核安全
Nuclear safety and security

context: zh_tw: 核安全討論中一個比較流行的概念是安全文化。國際核安全諮詢小組將安全文化定義為「所有人在任何對核電站安全有影響的活動中所做出的個人奉獻和問責制」。這個目標是設計一個系統，使得這個系統能夠適當使用人的能力來保護系統不被人的弱點影響，同時保護人類不受系統的危險性的威脅。同時，也有證據表明：操作習慣很難改變，工作人員幾乎從來沒有準確的按照指示和書面條例工作，在操作人員完成工作所必需的正常工作負擔和時間約束下，違反規則是非常常見的行為。大多數試圖增進核安全文化的努力都被工作人員以一種難以預料的方式調整到另一個方向去了 ，因此需要使用訓練模擬器。
en: One relatively prevalent notion in discussions of nuclear safety is that of safety culture. The International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group, defines the term as “the personal dedication and accountability of all individuals engaged in any activity which has a bearing on the safety of nuclear power plants”. The goal is “to design systems that use human capabilities in appropriate ways, that protect systems from human frailties, and that protect humans from hazards associated with the system”.At the same time, there is some evidence that operational practices are not easy to change. Operators almost never follow instructions and written procedures exactly, and “the violation of rules appears to be quite rational, given the actual workload and timing constraints under which the operators must do their job”. Many attempts to improve nuclear safety culture “were compensated by people adapting to the change in an unpredicted way”.According to Areva's Southeast Asia and Oceania director, Selena Ng, Japan's Fukushima nuclear disaster is "a huge wake-up call for a nuclear industry that hasn't always been sufficiently transparent about safety issues". She said "There was a sort of complacency before Fukushima and I don't think we can afford to have that complacency now".An assessment conducted by the Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique (CEA) in France concluded that no amount of technical innovation can eliminate the risk of human-induced errors associated with the operation of nuclear power plants. Two types of mistakes were deemed most serious: errors committed during field operations, such as maintenance and testing, that can cause an accident; and human errors made during small accidents that cascade to complete failure.According to Mycle Schneider, reactor safety depends above all on a 'culture of security', including the quality of maintenance and training, the competence of the operator and the workforce, and the rigour of regulatory oversight. So a better-designed, newer reactor is not always a safer one, and older reactors are not necessarily more dangerous than newer ones. The 1979 Three Mile Island accident in the United States occurred in a reactor that had started operation only three months earlier, and the Chernobyl disaster occurred after only two years of operation. A serious loss of coolant occurred at the French Civaux-1 reactor in 1998, less than five months after start-up.However safe a plant is designed to be, it is operated by humans who are prone to errors. Laurent Stricker, a nuclear engineer and chairman of the World Association of Nuclear Operators says that operators must guard against complacency and avoid overconfidence. Experts say that the "largest single internal factor determining the safety of a plant is the culture of security among regulators, operators and the workforce — and creating such a culture is not easy".
qas: question: zh_tw: 國際核安全諮詢小組將該術語義為什麼？
en: What does the INSAG define the term as?
answers: zh_tw: text: 所有人在任何對核電站安全有影響的活動中所做出的個人奉獻和問責制
en: text: the personal dedication and accountability of all individuals engaged in any activity which has a bearing on the safety of nuclear power plants