zetavg/mlqa_en_zh_tw huggingface dataset:
克氏綜合徵
Klinefelter syndrome

context: zh_tw: 克氏症候群的發病是隨機的。隨著孕婦年紀增大，懷有罹患此疾病的胎兒機會也逐漸提高。這個疾病沒有遺傳性，所以不會由患病的父親遺傳給下一代。這個疾病的原發機制是在原先就有 Y 染色體的前提下有一條以上的多餘的 X 染色體，患者體內的總染色體數目至少為 47 條甚至更多，無論如何，都較一般 46 條染色體為多。克氏症候群能夠藉著檢測染色體核型的基因檢測來獲得確診。
en: Klinefelter syndrome (KS) also known as 47,XXY or XXY, is the set of symptoms that result from two or more X chromosomes in males. The primary features are infertility and small testicles. Often, symptoms may be subtle and many people do not realize they are affected. Sometimes, symptoms are more prominent and may include weaker muscles, greater height, poor coordination, less body hair, breast growth, and less interest in sex. Often it is only at puberty that these symptoms are noticed. Intelligence is usually normal; however, reading difficulties and problems with speech are more common. Symptoms are typically more severe if three or more X chromosomes are present (48,XXXY syndrome or 49,XXXXY syndrome).Klinefelter syndrome usually occurs randomly. An older mother may have a slightly increased risk of a child with KS. The condition is not typically inherited from one's parents. The underlying mechanisms involves at least one extra X chromosome in addition to a Y chromosome such that the total chromosome number is 47 or more rather than the usual 46. KS is diagnosed by the genetic test known as a karyotype.While no cure is known, a number of treatments may help. Physical therapy, speech and language therapy, counselling, and adjustments of teaching methods may be useful. Testosterone replacement may be used in those who have significantly lower levels. Enlarged breasts may be removed by surgery. About half of affected males have a chance of fathering children with the help of assisted reproductive technology, but this is expensive and not risk free. Males appear to have a higher risk of breast cancer than typical, but still lower than that of females. People with the condition have a nearly normal life expectancy.Klinefelter syndrome is one of the most common chromosomal disorders, occurring in one to two per 1,000 live male births. It is named after the endocrinologist Harry Klinefelter, who identified the condition in the 1940s. In 1956, identification of the extra X chromosome was first noticed. Mice can also have the XXY syndrome, making them a useful research model.
qas: question: zh_tw: KS 會遺傳嗎？\n
en: Is KS genetic?
answers: zh_tw: text: 這個疾病沒有遺傳性
en: text: not typically inherited
西藏㹴
Tibetan Terrier

context: zh_tw: 西藏㹴（Tibetan Terrier）是一種中等體格的犬種，原產自中國西藏。儘管名為㹴犬，但它並非㹴犬組的成員。該犬種因與已知的㹴犬相似而被歐洲的發現者命名為西藏㹴犬。這個犬種的西藏名字是 Tsang Apso，大致翻譯為 “產於烏思藏 ("Tsang") 的有雜毛和鬍鬚 ("apso") 的犬”。一些年邁的旅行者稱這隻犬為 Dokhi Apso 或 “戶外的” Apso，指的是生活在戶外的毛茸茸的或有鬍鬚的此類工作犬。其在生物分類法中隸屬犬科。
en: The Tibetan Terrier is a medium-size breed of dog that originated in Tibet. Despite its name, it is not a member of the terrier group. The breed was given its English name by European travelers due to its resemblance to known terrier breeds. The Tibetan name for the breed, Tsang Apso, roughly translates to "shaggy or bearded ("apso") dog, from the province of Tsang". Some old travelers' accounts refer to the dog as Dokhi Apso or "outdoor" Apso, indicating a shaggy or bearded working dog which lives outdoors.
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰給西藏㹴犬起名？
en: Who gave the Tibetan Terrier its name?
answers: zh_tw: text: 歐洲的發現者
en: text: European travelers
Eminem

context: zh_tw: 阿姆的第二張專輯《The Marshall Mathers LP》於 2000 年 5 月發行。在發行後一週內就賣出了 176 萬張，打破了著名美國饒舌歌手【Snoop Dogg 史努比狗狗）】的《Doggystyle》保持的最快銷售嘻哈專輯記錄和小甜甜布蘭妮《...Baby One More Time》保持的最快銷售個人專輯記錄。《The Marshall Mathers LP》裡最先發行的歌曲 "The Real Slim Shady" 很成功，不過也帶來一些爭議，因為阿姆在這首歌中侮辱了和懷疑了許多明星，其中之一是他提及到克莉絲汀・阿奎萊拉為 Carson Daly 跟林普巴茲提特的 Fred Durst 口交。在阿姆的第二首歌 "The Way I Am" 中，他揭示唱片公司給了他很多壓力去重奪 "My Name Is" 的第一寶座和賣出更多的唱片。雖然阿姆在 "My Name Is" 的音樂錄影帶中模仿了搖滾明星瑪麗蓮・曼森，可是他們的關係卻很好。他們一起在一個演唱會上合作了一首混音版的 "The Way I Am"。第三首歌曲 "Stan" 取了 Dido 的歌曲 "Thank You" 的音樂樣本，在這首歌曲中，阿姆開始以他的名利為題材，描述到他的一個發瘋的歌迷自殺並且害死懷孕的女友，是《The Slim Shady LP》的 "97 Bonnie & Clyde" 的回應。美國 Q 雜誌把 "Stan" 列為史上第三偉大的的饒舌歌曲，這首歌也在 Top40-Charts.com 網站進行的一個類似調查中排到了第十名。"Stan" 獲得了很多好評，在滾石雜誌的 "500 首史上最偉大歌曲" 排行榜中排到了第 290 位。2000 年 7 月，阿姆成為第一個登上《The Source》雜誌封面的白人。
qas: question: zh_tw: The Marshall Mathers LP 在何年何月釋出？
en: In what month and year was the Marshall Mathers LP released?
answers: zh_tw: text: 2000 年 5 月

question: zh_tw: 阿姆的第二首歌名字叫什麼？
en: What was the name of the second single?
answers: zh_tw: text: The Way I Am

context: zh_tw: 同年，阿姆被作家貝納德・戈德堡（Bernard Goldberg）在新書《一百個搞砸了美國的人》中排在第 58 位。戈德堡引用了紐約時報卜・赫伯特（Bob Herbert）在 2001 年時說的話：“在阿姆的世界裡，所有的婦女都是妓女，他都想把她們強姦和屠殺掉。” 阿姆專輯《The Slim Shady EP》裡的歌曲 "No One's Iller" 被戈德堡用來作為表明阿姆的這種厭惡的例子。
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰對女性非常不尊重的言論被引用了？
en: Who has been quoted saying very disrespectful things about women?
answers: zh_tw: text: 阿姆

context: zh_tw: 2005 年夏天，阿姆展開了為期三年的全美巡迴演唱會 “the Anger Management 3 Tour"，有包括 50 Cent、G-Unit、Lil'Jon、D12、Obie Trice、The Alchemist 和其他的明星助陣。在同年 8 月，阿姆取消了歐洲巡演，之後為了逃避 Proof 死亡所帶來的打擊而開始嗑藥，並且進出勒戒所。
qas: question: zh_tw: 阿姆什麼時候取消了他的行程？
en: When did Eminem cancel his tour?
answers: zh_tw: text: 8 月
2 型糖尿病

context: zh_tw: 飲食也是影響 2 型糖尿病發病風險的重要因素。飲用過量的含糖飲料可增加患病風險。飲食裡攝取的脂肪也是很重要的因素，飽和脂肪與反式脂肪均會增加患病風險，而多元不飽和脂肪與單元不飽和脂肪則有助於降低風險。攝取大量白米似乎也會使致病風險增加。也有學者相信，7% 的病例可能是缺乏運動所致。永續性有機汙染物可能也和糖尿病相關。
qas: question: zh_tw: 過量飲用什麼飲料會導致 2 型糖尿病？
en: Drinking what kind of beverage too often could cause type 2 diabetes?
answers: zh_tw: text: 含糖飲料

context: zh_tw: 適當的飲食和運動是糖尿病治療的基礎，運動量越充足效果越佳。運動能改善血糖控制，降低體脂和血脂，這些效果即使在沒有體重減輕的情形下也都有證據支援。有氧運動可使 HbA1c 下降並改善胰島素敏感性。阻力訓練也有改善的效果，若能同時進行有氧運動及阻力訓練效果尤佳。
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪種運動會減低 HbA1c？
en: What kind of exercise decreases HbA1c?
answers: zh_tw: text: 有氧運動
斯維拉娜・亞歷塞維奇

context: zh_tw: 斯韋特蘭娜・亞歷山德羅夫娜・阿列克謝耶維奇（白俄羅斯語：Святлана Аляксандраўна Алексіевіч，拉丁化：Svetlana Alexandrovna Alexievich，1948 年 5 月 31 日－），白俄羅斯女記者兼散文作家，2015 年因 “她那複述寫作法的作品，為當代世人的苦難與英勇樹立了一座紀念碑” 而獲得諾貝爾文學獎。她也是第一個獲得該獎的白俄羅斯人。
qas: question: zh_tw: 獲獎者來自哪國？
en: What country is the award recipient from?
answers: zh_tw: text: 白俄羅斯

context: zh_tw: 斯維拉娜・亞歷塞維奇出生於蘇聯烏克蘭蘇維埃社會主義共和國斯坦尼斯拉夫（1962 年改稱伊萬諾 - 弗蘭科夫斯克），父親為白俄羅斯人、母親是烏克蘭人，父母二人都是鄉村教師，後來舉家遷往白俄羅斯。白俄羅斯國立大學新聞系畢業後，她曾在幾個當地報紙任職記者，然後在明斯克為文學雜誌記者。她敘述了職業生涯中最引人注目的事件，如美蘇冷戰，蘇聯阿富汗戰爭，蘇聯的秋天和切爾諾貝利核事故。受到盧卡申科政權迫害後，她在 2000 年離開白俄羅斯。國際城市避難網路提供她庇護所，接下來十年，她住在巴黎，哥德堡和柏林，在 2011 年搬回明斯克。2015 年 10 月 8 日，獲得諾貝爾文學獎，書籍作品《切爾諾貝利的悲鳴》
qas: question: zh_tw: 在阿列克謝耶維奇搬回明斯克之前，誰給她提供了庇護所？
en: Who offered safety before Alexievich went back to Minsk?
answers: zh_tw: text: 國際城市避難網路

question: zh_tw: 斯維拉娜・亞歷塞維奇選擇了哪種職業？
en: What was Svetlana Alexievich's chosen career?
answers: zh_tw: text: 記者
B-17 轟炸機
Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

context: zh_tw: 雖然波音因為這次事故而失去了原本可以到手的轟炸機訂單，但由於陸航驚豔於 Model 299 原型機的飛行表現，因此在 1936 年 1 月 17 日時，陸航透過法規上的漏洞而訂購 13 架 YB-17（由於採用特殊預算的關係，1936 年 11 月後這批飛機被稱作 Y1B-17）。相較於 Model 299，YB-17 有一些明顯的設計變動，包括採用了更為有力的懷特 R-1820 發動機。雖然 Model 299 在試飛時仍是波音公司的財產，也從未被賦予軍方編號，但後世研究者通常將 Model 299 稱為 XB-17，並納入 B-17 的譜系之中。
en: Regardless, the USAAC had been impressed by the prototype's performance, and on 17 January 1936, through a legal loophole, the Air Corps ordered 13 YB-17s (designated Y1B-17 after November 1936 to denote its special F-1 funding) for service testing. The YB-17 incorporated a number of significant changes from the Model 299, including more powerful Wright R-1820-39 Cyclone engines. Although the prototype was company-owned and never received a military serial (the B-17 designation itself did not appear officially until January 1936, nearly three months after the prototype crashed), the term "XB-17" was retroactively applied to the NX13372's airframe and has entered the lexicon to describe the first Flying Fortress.
qas: question: zh_tw: 陸航如何得以訂購 13 架 YB-17？
en: How was the Air Corps able to order 13 YB-17s?
answers: zh_tw: text: 法規上的漏洞
en: text: a legal loophole
蛔蟲病
Ascariasis

context: zh_tw: 全球大約 12 億人罹患蛔蟲病，最多感染的地區包含撒哈拉以南非洲、拉丁美洲與亞洲。這使得蛔蟲病成為最常見的土壤傳播蠕蟲病疫。截至 2010 年，該疾病導致 2,700 人死亡，比起 1990 年的 3,400 人有所下降 [8]。另外一種蛔蟲會感染豬隻。在中國有些地方，蛔蟲被叫做「消食蟲」，誤以為它能幫助人消化，事實上，蛔蟲是寄生在小腸中吸取人腹內的營養物質它靠在腸內攝取半消化的食物來生活，因此易造成兒童的營養不良，中國民間稱之為「疳積」、「蟲疳」。
en: Ascariasis is a disease caused by the parasitic roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides. Infections have no symptoms in more than 85% of cases, especially if the number of worms is small. Symptoms increase with the number of worms present and may include shortness of breath and fever in the beginning of the disease. These may be followed by symptoms of abdominal swelling, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Children are most commonly affected, and in this age group the infection may also cause poor weight gain, malnutrition, and learning problems.Infection occurs by eating food or drink contaminated with Ascaris eggs from feces. The eggs hatch in the intestines, burrow through the gut wall, and migrate to the lungs via the blood. There they break into the alveoli and pass up the trachea, where they are coughed up and may be swallowed. The larvae then pass through the stomach for a second time into the intestine, where they become adult worms. It is a type of soil-transmitted helminthiasis and part of a group of diseases called helminthiases.Prevention is by improved sanitation, which includes improving access to toilets and proper disposal of feces. Handwashing with soap appears protective. In areas where more than 20% of the population is affected, treating everyone at regular intervals is recommended. Reoccurring infections are common. There is no vaccine. Treatments recommended by the World Health Organization are the medications albendazole, mebendazole, levamisole, or pyrantel pamoate. Other effective agents include tribendimidine and nitazoxanide.About 0.8 to 1.2 billion people globally have ascariasis, with the most heavily affected populations being in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and Asia. This makes ascariasis the most common form of soil-transmitted helminthiasis. As of 2010 it caused about 2,700 deaths a year, down from 3,400 in 1990. Another type of Ascaris infects pigs. Ascariasis is classified as a neglected tropical disease.
qas: question: zh_tw: 蛔蟲病對哪些地區造成的打擊最嚴重？
en: Which regions are hit hardest by ascariasis?
answers: zh_tw: text: 撒哈拉以南非洲、拉丁美洲與亞洲
en: text: sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and Asia
艾莎・格達費

context: zh_tw: 她接受利比亞的軍事訓練，之後軍銜一直升到中校，並保持至今。然而，利比亞平民表示，艾莎並不具備中校的能力，僅是因為身為格達費女兒所得到的頭銜。
qas: question: zh_tw: 她在哪個部隊擔任中校？
en: In which military did she become lieutenant colonel?
answers: zh_tw: text: 利比亞

context: zh_tw: 2000 年時艾莎和其他 69 名官員組成的代表團抵達正被制裁的伊拉克首都巴格達。在 2003 年伊拉克戰爭爆發前夕，她會見了的薩達姆・海珊。2011 年，她對美國國務卿希拉蕊・柯林頓和美國總統巴拉克・歐巴馬提出的政策表示抗議，認為調解利比亞內戰之事宜透過國際組織將他們排除在外。
qas: question: zh_tw: 伊拉克何時被入侵？
en: When was iraq invaded?
answers: zh_tw: text: 2003

context: zh_tw: 2009 年 7 月 24 日，她被聯合國開發計劃署任命為利比亞的親善大使，主要是解決愛滋病、貧困和婦女權利等問題，這些都是在該國文化上的敏感話題。2011 年 2 月，她親善大使的資格被撤銷。
qas: question: zh_tw: Ayesha Gaddafi 在聯合國擔任哪種職務？
en: What was the title of Ayesha Gaddafi at the United Nations?
answers: zh_tw: text: 聯合國開發計劃署任命為利比亞的親善大使
米開朗基羅

context: zh_tw: 1475 年 3 月 6 日，米開朗基羅出生於托斯卡納阿雷佐附近的卡普雷塞 （即今天的卡普雷塞米開朗基羅）。 家族的幾代人一直是佛羅倫薩的小銀行家，但米開朗基羅的父親，洛多維科・迪・萊昂納多・博那羅蒂・迪・西蒙尼（Lodovico di Leonardo Buonarroti di Simoni）沒能維持銀行的運轉，轉而間斷在政府任職。 在米開朗基羅出生的時候，他的父親是小鎮卡普雷塞的司法行政官員和丘西的地方行政官員。米開朗基羅的母親名叫弗朗切斯卡・迪・內裡・德爾・米尼亞託・迪・錫耶納（Francesca di Neri del Miniato di Siena）。 米開朗基羅的家族自稱是托斯卡納伯爵夫人卡諾莎的瑪蒂爾達的後代，但是這從未被證實。不過，米開朗基羅對此深信不疑。  米開朗基羅出生幾個月之後，米開朗基羅全家搬到了佛羅倫薩，此後米開朗基羅就在佛羅倫薩長大。 1481 年，米開朗基羅年僅 6 歲時，他的母親去世。米開朗基羅由小鎮塞蒂尼亞諾的一個石匠家庭撫養。他的父親在這個鎮上擁有一個大理石採石場和一個小農場。 喬爾喬・瓦薩里引用米開朗基羅的話說，“如果說我有一些優點的話，那是因為我出生在貴國阿雷佐的奇妙氣氛中。在被奶媽哺育長大的過程中，我學到了錘鑿的使用訣竅，並用其塑造人物。” 當米開朗基羅還是一個小男孩的時候，他的父親把他送到佛羅倫薩的人文主義者弗朗切斯科・達・烏爾比諾（Francesco da Urbino）那裡學習語法。 然而，米開朗基羅對上學沒有興趣，卻更喜歡臨摹教堂的繪畫以及和畫家們呆在一起。 十三歲時，米開朗基羅成為了畫家多梅尼科・基爾蘭達約的學徒。 年僅十四歲時，米開朗基羅的父親說服了基爾蘭達約，從而使米開朗基羅可以按照畫家的標準向基爾蘭達約領取工資，這在那時是極不尋常的事情。 1489 年，佛羅倫薩的實際統治者洛倫佐・美第奇要基爾蘭達約把他最好的兩個學生送來，基爾蘭達約選擇了米開朗基羅和弗朗切斯科・格拉納奇。 1490 至 1492 年間，米開朗基羅加入了美第奇家族設立的人文學院，學院倡導新柏拉圖主義。米開朗基羅在貝爾托爾多・迪・喬萬尼指導下學習雕塑。在學院中，米開朗基羅的世界觀和藝術風格都受到當時最傑出的哲學家和作家（包括馬爾西里奧・菲奇諾、若望・皮科・德拉・米蘭多拉和波利齊亞諾）的影響。 在此期間，米開朗基羅創作了浮雕樓梯上的聖母（1490-1492）和半人馬之戰（1491-1492 - 年）。後者的題材來自於波利齊亞諾的提議，作品是洛倫佐・美第奇的委託件。 17 歲時，貝爾托爾多・迪・喬萬尼的另一位徒弟彼得羅・托里賈諾在一次爭執中打中了米開朗基羅的鼻子，使得他破了相。後來所有米開朗基羅的畫像中都體現了這一明顯的面部缺陷。
qas: question: zh_tw: 米開朗基羅的父親在他出生時做了什麼工作？
en: what job did Michelangelo's father have during his birth?
answers: zh_tw: text: 司法行政官員和丘西的地方行政官員

question: zh_tw: 米開朗基羅何時出生的？
en: When was Michelangelo born?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1475 年 3 月 6 日，米開朗基羅出生於托斯卡納阿雷佐附近的卡普雷塞

context: zh_tw: 1492 年 4 月 8 日，洛倫佐・美第奇離世。米開朗基羅的生活由此被改變，他離開了美第奇宮廷的保護，回到他父親的居所。接下來的幾個月裡，他雕刻了一件木製的十字苦像（1493），作為給佛羅倫薩聖神教堂院長的禮物。這座教堂允許米開朗基羅利用教堂醫院的屍體進行解剖學研究。 1493 年至 1494 年間，米開朗基羅購買了一大塊大理石，將它雕成了比真人略大的赫丘利像。雕像後來被送至法國，並在 18 世紀時遺失。 1494 年 1 月 20 日，一場大雪過後，洛倫佐・美第奇的繼承人皮耶羅二世・德・美第奇委託米開朗基羅用雪製作一件雕塑，米開朗基羅由此重返美第奇的宮廷。
qas: question: zh_tw: 洛倫佐・美第奇是何時去世的？
en: When did Lorenzo de Medici die?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1492 年 4 月 8 日

context: zh_tw: 1499 年至 1501 年間，米開朗基羅回到了佛羅倫薩。佛羅倫薩原來的精神和世俗領袖，反對文藝復興的修士薩佛納羅拉在 1498 年被處以火刑，皮耶羅・索代里尼漸漸得勢，佛羅倫薩共和國的形勢轉好。羊毛同業公會委託米開朗基羅創作一件巨大的大衛雕像，作為佛羅倫薩自由的象徵，完工後擺放在維奇奧宮前的領主廣場上。同業公會提供的大理石，是阿戈斯蒂諾・迪・杜喬在 40 年前用過的。 1504 年，米開朗基羅完成了大衛像。這一出色的傑作，突顯了米開朗基羅非凡的技術和出眾的想像力，奠定了他作為雕塑家的地位。
qas: question: zh_tw: 米開朗基羅何時回到了佛羅倫薩？
en: When did Michelangelo come back to Florence?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1499
多利
Dolly (sheep)

context: zh_tw: 綿羊多利（Dolly，1996 年 7 月 5 日－2003 年 2 月 14 日）是用細胞核移植技術將哺乳動物的成年體細胞培育出新個體。是第一個成功克隆的哺乳動物。它是由蘇格蘭羅斯林研究所和 PPL Therapeutics 生物技術公司的伊恩・威爾穆特和基思・坎貝爾領導的小組培育的。克隆的研究經費來源於 PPL Therapeutics 生物技術公司和英國農業部。
en: Dolly was cloned by Keith Campbell, Ian Wilmut and colleagues at the Roslin Institute, part of the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, and the biotechnology company PPL Therapeutics, based near Edinburgh. The funding for Dolly's cloning was provided by PPL Therapeutics and the Ministry of Agriculture. She was born on 5 July 1996 and died from a progressive lung disease five months before her seventh birthday (the disease was not considered related to her being a clone). She has been called "the world's most famous sheep" by sources including BBC News and Scientific American.The cell used as the donor for the cloning of Dolly was taken from a mammary gland, and the production of a healthy clone therefore proved that a cell taken from a specific part of the body could recreate a whole individual. On Dolly's name, Wilmut stated "Dolly is derived from a mammary gland cell and we couldn't think of a more impressive pair of glands than Dolly Parton's".
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰克隆了多莉？
en: Who cloned Dolly?
answers: zh_tw: text: 伊恩・威爾穆特和基思・坎貝爾
en: text: Keith Campbell, Ian Wilmut
增值稅

context: zh_tw: 增值稅是由法國經濟學家 Maurice Lauré 於 1954 年所發明，目前法國政府有 45% 的收入來自增值稅。增值稅通常採用扣稅法計稅，應納稅額＝銷售全值 × 稅率 - 投入物 × 稅率。
qas: question: zh_tw: 法國在 1954 年 4 月 10 日實行了什麼？
en: What was implemented on April 10, 1954 in France?
answers: zh_tw: text: 增值稅

context: zh_tw: 由於對「某些人」的價格上升，所交易的商品數量會減少。相對地，有些人會被損害多於政府所能夠從稅收得到的，這主要因為供應和需求的變化，而又稱作無謂損失（deadweight loss）。如果經濟體系所損失的以入大於政府所得到稅收，或政府花費多於「消耗」稅收，這就是一個無效率的稅。當扭曲出現時，消費稅或是增值稅會被認為是不太優越的，因為它們扭曲了投資意欲，並使消費下降。
qas: question: zh_tw: 為什麼交易貨物數量下降了？
en: Why would the quantity of goods traded decrease?
answers: zh_tw: text: 相對地，有些人會被損害多於政府所能夠從稅收得到的，這主要因為供應和需求的變化，而又稱作無謂損失（deadweight

question: zh_tw: 當價格上漲，商品數量會變多少？
en: The quantity of goods what when the price rises?
answers: zh_tw: text: 減少

context: zh_tw: 在歐盟的稅制中，當一個人進一項經濟活動，供應商品及服務給另外一人，而供應的價值超過免稅額，他就需要登記並向他的顧客徵稅。增值稅可以包括在雙方所同意的價格的一部分；或在雙方同意的價格以外再加上。由一間商業機構收取但由顧客付出的增值稅被稱為輸出增值稅（Output VAT），至於由另一間商業機構付出給供應商的被稱為輸入增值稅（Input VAT）。如果該商業機構把被徵收輸入增值稅的原料來生產需付輸出增值稅的商品，它便可獲得退稅。
qas: question: zh_tw: 公司收取供應費用的名稱是什麼？
en: What is the name for  supply fee charges by the company?
answers: zh_tw: text: 由一間商業機構收取但由顧客付出的增值稅被稱為輸出增值稅（Output VAT）
邁克・泰森
Mike Tyson

context: zh_tw: 1987 年，他唯一的另一場比賽是 10 月對陣 1984 年奧運會冠軍 Tyrell Biggs，泰森表現精湛，以第 7 局的技術型擊倒將比賽結束。
en: Expectations for Tyson were extremely high, and he was the favorite to win the heavyweight unification series, a tournament designed to establish an undisputed heavyweight champion. Tyson defended his title against James Smith on March 7, 1987, in Las Vegas, Nevada. He won by unanimous decision and added Smith's World Boxing Association (WBA) title to his existing belt. "Tyson-mania" in the media was becoming rampant. He beat Pinklon Thomas in May by TKO in the sixth round. On August 1 he took the International Boxing Federation (IBF) title from Tony Tucker in a twelve round unanimous decision 119–111, 118–113, and 116–112. He became the first heavyweight to own all three major belts – WBA, WBC, and IBF – at the same time. Another fight, in October of that year, ended with a victory for Tyson over 1984 Olympic super heavyweight gold medalist Tyrell Biggs by TKO in the seventh round.During this time, Tyson came to the attention of gaming company Nintendo. After witnessing one of Tyson's fights, Nintendo of America president, Minoru Arakawa was impressed by the fighter's "power and skill", prompting him to suggest Tyson be included in the upcoming Nintendo Entertainment System port of the Punch Out!! arcade game. In 1987, Nintendo released Mike Tyson's Punch-Out!!, which was well received and sold more than a million copies.Tyson had three fights in 1988. He faced Larry Holmes on January 22, 1988, and defeated the legendary former champion by KO in the fourth round. This was the only knockout loss Holmes suffered in 75 professional bouts. In March, Tyson then fought contender Tony Tubbs in Tokyo, Japan, fitting in an easy second round TKO victory amid promotional and marketing work.On June 27, 1988, Tyson faced Michael Spinks. Spinks, who had taken the heavyweight championship from Larry Holmes via fifteen round decision in 1985, had not lost his title in the ring but was not recognized as champion by the major boxing organizations. Holmes had previously given up all but the IBF title, and that was eventually stripped from Spinks after he elected to fight Gerry Cooney (winning by TKO in the fifth round) rather than IBF Number 1 Contender Tony Tucker, as the Cooney fight provided him a larger purse. However, Spinks did become the lineal champion by beating Holmes and many (including Ring magazine) considered him to have a legitimate claim to being the true heavyweight champion. The bout was, at the time, the richest fight in history and expectations were very high. Boxing pundits were predicting a titanic battle of styles, with Tyson's aggressive infighting conflicting with Spinks' skillful out-boxing and footwork. The fight ended after 91 seconds when Tyson knocked Spinks out in the first round; many consider this to be the pinnacle of Tyson's fame and boxing ability.
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰獲得了 1984 年奧運會超級重量級拳擊專案的冠軍？
en: Who won the gold medal in the Olympics in 1984 in the super heavyweight boxing category?
answers: zh_tw: text: 他唯一的另一場比賽是 10 月對陣 1984 年奧運會冠軍 Tyrell Biggs，
en: text: Tyrell Biggs
歐洲冠軍聯賽
UEFA Champions League

context: zh_tw: 1998 年，為了阻止各大俱樂部建立歐洲超級聯賽的設想，歐足聯決定從 1999–2000 賽季起對歐洲三大杯賽進行有史以來最大的改革 —— 歐洲優勝者杯被取消併入歐洲足協盃。而根據歐洲俱樂部比賽成績的排名，各國可以派出 1–4 支球隊參加歐洲冠軍聯賽。又增加了一輪小組賽，第一階段的小組賽由 32 支球隊分成每組 4 隊進行，每隊進行 6 場比賽。8 個小組的前兩名進入第二階段的小組賽，第三名進入歐洲聯盟杯第三輪。第二階段小組賽決出 8 強晉級淘汰賽。2003–04 賽季，歐洲冠軍聯賽取消了第二階段小組賽，也就是產生十六強之後，直接開始進行淘汰賽，直到決出冠軍為止。而淘汰賽階段開始進行對賽抽籤，16 強的話首先為 8 支分組首名及 8 支分組次名進行種子分佈。對賽為首名對次名，但前提是對手不能為該屆同組及同國家的球隊。8 強的抽籤則不再侷限於同組及同國家的對手，並同時間接定出準決賽的對賽分佈，但自 2012–13 年歐洲冠軍聯賽起準決賽改為另外進行抽籤。決賽前每個淘汰賽階段分首次回合，以兩隊的總得分作為比分。如同分的話則計作客入球優惠，但再分不出勝負的話直接進入加時，作客入球優惠在加時同樣適用。如果加時都是分不出勝負就會進入互射十二碼的階段。由於決賽是一次過的比賽，所以會在中立球場舉行。基於公平原則，即使舉行決賽的球場為該球隊所屬的國家甚至主場亦需要分主客場次，同時亦方便球場管理。同樣地，如 90 分鐘內無法分出勝負就進入加時，如仍無法分出勝負就會進入互射十二碼的階段決出冠軍誰屬。
en: The tournament proper begins with a group stage of 32 teams, divided into eight groups. Seeding is used whilst making the draw for this stage, whilst teams from the same nation may not be drawn into groups together. Each team meets the others in its group home and away in a round-robin format. The winning team and the runners-up from each group then progress to the next round. The third-placed team enters the UEFA Europa League.
qas: question: zh_tw: 聯賽中包括多少支球隊？
en: How many teams are involved in the tournament?
answers: zh_tw: text: 32
en: text: 32
聯邦調查局
Federal Bureau of Investigation

context: zh_tw: 聯邦調查局還針對美國的有組織犯罪進行了很多工作，打擊了很多犯罪組織和集團，例如 Sam Giancana 家族和 John Gotti 家族。
en: In response to organized crime, on August 25, 1953, the FBI created the Top Hoodlum Program. The national office directed field offices to gather information on mobsters in their territories and to report it regularly to Washington for a centralized collection of intelligence on racketeers. After the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, or RICO Act, took effect, the FBI began investigating the former Prohibition-organized groups, which had become fronts for crime in major cities and small towns. All of the FBI work was done undercover and from within these organizations, using the provisions provided in the RICO Act. Gradually the agency dismantled many of the groups. Although Hoover initially denied the existence of a National Crime Syndicate in the United States, the Bureau later conducted operations against known organized crime syndicates and families, including those headed by Sam Giancana and John Gotti. The RICO Act is still used today for all organized crime and any individuals who may fall under the Act's provisions.
qas: question: zh_tw: 領導兩個犯罪集團和家族的頭目之一是？
en: Who was one of the   criminal bosses who headed the two crime syndicates and families in the past?
answers: zh_tw: text: Sam Giancana 家族和 John Gotti 家族
en: text: Sam Giancana and John Gotti.
南特里普拉縣
South Tripura district

context: zh_tw: 南特里普拉縣是印度特里普拉邦所轄的一個縣，距離邦首府阿加爾塔拉約 60 公里。該縣面積 2152km² ，總人口 762,565 (2001 年)。縣治位於烏代普爾。該縣分為 5 個鄉，分別為烏代普爾鄉 (Udaipur), Amarpur, Belonia, Sabroom，Santirbazar。
en: South Tripura (Bengali: দক্ষিণ ত্রিপুরা জেলা) is an administrative district in the state of Tripura in northeastern India.
qas: question: zh_tw: 南特里普拉縣位於哪裡？
en: Where is South Tripura located?
answers: zh_tw: text: 印度
en: text: northeastern India
嵌入式系統

context: zh_tw: 嵌入式系統的關鍵特性是處理特定的任務，因此工程師能對其進行最佳化，以降低產品的體積和成本，提升可靠性和效能。
qas: question: zh_tw: 什麼工程師正在對系統進行最佳化？
en: What type of enginieers are working on the system to optimize it?
answers: zh_tw: text: 處理

context: zh_tw: 嵌入式系統的物理形態包括便攜裝置如計步器、電子手錶和 MP3 播放器，大型固定裝置如交通燈、工廠控制器，大型複雜系統如混合動力汽車、磁共振成像裝置、航空電子裝置等。它們的複雜度低至微控制器，高至大型底盤或外殼內安裝有多個部件、外設和網路。
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪是嵌入式系統的例子？
en: What are examples of embedded systems?
answers: zh_tw: text: 便攜裝置如計步器、電子手錶和 MP3 播放器，大型固定裝置如交通燈、工廠控制器，大型複雜系統如混合動力汽車、磁共振成像裝置、航空電子裝置

context: zh_tw: 第一款大批次生產的嵌入式系統是 1961 年釋出的民兵 I 導彈內的 D-17 自動制導計算機。當民兵 II 導彈在 1966 年開始生產的時候，D-17 升級成一種新型計算機，其中首次大量使用了積體電路。僅這個專案就將反及閘模組的單價從 1000 美元降低至 3 美元，低到可用於商業產品。
qas: question: zh_tw: 民兵 II 導彈什麼時候開始生產？
en: What was the year the Minuteman II started being made?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1966

context: zh_tw: 同典型的計算機程式設計師一樣，嵌入式系統設計人員也使用編譯器、連結器和偵錯程式開發嵌入式系統軟體。然而，他們也使用一些大多數程式設計師不熟悉的工具。
qas: question: zh_tw: 他們如何製作嵌入式系統軟體？
en: How do they make embedded system software?
answers: zh_tw: text: 編譯器、連結器和偵錯程式
表演藝術
Performing arts

context: zh_tw: 表演藝術，簡稱演藝，是一種藝術的表現形式，可以從話劇、音樂、舞蹈、歌劇、音樂劇、魔術、雜技、Cosplay 等形式表現出來。通常使用兩種方式演繹，一是無語方式，僅用肢體動作表達所要表演的故事；另一種是語言和表演同時進行以達到標準。表演藝術也是中國傳統的藝術。
en: Performing arts may include dance, music, opera, theatre and musical theatre, magic, illusion, mime, spoken word, puppetry, circus arts, performance art.
qas: question: zh_tw: 魔術是哪種型別的藝術？
en: What kind of art is magic?
answers: zh_tw: text: 表演
en: text: Performing
外匯市場
Foreign exchange market

context: zh_tw: 匯率的波動通常是由實際貨幣流動、GDP 的可能變化、通貨膨脹、利率、Domestic Fisher effect、International Fisher effect、政府預算、國際收支、大型跨國併購和其它宏觀條件所引起的。重大的訊息會公開發布，並且通常是在事先約定的日期，所以許多人同時可以得到同一個訊息。
en: Fluctuations in exchange rates are usually caused by actual monetary flows as well as by expectations of changes in monetary flows. These are caused by changes in gross domestic product (GDP) growth, inflation (purchasing power parity theory), interest rates (interest rate parity, Domestic Fisher effect, International Fisher effect), budget and trade deficits or surpluses, large cross-border M&A deals and other macroeconomic conditions. Major news is released publicly, often on scheduled dates, so many people have access to the same news at the same time. However, large banks have an important advantage; they can see their customers' order flow.
qas: question: zh_tw: 有哪一類條件能導致匯率波動？
en: What type of conditions are causes of fluctuations of exchange rates?
answers: zh_tw: text: 匯率的波動通常是由實際貨幣流動、GDP 的可能變化、通貨膨脹、利率、Domestic
en: text: changes in gross domestic product (GDP) growth, inflation (purchasing power parity theory), interest rates (interest rate parity, Domestic Fisher effect, International Fisher effect), budget and trade deficits or surpluses, large cross-border M&A deals and other macroeconomic conditions
救世基督像
Christ the Redeemer (statue)

context: zh_tw: 第二次「在山上建立一個地標」的提議是里約熱內盧大主教在 1921 年提出的。大主教組織了一個叫做「紀念像周」（Semana do Monumento）的活動來吸引捐款，捐款者主要是巴西的天主教徒。基督雕像的設計要求包括：須代表基督教的十字架，有一座手持地球的耶穌基督像和一個象徵世界的基座。最後選擇了「救世基督展開雙臂」為設計外型。
en: Vincentian priest, Pedro Maria Boss, first suggested placing a Christian monument on Mount Corcovado in the mid 1850s to honor Princess Isabel, regent of Brazil and the daughter of Emperor Pedro II, but the project was not approved. In 1889 the country became a republic, and due to the separation of church and state, the proposed statue was dismissed.The Catholic Circle of Rio made a second proposal for a landmark statue on the mountain in 1920. The group organized an event called Semana do Monumento ("Monument Week") to attract donations and collect signatures to support the building of the statue. The organization was motivated by what they perceived as 'Godlessness' in the society. The donations came mostly from Brazilian Catholics. The designs considered for the "Statue of the Christ" included a representation of the Christian cross, a statue of Jesus with a globe in his hands, and a pedestal symbolizing the world. The statue of Christ the Redeemer with open arms, a symbol of peace, was chosen.
qas: question: zh_tw: 為幫助建造這座雕像所舉辦活動的西班牙名稱是什麼？
en: What is the spanish name of the event organized to help build the statue?
answers: zh_tw: text: 紀念像周
en: text: Semana do Monumento
血吸蟲病

context: zh_tw: 血吸蟲病（英語：schistosomiasis、bilharzia、snail fever、Katayama fever）又稱裂體蟲病、曼森氏病，是一個由血吸蟲類的寄生蟲所導致之疾病。它有可能感染尿道或消化系統。
qas: question: zh_tw: 蝸牛熱的專有名詞叫什麼？
en: What is the proper name for snail fever?
answers: zh_tw: text: 血吸蟲病

context: zh_tw: 此疾病的傳播途徑為接觸到含寄生蟲的水源。寄生蟲由受到感染的淡水蝸牛釋出。此疾病在開發中國家的小孩身上最為常見，因為他們有較高的機率在戲水過程中接觸到受汙染的水源。其他的高危險群包括農夫、漁夫以及日常水源受汙染者。血吸蟲病屬於蠕蟲感染的一種，潛伏期平均 40 天，多數在 3 周 - 2 個月。發診斷依據為在患者的尿液或糞便中發現寄生蟲卵。亦可經由血液中發現針對此疾病的抗體而確診午後發熱是典型症狀，病人體溫午後開始逐漸升高，傍晚時達到高峰，至午夜大汗熱退，感覺大幅舒緩，但隔日重來，各種抗生素均無效。
qas: question: zh_tw: 是什麼讓淡水感染了寄生蟲？
en: What is infecting the fresh water with parasites?
answers: zh_tw: text: 蝸牛

question: zh_tw: 除了發展中國家的兒童，哪些人患寄生蟲病的風險也很高？
en: Which groups are at high risk for this parasitical disease aside from children in developing countries?
answers: zh_tw: text: 農夫、漁夫以及日常水源受汙染者

question: zh_tw: 檢查什麼地方可以發現寄生蟲卵？
en: What can be checked to find the parasite's eggs?
answers: zh_tw: text: 尿液或糞便

context: zh_tw: 其餘症狀包括腹痛、下痢、血便、或血尿，常呈痢疾樣大便，可帶血和粘液，咳嗽血痰。在受到長期感染的人身上，有可能導致肝臟受損、腎衰竭、不孕或膀胱癌。在兒童身上，可能造成發育不良和學習障礙。而慢性血吸蟲病常無過度症狀，成因為流行區居民自幼與河水接觸，小量反覆感染，但也有部分急性患者治療不完全後發展成慢性。慢性者消瘦、貧血、乏力、勞動力減退，而到末期會出現肝脾腫大、腹部膨隆似青蛙腹，病程長者可達 10～20 年最終只能以手術治療。
qas: question: zh_tw: 血吸蟲病有什麼症狀？
en: what are the symptoms of  Schistosomiasis?
answers: zh_tw: text: 腹痛、下痢、血便、或血尿

context: zh_tw: 預防手段包括乾淨水源的普及化以及蝸牛數量的抑制。在此疾病盛行的地區，殺蟲藥吡喹酮可以以一年一次的頻率對整個人群施用。如此可以由降低感染人數，達到減緩疾病傳播的目的。吡喹酮也是世界衛生組織所建議對已知感染者的治療手段。
qas: question: zh_tw: 這一過程會讓更多的人口受到汙染，還是更少的人口受到汙染？
en: Is this process used to contaminate more of the population or less of the population?
answers: zh_tw: text: 降低感染人數

context: zh_tw: 全世界受血吸蟲病影響的人數約有 2.1 億人，估計每年有 12,000 到 200,000 人因此死亡。此疾病在非洲最為常見，在亞洲及南美洲也很盛行。全世界大約有超過 70 餘國、約 7 億人活在此疾病的高發地區。血吸蟲病是全球第二大的病，僅次於瘧疾，是對經濟破壞性最大的寄生蟲病。從古代到 20 世紀初，血吸蟲病血尿的症狀在埃及被視為男性的月事，也因此被當作是男孩的成年禮。它是一種被忽視熱帶病。
qas: question: zh_tw: 最常見哪種病？
en: What disease is most common?
answers: zh_tw: text: 瘧疾
世界羽毛球錦標賽
BWF World Championships

context: zh_tw: 除舉辦奧運會的年份外，本賽事每年舉辦一次，以決出五個專案（男子單打、女子單打、男子雙打、女子雙打和混合雙打）的世界冠軍。本賽事為一項個人賽事，參賽者資格由世界排名積分決定，並邀請世界羽聯各會員協會為選手報名參加。每項賽事的勝出者將獲頒金牌和賦予 “世界冠軍” 頭銜，亞軍獲頒銀牌，而並列季軍則獲頒銅牌。
en: The BWF World Championships (formerly known as IBF World Championships, also known as the World Badminton Championships) is a badminton tournament sanctioned by Badminton World Federation (BWF). The tournament offers the most ranking points, together with Summer Olympic Games. The winners will be crowned as the "World Champions" and awarded gold medals. However, it does not offer any prize money.The tournament started in 1977 and was held once every three years until 1983. However, the IBF (International Badminton Federation) faced difficulty in hosting the first two events as the World Badminton Federation (which later merged with the IBF to form one badminton federation) hosted the same tournament a year after the IBF World Championships with the same goals. Started 1985, the tournament became biennial and played once every two years until 2005. Starting 2006, the tournament was changed to an annual event on the BWF calendar with the goal to give more chances for the players to be crowned as official "World Champions". However, the tournament will not be held once every four years to give way to the Summer Olympic Games.
qas: question: zh_tw: BWF 世界錦標賽冠軍將被授予什麼？
en: The BWF World Championship  winner will be awarded with what?
answers: zh_tw: text: 金牌
en: text: gold medals

question: zh_tw: BWF 何時開始成為一年一度的賽事？
answers: en: text: 2006

context: zh_tw: 2006 年起，本賽事成為了國際羽聯日程表上一年一度的賽事；但每到夏季奧運會舉辦的年份（如 2012、2016、2020 年），本賽事將會停辦，以便為奧運會讓路。
qas: question: zh_tw: BWF 何時開始成為一年一度的賽事？
en: When did the BWF start becoming an annual event?
answers: zh_tw: text: 2006
姬・韓遜
Kate Hudson

context: zh_tw: 凱特・哈德森在 1979 年於美國加州洛杉磯出生，父親是音樂人比爾・赫德森（Bill Hudson），母親是 1969 年奧斯卡最佳女配角獎得主歌蒂・韓。父母在她出生 18 個月後離婚。她和長兄，演員奧利弗・哈德森（Oliver Hudson），由母親和母親的男友演員卻・羅素在科羅拉多州撫養長大。她曾經說過自己的生父比爾・赫德森根本不認識她，因此寧可認卻・羅素作父。凱特・赫德森曾形容她的母親是「自己從她身上學習到最多的女性，也是自己最敬仰的女性，並且希望自己能夠學習母親對待生活的態度」。她有兩位同父異母的兄弟姐妹，Emily Hudson 和 Zachary Hudson（其生父與女演員 Cindy Williams 結婚後所生），以及一位同母異父的弟弟，Wyatt Russell（其母與 Kurt Russell 所生）。
en: Hudson was born in Los Angeles, California, the daughter of Academy Award-winning actress Goldie Hawn and Bill Hudson, an actor, comedian, and musician. Her parents divorced when she was 18 months old and she and her older brother, actor Oliver Hudson, were raised in Snowmass, Colorado, and Pacific Palisades, California, by her mother and her mother's longtime boyfriend, actor Kurt Russell. Hudson's ancestry is Italian (from her paternal grandmother), Hungarian-Jewish (from her maternal grandmother), and the remainder a mix of English and some German. Hudson was raised Jewish, and like her mother, she practices Buddhism.Hudson has stated that her biological father "doesn't know me from a hole in the wall", and she considers Russell her father. Hudson has described her mother as "the woman that I've learned the most from, and who I look up to, who has conducted her life in a way that I can look up to". She has four half-siblings: Emily and Zachary Hudson, from her biological father's later marriage to actress Cindy Williams; Lalania Hudson, from his relationship with another woman; and Wyatt Russell, from her mother's relationship with Kurt Russell.
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰幫助撫養了凱特和奧利弗・哈德森？
en: Who assisted in raising Kate and Oliver Hudson?
answers: zh_tw: text: 演員卻・羅素
en: text: actor Kurt Russell
唾液
Saliva

context: zh_tw: 一種常見的說法認為唾液裡含有天然的消毒成分，因此人們相信在受傷後舔舐傷口對復原有幫助喔。佛羅里達大學的研究者發現老鼠的唾液中含有一種名為神經生長因子（NGF）的蛋白質。塗上 NGF 的傷口要比不做處理的傷口恢復快兩倍；因此某些物種的唾液確實有幫助傷口恢復的功效。人類的唾液中目前仍未發現有 NGF 存在；不過研究者在人類唾液中發現了一些抗菌劑，如 IgA、乳鐵蛋白、溶菌酶以及過氧化物酶。雖然至今仍未有證據顯示舔舐傷口可以消毒，不過在舔舐的過程中一些較大的汙染物如灰塵以及病原體可被唾液直接沖走。因此在沒有水或其他消毒劑的情況下舔舐仍不失為清潔傷口的好方法。
en: A common belief is that saliva contained in the mouth has natural disinfectants, which leads people to believe it is beneficial to "lick their wounds". Researchers at the University of Florida at Gainesville have discovered a protein called nerve growth factor (NGF) in the saliva of mice. Wounds doused with NGF healed twice as fast as untreated and unlicked wounds; therefore, saliva can help to heal wounds in some species. NGF has not been found in human saliva; however, researchers find human saliva contains such antibacterial agents as secretory IgA, lactoferrin, lysozyme and peroxidase. It has not been shown that human licking of wounds disinfects them, but licking is likely to help clean the wound by removing  larger contaminants such as dirt and may help to directly remove infective bodies by brushing them away. Therefore, licking would be a way of wiping off pathogens, useful if clean water is not available to the animal or person.
qas: question: zh_tw: 與未治療的傷口相比，塗上 NGF 的傷口癒合的速度有多快？
en: Compared to an untreated wound, how quickly does an NGF-saturated wound heal?
answers: zh_tw: text: 快兩倍
en: text: twice as fast
核動力
Nuclear power

context: zh_tw: 1954 年，美國原子能委員會（美國核管理委員會的前身）的主席劉易斯・斯特勞斯說，人們談到核能時經常會提到，如果廣泛應用核能，電力在將來會變得很便宜，這可能是指核融合發電，但實際上這是錯誤的。但是人們的這種想法已經讓美國決定在 2000 年之前建造 1000 個核反應堆。在 1955 年聯合國的 “第一次日內瓦會議” 中，世界上聚集了最多的科學家來一起探索核能這個新領域。1957 年，歐洲原子能共同體（EURATOM）與歐洲經濟共同體（即現在的歐盟）一同成立。同年成立的還有國際原子能機構（IAEA）。
en: The first organization to develop nuclear power was the U.S. Navy, with the S1W reactor for the purpose of propelling submarines and aircraft carriers. The first nuclear-powered submarine, USS Nautilus, was put to sea in January 1954. The trajectory of civil reactor design was heavily influenced by Admiral Hyman G. Rickover, who with Weinberg as a close advisor, selected the PWR/Pressurized Water Reactor design, in the form of a  10 MW reactor for the Nautilus, a decision that would result in the PWR receiving a government commitment to develop, an engineering lead that would result in a lasting impact on the civilian electricity market in the years to come. The United States Navy Nuclear Propulsion design and operation community, under Rickover's style of attentive management retains a continuing record of zero reactor accidents (defined as the uncontrolled release of fission products to the environment resulting from damage to a reactor core). with the U.S. Navy fleet of nuclear-powered ships, standing at some 80 vessels as of 2018.On June 27, 1954, the USSR's Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant, based on what would become the prototype of the RBMK reactor design, became the world's first nuclear power plant to generate electricity for a power grid, producing around 5 megawatts of electric power.On July 17, 1955 the BORAX III reactor, the prototype to later Boiling Water Reactors, became the first to generate electricity for an entire community, the town of Arco, Idaho. A motion picture record of the demonstration, of supplying some 2 megawatts(2 MW) of electricity, was presented to the United Nations, Where at the "First Geneva Conference",  the world's largest gathering of scientists and engineers, met to explore the technology in that year. In 1957 EURATOM was launched alongside the European Economic Community (the latter is now the European Union). The same year also saw the launch of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
qas: question: zh_tw: 歐盟原來叫什麼？
en: The European Union was originally called?
answers: zh_tw: text: 歐洲經濟共同體
en: text: European Economic Community
演化
Evolution

context: zh_tw: 此後，現代演化綜論得到了進一步的擴充套件，至解釋完整橫跨生物層級及綜合範圍的生物現象：從基因至物種。此擴充套件，如演化發育生物學，或簡稱為演化發生學，強調世代之間的變化（進化）是如何影響生物個體的模式。
en: Since then, the modern synthesis has been further extended to explain biological phenomena across the full and integrative scale of the biological hierarchy, from genes to species. One extension, known as evolutionary developmental biology and informally called "evo-devo," emphasises how changes between generations (evolution) acts on patterns of change within individual organisms (development). Since the beginning of the 21st century and in light of discoveries made in recent decades, some biologists have argued for an extended evolutionary synthesis, which would account for the effects of non-genetic inheritance modes, such as epigenetics, parental effects, ecological inheritance and cultural inheritance, and evolvability.
qas: question: zh_tw: 為什麼合成的概念被擴充套件？
en: Why was the concept of synthesis extended?
answers: zh_tw: text: 解釋完整橫跨生物層級及綜合範圍的生物現象：從基因至物種
en: text: to explain biological phenomena across the full and integrative scale of the biological hierarchy, from genes to species
科特・柯本
Kurt Cobain

context: zh_tw: 1967 年 2 月 20 日，科特・唐納德・柯本出生於華盛頓州亞伯丁。他出生後頭六個月住在華盛頓州一個名為霍奎厄姆（Hoquiam）的小鎮，後來一家人搬到了亞伯丁。他的父親，唐納德・李蘭・柯本，是愛爾蘭與法國的後裔，而他的母親，溫蒂・伊莉莎白・弗蘭登堡，則有著愛爾蘭、德國與英國的血統。柯本有一個妹妹，名為金柏莉，出生於 1970 年 4 月 24 日。柯本很早就顯露出對音樂的興趣。據他的阿姨瑪莉所說，「他從二歲起就開始唱歌。他總是唱著披頭四的歌曲，像是〈Hey Jude〉。他在很小的時候就富有一種獨特的魅力。」柯本的父母在他八歲時離異，柯本後來對此表示，這件事對他的一生造成了深切的影響。他的母親指出，在此之後，柯本的個性一百八十度大轉變，變得沉默寡言而內向。在 1993 年的一次訪談中，柯本說道，「我記得我基於某些原因，覺得羞愧。我為我的父母感到羞愧。我在學校再也沒辦法面對某些朋友，因為我不顧一切的想要擁有普通，你知道，典型的家庭。媽媽、爸爸。我渴望這種平安，所以我痛恨我的父母，我因此沉默了好些年。」在離婚後，柯本和母親生活了一年，隨後搬到了華盛頓州的蒙特沙諾（Montesano）與父親同住。然而，數年後，他青春期的過分叛逆讓父親無法承受，而柯本也彆扭的生活在朋友與家人之間。
en: I remember feeling ashamed, for some reason. I was ashamed of my parents. I couldn't face some of my friends at school anymore, because I desperately wanted to have the classic, you know, typical family. Mother, father. I wanted that security, so I resented my parents for quite a few years because of that.
qas: question: zh_tw: 作者為誰感到羞愧？
en: what was the author ashamed of
answers: zh_tw: text: 父母
en: text: parents
旅行者 2 號

context: zh_tw: 旅行者 2 號（英語：Voyager 2）是一艘於 1977 年 8 月 20 日發射的美國太空總署無人星際太空船，截至 2019 年依然正常運作，是有史以來運作時間最久的太空探測器。它與其姊妹船旅行者 1 號基本上設計相同。不同的是旅行者 2 號循一個較慢的飛行軌跡，使它能夠保持在黃道（即太陽系眾行星的軌道水平面）之中，藉此在 1981 年的時候透過土星的引力加速飛往天王星和海王星。正因如此，它並沒有像它的姊妹旅行者 1 號一樣能夠如此靠近土衛六。但它因此而成為了第一艘造訪天王星和海王星的太空船，完成了藉這個 176 年一遇的行星幾何排陣而造訪四顆氣體巨行星的機會。旅行者 2 號被認為是從地球發射的太空船中最多產的一艘太空船，皆因在美國太空總署對其後的伽利略號和卡西尼 - 惠更斯號等的計劃上收緊花費之下，它仍能以強大的攝影機及大量的科學儀器造訪四顆氣體巨行星（木星、土星、天王星、海王星）及其衛星。
qas: question: zh_tw: 旅行者 2 號是何時發射的？
en: When was the Voyager 2 launched?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1977 年 8 月 20 日

context: zh_tw: 旅行者 2 號在 1981 年 8 月 25 日最接近土星。當太空船處於土星後方時（相對地球而言），它以雷達對土星的大氣層上部進行探測，並量度了氣溫及密度等資料。旅行者 2 號發現高層位置（氣壓相當於 7 百帕時）的氣溫為 70 K（−203 °C），而在低層位置（氣壓相當於 120 百帕）則量度出 143K（−130 °C）。北極會多冷 10K，但仍會出現季節性變化。
qas: question: zh_tw: 北極會更冷多少？
en: How much colder it is at the north pole?
answers: zh_tw: text: 10K

context: zh_tw: 旅行者 2 號在 1989 年 8 月 25 日最接近海王星。由於這是旅行者 2 號最後一顆能夠造訪的行星，所以決定將它的航道調校至靠近海衛一一點，不再理會飛行軌跡，就像旅行者 1 號完成造訪土星後不理飛行軌跡靠近土衛六一點進行研究一樣。
qas: question: zh_tw: 旅行者 2 號何時最接近海王星？
en: When did Voyager 2 approach Neptune the closest?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1989 年 8 月 25 日

context: zh_tw: 在 2006 年 9 月 5 日，旅行者 2 號正處於距離太陽 80.5 個天文單位（大約相當於 12 垓米）左右，深入於黃道離散天體之中，並正以每年 3.3 天文單位的速度前進。在這個距離是太陽與冥王星之間的距離兩倍，並比塞德娜的近日點較遠，但仍未超越鬩神星的軌道最遠處。
qas: question: zh_tw: 旅行者 2 號尚未超越什麼？
en: What planet  Voyager 2 hasn's passed yet?
answers: zh_tw: text: 鬩神星
奧林匹克運動會阿根廷代表團
Argentina at the Olympics

context: zh_tw: 阿根廷於 1900 年首次參與奧林匹克運動會。該國除了 1904 年、1912 年，及 1980 年的抵制外，幾乎都有參賽。並於 1928 年、1948 年、1952 年及 1960 年起參加冬季奧運迄今。
en: Argentina participated at the Olympic Games for the first time in 1900. It has participated at all subsequent Summer Olympics except in 1904, 1912 and, owing to its regime’s support for the Moscow boycott, in 1980. It participated at the Winter Olympics in 1928, 1948, 1952 and continuously since 1960.
qas: question: zh_tw: 阿根廷首次參與奧林匹克運動會是在哪一年？
en: What year did Argentina first participate in the Olympic games?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1900 年
en: text: 1900

context: zh_tw: Highlighted in bold indicates all-time best results
en: Highlighted in bold indicates all-time best results
qas: question: zh_tw: 用什麼表示它是史上最好的結果？
en: What signifies it is an all-time best result?
answers: zh_tw: text: Highlighted in bold
en: text: Highlighted in bold
邁克爾・珊農
Michael Shannon

context: zh_tw: 夏儂的第一部演出電影是《偷天情緣》（1993 年），而在《八里公路》（2002 年）中的演出得到了廣泛的注意。他以電影上的多才多藝而聞名，他著名的電影包括《珍珠港》（2001 年）、《重案夢幻組 2》（2003 年）、《恐怖幻象》（2006 年）、《賊兄弟連環劫》（2007 年）、《冷麵梟雄》（2012 年）、《超人：鋼鐵英雄》（2013 年）和《總統與歌神》（2016 年）。夏儂是傑夫・尼科爾斯的慣常合作者，出現在他所有的電影中：《獵槍往事》（2007 年）、《歷劫重生》（2011 年）、《爛泥》（2012 年）、《通天眼》和《愛侶》（兩部都是 2016 年）。他也知名於 HBO 的時代劇集《酒私風雲》（2010 年–2014 年）中飾演尼爾森・範奧登，為他獲得提名三項美國演員工會獎。
en: Shannon made his film debut in 1993 with Groundhog Day and received widespread attention for his performance in 8 Mile (2002). He is known for his on-screen versatility, performing in both comedies and dramas. His performances include Pearl Harbor (2001), Bad Boys II (2003), Bug (2006), Before the Devil Knows You're Dead (2007), Bad Lieutenant: Port of Call New Orleans (2007), The Iceman (2012), Man of Steel (2013), and The Shape of Water (2017). Shannon is a frequent collaborator of Jeff Nichols, appearing in all of his films: Shotgun Stories (2007), Take Shelter (2011), Mud (2012), Midnight Special, and Loving (both 2016). He is also known for his role as Nelson Van Alden in the HBO period drama series Boardwalk Empire (2010–2014), for which he was nominated for three Screen Actors Guild Awards.
qas: question: zh_tw: 夏儂在幾部電影中經常和誰合作？
en: Who does Shannon often work with in several movies?
answers: zh_tw: text: 傑夫・尼科爾斯
en: text: Jeff Nichols
伶盜龍屬

context: zh_tw: 如同其他的獸腳類恐龍，伶盜龍的第一根腳趾是小型的上爪。但與其它以三根腳趾行走的獸腳類恐龍相比，伶盜龍只依靠後肢的第三、四趾行走，馳龍類都是以這種方式行走。伶盜龍的第二腳趾可以向上、向後收起離開地面，上有大型、鐮刀狀的趾爪，這是牠們著名的重要原因，也是馳龍科與傷齒龍科的典型特徵。這個大型趾爪的外緣長度可達 6.5 公分，是可怕的攻擊武器，可能用來撕開獵物。
qas: question: zh_tw: 伶盜龍的第二指有什麼特別之處？
en: What is special about the Velociraptor's second digit?
answers: zh_tw: text: 外緣長度可達 6.5 公分，是可怕的攻擊武器，可能用來撕開獵物

context: zh_tw: 馳龍科的後肢第二趾有明顯的鐮刀狀趾爪，傳統上認為是用於切開獵物身體與挖去內臟的武器。在 “搏鬥中的恐龍” 標本中，伶盜龍的鐮刀狀趾爪嵌入原角龍的喉嚨中，而原角龍的喙嘴則夾住了伶盜龍的右前肢。這顯示伶盜龍可能是用牠們的鐮刀狀趾爪刺穿獵物喉嚨的重要器官來殺死獵物，例如頸靜脈、頸動脈，以及氣管，而非割開獵物的腹部。伶盜龍爪的鐮刀狀趾爪內側圓滑，並不銳利，並不適合用於切開、刺穿獵物腹部的堅固皮膚和肌肉。然而，目前只有發現鐮刀狀趾爪的骨質部份，這些趾爪在生前應該覆蓋者角質鞘，所以還是有可能具有銳利的邊緣，但無法長期儲存銳利狀態，原因是這些趾爪無法後縮以防止被磨損，也無法像貓一樣磨利趾爪。在 2005 年，BBC 的電視節目《恐龍兇面目》（The Truth About Killer Dinosaurs）測試伶盜龍的趾爪是否適合切開。該電視節目製作了一個伶盜龍後肢模型，並將一塊豬腹肉作為測試用的獵物。雖然鐮刀狀趾爪刺穿了測試用的豬腹肉，但無法劃開牠們，顯示伶盜龍的趾爪無法用來割下獵物的內臟。但由於其他科學家沒有參考或重複這個實驗，所以實驗的結果無法被確定。
qas: question: zh_tw: 迅猛龍使用它的爪子來做什麼？
en: What does the Velociraptor use its claws for?
answers: zh_tw: text: 刺穿獵物喉嚨
經前綜合症

context: zh_tw: 研究顯示，有 8 成在生育年齡的婦女月經前會有些微的經前症候群症狀。在這些婦女當中，約有 2 至 3 成確診患有經前症候群，而更有 2 至 8% 的她們，其病徵已達嚴重程度。經期憂鬱症（PMDD）則是經前症候群中的另一種疾病，且有更明顯的情緒、精神性病徵。選擇性血清回收抑制劑類的抗憂鬱藥物可以作為治療經期憂鬱症患者的非常手段。
qas: question: zh_tw: 婦女有 PMS 的百分率為多少？
en: What percentage of women have PMS?
answers: zh_tw: text: 8 成

question: zh_tw: PMDD 的含義是什麼？
en: What does PMDD stand for?
answers: zh_tw: text: 經期憂鬱症
俠盜獵車手 V

context: zh_tw: Rockstar Games 在 2008 年 4 月《俠盜獵車手 IV》發售不久後就著手進行《俠盜獵車手 V》 的開發。開發工作動用 Rockstar North 核心團隊和 Rockstar Games 全球工作室員工共千餘人，RAGE 引擎為此徹底改革，繪製距離的渲染能力大大增強。Euphoria 和 Bullet 軟體則用來處理額外的動畫和渲染任務。全部雖然兩款遊戲都是為了 PlayStation 3 和 Xbox 360 平臺開發，但由於製作小組隨著時間對於主機硬體越來越熟悉，因此《俠盜獵車手 V》的世界有著比《俠盜獵車手 IV》更精緻的細節描繪。藝術監製亞倫・蓋博特（Aaron Garbut）曾表示，雖然 PlayStation 3 和 Xbox 360 顯得過時硬體已經令人有些厭倦，但是他認為「（本作）最令人驚豔的特色之一是我們處理光影的方式，即使在有所限制的硬體上也能呈現一致的真實光影效果」。副總裁丹・浩瑟（Dan Houser）對這個說法表示贊同，他解釋當初在相對新穎的硬體上開發《俠盜獵車手 IV》有些困難，但「現在我們知道硬體的能力了，因此開發進行得更順利也更有趣。」由於 Xbox 360 使用 DVD 作為儲存媒體有著容量上的限制，因此 Xbox 360 版本的《俠盜獵車手 V》以雙片 DVD 的方式發行，並需要在主機的硬碟或外接儲存裝置中安裝 8 GB 大小的檔案。而使用藍光光碟的 PlayStation 3 則只需使用一片 BD 光碟即可。製作小組曾保證兩個版本之間的差別是「微不足道的」，「由於兩個版本是並行開發的，因此玩者將可在 PlayStation 3 和 Xbox 360 上都有著同樣的遊玩體驗。」分析師估計遊戲聯合開發和市場營銷的預算超過 1.7 多億英鎊（2.65 億美元），是當時製作成本最昂貴的遊戲。
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪工作室開始開發《俠盜獵車手 V》 ？
en: which studio started development of Grand Theft Auto V?
answers: zh_tw: text: Rockstar North

context: zh_tw: 設計開放世界和渲染佔據了早期工作。開放世界以南加州和洛杉磯為藍本，製作團隊骨幹為此實地調研整個地區，並錄下照片和影像用作研究。團隊還藉助谷歌地圖的洛杉磯投影，設計洛聖都的交通網路。為反映及再現洛杉磯的人口擴散，開發商還查閱了人口調查資料，觀看了城市的紀錄片，因此被認為是建立開放世界的技術要求最苛刻的團隊。
qas: question: zh_tw: 他們用哪兩種方式記錄了他們的研究？
en: What two ways did they record their research?
answers: zh_tw: text: 照片和影像
波音 747

context: zh_tw: 波音 747 的誕生是因為空中旅行在 1960 年代的流行，當時的波音 707 和 DC-8 引發了噴射旅行革命，進入了一個商業噴射飛機的新時代。雖然不久前波音公司失去 CX-HLS 的訂單，但是泛美航空總裁胡安・特里普要求波音公司研製一款比波音 707 大兩倍的客機。因為當時中小型飛機的運力嚴重不足導致機場擠滿了候機旅客，因此胡安・特里普認為新的大型飛機能解決此問題。
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪兩架被偏愛的飛機轉變長途飛行？
en: What two favored airplanes have transformed long-distance travel?
answers: zh_tw: text: 波音 707 和 DC-8

context: zh_tw: 在空中巴士開發 A3XX 的同時，波音公司在 2000 年宣佈將會開發一款新的 747 的衍生型號，新的 747 設計取材自 747-500X 和 - 600X，翼展增加至 229 英尺（69.8 米），發動機由發動機聯盟提供的 GP7172 和勞斯萊斯的 Trent 600，型號與 767-400ERX 相同。駕駛艙改良自波音 777 的駕駛艙，載客量達 430 人，航程達 8700 海里（10000 英里或 16100 公里）。747X 延長型的機身長 263 英尺（80.2 米），載客量達 500 人，航程達 7800 海里（9000 英里或 14500 公里）。兩款型號的內部設計是以波音 777 為基礎；兩款型號均設有貨機型。
qas: question: zh_tw: 747X 搭載了多少名乘客？
en: How many passengers was the 747X built to carry?
answers: zh_tw: text: 430 人

context: zh_tw: 像先前的一樣，747X 家族並不引起航空公司的興趣，使波音公司在 2001 年 3 月終止了 747X 與 767-400ERX 的研發，之後波音公司用音速巡航者代替 747X。雖然 747X 的研發費用較少，但被航空公司批評的地方是它與 747-400 沒甚麼大改進。747X 計劃終止了，但 747-400X 計劃並沒有結束，併成為後來的 747-400ER。
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪個系列沒有引起足夠的興趣來驗證產品？
en: What group did not entice enough interest to substantiate production?
answers: zh_tw: text: 747X 家族
吳丹
U Thant

context: zh_tw: 1974 年 11 月 25 日，吳丹因肺癌在美國紐約病逝。吳丹病逝時，緬甸已被軍政府統治。軍政府對吳丹在國際舞臺和緬甸人民中得到的愛戴和尊敬有所嫉妒，再加上吳丹與 1962 年被軍政府推翻的吳努政權有極大關係，和吳努曾於 1969 年在聯合國總部呼籲緬甸民眾推翻奈溫政權並繼而導致奈溫認為吳丹是這次事件的幕後黑手。因為以上的種種原因，奈溫下令禁止任何官方儀式或者官方人士參加喪禮，好令吳丹被草草收殮。
en: Thant died of lung cancer in New York on 25 November 1974. By that time, Burma was ruled by a military junta which refused him any honours. The then Burmese president Ne Win was envious of Thant's international stature and the respect that was accorded him by the Burmese populace. Ne Win also resented Thant's close links with the democratic government of U Nu which Ne Win had overthrown in a coup d'état on 2 March 1962.
qas: question: zh_tw: 緬甸拒絕授予哪個人的榮譽，因為緬甸當時由軍政府統治？
en: Burma refused honors for what individual due to being ran by a military junta?
answers: zh_tw: text: 吳丹
en: text: Thant
1896 年夏季奧林匹克運動會
1896 Summer Olympics

context: zh_tw: 儘管許多文字資料都將 1896 年奧運會上的運動員成績以國家為單位進行排名，但實際上，國家隊的概念在 1928 年之前還並未被奧委會所重視和接受。普遍存在的爭議是究竟有多少個國家參加了本屆奧運會，國際奧委會的資料顯示是 14 個國家，但並沒有列出各國的名稱。以下是根據國際奧委會的各種資料統計得出的最有可能的 14 個 “參賽國家”。也有一些資料顯示是 12 個國家，不包括智利和保加利亞；另有說法是 13 國，只將義大利排除在外。埃及有時也被當作參賽國之一，因為一位名叫狄奧尼西沃斯・卡斯達格利斯（Dionysios Kasdaglis）的運動員是希臘籍埃及人，並住在埃及。
en: The concept of national teams was not a major part of the Olympic movement until the Intercalated Games 10 years later, though many sources list the nationality of competitors in 1896 and give medal counts. There are significant conflicts with regard to which nations competed. The International Olympic Committee gives a figure of 14, but does not list them. The following 14 are most likely the ones recognised by the IOC. Some sources list 12, excluding Chile and Bulgaria; others list 13, including those two but excluding Italy. Egypt is also sometimes included because of Dionysios Kasdaglis' participation. Belgium and Russia had entered the names of competitors, but withdrew.
qas: question: zh_tw: 國際奧委會算出多少個國家隊？
en: How many national teams does the IOC count?
answers: zh_tw: text: 14
en: text: 14
2017 年西奈清真寺襲擊
2017 Sinai mosque attack

context: zh_tw: 拉瓦達清真寺位於西奈半島的主要沿海高速公路上，這條高速公路將塞德港與加沙連線起來，屬於當地薩爾卡部落，他們遵循蘇菲派賈裡裡亞教團 –Abu Ahmed al- ghazawi 運動的一個分支，屬於更廣泛的德加維教團。清真寺位於阿里什和比爾阿比德之間的道路上。據當地媒體報道，襲擊者在四輛越野車上放置了三枚炸彈。襲擊者使用燃燒的汽車殘骸阻擋逃生路線。他們引爆炸彈後，向在拉瓦達清真寺進行週五禮拜擁擠的禮拜者中發射了火箭彈並開火。當救護車到達並運送傷員到醫院時，襲擊者也向他們開火，並選擇了伏擊點來襲擊他們。當地居民迅速作出反應，用自己的汽車和卡車把傷員送到醫院，甚至拿起武器進行反擊。
en: Al-Rawda Mosque, which is located on Sinai's main coastal highway connecting the city of Port Said to Gaza, belongs to the local Jarir clan, of the Sawarka tribe, who follow the Jaririya (Gaririya) Sufi order—an offshoot of the movement of Abu Ahmed al-Ghazawi, of the broader Darqawa order. The mosque is on the road between El Arish and Bir al-Abed. The mosque has a smaller zawiyah, a Sufi lodge, attached.According to local media, attackers in four off-road vehicles planted three bombs; the attackers used the burning wrecks of cars to block off escape routes. After their detonation, they launched rocket propelled grenades and opened fire on worshipers during the crowded Friday prayer at al-Rawda near Bir al-Abed. When ambulances arrived to transport the wounded to hospitals, the attackers opened fire on them as well, having selected ambush points from which to target them. Local residents quickly responded, bringing the wounded to hospitals in their own cars and trucks, and even taking up weapons to fight back.
qas: question: zh_tw: 當地居民怎樣運送傷員呢？
en: How did the local residents transport the wounded?
answers: zh_tw: text: 用自己的汽車和卡車
en: text: their own cars and trucks

question: zh_tw: 襲擊者在哪裡設定伏擊點，以進一步瞄準受害者？
en: Where did the attackers set up ambush points to further target the victims?
answers: zh_tw: text: 醫院
en: text: hospitals