大選帝侯號戰列艦
SMS Grosser Kurfürst (1913)

context: zh_tw: 在 1914 年 7 月入役後，大選帝侯號于波羅的海完成了海上公試。該艦的首個實戰行動是 1914 年 11 月 2－3 日的突襲雅茅斯。這次襲擊是由海軍少將弗朗茲・馮・希佩爾率領的第一偵察叢集戰列巡洋艦發動，大選帝侯號及其它無畏艦則航行在遠處對希佩爾的部隊提供支援。在一輪簡要的炮擊後，德國艦隊撤退回港。12 月 7 日，大選帝侯號不慎與其姊妹艦國王號發生碰撞，但並未受損。它的第二次行動，突襲斯卡布羅、哈特爾浦及惠特比隨後於 12 月 15－16 日發生。在 15 日傍晚，德國戰列艦編隊的大約十二艘無畏艦和八艘前無畏艦，來到距離英國一個孤立分艦隊的六艘戰列艦約 10 海里範圍內。然而，與對方其它驅逐艦之間在黑暗中進行的零星衝突使得艦隊司令、海軍上將腓特烈・馮・英格諾爾深信，自己面對的是整個大艦隊主力。根據德皇威廉二世的命令，為避免不必要的冒險，英格諾爾中斷了交戰並調轉戰列艦返回德國。1915 年 1 月 22 日，大選帝侯號連同第三戰列分艦隊的其餘艦隻從公海艦隊中分離，並前往波羅的海進行機動、射擊和魚雷訓練。它們於 2 月 11 日返回北海，但已來不及參加在多格灘海戰中對第一偵查群提供支援的行動。隨著在多格灘海戰中損失了裝甲巡洋艦布呂歇爾號，德皇在 2 月 2 日解除了英格諾爾的職務。海軍上將胡戈・馮・波爾取代他成為艦隊司令。大選帝侯號隨後參加了幾次深入北海的出擊。3 月 29 日，它與艦隊航行至泰爾斯海靈島，但與敵艦沒有任何接觸。另一次艦隊推進發生於 4 月 22 日，也再度無疾而終。4 月 23 日，第三分艦隊為參加另一輪的演習訓練而重返波羅的海，並一直持續至 5 月 10 日。大選帝侯號還參加了艦隊從 5 月 29－31 日推進至北海的出擊，但並無交戰。此後，該艦在 9 月 11－12 日為特塞爾周邊進行的埋雷行動提供支援。另一次波瀾不驚的艦隊出擊隨後於 10 月 23－24 日完成。大選帝侯號在年終時于波羅的海進行了為期兩週的訓練巡航，從 12 月 5 日持續至 20 日。1916 年 2 月 12 日，大選帝侯號進入威廉港的旱塢進行定期維修。工作一直持續至 3 月 3 日；並在兩日後便參加清除行動駛入霍夫登，雖然這次也沒有遇到任何英國部隊。再一次艦隊出擊是在 3 月 23 日開赴阿姆魯姆淺灘，緊接著又在次月 21－22 日前往喇叭礁。在 4 月 24－25 日，希佩爾的第一偵查叢集對英格蘭海岸實施另一輪炮擊，大選帝侯號和公海艦隊的其餘艦隻從後支援。第一叢集的戰列巡洋艦於歐洲中部時間 10:55 離開玉石灣，公海艦隊其餘部分則隨後在 13:40 出發。然而塞德利茨號在前往目標的途中撞上水雷，並不得不撤回。其它戰列巡洋艦在炮擊洛斯托夫特時未遇抵抗，但在接近雅茅斯期間卻遇到了哈里奇部隊的英方巡洋艦。經過短暫的交火後，哈里奇部隊撤退。但英國潛艇在該地區出沒的報告也促使第一偵查群撤退。同時，海軍上將賴因哈德・舍爾也在收到大艦隊從斯卡帕灣基地出動的警告後，率領公海艦隊大部撤回至德國的安全水域。
en: Grosser Kurfürst was ordered under the provisional name Ersatz Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm and built at the AG Vulcan shipyard in Hamburg under construction number 4. Her keel was laid in October 1911 and she was launched on 5 May 1913. At her launching ceremony, Prince Oskar of Prussia christened the ship. Due to the heightening political tensions in Europe in mid-1914, the final construction work was accelerated, so the first set of dockyard trials were conducted on 15 July, and fitting-out work was completed by the 30th, the day she was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet. After her commissioning, she underwent sea trials in the Baltic. The ship's first combat operation was the Raid on Yarmouth on 2–3 November 1914. The raid was conducted by the battlecruisers of Rear Admiral Franz von Hipper's I Scouting Group. She and the other dreadnoughts sailed in distant support of Hipper's force. After a brief bombardment, the German fleet withdrew to port. On 7 December, she sustained no damage when she accidentally rammed her sister König.Her second operation, the raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby, followed on 15–16 December. On the evening of the 15th, the German battle fleet of some twelve dreadnoughts and eight pre-dreadnoughts came to within 10 nmi (19 km; 12 mi) of an isolated squadron of six British battleships. However, skirmishes between the rival destroyer screens in the darkness convinced Admiral Friedrich von Ingenohl, the fleet commander, that he was faced with the entire Grand Fleet. Under orders from Kaiser Wilhelm II to avoid risking the fleet unnecessarily, von Ingenohl broke off the engagement and turned the battlefleet back toward Germany.On 22 January 1915, she and the rest of III Squadron were detached from the fleet to conduct maneuver, gunnery, and torpedo training in the Baltic. They returned to the North Sea on 11 February, too late to assist I Scouting Group at the Battle of Dogger Bank. Following the loss of SMS Blücher at the Battle of Dogger Bank, the Kaiser removed von Ingenohl from his post on 2 February. Admiral Hugo von Pohl replaced him as commander of the fleet. She then took part in several sorties into the North Sea. On 29 March, she sailed with the fleet out to Terschelling without any contact with the enemy. Another fleet advance occurred on 22 April, again without result. On 23 April, III Squadron returned to the Baltic for another round of exercises lasting until 10 May.She participated in a fleet advance into the North Sea from 29 until 31 May which ended without combat. The ship covered a minelaying operation on 11–12 September off Texel. Another uneventful fleet advance followed on 23–24 October. She ended the year with a two-week training cruise in the Baltic, which lasted from 5 to 20 December. Another round of exercises in the Baltic followed on 18–23 January 1916. She went into drydock in Wilhelmshaven for periodic maintenance on 12 February. Work lasted until 3 March; two days later the ship sailed for a sweep into the Hoofden, though this again failed to encounter any British forces. The fleet conducted another sortie on 23 March to the Amrun Bank, followed by another a month later to Horns Reef on 21–22 April.On 24–25 April, Hipper's battlecruisers conducted another bombardment of the English coast; Grosser Kurfürst and the rest of the High Seas Fleet sailed in support. The battlecruisers left the Jade Estuary at 10:55 CET, and the rest of the High Seas Fleet followed at 13:40. The battlecruiser Seydlitz struck a mine while en route to the target, and had to withdraw. The other battlecruisers bombarded the town of Lowestoft unopposed, but during the approach to Yarmouth, they encountered the British cruisers of the Harwich Force. A short artillery duel ensued before the Harwich Force withdrew. Reports of British submarines in the area prompted the retreat of I Scouting Group. At this point, Admiral Reinhard Scheer, who had been warned of the sortie of the Grand Fleet from its base in Scapa Flow, also withdrew to safer German waters.
qas: question: zh_tw: 英格諾爾何時被解除了職務？
en: When was von Ingenohl taken out of his post?
answers: zh_tw: text: 2 月 2 日
en: text: 2 February

context: zh_tw: 大選帝侯號作為公海艦隊的一份子參加了在 1916 年 5 月 31 日至 6 月 1 日爆發的日德蘭海戰。行動再次試圖對大艦隊進行部分牽扯和隔離，並在英國主力艦隊可能報復之前將其摧毀。大選帝侯號是德艦陣型的第二艘艦，位於姊妹艦國王號之後及邊境總督號和王儲號之前。這四艘艦組成第三戰列分艦隊的第五支隊，它們是艦隊的先鋒。第三分艦隊作為 3 個戰列艦部隊之首，其正後方是由皇帝級戰列艦組成的該分艦隊第六支隊。皇帝級身後是第一戰列分艦隊的黑爾戈蘭級和拿騷級；殿後部隊則由第二戰列分艦隊年邁的德國級前無畏艦組成。在 16:00 前不久，第一偵查群的戰列巡洋艦遇到了由戴維・貝蒂率領的英國第一戰列巡洋分艦隊，雙方就此開始火炮決鬥，其中英國的不倦號在 17:00 過後、以及瑪麗皇后號在不足一個半小時後均被摧毀。與此同時，德國的戰列巡洋艦為了將英國艦隻引向公海艦隊的主力而向南航行。至 17 時 30 分，國王號的船員發現第一偵查群和第一戰列巡洋艦分艦隊接近。德國戰列巡洋艦旋即向右轉舵航行，而英國艦隻則向左轉舵。17 時 45 分，舍爾下令向左轉舵 2 點以使其艦隻靠近英國戰列巡洋艦，一分鐘後，即 17 時 46 分，他下達了開火的命令。大選帝侯號在 21000 碼的範圍內負責迎擊長公主號。同時，它的副炮也向企圖對德國艦隊進行魚雷攻擊的英國驅逐艦開火。速度更快的英國艦隻開始與追兵拉開距離，使得大選帝侯號在 18:00 被迫將炮口從長公主號轉而瞄準至英勇號，雖然後者在 18:16 也已經移出範圍之外。大選帝侯號的炮彈 4 次射失英勇號，其炮手則誤報曾有 1 次擊中英艦。然而該艦本身也未能倖免於難，在 18:09，它遭到英方戰列艦馬來亞號和厭戰號的兩枚 380 毫米炮射擊。炮彈落在艦身約 9.1－18.3 米開外的水面上，引發的跳飛或爆破擊中了距艦艏約 26 米的船體。這次中彈並未造成顯著損傷。在此期間，大選帝侯號聲稱其 150 毫米炮已 3 次擊中英方驅逐艦，這最有可能是睦誠號。在 18:22，艦隻也短暫利用副炮在極限射程內對驅逐艦莫爾茲比號開火，但未能命中。與此同時，大選帝侯號回到英勇號的射程範圍內，並利用其兩座前炮塔與對方交火。炮彈發射持續了 8 分鐘，但所有射擊均未命中目標。傍晚 19:00 後不久，德國巡洋艦威斯巴登號已被無敵號的炮彈擊殘，國王號的海軍少將保羅・貝恩克試圖調遣他的四艘同級艦對受損的巡洋艦進行保護。與此同時，英國的第三及第四輕巡洋分艦隊開始對德艦隊形展開魚雷攻擊，在推進至魚雷射程範圍的同時，它們也利用主炮扼制威斯巴登號。國王級戰列艦對英國巡洋艦猛烈開火，但它們主炮的持續射擊也未能擊退英國的巡洋艦群。在隨後的混戰中，大選帝侯號透過主炮在極近的距離對裝甲巡洋艦防衛號發射了兩組齊射，導致它在 19:19 發生爆炸並沉沒。艦上的瞭望員指出，兩組齊射均命中防衛號，雖然後者被摧毀的功勞並不完全歸因於這次射擊。大選帝侯號隨後轉向另一艘裝甲巡洋艦勇士號開火，後者嚴重受損並被迫撤退。延至次日清晨，勇士號在返港途中最終沉沒。20:00，德艦隊形受命轉向東面，以擺脫由海軍上將約翰・傑利科率領的英國戰列艦群。此後不久，第二輕巡洋分艦隊的四艘英國輕巡洋艦重新開始攻擊受創的威斯巴登號，而領頭的德國戰列艦，包括大選帝侯號，則試圖開火將它們趕跑。大選帝侯號於 20:07 開始在 9100－16500 米的範圍內實施射擊。儘管火力猛烈，英國巡洋艦卻設法避免了嚴重受損。幾乎在同一時間，英國艦隊返回射程範圍，其 7 艘戰列艦使得大選帝侯所在的第五分隊遭受猛烈炮擊。大選帝侯號被命中 7 次，其中 4 次發生在 20:18 和 20:19。有 3 次命中是來自於馬爾博羅號的 340 毫米炮，儘管其炮手誤報有第 4 次命中。其餘 4 次命中則來自於巴勒姆號或英勇號的 380 毫米炮。有一枚 380 毫米炮彈摧毀了大選帝侯號左舷的第二門 150 毫米炮塔，其餘則擊中主裝甲帶和在衝擊中爆破。儘管裝甲帶沒有被穿透，但厚達 330 毫米的鍍層還是有約 7.9 米的長度受損。在大約 800 噸水滲入艦艙後，受損管理團隊暫時堵截了入水。水浸造成艦身側傾 4°，不過有效的努力抗沉使其減少至低於 1 度。隨著戰鬥的繼續，水浸加劇，並在大選帝侯號於次日清晨抵達黑爾戈蘭島之時，有約 3000 噸水進入艦艙。在此之前它還持續被命中，但這些炮彈均是在衝擊中爆破，並造成相對較小的損害。英國艦隊的猛烈炮火迫使舍爾下令轉向離開；這次轉向顛倒了艦隊的順序，大選帝侯號被置於隊形的末端。在成功從英國撤退後，舍爾下令艦隊採取夜間巡航隊形，但在舍爾登上腓特烈大帝號期間，與前導艦威斯特法倫號的通訊發生故障，造成延誤。艦隊於 23:30 組成隊形，其中大選帝侯號是總共 24 艘主力艦中的第 15 艘艦。次日 02:45 左右，幾艘英國驅逐艦利用魚雷攻擊德艦隊形的後半部分；大選帝侯號發現有 6 艘身份不明的驅逐艦處於黑暗中。該艦遂以自身的 150 毫米和 88 毫米炮與其交鋒，並轉向離開以避免任何可能已經發射的魚雷。大選帝侯號有一枚 150 毫米炮彈命中了相距約 2000 的驅逐艦涅索斯號，導致後者的一具鍋爐失效。德國戰列艦的猛烈炮火最終迫使英國驅逐艦撤退。公海艦隊在不吸引傑利科的戰列艦注意的情況下，成功從英國輕型部隊中突圍，並在隨後於 6 月 1 日凌晨 4 點到達喇叭礁。接近黑爾戈蘭島時，大選帝侯號因艦身大量進水而被迫降低航速。它掉離了編隊，但後來在席裡格錨地外圍重新加入艦隊。在抵達威廉港後，大選帝侯號駛入港灣，而其它幾艘戰列艦則在外圍錨地組成防禦陣位。艦隻隨後被轉移至漢堡，在伏爾鏗公司的大型浮動船塢進行維修。維修工作在 7 月 16 日完成。在戰鬥的過程中，大選帝侯號共從其主炮發射了 135 枚炮彈，150 毫米副炮也射出了 216 發彈藥。它本身則遭受了 8 次大口徑炮彈命中，共造成 15 人死亡及 8 人受傷。
en: The heavy fire of the British fleet forced Scheer to order the fleet to turn away; this turn reversed the order of the fleet and placed her toward the end of the line. After successfully withdrawing from the British, Scheer ordered the fleet to assume night cruising formation, though communication errors between Scheer, aboard Friedrich der Grosse, and Westfalen, the lead ship, caused delays. The fleet fell into formation by 23:30, with Grosser Kurfürst the 15th vessel in the line of 24 capital ships. Around 02:45, several British destroyers mounted a torpedo attack against the rear half of the German line; she spotted six unidentified destroyers in the darkness. She engaged them with her 15 cm and 8.8 cm guns while turning away to avoid any torpedoes that might have been launched. She scored one 15 cm hit on the destroyer Nessus at a range of about 2,200 yd (2,000 m), disabling one of Nessus's boilers. Heavy fire from the German battleships forced the British destroyers to withdraw.The High Seas Fleet managed to punch through the British light forces without drawing the attention of Jellicoe's battleships, and subsequently reached Horns Reef by 04:00 on 1 June. Off Helgoland, Grosser Kurfürst had taken in so much water that she was forced to reduce speed. She fell out of formation, but later rejoined the fleet outside the Schillig roadstead. Upon reaching Wilhelmshaven, she went into harbor while several other battleships took up defensive positions in the outer roadstead. The ship was transferred to Hamburg where she was repaired in AG Vulcan's large floating dock. Repair work was completed by 16 July. In the course of the battle, she fired a total of 135 shells from her main battery and 216 rounds from her 15 cm guns. She was hit by eight large-caliber shells, which killed fifteen men and wounded ten.
qas: question: zh_tw: 船為什麼被迫減速？
en: Why was the ship forced to slow down?
answers: zh_tw: text: 大量進水
en: text: taken in so much water