達爾富爾戰爭
War in Darfur

context: zh_tw: 達爾富爾地區衝突的開端，一般認為是在 2003 年 2 月 26 日。在此之前，達爾富爾便已經爆發了衝突。反抗軍攻擊了一間警察局，而政府軍則以龐大的空陸軍力對付以馬拉山脈為根據地的反抗軍。2002 年 2 月 25 日，反抗軍成功襲擊馬拉山上的蘇丹政府軍事要塞。2002 年 6 月，馬拉山地區的 Golo 警察局受襲，一個自稱達爾富爾解放陣線的團體在 2003 年 2 月 26 日公開承認責任。自此，蘇丹政府開始注意武裝組織的連串聯合行動。到了 3 月 25 日，反抗軍奪得蘇丹與查德邊境的 Tine 重鎮，取得大量補給及武器。儘管總統奧馬爾・巴希爾威脅將要「放出」政府軍進行攻擊，然而其軍隊的準備程度仍低。那時政府軍已經在部署於南方，以應付將要結束的第二次蘇丹內戰；另一方面，還有一支政府軍在東部對付由厄利垂亞所支援，並且威脅到從中部通往蘇丹港之輸油管的的反抗勢力。反抗軍利用豐田陸地巡洋艦汽車，在半沙漠地區進行打帶跑戰術，使得未受過沙漠訓練的政府軍難以還擊。然而空中轟炸仍對反抗軍在山上的據點造成龐大傷害。
en: Flint and de Waal marked the onset of the genocide on 26 February 2003, when a group calling itself the Darfur Liberation Front (DLF) publicly claimed credit for an attack on Golo, the headquarters of Jebel Marra District. Prior to this attack, however, conflict had broken out, as rebels attacked police stations, army outposts and military convoys and the government engaged in a massive air and land assault on the rebel stronghold in the Marrah Mountains. The rebels' first military action was a successful attack on an army garrison on 25 February 2002. The government had been aware of a unified rebel movement since an attack on the Golo police station in June 2002. Flint and de Waal date the beginning of the rebellion to 21 July 2001, when a group of Zaghawa and Fur met in Abu Gamra and swore oaths on the Qur'an to work together to defend against government-sponsored attacks on their villages. Nearly all of Darfur's residents are Muslim, including the Janjaweed, as well as government leaders in Khartoum.On 25 March 2003, the rebels seized the garrison town of Tine along the Chadian border, seizing large quantities of supplies and arms. Despite a threat by President Omar al-Bashir to "unleash" the army, the military had little in reserve. The army was already deployed in both the south, where the Second Sudanese Civil War was drawing to an end, and the east, where rebels sponsored by Eritrea were threatening a newly constructed pipeline from the central oilfields to Port Sudan. The rebel guerilla tactic of hit-and-run raids proved almost impossible for the army, untrained in desert operations, to counter. However, its aerial bombardment of rebel positions on the mountain was devastating.
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪國支援威脅到通往蘇丹港輸油管的反抗勢力？
en: Which country backed the rebels that threatened the pipeline going to Port Sudan?
answers: zh_tw: text: 厄利垂
en: text: Eritrea

context: zh_tw: 2004 年 4 月，以查德為中介者，蘇丹政府、公義平等運動及蘇丹解放運動在恩賈梅納進行了一項談判，簽署了《4 月 8 日人道停火協約》（April 8 Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement）。同月，公義平等運動分裂出一個不參與停戰協議的團體，稱為國家改革與發展運動（National Movement for Reform and Development）。之後牧民武裝部隊與反抗軍的交火仍然持續。非洲聯盟則組成了停火委員會（Ceasefire Commission；CFC），以監督停火的執行。聯合國秘書長科菲・安南發出警告，表示種族滅絕危機正在達爾富爾進行。牧民武裝部隊的活動已經可與盧安達大屠殺相比擬，這樣的類比遭到蘇丹政府的強烈反對。獨立觀察家指出如此的手段，如肢解與殺害非戰鬥人員、甚至小孩與嬰兒，與南斯拉夫戰爭中的種族清洗更為相似，並提醒此地區的偏僻性，意味著這些地區將會斷絕援助。位於布魯塞爾的國際危機組織表示，超過 35 萬人可能將在 2004 年 5 月死於饑荒與疾病。
en: The scale of the crisis led to warnings of an imminent disaster, with United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan warning about the risk of genocide. The scale of the Janjaweed campaign led to comparisons with the Rwandan Genocide, a parallel denied by the Sudanese government. Independent observers noted that the tactics, which included dismemberment and killing of noncombatants, including young children and infants, were more akin to the ethnic cleansing used in the Yugoslav wars and warned that the region's remoteness meant that hundreds of thousands of people were effectively cut off from aid. The Brussels-based International Crisis Group had reported in May 2004 that over 350,000 people could potentially die as a result of starvation and disease.
qas: question: zh_tw: 什麼大屠殺經常比擬為有該牧民武裝部隊的規模？
en: What method of mass killing has the scale of the Janjaweed often been referred to as?
answers: zh_tw: text: 盧安達大屠殺
en: text: Rwandan Genocide