情緒
Emotion

context: zh_tw: 威廉・詹姆士在 1884 年發表的文章中提出其理論（英：James-Lange feedback theory），情緒體驗主要是身體變化造成的。丹麥心理學家卡爾・蘭格（Carl Lange）幾乎在同時發表了相似的理論，因此這被稱為 “詹姆士 - 蘭格理論”。這一理論主張：“當身體產生（生理）變化時，我們感受到這些變化，這就是情緒。”
en: In his 1884 article William James argued that feelings and emotions were secondary to physiological phenomena. In his theory, James proposed that the perception of what he called an "exciting fact" directly led to a physiological response, known as "emotion." To account for different types of emotional experiences, James proposed that stimuli trigger activity in the autonomic nervous system, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain. The Danish psychologist Carl Lange also proposed a similar theory at around the same time, and therefore this theory became known as the James–Lange theory. As James wrote, "the perception of bodily changes, as they occur, is the emotion." James further claims that "we feel sad because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble, and either we cry, strike, or tremble because we are sorry, angry, or fearful, as the case may be."An example of this theory in action would be as follows: An emotion-evoking stimulus (snake) triggers a pattern of physiological response (increased heart rate, faster breathing, etc.), which is interpreted as a particular emotion (fear). This theory is supported by experiments in which by manipulating the bodily state induces a desired emotional state. Some people may believe that emotions give rise to emotion-specific actions, for example, "I'm crying because I'm sad," or "I ran away because I was scared." The issue with the James–Lange theory is that of causation (bodily states causing emotions and being a priori), not that of the bodily influences on emotional experience (which can be argued and is still quite prevalent today in biofeedback studies and embodiment theory).Although mostly abandoned in its original form, Tim Dalgleish argues that most contemporary neuroscientists have embraced the components of the James-Lange theory of emotions.
qas: question: zh_tw: 為什麼詹姆士提出的這個理論名稱由兩個不同的人名組成？
en: Why does the theory originally proposed by James have a two part name attached to it?
answers: zh_tw: text: 丹麥心理學家卡爾・蘭格（Carl Lange）幾乎在同時發表了相似的理論
en: text: The Danish psychologist Carl Lange also proposed a similar theory

context: zh_tw: 從認知學、社會學和文化的角度，情緒不僅僅來自生理反應，還受到資訊處理過程、社會交流方式和文化背景影響。一些情緒如希望、驕傲和疏離感不能僅從生物學角度解釋。例如 “失望” 這種情緒可以和自主神經系統以及面部表情完全沒有關係，而只能從社會文化角度解讀，即一個人沒有得到他所希望的東西。一些認知心理學家認為，情緒必須經過判斷、評價和思考過程才能產生。這一系列思想行為可以是有意識的，也可以是下意識的；可能是抽象思考，也可能不是。
en: There are some theories on emotions arguing that cognitive activity in the form of judgments, evaluations, or thoughts are necessary in order for an emotion to occur. A prominent philosophical exponent is Robert C. Solomon (for example, The Passions, Emotions and the Meaning of Life, 1993). Solomon claims that emotions are judgments. He has put forward a more nuanced view which responds to what he has called the ‘standard objection’ to cognitivism, the idea that a judgment that something is fearsome can occur with or without emotion, so judgment cannot be identified with emotion. The theory proposed by Nico Frijda where appraisal leads to action tendencies is another example.
qas: question: zh_tw: 需要什麼樣的活動才能產生情緒？
en: What kind of activity is needed to cause an emotion?
answers: zh_tw: text: 認知
en: text: cognitive