zetavg/mlqa_en_zh_tw huggingface dataset:
布拉格天文鐘
Prague astronomical clock

context: zh_tw: 在鐘的外緣，金色的施瓦巴赫數字安放在黑色背景上。這些數字呈現的是舊捷克時（或義大利時間），以 24 小時顯示日落的時間在一年之中的變化，最早是在冬天的 16:00，最晚是在夏天的 20:16。在一年之中，這個環會前後的移動以正確的顯示日落時間。
en: At the outer edge of the clock, golden Schwabacher numerals are set on a black background.  These numbers indicate Old Czech Time (or Italian hours), with 24 indicating the time of sunset, which varies during the year from as early as 16:00 in winter to 20:16 in summer.  This ring moves back and forth during the year to coincide with the time of sunset.
qas: question: zh_tw: 鐘的背景顏色是什麼色？
en: What color background is the clock set on?
answers: zh_tw: text: 黑色
en: text: black
克萊森特 (堪薩斯州)
Clay Center, Kansas

context: zh_tw: 據 2000 年人口普查，此城市人口有 4,564 人，戶數 1,979 戶，1,258 個家庭。人口密度為 680.4 人 / 每平方公里（1,762.4 人 / 每平方英里）。此城市有 2,191 棟住宅，平均每平方公里有 326.6 棟住宅。此城市居民之種族中，白人佔 97.98%，非裔美國人佔 0.64%，美洲原住民佔 0.33%，亞裔美國人佔 0.20%，其他種族佔 0.07%，混血種族則佔 0.79%。而西班牙裔或拉丁裔美國人佔此城市人口的 0.53%。
en: As of the census of 2000, there were 4,564 people, 1,979 households, and 1,258 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,762.4 people per square mile (680.4/km²). There were 2,191 housing units at an average density of 846.0 per square mile (326.6/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 97.98% White, 0.64% African American, 0.33% Native American, 0.20% Asian, 0.07% from other races, and 0.79% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.53% of the population.
qas: question: zh_tw: 這裡有多少個住戶？
en: How many homes were there?
answers: zh_tw: text: 2,191
en: text: 2,191

context: zh_tw: 此城市每戶平均收入為 31,531 美元，每個家庭平均收入為 45,567 美元。男性平均收入 29,526 美元；女性平均收入 16,149 美元。此城市人均收入為 19,128 美元。此城市約有 5.9% 的家庭以及 9.8% 的居民低於貧窮門檻，其中 18 歲以下者佔 12.5%，65 歲以上者佔 10.0%。
en: The median income for a household in the city was $31,531, and the median income for a family was $45,567. Males had a median income of $29,526 versus $16,149 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,128. About 5.9% of families and 9.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.5% of those under age 18 and 10.0% of those age 65 or over.
qas: question: zh_tw: 老人佔貧困人口多少？
en: The elderly comprised what portion of people in poverty?
answers: zh_tw: text: 10.0%
en: text: 10.0%
中亞歷史
History of Central Asia

context: zh_tw: 16 世紀的時候，定居民族學會使用火器，遊牧民族對中亞的統治便開始走向衰亡。俄國、中國以及其他列強向該地區擴張，並在 19 世紀獲得了對該地區的控制。 俄國革命之後，中亞的大部分地區被併入蘇聯，只有蒙古保持名義上的獨立，但也實際上是蘇聯的衛星國。蘇聯對中亞地區的統治，帶來了工業化和大量基礎設施的建設，但也伴隨著對地方文化的壓制，集體化專案的失敗導致很多人死亡，長期以來，該地區的民族關係都很緊張，也出現了一些環境問題。
en: The dominance of the nomads ended in the 16th century as firearms allowed settled people to gain control of the region. The Russian Empire, the Qing dynasty of China, and other powers expanded into the area and seized the bulk of Central Asia by the end of the 19th century. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Soviet Union incorporated most of Central Asia; only Mongolia and Afghanistan remained nominally independent, although Mongolia existed as a Soviet satellite state and Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan in the late 20th century. The Soviet areas of Central Asia saw much industrialisation and construction of infrastructure, but also the suppression of local cultures and a lasting legacy of ethnic tensions and environmental problems.
qas: question: zh_tw: 蘇聯在哪個世紀入侵阿富汗？
en: In which century did Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?
answers: zh_tw: text: 19 世紀
en: text: 20th century

context: zh_tw: 雖然，在半乾旱草原上，遊牧成了主導生活方式，但在中亞更加溼潤的地區，也出現了小城市國家以及農業社會。在公元前第 2 千年紀早期的 Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex 是該地區第 1 個定居文明，從事灌溉農業，可能有某種文字。Bactria-Margiana 可能和當時的青銅時代的安德羅諾沃（Andronovo）文化有所交流，該文化發明了有輪戰車，在西西伯利亞、俄羅斯、以及哈薩克部分地區居住，並延續到了公元前第 1 個千年紀。
en: While the semi-arid plains were dominated by the nomads, small city-states and sedentary agrarian societies arose in the more humid areas of Central Asia. The Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex of the early 2nd millennium BC was the first sedentary civilisation of the region, practicing irrigation farming of wheat and barley and possibly a form of writing. Bactria-Margiana probably interacted with the contemporary Bronze Age nomads of the Andronovo culture, the originators of the spoke-wheeled chariot, who lived to their north in western Siberia, Russia, and parts of Kazakhstan, and survived as a culture until the 1st millennium BC. These cultures, particularly Bactria-Margiana, have been posited as possible representatives of the hypothetical Aryan culture ancestral to the speakers of the Indo-Iranian languages (see Indo-Iranians).
qas: question: zh_tw: 在西伯利亞發現的公元前兩千年的社會是哪種型別的社會？
en: What type of society was found in Siberia during the 2nd millennium BC?
answers: zh_tw: text: 是該地區第 1 個定居文明，從事灌溉農業，可能有某種文字。
en: text: sedentary agrarian
艾灸
Moxibustion

context: zh_tw: 從業者使用艾條來溫暖地區和經絡穴，目的是刺激透過穴位的迴圈，並引起更平穩的血液和氣流。有些人認為它可以治療與中醫 “冷” 或 “陽虛” 相關的病症。據稱，艾灸減輕了身體的寒冷和潮溼，並且可以起到轉動臀位的作用。
en: Practitioners use moxa to warm regions and meridian points with the intention of stimulating circulation through the points and inducing a smoother flow of blood and qi. Some believe it can treat conditions associated with the "cold" or "yang deficiencies" in Chinese Medicine. It is claimed that moxibustion mitigates against cold and dampness in the body, and can serve to turn breech babies.Practitioners claim moxibustion to be especially effective in the treatment of chronic problems, "deficient conditions" (weakness), and gerontology. Bian Que (fl. circa 500 BCE), one of the most famous semi-legendary doctors of Chinese antiquity and the first specialist in moxibustion, discussed the benefits of moxa over acupuncture in his classic work Bian Que Neijing. He asserted that moxa could add new energy to the body and could treat both excess and deficient conditions.
qas: question: zh_tw: 可以用什麼來溫暖地區？
en: What is used to warm regions?
answers: zh_tw: text: 艾條
en: text: moxa
塔斯基吉梅毒試驗
Tuskegee syphilis experiment

context: zh_tw: 1929 年股市崩潰的後續作用和大蕭條使羅森沃德基金結束了經濟資助。最初，研究主管們認為研究的治療部分的資金撤退後，實驗也就結束了，他們提交了結題報告。
en: Continuing effects of the Stock Market Crash of 1929 and the beginning of the Great Depression led the Rosenwald Fund to withdraw its offer of funding. Study directors issued a final report as they thought this might mean the end of the study once funding to buy medication for the treatment phase of the study was withdrawn.
qas: question: zh_tw: 大蕭條在哪一年開始？
en: In what year did the Great Depression begin?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1929
en: text: 1929
恆星自轉
Stellar rotation

context: zh_tw: 中子星是一個主要由中子 －不帶電荷，在大多數原子核中都可以找到的粒子－ 構成的高密度恆星殘骸，質量範圍在 1.2 至 2.1 太陽質量之間。由於星塌縮的結果，新誕生的中子星可以有極高的轉速：約為每秒 100 轉。
en: A neutron star is a highly dense remnant of a star that is primarily composed of neutrons—a particle that is found in most atomic nuclei and has no net electrical charge. The mass of a neutron star is in the range of 1.2 to 2.1 times the mass of the Sun. As a result of the collapse, a newly formed neutron star can have a very rapid rate of rotation; on the order of a hundred rotations per second.
qas: question: zh_tw: 有什麼恆星以高密度和運轉非常快而著稱？
en: What kind of star is known for having a high density and very fast rotation?
answers: zh_tw: text: 中子星是一個主要由中子
en: text: neutron star
凱霍斯魯二世
Kaykhusraw II

context: zh_tw: 吉亞斯丁・凱霍斯魯二世（阿拉伯語、波斯語：غياث الدين كيخسرو بن كيقباد、Ghīyāth al-Dīn Kaykhusraw bin Kayqubād，土耳其語：II. Gıyaseddin Keyhüsrev）是魯姆蘇丹國的蘇丹，由 1237 年起上任，至 1246 年逝世。他統治時正值巴巴・伊沙克（Baba Ishak）暴動及蒙古入侵安那託利亞。他帶領塞爾柱軍隊及其基督教同盟在 1243 年參與克塞山戰役（Battle of Köse Dağ）。他是最後一位能夠行使重要權力的塞爾柱蘇丹，此後的魯姆蘇丹國淪為蒙古伊兒汗國的附庸。
en: Ghiyath al-Din Kaykhusraw II or Ghiyāth ad-Dīn Kaykhusraw bin Kayqubād (Persian: غياث الدين كيخسرو بن كيقباد‎) was the sultan of the Seljuqs of Rûm from 1237 until his death in 1246. He ruled at the time of the Babai uprising and the Mongol invasion of Anatolia. He led the Seljuq army with its Christian allies at the Battle of Köse Dağ in 1243. He was the last of the Seljuq sultans to wield any significant power and died as a vassal of the Mongols.
qas: question: zh_tw: 吉亞斯丁・凱霍斯魯二世統治了多久？
en: How long did Ghiyath al-Din Kaykhusraw II rule?
answers: zh_tw: text: 由 1237 年起上任，至 1246 年逝世
en: text: from 1237 until his death in 1246
原始反射
Primitive reflexes

context: zh_tw: 表現：當乳頭放置在嬰兒的嘴唇中間，並觸控他們的上顎。他們會本能地把乳頭壓在舌頭和上顎之間，以抽出母乳。
en: Expression: activated when the nipple is placed between a child's lips and touches their palate. They will instinctively press it between their tongue and palate to draw out the milk.
qas: question: zh_tw: 乳頭壓在哪裡，以抽出母乳？
en: Where do the nipple get pressed to draw out the milk?
answers: zh_tw: text: 舌頭和上顎之間
en: text: their tongue and palate
反面模式
Anti-pattern

context: zh_tw: 轉換程式設計法或巧合程式設計（Programming by permutation or programming by accident）：試圖透過連續修改程式碼再看是否工作的方式來解決問題
en: Programming by permutation (or "programming by accident", or "programming by coincidence"): Trying to approach a solution by successively modifying the code to see if it works
qas: question: zh_tw: 轉換程式設計法是什麼意思？
en: What does programming by permutation mean?
answers: zh_tw: text: 試圖透過連續修改程式碼再看是否工作的方式來解決問題
en: text: Trying to approach a solution by successively modifying the code to see if it works
芬蘭歷史
History of Finland

context: zh_tw: 在他主政下，瑞典於 1527 年接受新教。瑞典的行政體系經歷了一場劇烈的改革，使國家的對地方生活的控制力得以加強，當然也能借此徵到更多的稅。緊接在宗教改革之後，圖爾庫主教米卡埃爾・阿格里科拉出版了他翻譯的芬蘭語新約。
en: In 1521 the Kalmar Union collapsed and Gustav Vasa became the King of Sweden. During his rule, the Swedish church was reformed. The state administration underwent extensive reforms and development too, giving it a much stronger grip on the life of local communities—and ability to collect higher taxes. Following the policies of the Reformation, in 1551 Mikael Agricola, bishop of Turku, published his translation of the New Testament into the Finnish language.
qas: question: zh_tw: 在由誰掌管的時候進行了瑞典宗教改革？
en: During whose rule was the Swedish church reformed?
answers: zh_tw: text: 米卡埃爾・阿格里科拉
en: text: Mikael Agricola,

context: zh_tw: 1611 年到 1632 年間在位的瑞典國王古斯塔夫二世・阿道夫進行了一連串的軍事改革，將瑞典軍隊從原先的農民民兵改造為有效率的戰爭利器，甚至可能是歐洲最好的一支軍隊。他完成了對利沃尼亞的佔領，還得到了俄羅斯在 Stolbova 條約中失去的領土。1630 年，瑞典和芬蘭的軍隊開進德意志參加三十年戰爭。芬蘭人組成的芬蘭輕騎兵即以「Hakkapeliitat」之名著稱。
en: In 1611–1632 Sweden was ruled by King Gustavus Adolphus, whose military reforms transformed the Swedish army from a peasant militia into an efficient fighting machine, possibly the best in Europe. The conquest of Livonia was now completed, and some territories were taken from internally divided Russia in the Treaty of Stolbova. In 1630, the Swedish (and Finnish) armies marched into Central Europe, as Sweden had decided to take part in the great struggle between Protestant and Catholic forces in Germany, known as the Thirty Years' War. The Finnish light cavalry was known as the Hakkapeliitat.
qas: question: zh_tw: 芬蘭輕騎兵的綽號是什麼？
en: What the nick name of the Finnish light cavalry?
answers: zh_tw: text: Hakkapeliitat
en: text: Hakkapeliitat
毛癬菌屬
Trichophyton

context: zh_tw: 毛癬菌屬（學名：Trichophyton）是子囊菌門下的一種真菌。其菌絲可以產生光滑直筒狀的大分生孢子（macroconidia）與許多小分生孢子（microconidia）。其中大分生孢子直接在菌絲側向生長，呈棒狀或紡綻狀，大小約為 4-8 乘 8-50 微米。在大部分該屬物種中，大分生孢子少見或不存在。小分生孢子呈圓形、梨形、棒狀或不規則狀，大小約為 2-3 乘 2-4 微米。毛癬菌屬侵害人類的皮膚、毛囊及指甲造成皮膚感染。
en: Trichophyton is a genus of fungi, which includes the parasitic varieties that cause tinea, including athlete's foot, ringworm, jock itch, and similar  infections of the nail, beard, skin and scalp. Trichophyton fungi are molds characterized by the development of both smooth-walled macro- and microconidia. Macroconidia are mostly borne laterally directly on the hyphae or on short pedicels, and are thin- or thick-walled, clavate to fusiform, and range from 4 to 8 by 8 to 50 μm in size. Macroconidia are few or absent in many species. Microconidia are spherical, pyriform to clavate or of irregular shape, and range from 2 to 3 by 2 to 4 μm in size.
qas: question: zh_tw: 小分生孢子的大小大概什麼範圍？
en: What range is the size of Microconidia?
answers: zh_tw: text: 2-3 乘 2-4 微米
en: text: 2 to 3 by 2 to 4 μm

question: zh_tw: 以微米為單位，大分生孢子的大小範圍是多少？
en: What is the range in size of Macroconidia in micro meters?
answers: zh_tw: text: 4-8 乘 8-50 微米
en: text: 4 to 8 by 8 to 50 μm
哈姆扎・阿里・哈特貝之死
Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb

context: zh_tw: 哈姆扎和他的父母住在德拉省的吉薩村。他喜歡看著他的鴿子歸巢時飛過他家屋頂，因為乾旱讓他無法享受游泳。他有慷慨的名聲。“他經常向他的父母要錢給窮人，我記得有一次他要給一個窮人 100 敘利亞鎊（2 美元），他的家人說這太多了，但是哈姆扎說：‘我有床和食物，而那個傢伙什麼都沒有。’他說服了他的父母給了那個窮人 100 元。” 他的表親戚告訴半島電視臺。
en: Hamza lived with his parents in the village of al-Jeezah in Daraa Governorate.  He enjoyed watching his homing pigeons fly above his house since drought had left him unable to enjoy swimming.  He had a reputation for being generous.  "He would often ask his parents for money to give to the poor. I remember once he wanted to give someone 100 Syrian Pounds ($2), and his family said it was too much. But Hamza said, 'I have a bed and food while that guy has nothing.' And so he persuaded his parents to give the poor man the 100," his cousin told Al Jazeera.
qas: question: zh_tw: 哈姆扎想給誰錢？
en: Who did Hamza want to give money to?
answers: zh_tw: text: 哈姆扎
en: text: the poor
INFP

context: zh_tw: 後來的人格型別研究者（特別是琳達・V・貝倫斯） 在這個降序排列中添加了四個附加功能。這些功能被稱為隱藏功能，因為一個人並不自然地傾向於它們，但在壓力之下它們也會浮現。對 INFP 來說，這些隱藏功能是（按次序）：
qas: question: zh_tw: 隱藏功能面向哪個實體？
en: Which entity are the shadow functions in order for?
answers: zh_tw: text: INFP

question: zh_tw: 當一個人感到壓力時，會出現什麼樣的功能？
en: What kind of functions appear when a person is stressed?
answers: zh_tw: text: 隱藏功能

context: zh_tw: 外傾情感（Fe）：Fe 尋找社會上的聯絡，並用禮貌、體貼、得體的舉止營造和諧的溝通。Fe 對他人明確（或暗示）的需求作出回應，甚至可能會製造內在自我需求和慾望的衝突來滿足別人。. 內傾直覺（Ni）:Ni 將看起來矛盾的事物合成出先前無法想象的成果，同時它也被象徵性的東西吸引。這些成果的實現通常伴隨著需要行動來完成的確定性，同時其解決辦法中可能包括複雜的系統或一般性的真理。. 外傾感覺（Se）:Se 集中於當下的、物質的世界所帶來的體驗和感覺。以對當下週遭事情的敏銳察覺，它帶來關於前方的相對事實和細節，而且可能導致自發的行動。. 內傾思考（Ti）:Ti 尋求精確，比如表達一個概念最合適的詞。它注意到事物本質之間微不足道的差別，然後將它們分析並歸類。Ti 細查一個問題的每一面，尋找解決問題最不費力、風險最小的方法。它用模型甄別出邏輯上的不一致。.
qas: question: zh_tw: 外傾情感旨在什麼？
en: What is the purpose of Fe?
answers: zh_tw: text: 營造和諧的溝通

question: zh_tw: 什麼是內傾直覺？
en: What is Introverted intuition?
answers: zh_tw: text: Ni 將看起來矛盾的事物合成出先前無法想象的成果
亞倫・斯沃茨

context: zh_tw: 亞倫・希勒爾・斯沃茨（英語：Aaron Hillel Swartz，1986 年 11 月 8 日－2013 年 1 月 11 日）是美國電腦程式設計師、企業家、作家、政治活動者和網際網路駭客主義者。他參與開發了 RSS 網上資訊源釋出格式、Markdown 文字釋出格式、知識共享組織、web.py 網站開發框架，同時是社交媒體 Reddit 的聯合創始人 —— 在他的 Infogami 和亞歷克西斯・瓦尼安及斯蒂文・霍夫曼的公司合併為 Not a Bug 的時候，由 Y Combinator 創始人保羅・格雷厄姆授予他創始人頭銜。他的工作成果也集中在公民意識與行動：2009 年，他協助成立了漸進社會變革活動委員會，期以瞭解有效的網際網路運動。2010 年，他成為哈佛大學埃德蒙・薩夫拉倫理研究中心的學者，在勞倫斯・萊斯格的領導下進行研究。他曾成立線上群組求進會 —— 因反對禁止網路盜版法案的運動而聞名。
qas: question: zh_tw: 斯瓦茲何時成為哈佛大學的研究員？
en: When did Swartz become a research fellow at Havard?
answers: zh_tw: text: 2010

context: zh_tw: 2009 年，斯沃茨幫助創辦了先進社會變革活動委員會（Progressive Change Campaign Committee），期望能進行學習如何進行有效的社會變革。
qas: question: zh_tw: 斯沃茨 2009 年推出了什麼？
en: What did Swartz launch in 2009?
answers: zh_tw: text: 先進社會變革活動委員會
CSI 犯罪現場：網路犯罪
CSI: Cyber

context: zh_tw: CBS 於 2014 年 5 月 10 日正式預訂本劇。2015 年 5 月 13 日，CBS 宣佈將製作《CSI 犯罪現場》2 小時完結篇，同時該劇主演特德・丹森將加入本劇成為主演群；另外彼得・邁克尼科爾將在第一季後離開本劇。
en: On February 18, 2014, CBS announced plans to launch a new spin-off of the franchise titled CSI: Cyber. Deadline.com reported that the series would focus on cyber investigations, as opposed to the forensic investigations seen in CSI, CSI: Miami, and CSI: NY, stating that "[Anthony E.] Zuiker has been at the forefront of entertainment’s digital conversion, experimenting in the arena for the past decade." Zuiker, who wrote digi-novel Level 26, spent time in Washington meeting with the CIA, FBI, and DOD as part of his research for his 2009 CBS project Cyber Crimes (which was not picked up to series and likely inspired CSI: Cyber). It was announced that the series would be based on the work of producer Mary Aiken, a pioneering cyber psychologist. The pilot episode was penned by Zuiker, Carol Mendelsohn, and Ann Donahue, and aired on April 30, 2014. CBS announced that it had officially picked up the series on May 10, 2014. The first season, comprising 13 episodes, premiered in March 2015. The second and final season consisted of 18 episodes.
qas: question: zh_tw: 這部連續劇什麼時候開始播出的？
en: when did the series get picked up?
answers: zh_tw: text: 2014 年 5 月 10 日
en: text: May 10, 2014
有機硼化合物
Organoboron chemistry

context: zh_tw: 烯丙位不對稱硼化展示了有機硼化合物在碳－碳鍵形成反應中的另一個應用例項。 在 Nicolaou 合成了埃博黴素的例子中，使用了手性 α- 蒎烯衍生出的不對稱烯丙基硼化反應，該反應用於連線 TBS 保護基（叔丁基二甲基矽烷）並繼而發生臭氧分解反應。
en: Asymmetric allylboration demonstrates another useful application of organoboranes in carbon–carbon bond formation. In this example from Nicolaou's synthesis of the epothilones, asymmetric allylboration (using an allylborane derived from chiral alpha-pinene) is used in conjunction with TBS protection and ozonolysis. Overall, this provides a two-carbon homologation sequence that delivers the required acetogenin sequence.
qas: question: zh_tw: 用於連線 TBS 保護基並繼而發生臭氧分解反應的反應稱作什麼？
en: TBS protection and oznolysis paired with what delivers the required acetogenin sequence?
answers: zh_tw: text: 不對稱烯丙基硼化反應
en: text: asymmetric allylboration

context: zh_tw: 三烷基硼烷，BR3 可氧化為相應的硼酸的形式 B (OR) 3。鑑定化合物中具有的 C-B 鍵的數量，可透過 R3B 被三甲胺氧化物 (Me3NO) 氧化成 B (OR) 3 後，滴定形成的三甲胺的量來測算。
en: Trialkylboranes, BR3, can be oxidized to the corresponding borates, B(OR)3. One method for the determination of the amount of C-B bonds in a compound is by oxidation of R3B with trimethylamine oxide (Me3NO) to B(OR)3. The trimethylamine (Me3N) formed can then be titrated.
qas: question: zh_tw: BR3 被相關的硼酸鹽氧化後會變成什麼？
en: What can BR3 become after being oxidized to relevant borrates?
answers: zh_tw: text: B(OR)3
en: text: B(OR)3
美國參議院

context: zh_tw: 參議員一任 6 年，其任期交錯，故每兩年有約 1/3 的席次改選。任期交錯安排讓任一州的兩名參議員不會在同一場大選中相互競逐。參議院改選在 11 月第一個完整星期的星期二舉行，選舉日與眾議院改選在同一天。每一名參議員由其所代表的州之全體州民選出。一般說來，共和黨與民主黨在大選前數月所舉行的初選中選出其參選人。獨立人士與其他小黨的選舉細則各州不同。在大選中，幾乎所有的州都行使單一選區多數決（First Past the Post）。在該體系下，贏得相對多數選票（不一定過半）者獲勝。例外有路易斯安那州，喬治亞州和華盛頓州使用複選式排序投票（兩輪投票制）。
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪部分州民可以參與選舉參議員？
en: What portion of the state elects a senator?
answers: zh_tw: text: 全體

context: zh_tw: 憲法第一條第三款所設立的參選參議員席位三項資格限制是：須年長於三十歲、至少在過去九年為美國公民、並且須（在選舉開始時）為其所代表的州之居民。對有意角逐成為參議員者，其年齡與公民權上的資格限制嚴格於欲參選眾議員席位者。詹姆斯・麥迪遜在聯邦第六十二號檔案中，以論證「參議院的委任」需有 "更高明的見聞與穩定度" 為由為這樣的安排作辯護。
qas: question: zh_tw: 對代表來說，什麼更嚴格？
en: What is more stringent for representative ?
answers: zh_tw: text: 年齡與公民權上的資格

context: zh_tw: 參議院在條約批准上也有重要的角色。憲法規定總統僅可在三分之二的參議員建議與認可後方能批准條約。然而，並非所有國際協定皆屬條約，故無須經參議院認可。參議院曾透過法律，授權總統不經參議院而締結行政協定。同樣的，總統亦可經由國會兩院之一的相對多數之同意以簽署國會 - 行政協定而無須參議院三分之二多數透過。行政協定或國會 - 行政協定兩者皆不見於憲法條文，暗示著閃避條約批准程式為違憲。然而，這些協議的有效性已由美國最高法院確認。
qas: question: zh_tw: 總統制定國會 - 行政協定需要什麼？
en: What is needed for the president to make congressional=executive agreements?
answers: zh_tw: text: 國會兩院之一的相對多數之同意

context: zh_tw: 在美國曆史上，眾議院曾十六次彈劾政府官員，其中七位官員遭判決解職（其中一人在參議院完成審判前辭職）。只有兩名總統曾遭彈劾：1868 年的安德魯・強森與 1999 年的比爾・柯林頓。兩樁彈劾案都以失敗告終。理查・尼克森在 1974 年因知悉必遭參議院彈劾，在此之前辭職避過彈劾。在強森一案中，參議院僅以一票之差未達判決成立所需的三分之二多數。
qas: question: zh_tw: 多少位官員被彈劾了？
en: How many officials have been impeached?
answers: zh_tw: text: 十六

context: zh_tw: 在美國憲法第十二修正案中，授權參議院在沒有副總統候選人取得選舉人團多數支援的情況下，推選副總統。第十二修正案要求參議院自選舉人團得票數最高的兩名候選人中選出一名。選舉人團中的平手僵局非常罕見。在美國曆史上，參議院僅有一次須打破此種僵局。在 1837 年選出理查德・門特・約翰遜時，打破僵局以選出總統的權力屬於眾議院。
qas: question: zh_tw: 參議院唯一一次打破僵局是何時？
en: when was the only time that the Senate broke a deadlock?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1837 年
夸克模型
Quark model

context: zh_tw: 八重道分類的是以以下的事實來命名。如果取三種夸克，那麼夸克所處的基本表示就是 SU (3) 味對稱的 3（叫三重態）。而反夸克所處的則是複共軛表示 3。這九個態（九重態）可被分離成平凡表示 1（單態），以及伴隨表示 8（八重態）。這項分解可被寫成：
en: The Eightfold Way classification is named after the following fact. If we take three flavors of quarks, then the quarks lie in the fundamental representation, 3 (called the triplet) of flavor SU(3). The antiquarks lie in the complex conjugate representation 3. The nine states (nonet) made out of a pair can be decomposed into the trivial representation, 1 (called the singlet), and the adjoint representation, 8 (called the octet). The notation for this decomposition is
qas: question: zh_tw: 這種分類的名字是什麼？
en: What is the name of the classification?
answers: zh_tw: text: 八重道分類
en: text: The Eightfold Way
言論的邊界
Freedom for the Thought That We Hate

context: zh_tw: 《言論的邊界：美國憲法第一修正案簡史》（英語：Freedom for the Thought That We Hate: A Biography of the First Amendment）是一本由記者安東尼・劉易斯執筆，2007 年出版的非小說類書籍，涉及主題為言論自由、新聞自由、思想自由和美利堅合眾國憲法第一條修正案。該書以引用第一修正案開頭，這條修正案禁止美國國會立法限制言論自由或新聞自由。劉易斯透過對美國曆史上的重要事件加以回顧追溯了公民自由的發展。他對歷史上重要的言論自由判決先例進行了概括，其中包括美國聯邦最高法院對 1919 年的申克訴合眾國案，1927 年的惠特尼訴加利福尼亞州案，1929 年的美國訴施維默案，1964 年的紐約時報訴沙利文案和 1971 年的紐約時報訴合眾國案的裁決。
en: Freedom for the Thought That We Hate: A Biography of the First Amendment is a 2007 non-fiction book by journalist Anthony Lewis about freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of thought, and the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. The book starts by quoting the First Amendment, which prohibits the U.S. Congress from creating legislation which limits free speech or freedom of the press. Lewis traces the evolution of civil liberties in the U.S. through key historical events. He provides an overview of important free speech case law, including U.S. Supreme Court opinions in Schenck v. United States (1919), Whitney v. California (1927), United States v. Schwimmer (1929), New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964), and New York Times Co. v. United States (1971).
qas: question: zh_tw: 安東尼・劉易斯的書引用了什麼？
en: What did Anthony Lewis book quote?
answers: zh_tw: text: 第一修正案
en: text: the First Amendment
仙女座 υd
Upsilon Andromedae d

context: zh_tw: 1999 年時，舊金山州立大學和哈佛 - 史密松天體物理中心的天文學家各自獨立發表了三個行星存在的模型最符合徑向速度變化的狀態。而兩顆新行星就是仙女座 υc 和仙女座 υd。
en: In 1999, astronomers at both San Francisco State University and the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics independently concluded that a three-planet model best fit the data. The two new planets were designated Upsilon Andromedae c and Upsilon Andromedae d.
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪一年的三顆行星模型被發現是最適合這些資料的資訊？
en: In what year was a three-planet model found to be the best information to fit the data?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1999 年
en: text: 1999
歐歌鶇
Song thrush

context: zh_tw: 歐歌鶇見於德國鳥類學家 Christian Ludwig Brehm1831 年的記載，其原學名一直沿用至今。種小名是以希臘神話中的公主菲洛墨拉來命名，菲洛墨拉的舌頭被割下但卻變成了一隻會唱歌的鳥。
en: The song thrush was described by German ornithologist Christian Ludwig Brehm in 1831, and still bears its original scientific name, Turdus philomelos. The generic name, Turdus, is the Latin for thrush, and the specific epithet refers to a character in Greek mythology, Philomela, who had her tongue cut out, but was changed into a singing bird. Her name is derived from the Ancient Greek Φιλο philo- (loving), and μέλος melos (song). The dialect names throstle and mavis both mean thrush, being related to the German drossel and French mauvis respectively. Throstle dates back to at least the fourteenth century and was used by Chaucer in the Parliament of Fowls. Mavis is derived via Middle English mavys and Old French mauvis from Middle Breton milhuyt meaning "thrush." Mavis (Μαβής) can also mean "purple" in Greek.
qas: question: zh_tw: 基督教徒路德維希・佈雷姆修過什麼專業？
en: What speciality did Christian Ludwig Brehm practice?
answers: zh_tw: text: 歐歌鶇見於德國鳥類學家 Christian
en: text: ornithologist
庫娜涅
Cynane

context: zh_tw: 當時庫娜涅的影響力可能相當大，這對亞歷山大的將軍佩爾狄卡斯和安提帕特來說不是好現象，於是佩爾狄卡斯派他的兄弟阿爾塞塔斯，趁著庫娜涅前來途中就殺了她。庫娜涅死前毫無畏懼，從容赴死，阿爾塞塔斯因此成功達成這項任務，但這個不義的行為引起軍隊不滿，佩爾狄卡斯只好讓庫娜涅女兒與新國王繼續舉行婚禮。許多年後，庫娜涅的女兒歐律狄刻，與腓力三世在繼業者戰爭期間被奧林匹亞絲所殺，卡山德擊敗奧林匹亞絲之後，把庫娜涅與歐律狄刻和腓力三世一同埋葬在王國舊都埃格的皇家墓園中。
en: Her influence was probably great, and her project alarmed Perdiccas and Antipater, the former of whom sent his brother Alcetas to meet her on her way and put her to death. Alcetas did so in defiance of the feelings of his troops, and Cynane met her doom with an undaunted spirit. Eurydice's wedding took place, but both daughter and son-in-law were eventually killed by Olympias. In 317 BC, Cassander, after defeating Olympias, buried Cynane with Eurydice and Arrhidaeus at Aegae, the royal burying-place.Polyaenus writes, "Cynane, the daughter of Philip was famous for her military knowledge: she conducted armies, and in the field charged at the head of them. In an engagement with the Illyrians, she with her own hand slew Caeria their queen; and with great slaughter defeated the Illyrian army."
qas: question: zh_tw: 當她去送死時，派誰來見她？
en: When she was sent to die, who was sent to meet her?
answers: zh_tw: text: 阿爾塞塔斯
en: text: Alcetas
第比利斯
Tbilisi

context: zh_tw: 第比利斯是一座文化趨於多元化的城市，共有 100 多個不同的民族居住在這裡。約有 89％的第比利斯居民是喬治亞人，亞美尼亞人、俄羅斯人和亞塞拜然人也佔有不小的比例。除此之外，第比利斯還居住著奧塞梯人、阿布哈茲人、烏克蘭族、希臘人、德意志人、猶太人、愛沙尼亞人、庫爾德人、亞述人等族裔的家園。
en: As a multicultural city, Tbilisi is home to more than 100 ethnic groups. Around 89% of the population consists of ethnic Georgians, with significant populations of other ethnic groups such as Armenians, Russians, and Azerbaijanis. Along with the above-mentioned groups, Tbilisi is home to other ethnic groups including Ossetians, Abkhazians, Ukrainians, Greeks, Germans, Jews, Estonians, Kurds, Assyrians & Yazidis, and others.More than 95% of the residents of Tbilisi practise forms of Christianity (the most predominant of which is the Georgian Orthodox Church). The Russian Orthodox Church, which is in Full communion with the Georgian, and the Armenian Apostolic Church have significant followings within the city as well. A minority of the population (around 1.5%) practises Islam (mainly Shia Islam), while about 0.1% of Tbilisi's population practises Judaism. There is also Roman Catholic church and the Yazidi Sultan Ezid Temple.
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪個是最大的民族？
en: What is the largest ethnic group?
answers: zh_tw: text: 喬治亞人
en: text: Georgians
玩命快遞 3
Transporter 3

context: zh_tw: 娜塔麗・盧妲卡娃是呂克・貝松在大街上發現的新演員。在飾演這個角色之前她在巴黎上了 6 周的表演課。影片在法國預計拍攝 16 周。也在烏克蘭敖德薩取景拍攝。
en: Natalya Rudakova was spotted by Luc Besson on the street as she hurried to her job at a New York City hair salon. He paid for 25 acting lessons over a six-month period in Paris before she received the role. Roger Ebert noted the rarity of leading ladies who are heavily freckled.Shooting was initially expected to last for 16 weeks, in France. It was also filmed in Odessa, Ukraine.
qas: question: zh_tw: 它在哪國拍攝？
en: What country was it filmed in?
answers: zh_tw: text: 烏克蘭
en: text: Ukraine
中子溫度

context: zh_tw: 中子溫度，亦稱中子能量，指的是自由中子的動能，單位通常是電子伏特。由於中子經過不同溫度的減速劑會有不同的速度分佈，一般可以使用溫度來衡量中子的動能。中子的能量分佈基本上符合熱運動的麥克斯韋 - 玻爾茲曼分佈。定性的來說，溫度越高，自由中子的動能也越高。中子的動能、速度和波長之間滿足物質波的德布羅意公式。
qas: question: zh_tw: 中子探測溫度的另一個術語是什麼？
en: What is another term for the neutron detection temperature?
answers: zh_tw: text: 一般可以使用溫度來衡量中子的動能。

context: zh_tw: 大多數核裂變反應堆是熱反應堆，它們使用中子減速劑使裂變產生的中子速度降低。減速可以大大增加裂變物質如鈾 - 235、鈽 - 239 的原子核裂變反應截面。此外，鈾 - 238 對熱中子的俘獲截面很小，因此，減速以後更多的中子可以用於引發裂變，形成鏈式反應，而不會被鈾 - 238 俘獲。這些效應使得輕水反應堆可以使用低濃縮鈾。重水反應堆與石墨反應堆甚至可以使用天然鈾作為核燃料，這是因為重水與石墨的中子俘獲介面要比輕水小很多。
qas: question: zh_tw: 核裂變反應堆是什麼？
en: What us the meaning of thermalize?
answers: zh_tw: text: 熱反應堆，它們使用中子減速劑使裂變產生的中子速度降低
戰爭來臨
The Wars to Come

context: zh_tw: 提利昂（彼特・丁拉基飾）在醉意和倦意的差使下意外打破瓦里斯（康勒斯・希爾飾）偷運出維斯特洛的箱子。抵達潘託斯時，瓦里斯告訴提利昂，他和伊利里歐・摩帕提斯曾暗中合作，把丹妮莉絲・坦格利安推舉為維斯特洛的新領主，還說服提利昂與他前往彌林拜見她。
en: Tyrion, weary and drunk, is broken out of the crate in which he was smuggled out of Westeros by Varys. Arriving in Pentos, Varys tells Tyrion that he and Illyrio Mopatis had worked together in secret to install Daenerys Targaryen as the new ruler of Westeros, and convinces Tyrion to travel with him to Meereen to meet her.
qas: question: zh_tw: 瓦里斯在哪裡告訴提利昂他和摩帕提斯做了什麼？
en: Where did Varys tell Tyrion about what he did with Mopatis?
answers: zh_tw: text: 潘託斯
en: text: Pentos
Puabi
Puabi

context: zh_tw: Puabi 的遺體，包括嚴重受損的頭骨碎片，儲存在倫敦自然歷史博物館。Woolley 探險隊出土的寶藏分為別存放在倫敦大英博物館 ，費城賓夕法尼亞大學博物館和巴格達國家博物館。
en: Puabi's physical remains, including pieces of the badly damaged skull, are kept in the Natural History Museum, London. The excavated finds from Woolley's expedition were divided among the British Museum in London, the University of Pennsylvania Museum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and the National Museum in Baghdad. Several pieces of the treasure were looted from the National Museum in the aftermath of the Second Gulf War in 2003. Recently, several of the more spectacular pieces from Puabi's grave have been the feature of a highly successful Art and History Museum tour through the United Kingdom and the United States.
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰得到了調查結果？
en: Who got the findings?
answers: zh_tw: text: 倫敦大英博物館 ，費城賓夕法尼亞大學博物館和巴格達國家博物館
en: text: British Museum in London, the University of Pennsylvania Museum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and the National Museum in Baghdad
本海涅
Ben Heine

context: zh_tw: 本 1983 出生在象牙海岸的象牙海岸的阿比讓，在那裡他與他的父母和三個姐妹共同渡過了生命中的最初的七年。1990 年他們一家搬到比利時的布魯塞爾。他的父親是一位商業工程師，母親是一名編舞和舞蹈老師。海涅 11 歲開始學習畫畫。 在那時他就對視覺藝術產生了極大的興趣。1998 至 2006 年間，海涅在不同的國家學習，包括象牙海岸，比利時，英國及荷蘭。他在布魯塞爾的 Notre Dame de La Trinité 上的小學。少年時期，他開始練習畫畫，為音樂配詩及體育運動。他先後就讀於布魯塞爾自由大學，IHECS，並於 2007 年獲得新聞學學位。本還在 赫斯廷斯藝術與技術學院及荷蘭烏特勒支應用科學大學學習藝術史，雕塑及繪畫。此外他還專業學習了鼓，非洲鼓及鋼琴等樂器的演奏。他的學習及對溝通的熱愛讓他學會了六種不同的語言有法語，英語，荷蘭語，波蘭語，西班牙語及俄語。2007 年到 2009 年，海涅為謀生做過各種工作，先在比利時的傳媒公司做文案，還在布魯塞爾的多家學校教過語言，甚至還在超市裡做過收銀員。除了這些工作，本總是把創作放在首位，他每天晚上都堅持畫畫。對海涅來說 2010 是十分重要的一年，那一年，他開始創作他的主要系列作品 “鉛筆對相機” 和 “數碼圓點”。 從 2010 年至今，海涅在世界主要的藝術品交易會，博物館和畫廊中展出了他的作品。 自 2011 年起他還繼續發展他的音樂形式。
en: Ben was born in 1983 in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. where he spent the first seven years of his life, with his parents and three sisters. His family relocated in Brussels, Belgium, in 1990. His father was a commercial engineer and his mother a choreographer and a dance teacher. Heine started drawing at 11 years of age. At that time, his curiosity for visual art was his keenest interest.Between 1988 and 2006, Heine undertook studies in different countries, including Ivory Coast, Belgium, the UK and the Netherlands. He attended primary school at Notre Dame de La Trinité in Brussels. As a student, Heine easily became frustrated and bored, often becoming difficult to manage in school. It wasn't until he attended secondary education at "Collège Saint Vincent" in Belgium that he evolved into a more disciplined student. As a teenager, he explored drawing, painting and writing poetry to music and athletics.In 2007, Ben earned a degree in Journalism, started at Université Libre de Bruxelles and completed at IHECS and Utrecht University of Applied Sciences. Ben also conducted studies in Art History, Sculpture, and Painting at Hastings College of Arts and Technology and at the Académie Royale des Beaux Arts de Bruxelles. Throughout his academic training, he learned music instruments including drums, djembe and piano. His studies and love for communication lead him to learn six different languages, French, English, Dutch, Polish, Spanish and Russian.Between 2007 until the end of 2009, Heine worked in different fields to make a living, as a copywriter in a communication agency in Belgium and later as a language teacher and coach in different schools around Brussels. He also worked as a cashier in a supermarket. Despite these jobs, Ben's priority always remained in his creative projects and he was drawing and painting every night.2010 was an important year for Heine, when he started working on the artworks of his major series, Pencil Vs Camera and Digital Circlism. From 2010 until today, Heine exhibited his artworks in major art fairs, museums and art galleries around the world. Since 2011, he also continued to develop his musical style.
qas: question: zh_tw: 他學了什麼樂器？
en: What instruments did he learn?
answers: zh_tw: text: 鼓，非洲鼓及鋼琴
en: text: drums, djembe and piano
巨行星
Giant planet

context: zh_tw: 由於天王星、海王星極為朦朧的大氣當中含有些許甲烷，使兩行星的外觀顏色分別為嬰兒藍與深海藍。兩行星皆有與自轉軸高度傾斜的磁場。
en: Ice giants have distinctly different interior compositions from gas giants. The Solar System's ice giants, Uranus and Neptune, have a hydrogen-rich atmosphere that extends from the cloud tops down to about 80% (Uranus) or 85% (Neptune) of their radius. Below this, they are predominantly "icy", i.e. consist mostly of water, methane, and ammonia. There is also some rock and gas, but various proportions of ice–rock–gas could mimic pure ice, so that the exact proportions are unknown.Uranus and Neptune have very hazy atmospheric layers with small amounts of methane, giving them aquamarine colors; light blue and ultramarine respectively. Both have magnetic fields that are sharply inclined to their axes of rotation.
qas: question: zh_tw: 天王星與海王星有何共同之處？
en: What do Uranus and Neptune have in common?
answers: zh_tw: text: 與自轉軸高度傾斜的磁場
en: text: magnetic fields that are sharply inclined to their axes of rotation
保羅・雲・希姆斯特
Paul Van Himst

context: zh_tw: 希姆斯特協助安德列治 8 度贏得了比利時聯賽冠軍，包括他的第一個職業賽季 1959-1960 年球季。他共上陣 457 場（16 個賽季），射入 233 球。然後，他加盟莫倫貝克（另一個布魯塞爾俱樂部）及在 1975-76 年加盟 K.S.C. Eendracht Aalst（當時在乙組）。
en: Van Himst won the Belgian championship 8 times, all of them with Anderlecht, a club for which he started playing his first professional season in 1959–60. With Anderlecht, he scored 233 goals in 457 matches (16 seasons). He then played for RWDM (another Brussels club) in 1975–76 and for Eendracht Aalst (then in the second division) in the following season.
qas: question: zh_tw: 他為 RWDM 效力了多少年？
en: What years did he play for RWDM?
answers: zh_tw: text: 然後，他加盟莫倫貝克（另一個布魯塞爾俱樂部）及在 1975-76 年加盟 K.S.C.
en: text: 1975–76
小熊座 11b
11 Ursae Minoris b

context: zh_tw: 小熊座 11b（11 Ursae Minoris b）是一顆環繞 K 型巨星小熊座 11 的系外行星，距離地球約 390 光年，位於小熊座。該行星的質量下限是木星的 10.5 倍，但目前不知道它的軌道傾角，尚無法得知它的真實質量，因此它也可能實際質量超過木星的 13 倍，而被認為是棕矮星。該行星的軌道週期是 17 個月，軌道半長軸 1.54 天文單位。該行星於 2009 年 8 月 12 日以徑向速度法發現。
en: 11 Ursae Minoris b is an extrasolar planet which orbits the K-type giant star 11 Ursae Minoris, located approximately 390 light years away in the constellation Ursa Minor. This planet has mass 10.5 MJ. However, since the mass is at lower limit and since inclination is not known, the actual mass is unknown. This planet may actually be a brown dwarf if a true mass is over 13 times that of Jupiter. This planet takes 17 months to orbit the star at the average distance of 1.54 AU in a circular orbit. This superjovian planet was detected by radial velocity method on August 12, 2009.
qas: question: zh_tw: 棕矮星的質量比木星的大多少？
en: The brown dwarf's mass is how much larger than Jupiter's?
answers: zh_tw: text: 13 倍
en: text: 13 times
化學哲學
Philosophy of chemistry

context: zh_tw: 化學哲學是關注化學的科學方法論和假設。研究者包括哲學家、化學家和由兩方結合的團隊。其大部分歷史都是被物理哲學所涵蓋，但是有化學產生哲學問題自 20 世紀後半葉便引發了越來越多的關注。
en: The philosophy of chemistry considers the methodology and underlying assumptions of the science of chemistry.  It is explored by philosophers, chemists, and philosopher-chemist teams.  For much of its history, philosophy of science has been dominated by the philosophy of physics, but the philosophical questions that arise from chemistry have received increasing attention since the latter part of the 20th century.
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪種型別的研究探索化學的方法論？
en: What type of study thinks about the methodology of chemistry?
answers: zh_tw: text: 化學哲學
en: text: philosophy of chemistry
克卜勒軌道
Kepler orbit

context: zh_tw: 與數學更進一步與密切的發展，請參見二體問題和克卜勒問題。克卜勒軌道是天體力學描述在三維空間的橢圓、拋物線或雙曲線軌道上運動的物體在二維軌道平面上的軌道運動（克卜勒軌道也可以是直線）。它只考慮兩個點狀物體之間的引力作用，而忽略與其它物體之間引力互動作用的攝動、大氣拖曳、太陽輻射壓、非球面的中心物體等等。因此說它是二體問題，也就是所謂的克卜勒問題的一個特殊解。在經典力學中，它也不會考慮到廣義相對論的影響。克卜勒軌道可以用六個軌道要素呈現出各種不同型式的軌道。
en: In celestial mechanics, a Kepler orbit (or Keplerian orbit) is the motion of one body relative to another, as an ellipse, parabola, or hyperbola, which forms a two-dimensional orbital plane in three-dimensional space. A Kepler orbit can also form a straight line. It considers only the point-like gravitational attraction of two bodies, neglecting perturbations due to gravitational interactions with other objects, atmospheric drag, solar radiation pressure, a non-spherical central body, and so on. It is thus said to be a solution of a special case of the two-body problem, known as the Kepler problem. As a theory in classical mechanics, it also does not take into account the effects of general relativity. Keplerian orbits can be parametrized into six orbital elements in various ways.
qas: question: zh_tw: 克卜勒軌道的完整概念是多少？
en: Whats the full term for Kepler orbit?
answers: zh_tw: text: 克卜勒軌道
en: text: Keplerian orbit
法屬蘇丹
French Sudan

context: zh_tw: 法屬蘇丹（法語：Soudan Français；阿拉伯語：السودان الفرنسي‎）為法屬西非聯邦的一構成殖民地，1880 年建立，1960 年獨立成為今日的馬裡。這一殖民地於 1890 年至 1899 年及 1921 年至 1958 年稱法屬蘇丹，在其他時段則使用不同的名稱。殖民地最初主要用於軍事目的，但至 1890 年代中期則發展為一平民管轄區域。
en: French Sudan (French: Soudan français; Arabic: السودان الفرنسي‎ as-Sūdān al-Faransī) was a French colonial territory in the Federation of French West Africa from around 1880 until 1960, when it became the independent state of Mali. The colony was formally called French Sudan from 1890 until 1899 and then again from 1921 until 1958, and had a variety of different names over the course of its existence. The colony was initially established largely as a military project led by French troops, but in the mid-1890s it came under civilian administration.
qas: question: zh_tw: 馬裡何時成為獨立國家？
en: when did Mali become an independent state
answers: zh_tw: text: 1960
en: text: 1960

context: zh_tw: 獲得自主權的馬裡最初同法國保持密切聯絡，並於 1959 年同塞內加爾組成聯邦，但此後同法塞兩國的聯絡均日漸弱化，聯邦一年後即告解體。1960 年法屬蘇丹正式獨立為馬裡共和國，與塞內加爾和法國愈發疏遠。
en: French Sudan initially retained close connections with France and joined in a short-lived federation with Senegal in 1959, but ties to both countries quickly weakened. In 1960, the French Sudan formally became the Republic of Mali and began to distance itself further from Senegal and France.
qas: question: zh_tw: 法屬蘇丹何時正式獨立成為馬裡共和國？
en: when did French Sudan become an official republic of Mali?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1960
en: text: 1960

question: zh_tw: 哪曾經是法國的殖民地？
en: What was once a colony of France?
answers: zh_tw: text: 法屬蘇丹
en: text: French Sudan
通風井
Air well (condenser)

context: zh_tw: 弗里德里希・齊波爾德的收集器在 1912 年開始運作，最大的日產量估計為 360 公升（79 英制加侖；95 美製加侖），他當時沒有公佈自己的成績。1915 年基地洩漏，在成為遺址之前被部份拆除。弗里德里希・齊波爾德的收集器已經發現與古代的石樁大致相同。雖然遠低於弗里德里希・齊波爾德的估計產量，但後來還是受開發商的啟發。
en: In 1900, near the site of the ancient Byzantine city of Theodosia, thirteen large piles of stones were discovered by Zibold who was a forester and engineer in charge of this area. Each stone pile covered just over 900 square metres (9,700 sq ft) and was about 10 metres (33 ft) tall. The finds were associated with the remains of 75-millimetre diameter (3.0 in) terracotta pipes that apparently led to wells and fountains in the city. Zibold concluded that the stacks of stone were condensers that supplied Theodosia with water; and calculated that each air well produced more than 55,400 litres (12,200 imp gal; 14,600 US gal) each day.To verify his hypothesis Zibold constructed a stone-pile condenser at an altitude of 288 metres (945 ft) on mount Tepe-Oba near the ancient site of Theodosia. Zibold's condenser was surrounded by a wall 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) high, 20 metres (66 ft) wide, around a bowl-shaped collection area with drainage. He used sea stones 10–40 centimetres (3.9–15.7 in) in diameter piled 6 metres (20 ft) high in a truncated cone that was 8 metres (26 ft) in diameter across the top. The shape of the stone pile allowed a good air flow with only minimal thermal contact between the stones.Zibold's condenser began to operate in 1912 with a maximum daily production that was later estimated to have been 360 litres (79 imp gal; 95 US gal) – Zibold made no public record of his results at the time. The base developed leaks that forced the experiment to end in 1915 and the site was partially dismantled before being abandoned. (The site was rediscovered in 1993 and cleaned up.) Zibold's condenser was approximately the same size as the ancient stone piles that had been found, and although the yield was very much less than the yield Zibold had calculated for the original structures, the experiment was an inspiration for later developers.
qas: question: zh_tw: 實驗在哪一年停止了？
en: What year was the experiment put to a halt?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1915
en: text: 1915
山地大猩猩
Mountain gorilla

context: zh_tw: 山地大猩猩是白天活動的動物，活躍時間約在每天上午 6 時至下午 6 時。由於需要大量的食物，牠們大部份時間都是在吃東西。牠們在早上吃東西，接近中午時則休息，下午會再吃東西，晚上則會休眠。每一隻山地大猩猩每晚都會在睡覺的地方築巢，幼猩猩會與母親同睡。除非當日非常的陰冷，否則在日出時牠們會離開睡覺的巢。
en: Adult males are called silverbacks because a saddle of gray or silver-colored hair develops on their backs with age. The hair on their backs is shorter than on most other body parts, and their arm hair is especially long.The tallest silverback recorded was a 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in) with an arm span of 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in), a chest of 1.98 m (6 ft 6 in), and a weight of 219 kg (483 lb), shot in Alimbongo, northern Kivu in May 1938. There is an unconfirmed record of another individual, shot in 1932, that was 2.06 m (6 ft 9 in) and weighed 218.6 kg (482 lb). The heaviest silverback recorded was a 1.83 m (6 ft 0 in) shot in Ambam, Cameroon, which weighed 267 kg (589 lb).The mountain gorilla is primarily terrestrial and quadrupedal. However, it will climb into fruiting trees if the branches can carry its weight, and it is capable of running bipedally up to 6 m (20 ft). Like all great apes other than humans, its arms are longer than its legs. It moves by knuckle-walking (like the common chimpanzee, but unlike the bonobo and both orangutan species), supporting its weight on the backs of its curved fingers rather than its palms.The mountain gorilla is diurnal, most active between 6:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. Many of these hours are spent eating, as large quantities of food are needed to sustain its massive bulk. It forages in early morning, rests during the late morning and around midday, and in the afternoon it forages again before resting at night. Each gorilla builds a nest from surrounding vegetation to sleep in, constructing a new one every evening. Only infants sleep in the same nest as their mothers. They leave their sleeping sites when the sun rises at around 6 am, except when it is cold and overcast; then they often stay longer in their nests.
qas: question: zh_tw: 它晚上做什麼？
en: What does it do at night?
answers: zh_tw: text: 晚上則會休眠
en: text: resting at night
外層空間
Outer space

context: zh_tw: 當磁暴發生在地球空間的兩個地區，輻射帶和電離層，會造成強烈的擾動。這些風暴造成的高能電子流量增加，能夠對衛星上的電路造成永久性的損害。擾亂電信和 GPS 技術，並且即使在低地球軌道的太空人也會受到危害。它們也會在地球的磁極附近創造出極光。
en: Geospace is the region of outer space near Earth, including the upper atmosphere and magnetosphere. The Van Allen radiation belts lie within the geospace. The outer boundary of geospace is the magnetopause, which forms an interface between the Earth's magnetosphere and the solar wind. The inner boundary is the ionosphere. The variable space-weather conditions of geospace are affected by the behavior of the Sun and the solar wind; the subject of geospace is interlinked with heliophysics—the study of the Sun and its impact on the planets of the Solar System.The day-side magnetopause is compressed by solar-wind pressure—the subsolar distance from the center of the Earth is typically 10 Earth radii. On the night side, the solar wind stretches the magnetosphere to form a magnetotail that sometimes extends out to more than 100–200 Earth radii. For roughly four days of each month, the lunar surface is shielded from the solar wind as the Moon passes through the magnetotail.Geospace is populated by electrically charged particles at very low densities, the motions of which are controlled by the Earth's magnetic field. These plasmas form a medium from which storm-like disturbances powered by the solar wind can drive electrical currents into the Earth's upper atmosphere. Geomagnetic storms can disturb two regions of geospace, the radiation belts and the ionosphere. These storms increase fluxes of energetic electrons that can permanently damage satellite electronics, interfering with shortwave radio communication and GPS location and timing. Magnetic storms can also be a hazard to astronauts, even in low Earth orbit. They also create aurorae seen at high latitudes in an oval surrounding the geomagnetic poles.Although it meets the definition of outer space, the atmospheric density within the first few hundred kilometers above the Kármán line is still sufficient to produce significant drag on satellites. This region contains material left over from previous manned and unmanned launches that are a potential hazard to spacecraft. Some of this debris re-enters Earth's atmosphere periodically.
qas: question: zh_tw: 磁暴干擾地球空間的哪兩個地區？
en: What two area of geospace can Geomagnetic storms disrupt?
answers: zh_tw: text: 輻射帶和電離層
en: text: the radiation belts and the ionosphere
納薩克
Narsaq

context: zh_tw: 納薩克（丹麥語：Narsaq、格陵蘭語：Narsaq）是格陵蘭南部庫雅雷克市的一個城鎮。該鎮人口約 1700 人。“納薩克” 在格陵蘭語中意為 “平地”，即納薩克所在的平地。納薩克周圍海域的生物有鯨、鮭魚、海豹等。該地區數千年前即有人類居住。直到 1953 年，該地首個漁業工廠建立，該地人口才有顯著增加。1959 年，該鎮人口超過 600 人。
en: Fishing is the mainstay of the local economy. Local fjords are full of marine life, including whales, salmon, and seals.
qas: question: zh_tw: 什麼釣魚區受當地人歡迎？
en: What type of fishing area is popular with the locals?
answers: zh_tw: text: 平地
en: text: fjords
乏核燃料
Spent nuclear fuel

context: zh_tw: 低濃縮鈾乏核燃料是一種奈米材料。核燃料通常是裂變物質的氧化物，形狀為柱形小顆粒。在接受輻射發生裂變以後，其中存在有巨大的溫度梯度，可以使裂變產物發生遷移。例如，鋯具有向燃料中溫度最高的中心移動的趨勢，而其他低沸點的裂變產物則向燃料邊緣移動。核燃料小顆粒在使用過程中可能會產生有很多的氣泡，使得核燃料變得像海綿一樣，而裂變產生的氙會遷移過來填補這些氣泡。一部分氙隨後會衰變成銫，因此很多氣泡中都有較高濃度的銫 - 137。
en: In the oxide fuel, intense temperature gradients exist that cause fission products to migrate. The zirconium tends to move to the centre of the fuel pellet where the temperature is highest, while the lower-boiling fission products move to the edge of the pellet. The pellet is likely to contain lots of small bubble-like pores that form during use; the fission product xenon migrates to these voids. Some of this xenon will then decay to form caesium, hence many of these bubbles contain a large concentration of 137Cs.
qas: question: zh_tw: 巨大的溫度梯度使什麼遷移？
en: Intense temperature gradients cause the migration of which items?
answers: zh_tw: text: 裂變產物
en: text: fission products
阿聯酋航空 407 號班機事故
Emirates Flight 407

context: zh_tw: 2009 年 3 月 20 日，阿聯酋航空 407 號班機由澳洲墨爾本前往阿聯酋的杜拜，由一架空中巴士 A340-541 執行任務。客機起飛時因人為錯誤，導致飛機尾部五次觸及跑道，起飛前更差點撞及機場的圍牆，最後能及時起飛。事件中無人受傷，但澳洲調查局仍視為一次意外。
en: Emirates Flight 407 was a scheduled international passenger flight operated by Emirates from Melbourne to Dubai, using an Airbus A340-500 aircraft. On 20 March 2009, the flight failed to take off properly at Melbourne Airport, hitting several structures at the end of the runway before eventually climbing enough to return to the airport for a safe landing. Although no fatalities or injuries resulted, damage to the aircraft was severe enough for the event to be classified by Australian Transport Safety Bureau as an "accident". It has been described "as close as we have ever come to a major aviation catastrophe in Australia" by aviation officials.
qas: question: zh_tw: 407 號班機是哪種型別的空中巴士？
en: What type of Aribus was Flight 407?
answers: zh_tw: text: A340-541
en: text: A340-500
ESFP
ESFP

context: zh_tw: 對大部分的事物，ESFP 們通常馬上作出反應。比起研究或閱讀，他們在實際操作中能學到更多，因此他們傾向於一頭扎進某件事，透過和環境互動來學習。他們通常不喜歡理論和書面的解釋。ESFP 們可能難以適應傳統的學校，儘管對有興趣的科目他們會學得很好。
en: ESFPs take a hands-on approach in most things. Because they learn more by doing than by studying or reading, they tend to rush into things, learning by interacting with their environment. They usually dislike theory and written explanations. Traditional schools can be difficult for ESFPs, although they tend to do well when the subject of study interests them, or when they see the relevance of a subject and are allowed to interact with people.
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰不喜歡理論？
en: who dislikes the theory?
answers: zh_tw: text: 他們
en: text: They
O・J・辛普森
O. J. Simpson

context: zh_tw: 奧倫塔爾・詹姆斯・辛普森（英語：Orenthal James Simpson，1947 年 7 月 9 日－），出生於美國舊金山，簡稱 O・J・辛普森（O.J. Simpson），因名字簡寫為 OJ 而得到 “果汁先生” 的暱稱。辛普森原是美式橄欖球運動員，被譽為橄欖球職業比賽史上的最佳跑衛。後成為影視和廣告明星，並擔任體育評論員。在 1973 年，辛普森創下記錄，成為在一個賽季中持球衝刺超過 2000 碼的第一人。至今已有另外 6 個運動員打破 2000 碼的記錄，但辛普森仍然是唯一的一個在 14 場比賽的賽季中持球衝刺超過的 2000 碼的職業橄欖球運動員（在 1978 年，一個賽季的職業球賽改為 16 場）。他保持了在單個賽季中平均每場比賽衝刺 143.1 碼的記錄。1985 年，辛普森入選美國橄欖球名人堂。從職業球賽中退役後，辛普森成為擔任電視體育評論員並從事演員工作。
en: Simpson was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1983 and the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1985. After retiring from football, he began new careers in acting and football broadcasting.
qas: question: zh_tw: 他退休後做什麼？
en: What did he do after retiring?
answers: zh_tw: text: 擔任電視體育評論員並從事演員工作
en: text: began new careers in acting and football broadcasting