瑪麗・沃斯通克拉夫特
Mary Wollstonecraft

context: zh_tw: 瑪麗・沃斯通克拉夫特（Mary Wollstonecraft，1759 年 4 月 27 日－1797 年 9 月 10 日）是一位 18 世紀的英國作家、哲學家和女權主義者。在她短暫的寫作生涯中，她寫就了多篇小說和論文、一本旅行書簡、一本法國大革命史、一本行為手冊以及一本童書。《女權辯護》（1792 年）是沃斯通克拉夫特最知名的作品；在這本書裡，她提出：女性並非天生地低賤於男性，只有當她們缺乏足夠的教育時才會顯露出這一點。她認為男性和女性都應被視為有理性的生命，並還繼而設想了建立基於理性之上的社會秩序。
en: During her brief career, she wrote novels, treatises, a travel narrative, a history of the French Revolution, a conduct book, and a children's book. Wollstonecraft is best known for A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), in which she argues that women are not naturally inferior to men, but appear to be only because they lack education. She suggests that both men and women should be treated as rational beings and imagines a social order founded on reason.
qas: question: zh_tw: 沃斯通克拉夫特的著作有哪些？
en: What are some works of Wollstonecrafts?
answers: zh_tw: text: 多篇小說和論文、一本旅行書簡、一本法國大革命史、一本行為手冊以及一本童書
en: text: novels, treatises, a travel narrative, a history of the French Revolution, a conduct book, and a children's book

context: zh_tw: 1759 年 4 月 27 日，沃斯通克拉夫特出生於倫敦東區的斯畢塔菲爾德。父親名為愛德華・約翰・沃斯通克拉夫特（Edward John Wollstonecraft），母親名為伊麗莎白・迪克森（Elizabeth Dickson）。她是他們家的長女，上有一兄，下有三弟兩妹。1763 年到 1768 年，因為父親繼承了一筆遺產，想當紳士農夫不成的關係，故而經常搬家。1774 年，父親務農不成，全家搬回了倫敦郊區的霍克斯頓。在沃斯通克拉夫特年幼的時候，其家庭的收入足以維持舒適的生活。可是，她的父親卻將家產耗費在了投機生意上，從而導致整個家庭逐漸地陷入了財政困難。沃斯通克拉夫特的少女時代是隨著家庭的顛沛流離度過的。最後，他們的財政狀況已發展到了極其危險的地步，以致於她的父親甚至動用了沃斯通克拉夫特成年後將繼承的遺產。此外，沃斯通克拉夫特的父親還染上了酗酒的惡習，酒醉後便會對妻子拳腳相加。在這種環境下，年少的沃斯通克拉夫特為了保護她的母親，經常在其母親的臥室門外向父親撒謊。同時，沃斯通克拉夫特還對妹妹們承擔起了母親的責任，並在她的一生中都精心照顧著兩個妹妹埃弗裡娜（Everina）與伊利莎（Eliza）。譬如，在 1784 年，她勸服了可能患上了產後抑鬱症的妹妹伊利莎，讓她離開其丈夫與幼子；沃斯通克拉夫特甚至還為伊利莎的逃跑制定出了周密的計劃 —— 這也從一個側面展現出了她敢於挑戰社會準則的勇氣。後來妹妹和妹夫合法分居，妹妹未獲得監護權，不過小孩未滿週歲即逝世。這件事讓伊利莎付出了沉重的代價：除了遭到社會的譴責外，不能再婚的她只能選擇孤苦伶仃地度盡其一生。兩段友情塑造了沃斯通克拉夫特早年的生活。其一是在貝弗利與簡・阿登（Jane Arden）建立的友情。她們倆經常在一起讀書，並一同傾聽阿登的父親 —— 一位自封的哲學家及科學家 —— 發表的演說。沃斯通克拉夫特十分喜愛阿登家庭的理性氛圍，並珍視她與阿登的友誼，有時甚至還摻雜了一些情感上的佔有慾。在沃斯通克拉夫特給阿登寫的信中，她寫道：“我已經形成了對友情的浪漫觀念…… 我對自己對愛情和友情的想法感到有點奇怪；我要麼就必須佔據第一位，要麼就不要。” 這種在寫給阿登的一些信裡已展現出的易變而憂鬱的情緒，後來伴隨了沃斯通克拉夫特一生。1775 年，沃斯通克拉夫特認識了摯友範妮・布拉德（Fanny Blood），而這正是她的另一段友情 —— 這段友誼對她而言更為重要。範妮・布拉德是霍克斯頓的克萊爾夫婦（Clares）的女兒，也正是這對夫婦把她介紹給沃斯通克拉夫特；沃斯通克拉夫特視布拉德為開啟她心扉的人。在其一生中，沃斯通克拉夫特都沒有中斷對布拉德與她的家人的援助：其中的一個典型例子是，她曾多次向布拉德的兄弟提供金錢上的幫助。1777 年，沃斯通克拉夫特全家搬到了倫敦附近的沃爾沃斯，和布拉德住得很近。但由於家庭生活的不幸福，沃斯通克拉夫特在 1778 年便開始獨自生活，並找到了一份伴護的工作 —— 陪伴居住在巴斯的一位寡婦薩拉・道森（Sarah Dawson）。但是，與這位脾氣暴躁的女人相處並不容易（她曾在其《女教論》（1787 年）中提到該事）。其間，她還遊歷了南安普敦和溫莎等地。1780 年，她回到了家中，以照顧自己重病的母親。1782 年，母親病逝，妹妹伊利莎嫁給了梅雷迪思・畢肖普（Meredith Bishop），父親續絃娶了名為莉迪亞（Lydia）的女子，爾後全家又搬回威爾士。在她的母親過世後，沃斯通克拉夫特並沒有回到道森夫人身邊，而是搬到了布拉德的家中，以針線活幫助布拉德家的困苦生活。在與布拉德一家共同生活的兩年中，她把布拉德視為自己的偶像 —— 儘管布拉德要比沃斯通克拉夫特更為注重傳統的女性價值。
en: Wollstonecraft was born on 27 April 1759 in Spitalfields, London. She was the second of the seven children of Elizabeth Dixon and Edward John Wollstonecraft. Although her family had a comfortable income when she was a child, her father gradually squandered it on speculative projects. Consequently, the family became financially unstable and they were frequently forced to move during Wollstonecraft's youth. The family's financial situation eventually became so dire that Wollstonecraft's father compelled her to turn over money that she would have inherited at her maturity. Moreover, he was apparently a violent man who would beat his wife in drunken rages. As a teenager, Wollstonecraft used to lie outside the door of her mother's bedroom to protect her. Wollstonecraft played a similar maternal role for her sisters, Everina and Eliza, throughout her life. For example, in a defining moment in 1784, she convinced Eliza, who was suffering from what was probably postpartum depression, to leave her husband and infant; Wollstonecraft made all of the arrangements for Eliza to flee, demonstrating her willingness to challenge social norms. The human costs, however, were severe: her sister suffered social condemnation and, because she could not remarry, was doomed to a life of poverty and hard work.Two friendships shaped Wollstonecraft's early life. The first was with Jane Arden in Beverley. The two frequently read books together and attended lectures presented by Arden's father, a self-styled philosopher and scientist. Wollstonecraft revelled in the intellectual atmosphere of the Arden household and valued her friendship with Arden greatly, sometimes to the point of being emotionally possessive. Wollstonecraft wrote to her: "I have formed romantic notions of friendship ... I am a little singular in my thoughts of love and friendship; I must have the first place or none." In some of Wollstonecraft's letters to Arden, she reveals the volatile and depressive emotions that would haunt her throughout her life. The second and more important friendship was with Fanny (Frances) Blood, introduced to Wollstonecraft by the Clares, a couple in Hoxton who became parental figures to her; Wollstonecraft credited Blood with opening her mind.Unhappy with her home life, Wollstonecraft struck out on her own in 1778 and accepted a job as a lady's companion to Sarah Dawson, a widow living in Bath. However, Wollstonecraft had trouble getting along with the irascible woman (an experience she drew on when describing the drawbacks of such a position in Thoughts on the Education of Daughters, 1787). In 1780 she returned home, called back to care for her dying mother. Rather than return to Dawson's employ after the death of her mother, Wollstonecraft moved in with the Bloods. She realized during the two years she spent with the family that she had idealized Blood, who was more invested in traditional feminine values than was Wollstonecraft. But Wollstonecraft remained dedicated to her and her family throughout her life (she frequently gave pecuniary assistance to Blood's brother, for example).Wollstonecraft had envisioned living in a female utopia with Blood; they made plans to rent rooms together and support each other emotionally and financially, but this dream collapsed under economic realities. In order to make a living, Wollstonecraft, her sisters, and Blood set up a school together in Newington Green, a Dissenting community. Blood soon became engaged and after their marriage her husband, Hugh Skeys, took her to Lisbon, Portugal, to improve her health, which had always been precarious. Despite the change of surroundings Blood's health further deteriorated when she became pregnant, and in 1785 Wollstonecraft left the school and followed Blood to nurse her, but to no avail. Moreover, her abandonment of the school led to its failure. Blood's death devastated Wollstonecraft and was part of the inspiration for her first novel, Mary: A Fiction (1788).
qas: question: zh_tw: 沃斯通克拉夫特承擔了什麼責任？
en: What was the type of role that Wollstonecraft played throughout her life in regards to her sisters?
answers: zh_tw: text: 母親
en: text: maternal role

question: zh_tw: 誰是她的父母？
en: Who were her parents?
answers: zh_tw: text: 父親名為愛德華・約翰・沃斯通克拉夫特（Edward John Wollstonecraft），母親名為伊麗莎白・迪克森
en: text: Elizabeth Dixon and Edward John Wollstonecraft

question: zh_tw: 沃斯通克拉夫特在哪裡認識簡的？
en: Where did Wollstonecraft met Jane?
answers: zh_tw: text: 貝弗利
en: text: Beverley