華沙起義 (1794 年)
Warsaw Uprising (1794)

context: zh_tw: 雖然俄羅斯軍隊的人數較多，裝備也較精良，不過波蘭常備軍和民兵都配備了從華沙兵工廠運來的來福槍和馬刀，痛擊了對此詫異不已的俄軍。俄軍發現他們身處槍林彈雨之下，每一棟大樓都有對準他們的槍口，來自四面八方的子彈都衝著他們而來。很多士兵在戰爭初期試圖強行突圍，但傷亡慘重。
en: Although the Russian forces had more soldiers and better equipment, the Polish regular forces and militia, armed with rifles and sabres from the Warsaw Arsenal, inflicted heavy losses on the surprised enemy garrison. Russian soldiers found themselves under crossfire from all sides and from buildings, and several units broke early and suffered heavy casualties in their retreat.
qas: question: zh_tw: 波蘭軍隊配備哪些兵器？
en: The Polish forces were equipped by which arsenal?
answers: zh_tw: text: 華沙兵工廠運來的來福槍和馬刀
en: text: the Warsaw Arsenal

context: zh_tw: 由於領導人被捕，波蘭方面的起義軍力量被削弱，不論是激進的波蘭雅各賓派，還是溫和的國王斯坦尼斯瓦夫・奧古斯特・波尼亞托夫斯基支持者，他們都開始全力計劃進攻俄羅斯軍隊，將他們驅逐出在理論上，依然是獨立國家首都的華沙。科希丘什科在華沙已經擁有了支持者，如被他送往華沙，身負籌備起義之特殊使命的使者托馬什・馬魯舍夫斯基。馬魯舍夫斯基建立了革命協會（波蘭文：Związek Rewolucyjny），以聯合先前彼此獨立的反俄陣營。協會會員包括駐紮在華沙的波蘭軍隊中的各位高階將領。其中包括米哈烏・赫門托夫斯基、克雷斯蒂安・戈德弗雷德・代貝爾・德・哈姆梅勞將軍、約佐夫・古爾斯基、斯坦尼斯瓦夫・科斯莫夫斯基上校、弗雷德雷克・梅爾福爾特、迪奧尼日・波尼亞托夫斯基、格熱戈日・羅普中尉和約佐夫・澤德利奇。起義中最具影響力的人是華沙駐軍指揮官揚・奧古斯特・齊霍夫斯基將軍。齊霍夫斯基與斯捷潘・斯捷潘諾維奇・阿普拉克辛將軍一起，策劃對抗革命者的防禦計劃，不過他亦設法說服俄羅斯人離開由波蘭軍隊把手的兵工廠、皇家城堡以及彈藥庫。齊霍夫斯基也設法破壞俄羅斯人針對波蘭軍隊的減員計劃，這也為波蘭增添勝算。同時，華沙著名市民暨製鞋師傅揚・基靈斯基也開始凝聚來自其他市民的支援力量。然而，國王的態度依然消極，他對隨後發生的事情既不支援，也不反對。
en: On the Polish side, weakened by the arrests of some of its leaders, both the radical Polish Jacobins and the centrist supporters of King Stanisław August Poniatowski began preparing plans for an all-out attack on the Russian forces to drive them from Warsaw, which was still in theory the capital of an independent state. Kościuszko already had supporters in Warsaw, including Tomasz Maruszewski, his envoy who was sent to Warsaw with a mission to prepare the uprising. Maruszewski created the Revolution Association (Związek Rewolucyjny), organizing the previously independent anti-Russian factions. The Association included among its members various high-ranking officers from the Polish forces stationed in Warsaw. Among them were Michał Chomentowski, Gen. Krystian Godfryd Deybel de Hammerau, Major Józef Górski, Capt. Stanisław Kosmowski, Fryderyk Melfort, Dionizy Poniatowski, Lt. Grzegorz Ropp and Józef Zeydlitz.Among the most influential partisans of the uprising was General Jan August Cichowski, the military commander of the Warsaw's garrison. He and General Stepan Stepanovich Apraksin devised a plan to defend the city against the revolutionaries, and convinced the Russians to leave the Arsenal, the Royal Castle and the Gunpowder Depot defended by the Polish units. Cichowski also undermined the Russian plan to reduce the number of soldiers serving in the Polish units, which also added to the later Polish successes. Also, a prominent burgher, shoemaking master Jan Kiliński, started gathering support from other townsfolk. The King remained passive, and subsequent events unfolded without any support — or opposition — from him.
qas: question: zh_tw: 革命協會成員中有哪些高階軍官？
en: Who were some of the high-ranking officers that were members of the Revolution Association?
answers: zh_tw: text: 米哈烏・赫門托夫斯基、克雷斯蒂安・戈德弗雷德・代貝爾・德・哈姆梅勞將軍、約佐夫・古爾斯基、斯坦尼斯瓦夫・科斯莫夫斯基上校、弗雷德雷克・梅爾福爾特、迪奧尼日・波尼亞托夫斯基
en: text: Michał Chomentowski, Gen. Krystian Godfryd Deybel de Hammerau, Major Józef Górski, Capt. Stanisław Kosmowski, Fryderyk Melfort, Dionizy Poniatowski