珠穆朗瑪峰
Mount Everest

context: zh_tw: 清朝康熙帝為了製作繪有經緯度的全國地圖《皇輿全覽圖》，於康熙四十七年（1708 年）派人隨軍從四川進藏，以目視畫圖，法國耶穌會會士雷孝思閱後認為無法與內地測圖拼合。所以康熙帝再遣曾在欽天監學習過數學測量的喇嘛楚兒沁藏布、蘭木佔巴以及理藩院主事勝住從青海步行入藏重新測圖，實測從西寧經拉薩到恆河源頭一段，就因為策妄阿拉布坦犯藏而返回，其他未測地方多采傳聞繪圖，故多錯誤。1719 年的木版《皇輿全覽圖》中標出此峰，稱為「朱姆朗馬阿林」。乾隆帝在乾隆十五年（1750 年）派兵入藏平定了珠爾默特那木札勒的反抗後，命測繪人員對西藏地圖重新實測，繪製了新的西藏地圖。1760 年到 1770 年的《乾隆十三排地圖》上首次使用「珠穆朗瑪阿林」的名稱。1808 年，英國開始了印度大三角勘察，想確定世界最高峰的位置和名字。勘測隊抬著重達 500 公斤（1,100 英磅）的經緯儀從印度南部開始向北移動，沿路儘可能精確的測量高度。勘測隊在 19 世紀 30 年代到達了喜馬拉雅山的丘陵地帶，但是尼泊爾因為擔心英國可能會借這機會侵略或兼併他們，英國勘測隊幾次請求進入尼泊爾都被拒絕。英國勘測隊被迫沿著尼泊爾南邊平行於喜馬拉雅山脈的德賴平原繼續勘測。德賴平原的條件非常惡劣，有傾盆大雨和瘧疾。有三名勘測隊員死於瘧疾，另有兩人因日益下降的健康狀況而退出。儘管如此，勘測隊還是在 1847 年向前推進，開始仔細地勘察喜馬拉雅山諸峰。觀測地點最遠的離山峰有 240 公里（150 英里）遠。在這年的最後三個月，天氣限制了勘測工作。1847 年 11 月，英屬印度測量局局長安德魯・華歐從位於喜馬拉雅山脈東端的觀測站做了幾次觀測。干城章嘉峰在當時被認為是世界最高峰。安德魯・華歐注意到 230 公里（140 英里）處有座山峰比它高。華歐手下一個工作人員約翰・阿姆斯特朗也從一個更西邊的地點看到了這個山峰，並稱它為 "b" 峰。華歐在後來寫道，觀測顯示 "b" 峰要比干城章嘉峰高，但由於觀測點距離山峰太遠，有必要靠近觀測確認一下。下一年，華歐派遣了一名勘測人員返回德賴，去更接近的觀測 "b" 峰。但山上不散的雲霧阻礙了所有的觀測企圖。1849 年，華歐又派遣了詹姆斯・尼科爾森去這個區域。尼科爾森先是從距離珠峰 190 公里（120 英里）遠的地方做了兩次觀測。然後他又帶著最大的經緯儀向東行進，沿途做了超過 30 次測量，最近的一次離珠峰僅有 174 公里（108 英里）。尼科爾森後來回撤到恆河旁的巴特那，基於自己的觀測做了必要的計算。他平均所有的觀測得出了 "b" 峰的高度大概為 9,200 米（30,200 英尺）。由於沒有考慮光的折射，這有可能扭曲測得的高度值。可是這個數字已經很清楚的表明了 "b" 峰要高於干城章嘉峰。不幸的是，尼科爾森下山時得了瘧疾，最後不得不結束觀測回家，使得計算沒有完成。華歐的助手米歇爾・亨尼斯基於羅馬數字開始給觀測的這些山峰命名。干城章嘉峰為第九峰（Peak IX），"b" 峰為第十五峰（Peak XV）。
en: In 1802, the British began the Great Trigonometric Survey of India to fix the locations, heights, and names of the world's highest mountains. Starting in southern India, the survey teams moved northward using giant theodolites, each weighing 500 kg (1,100 lb) and requiring 12 men to carry, to measure heights as accurately as possible. They reached the Himalayan foothills by the 1830s, but Nepal was unwilling to allow the British to enter the country due to suspicions of political aggression and possible annexation. Several requests by the surveyors to enter Nepal were turned down.The British were forced to continue their observations from Terai, a region south of Nepal which is parallel to the Himalayas. Conditions in Terai were difficult because of torrential rains and malaria. Three survey officers died from malaria while two others had to retire because of failing health.Nonetheless, in 1847, the British continued the survey and began detailed observations of the Himalayan peaks from observation stations up to 240 km (150 mi) distant. Weather restricted work to the last three months of the year. In November 1847, Andrew Waugh, the British Surveyor General of India made several observations from the Sawajpore station at the east end of the Himalayas. Kangchenjunga was then considered the highest peak in the world, and with interest, he noted a peak beyond it, about 230 km (140 mi) away. John Armstrong, one of Waugh's subordinates, also saw the peak from a site farther west and called it peak "b". Waugh would later write that the observations indicated that peak "b" was higher than Kangchenjunga, but given the great distance of the observations, closer observations were required for verification. The following year, Waugh sent a survey official back to Terai to make closer observations of peak "b", but clouds thwarted his attempts.In 1849, Waugh dispatched James Nicolson to the area, who made two observations from Jirol, 190 km (120 mi) away. Nicolson then took the largest theodolite and headed east, obtaining over 30 observations from five different locations, with the closest being 174 km (108 mi) from the peak.Nicolson retreated to Patna on the Ganges to perform the necessary calculations based on his observations. His raw data gave an average height of 9,200 m (30,200 ft) for peak "b", but this did not consider light refraction, which distorts heights. However, the number clearly indicated that peak "b" was higher than Kangchenjunga. Nicolson contracted malaria and was forced to return home without finishing his calculations. Michael Hennessy, one of Waugh's assistants, had begun designating peaks based on Roman numerals, with Kangchenjunga named Peak IX. Peak "b" now became known as Peak XV.In 1852, stationed at the survey headquarters in Dehradun, Radhanath Sikdar, an Indian mathematician and surveyor from Bengal, was the first to identify Everest as the world's highest peak, using trigonometric calculations based on Nicolson's measurements. An official announcement that Peak XV was the highest was delayed for several years as the calculations were repeatedly verified. Waugh began work on Nicolson's data in 1854, and along with his staff spent almost two years working on the numbers, having to deal with the problems of light refraction, barometric pressure, and temperature over the vast distances of the observations. Finally, in March 1856 he announced his findings in a letter to his deputy in Calcutta. Kangchenjunga was declared to be 8,582 m (28,156 ft), while Peak XV was given the height of 8,840 m (29,002 ft). Waugh concluded that Peak XV was "most probably the highest in the world". Peak XV (measured in feet) was calculated to be exactly 29,000 ft (8,839.2 m) high, but was publicly declared to be 29,002 ft (8,839.8 m) in order to avoid the impression that an exact height of 29,000 feet (8,839.2 m) was nothing more than a rounded estimate. Waugh is sometimes playfully credited with being "the first person to put two feet on top of Mount Everest".
qas: question: zh_tw: 天氣限制持續多久？
en: How long did the weather restriction last?
answers: zh_tw: text: 三個月
en: text: three months

question: zh_tw: 官方確定的第十五峰的高度為多少？
answers: en: text: 8,840 m

context: zh_tw: 1852 年來自於孟加拉的印度數學家和勘探員 —— 拉德哈納特・希克達爾在位於德拉敦的印度測量局總部，基於尼科爾森的觀測，利用三角學計算結果，第一個確認了珠峰為世界第一高峰。官方宣佈第十五峰為世界最高峰被推遲了幾年，因為需要反覆的計算確認。華歐在 1854 年開始和他的下屬繼續研究尼科爾森的資料，花費了幾乎 2 年在計算上，試圖解決從測量點到珠峰這段遙遠的距離裡光折射、大氣壓、溫度對測量結果的影響。最終，他在 1856 年 3 月給他的代表的信中宣佈了他的發現。干城章嘉峰的高度被宣佈為 28,156 英尺（8,582 米），第十五峰的高度為 29,002 英尺（8,840 米）。華歐得出結論，第十五峰 “最可能在全世界是最高的”。第十五峰（用英尺來衡量）被計算出的高度正好是 29,000 英尺（8,839.2 米）高，但在公開宣佈時為 29,002 英尺（8,839.8 米）。這個人為的 2 英尺（61 cm）的調整是為了避免給人印象，這個恰好 29,000 英尺（8,839.2 米）的高度不是確切高度而是取整後的近似值。
qas: question: zh_tw: 官方確定的第十五峰的高度為多少？
en: What was the officially determined height of Peak XV?
answers: zh_tw: text: 8,840 米