廣島與長崎原子彈爆炸
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

context: zh_tw: 廣島是美軍在 8 月 6 日第一次原子彈轟炸任務的主要目標，替代目標則是小倉和長崎。393d 轟炸中隊的 B-29 艾諾拉・蓋伊號從天寧島北田空軍基地起飛，飛行時間約 6 個小時。艾諾拉・蓋伊號與查爾斯・W・斯威尼少校指揮的科學觀測機大藝術家號及喬治・馬夸特上尉的攝影觀測機（當時是無名飛機，後來稱為必要之惡號）一同前往日本廣島。
en: Hiroshima was the primary target of the first atomic bombing mission on August 6, with Kokura and Nagasaki as alternative targets. The 393d Bombardment Squadron B-29 Enola Gay, named after Tibbets' mother and piloted by Tibbets, took off from North Field, Tinian, about six hours' flight time from Japan. Enola Gay was accompanied by two other B-29s: The Great Artiste, commanded by Major Charles Sweeney, which carried instrumentation, and a then-nameless aircraft later called Necessary Evil, commanded by Captain George Marquardt, which served as the photography aircraft.
qas: question: zh_tw: 原子彈什麼時候降落在廣島？
en: When was the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima?
answers: zh_tw: text: 8 月 6 日
en: text: August 6

context: zh_tw: 蘇聯外長維亞切斯拉夫・米哈伊洛維奇・莫洛托夫通知東京，表示蘇聯已單方面廢除 4 月 5 日簽訂的蘇日中立條約。東京時間 8 月 9 日午夜，蘇聯步兵、裝甲兵、空軍部隊進行滿洲的戰略攻擊行動。四個小時後，東京得知蘇聯對日宣戰。日軍高層領導在獲得陸軍大臣阿南惟幾支持下開始準備實行戒嚴，阻止任何人企圖談和。
en: The 50,000-watt standard wave station on Saipan, the OWI radio station, broadcast a similar message to Japan every 15 minutes about Hiroshima, stating that more Japanese cities would face a similar fate in the absence of immediate acceptance of the terms of the Potsdam Declaration and emphatically urged civilians to evacuate major cities. Radio Japan, which continued to extoll victory for Japan by never surrendering, had informed the Japanese of the destruction of Hiroshima by a single bomb. Prime Minister Suzuki felt compelled to meet the Japanese press, to whom he reiterated his government's commitment to ignore the Allies' demands and fight on.Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov informed Tokyo of the Soviet Union's unilateral abrogation of the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact on August 5. At two minutes past midnight on August 9, Tokyo time, Soviet infantry, armor, and air forces had launched the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation. Four hours later, word reached Tokyo of the Soviet Union's official declaration of war. The senior leadership of the Japanese Army began preparations to impose martial law on the nation, with the support of Minister of War Korechika Anami, to stop anyone attempting to make peace.On August 7, a day after Hiroshima was destroyed, Dr. Yoshio Nishina and other atomic physicists arrived at the city, and carefully examined the damage. They then went back to Tokyo and told the cabinet that Hiroshima was indeed destroyed by a nuclear weapon. Admiral Soemu Toyoda, the Chief of the Naval General Staff, estimated that no more than one or two additional bombs could be readied, so they decided to endure the remaining attacks, acknowledging "there would be more destruction but the war would go on". American Magic codebreakers intercepted the cabinet's messages.Purnell, Parsons, Tibbets, Spaatz, and LeMay met on Guam that same day to discuss what should be done next. Since there was no indication of Japan surrendering, they decided to proceed with dropping another bomb. Parsons said that Project Alberta would have it ready by August 11, but Tibbets pointed to weather reports indicating poor flying conditions on that day due to a storm, and asked if the bomb could be readied by August 9. Parsons agreed to try to do so.
qas: question: zh_tw: 發動了哪項蘇維埃行動？
en: What was the Solviet Operation that was launched?
answers: zh_tw: text: 滿洲的戰略攻擊行動
en: text: Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation

context: zh_tw: 長崎一直是日本南部最大的海港之一，因為擁有蓬勃的工業活動（包括兵器、船舶、軍事裝備和其他軍用物資製造），其重要性在戰爭時期很高。
en: The city of Nagasaki had been one of the largest seaports in southern Japan, and was of great wartime importance because of its wide-ranging industrial activity, including the production of ordnance, ships, military equipment, and other war materials. The four largest companies in the city were Mitsubishi Shipyards, Electrical Shipyards, Arms Plant, and Steel and Arms Works, which employed about 90% of the city's labor force, and accounted for 90% of the city's industry. Although an important industrial city, Nagasaki had been spared from firebombing because its geography made it difficult to locate at night with AN/APQ-13 radar.Unlike the other target cities, Nagasaki had not been placed off limits to bombers by the Joint Chiefs of Staff's July 3 directive, and was bombed on a small scale five times. During one of these raids on August 1, a number of conventional high-explosive bombs were dropped on the city. A few hit the shipyards and dock areas in the southwest portion of the city, and several hit the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works. By early August, the city was defended by the 134th Anti-Aircraft Regiment of the 4th Anti-Aircraft Division with four batteries of 7 cm (2.8 in) anti-aircraft guns and two searchlight batteries.
qas: question: zh_tw: 長崎生產了什麼使得長崎在軍事方面具有戰略重要性？
en: What was produced in Nagasaki that made the city strategically important from a military aspect?
answers: zh_tw: text: 因為擁有蓬勃的工業活動（包括兵器、船舶、軍事裝備和其他軍用物資製造）
en: text: ordnance, ships, military equipment, and other war materials

context: zh_tw: 長崎跟現代化的廣島很不一樣，幾乎所有的建築都是老式的日本建築，由木造建築與木造牆壁（或石膏）、屋瓦所組成。許多小型的工業與商業機構也在木造或其他不能承受爆炸的材料所構成的建築物中。長崎長久以來沒有任何明確的都市分割槽規劃，住宅與工廠毗鄰，整個山谷幾乎都佈滿工業設施。
en: In contrast to Hiroshima, almost all of the buildings were of old-fashioned Japanese construction, consisting of timber or timber-framed buildings with timber walls (with or without plaster) and tile roofs. Many of the smaller industries and business establishments were also situated in buildings of timber or other materials not designed to withstand explosions. Nagasaki had been permitted to grow for many years without conforming to any definite city zoning plan; residences were erected adjacent to factory buildings and to each other almost as closely as possible throughout the entire industrial valley. On the day of the bombing, an estimated 263,000 people were in Nagasaki, including 240,000 Japanese residents, 10,000 Korean residents, 2,500 conscripted Korean workers, 9,000 Japanese soldiers, 600 conscripted Chinese workers, and 400 Allied prisoners of war in a camp to the north of Nagasaki.
qas: question: zh_tw: 建築物主要由哪種結構構成？
en: WHat sort of construction were the building mostly made?
answers: zh_tw: text: 老式的日本
en: text: old-fashioned Japanese