大英帝國橫越南極遠徵
Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition

context: zh_tw: 沙克爾頓收到了 5000 多份加入探險隊的申請。包括一封來自 “三個運動型的女孩” 的來信。她們說如果她們的性別不適合探險，她們就 “穿上男人的衣服”。沙克爾頓拒絕了他們的請求。最終探險隊各個分支的船員都已決定為每隊 28 人，包括威廉・貝克威爾，他在布宜諾斯艾利斯加入船隊；他的朋友珀斯・布萊克鮑羅當他申請受拒時又轉移到在澳大利亞幾次參加羅斯海團隊面試。一個臨時的船員是 Sir Daniel Gooch。他因幫助沙克爾頓制服狗而參加團隊，又在南喬治亞島離開了 “堅忍號”。沙克爾頓選擇弗蘭克・維爾德作為他的副手。弗蘭克・維爾德曾經與他一同參加發現與尼姆羅德探險，而且一同在 1909 年成為 到達最南方的幾個人中 維爾德不久前從莫森的澳大利亞南極探險返回。沙克爾頓希望 約翰・金・戴維斯成為 “堅忍號” 的船長，他曾經在澳大利亞南極探險中指揮 “奧羅拉號”。戴維斯拒絕了沙克爾頓，認為這次探險 “註定失敗”。因此，沙克爾頓轉向了 弗蘭克・沃斯利，這是一個在自己夢到探險後就立即實施的人。皇家海軍軍事長湯姆・柯林，他曾因在新星地考察中拯救中尉埃文斯而獲艾伯特獎章。沙克爾頓將他抽調出軍隊擔任 “堅忍號” 的 二副，而另一個極地探險經驗豐富的人 艾爾弗雷德・奇塔姆成為了三副。兩個尼姆羅德探險中的老手也加入了羅斯海團隊：Aeneas Mackintosh 是羅斯海團隊的指揮，還有歐內斯特・喬伊斯。沙克爾頓本希望 “奧羅拉號” 能由一名海軍船員來指揮，他曾向海軍部請求軍官與船員，但是被拒絕了。在強調他的探險的重要性後，沙克爾頓得到了一名來自皇家海軍的軍官托馬斯・奧德 - 李上尉，他是海軍後勤的指揮官。“堅忍號” 上的六名科學工作人員包括亞歷山大・麥克林與詹姆斯・麥克羅伊兩名外科醫生，地質學家詹姆斯・沃迪，生物學家羅伯特・克拉克，物理學家雷金納德・詹姆斯和測繪學家倫納德・赫西，赫西將會最終修正沙克爾頓向南極的探險方向。攝影師弗蘭克・赫爾利與藝術家喬治・馬斯頓負責留下這次探險的影像資料。羅斯海團隊最終的組成一直還未確定。一些人在 “奧羅拉號” 出發前退出探險活動，一大批船員出發時才確定下來只有麥金託什和喬伊斯曾有南極探險的經歷，其中麥金託什還因在尼姆羅德探險的一次事故中失去了一隻眼睛而提前回國。
en: According to legend, Shackleton posted an advertisement in a London paper, stating: "Men wanted for hazardous journey. Low wages, bitter cold, long hours of complete darkness. Safe return doubtful. Honour and recognition in event of success." Searches for the original advertisement have proved unsuccessful, and the story is generally regarded as apocryphal. Shackleton received more than 5,000 applications for places on the expedition, including a letter from "three sporty girls" who suggested that if their feminine garb was inconvenient they would "just love to don masculine attire."Eventually the crews for the two arms of the expedition were trimmed down to 28 apiece, including William Bakewell, who joined the ship in Buenos Aires, his friend Perce Blackborow who stowed away when his application was turned down, and several last-minute appointments made to the Ross Sea party in Australia. A temporary crewman was Sir Daniel Gooch, grandson of the renowned railway pioneer Daniel Gooch, who stepped in to help Shackleton as a dog handler at the last moment and signed up for an able seaman's pay. Gooch agreed to sail with Endurance as far as South Georgia.As his second-in-command, Shackleton chose Frank Wild, who had been with him on both the Discovery and Nimrod expeditions, and was one of the Farthest South party in 1909. Wild had just returned from Mawson's Australian Antarctic Expedition. To captain Endurance Shackleton had wanted John King Davis, who had commanded Aurora during the Australian Antarctic Expedition. Davis refused, thinking the enterprise was "foredoomed", so the appointment went to Frank Worsley, who claimed to have applied to the expedition after learning of it in a dream. Royal Navy Chief Petty Officer Tom Crean, who had been awarded the Albert Medal for saving the life of Lieutenant Edward Evans on the Terra Nova Expedition, took leave from the navy to sign on as Endurance's second officer; another experienced Antarctic hand, Alfred Cheetham, became third officer. Two Nimrod veterans were assigned to the Ross Sea party: Mackintosh who commanded it, and Ernest Joyce. Shackleton had hoped that the Aurora would be staffed by a naval crew, and had asked the Admiralty for officers and men, but was turned down. After pressing his case, Shackleton was given one officer from the Royal Marines, Captain Thomas Orde-Lees, who was Superintendent of Physical Training at the Marines training depot.The scientific staff of six accompanying Endurance comprised the two surgeons, Alexander Macklin and James McIlroy; a geologist, James Wordie; a biologist, Robert Clark; a physicist Reginald W. James; and Leonard Hussey, a meteorologist who would eventually edit Shackleton's expedition account South. The visual record of the expedition was the responsibility of its photographer Frank Hurley and its artist George Marston. The final composition of the Ross Sea party was hurried. Some who left Britain for Australia to join Aurora resigned before it departed for the Ross Sea, and a full complement of crew was in doubt until the last minute. Within the party only Mackintosh and Joyce had any previous Antarctic experience; Mackintosh had lost an eye as the result of an accident during the Nimrod expedition and had gone home early.
qas: question: zh_tw: 匆忙組建的南極探險團隊的名稱是什麼？
en: What was the name of the Antarctic expedition party that was hurriedly assembled?
answers: zh_tw: text: 羅斯海團隊
en: text: the Ross Sea party

context: zh_tw: “堅忍號”，在 1914 年 8 月 8 日從普利茅斯起航向布宜諾斯艾利斯出發，而沙克爾頓還留在英國處理一些探險的經濟活動，後來沙克爾頓登上了一隻快船，重新回到探險隊。赫爾利也登上船，威廉・貝克韋爾和偷渡者珀斯・布萊克鮑羅也加入船員。一些人退出了探險，還有一些人被辭退。在 10 月 26 日，船向南大西洋駛去，並在 11 月 5 日到達南喬治亞島。在古利德維肯捕鯨站修整了一個月後，“堅忍號” 於 12 月 5 日向南極洲出發。 兩天後，沙克爾頓在南緯 57 度 26 分遭遇了浮冰層。浮冰層迫使他的船隻得從冰中試圖脫身。在接下來的幾天中，與冰層的戰鬥愈演愈烈，在 12 月 14 日甚至使他的船 24 小時都無法再前進一步。三天後船又無法前進了。沙克爾頓說：“我已考慮到威德爾海的險惡狀況，但我以為會是容易裂開的冰塊。而我們現在遭遇的是緻密的無法打破的冰層。”
en: Endurance, without Shackleton (who was detained in England by expedition business), left Plymouth on 8 August 1914, heading first for Buenos Aires. Here Shackleton, who had travelled on a faster ship, rejoined the expedition. Hurley also came on board, together with Bakewell and the stowaway, Blackborow, while several others left the ship or were discharged. On 26 October, the ship sailed for the South Atlantic, arriving in South Georgia on 5 November. Shackleton's original intention was that the crossing would take place in the first season, 1914–1915. Although he soon recognised the impracticality of this, he neglected to inform Mackintosh and the Ross Sea party of his change of plan. According to the Daily Chronicle's correspondent Ernest Perris, a cable intended for Macintosh was never sent.After a month-long halt in the Grytviken whaling station, Endurance departed for the Antarctic on 5 December. Two days later, Shackleton was disconcerted to encounter pack ice as far north as 57° 26′S, forcing the ship to manoeuvre. During the following days there were more tussles with the pack, which, on 14 December, was thick enough to halt the ship for 24 hours. Three days later, the ship was stopped again. Shackleton commented: "I had been prepared for evil conditions in the Weddell Sea, but had hoped that the pack would be loose. What we were encountering was fairly dense pack of a very obstinate character".Endurance's progress was frustratingly slow, until, on 22 December, leads opened up and the ship was able to continue steadily southward. This continued for the next two weeks, taking the party deep into the Weddell Sea. Further delays then slowed progress after the turn of the year, before a lengthy run south during 7–10 January 1915 brought them close to the 100-foot (30 m) ice walls which guarded the Antarctic coastal region of Coats Land. This territory had been discovered and named by William Speirs Bruce in 1904, during the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. On 15 January, Endurance came abreast of a great glacier, the edge of which formed a bay which appeared a good landing place. However, Shackleton considered it too far north of Vahsel Bay for a landing, "except under pressure of necessity"—a decision he would later regret. On 17 January, the ship reached a latitude of 76° 27′S, where land was faintly discernible. Shackleton named it Caird Coast, after his principal backer. Bad weather forced the ship to shelter in the lee of a stranded iceberg.They were now close to Luitpold Land, discovered by Filchner in 1912, at the southern end of which lay their destination, Vahsel Bay. Next day, the ship was forced north-westward for 14 miles (23 km), resuming in a generally southerly direction before being stopped altogether. The position was 76° 34′S, 31° 30′W. After ten days of inactivity, the ship's fires were banked to save fuel. Strenuous efforts were made to release her; on 14 February, Shackleton ordered men onto the ice with ice-chisels, prickers, saws and picks, to try and force a passage, but the labour proved futile. Shackleton did not at this stage abandon all hope of breaking free, but was now contemplating the "possibility of having to spend a winter in the inhospitable arms of the pack".
qas: question: zh_tw: 1915 年的 1 月 7 號到 10 號，沙克爾頓在哪片海域上？
en: On what sea was Shackleton from January 7-10 in 1915?
answers: zh_tw: text: 威德爾海
en: text: Weddell

context: zh_tw: 在 1915 年 2 月 21 日，“堅忍號” 仍然在向更南方快速漂去，到達了南緯 76 度 58 分。在這以後船開始隨著浮冰向北移動在 2 月 24 日，沙克爾頓意識到他們可能要在冰上度過整個冬天，並且放棄這艘船。狗被帶下船在冰做的狗舍中居住，船的內部被改造成了一個給不同人居住的冬季房屋 —— 有指揮員，科學家，工程師和海員。他們還建造了一個無線天線，但這裡太偏遠了，無法接受或發出訊號。沙克爾頓知道三年前費通起的船隻 “德意志” 號也在這附近被冰困住。在費通起試圖在瓦瑟爾灣建造陸上基地的嘗試失敗後，他的船 “德意志” 號在 1912 年 3 月 6 日被困住，距科茨地的海岸大約 200 英里（320 千米）。六個月後，在南緯 63 度 37 分，船從冰中脫身，駛向南喬治亞島。沙克爾頓想一個類似的經歷也可能使 “堅忍號” 可以在下一個春天（南半球）再駛向瓦瑟爾灣。在二月和三月船的漂移變得很慢。在三月底沙克爾頓計算得到他們自 1 月 19 日以來僅僅漂移了 95 英里（153 千米）。但是，自冬季來臨以後，冰的漂行速度增加了，周圍冰的狀況也發生了變化。在 4 月 14 日沙克爾頓記錄到鄰近的冰層 “聚集在一起互相擠撞”，如果船被捲入其中，船隻就會像蛋殼一樣被擠碎。在五月，冬季的極夜來臨時船位於南緯 75 度 23 分，西經 42 度 14 分，還在一個相對靠北的航向上。在春天來到，冰層可能消融之前還至少有四個月，“堅忍號” 沒有可能再按時回到威德爾海。沙克爾頓現在開始考慮如果能到達西海岸，他們在威德爾海的西海岸上著陸的可能性。他說：“同時，我們必須等待，”
en: On 21 February 1915, Endurance, still held fast, drifted to her most southerly latitude, 76° 58′S. Thereafter she began moving with the pack in a northerly direction. On 24 February, Shackleton realised that they would be held in the ice throughout the winter, and ordered ship's routine abandoned. The dogs were taken off board and housed in ice-kennels or "dogloos", and the ship's interior was converted to suitable winter quarters for the various groups of men—officers, scientists, engineers, and seamen. A wireless apparatus was rigged, but their location was too remote to receive or transmit signals.Shackleton was aware of the recent example of Wilhelm Filchner's ship, the Deutschland, which had become icebound in the same vicinity three years earlier. After Filchner's attempts to establish a land base at Vahsel Bay failed, his ship Deutschland was trapped on 6 March 1912, about 200 miles (320 km) off the coast of Coats Land. Six months later, at latitude 63° 37', the ship broke free, then sailed to South Georgia apparently none the worse for its ordeal. Shackleton thought that a similar experience might allow Endurance to make a second attempt to reach Vahsel Bay in the following Antarctic spring.In February and March, the rate of drift was very slow. At the end of March Shackleton calculated that the ship had travelled a mere 95 miles (153 km) since 19 January. However, as winter set in the speed of the drift increased, and the condition of the surrounding ice changed. On 14 April, Shackleton recorded the nearby pack "piling and rafting against the masses of ice"—if the ship was caught in this disturbance "she would be crushed like an eggshell". In May, as the sun set for the winter months, the ship was at 75° 23′S, 42° 14′W, still drifting northwards. It would be at least four months before spring brought the chance of an opening of the ice, and there was no certainty that Endurance would break free in time to attempt a return to the Vahsel Bay area. Shackleton now considered the possibility of finding an alternative landing ground on the western shores of the Weddell Sea, if that coast could be reached. "In the meantime", he wrote, "we must wait".
qas: question: zh_tw: 菲爾克納的船什麼時候和在哪裡被困了？
en: When and where  did Filchner's ship got trapped?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1912 年 3 月 6 日被困住，距科茨地的海岸大約 200 英里（320 千米）。
en: text: 6 March 1912, about 200 miles (320 km) off the coast of Coats Land

question: zh_tw: 1912 年 3 月之後，這艘船航行到哪兒去？
en: Where did the ship sail to after March 1912?
answers: zh_tw: text: 南喬治亞島
en: text: South Georgia

context: zh_tw: 在損失了船的條件下，橫穿大陸的計劃被放棄了，重點轉移到了鞋子上。這些人沒有鞋子穿，只能用從船上打掃出來的木片做鞋。沙克爾頓現在的目的是帶著船員向西行進，到達一個或多個可能達到的目的地。他的第一個想法是保利特島，因為 12 年前他在組織對 1902-1904 年 Otto Nordenskiöld 的瑞典探險的救援時就知道這裡有一個物資食物投放站。 其他的可能性還有雪丘島，這裡曾是 Nordenskiöld 的冬季住宿地，或者是 羅伯遜島。沙克爾頓認為從這些島嶼就較容易到達並穿過格雷厄姆地，最後到達位於威廉敏娜灣的捕鯨站。他計算得在 “堅忍號” 被拋棄的那天他們距保利特島 346 英里（550 千米）。沃斯利計算的到雪丘島的距離是 312 英里（500 千米），再到 Wilhelmina Bay 的距離是 120 英里（190 千米）沃斯利認為行軍太冒險了，他們應該等待到冰塊將他們帶到開闊水域之後，再從船上離開。沙克爾頓使他服從命令。在 10 月 30 日行軍開始了，將兩隻救生船也綁在了雪橇上。在開始之前，沙克爾頓不情願的處死了兩隻最弱小的動物，包括木匠哈利・麥克尼什的貓花栗鼠夫人，和一隻外科醫生麥克林的狗。隨著周圍的冰塊的情況變糟，各種各樣的問題隨之而來。據赫爾利所說，冰的表面變得 “坑坑窪窪，凹凸不平”，幾乎沒有一片平地有一平方碼大。在三天之內，團隊只前進了 2 英里（3.2 千米）。在 11 月 1 日，沙克爾頓暫停了行軍，他們紮營等待冰的碎裂。  他們稱營地為 “大洋營地”，就在一塊平整結實的冰上。他們還在船上找到了很多補給物資，直到 1915 年 11 月 21 日船最終沉入海底。
en: With the loss of the ship the transcontinental plans were abandoned, and the focus shifted to that of survival. Shackleton's intention now was to march the crew westward, to one or other of several possible destinations. His first thought was for Paulet Island, where he knew there was a hut containing a substantial food depot, because he had ordered it 12 years earlier while organising relief for Otto Nordenskjöld's stranded Swedish expedition. Other possibilities were Snow Hill Island, which had been Nordenskiöld's winter quarters and which was believed to contain a stock of emergency supplies, or Robertson Island. Shackleton believed that from one of these islands they would be able to reach and cross Graham Land, and get to the whaling outposts in Wilhelmina Bay. He calculated that on the day Endurance  was abandoned they were 346 miles (557 km) from Paulet Island. Worsley calculated the distance to Snow Hill Island to be 312 miles (500 km), with a further 120 miles (190 km) to Wilhelmina Bay. He believed the march was too risky; they should wait until the ice carried them to open water, and then escape in the boats. Shackleton over-ruled him.Before the march could begin, Shackleton ordered the weakest animals to be shot, including the carpenter Harry McNish's cat, Mrs Chippy, and a pup which had become a pet of the surgeon Macklin. The company set out on 30 October 1915, with two of the ship's lifeboats carried on sledges. Problems quickly arose, as the condition of the sea ice around them worsened. According to Hurley the surface became "a labyrinth of hummocks and ridges", in which barely a square yard was smooth. In three days, the party managed to travel barely two miles (3.2 km), and on 1 November, Shackleton abandoned the march; they would make camp and await the break-up of the ice. They gave the name "Ocean Camp" to the flat and solid-looking floe on which their aborted march had ended, and settled down to wait. Parties continued to revisit the Endurance wreck, which was still drifting with the ice a short distance from the camp. More of the abandoned supplies were retrieved until, on 21 November, the ship finally slipped beneath the ice.
qas: question: zh_tw: 這艘船最終於何日沉至冰下？
en: What date did the ship finally sink below the ice?
answers: zh_tw: text: 11 月 21 日
en: text: 21 November

context: zh_tw: 冰層移動得很慢，雖然在 11 月末移動速度已增加到 7 英里（10 千米）每天。在 12 月 5 日，他們穿過了南緯 68 度線，方向是北稍偏東。這將最終將他們帶到一個難以到達雪丘島的地方，儘管很靠北的保利特島還是有可能的。但這也有 250 英里（400 千米）的距離，沙克爾頓希望能縮小到一個能用救生艇到達的距離。因此，在 12 月 21 日他宣佈要進行的二次行進，於 12 月 23 日開始。狀況比上回行進時好不了多少。氣溫升高了，帶來了一種令人不舒服的溫暖。人們的膝蓋陷入雪中，靴子卡在冰縫中。在 12 月 27 日船上的木匠哈利・麥克尼什反叛並拒絕工作。他認為 船員條例在 “堅忍號” 沉沒後就失效了，因此他不再需要聽從命令。沙克爾頓的規勸最終使木匠又回到船員中，但這個事件再也沒有被忘記。儘管麥克尼什後來對拯救團隊有功，他還是沙克爾頓要求不授予極地獎章的四個人之一。兩天之後，在十分疲勞的七天行進後，探險隊只行進了 7.5 英里（12 千米）。沙克爾頓暫停了行進，並說：“我們要像這樣的速度，到達陸地用 300 天都不夠。” 船員們支起帳篷，進入了沙克爾頓所稱的 “耐心營地”，他們在這裡停留了三個多月。物資逐漸消耗。赫爾利和麥克林回到 “大洋營地” 去找為減輕負擔而丟棄在那裡的食品。在 1916 年 2 月 2 日，沙克爾頓派出了一支大一些的團隊，帶回來第三隻救生艇。食品短缺的問題逐漸變得嚴重起來。原來為了新增食品種類的海豹肉，現在已因沙克爾頓要節約剩下的配額食品而成為了主食。在一月，他們只留下了兩隊狗而殺死了其他狗，因為狗對海豹肉有大量的需求。而剩下的兩隊狗也在接下來的幾個月中因意外與疾病而數量減少。最後的兩隊狗也在 4 月 2 日被殺死，因為它們的肉對於有限的配額來說是不小的擴充。同時，漂流的速度變得不穩定。在南緯 67 度停留了幾個星期後，在一月底突然向東北方向移去。在 3 月 17 日，“耐心營地” 已到達與保利特島，緯度相同的地方，但在它的東邊 60 英里（97 千米）。沙克爾頓說：“我們要從充滿碎浮冰的海面上過去，可能會出現 600 種情況。”（因此不向保利特島進發） 這時，這批人能看到一些陸地了。可以看到詹姆斯羅斯島 上的哈丁頓山山頂。他們想去雪丘島或保利特島現在的位置都太靠北了。沙克爾頓將所有的希望都寄託著了剩餘的兩個小島，它們在格雷厄姆地的很北邊。它們是 克拉倫斯島和象島，大概在他們 3 月 25 日的位置以北 100 英里（160 千米）。他又想到 夢幻島可能是一個更好的目的地。這裡更靠西，正對著一串組成南設德蘭群島的島鏈。但是沙克爾頓認為去這裡應該將較近的島嶼作為出發地。夢幻島的優勢在於有時有捕鯨人而且可能有供應品。所有這些目的地都需要一個在救生艇上長途跋涉的旅行，這就將在浮冰徹底破碎的時候開始。這三艘救生艇被以三個探險的主要贊助人的名字來命名，它們叫：“詹姆斯・凱爾德”，“達德利・多克爾” 與 “斯坦科・威爾士”。
en: The ice was not drifting fast enough to be noticeable, although by late November the speed was up to seven miles (11 km) a day. By 5 December, they had passed 68°S, but the direction was turning slightly east of north. This was taking them to a position from which it would be difficult to reach Snow Hill Island, although Paulet Island, further north, remained a possibility. It was about 250 miles (400 km) away, and Shackleton was anxious to reduce the length of the lifeboat journey that would be necessary to reach it. Therefore, on 21 December he announced a second march, to begin on 23 December.Conditions, however, had not improved since the earlier attempt. Temperatures had risen and it was uncomfortably warm, with men sinking to their knees in soft snow as they struggled to haul the boats through the pressure ridges. On 27 December, carpenter Harry McNish rebelled and refused to work. He argued that Admiralty law had lapsed since Endurance's sinking, and that he was no longer under orders. Shackleton's firm remonstrance finally brought the carpenter to heel, but the incident was never forgotten. Two days later, with only seven and a half miles (12.1 km) progress achieved in seven back-breaking days, Shackleton called a halt, observing: "It would take us over three hundred days to reach the land". The crew put up their tents and settled into what Shackleton called "Patience Camp", which would be their home for more than three months.Supplies were now running low. Hurley and Macklin were sent back to Ocean Camp to recover food that had been left there to lighten the sledging teams’ burden. On 2 February 1916, Shackleton sent a larger party back, to recover the third lifeboat. Food shortages became acute as the weeks passed, and seal meat, which had added variety to their diet, now became a staple as Shackleton attempted to conserve the remaining packaged rations. In January, all but two teams of the dogs (whose overall numbers had been depleted by mishaps and illness in the preceding months) were shot on Shackleton's orders, because the dogs' requirements for seal meat were excessive. The final two teams were shot on 2 April, by which time their meat was a welcome addition to the rations. Meanwhile, the rate of drift became erratic; after being held at around 67° for several weeks, at the end of January there was a series of rapid north-eastward movements which, by 17 March, brought Patience Camp to the latitude of Paulet Island, but 60 miles (97 km) to its east. "It might have been six hundred for all the chance we had of reaching it across the broken sea-ice", Shackleton recorded.The party now had land more or less continuously in sight. The peak of Mount Haddington on James Ross Island remained in view as the party drifted slowly by. They were too far north for Snow Hill or Paulet Island to be accessible, and Shackleton's chief hopes were now fixed on two remaining small islands at the northern extremity of Graham Land. These were Clarence and Elephant Island, around 100 miles (160 km) due north of their position on 25 March. He then decided Deception Island might be a better target destination. This lay far to the west, toward the South Shetland Islands, but Shackleton thought it might be attainable by island-hopping. Its advantage was that it was sometimes visited by whalers, and might contain provisions, whereas Clarence Island and Elephant Island were desolate and unvisited. To reach any of these destinations would require a perilous journey in the lifeboats, once the floe upon which they were drifting finally broke up. Earlier, the lifeboats had been named after the expedition's three chief financial sponsors: James Caird, Dudley Docker and Stancomb Wills.
qas: question: zh_tw: 保利特島相對處於雪島的哪裡？
en: Where is Paulet Island relative to Snow Hill Island?
answers: zh_tw: text: 靠北
en: text: further north

question: zh_tw: 第二次行進即將在哪一天開始？
en: On which day will the second march is going to begin?
answers: zh_tw: text: 12 月 23 日
en: text: 23 December

question: zh_tw: 木匠哈利・麥克尼什辯稱他沒有遵守什麼？
en: Carpenter Harry McNish argued he was not under what?
answers: zh_tw: text: 命令
en: text: orders

question: zh_tw: 哈丁頓山的高點在哪裡？
en: Where is the high point of Mount Haddington located?
answers: zh_tw: text: 可以看到詹姆斯羅斯島 上的哈丁頓山山頂
en: text: James Ross Island

question: zh_tw: 保利特島的距離為多少千米？
en: How many kilometers away was Paulet Island?
answers: zh_tw: text: 400 千米
en: text: 400 km

question: zh_tw: 到 12 月 5 日，這個團隊最終將稍偏向哪個方向？
en: Which direction did the team end up turning slightly towards by 5 December?
answers: zh_tw: text: 北稍偏東
en: text: east of north

context: zh_tw: 耐心營地的使命在 4 月 8 日結束，這天浮冰突然裂開。耐心營地在一塊小的三角形浮冰上漂浮，如果再裂開，就意味著探險隊的災難。所以沙克爾頓準備好了救生艇。如果可能的話，他會試圖到達夢幻島，因為在這裡有一所為捕鯨人準備的小木教堂。這個建築可以給他們提供製造一艘能渡海的船隻所需的木料。在 4 月 9 日下午 1 點時，“達德利・多克爾” 出發了，一個小時後三艘船已全部出發。沙克爾頓自己指揮 “詹姆斯・凱爾德”，沃斯利指揮 “達德利・多克爾”，航海長休伯特・赫德森指揮 “斯坦科・威爾士”，但由於赫德森不穩定的精神狀態，事實上的指揮官是湯姆・克林。救生艇被冰塊圍繞著，隨水漂動，行進是危險且不穩定的。有時船貼在冰塊上，有時衝到冰塊上面，人們等待著情況能有所好轉。沙克爾頓正在考慮去哪個目的地，在 4 月 12 日，他決定去希望灣，就在格雷厄姆地的尖角上。但是船上十分寒冷，氣溫有時達到零下 20 華氏度（零下 35 攝氏度）。食物也很短缺，有時船整個浸在冰冷的海水中。船員們身心俱疲。沙克爾頓於是決定去往象島，是距離最近的避難地，這似乎是唯一可行的選擇了。在 4 月 14 日，船到達了象島的東南角，但是無法著陸，因為海岸上是垂直的懸崖和冰川。第二天 “詹姆斯・凱爾德” 繞著島的東部行進，在北部的背風處發現了一個狹小的鵝卵石海灘。很快，昨天晚上分開的三艘救生艇都找到了這裡。但這裡的地勢低於高潮位，不適合做長久的紮營地。第二天，維爾德和一隊船員在 “斯坦科・威爾士” 中開始在海岸搜尋一個更安全的地點。他們發現在西面 7 英里（11 千米）處有一個長長的海岬。人們立刻回到船上轉移到這個新的地方，後來把這裡命名為維爾德點（維爾德海岬）。
en: The end of Patience Camp was signalled on the evening of 8 April, when the floe suddenly split. The camp now found itself on a small triangular raft of ice; a break-up of this would mean disaster, so Shackleton readied the lifeboats for the party's enforced departure. He had now decided they would try, if possible, to reach the distant Deception Island because a small wooden church had been reportedly erected for the benefit of whalers. This could provide a source of timber that might enable them to construct a seaworthy boat.At 1 p.m. on 9 April, the Dudley Docker was launched, and an hour later all three boats were away. Shackleton himself commanded the James Caird, Worsley the Dudley Docker, and navigating officer Hubert Hudson was nominally in charge of the Stancomb Wills, though because of his precarious mental state the effective commander was Tom Crean.The boats were surrounded by ice, dependent upon leads of water opening up, and progress was perilous and erratic. Frequently the boats were tied to floes, or dragged up onto them, while the men camped and waited for conditions to improve. Shackleton was wavering again between several potential destinations, and on 12 April, rejected the various island options and decided on Hope Bay, at the very tip of Graham Land. However, conditions in the boats, in temperatures sometimes as low as −20 °F (−29 °C), with little food and regular soakings in icy seawater, were wearing the men down, physically and mentally. Shackleton therefore decided that Elephant Island, the nearest of the possible refuges, was now the most practical option.On 14 April, the boats lay off the south-east coast of Elephant Island, but could not land as the shore consisted of perpendicular cliffs and glaciers. Next day the James Caird rounded the eastern point of the island, to reach the northern lee shore, and discovered a narrow shingle beach. Soon afterwards, the three boats, which had been separated during the previous night, were reunited at this landing place. It was apparent from high tide markings that this beach would not serve as a long-term camp, so the next day Wild and a crew set off in the Stancomb Wills to explore the coast for a safer site. They returned with news of a long spit of land, seven miles (11 km) to the west. With minimum delay the men returned to the boats and transferred to this new location, which they later christened Cape Wild.
qas: question: zh_tw: 發現的土地跨度有多長？
en: How long did the discovered land span?
answers: zh_tw: text: 7 英里
en: text: seven miles

question: zh_tw: 下午幾點的時候 “達德利・多克爾” 啟程？
en: What time in the afternoon was the Dudley Docker set in motion?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1 點
en: text: 1 p.m.

context: zh_tw: 象島是一個偏遠的，未開發的，沒有捕鯨人或其他船來到的島嶼。船員們要回到現代文明就必須尋求援助。唯一的可能性就是派遣一艘救生艇行駛 800 英里（1300 千米），穿過南極海，到達南喬治亞島。由於隊伍中很多人身體條件已經很差，沙克爾頓放棄了前往夢幻島的想法。福克蘭群島的斯坦利港比南喬治亞島要近，但是他們去那裡必須逆強風行駛。沙克爾頓親自挑選去南喬治亞島的人員：他自己，航海員弗蘭克・沃斯利，克林，麥克尼什， 約翰・文森特和蒂莫西・麥卡錫。在沙克爾頓的指揮下，麥克尼什用臨時做的工具和材料裝備 “詹姆斯・凱爾德”。弗蘭克・維爾德留在島上指揮，如果沙克爾頓沒有回來的話，他們第二年春天就會前往夢幻島。沙克爾頓只帶了四個星期的補給品，如果他們不能按時到達，他們就沒有了足夠的補給。22.5 英尺（6.85 米）長的 “詹姆斯・凱爾德” 於 1916 年 4 月 24 日出發。這次航行能否成功的關鍵就在於沃斯利的指揮能否精確到在茫茫大海上精確到達地圖上的一個小點，透過在最艱苦條件下的觀察。風向是西北風，對他們很有利，但艱難的海上環境還是造成了很多困難。所有東西都在冰水中泡著，冰在船上聚集，使行進變得緩慢。在 5 月 5 日一陣西北向的大風幾乎造成了船的毀滅，沙克爾頓稱之為他在海上 26 年見過的最大的海浪。在 5 月 8 日，南喬治亞島已經進入了視野範圍，船上的人們也到達了體力的極限。又在島的南邊與巨浪和颶風戰鬥兩天後，船終於停在了金哈肯海灣。
en: Elephant Island was remote, uninhabited, and rarely visited by whalers or any other ships. If the party was to return to civilization it would be necessary to summon help. The only realistic way this could be done was to adapt one of the lifeboats for an 800-mile (1,300 km) voyage across the Southern Ocean, to South Georgia. Shackleton had abandoned thoughts of taking the party on the less dangerous journey to Deception Island, because of the poor physical condition of many of his party. Port Stanley in the Falkland Islands was closer than South Georgia, but could not be reached, as this would require sailing against the strong prevailing winds.Shackleton selected the boat party: himself, Worsley as navigator, Crean, McNish, Vincent and McCarthy. On instructions from Shackleton, McNish immediately set about adapting the James Caird, improvising tools and materials. Frank Wild was to be left in charge of the Elephant Island party, with instructions to make for Deception Island the following spring, should Shackleton not return. Shackleton took supplies for only four weeks, knowing that if land had not been reached within that time the boat would be lost.The 22.5-foot (6.9 m) James Caird was launched on 24 April 1916. The success of the voyage depended on the pin-point accuracy of Worsley's navigation, using observations that would have to be made in the most unfavourable of conditions. The prevailing wind was helpfully north-west, but the heavy sea conditions quickly soaked everything in icy water. Soon ice settled thickly on the boat, making her ride sluggishly. On 5 May, a north-westerly gale almost caused the boat's destruction as it faced what Shackleton described as the largest waves he had seen in 26 years at sea. On 8 May, South Georgia was sighted, after a 14-day battle with the elements that had driven the boat party to their physical limits. Two days later, after a prolonged struggle with heavy seas and hurricane-force winds to the south of the island, the party struggled ashore at King Haakon Bay.
qas: question: zh_tw: 他們要回到現代文明就必須得做什麼？
en: What would they have to do if they wanted to be able to get back to civilization?
answers: zh_tw: text: 尋求援助
en: text: summon help

context: zh_tw: 在五天以後，隊伍帶著船向東走了一小段，來到了一個很深的海灣的一端。這裡就是穿越旅行的起點。沙克爾頓，沃斯利與克林將會進行陸上穿越，其他人留在原地建立 “Peggotty 營地”，他們將會在得到捕鯨站的幫助後被營救。5 月 18 日的一場風暴暫緩了他們的計劃，但到第二天早上 2 點時天氣已經晴朗溫和，於是穿越隊在 1 個小時後出發了。因為沒有地圖，他們採用的路線主要靠推斷得出。到早晨他們已經前進了 3,000 英尺（910 米），可以望到北海岸了。這裡鄰近財產灣，這說明他們必須向東走來到達他們的目的地斯特羅姆內斯。這說明他們必須走回去，走一條其他的路。人們很失望。在這天快結束的時候，因為他們需要在天黑之前到達山谷底，他們嘗試用一根雪橇上的繩子從山坡上滑下。他們沒有休息，而是在月光下繼續趕路。5 月 21 日的清晨，他們看到了 Husvik Harbour，知道自己走了一條正確的路。在 7 點時他們聽到了從斯特羅姆內斯傳來的蒸汽聲。” 這是我們自 1914 年 12 月從斯特羅姆內斯灣出發後，聽到的第一聲由除探險隊以外的人類發出的聲音。” 在一段艱難地下降，包括從一條結冰的瀑布上下去的旅程後，他們最終安全到達。沙克爾頓後來寫道：“我無疑認為是天意引導了我們…… 在過去的三十六小時中，我們翻越了無數不知名的山峰和冰川，但我們仍然是四個人。”  這幅四個探險家的圖景，在經過了沃斯利和克林的描述後，被托馬斯・斯特爾那斯・艾略特在他的詩 “荒原” 中描述。
en: Early next morning, 20 May, seeing Husvik Harbour below them, they knew that they were on the right path. At seven o'clock in the morning, they heard the steam whistle sound from Stromness, "the first sound created by an outside human agency that had come to our ears since we left Stromness Bay in December 1914". After a difficult descent, which involved passage down through a freezing waterfall, they at last reached safety. Shackleton wrote afterwards: "I have no doubt that Providence guided us ... I know that during that long and racking march of 36 hours over the unnamed mountains and glaciers it seemed to me often that we were four, not three". This image of a fourth traveller—echoed in the accounts of Worsley and Crean—was taken up by T. S. Eliot in his poem The Waste Land.
qas: question: zh_tw: 當他們看到胡斯維克港的時候是什麼日期？
en: What was the date when they saw Husvik Harbour?
answers: zh_tw: text: 5 月 21 日的清晨，他們看到了
en: text: 20 May

context: zh_tw: 沙克爾頓的第一項工作是將他的三個同伴從 Peggoty 營地營救出來。一個捕鯨人開船，沃斯利帶路，到 5 月 21 日所有 6 個同伴都被安全帶回。沙克爾頓嘗試了四次才將在象島的同伴救出。他在到達斯特羅姆內斯後僅僅三天就又離開了，準備了一艘大型捕鯨船 “南方天空” 號，沙克爾頓召集了一隊志願船員，在 5 月 22 日早上就起航了。當船隻接近象島時他們看到了形成了一道無法透過的冰層障礙，大概距島還有 70 英里（110 千米），“南方天空” 號並不適合破冰航行，因此又撤回到福克蘭群島的 斯坦利港。在到達斯坦利港之後，沙克爾頓通知了倫敦事件的經過，請求一隻適合的船隻來進行搜救活動。他被海軍部通知在 10 月之前沒有可能，但他認為 10 月太晚了。透過一個英國在蒙得維的亞的部長向烏拉圭借了一艘堅固的拖船 “Instituto de Pesca No. 1” 號，這艘船在 6 月 10 日啟程向南，但冰層又阻擋住了他們。為了尋找一條合適的船，沙克爾頓，沃斯利，和克林到了智利的蓬塔阿雷納斯，在這裡他們遇到了艾倫・麥克唐納，他是縱帆船 “艾瑪號” 的擁有者。麥克唐納裝備好船，在 7 月 12 日開始起航，但同樣被冰層所阻擋。沙克爾頓後來以麥克唐納的名字命名了威德爾海上的布倫特冰架邊的一個冰崛起，叫做麥克唐納冰褶。現在已經是 8 月中旬，據沙克爾頓離開象島已經三個多月。沙克爾頓請求智利政府借給他 “耶爾京迪茲” 號，這是一艘小型拖船，上次幫助 “艾瑪號” 展開救援，由 路易斯・帕爾多擔任船長，開往象島。這次，按照沙克爾頓的話講，上天眷顧了他。海面寬闊，船可以靠近海岸，儘管有濃霧影響。在 8 月 30 日上午 11 點 40 分濃霧消散，所有的象島上的成員都安全上船，向彭塔阿雷納斯出發。
en: Shackleton's first task, on arriving at the Stromness station, was to arrange for his three companions at Peggoty Camp to be picked up. A whaler was sent round the coast, with Worsley aboard to show the way, and by the evening of 21 May all six of the James Caird party were safe.It took four attempts before Shackleton was able to return to Elephant Island to rescue the party stranded there. He first left South Georgia a mere three days after he had arrived in Stromness, after securing the use of a large whaler, The Southern Sky, which was laid up in Husvik Harbour. Shackleton assembled a volunteer crew, which had it ready to sail by the morning of 22 May. As the vessel approached Elephant Island they saw that an impenetrable barrier of pack ice had formed, some 70 miles (110 km) from their destination. The Southern Sky was not built for ice breaking, and retreated to Port Stanley in the Falkland Islands.On reaching Port Stanley, Shackleton informed London by cable of his whereabouts, and requested that a suitable vessel be sent south for the rescue operation. He was informed by the Admiralty that nothing was available before October, which in his view was too late. Then, with the help of the British Minister in Montevideo, Shackleton obtained from the Uruguayan government the loan of a tough trawler, Instituto de Pesca No. 1, which started south on 10 June. Again the pack thwarted them. In search of another ship, Shackleton, Worsley and Crean travelled to Punta Arenas, where they met Allan MacDonald, the British owner of the schooner Emma. McDonald equipped this vessel for a further rescue attempt, which left on 12 July, but with the same negative result—the pack defeated them yet again. Shackleton later named a glacier after McDonald on the Brunt Ice Shelf in the Weddell Sea. After problems arose in identifying this glacier, a nearby ice rise was renamed the McDonald Ice Rumples.
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰幫助沙克爾頓找到該借用？
en: Who helped shackleton find the loan?
answers: zh_tw: text: 英國在蒙得維的亞的部長
en: text: British Minister in Montevideo

context: zh_tw: 在由於經濟與管理上的問題拖延了幾天後，“奧羅拉號” 於 1914 年 12 月 24 日離開 霍巴特港。他們在 1915 年 1 月 15 日到達麥克默多海峽，比他們預想得要晚一些。埃涅阿斯・麥金託什立即開始了在羅斯冰架上投放物資的計劃工作，因為他們認為沙克爾頓在春天就會開始橫跨南極大陸的旅程。但狗與人都不熟悉極地的情況，整個團隊對冰的狀況很不熟悉。他們的第一次工作就導致了隊中的 18 條狗損失了 10 條，人們感到寒冷，士氣低落。在 5 月 7 日本在探險隊總部 埃文斯海角 下錨的 “奧羅拉號” 在一陣大風中吹離了下錨地被帶著它向海中漂浮的冰層阻擋而無法回去。它在冰中被困了很長時間直到 1916 年 2 月 12 日在漂浮了 1,600 英里（2,600 千米）後才脫離冰層開到紐西蘭。它把海岸上的大多數燃油，食品，衣物與裝備，除了要定點投放的，都帶走了。於是海岸上的隊員只得用以前的探險隊所遺留的裝備，特別是斯科特船長的特拉諾瓦探險一些年前所留下的物資。第二個季度的物資投放計劃於 1915 年 9 月進行。在接下來的幾個月中，需要的物資被投放，從羅斯冰蓋到比爾德莫爾冰川腳下每隔一度就放一些物資。\ 然而他們從冰川腳下返回時，隊伍卻有很多人都染上了壞血病； 阿諾德・斯賓塞 - 史密斯，探險隊的攝影師和牧師，在路上倒下病死了。剩餘的隊員到達 小屋點的永久避難所在那裡復原健康。在 1916 年 5 月 8 日麥金託什和 維克多・海沃德決定從不穩定的冰面上走到 埃文斯海角，但在路上遇到了大風雪，人們再也沒有見到他們。七名倖存者又在避難所中等待了另外八個月，直到 1917 年 1 月 10 日，修好的 “奧羅拉號” 到來將他們有帶回文明世界。
en: Aurora left Hobart on 24 December 1914, having been delayed in Australia by financial and organizational problems. The arrival in McMurdo Sound on 15 January 1915 was later in the season than planned, but the party's commander Aeneas Mackintosh made immediate plans for a depot-laying journey on the Ross Ice Shelf, since he understood that Shackleton hoped to attempt the crossing during that first season. Neither the men nor the dogs were acclimatised, and the party was, as a whole, very inexperienced in ice conditions. The first journey on the ice resulted in the loss of ten of the party's 18 dogs and a frostbitten and generally demoralised shore party; a single, incomplete depot was their only achievement.On 7 May, Aurora, anchored at the party's Cape Evans headquarters, was wrenched from her moorings during a gale and carried with drifting ice far out to sea. Unabled to return to McMurdo Sound, she remained captive in the ice for nine months until on 12 February 1916, having travelled a distance of around 1,600 miles (2,600 km), she reached open water and limped to New Zealand. She carried with her the greater part of the shore party's fuel, food rations, clothing and equipment, although the sledging rations for the depots had been landed ashore. To continue with its mission the stranded shore party had to re-supply and re-equip itself from the leftovers from earlier expeditions, notably Captain Scott's Terra Nova Expedition which had been based at Cape Evans a few years earlier. They were thus able to begin the second season's depot-laying on schedule, in September 1915.In the following months, the required depots were laid, at one-degree intervals across the Ross Ice Shelf to the foot of the Beardmore Glacier. On the return journey from the glacier the party was attacked by scurvy; Arnold Spencer-Smith, the expedition's chaplain and photographer, collapsed and died on the ice. The remainder of the party reached the temporary shelter of Hut Point, a relic of the Discovery Expedition at the southern end of McMurdo Sound, where they slowly recovered. On 8 May 1916, Mackintosh and Victor Hayward decided to walk across the unstable sea ice to Cape Evans, were caught in a blizzard, and were not seen again. The survivors eventually reached Cape Evans, but then had to wait for eight further months. Finally, on 10 January 1917, the repaired and refitted Aurora, whose departure from New Zealand had been delayed by lack of money, arrived to transport them back to civilization;. Shackleton accompanied the ship as a supernumerary officer, having been denied command by the governments of New Zealand, Australia and Great Britain who had jointly organised and financed the Ross Sea party's relief.
qas: question: zh_tw: “奧羅拉號” 於什麼時候離開霍巴特港？
en: When did Aurora leave Hobart?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1914 年 12 月 24 日
en: text: 24 December 1914