zetavg/mlqa_en_zh_tw huggingface dataset:
代數
Algebra

context: zh_tw: 代數的起源可以追溯到古巴比倫的時代，當時的人們發展出了較之前更進步的算術系統，使其能以代數的方法來做計算。經由此係統的被使用，他們能夠列出含有未知數的方程並求解，這些問題在今日一般是使用線性方程、二次方程和不定線性方程等方法來解答的。相對地，這一時期大多數的埃及人及西元前 1 世紀大多數的印度、希臘和中國等數學家則一般是以幾何方法來解答此類問題的，如在萊因德數學紙草書、繩法經、幾何原本及九章算術等書中所描述的一般。希臘在幾何上的工作，以幾何原本為其經典，提供了一個將解特定問題解答的公式廣義化成描述及解答方程之更一般的系統之架構。
en: The roots of algebra can be traced to the ancient Babylonians, who developed an advanced arithmetical system with which they were able to do calculations in an algorithmic fashion. The Babylonians developed formulas to calculate solutions for problems typically solved today by using linear equations, quadratic equations, and indeterminate linear equations. By contrast, most Egyptians of this era, as well as Greek and Chinese mathematics in the 1st millennium BC, usually solved such equations by geometric methods, such as those described in the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, Euclid's Elements, and The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art. The geometric work of the Greeks, typified in the Elements, provided the framework for generalizing formulae beyond the solution of particular problems into more general systems of stating and solving equations, although this would not be realized until mathematics developed in medieval Islam.By the time of Plato, Greek mathematics had undergone a drastic change. The Greeks created a geometric algebra where terms were represented by sides of geometric objects, usually lines, that had letters associated with them. Diophantus (3rd century AD) was an Alexandrian Greek mathematician and the author of a series of books called Arithmetica. These texts deal with solving algebraic equations, and have led, in number theory to the modern notion of Diophantine equation.
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪個文明被認為產生了代數的基礎？
en: Which civilization is credited with the basics of algebra?
answers: zh_tw: text: 古巴比倫
en: text: the ancient Babylonians
我的另類羅曼史
My Chemical Romance

context: zh_tw: 主唱傑洛德・威和前鼓手麥特・派利席爾在 911 事件後的一個禮拜左右成立了樂團。傑洛德親眼見到飛機撞擊世界貿易中心，這個經驗讓他決定要組成樂團。傑洛德寫了一首歌《天際線與旋轉門》（Skylines and Turnstiles），表達他對 911 事件的感受。不久之後，傑洛德邀請主吉他手睿・託羅加入樂團，因為傑洛德認為自己雖然會唱歌，但吉他的演奏能力不如睿・託羅。樂團第一次的錄音在麥特家中的閣樓進行，錄製了兩首歌曲，分別是《七苦聖母》（Our Lady of Sorrows）[後來改名為《拿來更多匕首》（Bring More Knives）] 和《小室》（Cubicles）。傑洛德的弟弟米基・威在非常喜歡這兩首歌的試聽帶（demo），因此決定去學習彈奏貝斯，並加入樂團。之後，我的另類羅曼史被「Eyeball」唱片公司簽下，並和 Pencey Prep 與星期四樂團（Thursday）一起共用練團室。他們也是在這裡遇見 Pencey Prep 樂團的主唱兼吉他手 — 法蘭克・伊羅。在 Pencey Prep 於 2001 年或 2002 年解散後，法蘭克成為我的另類羅曼史的吉他手，剛好就在他們的首張專輯開始錄音的前一天。樂團組成的三個月後，他們錄製了首張專輯《I Brought You My Bullets, You Brought Me Your Love》（子彈換愛），於 2002 年由 Eyeball 唱片公司發行。雖然是在開始錄音的前幾天才加入樂團，但法蘭克・伊羅負責專輯中兩首歌曲的演奏，其中之一為《門羅維爾的早早日落》（Early Sunsets Over Monroeville）。
en: The band was formed by frontman Gerard Way and drummer Matt Pelissier in Newark, New Jersey, soon after the September 11 attacks. Witnessing the World Trade Center towers fall influenced Way's life to the extent that he decided to start a band. Way wrote the song "Skylines and Turnstiles" to express his feelings about September 11 and shortly thereafter, Ray Toro was recruited as the band's guitarist because at the time Way could not sing and play the guitar simultaneously. The name of the band was suggested by bass guitarist Mikey Way, younger brother of Gerard, who was working in a Barnes & Noble when he was struck by the title of a book by Irvine Welsh named Ecstasy: Three Tales of Chemical Romance. The first recording sessions were undertaken in Pelissier's attic, where the songs "Our Lady of Sorrows" and "Cubicles" were recorded. The band refers to those sessions as "The Attic Demos." After hearing the demo and dropping out of college, Mikey Way decided to join the band. While with Eyeball Records, the band met Frank Iero, the lead vocalist and guitarist for Pencey Prep. Following Pencey Prep's split in 2002, Iero became a member of My Chemical Romance, just days prior to the recording of the band's debut album. They recorded their debut album, I Brought You My Bullets, You Brought Me Your Love, just three months after the formation of the band and released it in 2002 through Eyeball Records. The album was produced by Thursday frontman Geoff Rickley after the band became friends with him while playing shows in New Jersey. Iero played guitar on two of the tracks, one of which was "Early Sunsets Over Monroeville." During this time, the band was booked at the infamous venue, Big Daddy's, where they began to receive more attention.My Chemical Romance offered free downloads through PureVolume and the social networking website MySpace, where they gained an initial fan base.
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰在這樂團裡演奏了打擊樂器？
en: Who played a percussion instrument in this musical group?
answers: zh_tw: text: 麥特・派利席爾
en: text: Matt Pelissier
金

context: zh_tw: 黃金的價格由公開市場（open market）控制，但倫敦一個在 1919 年九月開始稱為黃金現貨定價的體制提供黃金業一個每日的基準指標（benchmark）。而下午黃金現貨定價則在 1968 年出現，目的為了當美國市場開市時作一個價格本位。
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪年推出下午黃金現貨定價？
en: What year was afternoon fixing introduced?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1968

context: zh_tw: 在 1968 年 3 月 17 日，經濟因素令黃金互助基金（gold pool）的崩潰，取而代之的是兩層的價格機制，黃金仍然用在國際戶口以每金衡制盎司 $35.00 ($1.13/g) 的舊價格處理，但私人市場的黃金價格卻容許其自由浮動。以上兩層的價格機制在 1975 年被廢除，在那時黃金價格完全由自由市場控制。中央銀行仍然持有歷史性的黃金儲備作為一種保值，雖然所佔的比重越來越少。
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪些資源被中央銀行用作為一種保值的指標？
en: Which resource is used as a measure of value by central banks?
answers: zh_tw: text: 黃金儲備

context: zh_tw: 製造金是鍊金術主要目的之一，鍊金術概念認為金可以由一種稱為賢者之石的神秘物質與如鉛等的其他物質進行相互作用來製造。雖然鍊金術師們從未成功過，但是他們的努力引起了人們對於物質本身能夠做些甚麼的興趣，而此正是現今化學的基礎。他們表示金的符號是圓中點（Circled dot、☉），而這在天文學符號中、埃及象形文字及古代漢字均代表太陽。而現今人工金的製作方法，參見金合成（gold synthesis）。
qas: question: zh_tw: 鍊金術士的嘗試的結果如何？
en: What was the result of the alchemists' attempts?
answers: zh_tw: text: 從未成功過
西班牙超級盃
Supercopa de España

context: zh_tw: 賽事早期曾經有過多個名稱，首屆賽事舉行時名稱為西班牙冠軍盃（Copa de Campeones），但比賽直到 1945 年才又再舉辦，這時由於來自阿根廷的大使欲與西班牙打好友誼關係，遂以阿根廷金盃（Copa de Oro Argentina）為名舉行比賽。1947 年，為了慶祝胡安・裴隆成為阿根廷總統，而以其妻子伊娃・裴隆為名舉行伊娃杯（Copa Eva Duarte）。可惜 1953 年之後球賽因為不受重視而停辦，一直到 1983 年才又重新復辦賽事，並正式將球賽命名為西班牙超級盃至今。
en: In 1947, the Copa Eva Duarte de Perón was established as an annual and official tournament founded and organized by the RFEF, as a tribute to Juan Perón, the President of Argentina, and his wife Eva Perón. They were played between September and December, usually as one-match finals.
qas: question: zh_tw: 胡安・裴隆的妻子是誰？
en: Who was Juan Peron's wife?
answers: zh_tw: text: 伊娃・裴隆
en: text: Eva Perón
先知寺
Al-Masjid an-Nabawi

context: zh_tw: 先知清真寺一般簡稱先知寺（阿拉伯語：المسجد النبوي‎），又名麥地那清真寺（مسجد المدينة‎），是一座位於伊斯蘭教第二大聖地麥地那的清真寺，是僅次於麥加禁寺的伊斯蘭教第二大聖寺，也是伊斯蘭教史上繼庫巴清真寺之後第二座清真寺。先知寺始建於公元 622 年，是伊斯蘭教復興者、伊斯蘭教先知穆罕默德親自參與建造，故名。倭馬亞王朝哈里發瓦利德一世時期重建，將穆罕默德與伊斯蘭教前兩任哈里發阿布・伯克爾和歐麥爾的陵墓合併於先知寺，大體形成了今天的建築格局。後經多次擴建，目前先知寺已成為一座龐大的建築群，佔地面積為 1.6326 萬平方米，可容納 100 萬人做禮拜，成為全世界最大的清真寺之一。先知寺處於傳統的麥地那市中心，周圍有許多飯店和舊集市。每年都有許多穆斯林在朝覲期間到此祈禱、禮拜和瞻仰先聖遺蹟。
en: The site was originally adjacent to Muhammad's house; he settled there after his migration from Mecca to Medina in 622. He shared in the heavy work of construction. The original mosque was an open-air building. The mosque served as a community center, a court, and a religious school. There was a raised platform for the people who taught the Quran. Subsequent Islamic rulers greatly expanded and decorated it. In 1909, it became the first place in the Arabian Peninsula to be provided with electrical lights. The mosque is under the control of the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques. The mosque is located in what was traditionally the center of Medina, with many hotels and old markets nearby. It is a major pilgrimage site. Many pilgrims who perform the Hajj go on to Medina to visit the mosque, due to its connection to Muhammad.
qas: question: zh_tw: 清真寺周圍有什麼？
en: What is close by to the mosque?
answers: zh_tw: text: 許多飯店和舊集市
en: text: many hotels and old markets
天文學
Astronomy

context: zh_tw: 太陽系所處的銀河系屬於棒旋星系，是本星系群中的一員。銀河系由氣體、塵埃、恆星等各種天體所組成，這些天體繞銀河系的中心公轉，並透過相互引力束縛在一起。太陽系位於銀河系一個螺旋臂的外端，因此銀河系有很大部分受塵埃的阻擋，觀測不易。
en: The Solar System orbits within the Milky Way, a barred spiral galaxy that is a prominent member of the Local Group of galaxies. It is a rotating mass of gas, dust, stars and other objects, held together by mutual gravitational attraction. As the Earth is located within the dusty outer arms, there are large portions of the Milky Way that are obscured from view.
qas: question: zh_tw: 太陽系在哪裡公轉？
en: Where does the Solar System rotate around in?
answers: zh_tw: text: 銀河系
en: text: Milky Way
那不勒斯王國
Kingdom of Naples

context: zh_tw: 查理八世於 1495 年將阿方索二世趕出那不勒斯。但不久後被迫撤離。這是由於費爾南多得到費爾南多二世的支援。費爾南多恢復王權，但是於 1496 年去世。
en: Charles VIII expelled Alfonso II of Naples from Naples in 1495, but was soon forced to withdraw due to the support of Ferdinand II of Aragon for his cousin, Alfonso II's son Ferrantino. Ferrantino was restored to the throne, but died in 1496, and was succeeded by his uncle, Frederick IV.
qas: question: zh_tw: 費倫蒂諾什麼時候死的？
en: When did Ferrantino die?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1496 年
en: text: 1496
醉後大丈夫 2
The Hangover Part II

context: zh_tw: 《宿醉 2》（英語：The Hangover Part II，香港譯《醉爆伴郎團 2》，臺灣譯《醉後大丈夫 2》）是一部 2011 年美國喜劇電影，是 2009 年電影《醉後大丈夫》的續集，也是「醉爆伴郎團電影系列」的第二部作品。由陶德・菲利普斯執導，他與克雷格・馬林和史考特・阿姆斯壯共同編劇。本片主演是畢列・谷巴、艾德・赫姆斯、查克・葛里芬納奇、鄭肯、傑夫・泰爾、賈斯汀・巴薩和保羅・吉馬蒂。2011 年 5 月 26 日首映，主要在加利福尼亞和泰國拍攝。雖然本片相比上部沒有多少好評，但仍以 5.86 億美元成為票房極高的 R 級喜劇片。
en: The Hangover Part II is a 2011 American comedy film produced by Legendary Pictures and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. It is the sequel to the 2009 film The Hangover and the second installment in The Hangover trilogy. Directed by Todd Phillips, who co-wrote the script with Craig Mazin and Scot Armstrong, the film stars Bradley Cooper, Ed Helms, Zach Galifianakis, Ken Jeong, Jeffrey Tambor, Justin Bartha, and Paul Giamatti.
qas: question: zh_tw: 菲利普斯執導了哪部電影？
en: Which movie did Phillips direct?
answers: zh_tw: text: 《宿醉 2》
en: text: The Hangover Part II
自我意識過剩
Self-consciousness

context: zh_tw: 自我意識過剩是自我意識的極端情況，表現為對自我的過分關注。當人們覺得自己正在被某人（或者某些人）盯著看的時候，就會產生一種不自然的自我存在感，這種感覺就是自我意識過剩。
en: Self-consciousness is a heightened sense of self-awareness. It is a preoccupation with oneself, as opposed to the philosophical state of self-awareness, which is the awareness that one exists as an individual being, though the two terms are commonly used interchangeably or synonymously. An unpleasant feeling of self-consciousness may occur when one realizes that one is being watched or observed, the feeling that "everyone is looking" at oneself. Some people are habitually more self-conscious than others. Unpleasant feelings of self-consciousness are sometimes associated with shyness or paranoia.
qas: question: zh_tw: 自我意識是否與自我認識相關？
en: Is self consciousness related to self awareness?
answers: zh_tw: text: 自我意識過剩是自我意識的極端情況
en: text: Self-consciousness is a heightened sense of self-awareness.
切・格瓦拉

context: zh_tw: 身為年輕的醫學系學生，格瓦拉趁著一股熱情騎上摩托車，遊歷了整個拉丁美洲，並因親眼目睹了貧窮的無所不在而深感震撼。他在這些旅行中的所見所聞，使他斷定各地根深蒂固的社會不平等是國家壟斷資本主義、新殖民主義與帝國主義的結果，唯一的補救方法便是進行世界革命。這個信仰激勵他介入了瓜地馬拉在總統哈科沃・阿本斯・古斯曼統治下的社會改革；阿本斯最終於 1954 年瓜地馬拉政變，在美國中情局暗中策動下被推翻，結束了瓜地馬拉當時不同凡響的意識形態。後來，格瓦拉在墨西哥城先後結識了勞爾・卡斯特羅與菲德爾・卡斯特羅，加入他們的七二六運動，懷抱著推翻親美的獨裁者富爾亨西奧・巴蒂斯塔的理想、乘著格拉瑪號登陸古巴。
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰遇到了 2 名推翻古巴領導的男子？
en: who met with 2 men to overthrow a cuban dictator?
answers: zh_tw: text: 格瓦拉

context: zh_tw: 格瓦拉不久便在起義者間展露頭角，晉升為副指揮官，並在為期二年、成功推翻巴蒂斯塔政權的游擊戰役中扮演關鍵的角色。在 1959 年古巴革命成功後，他被授予古巴公民身份，擔任古巴政府高階領導人，格瓦拉在新政府擔任了數個要角。包括再審革命法庭期間被列為戰犯者的申訴與行刑隊、以工業部長身分實施土地改革、擔任國家銀行行長及古巴軍隊教學主任之職，並以宣揚古巴社會主義的外交家之名橫越地球。而格瓦拉所訓練的民兵部隊也在豬灣入侵擊退了美軍，併為古巴帶來了蘇聯核武彈道飛彈，其隨後在 1962 年引發了古巴飛彈危機。另外，他也是文筆鋒利、創作豐富的作家與日記作者，著有影響深遠的軍事理論著作《游擊戰》，及關於他年輕時漫遊美洲的旅行日記《摩托日記》。格瓦拉於 1965 年離開古巴，到剛果 (金)、玻利維亞進行反對帝國主義的游擊戰爭。
qas: question: zh_tw: 格瓦拉用了多久推翻了古巴的巴蒂斯塔政權？
en: How many years did it take Guevara to depose the Batista's regime in Cuba?
answers: zh_tw: text: 二年

question: zh_tw: 格瓦拉是各種左派運動的典型偶像，他寫了一本關於什麼戰爭型別的手冊？
en: A quintessential icon of various leftist movements, Guevara wrote a manual on what type of warfare?
answers: zh_tw: text: 游擊戰

question: zh_tw: 1962 年引發了什麼危機？
en: What crisis took place in 1962?
answers: zh_tw: text: 古巴飛彈危機
水資源
Water resources

context: zh_tw: 海水淡化是一個將鹹水（通常為海水）轉化為淡水的過程。最常見的方式是蒸餾法與逆滲透法。目前來說，海水淡化的成本較其他方式高，而且提供的淡水量僅能滿足極少數人的需求。此法唯有對幹漠地區的高經濟用途用水有其經濟價值存在。目前最廣泛使用於波斯灣。
en: Desalination is an artificial process by which saline water (generally sea water) is converted to fresh water.  The most common desalination processes are distillation and reverse osmosis.  Desalination is currently expensive compared to most alternative sources of water, and only a very small fraction of total human use is satisfied by desalination. It is usually only economically practical for high-valued uses (such as household and industrial uses) in arid areas. However, there is growth in desalination for agricultural use, and highly populated areas such as Singapore or California. The most extensive use is in the Persian Gulf.
qas: question: zh_tw: 農業用海水淡化的最大增長髮生在哪裡？
en: Where is the most growth taking place in desalination for agricultural use?
answers: zh_tw: text: 波斯灣
en: text: Persian Gulf

question: zh_tw: 海水淡化創造出什麼？
en: what does desalination create?
answers: zh_tw: text: 淡水
en: text: fresh water
計程車司機 (1976 年電影)
Taxi Driver

context: zh_tw: 不久崔維斯跟名為 Easy Andy 的黑市商人買了四把手槍。崔維斯如常去一間超市買東西，期間遇上黑人劫匪進門打劫店主，為解救店主他開槍射傷了劫匪。事後崔維斯很慌張，因為他本人並沒有持槍證。店主安撫他說現場由自己來解決，並讓崔維斯先離開。崔維斯駕車離開後，店主為洩憤繼續敲打著搶犯已死（或垂死）的身體。
en: One night, Travis enters a convenience store moments before an attempted armed robbery, and he fatally shoots the robber. The owner takes responsibility for the deed, taking Travis' handgun. Later, Travis encounters Iris again and hires her, but attempts to dissuade her from continuing in prostitution rather than having sex with her. He fails to completely turn her from her course, but she does agree to meet with him for breakfast the next day. Travis leaves at his apartment a letter with money for Iris saying he will soon be dead, and she should return home.
qas: question: zh_tw: 強盜是否在便利店搶劫中倖免於難？
en: Did the robber survive the convenience store robbery?
answers: zh_tw: text: 開槍射傷了劫匪
en: text: fatally shoots the robber

context: zh_tw: 有些評論家對於年幼的茱蒂・福斯特出現在槍戰高潮戲裡感到很感冒。不過呢，在紀錄片《Making Taxi Driver》（收錄在本片的 DVD 版本里）裡福斯特表示，那場戲特效的安排和排演時她都是在場。所有的過程也都一步一步地跟她解釋和實驗給她看過。福斯特說，她對於那些幕後工作感到很著迷也很有信心，而不會感到不適或是覺得受創傷。除此之外，在這場戲拍攝之前，她也接受了相當長期的心理測驗，以確保她不會陷入角色的創傷之中。
en: Some critics showed concern over 12-year-old Foster's presence during the climactic shoot-out. Foster said that she was present during the setup and staging of the special effects used during the scene; the entire process was explained and demonstrated for her, step by step. Moreover, Foster said, she was fascinated and entertained by the behind-the-scenes preparation that went into the scene. In addition, before being given the part, Foster was subjected to psychological testing, attending sessions with a UCLA psychiatrist, to ensure that she would not be emotionally scarred by her role, in accordance with California Labor Board requirements monitoring children's welfare on film sets.Copies of the film distributed for TV broadcast had an unexplained disclaimer added during the closing credits:
qas: question: zh_tw: 福斯特在槍戰中有多大？
en: How old was Foster at the time of the shoot-out?
answers: zh_tw: text: 年幼
en: text: 12
乒乓球
Table tennis

context: zh_tw: 乒乓球是一種在世界上許多地方流行的球類運動。它的英語官方名稱是 “table tennis”，意即「桌上網球」。雙方球員手持球拍、隔著架有球網的球桌互相對打。可作為單打或雙打，兩方互相擊球直至一方無法回球，另一方便能得分。
en: Table tennis, also known as ping-pong, is a sport in which two or four players hit a lightweight ball back and forth across a table using small rackets. The game takes place on a hard table divided by a net. Except for the initial serve, the rules are generally as follows: players must allow a ball played toward them to bounce one time on their side of the table, and must return it so that it bounces on the opposite side at least once. A point is scored when a player fails to return the ball within the rules. Play is fast and demands quick reactions. Spinning the ball alters its trajectory and limits an opponent's options, giving the hitter a great advantage.
qas: question: zh_tw: 乒乓球在哪裡進行？
en: Where does table tennis take place?
answers: zh_tw: text: 架有球網的球桌
en: text: on a hard table divided by a net
啤酒

context: zh_tw: 有資料顯示，啤酒由公元前 3000 年的日耳曼人及凱爾特人部落帶到整個歐洲，當時主要是家庭作坊釀造。早期的歐洲啤酒中可能加入了包括水果，蜂蜜，各種植物，香料及其它的物質如有麻醉成分的草等物質，但這些新增劑中似乎並未包括啤酒花。酒花作新增劑在公元 822 年左右被一個卡洛林王朝的修道院長在著作中提及。到公元 7 世紀時，啤酒也有在過歐洲的修道院生產及銷售，但家庭作坊依然是其主要來源。工業革命開始後，啤酒的生產開始從家庭手工釀造轉至工業化生產，工業化啤酒廠從 19 世紀開始占主導地位，材料百分比的計量技術及溫度測算大大推進了啤酒釀製的發展。
qas: question: zh_tw: 早期的歐洲啤酒中有哪些常見成分？
en: What are examples of common ingredients in early European beers?
answers: zh_tw: text: 水果，蜂蜜，各種植物，香料及其它的物質如有麻醉成分的草等物質

context: zh_tw: 如今，啤酒釀造工業遍佈全球，其中包括許多大型的跨國啤酒公司和不計其數的小型酒吧或釀造廠。在 2006 年，全球啤酒產量超過 1.33 億噸（約 350 億加侖），等於一個稜寬 510 米的立方體水池的容積，相當於每年銷售 1.32 億個立方的啤酒。全球啤酒的銷售收入可達約 2,945 億美金（約 1,477 億歐元）。芬蘭、丹麥、澳洲、德國和愛爾蘭無論以啤酒單位銷售量還是人均消費計算，都是世界上最高的國家之一，這五個國家亦擁有眾多世界級的啤酒品牌，是當今世界的五大啤酒國。
qas: question: zh_tw: 釀酒行業有多大？
en: How big is the brewing industry?
answers: zh_tw: text: 遍佈全球，其中包括許多大型的跨國啤酒公司和不計其數的小型酒吧或釀造廠

context: zh_tw: 一般啤酒的酒精度數通常在 3% 以上至 14% 左右這個範圍，有幾種香檳酵母的啤酒酒精度數上升到 20%，透過冷凍蒸餾更可達 41% 以上。啤酒的酒精含量通常取決於當地風俗和啤酒種類。坊間的大部分 Lager 酒精度通常為 4–6%，最為常見的是 5%。英國 ale 啤在 4% 左右。一些佐餐啤酒的酒精度會到 1-4%，它們在一些學校中可被作為軟飲料的替代品。
qas: question: zh_tw: Lager 常見的酒精度是多少？
en: What is the average abv of a pale lager?
answers: zh_tw: text: 5%
米蘭
Milan

context: zh_tw: 米蘭的居民主要信仰天主教，就跟義大利其他地方一樣。米蘭也是天主教米蘭總教區的所在地。其他宗教包括：東正教、佛教、猶太教、伊斯蘭教和新教。米蘭的天主教禮拜儀式禮儀被稱為安博禮（Rito ambrosiano）。 它與典型的天主教儀式略有不同（西部地區採用），有一些不同的禮儀和群眾慶祝活動。安布羅儀式也在倫巴第大區等周邊地區和瑞士的提契諾州通行。另一個重要差異是禮儀音樂。米蘭及周邊地區完全沒有使用額我略平詠，因為當地有自己的音樂，並於特倫託會議（1545 年至 1563 年）後確立，比額我略平詠還早。為了保持獨特的音樂發展，米蘭的大學與羅馬的宗座聖樂學院共同合作。
en: Milan's population, like that of Italy as a whole, is mostly Catholic. It is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan. The city is also home to sizeable Orthodox, Buddhist, Jewish, Muslim, and Protestant communities.Milan has its own historic Catholic rite known as the Ambrosian Rite (Italian: Rito ambrosiano). It varies slightly from the typical Catholic rite (the Roman, used in all other western regions), with some differences in the liturgy and mass celebrations, in the Canons are Easter and Lent, in the colour of liturgical vestments, peculiar use of incense, marriage form, office for the dead, baptism by immersion, and in the calendar (for example, the date for the beginning of lent is celebrated some days after the common date, so the carnival has different date). The season of Advent is of six weeks duration and starts on the Sunday after the feast of Saint Martin (11 November). The Ambrosian rite is also practised in other surrounding locations in Lombardy, parts of Piedmont and in the Swiss canton of Ticino. The sounding of church bells uses a peculiar technique. Another important difference concerns the liturgical music. The Gregorian chant was completely unused in Milan and surrounding areas, because the official one was its own Ambrosian chant, definitively established by the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and earlier than the Gregorian. To preserve this music there has developed the unique schola cantorum, a college, and an Institute called PIAMS (Pontifical Ambrosian Institute of Sacred Music), in partnership with the Pontifical Institute of Sacred Music (PIMS) in Rome.The Milan Synagogue was designed by Luca Beltrami in 1892. The Anglican Episcopal Church of All Saints Milan was built in 1896. In 1998 the construction of the Mosque of Segrate was completed. This was the first mosque with a dome and minaret in Italy since the destruction of the last mosques of Lucera in 1300. In 2014 the City Council agreed on the construction of another mosque next to the area of the former sport venue Palatrussardi.
qas: question: zh_tw: 米蘭信仰什麼宗教？
en: Milan is what religion?
answers: zh_tw: text: 天主教
en: text: Catholic
清邁
Chiang Mai

context: zh_tw: 清邁是泰國北部最大的歷史文化城市，也是泰北政治經濟中心。為清邁府首府，在 1296 年至 1768 年間為蘭納王國首都，蘭納王國其後於 1774-1939 發展為清邁王國的朝貢國。清邁距離曼谷 700 公里，倚靠著泰國最高的山。清邁在平河的流域中，平河是昭拍耶河的主要支流。清邁在泰語的意思是新城市，在蘭納王國 1296 年訂定首都時所取的。清邁取代了清萊成為蘭納的首都。
en: Chiang Mai (, from Thai: เชียงใหม่  [tɕʰīəŋ màj] (listen), Northern Thai: ᨩ᩠ᨿᨦ ᩲᩉ᩠ᨾ᩵ [t͡ɕīəŋ.màj] (listen)) sometimes written as "Chiengmai" or "Chiangmai" is the largest city in northern Thailand. It is the capital of Chiang Mai Province and was a former capital of the kingdom of Lan Na (1296–1768), which later became the Kingdom of Chiang Mai, a tributary state of Siam from 1774 to 1899, and finally the seat of princely rulers until 1939. It is 700 km (435 mi) north of Bangkok near the highest mountains in the country. The city sits astride the Ping River, a major tributary of the Chao Phraya River.
qas: question: zh_tw: 曼谷到清邁有多遠？
en: What is the distance between Bangkok to Chiangmai?
answers: zh_tw: text: 700 公里
en: text: 700 km (435 mi)
普華永道

context: zh_tw: 20 世紀 90 年代末期，普華永道建立了一家規模巨大、甚至與其主營的審計機構規模相同的專業諮詢機構，這也為該事務所帶來了可觀的收入。雖然具有一定的週期性，但是該事務所的管理諮詢服務（Management Consulting Services）仍然是它們增長速度最快的業務。支援這種增長的主要動力，是 20 世紀 90 年代它們提出的例如 SAP R/3 這樣的企業資源整合系統。
qas: question: zh_tw: MCS 代表什麼？
en: What does MCS stand for?
answers: zh_tw: text: 管理諮詢服務

question: zh_tw: 普華永道國際會計事務所從 1990 年開始迅速增長的原因是什麼？
en: What was behind the big growth of Price Waterhouse starting with year 1990?
answers: zh_tw: text: 如 SAP R/3 這樣的企業資源整合系統

context: zh_tw: 不過，普華永道在經營方面也承受著很大的壓力：為了避免利益衝突，該事務所並不為審計客戶提供諮詢方面的服務。由於該事務所的審計客戶大部分是跨國的超大型企業，在一定程度上也制約了該事務所的發展。而這些服務它們只能外包給像 ERP 系統這樣的機構。基於上述原因，安永成為了 “四大” 當中第一個出售自己諮詢部門的事務所。
qas: question: zh_tw: 由於大量的公司審計，ERP 系統必須限制什麼？
en: ERP systems has to limit what due to a large group of company audits?
answers: zh_tw: text: 諮詢方面的服務

context: zh_tw: 2002 年 5 月，普華永道宣佈旗下的諮詢業務將會單獨組建一個企業實體。沃爾夫・奧林斯為這個籌劃建立的新公司設計了商標 ——“星期一”（Monday）。這個新公司的執行長，格雷格・布倫尼曼宣稱：為客戶提供真實的、可行的、可識別的、全球性的和合適的諮詢服務。但是這項計劃很快就被取代了。2002 年 10 月，普華永道將其下諮詢部門，以大約 39 億美元的價格，透過現金和換股的方式，出售給了 IBM。這個部門最終併入了 IBM 全球商務服務，也使得 IBM 相關業務能力大為提高，而且在相當程度上增長了 IBM 的盈利能力。
qas: question: zh_tw: 他們指派誰來建立 “星期一” 的新形象？
en: Who did they tap to make Monday's new image?
answers: zh_tw: text: 沃爾夫・奧林斯

context: zh_tw: 目前諮詢部門所提供的服務還包括保險諮詢：保險管理解決方案（AIMS）；與此同時，還有人力資源服務（HRS）。這些服務主要包括：養老保險，人壽保險，意外保險和投資型保險，其中 AIM 主要涉及壽險和財險，而 HRS 主要面向養老保險。
qas: question: zh_tw: 目標更多地集中在個人身上，而人力資源部則更多地關注什麼？
en: Aims focuses more on single individuals while HRS focuses more on what?
answers: zh_tw: text: 養老保險

question: zh_tw: HRS 代表什麼？
en: what does HRS stand for?
answers: zh_tw: text: 人力資源服務
復仇者聯盟 3：無限之戰
Avengers: Infinity War

context: zh_tw: 《復仇者聯盟：無限之戰》（英語：Avengers: Infinity War）是一部 2018 年上映的美國超級英雄電影，改編自漫威漫畫旗下的超級英雄團隊復仇者聯盟，由漫威影業製作及華特迪士尼工作室電影發行。本片為《復仇者聯盟 2：奧創紀元》（2015 年）的續集，同時也是漫威電影宇宙系列的第 19 部電影作品。電影由羅素兄弟執導，並由克里斯多佛・馬庫斯與史蒂芬・麥費利負責撰寫劇本。電影主演包括了許多漫威電影宇宙的演員，如小勞勃・道尼、克里斯・漢斯沃、馬克・盧法洛、保羅・貝特尼等原班人馬。
en: Avengers: Infinity War is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Avengers, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to 2012's The Avengers and 2015's Avengers: Age of Ultron, and the nineteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). It was directed by Anthony and Joe Russo, written by Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely, and features an ensemble cast including Robert Downey Jr., Chris Hemsworth, Mark Ruffalo, Chris Evans, Scarlett Johansson, Benedict Cumberbatch, Don Cheadle, Tom Holland, Chadwick Boseman, Paul Bettany, Elizabeth Olsen, Anthony Mackie, Sebastian Stan, Danai Gurira, Letitia Wright, Dave Bautista, Zoe Saldana, Josh Brolin, and Chris Pratt. In the film, the Avengers and the Guardians of the Galaxy attempt to prevent Thanos from amassing the all-powerful Infinity Stones in a bid to wipe out half of all life in the universe.
qas: question: zh_tw: 《無限之戰》是漫威超級英雄系列中哪些電影的續集？
en: Infinity War serves as the follow-up to which Marvel Cinematic Universe movies?
answers: zh_tw: text: 《復仇者聯盟 2：奧創紀元》（2015 年）
en: text: 2012's The Avengers and 2015's Avengers: Age of Ultron
機器人
Robot

context: zh_tw: 2007 年時機器人中有大約一半是在亞洲、32% 在歐洲、16% 在北美、1% 在澳大拉西亞，1% 在非洲，當時世界上 40% 的機器人在日本，因此讓日本成為世界機器人最多的國家。
en: Roughly half of all the robots in the world are in Asia, 32% in Europe, and 16% in North America, 1% in Australasia and 1% in Africa. 40% of all the robots in the world are in Japan, making Japan the country with the highest number of robots.
qas: question: zh_tw: 機器人中有多大比例位於非洲？
en: What percentage of robots is located in Africa?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1
en: text: 1
過敏性休克
Anaphylaxis

context: zh_tw: 全身性過敏反應可以是身體對差不多任何異物所產生的反應。  常見誘因包括蟲咬或蟲螫毒液、食物（例如堅果類）和藥物（過敏原的萃取物、生物製劑、疫苗、診斷用藥）。 食物是兒童和青少年最常見的誘因，而藥物和蟲咬或蟲螫則是老年人較常見的誘因。 較少見的誘因包括物理因素、生物製劑（如精液）、乳膠、激素水平變化、食物新增劑（如味精和食物色素）和皮膚用藥（外用藥）。 運動或（熱或冷）溫度也能使某些組織細胞（稱為肥大細胞）釋放可以啟動全身性過敏反應的化學物質，從而誘發全身性過敏反應。 運動引致的全身性過敏反應也經常與所進食的食物存在關聯。 如果進行麻醉時出現全身性過敏反應，最常見原因是某些引致麻痺的藥物（神經肌肉阻滯劑）、抗生素和乳膠。 在 32-50% 的病例中，並不知道其病因（特發性全身性過敏反應）。
en: Anaphylaxis can occur in response to almost any foreign substance. Common triggers include venom from insect bites or stings, foods, and medication. Foods are the most common trigger in children and young adults while medications and insect bites and stings are more common in older adults. Less common causes include: physical factors, biological agents such as semen, latex, hormonal changes, food additives such as monosodium glutamate and food colors, and topical medications. Physical factors such as exercise (known as exercise-induced anaphylaxis) or temperature (either hot or cold) may also act as triggers through their direct effects on mast cells. Events caused by exercise are frequently associated with the ingestion of certain foods. During anesthesia, neuromuscular blocking agents, antibiotics, and latex are the most common causes. The cause remains unknown in 32–50% of cases, referred to as "idiopathic anaphylaxis." Six vaccines (MMR, varicella, influenza, hepatitis B, tetanus, meningococcal) are recognized as a cause for anaphylaxis, and HPV may cause anaphylaxis as well. Physical exercise is an uncommon cause of anaphylaxis; in about a third of such cases there is a co-factor like taking an NSAID or eating a specific food prior to exercising.
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪些食物會上癮？
en: what are some of the food addictives?
answers: zh_tw: text: 味精
en: text: monosodium glutamate

context: zh_tw: 在過敏原為已知而病人得到迅速及時治療的情況下，病人康復的機率很大。 即使在病原是未知的情況下，如果有停止反應的藥物可用，則病人通常可以得到良好康復。 死亡常由呼吸道（通常為氣道閉塞）或心血管（休克）原因所致。 0.7–20% 的全身性過敏反應病例導致死亡。 一些病例在數分鐘內即導致死亡。 運動誘發全身性過敏反應的病例通常預後良好，隨著病人年長則發生率及嚴重程度降低。
en: In those in whom the cause is known and prompt treatment is available, the prognosis is good. Even if the cause is unknown, if appropriate preventative medication is available, the prognosis is generally good. If death occurs, it is usually due to either respiratory (typically asphyxia) or cardiovascular causes (shock), with 0.7–20% of cases causing death. There have been cases of death occurring within minutes. Outcomes in those with exercise-induced anaphylaxis are typically good, with fewer and less severe episodes as people get older.
qas: question: zh_tw: 過敏反應會在多長時間內導致死亡？
en: Anaphylaxis can cause death in what amount of time?
answers: zh_tw: text: 數分鐘
en: text: within minutes
米老鼠
Mickey Mouse

context: zh_tw: 米奇老鼠的首次亮相是在《飛機狂》上。米奇老鼠的正式亮相則是在 1928 年 11 月 18 日的《汽船威利號》上。接著，米奇老鼠出現在超過 130 部電影中，其中包括《警察樂隊演唱會》（1935 年）、《勇敢的小裁縫》（1938 年），以及《幻想曲》（1940 年）。米奇老鼠主要出現於短片中，但亦曾出現於長篇電影中。米奇老鼠的其中九個卡通被提名奧斯卡最佳動畫短片獎，而其中的卡通《伸出爪子》更於 1942 年獲頒奧斯卡最佳動畫短片獎。於 1978 年，米奇老鼠成為第一個在好萊塢星光大道中擁有一個位置的卡通人物。自 1930 年起，米奇老鼠也被製作成一個漫畫人物。由弗洛伊德・戈特弗雷德松繪製，以米奇老鼠命名的「報紙」更加營運了 45 年之久。米奇老鼠也出現在漫畫書和電視節目系列上，其中包括《米奇老鼠俱樂部》（1955 年至 1996 年）。他亦出現在很多其他媒體中，例如電子遊戲和商品推銷中。
en: Created as a replacement for a prior Disney character, Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, Mickey first appeared in the short Plane Crazy, debuting publicly in the short film Steamboat Willie (1928), one of the first sound cartoons. He went on to appear in over 130 films, including The Band Concert (1935), Brave Little Tailor (1938), and Fantasia (1940). Mickey appeared primarily in short films, but also occasionally in feature-length films. Ten of Mickey's cartoons were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film, one of which, Lend a Paw, won the award in 1942. In 1978, Mickey became the first cartoon character to have a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
qas: question: zh_tw: 米奇老鼠主要出現在什麼樣風格的電影中？
en: In what film genre did Mickey Mouse appear most?
answers: zh_tw: text: 短片
en: text: short films
不信任動議
Motion of no confidence

context: zh_tw: 在多黨派的國家中因多個黨派必須聯合組成聯合政府，此不信任動議更常發生。這個結構可以導致小黨派顛覆政府而新政府無法組成的情況，因此可以導致政府的上任時間非常短暫。如比利時創造 541 天連續沒有政府的吉尼斯世界紀錄。許多人認為這是法國第三共和、第四共和和德國魏瑪共和不穩定的原因。多數歐洲國家包括義大利、希臘、以色列和日本近年來也面臨類似問題。北歐國家如芬蘭、冰島等因長期組成多黨聯合政府，聯合政府在組閣前已達成協議。
en: Motions of no confidence are far more common in multi-party systems in which a minority party must form a coalition government. This can mean that there have been many short-lived governments because the party structure allows small parties to defeat a government without means to create a government. This has widely been regarded as the cause of instability for the French Fourth Republic and the German Weimar Republic. More recent examples have been in Italy between the 1950s and 1990s, Israel, and Japan.
qas: question: zh_tw: 在哪種國家中不信任動議更常發生？
en: Which sytems more frequently result in motions of no confidence?
answers: zh_tw: text: 多黨派
en: text: far more common in multi-party systems

question: zh_tw: 哪些歐洲政府體制因為小黨派擊敗大黨派而變得不穩定？
en: Which European government systems were given instability due to smaller parties defeating larger ones?
answers: zh_tw: text: 第四共和和德國魏瑪共和
en: text: French Fourth Republic and the German Weimar Republic
脊髓灰質炎疫苗
Polio vaccine

context: zh_tw: 1954 年，疫苗於賓州匹茲堡的阿森納小學（Arsenal Elementary School）與華生兒童之家（Watson Home for Children）展開試驗。之後又在湯瑪斯・弗朗西斯（Thomas Francis）的領導下，進行了一場稱為弗朗西斯實測（Francis Field Trial）的大規模試驗工作，一開始是在維吉尼亞州的麥克林（McLean）進行，對當地富蘭克林・謝爾曼小學（Franklin Sherman Elementary School）的大約 4000 名兒童進行接種；最後在美國的 44 個州中，總共有大約 180 萬名兒童受試。測試中約有 440,000 位兒童接受了一次以上的疫苗注射；另有 210,000 位兒童接受由培養基製成的安慰劑；對照組則是由 120 萬名無接受疫苗的兒童構成，並研究觀察他們是否受到脊髓灰質炎的感染。結果發表於 1955 年 4 月 12 日，這場測試顯示沙克疫苗在對抗 PV1 方面有 60% 到 70% 的效果；而對抗 PV2 與 PV3 的效果則達到 90% 以上。
en: The first effective polio vaccine was developed in 1952 by Jonas Salk and a team at the University of Pittsburgh that included Julius Youngner, Byron Bennett, L. James Lewis, and Lorraine Friedman, which required years of subsequent testing. Salk went on CBS radio to report a successful test on a small group of adults and children on 26 March 1953; two days later, the results were published in JAMA. Beginning 23 February 1954, the vaccine was tested at Arsenal Elementary School and the Watson Home for Children in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.Salk's vaccine was then used in a test called the Francis Field Trial, led by Thomas Francis, the largest medical experiment in history at that time. The test began with about 4,000 children at Franklin Sherman Elementary School in McLean, Virginia, and eventually involved 1.8 million children, in 44 states from Maine to California. By the conclusion of the study, roughly 440,000 received one or more injections of the vaccine, about 210,000 children received a placebo, consisting of harmless culture media, and 1.2 million children received no vaccination and served as a control group, who would then be observed to see if any contracted polio.
qas: question: zh_tw: 最終，有多少孩子參加了實驗？
en: Ultimately, how many total children participated in the experiment?
answers: zh_tw: text: School）的大約 4000 名兒童進行接種；最後在美國的 44 個州中，總共有大約 180 萬名兒童受試。
en: text: 1.8 million children

context: zh_tw: 沙克疫苗在 1955 年獲得許可，兒童接種活動也在不久後開始。March of Dimes 組織在美國推動大規模防疫計劃，使美國到了 1957 年時，一年所增加的脊髓灰質炎病例減少到 5600 人。IPV 疫苗在美國一直到 1960 年代仍廣泛使用。強效型的 IPV 在 1987 年於美國透過許可，是目前美國所用的疫苗之一。
en: The results of the field trial were announced 12 April 1955 (the tenth anniversary of the death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, whose paralytic illness was generally believed to have been caused by polio). The Salk vaccine had been 60–70% effective against PV1 (poliovirus type 1), over 90% effective against PV2 and PV3, and 94% effective against the development of bulbar polio. Soon after Salk's vaccine was licensed in 1955, children's vaccination campaigns were launched. In the U.S, following a mass immunization campaign promoted by the March of Dimes, the annual number of polio cases fell from 35,000 in 1953 to 5,600 by 1957. By 1961 only 161 cases were recorded in the United States.A week earlier in April 1955, Pierre Lépine at the Pasteur Institute in Paris also announced an effective polio vaccine.
qas: question: zh_tw: 疫苗可以幫助根除哪種疾病？
en: The vaccine helped eradicate which disease?
answers: zh_tw: text: 脊髓灰質炎
en: text: polio
無社會性

context: zh_tw: 無社會性（英語：Asociality ）指的是缺乏參與社會關係的動力或傾向獨自活動。除無社會性外，發展心理學家也會使用相似的同義詞，如：非社會性（nonsocial）、不合群（unsocial）以及社會無感（social uninterest）等。無社會性與反社會行為完全不同，但並不衝突、可能同時發生；反社會行為是指對他人或一般社會秩序積極的厭惡或對抗。無社會性者也時常是具有內向性人格特質者，而極端的無社會性可能會出現多種的臨床狀況。
qas: question: zh_tw: 什麼型別的人會有少量的反社會行為？
en: Small amounts of nonsocial behavior is observed in what types of people?
answers: zh_tw: text: 內向性人

context: zh_tw: 無社會性可以被視為一種表達不同意見的方式，因此不一定是一種完全負面的社會特徵。在耆那教、天主教、東正教、佛教、蘇非主義和一些神秘主義中，無社會性被視為其宗教或僧侶的理想表現。
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪些宗教傳統認為無社會性是一種理想的社會特徵
en: which monastic traditions consider asociality a desirable trait
answers: zh_tw: text: 耆那教、天主教、東正教、佛教、蘇非主義
計算機安全
Computer security

context: zh_tw: 另外，安全不應是全有或全無的問題。系統的設計者和操作者應假定安全性的違反是不可避免的。系統活動應有完整的審計日誌，在違反安全性的活動發生後才可確定其機制和程度。遠端儲存審計日誌可保護系統日誌不被侵入者修改。最後，充分公佈（full disclosure）有助於在系統漏洞被發現時，儘可能地縮短此安全隱患存在的時間。
en: Audit trails tracking system activity, so that when a security breach occurs, the mechanism and extent of the breach can be determined. Storing audit trails remotely, where they can only be appended to, can keep intruders from covering their tracks.
qas: question: zh_tw: 什麼會跟蹤系統活動？
en: What tracks system activity?
answers: zh_tw: text: 審計日誌
en: text: Audit trails

context: zh_tw: 安全體系結構定義為描述安全措施如何放置，如何與整個資訊科技體系結構關聯的設計作品。這些安全控制措施旨在維護系統質量引數，包括機密性，完整性，可用性，問責制，保險性。
en: The Open Security Architecture organization defines IT security architecture as "the design artifacts that describe how the security controls (security countermeasures) are positioned, and how they relate to the overall information technology architecture. These controls serve the purpose to maintain the system's quality attributes: confidentiality, integrity, availability, accountability and assurance services".Techopedia defines security architecture as "a unified security design that addresses the necessities and potential risks involved in a certain scenario or environment. It also specifies when and where to apply security controls. The design process is generally reproducible." The key attributes of security architecture are:
qas: question: zh_tw: 你能為建築學下定義嗎？
en: Can you define Architecture?
answers: zh_tw: text: 安全體系結構定義為描述安全措施如何放置，如何與整個資訊科技體系結構關聯的設計作品
en: text: the design artifacts that describe how the security controls (security countermeasures) are positioned, and how they relate to the overall information technology architecture.
亞瑪瑪
Al-Yamama

context: zh_tw: 亞瑪瑪（阿拉伯語：اليمامة‎；「鴿子」的意思，或譯葉麻默）位於今日沙烏地阿拉伯的內志高原的東部，也是已經滅亡的喬・亞瑪瑪（Jaww Al-Yamamah）古村落的範圍，靠近卡爾志。卡爾志地區除了亞瑪瑪，其他區域都稱作卡爾志。亞瑪瑪中部只有少數國家興起，但它們在伊斯蘭早期佔有一席之地，因為它們在穆罕默德逝世後立即成為利達戰役的舞臺。亞瑪瑪在最近幾個世紀以來也指同樣古老的「內志」，其包含的範圍更大。不過，亞瑪瑪也是個充滿鄉愁的歷史名詞，常被用來強調它與古代的聯結。目前沙烏地阿拉伯的首都是利雅德，以亞瑪瑪宮殿的美稱名聞遐邇。
en: Al-Yamamah (Arabic: اليمامة‎, romanized: al-Yamāmah) is an ancient historical region lying to the east of the plateau of Najd in modern-day Saudi Arabia, or sometimes more specifically, the now-extinct ancient village of Jaww Al-Yamamah, near Al-Kharj, after which the rest of the region was named.  Only a handful of centralized states ever arose in Yamamah, but it figured prominently in early Islamic history due to it becoming a central theater in the Ridda Wars immediately following Muhammad's death.  The region was gradually subsumed in recent centuries under the term "Najd", which encompasses a larger area.  However, the term "Al-Yamamah" still lives on as a nostalgic historical term that is invoked to emphasize the region's ties with its ancient past.  The current headquarters of the Saudi government in Riyadh, for example, is known as the Palace of Yamamah.
qas: question: zh_tw: 亞瑪瑪位於什麼古老的歷史區域？
en: What ancient historical region Al-Yamamah is located in?
answers: zh_tw: text: 亞瑪瑪（阿拉伯語：اليمامة‎；「鴿子」的意思，或譯葉麻默）位於今日沙烏地阿拉伯的內志高原的東部，也是已經滅亡的喬・亞瑪瑪（Jaww
en: text: east of the plateau of Najd in modern-day Saudi Arabia
GRE

context: zh_tw: 分析性寫作（英語：Analytical Writing）分兩部份，第一部份為觀點題（issue），提供一題作答，滿分為 6 分，內容通常是對於社會、科學、歷史、哲學、政治等方面的觀點進行評論；第二部份為回應題（argument），一題必答，滿分為 6 分，內容通常是對給定情景中推理的駁斥。寫作部分總分為兩部分分數的平均值；每一部分分數間差異的最小單位為 0.5 分。本部份必須在電腦上作答，電腦只提供基本功能，不包含拼寫檢查和更高階的功能。若文章被判為雷同，ETS 將取消考生考試成績。答卷由至少兩名評判員來進行評定計分。兩種寫作的題庫固定，並可以在 ETS 的官方網站上查詢。
qas: question: zh_tw: 程式中不包含哪些功能？
en: What sort of features are not included in the program?
answers: zh_tw: text: 拼寫檢查和更高階的功能

context: zh_tw: 與其它標準化升學考試不同 (如 SAT，LSAT 或 MCAT)，對 GRE 成績的參考因院校的不同、專業的不同而不同。文科專業可能會更加重視詞彙成績，而數理專業可能會更加註重計量成績。然而，由於絕大多數申請數學、科學、工程的考生計量成績都不錯，詞彙成績因此也變得重要。研究生院錄取由幾個不同的要求組成。院校要求推薦信、自薦簡歷、GPA 分數、GRE 成績等等。一些院校使用 GRE 作為錄取的參考標準，而不是獎學金髮放標準。另一些院校使用 GRE 作為獎學金、助學金髮放標準，而不是錄取標準。有時，GRE 可能是院校規定的錄取標準，而具體的學部則根本不在乎成績。院校一般會提供 GRE 成績的參考標準以及往年錄取的平均成績。最好的方式是與負責招生的當事主管直接聯絡（不是研究院作為整體）。
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪三個升學考試？
en: What are three admissions tests?
answers: zh_tw: text: SAT，LSAT 或 MCAT

question: zh_tw: 文科專業能考慮的唯一分數是什麼？
en: What is the only score the Liberal arts program can consider?
answers: zh_tw: text: 詞彙成績

context: zh_tw: GMAT（研究生管理專業入學考試）是機考標準化測驗，考察申請商學院學生的數學和英語水平。商學院常常使用 GMAT 作為 MBA 考試的檢測標準。自 2009 年起，許多商學院也開始接受 GRE 成績。政策逐年而變，然而在 2012-2013 年間，所有商學院開始同等對待兩門考試成績。使用 GMAT 成績、或 GRE 成績都可以進行 MBA 的申請。商學院其它（非 MBA 專案）碩士、博士科目也接受 GRE 成績。目前，主要問題在於政策如何界定 GRE 或 GMAT 成績的最早期限。一般來說，成績不能早於 5 年（例如，沃頓商學院， MIT 斯隆管理學院，哥倫比亞商學院）。
qas: question: zh_tw: 研究生管理專業入學考試的英文縮寫是什麼？
en: What is the acronym for the Graduate Management Admission Test?
answers: zh_tw: text: GMAT

context: zh_tw: 備考的資料很多。ETS 自己準備了名叫 PowerPrep 的軟體，包括兩份練習真題，以及更多的習題和資料。由於軟體模擬了真實考試情形，它可以相對準確地預測 GRE 分數。ETS 沒有將真題授權給任何一家公司，成為真題的唯一官方資源。ETS 曾經出版過包涵真題的 "BIG BOOK"；然而它已經不再出版。另一些公司提供培訓課程、以及非官方的參考資料。一些學生透過參加培訓班來準備 GRE 考試。沒有參加培訓班的學生常常透過大學教科書、GRE 備考資料、習題和免費的網路資源來進行備考。
qas: question: zh_tw: 別的公司會提供什麼？
en: What is yielded by the different companies?
answers: zh_tw: text: 培訓課程、以及非官方的參考資料

context: zh_tw: 大學、有足夠技術資質的考試中心可以執行 GRE 考試。在美國主要城市、或是在大型院校就讀的學生可以在附近找到考試中心。居住在偏遠地區的考生需要漫長跋涉到城市或大學所在地以便找到可以提供考試的地點。許多工業化的國家也擁有考試中心，但是有時考生需要出境參加考試。
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪種大學的學生便於前往考試中心？
en: Test centers are readily available to students from what type of university?
answers: zh_tw: text: 大型院校
謝爾蓋・布林

context: zh_tw: 布林出生在蘇聯，大約在 6 歲時與父母移居至美國，之後於馬里蘭大學學院市分校上學，並沿著其祖父與父親的腳步學習數學，同時雙修了計算機科學。畢業後，謝爾蓋進入史丹佛大學。不過，布林在史丹佛攻讀博士期間選擇了休學，與在史丹佛結識了拉里・佩奇。兩人開始使用宿舍裡廉價的主機，應用布林所設計的資料探勘系統為基礎，試圖編寫出一個卓越的搜尋引擎。隨著這項計劃越來越有成功的可能性，兩人遂先暫停其在史丹佛的大學學業，在從蘇珊・沃西基（後成為 Google 高階副總裁）借來的車庫裡持續發展 Google。
qas: question: zh_tw: 他在哪裡見過拉里・佩奇？
en: Where did he meet Larry Page?
answers: zh_tw: text: 史丹佛大學

context: zh_tw: 謝爾蓋進入不久就對搜尋引擎產生了興趣，他曾獨立或與他人合作發表了許多關於資訊收集和關鍵字索引的論文，也曾經寫了一些小的測試性程式。1995 年 3 月史丹佛大學的新生歡迎會上，謝爾蓋負責帶領新來的研究生拉里・佩奇利用週末時間認識校園，這也是兩人的第一次相遇。在一次的《經濟學人》雜誌訪問中，謝爾蓋開玩笑地說：「我們倆都有些令對方厭惡」。兩人似乎在大多數課題專案上都持不同意見，但在共同相處了一段時間以後，兩人就「在智力上惺惺相惜，成為了親密的好友」。當時，布林專注於開發資料探勘系統而佩奇把重心放在了推廣從一篇學術論文在其他論文中的引用量來推斷其重要性這一概念。 最後兩人共同計劃編寫出一超文字的大規模網路搜尋引擎。為了讓計劃實現，他們利用宿舍中的廉價電腦中編寫出程式，並於網路上測試這新開發的搜尋引擎。這個引擎首先為斯坦福大學內部的學生、教師和管理人員使用，並且迅速流行起來，大學的技術認證中心併為這項技術申請專利。然而僅靠史丹佛的硬體的基礎設施已讓迅速發展的計劃趨向極限，但他們倆認為他們已成功創造出一嶄新的搜尋引擎，遂先暫停有關博士學位的課程與研究，持續開發這系統。Mark Malseed 在文章中寫道：「他們倆向全體師生、各自的家人和友人募集研發基金，兩人共同度過困境，成功購置了一些伺服器，此外還租借了一位於門洛帕克的車庫作為基地……（不久之後）昇陽電腦的公司創辦人、副總裁兼史丹福校友的安迪・貝托爾斯海姆表示願意簽下 10 萬美元的支票來贊助『Google 公司』。但那時有一問題為：Google 公司仍未實際存在，也尚未正式申請創辦公司。兩個禮拜後，當兩位創辦人仍忙著處理檔案資料時，並沒有地方可安全放置這筆錢。」1998 年 9 月 7 日，25 歲的拉里和 24 歲的布林正式建立了 Google 公司，而當時公司僅提供使用 PageRank 的搜尋引擎的服務。
qas: question: zh_tw: 怎樣形容布林和佩奇的關係？
en: How was Brin and Larry Page's relationship described?
answers: zh_tw: text: 在智力上惺惺相惜，成為了親密的好友
科威特宗教

context: zh_tw: 科威特的官方宗教是伊斯蘭教，大部分科國公民是穆斯林。除了伊斯蘭教外，科威特也有 259-400 名公民是基督徒，少數公民為巴哈伊教徒。 在科威特的外籍人士大多是穆斯林、印度教徒、基督徒和佛教徒。
qas: question: zh_tw: 什麼宗教在科威特最主要？
en: What religion is most predominant in Kuwait
answers: zh_tw: text: 伊斯蘭教

question: zh_tw: 在哪個國家，大多數外籍人士是宗教人士？
en: In which country most expats are religious?
answers: zh_tw: text: 科威特

context: zh_tw: 基督教是科威特的少數族群的宗教。科威特有一個本地的基督徒社群，有 200 到 400 名的基督徒是科威特公民。2014 年，有 259 名基督徒科威特人居住在科威特。 科威特是除巴林以外唯一擁有本地基督徒的海灣阿拉伯國家。在非公民中，估計有 60 萬名基督徒。科威特政府承認的基督宗教教派包括羅馬天主教會、亞歷山大科普特正教會、亞美尼亞使徒教會、希臘正教會、希臘天主教會（Melkite）、科威特國家福音派教會和聖公會。也有許多基督教宗派團體因人數較少沒有得到官方承認，包括馬蘭卡拉敘利亞正教會（Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church）、馬爾托馬敘利亞教會（Mar Thoma Syrian Church）、耶穌基督後期聖徒教會（摩門教）和基督復臨安息日會。 在基督徒裡還有一​​些為穆斯林改宗的信徒，大部分不是科威特公民。2015 年的一項研究統計，在科威特約有 350 名從伊斯蘭改宗的基督徒。
qas: question: zh_tw: 在科威特盛行什麼宗教？
en: What is the predominant religion in Kuwait?
answers: zh_tw: text: 基督教
米格 - 31 戰鬥機
Mikoyan MiG-31

context: zh_tw: 雖然 MiG-25「狐蝠」式戰鬥機的高空高速表現與高爬升率已經引起西方國家莫大關切，但 MiG-25 在許多方面卻仍就為蘇聯軍方所詬病。這些缺點包括高速攔截時在高超音速飛行的機動性不足；由於各種舵面強調在近 3 萬米超高空的效用而設計得非常巨大（現代主流噴氣式戰鬥機中第一款雙垂尾佈局、全動平尾），所以低空飛行時飛行員透過液壓系統時難以操控舵面往往過量（沒有飛控計算機的自動控制），以及其所使用的 R-15 渦輪噴射發動機油耗過大以致於超音速作戰時作戰半徑太短等問題。另外雖然 MiG-25 的最大速度可達到 3.2 馬赫，但在此速度之下其發動機有嚴重損壞的危險，因此 MiG-25 的最大飛行速度被限制於 2.83 馬赫，且飛行員一般飛行時卻只被准許加速到 2.5 馬赫以保護引擎。
en: The MiG-25 underwent substantial design sacrifices in order to achieve high speed, altitude and rate of climb. However, it lacked maneuverability at interception speeds and was difficult to fly at low altitudes. The MiG-25's speed was limited to Mach 2.83, but it could reach a maximum speed of Mach 3.2 or more with the risk of engine damage.
qas: question: zh_tw: 在不考慮安全的情況下，MiG-25 最大速度可以達到多少？
en: What is the ultimate speed that the MiG-25 could hit, ignoring safety concerns?
answers: zh_tw: text: 3.2 馬赫
en: text: Mach 3.2
短尾矮袋鼠
Quokka

context: zh_tw: 短尾矮袋鼠的體重範圍在 2.5-5 公斤（5.5-11.0 磅），身長 40-54 釐米（16-21 英寸），尾長 25-30 釐米（9.8-11.8 英寸），作為袋鼠科一員其尾長相當短。短尾矮袋鼠體格健壯、耳朵圓潤、頭部短而寬。儘管是個看起來是十分小的袋鼠，但是它可以攀爬小樹和灌木。它粗糙的皮毛呈現棕灰色，下部顏色漸淺，呈淡黃色。
en: The quokka weighs 2.5 to 5 kilograms (5.5 to 11.0 lb) and is 40 to 54 centimetres (16 to 21 in) long with a 25-to-30-centimetre-long (9.8 to 11.8 in) tail, which is quite short for a macropod. It has a stocky build, well developed hind legs, rounded ears, and a short, broad head. Its musculoskeletal system was originally adapted for terrestrial bipedal saltation but over its evolution its system has been built for arboreal locomotion. Although looking rather like a very small kangaroo, it can climb small trees and shrubs up to 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in). Its coarse fur is a grizzled brown colour, fading to buff underneath. The quokka is known to live for an average of ten years.Quokkas have a promiscuous mating system. After a month of gestation, females give birth to a single baby called a joey. Females can give birth twice a year and produce approximately seventeen joeys during their lifespan. The joey lives in its mother’s pouch for six months. Once it leaves the pouch, the joey relies on its mother for milk for two more months and is fully weaned approximately eight months after birth. Females sexually mature after roughly 18 months. When a female quokka with a joey in her pouch is pursued by a predator, she may drop her baby onto the ground; the joey produces noises, which may serve to attract the predator’s attention while the mother escapes.
qas: question: zh_tw: 它的皮毛是什麼顏色？
en: What color is their fur
answers: zh_tw: text: 棕灰色
en: text: grizzled brown

question: zh_tw: 短尾矮袋鼠有多重？
en: HOW MUCH DOES THE QUOKKA WEIGH?
answers: zh_tw: text: 2.5-5 公斤
en: text: 2.5 to 5 kilograms
翻譯研究

context: zh_tw: 綜觀歷史，翻譯研究一直是規範性的（prescriptive，告訴譯者如何翻譯），甚至到了討論翻譯並非規範性一事，會被視為與翻譯無關的地步。舉例來說，翻譯研究的史學家回溯早期關於翻譯的西方思想時，會將西塞羅對自己如何透過將希臘文譯為拉丁文，以精進其演說能力的註解，視為濫觴 —— 這是耶柔米之後稱為意義對意義翻譯的早期描述。在更早幾世紀前的埃及，對口譯者的描述性歷史是由希羅多德所提出，這多半不被視為翻譯研究 —— 據推測這是因為其中並未告訴譯者如何翻譯。在中國，對於如何翻譯之討論始自漢朝對佛經的翻譯。
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰在有獅身人面像的國家提出對口譯者描述性的歷史？
en: Who created a work which described the history of interpreters in the country which contains the Great Sphinx of Giza?
answers: zh_tw: text: 希羅多德

context: zh_tw: 「描述性翻譯研究」（Descriptive translation studies）是 Toury 於 1995 出版《描述性翻譯研究及其它》（Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond，又譯《描述翻譯學及其他》）一書時所建立的詞彙，用來建構經驗法則的描述性學科，以填補 Holmes 的地圖。科學方法可用於文化產物的想法，由俄羅斯的形式主義者在 20 世紀初提出，之後被比較文學的多名學者再次闡明。現在科學方法應用於文學翻譯上。其中一部份是 Even-Zohar 於 1990 年提出的「多元系統理論」（theory of polysystems），其中指出，翻譯文學會被視為接收方或目標文學系統的子系統。Gideon Toury 根據他的理論，表示在以研究為目的時，考量譯文是否為「目標文化的事實存在」是必要的。討論文學翻譯時，「操控」（manipulation）和「贊助人」（patronage）等概念也同時開展。
qas: question: zh_tw: "誰根據他的理論，以研究為目的，把翻譯歸結於「目標文化的事實」"？
en: Who based his theory, for the purpose of research, to attribute translations to "fact of the target culture"?
answers: zh_tw: text: Gideon Toury

question: zh_tw: 什麼東西得以翻譯？
en: What got translated?
answers: zh_tw: text: 多元系統理論
哈瓦那

context: zh_tw: 哈瓦那，當地華人舊稱灣京，（西班牙語：La Habana，舊稱：San Cristóbal de La Habana）為古巴的首都，主要城市以及商業中心。城市人口有 240 萬人。是古巴和加勒比海國家裡最大的城市。城市分別向西和向南延伸，內有三個港口：Regla、Guanabacoa 和 Atarés。阿爾門達雷斯河從南到北貫穿整個城市，注入佛羅里達海峽。它位於古巴的西北部海岸，被哈瓦那省包圍，距離佛羅里達州的基韋斯特南部僅 90 多海里（144 km）。地理位置是北緯 23 度 8 分、西經 82 度 23 分。
qas: question: zh_tw: 阿爾門達雷斯河流入什麼地方？
en: What does the Almendares River enter?
answers: zh_tw: text: 佛羅里達海峽

context: zh_tw: 西班牙腓力二世國王於 1592 年授予哈瓦那城市的封號，並於 1634 年由皇家頒佈其 "通往新世界的鑰匙和西印度群島的堡壘" 封號以正式確認該市的重要地位。這個封號銘刻在哈瓦那的盾章上。西班牙人開始修建防禦工事，在 1553 年政府所在地從島上最東面的聖地亞哥遷到了哈瓦那，從而使哈瓦那成為實際意義上的首都（de facto capital）。修建港口防禦工事的重要性最早是由於當時英國、法國以及荷蘭的海盜在 16 世紀襲擊該城市。而在 1898 年，美國緬因號戰艦在哈瓦那港口沉船事件是美西戰爭的導火索。
qas: question: zh_tw: 菲利普國王於 1592 年首次正式建立了哪個城市？
en: Which city was first officially established by King Philip in 1592?
answers: zh_tw: text: 哈瓦那
足球
Association football

context: zh_tw: 十一人制，足球比賽參賽雙方各有 11 名球員，包括 1 名守門員，3-5 名後衛，2-5 名中場，1-3 名前鋒球員組成。而大型比賽參賽雙方另外會有幾名（五至八名）後備球員負責替補， 一場正式比賽中最多可以換三個人，2016 年起如果比賽進入加時賽則再獲得一個換人名額。友誼賽替補次數無限制。替換下場的球員不可以再重新返回球場作賽。
en: Each team consists of a maximum of eleven players (excluding substitutes), one of whom must be the goalkeeper. Competition rules may state a minimum number of players required to constitute a team, which is usually seven. Goalkeepers are the only players allowed to play the ball with their hands or arms, provided they do so within the penalty area in front of their own goal. Though there are a variety of positions in which the outfield (non-goalkeeper) players are strategically placed by a coach, these positions are not defined or required by the Laws.The basic equipment or kit players are required to wear includes a shirt, shorts, socks, footwear and adequate shin guards. An athletic supporter and protective cup is highly recommended for male players by medical experts and professionals. Headgear is not a required piece of basic equipment, but players today may choose to wear it to protect themselves from head injury. Players are forbidden to wear or use anything that is dangerous to themselves or another player, such as jewellery or watches. The goalkeeper must wear clothing that is easily distinguishable from that worn by the other players and the match officials.A number of players may be replaced by substitutes during the course of the game. The maximum number of substitutions permitted in most competitive international and domestic league games is three in ninety minutes with each team being allowed one more if the game should go into extra-time, though the permitted number may vary in other competitions or in friendly matches. Common reasons for a substitution include injury, tiredness, ineffectiveness, a tactical switch, or timewasting at the end of a finely poised game. In standard adult matches, a player who has been substituted may not take further part in a match. IFAB recommends "that a match should not continue if there are fewer than seven players in either team." Any decision regarding points awarded for abandoned games is left to the individual football associations.
qas: question: zh_tw: 如果玩家在遊戲中被另一個玩家替代，他會受到怎樣的影響？
en: How would a player be affected if substituted in a game by another player?
answers: zh_tw: text: 不可以再重新返回球場作賽
en: text: may not take further part in a match