoye Selo in July, Nicholas II decorated and christened the Ilya Muromets Type B Military Prototype, No. 128, the "Kievsky."During testing, the Ilya Muromets were fitted with both skis and pontoons in anticipation of new variants being produced. If it had not been for World War I, the Ilya Muromets would probably have started passenger flights that same year.With the beginning of World War I, Sikorsky was encouraged by the results of the proving flights to redesign the aircraft to become the "Military Ilia Mourometz, Type V, the world's first purpose-designed bomber.  The new heavy bomber was slightly smaller and lighter than the Type A. Internal racks carried up to 800 kg of bombs, and positions for up to nine machine guns were added for self-defense in various locations, including the extreme tail. The Muromets (in its S-25 Geh-2 variant, March 1916) was the first aircraft in history to incorporate a tail gunner position. The engines were protected with 5 mm-thick armor. The military version was designed expressly for long-range flying in both bombing and reconnaissance roles.
qas: question: zh_tw: 創紀錄飛行發生在什麼時候？
en: What dates were the record setting trip?
answers: zh_tw: text: 西元 1914 年 6 月 30 日
en: text: 30 June to 12 July 1914