zetavg/mlqa_en_zh_tw huggingface dataset:
蘇丹航空
Sudan Airways

context: zh_tw: 蘇丹航空成立於 1947 年，首批飛機是 4 架哈維蘭鴿 8 座飛機。1952 年，蘇丹航空引進 7 架 28 座的道格拉斯 DC-3。這些飛機在飛往亞丁、阿斯馬拉、貝魯特、開羅、吉達等地的國際航線上服務。1959 年，蘇丹航空加入國際航空運輸協會。後來，蘇丹航空成為非洲最早引進福克 F27 的航空公司。1970 年代，蘇丹航空開始引進波音 707 和波音 737；1980 年代引進福克 F50；1990 年代引進空中客車 A310。2007 年，蘇丹政府對蘇丹航空進行私有化改革。改革之後，政府僅持有蘇丹航空 30% 的股份。新的投資者正在加強蘇丹航空的預訂系統、電子客票、電子值機等方面的技術升級。
en: By March 1970 (1970-03), the route network totalled 20,715 kilometres (12,872 mi), with international destinations including Aden, Addis Ababa, Asmara, Athens, Beirut, Cairo, Entebbe, Fort Lamy, Jeddah, London, Nairobi and Rome. At this time, the fleet was composed of two Comet 4Cs, three DC-3s, four F-27s and three Twin Otters. The last passenger DC-3 left the fleet in 1971. In 1972, the Comets were put on sale and were replaced by two Boeing 707s leased from British Midland. Sudan Airways ordered two Boeing 707-320Cs in 1973, for delivery in June and July 1974 (1974-07). Pending delivery of two Boeing 737-200Cs ordered a year earlier, the two Boeing 707-320Cs were part of the fleet by March 1975 (1975-03), along with five F-27s, three Twin Otters, and a single DC-3.The company had 2,362 employees at April 2000 (2000-04), with an aircraft park that included one Airbus A300-600, one Airbus A300-600R, three Boeing 707-320Cs, one Boeing 727-200, one Boeing 737-200C and one Fokker F27-600. By this time, the airline provided scheduled services to Abu Dhabi, Addis Ababa, Al Ain, Amman, Bangui, Cairo, Damascus, Doha, Dongola, Dubai, El Fasher, El Obeid, Eldebba, Geneina, Istanbul, Jeddah, Juba, Kano, Lagos, London, Malakal, Merowe, Muscat, Ndjamena, Niamey, Nyala, Paris, Port Sudan, Riyadh, Sanaa, Sharjah, Tripoli, Wadi Haifa and Wau. In 2007, the Sudanese government privatised the airline, maintaining only a 30% stake of the national carrier. The Kuwaiti private group that owned 49% of the shares since then sold its stake back to the state in 2011.In the wake of the crash of Flight 109, in June 2008 (2008-06) the airline was grounded following an indefinite suspension of its operating certificate by the Sudanese government, despite it was stated as not being in connection with the accident. This decision was later rolled back, and the company was allowed to resume operations.In 2017, it was announced that the Sudanese President Omar al Bashir signed several cooperation agreements with King Salman of Saudi Arabia during a visit to Riyadh. Among the agreements was a pledge from the Saudi General Authority of Civil Aviation to restructure SAR22.5 million riyals (US$6 million) worth of debt. In addition, provisions for fleet renewal at Sudan Airways were also made.
qas: question: zh_tw: 公司私有化後，蘇丹政府保留多少股份？
en: how much of the company did the Sudanese government retain when going private?
answers: zh_tw: text: 30%
en: text: 30%
納爾遜號戰艦
HMS Nelson (28)

context: zh_tw: 納爾遜號戰列艦 (英語：HMS Nelson) 是英國皇家海軍建造於兩次世界大戰之間的兩艘納爾遜級戰列艦中的一艘。其被命名為納爾遜以紀念霍雷肖・納爾遜海軍中將。納爾遜號於 1925 年 9 月 3 日下水，1927 年 8 月 15 日建成服役，於 1949 年 3 月 15 日被拆解。
en: HMS Nelson (pennant number 28) was one of two Nelson-class battleships built for the Royal Navy between the two World Wars.  She was named in honour of Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson the victor at the Battle of Trafalgar. The Nelsons were unique in British battleship construction, being the only ships to carry a main armament of 16 inch (406mm) guns and the only ones to carry all the main armament forward of the superstructure. These were a result of the limitations of the Washington Naval Treaty. Commissioned in 1927, Nelson served extensively in the Atlantic, Mediterranean and Indian oceans during the Second World War.  She was decommissioned soon after the end of the war and scrapped in 1949. She was nicknamed "Nels-ol" from the resemblance in her outline to RN oilers, whose names ended in "-ol".
qas: question: zh_tw: 英國皇家海軍建造了多少艘納爾遜級戰列艦？
en: How many Nelson-class battleships were created for the Royal's Aquatic Military Branch?
answers: zh_tw: text: 兩艘
en: text: two
威爾遜縣 (堪薩斯州)
Wilson County, Kansas

context: zh_tw: 威爾遜縣（Wilson County, Kansas，簡稱 WL）是位於美國堪薩斯州東南部的一個縣。面積 1,489 平方公里。根據美國 2000 年人口普查估計，共有人口 10,332 人。縣治弗雷多尼亞 (Freedonia)。
en: As of the census of 2000, there were 10,332 people, 4,203 households, and 2,849 families residing in the county.  The population density was 18 people per square mile (7/km²).  There were 4,937 housing units at an average density of 9 per square mile (3/km²).  The racial makeup of the county was 96.78% White, 0.37% Black or African American, 0.88% Native American, 0.26% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.48% from other races, and 1.19% from two or more races.  1.67% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
qas: question: zh_tw: 最後一次人口統計是什麼時候？
en: when was the last count of population?
answers: zh_tw: text: 2000 年
en: text: 2000
文斯・卡薩雷斯
Wences Casares

context: zh_tw: 2002 年，卡薩雷斯創立了 Wanako Games，（後來更名為 Behaviour Santiago，是一家總部位於紐約市的影片遊戲開發商。 Wanako Games 最出名的遊戲是重磅遊戲 突擊英雄，並於 2007 年被動視公司收購。也是在 2002 年，卡薩雷斯與他的合作伙伴共同創立了 Banco Lemon，這是為巴西缺乏銀行服務者服務的零售銀行。 巴西最大的銀行巴西銀行於 2009 年 6 月收購了 Banco Lemon。 卡薩雷斯是數字錢包平臺 檸檬錢包 的創始人兼執行長。2013 年，美國公司 LifeLock 以約 4300 萬美元的價格收購了檸檬。
en: Casares was the founder and CEO of Lemon Wallet, a digital wallet platform. In 2013 the American firm LifeLock bought Lemon for about $43 million (US).
qas: question: zh_tw: 2013 年，LifeLock 為檸檬支付了多少錢？
en: How much money did LifeLock pay for Lemon in 2013?
answers: zh_tw: text: 4300 萬美元
en: text: $43 million
WISE 1049-5319
Luhman 16

context: zh_tw: WISE 1049-5319 的伴星於 2013 年由魯赫曼發現，並且和主星一起在同一篇論文公佈。發現伴星的影像是由位於智利的南雙子星望遠鏡的雙子多目標光譜儀（Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph，GMOS）拍攝於 2013 年 2 月的 I 波段影像。該系統成員星的解析影像角距離是 1.5 角秒，因此兩者投影距離是 3 天文單位，光度差異是 0.45 等。
en: The second component of the system was discovered also by Luhman in 2013, and was announced in the same article as the primary. Its discovery image in the i-band was taken on the night of 23 February 2013 with the Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph (GMOS) at the Gemini South telescope, Chile. The components of the system were resolved with an angular distance of 1.5 arcseconds, corresponding to a projected separation of 3 AU, and a magnitude difference of 0.45 mag.
qas: question: zh_tw: 2013 年，盧曼發現的系統成員星角距離是多少？
en: What was the angular distance that the components of a system discovered by Luhman in 2013?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1.5 角秒
en: text: 1.5 arcseconds
羅德尼號戰艦
HMS Rodney (29)

context: zh_tw: 武裝巡洋艦 HMS Rawalpindi 被德國戰列巡洋艦沙恩霍斯特號和格奈森瑙號擊沉後，羅德尼號在大西洋上追擊兩艦，但遭受了嚴重的舵機勞損，被迫返回利物浦維修至 12 月 31 日。羅德尼號於 1940 年 4 月 9 日遭到德國飛機攻擊，一枚 500 公斤炸彈擊穿了甲板，但沒有爆炸，在擊中裝甲甲板後滑出。在 9 月 13 日接到調令前往英吉利海峽後，羅德尼號從斯卡帕灣前往羅塞斯，以防備德國登陸英格蘭。11 月和 12 月間羅德尼號主要進行不列顛和哈利法克斯間的商船護航任務。1941 年 1 月，她加入了追擊沙恩霍斯特號和格奈森瑙號的艦隊，但沒有戰果。3 月 16 日，在北大西洋進行商船護航時，發現德國艦隊，但在懾於英艦的火力優勢，德艦撤退。
en: Rodney was damaged by German aircraft at Karmoy, near Stavanger on 9 April 1940, when hit by a 500 kg (1,102 lb) bomb that pierced the upper deck aft of the funnel, but did not explode and exited sideways after striking the armoured deck. On 13 September, she was transferred from Scapa Flow to Rosyth with orders to operate in the English Channel when the German invasion of Britain was expected. In November and December, Rodney was assigned convoy escort duties between Britain and Halifax, Nova Scotia. In January 1941, Rodney joined the hunt for the German capital ships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau, without success. On 16 March, however, while escorting a convoy in the North Atlantic, contact was made with the German battleships, but no battle followed, as the German ships turned away when they realised that they were facing superior firepower.
qas: question: zh_tw: 在 1941 年，羅德尼號在搜尋什麼戰艦？
en: Which ships did Rodney search for in 1941?
answers: zh_tw: text: 沙恩霍斯特號和格奈森瑙號
en: text: Scharnhorst and Gneisenau
李寧
Li Ning

context: zh_tw: 李寧（1963 年 3 月 10 日－），壯族人，生於廣西柳州，中國退役體操運動員，企業家。有「中國第一代體操王子」、「中國體操天王」之稱。2008 年北京奧運會最後一棒火炬手，點燃奧運聖火。
en: Li Ning (born March 10, 1963 in Laibin, Guangxi) is a retired Chinese gymnast and entrepreneur. He founded the sportswear company Li-Ning.
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰建立了李寧公司？
en: Who created the Li-Ning company?
answers: zh_tw: text: 李寧
en: text: Li Ning
烏蘭夫
Ulanhu

context: zh_tw: 烏蘭夫（蒙古語：ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠬᠦᠦ，鮑培轉寫：Ulaan Hüü，西裡爾字母：Улаанхүү；1906 年 12 月 23 日－1988 年 12 月 8 日），別名雲澤、雲時雨，中國內蒙古蒙古族人。中國共產黨政治家、中華人民共和國和內蒙古自治區領導人，中國人民解放軍開國上將，官至國家副主席，有 “蒙古王” 之稱。
en: Ulanhu or Ulanfu (23 December 1907 – 8 December 1988), also known by his Chinese name Yun Ze, was the founding Chairman of China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, serving from 1947 to 1966. Ulanhu had the nickname of "Mongolian King" during his political career. He served as Vice-Premier between 1956 and 1966. He was purged during the Cultural Revolution but later reinstated. Between 1983 and 1988 he held the office of Vice President of the People's Republic of China.
qas: question: zh_tw: 烏蘭胡哪年死的？
en: What year did Ulanhu die?
answers: zh_tw: text: Hüü，西裡爾字母：Улаанхүү；1906 年 12 月 23 日－1988 年 12 月 8 日），別名雲澤、雲時雨，中國內蒙古蒙古族人。
en: text: 1988
圓周率
Pi

context: zh_tw: 小數（整數後首 50 個位）：3.14159265358979323846264338327950288419716939937510...（另見 A000796）其他進位制中的近似值
en: Digits: The first 50 decimal digits are 3.14159265358979323846264338327950288419716939937510... (see OEIS: A000796)Digits in other number systems
qas: question: zh_tw: 可列出多少位數字？
en: How many digits might there be listed?
answers: zh_tw: text: 50
en: text: 50

context: zh_tw: 。波斯天文學家卡西在 1424 年利用 3×228 邊的多邊形，計算到六十進位制的第 9 位小數，相當十進位制的第 16 位小數。這一突破成為當時的紀錄，延續了約 180 年。法國數學家弗朗索瓦・韋達在 1579 年用 3×217 邊形計算到第 9 位小數，佛蘭芒數學家阿德里安・範・羅門在 1593 年計算到第 15 位小數。荷蘭數學家魯道夫・範・科伊倫在 1596 年計算到第 20 位小數，他之後又計算到第 35 位小數（因此在二十世紀初之前，圓周率在德國會稱為魯道夫數）。荷蘭科學家威理博・司乃耳在 1621 年計算到第 34 位小數，而奧地利天文學家克里斯托夫・格林伯格在 1630 年用 1040 邊形計算到第 38 位小數，至今這仍是利用多邊形演算法可以達到最準確的結果。
en: In ancient China, values for π included 3.1547 (around 1 AD), √10 (100 AD, approximately 3.1623), and 142/45 (3rd century, approximately 3.1556). Around 265 AD, the Wei Kingdom mathematician Liu Hui created a polygon-based iterative algorithm and used it with a 3,072-sided polygon to obtain a value of π of 3.1416. Liu later invented a faster method of calculating π and obtained a value of 3.14 with a 96-sided polygon, by taking advantage of the fact that the differences in area of successive polygons form a geometric series with a factor of 4. The Chinese mathematician Zu Chongzhi, around 480 AD, calculated that 3.1415926 < π < 3.1415627 and suggested the approximations π ≈ 355/113 = 3.14159292035... and π ≈ 22/7 = 3.142857142857..., which he termed the Milü (''close ratio") and Yuelü ("approximate ratio"), respectively, using Liu Hui's algorithm applied to a 12,288-sided polygon. With a correct value for its seven first decimal digits, this value of remained the most accurate approximation of π available for the next 800 years.The Indian astronomer Aryabhata used a value of 3.1416 in his Āryabhaṭīya (499 AD). Fibonacci in c. 1220 computed 3.1418 using a polygonal method, independent of Archimedes. Italian author Dante apparently employed the value 3+√2/10 ≈ 3.14142.The Persian astronomer Jamshīd al-Kāshī produced 9 sexagesimal digits, roughly the equivalent of 16 decimal digits, in 1424 using a polygon with 3×228 sides, which stood as the world record for about 180 years. French mathematician François Viète in 1579 achieved 9 digits with a polygon of 3×217 sides. Flemish mathematician Adriaan van Roomen arrived at 15 decimal places in 1593. In 1596, Dutch mathematician Ludolph van Ceulen reached 20 digits, a record he later increased to 35 digits (as a result, π was called the "Ludolphian number" in Germany until the early 20th century). Dutch scientist Willebrord Snellius reached 34 digits in 1621, and Austrian astronomer Christoph Grienberger arrived at 38 digits in 1630 using 1040 sides, which remains the most accurate approximation manually achieved using polygonal algorithms.
qas: question: zh_tw: 韋達用邊形計算到第幾位小數？
en: Viète got how many digits using a polygon with an extreme amount of sides?
answers: zh_tw: text: 9
en: text: 9
下村定
Sadamu Shimomura

context: zh_tw: 1908 年 5 月，下村定畢業於陸軍士官學校第二十期，擔任野炮兵第 14 聯隊附。1916 年 11 月，畢業於陸軍大學校第二十八期，次年起擔任參謀本部附、參謀本部員。1919 年赴法國學習研究軍事，後擔任駐德國科隆武官。期間，加入了由永田鐵山、岡村寧次、小畑敏四郎等 “三羽烏” 主導的 “巴登巴登密約”。
en: Shimomura was a native of Kōchi Prefecture, and a graduate of the 20th class of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in 1908. His classmates included Prince Asaka, Prince Higashikuni Naruhiko, Prince Kitashirakawa Naruhisa, Mitsuru Ushijima, Heitarō Kimura, Takashi Sakai, and Shōjirō Iida. He subsequently graduated from the 28th class of the Army Staff College in 1916. After serving in a number of staff and administrative positions within the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff, Shimomura was posted to France as a military attaché in 1919. He returned to the Strategy and Planning bureau of the General Staff in 1921. He participated as part of the Japanese delegation to the Geneva Naval Conference negotiations from 1928–1929 and in 1931. From 1933-1935 he was commander of the IJA 1st Heavy Field Artillery Regiment.In 1935, Shimomura was assigned to the staff of the Kwantung Army and promoted to major general in 1936. He returned to the General Staff as Chief of the 4th Bureau from 1936–1937, and of the 1st Bureau from 1937-1938. He was strong proponent of a more aggressive approach towards the Kuomintang government in the Shanghai area and his recommendations influenced the decision of the Japanese General Staff to authorize the landings of the Japanese Tenth Army at the start of the Battle of Shanghai.Shimomura was promoted to lieutenant general in 1939. He was Commandant of the Artillery School in 1940, and given a field command in 1942 in the form of the Japanese Thirteenth Army based in Shanghai and surrounding provinces primarily as a garrison force to deter the possible landings of the Allies of World War II in the lower Yangtze River area of east central China.
qas: question: zh_tw: 下村定是哪年從陸軍大學校畢業的？
en: In what year did Shimomura graduate from Army Staff College?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1916
en: text: 1916

question: zh_tw: 他在 1921 年回到了什麼部門？
answers: en: text: Strategy and Planning bureau of the General Staff

context: zh_tw: 1921 年 9 月回國後，擔任參謀本部作戰課參謀。1924 年 8 月，調任野炮兵第 7 聯隊大隊長，後改任陸大教官。1927 年 6 月，擔任日內瓦海軍裁軍會議委員，後歷任參謀本部部員，陸軍兵器本廠附（國聯裁軍準備委員會幹事），日內瓦裁軍會議全權隨員。1933 年 12 月，任野戰重炮兵第 1 聯隊長。1935 年 3 月，調任關東軍第一課課長，後改任陸大研究部主事。1936 年 3 月，晉升陸軍少將軍銜，8 月任參謀本部第四部部長。
qas: question: zh_tw: 他在 1921 年回到了什麼部門？
en: What department did he return to in 1921?
answers: zh_tw: text: 參謀本部作戰課參謀
塔霍河
Tagus

context: zh_tw: 塔霍河（拉丁語：Tagus，西班牙語：Tajo，葡萄牙語：Tejo），也稱塔古斯河或特茹河，是伊比利亞半島最大的河流。它發源於西班牙阿爾瓦拉辛附近的山脈，向西流淌，最終在葡萄牙里斯本注入大西洋。塔霍河全長 1038 公里，其中 716 公里位於西班牙境內，47 公里為西班牙和葡萄牙的邊境，其餘的 275 公里在葡萄牙境內。塔霍河的流域面積為 80,100 平方公里，為伊比利亞半島第二大流域的河流，僅次於杜羅河。它的大部分路線非常狹窄，在經過阿爾莫洛爾城堡後進入一個寬廣的山谷，容易引起洪水氾濫。
en: The Tagus (; Spanish: Tajo, [ˈtaxo]; Portuguese: Tejo, [ˈtɛʒu]) is the longest river in the Iberian Peninsula. It is 1,007 km (626 mi) long, 716 km (445 mi) in Spain, 47 km (29 mi) along the border between Portugal and Spain and 275 km (171 mi) in Portugal, where it empties into the Atlantic Ocean near Lisbon. It drains an area of 80,100 square kilometers (30,927 sq mi) (the second largest in the Iberian peninsula after the Douro). The Tagus is highly utilized for most of its course. Several dams and diversions supply drinking water to places of central Spain and Portugal, while dozens of hydroelectric stations create power. Between dams it follows a very constricted course, but after Almourol it enters a wide alluvial valley, prone to flooding. Its mouth is a large estuary near the port city of Lisbon.
qas: question: zh_tw: 塔古斯河最終注入哪個地方？
en: Where does the Tagus river eventually end?
answers: zh_tw: text: 大西洋
en: text: Atlantic Ocean
矽
Silicon

context: zh_tw: 矽是一種化學元素，其元素符號為 Si, 原子序為 14。它是一種帶著灰藍色金屬光澤且堅硬易碎的晶體，亦是一種四價的類金屬半導體。矽為週期表第十四族元素之一：碳在其排序之上，其下依序為鍺、錫、鉛。(注：此處的排序並非指原子序的排列，而是指週期表第十四族由上而下的排序。) 由於它對於氧的高親和力，直至在西元 1823 年才第一次被 Jons Jakob Berzelius 純化。它的熔點和沸點分別為攝氏 1414 度及 3265 度，且分別在類金屬和非金屬中排名第二，僅次於硼。矽在宇宙中最常見元素中排名第八，但以元素型態分佈在地殼是非常罕見的。它常以二氧化矽或矽酸鹽等多樣的形式廣泛分佈於土壤、沙和小行星和行星中。地殼的組成超過九成是矽酸鹽類物質，使得矽成為地殼中含量第二的元素，僅次於氧。
en: Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14. It is a hard and brittle crystalline solid with a blue-grey metallic lustre; and it is a tetravalent metalloid and semiconductor. It is a member of group 14 in the periodic table: carbon is above it; and germanium, tin, and lead are below it. It is relatively unreactive. Because of its high chemical affinity for oxygen, it was not until 1823 that Jöns Jakob Berzelius was first able to prepare it and characterize it in pure form.  Its melting and boiling points of 1414 °C and 3265 °C respectively are the second-highest among all the metalloids and nonmetals, being only surpassed by boron. Silicon is the eighth most common element in the universe by mass, but very rarely occurs as the pure element in the Earth's crust. It is most widely distributed in dusts, sands, planetoids, and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates. More than 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust (about 28% by mass) after oxygen.
qas: question: zh_tw: 矽的原子序是什麼？
en: What is silicon's atomic number?
answers: zh_tw: text: 14
en: text: 14

context: zh_tw: 雖然動物通常對於矽的需求是微量的，但在生物學裡，矽是一種必要的元素。然而在多種的海綿動物門及微生物裡，像是矽藻及放射蟲會分泌由二氧化矽組成的骨骼物質。二氧化矽亦通常沉澱於植物組織中。
en: Silicon is an essential element in biology, although only traces are required by animals. However, various sea sponges and microorganisms, such as diatoms and radiolaria, secrete skeletal structures made of silica. Silica is deposited in many plant tissues.
qas: question: zh_tw: 二氧化矽位於植物中的哪個位置？
en: Where in plants are Silica located?
answers: zh_tw: text: 組織
en: text: tissues
競技體操
Artistic gymnastics

context: zh_tw: 體操（Gymnastics）一詞源於古希臘文（Gymnastike），指裸體技藝。儘管體操在古中國和古印度都有著悠久的歷史，目前普遍認為體操起源於 2000 多年前的古希臘。在荷馬、亞里士多德和柏拉圖的著作中都提到了體操。當時的體操包含了很多的內容，現在已經逐漸演變為多種現代運動：游泳、賽跑、摔角、拳擊、騎馬等。19 世紀初，德國和捷克斯洛伐克逐步發展現代體操形式，同時術語 “競技體操”（artistic gymnastics）也在同一時期開始使用。 德國教育家弗里德里希・路德維希・雅恩建立了體操的幾個單項，其中包括單槓和雙槓。雅恩也因此被稱為 “現代體操之父”。國際體操聯合會於 1881 年成立，至今仍然承擔著管理國際體操比賽以及制定規則的功能。當時只有三個成員國，名稱為 “歐洲體操聯合會”。直到 1921 年，第一個非歐洲國家加入後，才改成 “國際體操聯合會”。體操是 1896 年第一屆奧運的比賽專案之一，不過女子自 1928 年起才允許參加奧運會。世界體操錦標賽從 1903 年開始舉辦，直到 1934 年才允許女子參加。很多運動專案，男子和女子沒有很大區別。體操則不同，從那時起，男子體操和女子體操作為兩個分支開始發展。
en: The gymnastic system was mentioned in works by ancient authors, such as Homer, Aristotle, and Plato. It included many disciplines that would later become separate sports, such as swimming, racing, wrestling, boxing, and riding, and was also used for military training. In its present form, gymnastics evolved in Bohemia and what is now (Germany) at the beginning of the 19th century, and the term "artistic gymnastics" was introduced at the same time to distinguish free styles from the ones used by the military. The German educator Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, who was known as the father of gymnastics, invented several apparatus, including the horizontal bar and parallel bars, which are used to this day. Two of the first gymnastics clubs were Turnvereins and Sokols.
qas: question: zh_tw: 什麼運動曾經屬於體操？
en: what sports used to be included in gymnastics?
answers: zh_tw: text: 游泳、賽跑、摔角、拳擊、騎馬
en: text: swimming, racing, wrestling, boxing, and riding
驢羚

context: zh_tw: 驢羚出沒於沼澤地區，因牠們以水中植物為糧食。牠們亦會以及膝的水作為保護，免受獵食者的侵襲。牠們的腳有著抗水物質包裹，容許牠們在這種環境下快速賓士。
qas: question: zh_tw: 什麼幫助驢羚在水上賓士？
en: What helps the Lechwe run in water?
answers: zh_tw: text: 牠們的腳有著抗水物質包裹

context: zh_tw: 驢羚是白天生活的動物。牠們聚整合群的數量可達多千頭。族群一般都是同性別，但在交配季節則會兩性混雜。在班韋烏盧沼澤生活的族群毛色較深，是驢羚的一個亞種，故稱為黑驢羚（學名 Kobus leche smithemani）。生活在喀輔埃溼原的另一個亞種是喀輔埃河驢羚（學名是 Kobus leche kafue），而其他地區的則稱為赤驢羚（學名 Kobus leche leche）。
qas: question: zh_tw: 多少頭可以聚整合群？
en: How many individuals can gather in herds?
answers: zh_tw: text: 多千頭
塞舌蛙科
Sooglossidae

context: zh_tw: 塞舌蛙科（學名：Sooglossidae）是兩棲綱無尾目的一科，分佈於塞席爾群島與印度。之前該科分為納塞蛙屬與塞舌蛙屬，不過在 2006 年的修訂之後，納塞蛙屬成為了塞舌蛙屬下的一個異名。同時，新近發現的西高止山鼻蛙原先被列為一個單型科（紫蛙科，Nasikabatrachidae），現在則被列在塞舌蛙科之下。該科的物種都是相對較小的陸棲蛙類，長約 4 釐米，隱藏在落葉下或岩石縫隙中。在新蛙亞目中它們較特殊，因為它們的抱合方式採用的是古老的腹股溝式。它們會將卵產在溼地而非水中。其中一個物種沒有蝌蚪形態，其他的則將蝌蚪攜帶在背上直至它們變態。該科沒有化石記錄。它們的祖先自大約 1 億年塞席爾群島從印度分離後開始分化。
en: All Sooglossidae species are relatively small terrestrial frogs, about 4 cm (1.6 in) in length, hiding under fallen leaves or in rock crevices. They are unusual for the neobatrachials, in that they undertake inguinal amplexus, a primitive version of amplexus. They lay their eggs on moist ground, rather than in water. Several species lack tadpoles, with the eggs hatching directly into froglets. The tadpoles of S. sechellensis are carried, abnormally, on the backs of the female frogs until metamorphosis.There is no fossil record for the family. Ancestors diverged when the Seychelles Islands split from India about 100 million years ago during the Cretaceous.
qas: question: zh_tw: 他們不在哪裡產卵？
en: What location do they not lay their eggs?
answers: zh_tw: text: 水
en: text: water
加菲爾德縣 (蒙大拿州)

context: zh_tw: 根據 2000 年人口普查，加菲爾德縣擁有 1,279 居民、532 住戶和 366 家庭。其人口密度為每平方英里 0.274 居民（每平方公里 0.1058 居民）。加菲爾德縣是美國人口密度第三低的縣份，排其前位的是內華達州埃斯梅拉達縣與德克薩斯州的洛文縣。本縣擁有 961 間房屋單位，其密度為每平方英里 0.2 間（每平方公里 0.08 間）。而人口是由 99.14% 白人、0.08% 黑人、0.39% 土著、0.08% 亞洲人、0.08% 太平洋島民和 0.23% 混血構成。而西班牙裔或拉丁美洲人佔了人口 0.39%。在 99.14% 白人中，有 25.9% 為德國人、15.4% 為英國人、8.1 為蘇格蘭人、10.1% 為愛爾蘭人、6.7% 為挪威人、以及 5.5% 為蘇格蘭 - 愛爾蘭人。在 532 住戶中，有 28.8% 擁有一個或以上的兒童（18 歲以下）、60.3% 為夫妻、4.5% 為單親家庭、31.2% 為非家庭、28.2% 為獨居、13.5% 住戶有同居長者。平均每戶有 2.38 人，而平均每個家庭則有 2.93 人。在 1,279 居民中，有 24.5% 為 18 歲以下、7.1% 為 18 至 24 歲、23.3% 為 25 至 44 歲、25.8% 為 45 至 64 歲以及 19.3% 為 65 歲以上。人口的年齡中位數為 42 歲，女子對男子的性別比為 100：106.6。成年人的性別比則為 100：103.4。本縣的住戶收入中位數為 $25,917，而家庭收入中位數則為 $31,111。男性的收入中位數為 $20,474，而女性的收入中位數則為 $14,531，人均收入為 $13,930。約 16.7% 家庭和 21.5% 人口在貧窮線以下，包括 27.9% 兒童（18 歲以下）及 17.4% 長者（65 歲以上）。
qas: question: zh_tw: 該郡多少人口是少數人口？
en: What percentage of the county's population were minors?
answers: zh_tw: text: 24.5%

question: zh_tw: 有多少個家庭居住在這個縣內？
en: How many families lived inside of the county?
answers: zh_tw: text: 366
黃葦鳽
Yellow bittern

context: zh_tw: 黃葦鳽場 30 至 40 釐米，與其它葦鳽屬鳥類一樣它的頸短，喙長。它的羽毛呈黃褐色，雄性的頭部和頸部呈棕褐色，頭頂是黑色的；雌性的頭、頸和胸部有棕色條紋。幼鳥幾乎全身有棕色條紋。
en: This is a small species at 36 to 38 cm (14 to 15 in) in length, with a short neck and longish bill. The male is uniformly dull yellow above and buff below. The head and neck are chestnut, with a black crown. The female's crown, neck and breast are streaked brown, and the juvenile is like the female but heavily streaked brown below, and mottled with buff above. Yellow bitterns feed on insects, fish and amphibians.
qas: question: zh_tw: 該物種的平均長度範圍是多少英寸？
en: What is the species' average range of length in inches?
answers: zh_tw: text: 30 至 40 釐米
en: text: 14 to 15

question: zh_tw: 幼鳥與哪性別的鳥一樣？
en: What gender is the juvenile the same as?
answers: zh_tw: text: 雌性
en: text: female
加勒比海
Caribbean Sea

context: zh_tw: 加勒比海是西半球常出現熱帶氣旋的地區。一連串的低壓系統從非洲西部海域生成，越過大西洋來到加勒比海。低壓系統中大部份都不會發展為熱帶氣旋，只有少部份會，即為北大西洋熱帶氣旋，多半會在東加勒比海的氣壓較低區域。熱帶氣旋出現在每年的六月至十一月，主要是在八月和九月。平均每年會有九個熱帶氣旋，有五個到達颶風的等級。依美國國家颶風中心的資料統計，在 1494 年至 1900 年之間出現過 385 個颶風。
en: Rainfall varies with elevation, size and water currents (cool upwelling keep the ABC islands arid). Warm, moist trade winds blow consistently from the east, creating both rain forest and semi arid climates across the region. The tropical rainforest climates include lowland areas near the Caribbean Sea from Costa Rica north to Belize, as well as the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico, while the more seasonal dry tropical savanna climates are found in Cuba, northern Venezuela, and southern Yucatán, Mexico. Arid climates are found along the extreme southern coast of Venezuela out to the islands including Aruba and Curacao, as well as the northern tip of YucatánTropical cyclones are a threat to the nations that rim the Caribbean Sea. While landfalls are infrequent, the resulting loss of life and property damage makes them significant hazard to life in the Caribbean. Tropical cyclones that impact the Caribbean often develop off the West coast of Africa and make their way west across the Atlantic Ocean toward the Caribbean, while other storms develop in the Caribbean itself. The Caribbean hurricane season as a whole lasts from June through November, with the majority of hurricanes occurring during August and September. On average around 9 tropical storms form each year, with 5 reaching hurricane strength. According to the National Hurricane Center 385 hurricanes occurred in the Caribbean between 1494 and 1900.
qas: question: zh_tw: 加勒比海颶風會持續多久？
en: how long does the Caribbean hurricane last?
answers: zh_tw: text: 六月至十一月
en: text: June through November

question: zh_tw: 平均有多少個熱帶風暴？
en: How many tropical storms are there on average?
answers: zh_tw: text: 九個熱帶氣旋
en: text: 9 tropical storms
約翰二世 (拜占庭)
John II Komnenos

context: zh_tw: 拉丁史學家威廉形容約翰二世不僅身材矮小而且相貌是不尋常得醜陋。他的眼睛、頭髮、皮膚都黑得像是一個摩爾人，儘管他相貌醜陋但他卻被稱為 “好人” 與 “美男子”。他的外號的來源可能不是因為他的外貌而是因為他的性格。約翰像他的父母一樣極為虔誠。而且他對於自己的家庭成員的言行都加以嚴格管教。他的每頓餐食都非常的簡樸，而且他還經常在演講中訓斥那些生活奢靡的朝臣們。他的演講風格嚴肅卻又不乏幽默風趣的巧妙辯駁。對於他的孩子們他是一位慈愛的父親，而且給他的孩子們制定了很高的標準，對於他的妻子他也是一位忠誠的丈夫。儘管他的個人生活非常簡樸，但他認為推崇華麗的儀式有利於彰顯帝國的強盛。這些舉措使得他受到了他的臣民極高的尊重。約翰當時曾因他的虔誠與和善而聞名，在那個殘忍的時代中他被認為是一位仁慈的統治者。他因他從不處死或致殘任何人而馳名。他還慷慨的投入到慈善事業中。因此被稱作是拜占庭的馬可・奧勒留。受他的高尚的品格與宗教虔誠的影響禮儀儀式在他的時代獲得了巨大的發展。在戰鬥中也可以表現出他極高的自制力與勇氣，透過他數次指揮軍隊保衛帝國的表現來看，在戰場上他是一位十分傑出的軍事家。
en: The Latin historian William of Tyre described John as short and unusually ugly, with eyes, hair and complexion so dark he was known as 'the Moor'. Yet despite his physical appearance, John was known as Kaloïōannēs, "John the Good" or "John the Beautiful"; the epithet referred to his character. Both his parents were unusually pious and John surpassed them. Members of his court were expected to restrict their conversation to serious subjects only.  The food served at the emperor's table was very frugal and John lectured courtiers who lived in excessive luxury. His speech was dignified, but he engaged in repartee on occasion. All accounts agree that he was a faithful husband to his wife, an unusual trait in a Medieval ruler. Despite his personal austerity, John had a high conception of the imperial role and would appear in full ceremonial splendour when this was advantageous.John was famed for his piety and his remarkably mild and just reign. He is an exceptional example of a moral ruler, at a time when cruelty was the norm. He is reputed never to have condemned anyone to death or mutilation. Charity was dispensed lavishly. For this reason, he has been called the Byzantine Marcus Aurelius. By the example of his personal morality and piety he effected a notable improvement in the manners of his age. Descriptions of him and his actions indicate that he had great self-control and personal courage, and was an excellent strategist and general.
qas: question: zh_tw: 之後他叫什麼？
en: what was he called after that?
answers: zh_tw: text: 馬可・奧勒留
en: text: Byzantine Marcus Aurelius
牛津大學自然史博物館
Oxford University Museum of Natural History

context: zh_tw: 牛津大學自然史博物館（英語：Oxford University Museum of Natural History），有時簡稱牛津大學博物館（Oxford University Museum），是牛津大學收集陳列自然史標本的大學博物館，位於英國牛津大學基伯爾學院對面。牛津大學自然史博物館為達爾文發表演化論的機構；創館時的館長為地質學家約翰・菲利普斯，為達爾文演化論的主要懷疑者之一。該博物館的講座大廳，曾是 1860 年牛津演化論大辯論的場址，現時由大學的化學、動物學及數學系所使用。
en: The Oxford University Museum of Natural History, sometimes known simply as the Oxford University Museum or OUMNH, is a museum displaying many of the University of Oxford's natural history specimens, located on Parks Road in Oxford, England. It also contains a lecture theatre which is used by the university's chemistry, zoology and mathematics departments. The museum provides the only public access into the adjoining Pitt Rivers Museum.
qas: question: zh_tw: 牛津大學自然史博物館位於哪條路上？
en: What road is OUMNH located on?
answers: zh_tw: text: Museum），是牛津大學收集陳列自然史標本的大學博物館，位於英國牛津大學基伯爾學院對面。
en: text: Parks Road
米蘇拉縣
Missoula County, Montana

context: zh_tw: 米蘇拉縣（Missoula County, Montana）是美國蒙大拿州西部的一個縣，西南鄰愛達荷州。面積 6,781 平方公里。根據美國 2000 年人口普查，共有人口 95,802。縣治米蘇拉 (Missoula)。
en: Missoula County is a county in the State of Montana. As of the 2010 United States Census, the population was 109,426, making it Montana's second-most populous county. Its county seat and largest city is Missoula. The county was founded in 1860.Missoula County comprises the Missoula, MT Metropolitan Statistical Area.
qas: question: zh_tw: 米蘇拉縣在哪個州？
en: What state is Missoula County in?
answers: zh_tw: text: Montana）是美國蒙大拿州西部的一個縣，西南鄰愛達荷州。
en: text: Montana
蘇聯共產黨中央監察委員會
Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

context: zh_tw: 蘇聯共產黨中央監察委員會（俄語：Центральная контрольная комиссия КПСС）是蘇聯共產黨的最高紀律檢查機關。其成員在蘇共中央委員會上選舉產生。蘇共中央監察委員會遵守黨的程式和規章來監督黨員和預備黨員的黨紀問題，宣告紀律和黨的道德規範。它也負責執行懲罰，包括開除出黨。中央監察委員會也被當作黨員為了懲罰當地黨組織的上訴機關。
en: The Party Control Committee oversaw the party discipline of the Party members and candidate Party members in terms of their observance of the programme and regulations of the Party, state discipline and Party ethics. It administered punishments, including expulsions from the Party. The Party Control Committee also considered the appeals of Party members punished by their local Party organizations.
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰上處理紀律上訴？
en: Who appealed the discipline?
answers: zh_tw: text: 中央監察委員會
en: text: Party Control Committee
尤里卡縣
Eureka County, Nevada

context: zh_tw: 根據 2000 年人口普查，尤里卡縣擁有 1,651 居民、666 住戶和 440 家庭。其人口密度為每平方英里 0.39 居民（每平方公里 0.15 居民）。本縣擁有 1,025 間房屋單位，其密度為每平方英里 0.25 間（每平方公里 0.09 間）。在 666 住戶中，有 33% 擁有一個或以上的兒童（18 歲以下）、56.5% 為夫妻、5% 為單親家庭、33.9% 為非家庭、29.1% 為獨居、9.9% 住戶有同居長者。平均每戶有 2.47 人，而平均每個家庭則有 3.08 人。在 1,651 居民中，有 27.8% 為 18 歲以下、5.2% 為 18 至 24 歲、28.6% 為 25 至 44 歲、25.9% 為 45 至 64 歲以及 12.4% 為 65 歲以上。人口的年齡中位數為 38 歲，女子對男子的性別比為 100：106.6。成年人的性別比則為 100：113.2。本縣的住戶收入中位數為 $41,417，而家庭收入中位數則為 $49,438。男性的收入中位數為 $45,167，而女性的收入中位數則為 $25,000，人均收入為 $18,629。約 12.6% 家庭和 8.9% 人口在貧窮線以下，包括 11.7% 兒童（18 歲以下）及 16.4% 長者（65 歲以上）。
en: As of the census of 2000, there were 1,651 people, 666 households, and 440 families residing in the county. The population density was 0.39 people per square mile (0.15/km²).  There were 1,025 housing units at an average density of 0.25 per square mile (0.09/km²).
qas: question: zh_tw: 2000 年有多少個家庭住在縣裡？
en: How many families lived in the county in 2000?
answers: zh_tw: text: 440
en: text: 440
大䴉
Giant ibis

context: zh_tw: 棲息於溼地、池塘或河流沿岸的落葉低地林內。以無脊椎動物、甲殼類及小型的兩棲類或爬蟲類為食。其繁殖過程仍然是個謎，但相信是一種樹棲性的鳥類。
en: The giant ibis is a lowland bird that occurs in marshes, swamps, lakes, wide rivers, flooded plains and semi-open forests as well as pools, ponds and seasonal water-meadows in denser deciduous forest. It generally is found in lowlands. One bird was collected in a Malay paddyfield. Formerly the giant ibis was believed to breed in southeastern Thailand, central and northern Cambodia, southern Laos and southern Vietnam. It was still fairly common in the Mekong Delta until the 1920s but is now almost depleted, with a small remnant population breeding in Cambodia, southern Laos and possibly in Vietnam.
qas: question: zh_tw: 䴉於哪棲息？
en: What is the ibis' habitat?
answers: zh_tw: text: 溼地、池塘或河流沿岸的落葉低地林內
en: text: marshes, swamps, lakes, wide rivers, flooded plains and semi-open forests as well as pools, ponds and seasonal water-meadows
巴黎夏爾・戴高樂機場
Charles de Gaulle Airport

context: zh_tw: 在七年的計劃與建設後，機場於 1974 年 3 月 8 日開始啟用。一號航廈在當時是相當前衛的設計，它包括一個十層樓的圓形大樓，周圍有七個衛星建築環繞，每一個衛星建築都有四個登機門。它的主設計師是保羅・安德魯，他也負責隨後的擴建工作。
en: The planning and construction phase of what was known then as Aéroport de Paris Nord (Paris North Airport) began in 1966. On 8 March 1974 the airport, renamed Charles de Gaulle Airport, opened. Terminal 1 was built in an avant-garde design of a ten-floors-high circular building surrounded by seven satellite buildings, each with six gates allowing sunlight to enter through apertures. The main architect was Paul Andreu, who was also in charge of the extensions during the following decades.
qas: question: zh_tw: 圓形大樓有多少層樓？
en: How many floors were located on the circular building?
answers: zh_tw: text: 十
en: text: ten
狄・潘
Dith Pran

context: zh_tw: 潘出生在柬埔寨的暹粒，他的父親是一名公務員。他學習了法語，並自學了英語。美軍僱傭他做翻譯，後來先後擔任過英國電影 Lord Jim 的劇組成員和賓館前臺接待員。
en: The United States Army hired him as a translator but after his ties with the United States were severed, Dith worked with a British film crew for the film Lord Jim and then as a hotel receptionist.
qas: question: zh_tw: 迪斯在哪部電影裡任過職？
en: What film did Dith work ass a crew member on?
answers: zh_tw: text: Lord Jim
en: text: Lord Jim
阿馬烏童蛙
Paedophryne amauensis

context: zh_tw: 此物種於 2009 年 8 月由美國路易斯安那州立大學的爬蟲兩棲類學家克里斯多福・奧斯汀和他的博士生埃裡克・李特梅葉在考察巴布亞新畿內亞的生物多樣性時發現。發現地靠近中央省一個名為阿馬烏的村落。 這項發現在 2012 年 1 月出版的《公共科學圖書館期刊》上公佈。科研人員很難探測到這種蛙，因為這種蛙已經演化出保護色和超小體型，且高頻的鳴聲聽起來像是蟲鳴，不過奧斯汀和李特梅葉還是在雨林中錄下了夜間的蛙鳴聲。他們運用三角測量法確認不明聲音的來源，在那裡抓起一把落葉後發現有小蛙四處跳躍，並將採集到的樣本裝入塑膠袋。
en: The frog species was discovered in August 2009 by Louisiana State University herpetologist Christopher Austin and his PhD student Eric Rittmeyer while on an expedition to explore the biodiversity of Papua New Guinea. The new species was found near Amau village in the Central Province, from which its specific name is derived. The discovery was published in the peer-reviewed scientific journal PLOS One in January 2012.Because the frogs have calls that resemble those made by insects and are camouflaged among leaves on the forest floor, Paedophryne amauensis were difficult to detect. While recording nocturnal frog calls in the forest, Austin and Rittmeyer used triangulation to identify the source of an unknown animal and discovered the frogs by scooping up handfuls of leaf litter and putting it into plastic bags where they spotted the tiny frog hopping around.
qas: question: zh_tw: 何時發現新物種？
en: When was the new species discovered?
answers: zh_tw: text: 2009 年 8 月
en: text: August 2009
切羅基縣 (北卡羅萊納州)
Cherokee County, North Carolina

context: zh_tw: 切羅基縣的人口年齡分佈如下：20.6% 的人是 18 歲以下，6.5% 的人在 18 至 24 歲，24.4% 的人在 25 至 44 歲，28.8% 的人在 45 至 64 歲，19.7% 的人在 65 歲以上。平均年齡為 44 歲。女對男的性別比為 100：94.2，18 歲以上的人的性別比為 100：90.7。
en: In the county, the population was spread out with 20.60% under the age of 18, 6.50% from 18 to 24, 24.40% from 25 to 44, 28.80% from 45 to 64, and 19.70% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females there were 94.20 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.70 males.
qas: question: zh_tw: 女人超過了什麼年齡？
en: What age were the women over?
answers: zh_tw: text: 18
en: text: 18
早稻田大學亞洲太平洋研究科
Graduate School of Asia-Pacific Studies

context: zh_tw: 早稻田大學大學院亞洲太平洋研究科，或簡稱 GSAPS，是一所獨立研究科，著重於研究社會學與國際關係學。亞洲太平洋研究科建成於 1998 年 4 月，建設在日本東京的早稻田大學校園內。亞太的學生，教職員工以及校友來自 50 多個不同的國家，使之成為早稻田大學首屈一指的國際化大學院以及日本最具文化多元性的研究生教育中心。亞洲太平洋研究科主辦亞洲區域一體化全球研究機構（Global Institute for Asian Regional Integration，簡稱 GIARI），該機構得到日本政府文部科學省的支援與協助。
en: The Graduate School of Asia-Pacific Studies (大学院アジア太平洋研究科, Daigakuin Ajia Taiheiyō Kenkyūka), or GSAPS, is an independent graduate school focusing on social sciences and international relations. GSAPS was established in April 1998 on the Waseda Campus of Waseda University in Tokyo, Japan. GSAPS students, faculty, and alumni come from more than 50 countries, making it the university's foremost hub for international graduate education and one of Japan's most culturally diverse graduate institutes.
qas: question: zh_tw: GSAP 代表什麼？
en: What does GSAPS stand for?
answers: zh_tw: text: 早稻田大學大學院亞洲太平洋研究科，或簡稱 GSAPS
en: text: Graduate School of Asia-Pacific Studies
雪人航空 103 號班機空難
Yeti Airlines Flight 103

context: zh_tw: 據報道，遇難者中有 18 名遊客。 機上載有 12 名德國人和 2 名澳大利亞人。只有機長 Surendra Kunwar 在這起事故中生還。
en: Eighteen of the dead were reported to be tourists. Twelve of the passengers on the flight were German and two Australian. The only survivor was Surendra Kunwar, the captain of the aircraft, who was dragged free from the wreckage shortly after the crash and was flown to Kathmandu for emergency treatment.
qas: question: zh_tw: 12 名乘客的國籍是什麼？
en: what was the nationality of 12 of the passengers?
answers: zh_tw: text: 德國人和 2 名澳大利亞人
en: text: German and two Australian
喬賽亞・威拉德・吉布斯
Josiah Willard Gibbs

context: zh_tw: 不過，吉布斯確實獲得了當時美國科學家所能獲得的重要榮譽。1879 年，他獲選美國國家科學院院士。1880 年，他因有關化學熱力學的工作獲得由美國文理科學院頒發的倫福德獎。他還獲得了由普林斯頓大學和威廉姆斯學院頒發的名譽博士學位。吉布斯 1892 年就任倫敦數學學會榮譽會員，1897 年獲選英國皇家學會外籍會員。他還獲選普魯士科學院和法國科學院院士，獲得由埃爾朗根 - 紐倫堡大學以及奧斯陸大學授予的名譽博士學位。1901 年，英國皇家學會又頒發給吉布斯當時被認為是自然科學界地位最高的國際獎項，科普利獎章，並稱他 “首次對熱力學第二定律在化學、電學、外力做功轉化的熱能及熱容量等方面的運用做了詳盡的討論”。美國海軍駐倫敦武官，理查森・科洛弗中校代表當時身處紐黑文的吉布斯出席了頒獎儀式。數學家吉安 - 卡洛・羅塔在他的自傳中提到他一次在斯特林紀念圖書館數學書庫翻閱資料時的經歷。他誤打誤撞地發現了一個附在吉布斯課堂手記的手寫的郵件清單。其中列有 200 多個吉布斯同時代的有名的科學家，包括龐加萊、玻爾茲曼、大衛・希爾伯特以及恩斯特・馬赫等等。由此，羅塔認為吉布斯的科學工作可能比當時出版材料中所暗示的那樣，更為他所處時代的科學界精英熟知。林德・惠勒複製了那個郵件清單，並把它附在了他為吉布斯所做的傳記的附錄中。吉布斯的專著《關於多相物質平衡》1892 年被威廉・奧斯特瓦爾德譯為當時在化學的科學文獻中佔據主導地位的德文，1899 年又被亨利・路易・勒夏特列譯為法語。這多少能反映出而他的科學工作受到歐洲同行的賞識。
en: On the other hand, Gibbs did receive the major honors then possible for an academic scientist in the US. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1879 and received the 1880 Rumford Prize from the American Academy of Arts and Sciences for his work on chemical thermodynamics. He was also awarded honorary doctorates by Princeton University and Williams College.In Europe, Gibbs was inducted as honorary member of the London Mathematical Society in 1892 and elected Foreign Member of the Royal Society in 1897. He was elected as corresponding member of the Prussian and French Academies of Science and received honorary doctorates from the universities of Dublin, Erlangen, and Christiania (now Oslo). The Royal Society further honored Gibbs in 1901 with the Copley Medal, then regarded as the highest international award in the natural sciences, noting that he had been "the first to apply the second law of thermodynamics to the exhaustive discussion of the relation between chemical, electrical and thermal energy and capacity for external work." Gibbs, who remained in New Haven, was represented at the award ceremony by Commander Richardson Clover, the US naval attaché in London.In his autobiography, mathematician Gian-Carlo Rota tells of casually browsing the mathematical stacks of Sterling Library and stumbling on a handwritten mailing list, attached to some of Gibbs's course notes, which listed over two hundred notable scientists of his day, including Poincaré, Boltzmann, David Hilbert, and Ernst Mach. From this, Rota concluded that Gibbs's work was better known among the scientific elite of his day than the published material suggests. Lynde Wheeler reproduces that mailing list in an appendix to his biography of Gibbs. That Gibbs succeeded in interesting his European correspondents in his work is demonstrated by the fact that his monograph "On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances" was translated into German (then the leading language for chemistry) by Wilhelm Ostwald in 1892 and into French by Henri Louis Le Châtelier in 1899.
qas: question: zh_tw: 他研究的什麼領域獲獎了？
en: What area did he work on that caused him to receive a prize?
answers: zh_tw: text: 化學熱力學
en: text: chemical thermodynamics
赤色黎明
Red Dawn (2012 film)

context: zh_tw: 《赤色黎明》（英語：Red Dawn）是由丹・布拉德利執導的一部 2012 年美國戰爭片。劇本由卡爾・埃爾斯沃斯和傑里米・帕斯（Jeremy Passmore）改編自 1984 年同名電影。演員陣容有克里斯・海姆斯沃斯、喬希・佩克、喬什・哈切森、阿德琳妮・帕裡奇、伊莎貝爾・盧卡斯、康納・克魯斯和傑弗裡・迪恩・摩根。影片聚焦於一群幫助家鄉抵禦北朝鮮入侵的年輕人。
en: Red Dawn is a 2012 American war film directed by Dan Bradley. The screenplay by Carl Ellsworth and Jeremy Passmorea is a remake of the 1984 film of the same name. The film stars Chris Hemsworth, Josh Peck, Josh Hutcherson, Adrianne Palicki, Isabel Lucas, and Jeffrey Dean Morgan. The film centers on a group of young people who defend their hometown from a North Korean invasion.
qas: question: zh_tw: 他們想保衛哪個國家？
en: What country were they trying to protect?
answers: zh_tw: text: 北朝鮮
en: text: North Korean
漢諾威號戰列艦

context: zh_tw: 1918 年 11 月 11 日，德國與西方協約國簽訂了《康邊停戰協定》。根據協定條款，德國艦隊最現代化的主力艦將被扣押在斯卡帕灣的英國海軍基地，而艦隊餘部則解除武裝。在協定生效當日，漢諾威號被臨時發往斯維內明德，然後於 11 月 14－15 日與西里西亞號一同返回基爾。一個月後，在 12 月 17 日，漢諾威號根據停戰協定的條款而退役。1919 年 6 月 21 日簽署的《凡爾賽條約》允許德國水面艦隊保留八艘過時的戰列艦。這其中包括三艘德國級艦隻：漢諾威號、石勒蘇益格 - 荷爾斯泰因號和西里西亞號，以及五艘不倫瑞克級艦隻。1921 年 2 月，漢諾威號成為了於威瑪國家海軍中服役的第一艘老式戰艦，並在波羅的海擔任艦隊旗艦。它的首個母港是斯維內明德，但於 1922 年被轉移至基爾。1923 年，國家海軍採用了一種新的領導架構，並由不倫瑞克號成為艦隊旗艦。在 1925 年 10 月，漢諾威號轉移至北海駐防。1927 年 3 月，隨著西里西亞號重新服役，漢諾威號被除役。然而，經過進一步改造後，漢諾威號攜新建的桅杆但仍保留三煙囪的樣式，取代艾爾薩斯號於 1930 年 2 月至 1931 年 9 月再次服役。漢諾威號於 1936 年從海軍序列中除名。當局曾有設想將它改造為供飛機訓練使用的靶艦，但這從未實現。最終，該艦於 1944 年 5 月至 1946 年 10 月間在不來梅港拆解。其艦鍾現陳列於德累斯頓的聯邦德國軍事史博物館。
qas: question: zh_tw: 德國軍隊的舊艦隊怎麼了？
en: What happened to the German armies older fleet?
answers: zh_tw: text: 扣押

question: zh_tw: 船什麼時候被徹底摧毀？
en: When was the ship completely destroyed?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1944 年 5 月至 1946 年 10 月
乾燥劑
Desiccant

context: zh_tw: 乾燥劑是指能除去潮溼物質中水分的物質，常分為兩類：化學乾燥劑，如硫酸鈣和氯化鈣等，透過與水結合生成水合物進行乾燥；物理乾燥劑，如矽膠與活性氧化鋁等，透過物理吸附水進行乾燥。
en: Although some desiccants are chemically inert, others are extremely reactive and require specialized handling techniques.  The most common desiccant is silica, an otherwise inert, nontoxic, water-insoluble white solid.  Tens of thousands of tons are produced annually for this purpose.   Other common desiccants include activated charcoal, calcium sulfate, calcium chloride, and molecular sieves (typically, zeolites).
qas: question: zh_tw: 常見的乾燥劑有哪些？
en: What are some common desiccants?
answers: zh_tw: text: 硫酸鈣和氯化鈣等
en: text: activated charcoal, calcium sulfate, calcium chloride, and molecular sieves (typically, zeolites)
伯提・霍特
Bertil Hult

context: zh_tw: 1971 年，他由瑞典遷往德國，並於 1977 年將英孚總部建在瑞士盧塞恩，也是伯提・霍特的現居住地。擔任英孚 CEO 至 2002 年，擔任總裁至 2008，目前處於半退休狀態。在伯提・霍特的帶領下，EF 發展成一間在 50 餘個國家擁有 500 所語言學校、40,500 名員工的跨國企業（其中 18,000 名為全職員工、5,500 名全職教師、17,000 名兼職教師、領隊和導遊），公司總資產達數十億。英孚業務包括遍及國內外的語言學校、線上語言學校、互惠生安置專案、旅遊及學位交換專案、商學院等。霍特國際商學院（原為 Arthur D. LitTLe 管理學院）即以伯提・霍特的名字命名。他的兩個大兒子 ——Philip 和 Alex Hult 子承父業，擔任聯席 CEO。在伯提・霍特的帶領下，EF 發展成一間在 50 餘個國家擁有 40000 多名員工的跨國企業，資產達數十億。
en: Hult founded EF Education First at the age of 23 in the basement of his university dormitory in Lund, Sweden. He started EF as a language study and travel abroad organization, initially for Swedish high school students going to England to learn English. His childhood struggles with dyslexia convinced him that cultural immersion was a superior way to study a language.He served as the company's CEO until 2002, as its chairman until 2008, and then semi-retired. Under Hult's supervision, EF grew to become a multi-billion dollar corporation with more than 40,000 employees across 500 schools and educational programs in 53 different countries. EF continues to open language schools around the world, grow its online language school (EF Englishtown), place au pairs with American families, coordinate life-changing student travel, and international exchange experiences.  EF is affiliated with a business school, Hult International Business School, formerly the Arthur D. Little School of Management, which is named after Bertil Hult.EF Education First is wholly owned by Hult and his family. Forbes estimated Bertil's net worth to be 5 billion USD as of March 2015. He is a keen sailor and his boat, EF Education with skipper Paul Cayard, won the last Whitbread Round the World Race in 1998. He sails on his boat Erica XII. The boat hosted the Swedish Crown Princess Victoria and her husband Prince Daniel on their honeymoon.In 2006 he was elected International Swede of the Year. In 2012, Bertil Hult was awarded the Lucia Trade Award by the Swedish-American Chamber of Commerce for his contribution to fostering free trade between Sweden and the United States.  In 2014, Bertil Hult was named a Laureate by the World Entrepreneurship Forum.  The award recognizes "exceptional entrepreneurs for their impact on society and their capacity to change the world."
qas: question: zh_tw: 商學院的原名是什麼？
en: What was the previous name of the business school?
answers: zh_tw: text: Arthur D. LitTLe 管理學院
en: text: the Arthur D. Little School of Management
米底語
Median language

context: zh_tw: 米底語存在的唯一證據是古波斯語的大量藉詞。其語法完全未知。“但可知比起古波斯語，其與阿維斯陀語共用重要音位的同言線。在米底王國治下的西伊朗…… 米底語必然在一定程度上起到官方語言的作用。” 米底時期的文獻如今已不可考，米底語使用的字母種類也是未知的。“現如今，僅在前米底王國領土範圍內發現了一處篆刻於青銅牌匾上的早於阿契美尼德王朝的銘文，是以楔形文字撰寫的阿卡德語文段，年代約為前 8 世紀，但未發現與‘米底’一詞有關的內容。” 部分當代研究指出，未被破譯的所謂的線性埃蘭文字，可能就是表述米底語的文字。此猜想基於如下假設：假定庫提克・英舒什納克就是基亞克薩雷斯的原始伊朗語稱謂，指的是同一人，而非是另一個更早期的埃蘭國王。
en: Median is attested only by numerous loanwords in Old Persian. Nothing is known of its grammar, "but it shares important phonological isoglosses with Avestan, rather than Old Persian. Under the Median rule.... Median must to some extent have been the official Iranian language in western Iran".No documents dating to Median times have been preserved, and it is not known what script these texts might have been in. "So far only one inscription of pre-Achaemenid times (a bronze plaque) has been found on the territory of Media. This is a cuneiform inscription composed in Akkadian, perhaps in the 8th century BCE, but no Median names are mentioned in it."Some modern research suggests that the so-called Linear Elamite, which still has not been deciphered, may have been written in the language of Medes, by assuming Kutik-Inshushinak was the original Iranian name of Cyaxares the Great and not a much earlier Elamite king.
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪種語言中存在古波斯語的大量藉詞？
en: What has a lot of loanwords in Old Persian?
answers: zh_tw: text: 米底語
en: text: Median
Iptables
Iptables

context: zh_tw: 此類前端裝置如生成器（generator）或指令碼（script）往往會被其模板限制，模板僅僅能使用使用者定義規則並替換指定的部分，如只能替換埠或 IP 地址，同時，生成的規則往往難以達到最佳狀態，需要進行進一步最佳化，如此會增加開發和運維的成本。如果使用者想要了解 iptables 並且最佳化自己的規則，則需要自己建立規則。
en: Such front-ends, generators and scripts are often limited by their built-in template systems and where the templates offer substitution spots for user-defined rules. Also, the generated rules are generally not optimized for the particular firewalling effect the user wishes, as doing so will likely increase the maintenance cost for the developer. Users who reasonably understand iptables and want their ruleset optimized are advised to construct their own ruleset.
qas: question: zh_tw: 模板能給系統提供什麼？
en: What do templates offer the systems?
answers: zh_tw: text: 使用使用者定義規則並替換指定的部分
en: text: substitution spots for user-defined rules
紐芬蘭與拉布拉多省
Newfoundland and Labrador

context: zh_tw: 2017 年，紐芬蘭與拉布拉多省的 GDP（現價）為 330 億加幣。其中，35.3% 來自採礦，採油產業。；2019 年一月就業人口 22 萬人，其中 90.7% 為服務業。捕魚業仍然是該省經濟的重要組成部分，創造了約 2 萬個就業崗位和 4.4 億的 GDP。在 2017 年，鱈魚，黑線鱈，比目魚，鯡魚，鯖魚
en: Economic growth, gross domestic product (GDP), exports and employment resumed in 2010, after suffering the impacts of the late-2000s recession. In 2010, total capital investment in the province grew to $6.2 billion, an increase of 23.0% compared to 2009. 2010 GDP reached $28.1 billion, compared to $25.0 billion in 2009.Service industries accounted for the largest share of GDP, especially financial services, health care and public administration. Other significant industries are mining, oil production and manufacturing. The total workforce in 2010 was 263,800 people. Per capita GDP in 2008 was $61,763, higher than the national average and third only to Alberta and Saskatchewan out of Canadian provinces.Mines in Labrador, the iron ore mine at Wabush/Labrador City, and the nickel mine in Voisey's Bay produced a total of $3.3 billion worth of ore in 2010. A mine at Duck Pond (30 km (18 mi) south of the now-closed mine at Buchans), started producing copper, zinc, silver and gold in 2007, and prospecting for new ore bodies continues. Mining accounted for 3.5% of the provincial GDP in 2006. The province produces 55% of Canada's total iron ore. Quarries producing dimension stone such as slate and granite, account for less than $10 million worth of material per year. Oil production from offshore oil platforms on the Hibernia, White Rose and Terra Nova oil fields on the Grand Banks was of 110,000,000 barrels (17,000,000 m3), which contributed to more than 15% of the province's GDP in 2006. Total production from the Hibernia field from 1997 to 2006 was 733,000,000 barrels (116,500,000 m3) with an estimated value of $36 billion. This will increase with the inclusion of the latest project, Hebron. Remaining reserves are estimated at almost 2 billion barrels (320×10^6 m3) as of December 31, 2006. Exploration for new reserves is ongoing.
qas: question: zh_tw: 其他三個重要行業是什麼？
en: What are the other three significant industries?
answers: zh_tw: text: 採礦，採油產業
en: text: mining, oil production and manufacturing