狂犬病
Rabies

context: zh_tw: 狂犬病通常由其他動物傳染給人類，被染病動物或患病者抓傷或咬傷都可能感染，染病動物的唾液在與其他動物或人類的黏膜接觸時也具有傳染力。哺乳動物中，靈長目、食肉目、翼手目等都可能染病，如人、貓、狗、雪貂、鼬獾、貉、浣熊、臭鼬、狐狸、狼、熊、蝙蝠還有馬。大多數的人類狂犬病案例都是被染病犬隻咬傷（>99% )，尤其在非洲國家及印度等第三世界國家。在美國等發達的國家，因為犬隻普遍接受疫苗及流浪動物控管，因此蝙蝠則是最常見的狂犬病原因（狗造成的案例 < 5%）。齧齒目動物如松鼠、花栗鼠及天竺鼠等極少感染狂犬病（除海狸外），故被齧齒動物如鼠咬傷後應尋求專業建議，經評估後決定是否要注射狂犬病的疫苗。狂犬病病毒會經由周圍神經系統侵犯腦部。狂犬病只有在症狀出現後方可確診，但是此時已經百分百致死率並幾乎不可治癒。
en: Rabies is a viral disease that causes inflammation of the brain in humans and other mammals. Early symptoms can include fever and tingling at the site of exposure. These symptoms are followed by one or more of the following symptoms: violent movements, uncontrolled excitement, fear of water, an inability to move parts of the body, confusion, and loss of consciousness. Once symptoms appear, the result is nearly always death. The time period between contracting the disease and the start of symptoms is usually one to three months, but can vary from less than one week to more than one year. The time depends on the distance the virus must travel along peripheral nerves to reach the central nervous system.Rabies is caused by lyssaviruses, including the rabies virus and Australian bat lyssavirus. It is spread when an infected animal scratches or bites another animal or human. Saliva from an infected animal can also transmit rabies if the saliva comes into contact with the eyes, mouth, or nose. Globally, dogs are the most common animal involved. More than 99% of rabies cases in countries where dogs commonly have the disease are the direct result of dog bites. In the Americas, bat bites are the most common source of rabies infections in humans, and less than 5% of cases are from dogs. Rodents are very rarely infected with rabies. The disease can be diagnosed only after the start of symptoms.Animal control and vaccination programs have decreased the risk of rabies from dogs in a number of regions of the world. Immunizing people before they are exposed is recommended for those at high risk, including those who work with bats or who spend prolonged periods in areas of the world where rabies is common. In people who have been exposed to rabies, the rabies vaccine and sometimes rabies immunoglobulin are effective in preventing the disease if the person receives the treatment before the start of rabies symptoms. Washing bites and scratches for 15 minutes with soap and water, povidone-iodine, or detergent may reduce the number of viral particles and may be somewhat effective at preventing transmission. As of 2016, only fourteen people had survived a rabies infection after showing symptoms.Rabies caused about 17,400 deaths worldwide in 2015. More than 95% of human deaths from rabies occur in Africa and Asia. About 40% of deaths occur in children under the age of 15. Rabies is present in more than 150 countries and on all continents but Antarctica. More than 3 billion people live in regions of the world where rabies occurs. A number of countries, including Australia and Japan, as well as much of Western Europe, do not have rabies among dogs. Many Pacific islands do not have rabies at all. It is classified as a neglected tropical disease.
qas: question: zh_tw: 在美國什麼導致狂犬病？
en: what causes rabis in the US?
answers: zh_tw: text: 在美國等發達的國家，因為犬隻普遍接受疫苗及流浪動物控管，因此蝙蝠則是最常見的狂犬病原因（狗造成的案例 < 5%）。
en: text: bat bites