貢貝黑猩猩戰爭
Gombe Chimpanzee War

context: zh_tw: 貢貝黑猩猩戰爭（也被稱作貢貝 “四年戰爭”），從 1974 年持續到 1978 年，是發生在坦尚尼亞貢貝溪國家公園兩個黑猩猩族群之間的一起暴力衝突。交戰雙方分別為卡薩克拉族群和卡哈馬族群，兩者分別佔據國家公園的北部和南部。這兩個族群原本屬於一個統一的族群，但到 1974 年，觀察這一族群的研究員珍・古道爾首次發現這群黑猩猩分化為了南北兩派。後來對古道爾的記錄的計算機模擬分析顯示早在 1971 年原有的族群便已分裂。南部的卡哈馬族群由六隻成年雄性個體（其中三隻被古道爾稱為 “胡戈”、“查理” 和 “歌利亞”），三隻成年雌性個體及其幼仔，以及一隻青少年時期的雄性個體（被稱為 “斯尼夫”）構成。
en: The Gombe Chimpanzee War (also known as the "Four-Year War" of Gombe), lasting from 1974 to 1978, was a violent conflict between two communities of chimpanzees in Gombe Stream National Park, in Tanzania. The belligerent groups were the Kasakela and the Kahama, which occupied territories in the northern and southern areas of the park, respectively. The two had previously been a single, unified community, but by 1974 researcher Jane Goodall, who was observing the community, first noticed the chimps dividing themselves into northern and southern sub-groups. Later computer-aided analysis of Goodall's notes would reveal that the social rift between the two groups had been present as early as 1971.The Kahama group, in the south, consisted of six adult males (among them the chimpanzees known to Goodall as "Hugh", "Charlie", and "Goliath"), three adult females and their young, and an adolescent male (known as "Sniff"). The larger Kasakela group, meanwhile, consisted of twelve adult females and their young, and eight adult males.
qas: question: zh_tw: 貢貝黑猩猩戰爭發生在哪一年？
en: In what years did the Gombe Chimpanzee war take place?
answers: zh_tw: text: 從 1974 年持續到 1978 年
en: text: 1974 to 1978

context: zh_tw: 兩族群之間的首次衝突在 1974 年 1 月 7 日爆發，此時一個由六隻卡薩克拉族群的成年雄性大猩猩組成的團伙襲擊並殺害了一隻屬於卡哈馬族群的幼年雄性個體 “戈迪”，當時戈迪正在樹上進食。這也是第一次有黑猩猩被發現故意殺害一隻同類。在接下來的四年中，卡哈馬族群的所有六隻成年雄性個體均被卡薩克拉族群的雄性消滅。而在卡哈馬族群的雌性中，一隻被殺，一隻失蹤，一隻被卡薩克拉族群的雄性毆打，並被其擄掠。卡薩克拉族群隨後佔據了卡哈馬族群先前的領地。然而卡薩克拉族群並未能永久佔有這片領地；卡哈馬族群被消滅後，卡薩克拉族群的領地直接與另一個黑猩猩族群卡蘭德族群接壤。懾於卡蘭德族群在實力和黑猩猩數佔據上風的形勢，在雙方邊界上的幾場遭遇戰後，卡薩克拉族群便很快放棄了新近獲得的領地。
en: The first outbreak of violence occurred on January 7, 1974, when a party of six adult Kasakela males attacked and killed "Gobi", a young Kahama male, who had been feeding in a tree. This was the first time that any of the chimpanzees had been seen to deliberately kill a fellow chimp.Over the next four years, all six of the adult male members of the Kahama were killed by the Kasakela males. Of the females from Kahama, one was killed, two went missing, and three were beaten and kidnapped by the Kasakela males. The Kasakela then succeeded in taking over the Kahama's former territory.These territorial gains were not permanent, however; with the Kahama gone, the Kasakela's territory now butted up directly against the territory of another chimpanzee community, called the Kalande. Cowed by the superior strength and numbers of the Kalande, as well as a few violent skirmishes along their border, the Kasakela quickly gave up much of their new territory.
qas: question: zh_tw: 有多少來自卡哈馬的婦女死了？
en: How many women from Kahama died?
answers: zh_tw: text: 一
en: text: one

context: zh_tw: 這場戰爭的爆發給古道爾帶來了令她不安的震撼，古道爾先前認為黑猩猩雖然與人類相似，但在其行為上 “應當較‘好’一些”。貢貝戰爭的暴力，以及在 1975 年觀察到的黑猩猩族群內部一個高階雌性個體的食仔癖情況，使古道爾第一次見識到黑猩猩行為的 “黑暗面”。這被揭露出來的黑暗面給古道爾的心理帶來極大衝擊，她在回憶錄《透過一扇窗：我與貢貝黑猩猩的三十年》（Through a Window: My Thirty Years with the Chimpanzees of Gombe）中寫道：
en: The outbreak of the war came as a disturbing shock to Goodall, who had previously considered chimpanzees to be, although similar to human beings, "rather 'nicer'" in their behavior. Coupled with the observation in 1975 of cannibalistic infanticide by a high-ranking female in the community, the violence of the Gombe war first revealed to Goodall the "dark side" of chimpanzee behavior. She was profoundly disturbed by this revelation; in her memoir Through a Window: My Thirty Years with the Chimpanzees of Gombe, she wrote:
qas: question: zh_tw: 她的回憶錄題為什麼？
en: What is her memoir called?
answers: zh_tw: text: 《透過一扇窗：我與貢貝黑猩猩的三十年》
en: text: Through a Window: My Thirty Years with the Chimpanzees of Gombe

question: zh_tw: 誰對戰爭的爆發感到震驚？
en: Who was shocked about the outbreak of war?
answers: zh_tw: text: 古道爾
en: text: Goodall