W・E・B・杜波依斯
W. E. B. Du Bois

context: zh_tw: 種族主義是杜波依斯鬥爭的主要物件：他強烈反對私刑、吉姆・克勞法案以及在教育與就業中的種族歧視。杜波依斯的事業囊括了各地的有色人種，尤其是與殖民主義與帝國主義做鬥爭的亞非同胞。他是泛非主義的強烈支持者，並且幫助組織了幾次泛非主義大會，以推動非洲殖民地脫離歐洲強權統治。杜波依斯多次訪問過歐洲、非洲和亞洲。一戰後，他調查了美國黑人士兵在法國的經歷，記錄了在美國軍隊中普遍存在的種族偏見。
en: Racism was the main target of Du Bois's polemics, and he strongly protested against lynching, Jim Crow laws, and discrimination in education and employment. His cause included people of color everywhere, particularly Africans and Asians in colonies. He was a proponent of Pan-Africanism and helped organize several Pan-African Congresses to fight for the independence of African colonies from European powers. Du Bois made several trips to Europe, Africa and Asia. After World War I, he surveyed the experiences of American black soldiers in France and documented widespread prejudice in the United States military.
qas: question: zh_tw: 杜波依斯幫助組織了哪些政治機構？
en: What political bodies did Du Bois help organize?
answers: zh_tw: text: 泛非主義大會
en: text: Pan-African Congresses

question: zh_tw: 在哪些記錄了普遍存在的偏見？
en: Where was widespread prejudice documented?
answers: zh_tw: text: 美國軍隊
en: text: United States military

context: zh_tw: 1885~1888 年間，杜波依斯依靠鄰居們的捐助，在田納西州納什維爾的一個傳統的黑人大學 —— 菲斯克大學就讀。 在南方的旅行和居住成為杜波依斯第一次體驗南方的種族歧視，其中包括吉姆・克勞法、偏見和私刑處死黑人。 在菲斯克大學取得學士學位後，杜波依斯又在 1888~1890 年期間進入哈佛大學（哈佛不承認菲斯克的課程學分），在那裡，他受到他的教授威廉・詹姆士的強烈影響，專攻美國哲學。 杜波依斯利用暑假打工、遺產、獎學金，以及來自朋友們的借款支付了哈佛大學三年的學費。1890 年，杜波依斯以優等成績獲得哈佛的學士學位，也即他的第二個學士學位。 1891 年，杜波依斯獲得了哈佛的社會學研究生獎學金。1892 年，杜波依斯從約翰・F・斯萊特自由教育基金會（John F. Slater Fund for the Education of Freedmen）獲得獎學金，得以前往柏林大學做研究生。 在柏林學習期間，他走遍了歐洲各地。在德國首都柏林，杜波依斯和該國最傑出的一些社會科學家，如古斯塔夫・馮・施穆勒（Gustav von Schmoller）、阿道夫・瓦格納、海因裡希・馮・特來希克（Heinrich von Treitschke）等一同研究學習，他的學術能力於此時突飛猛進。 從歐洲回國後，杜波依斯完成了他的研究生學習。1895 年，他成為歷史上第一個獲得哈佛大學博士學位的非裔美國人。
en: Relying on money donated by neighbors, Du Bois attended Fisk University, a historically black college in Nashville, Tennessee, from 1885 to 1888. His travel to and residency in the South was Du Bois's first experience with Southern racism, which at the time encompassed Jim Crow laws, bigotry, suppression of black voting, and lynchings; the lattermost reached a peak in the next decade. After receiving a bachelor's degree from Fisk, he attended Harvard College (which did not accept course credits from Fisk) from 1888 to 1890, where he was strongly influenced by his professor William James, prominent in American philosophy. Du Bois paid his way through three years at Harvard with money from summer jobs, an inheritance, scholarships, and loans from friends. In 1890, Harvard awarded Du Bois his second bachelor's degree, cum laude, in history. In 1891, Du Bois received a scholarship to attend the sociology graduate school at Harvard.In 1892, Du Bois received a fellowship from the John F. Slater Fund for the Education of Freedmen to attend the University of Berlin for graduate work. While a student in Berlin, he traveled extensively throughout Europe. He came of age intellectually in the German capital while studying with some of that nation's most prominent social scientists, including Gustav von Schmoller, Adolph Wagner, and Heinrich von Treitschke. He wrote about his time in Germany: "I found myself on the outside of the American world, looking in. With me were white folk—students, acquaintances, teachers—who viewed the scene with me. They did not always pause to regard me as a curiosity, or something sub-human; I was just a man of the somewhat privileged student rank, with whom they were glad to meet and talk over the world; particularly, the part of the world whence I came." After returning from Europe, Du Bois completed his graduate studies; in 1895 he was the first African American to earn a Ph.D. from Harvard University.
qas: question: zh_tw: 杜波依斯與哪些著名的社會科學家合作？
en: Which prominent  social scientists did Du Bois work with?
answers: zh_tw: text: 杜波依斯和該國最傑出的一些社會科學家，如古斯塔夫・馮・施穆勒（Gustav von Schmoller）、阿道夫・瓦格納、海因裡希・馮・特來希克（Heinrich von Treitschke）等一同研究學習
en: text: Gustav von Schmoller, Adolph Wagner, and Heinrich von Treitschke