zetavg/mlqa_en_zh_tw huggingface dataset:
阿卜杜勒・法塔赫・伊斯梅爾
Abdul Fattah Ismail

context: zh_tw: 阿卜杜勒・法塔赫・伊斯梅爾（1939 年－1986 年 1 月 13 日）是一位葉門政治家，曾擔任南葉門總統（1978－1980 年），葉門社會黨的創立者之一。早年參加反對英國殖民統治的民族主義運動，多次被捕入獄。1963 年參與建立了民族解放陣線。南葉門獨立後，先後擔任文化部部長、葉門統一部部長和民族解放陣線中央委員會秘書長等職。1978 年 6 月 22 日與阿里・納賽爾等左派了推翻以薩利姆・魯巴伊・阿里總統為首中間派政府。同年聯合南葉門的左翼黨派組建了葉門社會黨。同年年底被選為最高人民委員會主席團主席（即國家元首）。1980 年被阿里・納賽爾逼迫下臺，流亡蘇聯。1985 年阿里・納賽爾迫於國內壓力，允許伊斯梅爾回到亞丁。1986 年初，雙方衝突加劇，雙方支持者在亞丁地區展開激戰。伊斯梅爾衝突中喪生。
en: He was elected to the NLF executive in the first, second and third NLF congresses, 1965-67. After South Yemen gained independence in 1967 he was appointed Minister of Culture and Yemeni Unity. In the fourth NLF congress he was instrumental in determining the progressive line of the revolution. But in March 1968 he was arrested by the right wing of the NLF and went into exile, where he drafted the program for Accomplishing National Democratic Liberation, a leftist manifesto. He undertook a leading role in the consolidation of left wing of NLF which subsequently regained power in the 22 June 1969 "Correction Step."
qas: question: zh_tw: 這是關於這個國家的哪一部分？
en: What part of the country is it about?
answers: zh_tw: text: 南葉門
en: text: South Yemen
巴克裡・哈桑・薩利赫
Bakri Hassan Saleh

context: zh_tw: 薩利赫出生於棟古拉北部的 Hafir Meshou 村。 他上了 Al-Hafir 小學，後來搬到 Al-Barqeeq 中學接受地中海教育。 他於 1964 年至 1968 年在棟古拉中學學習。1973 年畢業於蘇丹軍事學院，中尉軍銜。他曾於 1985 年至 1987 年擔任特種部隊指揮官，1988 年至 1989 年再次擔任特種部隊指揮官。作為一名軍官，薩利赫參加了軍事政變，奧馬爾・巴希爾掌權後，並擔任革命指導救國委員會副主席，在政變後管理蘇丹軍政要務。薩利赫在蘇丹安全機構擔任重要職務。 他曾於 1990 年至 1995 年擔任國家安全域性局長，1995 年至 1998 年擔任內政部長，1998 年至 2000 年擔任總統事務部長，2000 年至 2005 年擔任國防部長，2005 年至 2013 年再次擔任總統事務部長。2012 年，他被任命為蘇丹國家伊斯蘭運動副秘書長。薩利赫於 2013 年 12 月 8 日被任命為第一副總統，作為 2013 年 9 月到 10 月抗議活動的燃料價格改革的領導層改組的一部分。 據傳，薩利赫可能是奧馬爾・巴希爾的繼任者。2017 年 3 月 1 日，他被總統奧馬爾・巴希爾任命為自 1989 年該職位廢除以來蘇丹首任總理。總理職位重新建立，權力有限，而大多數權力仍在蘇丹總統的手中。 作為總理，薩利赫保留了他的第一副總統職位。 他於 3 月 2 日宣誓就任總理。 兩個月後，即 5 月 11 日，薩利赫宣佈新政府的組成，該政府有 31 名部長和 44 名國務卿。
en: Saleh was born in the village of Hafir Meshou, north of Dongola. He attended Al-Hafir primary school, and later moved to Al-Barqeeq Central School to receive his Mediterranean education. He studied at Dongola secondary school from 1964 to 1968. He graduated from the Sudanese Military Academy with the rank of Lieutenant in 1973. He served as the commander of the Special Forces from 1985 to 1987 and again from 1988 to 1989.As an army officer, Saleh took part in the June 1989 military coup that brought Omar al-Bashir to power, and he served as a member on the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation, which governed Sudan following the coup. Saleh held prominent positions in the Sudanese security agencies. He was Director of the National Security Service from 1990 to 1995, Minister of the Interior from 1995 to 1998, Minister of Presidential Affairs from 1998 to 2000, Minister of Defense from 2000 to 2005, and Minister of Presidential Affairs again from 2005 to 2013.In 2012 he was appointed as Deputy Secretary-General of the Islamic Movement.Saleh was appointed to the position of First Vice President on 8 December 2013 as part of a shakeup in the leadership following the 2013 protests. Saleh has been rumoured as a possible successor to Omar al-Bashir.On 1 March 2017, he was appointed by President Omar al-Bashir as Sudan's first Prime Minister since the post was abolished in 1989. The post of Prime Minister was re-established with limited powers, while most power remained in the hands of the President. As Prime Minister, Saleh retained his post as First Vice President. He was sworn in as Prime Minister on 2 March. Two months later, on 11 May, Saleh announced the composition of the new government, which had 31 ministers and 44 secretaries of state.
qas: question: zh_tw: 薩利赫總理保留了什麼職位？
en: What post did Prime Minister Saleh retain?
answers: zh_tw: text: 第一副總統
en: text: First Vice President
背眼蝦虎魚亞科
Mudskipper

context: zh_tw: 銀線彈塗魚（Periophthalmus argentilineatus） 是分佈最為廣泛的彈塗魚。從東非和馬達加斯加島到東南亞、澳大利亞、香港和日本的紅樹林和泥灘上都有它們的身影。 成長後體長可達 15 cm，以小螃蟹及其它甲殼類為食。它們也對蚊子幼蟲和小魚來者不拒。
en: The genus Periophthalmus is by far the most diverse and widespread genus of mudskipper. Eighteen species have been described. Periophthalmus argentilineatus is one of the most widespread and well-known species. It can be found in mangrove ecosystems and mudflats of East Africa and Madagascar east through the Sundarbans of Bengal, Southeast Asia to Northern Australia, southeast China, and southern Japan, to Samoa and Tonga Islands. It grows to a length of about 9.5 cm  and is a carnivorous opportunist feeder. It feeds on small prey such as small crabs and other arthropods. However, a recent molecular study suggests that P. argentilineatus is in fact a complex of species, with at least three separate lineages, one in East Africa, and two in the Indo-Malayan region.
qas: question: zh_tw: 在怎樣的環境找到了他們？
en: What type of environments are they found in?
answers: zh_tw: text: 紅樹林和泥灘
en: text: mangrove ecosystems and mudflats
薩阿敦・哈馬迪
Sa'dun Hammadi

context: zh_tw: 1930 年 6 月 22 日，薩阿敦・哈馬迪生於伊拉克什葉派聖城卡爾巴拉，是一名什葉派穆斯林。年輕時他就熱衷於政治，並於 1948 年底代加入阿拉伯復興社會黨（以下簡稱 “復興黨”），在家鄉建立了復興黨小組。他後來去黎巴嫩首都貝魯特留學，於 1951 年任復興黨黎巴嫩地區黨組織負責人，並於 1952 年畢業於貝魯特美利堅大學，獲經濟學碩士學位。後來他又留學美國，在威斯康辛大學麥迪遜分校深造，於 1953 年至 1957 年任復興黨美國地區黨組織負責人，並於 1956 年獲經濟學哲學博士學位。
en: Hammadi was born in Karbala and was a Shi'ite. He joined the Ba'ath Party during the 1940s. In addition, he earned a Ph.D. in economics from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1956.
qas: question: zh_tw: 哈馬迪什麼時候獲得博士學位的？
en: When did Hammadi earn his PhD?
answers: zh_tw: text: 並於 1956 年獲經濟學哲學博士學位。
en: text: 1956
Antergos
Antergos

context: zh_tw: Antergos （先前被稱為 Cinnarch）是一個基於 Arch Linux 的 Linux 發行版（作業系統），來自加利西亞。其預設 GNOME 3 作為桌面環境，但也支援 Cinnamon、KDE、MATE、Xfce 及 Openbox 等桌面環境或視窗管理器。
en: Antergos is a discontinued Linux distribution based on Arch Linux. It includes the GNOME desktop environment by default but it could also employ the Cinnamon, MATE, KDE Plasma 5, Deepin, and Xfce desktops. It was first released on July 2012 as Cinnarch and by June 2013 it was ranked among the top 40 most popular distributions viewed at DistroWatch. The Galician word Antergos (meaning: ancestors) was chosen "to link the past with the present".Development was ended on 21 May 2019, due to lack of time on the part of the volunteer developers.
qas: question: zh_tw: Antergos 的預設桌面環境叫什麼？
en: What is the default desktop environment for Antergos called?
answers: zh_tw: text: GNOME
en: text: GNOME

question: zh_tw: Antergos Linux 發行版最初的名稱是什麼？
answers: en: text: Cinnarch

context: zh_tw: Antergos 在 2012 年 7 月首次於 DistroWatch 被報道（其當時的名稱仍為「Cinnarch」），並於 2013 年 5 月被評為 DistroWatch 流行發行版排行榜的前 30 名。
qas: question: zh_tw: Antergos Linux 發行版最初的名稱是什麼？
en: What was the original name of the Antergos Linux distro?
answers: zh_tw: text: Cinnarch
湯姆叔叔的小屋
Uncle Tom's Cabin

context: zh_tw: 《湯姆叔叔的小屋》這部小說是 19 世紀最暢銷的小說（以及第二暢銷的書，僅次於最暢銷的書《聖經》），並被認為是刺激 1850 年代廢奴主義興起的一大原因。在它發表的頭一年裡，在美國本土便銷售出了三十萬冊。《湯姆叔叔的小屋》對美國社會的影響是如此巨大，以致在南北戰爭爆發的初期，當林肯接見斯托夫人時，曾說到：“你就是那位引發了一場大戰的小婦人。” 後來，這句話為眾多作家競相引用。
en: Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly, is an anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe. Published in 1852, the novel had a profound effect on attitudes toward African Americans and slavery in the U.S. and is said to have "helped lay the groundwork for the Civil War".Stowe, a Connecticut-born teacher at the Hartford Female Seminary and an active abolitionist, featured the character of Uncle Tom, a long-suffering black slave around whom the stories of other characters revolve. The sentimental novel depicts the reality of slavery while also asserting that Christian love can overcome something as destructive as enslavement of fellow human beings.Uncle Tom's Cabin was the best-selling novel of the 19th century and the second best-selling book of that century, following the Bible. It is credited with helping fuel the abolitionist cause in the 1850s. In the first year after it was published, 300,000 copies of the book were sold in the United States; one million copies in Great Britain. In 1855, three years after it was published, it was called "the most popular novel of our day." The impact attributed to the book is great, reinforced by a story that when Abraham Lincoln met Stowe at the start of the Civil War, Lincoln declared, "So this is the little lady who started this great war."  The quote is
qas: question: zh_tw: 《湯姆叔叔的小屋》在發表的頭一年裡，在美國售出多少冊？
en: How many copies of Uncle Tom's Cabin sold in the US during it's first year after being published?
answers: zh_tw: text: 三十萬
en: text: 300,000
聖誕島
Christmas Island

context: zh_tw: 1643 年 12 月 25 日英國人威廉・邁納斯（William Mynors）船長在聖誕節發現該島，並命名為聖誕島，於 1888 年正式併入英國，屬於由新加坡為管理中心的海峽殖民地。
en: The first European to sight the island was Richard Rowe of the Thomas in 1615. Captain William Mynors of the Royal Mary, an English East India Company vessel, named the island when he sailed past it on Christmas Day, in 1643. The island was included on English and Dutch navigation charts as early as the beginning of the 17th century, but it was not until 1666 that a map published by Dutch cartographer Pieter Goos included the island. Goos labelled the island "Mony" or "Moni", the meaning of which is unclear.English navigator William Dampier, aboard the English ship Cygnet, made the earliest recorded visit to the sea around the island in March 1688. He found it uninhabited. Dampier gave an account of the visit which can be found in his Voyages. Dampier was trying to reach Cocos from New Holland. His ship was blown off course in an easterly direction, arriving at Christmas Island twenty-eight days later. Dampier landed at the Dales (on the west coast). Two of his crewmen became the first Europeans to set foot on Christmas Island.Captain Daniel Beeckman of the Eagle passed the island on 5 April 1714, chronicled in his 1718 book, A Voyage to and from the Island of Borneo, in the East-Indies.
qas: question: zh_tw: 邁納斯什麼時候經過這個島的？
en: When did Mynors sail past the island?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1643 年 12 月 25 日英國人威廉・邁納斯（William
en: text: 1643
夏爾 - 愛德華・布朗 - 塞加爾

context: zh_tw: 布朗 - 塞加爾生於模里西斯路易港，父親是美國人，母親是法國人。1846 年從醫學專業畢業後，他回到模里西斯，打算在那兒工作，但 1952 年他去了美國。在那兒他稱為弗吉尼亞醫學院教員，在埃及樓進行了好幾項實驗。
qas: question: zh_tw: 拿到醫學學位後，布朗・塞加爾直接搬到哪裡去了？
en: Where did Brown-Sequard move directly after getting his medical degree?
answers: zh_tw: text: 模里西斯

context: zh_tw: 布朗 - 塞加爾是個熱心的觀察家和實驗家。他對我們關於血液和動物體溫的知識有許多貢獻，同時發現了有關神經系統的許多重要事實。他是確定脊髓生理機能、演示能夠帶來疼痛和溫度感覺的神經的交叉發生在脊髓之內的首位科學家。在觀察了模里西斯收割甘蔗的農民脊髓內的意外傷害後，他用半切脊髓發現了一種綜合徵，該病現在以他的名字命名。
qas: question: zh_tw: 布朗・西卡德因其與身體哪個部位有關的工作而聞名？
en: Brown-Sequard is known for his work related to what body part?
answers: zh_tw: text: 脊髓
黑森林蛋糕
Black Forest gateau

context: zh_tw: 可以確定的是，對黑森林櫻桃蛋糕的第一次正式記載出現在 1934 年埃裡希・韋貝爾的糕點書中。在那個時代，黑森林蛋糕主要出現在柏林和其他德國、奧地利、瑞士大城市的高階糕點店中，此後很快成為德國最有名和最受歡迎的蛋糕之一，並且聞名世界，在許多國家，黑森林蛋糕的一些成份被當地的特產所替代，或者去除了酒精成分。
en: The confectioner Josef Keller (1887–1981) claimed to have invented Schwarzwälder Kirschtorte in its present form in 1915 at the prominent Café Agner in Bad Godesberg, now a suburb of Bonn about 500 km (300 miles) north of the Black Forest. This claim, however, has never been substantiated.Schwarzwälder Kirschtorte was first mentioned in writing in 1934. At the time it was particularly associated with Berlin but was also available from high-class confectioners in other German, Austrian, and Swiss cities. In 1949 it took 13th place in a list of best-known German cakes.
qas: question: zh_tw: 其他哪些國家擁有高階糕點店？
en: What other countries had high-class confectioners?
answers: zh_tw: text: 德國、奧地利、瑞士大城市
en: text: German, Austrian, and Swiss cities
愛德華・阿爾比
Edward Albee

context: zh_tw: 阿爾比的《誰害怕弗吉尼亞・伍爾芙？》曾被改編成電影《靈慾春宵》，此片由邁克・尼科爾斯執導，伊麗莎白・泰勒及理查德・伯頓等主演。
en: Albee moved into New York's Greenwich Village, where he supported himself with odd jobs while learning to write plays. Primarily in his early plays, Albee's work had various representations of the LGBTQIA community often challenging the image of a heterosexual marriage. Despite challenging society's views about the gay community, he did not view himself as an LGBT advocate. Albee's work typically criticized the American dream. His first play, The Zoo Story, which was written in three weeks, was first staged in Berlin in 1959 before eventually premiering Off-Broadway in 1960. His next play, The Death of Bessie Smith, similarly premiered in Berlin before arriving in New York.Albee's most iconic play, Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, opened on Broadway at the Billy Rose Theatre on October 13, 1962, and closed on May 16, 1964, after five previews and 664 performances.  The controversial play won the Tony Award for Best Play in 1963 and was selected for the 1963 Pulitzer Prize by the award's drama jury, but was overruled by the advisory committee, which elected not to give a drama award at all. The two members of the jury, John Mason Brown and John Gassner, subsequently resigned in protest. An Academy Award-winning film adaptation of the controversial play was released in 1966 starring Elizabeth Taylor, Richard Burton, George Segal, and Sandy Dennis. In 2013, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".According to The New York Times, Albee was "widely considered to be the foremost American playwright of his generation."The less than diligent student later dedicated much of his time to promoting American university theatre. Most recently, he served as distinguished professor at the University of Houston, where he taught an exclusive playwriting course.  His plays are published by Dramatists Play Service and Samuel French, Inc.
qas: question: zh_tw: 這部奧斯卡獲獎影片的主演是誰？
en: Who were the stars of the Academy winning Film?
answers: zh_tw: text: 伊麗莎白・泰勒及理查德・伯頓
en: text: Elizabeth Taylor, Richard Burton, George Segal, and Sandy Dennis.
克里斯蒂安・奧爾松
Christian Olsson

context: zh_tw: 克里斯蒂安・奧爾松（瑞典語：Christian Olsson，1980 年 1 月 25 日－）是瑞典田徑運動員，主項為跳高和三級跳遠。至今為止，奧爾松獲得過一枚奧運會金牌，三枚世界田徑錦標賽金牌和兩枚歐洲田徑錦標賽金牌。
en: Christian Olsson (born 25 January 1980 in Gothenburg) is a former Swedish athlete competing in high jump and triple jump. He won an Olympic gold medal, one gold and one silver medal in the World Championships and two gold medals in the European Championships as well as a further two golds in the World Indoor championships. He also won the overall IAAF Golden League jackpot in 2004 where he cashed in 500,000 US dollars (after splitting the million dollar pot with Tonique Williams-Darling).
qas: question: zh_tw: 克里斯蒂安・奧爾松參加了哪兩個比賽？
en: What two competitions does Christian Olsson participate in?
answers: zh_tw: text: Olsson，1980 年 1 月 25 日－）是瑞典田徑運動員，主項為跳高和三級跳遠。
en: text: high jump and triple jump
蒂姆・亨特
Tim Hunt

context: zh_tw: 亨特父親是於利物浦任古文字學講師的理查德・威廉斯・亨特，其母基特・羅蘭是木材商人之女。他在父母死後發現其父曾在當時是英國廣播公司國際頻道總部的布希大樓工作。雖然亨特並不準確知道其職責，他的工作有可能跟情報有關。1945 年，理查德・亨特當上博德利圖書館西方古籍負責人，舉家移居牛津。8 歲時，亨特入讀牛津龍校，並因為其德語老師暨神經科學家蓋德・索莫霍夫而對生物學產生興趣。他 14 歲入讀牛津莫德林學院後，上了化學和動物學課程，對科學的興趣愈趨濃厚。
en: Hunt was born on 19 February 1943 in Neston, Cheshire, to Richard William Hunt, a lecturer in palaeography in Liverpool, and Kit Rowland, daughter of a timber merchant. After the death of both his parents, Hunt found his father had worked at Bush House, then the headquarters of BBC World Service radio, most likely in intelligence, although it is not known what he actually did. In 1945, Richard became Keeper of the Western Manuscripts at the Bodleian Library, and the family relocated to Oxford. At the age of eight, Hunt was accepted into the Dragon School, where he first developed an interest in biology thanks to his German teacher, Gerd Sommerhoff. When he was fourteen, he moved to Magdalen College School, Oxford, where the science prizes now bear his name, becoming even more interested in science and studying subjects such as chemistry and zoology.In 1961, he was accepted into Clare College, Cambridge to study Natural Sciences, graduating in 1964 and immediately beginning work in the university Department of Biochemistry under Asher Korner. There, he worked with scientists such as Louis Reichardt and Tony Hunter. A 1965 talk by Vernon Ingram interested him in haemoglobin synthesis, and at a Greek conference in 1966 on the subject, he persuaded the hematologist and geneticist Irving London to allow him to work in his laboratory at Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York, staying from July to October 1966. His PhD was supervised by Asher Korner and focused on haemoglobin synthesis in intact rabbit reticulocytes (immature red blood cells), and was awarded in 1968.
qas: question: zh_tw: 亨特進了什麼學校？
en: What school did Hunt get into?
answers: zh_tw: text: 龍校
en: text: the Dragon School
科摩多巨蜥
Komodo dragon

context: zh_tw: 科摩多巨蜥的繁殖期約在 5－8 月間，9 月產卵。雌巨蜥會將卵產在地底或樹穴以保護牠們。一窩卵平均有 20 顆卵，孵卵期為 7 個月。但是，人工孵化的科摩多巨蜥出生後，一般無法自衛，多數因而不能存活。頭幾年，年幼的科摩多巨蜥一般會在樹上生活，那裡有更大的生存機會。科摩多巨蜥約 5 年便達性成熟，可以長至 2 公尺長，牠們最多有 30 年的壽命。
en: Mating occurs between May and August, with the eggs laid in September. During this period, males fight over females and territory by grappling with one another upon their hind legs, with the loser eventually being pinned to the ground. These males may vomit or defecate when preparing for the fight. The winner of the fight will then flick his long tongue at the female to gain information about her receptivity. Females are antagonistic and resist with their claws and teeth during the early phases of courtship. Therefore, the male must fully restrain the female during coitus to avoid being hurt. Other courtship displays include males rubbing their chins on the female, hard scratches to the back, and licking. Copulation occurs when the male inserts one of his hemipenes into the female's cloaca. Komodo dragons may be monogamous and form "pair bonds", a rare behavior for lizards.Female Komodos lay their eggs from August to September and may use several types of locality; in one study, 60% laid their eggs in the nests of orange-footed scrubfowl (a moundbuilder or megapode), 20% on ground level and 20% in hilly areas. The females make many camouflage nests/holes to prevent other dragons from eating the eggs. Clutches contain an average of 20 eggs, which have an incubation period of 7–8 months. Hatching is an exhausting effort for the neonates, which break out of their eggshells with an egg tooth that falls off before long. After cutting themselves out, the hatchlings may lie in their eggshells for hours before starting to dig out of the nest. They are born quite defenseless and are vulnerable to predation. Sixteen youngsters from a single nest were on average 46.5 cm long and weighed 105.1 grams.Young Komodo dragons spend much of their first few years in trees, where they are relatively safe from predators, including cannibalistic adults, as juvenile dragons make up 10% of their diets. The habit of cannibalism may be advantageous in sustaining the large size of adults, as medium-sized prey on the islands is rare. When the young approach a kill, they roll around in faecal matter and rest in the intestines of eviscerated animals to deter these hungry adults. Komodo dragons take approximately 8 to 9 years to mature, and may live for up to 30 years.
qas: question: zh_tw: 科摩多巨蜥在地球上的生命有多長？
en: How long do Komodo dragons live on earth?
answers: zh_tw: text: 30 年
en: text: up to 30 years
以色列空軍
Israeli Air Force

context: zh_tw: 1981 年 6 月 7 日，以色列空軍 8 架 F-16A 戰鬥機在 6 架 F-15A 戰鬥機掩護下展開了歌劇行動，旨在摧毀伊拉克的奧西拉克（Osiraq）核反應堆。執行這次轟炸任務的飛行員中包括後來成為以色列首名宇航員的伊蘭・拉蒙。以色列稱這次行動為歌劇行動（有時也被成為巴比倫行動或 Ofra 行動）。
en: On June 7, 1981, eight IAF F-16A fighters covered by six F-15A jets carried out Operation Opera to destroy the Iraqi nuclear facilities at Osiraq. Among the pilots who took part in the attack was Ilan Ramon, later Israel's first astronaut.
qas: question: zh_tw: 1981 年摧毀伊拉克核設施的行動的名稱是什麼？
en: What was the name of the operation to destroy Iraqi nuclear facilities in 1981?
answers: zh_tw: text: 歌劇行動
en: text: Operation Opera
索爾・圖科斯基
Saul Teukolsky

context: zh_tw: 他於二十世紀七十年代師從加州理工學院的基普・索恩教授，其後進入康奈爾大學任教，1983 年起獲得康奈爾大學的漢斯・貝特物理與天體物理學教授稱號。主要研究領域為廣義相對論和相對論天體物理學、數值相對論、黑洞與中子星物理、計算物理等，主要成果為在二十世紀七十年代創立的圖科斯基方程，這是在克爾度規框架下求解有微擾場作用的愛因斯坦場方程的基本數值方法。
en: Teukolsky received a Bachelor of Science in Honors Physics and Honors Applied Mathematics from the University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa in 1970. He went on to be a graduate student under Kip Thorne at Caltech where he received his Ph.D. in 1973. He returned to Cornell as an Assistant Professor of Physics and Astronomy in 1974 after serving as the Richard Chace Tolman Research Fellow for one year at Caltech. He was promoted to Associate Professor in 1977 and Full Professor in 1983. In 1999 he was named the Hans A. Bethe professor of physics and astrophysics, a position which he still holds. In 2003 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences.
qas: question: zh_tw: 特科爾斯基是哪個大學的研究員？
en: Teukolsky was a research fellow at which university?
answers: zh_tw: text: 加州理工學院
en: text: Caltech
國民公會

context: zh_tw: 國民公會（法語：Convention nationale）存在於 1792 年 9 月 20 日至 1795 年 10 月 26 日，是法蘭西大革命時期的單一國會。 1792 年八月十日事件後，國民立法議會頒佈發令暫停國王路易十六的職務，並由未逃跑代表召開臨時國民公會起草新憲法選出新的國民工會代表。  新憲法規定所有國民公會代表必須經由年滿 25 歲以上，居住一年以上並依靠起勞力生活的法蘭西人民，選舉產生。 因此，1792 年 9 月 20 日開幕的國民公會是第一個沒有階級區分的法國議會，由男性普選產生的代表組成。
qas: question: zh_tw: 一院制議會大會舉行於何時？
en: when did the convention of the single chamber assembly take place?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1792 年 9 月 20 日至 1795 年 10 月 26 日

context: zh_tw: 據它們自己的規則，國民公會每兩星期選舉新主席，間隔兩星期有資格再當選。 通常會議在上午舉行，但晚上的會議也屢屢發生，往往延續到深夜。 有時在特殊情況下，公會宣佈自己永久會議，並進行好幾天沒有中斷。 因為有立法和行政這兩種權力公會使用委員會，結合權力或多或少的廣泛延伸，並透過連續的法律規範。其中最有名的委員會包括公共安全委員會和一般安全委員會。
qas: question: zh_tw: 公會多久選舉一次新主席？
en: How often does the Convention elect a new president?
answers: zh_tw: text: 每兩星期

context: zh_tw: 1792 年 9 月 20 日舉行第一次會議。 第二天，在深沉的靜默中，“廢除君主制宣言”，這個主張提交公會，就在歡呼聲中通過了。 22 日傳來瓦爾密戰役獲勝的訊息。 就在同一天頒佈法令，“在未來的議會的法令應當註明法蘭西共和國第一年的日期”。 三天後，為了謹防聯邦制，很自然的加上這一段: “法蘭西共和國是一個不可分割的整體。”   共和國已經宣佈成，但它仍然執行成為一個共和政府。 這個國家相比路易十六的出逃之前或任何時候，在感覺或實踐上很少像共和政體。  但現在已經成為共和國了，因為它不再有國王。當公會迎來軍事形勢正在經歷非同尋常的轉變，似乎證實吉倫特派輕鬆獲勝的預言。  瓦爾密戰役後，普魯士人撤退到邊境，11 月法蘭西軍隊佔領了萊茵河左岸地區。10 月圍攻里爾的奧地利軍隊，在傑瑪佩斯戰役 被查爾斯・弗朗索瓦・呂穆矣擊敗，11 月 6 日撤離到奧地利尼德蘭。 尼斯被佔領，薩伏依宣告與法蘭西結盟。 這些成功使法蘭西轉危為安，而在國內引起爭鬥。
qas: question: zh_tw: 什麼時候決定廢除君主制？
en: When was decided to end royalty?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1792 年 9 月 20 日
1989 年美洲國家盃

context: zh_tw: 1989 年美洲國家杯是南美足協第 34 屆美洲盃足球賽，比賽日期為 1989 年 7 月 1 日至 7 月 16 日，由巴西舉辦。本次參賽的球隊包括南美足聯的 10 個成員國家隊。
qas: question: zh_tw: 足球比賽在哪裡舉行？
en: Where was the football tournament held?
answers: zh_tw: text: 巴西

context: zh_tw: 本次賽事決賽圈改為以積分方式來決定勝負，上屆冠軍烏拉圭在本次賽事再度打進決賽圈，但最後以 2 勝 0 和 1 負 4 積分屈居亞軍，主辦國巴西則以 3 勝 0 和 0 負 9 積分，三場全勝之姿奪得冠軍。這是自 1949 年參賽以來，巴西第 4 次奪得美洲盃冠軍。
qas: question: zh_tw: 為了第四次贏得美洲盃，巴西隊打敗了誰？
en: who did Brazil beat in order to win their fourth Copa America?
answers: zh_tw: text: 烏拉圭
科林斯地峽
Isthmus of Corinth

context: zh_tw: 在古代世界是劃分伯羅奔尼撒和希臘主陸的地標，公元前 1 世紀地理學家斯特拉博 提到科林斯地峽有兩個刻著銘文的石柱。其中一個面朝東方的阿提卡的墨伽拉，銘文為 “這裡不是伯羅奔尼撒，而是愛奧尼亞”（τάδ᾽ οὐχὶ Πελοπόννησος, ἀλλ᾽ Ἰωνία），另一個面朝西方的伯羅奔尼撒，銘文為 “這裡不是愛奧尼亞，而是伯羅奔尼撒”（τάδ᾽ ἐστὶ Πελοπόννησος, οὐκ Ἰωνία）。普魯塔克認為這是忒修斯在前往雅典時建立起來的。公元 67 年羅馬帝國皇帝尼祿曾在此開鑿運河，利用約 6000 名因猶太起義被俘虜為奴的猶太人興建。但自尼祿死後，工程因經費問題被擱置。直至 1881 年，運河才再次被法國人重建，並於 1893 年正式開通。長達 6.3 公里（4 哩）的科林斯運河通航，大大縮短了從亞得里亞海到雅典比雷埃夫斯的航程。
en: The Isthmus of Corinth is the narrow land bridge which connects the Peloponnese peninsula with the rest of the mainland of Greece, near the city of Corinth. The word "isthmus" comes from the Ancient Greek word for "neck" and refers to the narrowness of the land. The Isthmus was known in the ancient world as the landmark separating the Peloponnese from mainland Greece. In the first century AD the geographer Strabo noted a stele on the Isthmus of Corinth, which bore two inscriptions. One towards the East, i.e. towards Megara, reading: "Here is not Peloponnesus, but Ionia" (τάδ᾽ οὐχὶ Πελοπόννησος, ἀλλ᾽ Ἰωνία) and the one towards the West, i.e. towards the Peloponnese: "Here is Peloponnesus, not Ionia" (τάδ᾽ ἐστὶ Πελοπόννησος, οὐκ Ἰωνία); Plutarch ascribed the erection of the stele to the Attic hero Theseus, on his way to Athens.To the west of the Isthmus is the Gulf of Corinth, to the east the Saronic Gulf. Since 1893 the Corinth Canal has run through the 6.3 km wide isthmus, effectively making the Peloponnese an island. Today, two road bridges, two railway bridges and two submersible bridges at both ends of the canal connect the mainland side of the isthmus with the Peloponnese side. Also a military emergency bridge is located at the west end of the canal.
qas: question: zh_tw: 科林斯運河穿過多長距離的地峽？
en: How much of isthmus has the Corinth Canal run through?
answers: zh_tw: text: 長達 6.3 公里
en: text: 6.3 km wide
巴爾赫內行動
Operation Barkhane

context: zh_tw: 巴爾赫內行動為非洲薩赫勒進行中的反叛亂行動，開始於 2014 年 8 月 1 日。行動由 3,000 人的法國部隊領導，長期駐紮於查德首都恩賈梅納並以之為行動總部。整個行動將與 5 個前法國殖民地國家合作：布吉納法索、查德、馬裡、茅利塔尼亞及尼日，這些國家則被稱為「G5 薩赫勒」。行動名稱「巴爾赫內」以撒哈拉沙漠的新月形沙丘為名。
en: The operation is named after a crescent-shaped dune in the Sahara desert.
qas: question: zh_tw: 這行動以哪沙漠的沙丘為名？
en: What desert is  home to the dune the operation is named after?
answers: zh_tw: text: 撒哈拉
en: text: Sahara
伊格納齊・武卡謝維奇

context: zh_tw: 揚・約瑟夫・伊格納齊・武卡謝維奇（波蘭語：Jan Józef Ignacy Łukasiewicz，波蘭語發音：[wukaˈɕɛvʲitʂ]，1822 年 3 月 8 日－1882 年 1 月 7 日）是波蘭奧地利統治時期的藥劑師、化學家，石油工業的先驅者，於 1856 年建立了世界第一座煉油廠。武卡謝維奇其他的成就還有發現如何從油苗中取得的原油精煉出煤油，以及於 1853 年發明現代形式的煤油燈和在歐洲引進現代化的街燈，更於 1854 年建立波蘭境內第一口油井。
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰發明了煤油燈
en: Who invented the kerosene lamp?
answers: zh_tw: text: 揚・約瑟夫・伊格納齊・武卡謝維奇

context: zh_tw: 1854 年初，武卡謝維奇遷往戈爾利採繼續他的石油事業，並且在當地和許多企業家與地主建立了多家公司。同年他在克羅斯諾附近的博布林卡附近建立了世界第一座油井（至 2006 年仍在開採）。同時武卡謝維奇仍持續改進他的煤油燈。同年他在戈爾利採轄下的市鎮 Zawodzie 裝設了第一個煤油街燈。之後數年他和多位當地商人在加利西亞合資再設立了數個油井。1856 年武卡謝維奇在亞斯沃附近的 Ulaszowice 建立了原油分餾廠，是世界第一個工業煉油廠。在當時對煤油的需求仍不高，因此該廠的產品大多是人造瀝青、機油和潤滑油。該工廠於 1859 年因為火災焚燬，但隔年就在克羅斯諾附近的波蘭卡建立了新煉油廠。
qas: question: zh_tw: 武卡謝維奇繼續從事什麼工作？
en: What did Lukasiewicz continue work on?
answers: zh_tw: text: 煤油燈

context: zh_tw: 武卡謝維奇於 1858 年遷到亞斯沃，到了 1863 年時他已經是位富豪。他公開支援 1863 年爆發的一月起義，並以金錢幫助難民。1865 年他購下了位於 Chorkówka 的一座大莊園，並且在當地建立另一座煉油廠。武卡謝維奇不但成為加利西亞最有錢的富豪之一，並且致力於發展杜克拉和戈爾利採一帶的石油工業。並且他的名字被當地數個石油開採企業用來命名，其中包含位於 Ropianka、Wilsznia、Smereczne、Ropa 和 Wójtowa 的油井。武卡謝維奇還出資建立位於博布林卡的溫泉度假村、Chorkówka 的小教堂和 Zręcin 的大教堂。因為他是當時加利西亞最著名的企業家之一，因此被選為加利西亞國民議會的議員。1877 年武卡謝維奇舉辦了第一屆石油工業大會，並建立了國家石油學會。
qas: question: zh_tw: 他透過財務幫助誰？
en: Who did he help through finances?
answers: zh_tw: text: 難民
光
Light

context: zh_tw: 牛頓推測光速在高密度下變高（而實際光速在高密度介質變低），惠更斯和其他人覺得正相反。但當時並沒有準確測量光速的條件。1802 年，托馬斯・楊做實驗發現，當光波從較低密度介質移動進入較高密度介質之後，光波的波長會變短，他因此推論光波的運動速度會降低。1850 年，萊昂・傅科的實驗得到了和波動理論同樣的結果。
en: Newton's corpuscular theory implied that light would travel faster in a denser medium, while the wave theory of Huygens and others implied the opposite. At that time, the speed of light could not be measured accurately enough to decide which theory was correct. The first to make a sufficiently accurate measurement was Léon Foucault, in 1850. His result supported the wave theory, and the classical particle theory was finally abandoned, only to partly re-emerge in the 20th century.
qas: question: zh_tw: 該理論是關於哪種速度？
en: What speed was the theory about?
answers: zh_tw: text: 光
en: text: light
赫爾穆特・科爾
Helmut Kohl

context: zh_tw: 1956 年畢業後，科爾到海德堡大學的阿爾弗雷德 — 韋伯 — 研究院（Alfred-Weber-Institut）做一名助理。1958 年，他和 Walther Peter Fuchs（1905 年出生 ——1997 年）共同研究的論題《1945 年後普法爾茨的政治發展、產生的黨派（Die politische Entwicklung in der Pfalz und das Wiedererstehen der Parteien nach 1945）》，讓科爾獲得哲學博士之學位，而他隨後進入路德維希港鋼鐵鑄造廠的管理層，擔任助理職務。1959 年任路德維希港化學工業協會的負責人職務。這段時間裡，科爾與認識於 1948 年的外語秘書 Hannelore Renner（1933 年 —2001 年）結婚，婚後育有兩個兒子：瓦爾特・科爾（1963 年出生）與皮特・科爾（1965 年出生）。
en: On 27 June 1960, Kohl married Hannelore Renner, after he had already asked for her hand in marriage in 1953, delaying the ceremony until he was financially stable. Both had known each other since 1948, when they met in a dancing class. They had two sons, Walter Kohl (born 1963) and Peter Kohl (born 1965). Hannelore Kohl had studied languages and spoke fluent French and English; during her husband's political career, she was an important adviser to him, especially on world affairs. She was a steadfast advocate of German reunification even before it seemed feasible, and of NATO and Germany's alliance with the United States.
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪個兄弟是最小的？
en: Which brother was the youngest?
answers: zh_tw: text: 皮特・科爾
en: text: Peter Kohl
葛摩歷史
History of the Comoros

context: zh_tw: 1997 年，昂儒昂和莫赫利分別宣佈從葛摩獨立，葛摩政府之後試圖以武力維護統一的行動未能成功。非洲聯盟在南非總統姆貝基的主持下對各方進行了調解，各方同意每個島都有一個自治政府，而之上則有一個三島聯合政府。2005 年初，葛摩通過了一部法律以界定三個自治政府以及聯合政府的職責，該法律目前已在實施。
en: In 1997, the islands of Anjouan and Mohéli declared their independence from the Comoros. A subsequent attempt by the government to re-establish control over the rebellious islands by force failed, and presently the African Union is brokering negotiations to effect a reconciliation. This process is largely complete, at least in theory. According to some sources, Mohéli did return to government control in 1998. In 1999, Anjouan had internal conflicts and on August 1 of that year, the 80-year-old first president Foundi Abdallah Ibrahim resigned, transferring power to a national coordinator, Said Abeid. The government was overthrown in a coup by army and navy officers on August 9, 2001. Mohamed Bacar soon rose to leadership of the junta that took over and by the end of the month he was the leader of the country. Despite two coup attempts in the following three months, including one by Abeid, Bacar's government remained in power, and was apparently more willing to negotiate with the Comoros. Presidential elections were held for all of the Comoros in 2002, and presidents have been chosen for all three islands as well, which have become a confederation. Most notably, Mohammed Bacar was elected for a 5-year term as president of Anjouan. Grande Comore had experienced troubles of its own in the late 1990s, when President Taki died on November 6, 1998. Colonel Azali Assoumani became president following a military coup in 1999. There have been several coup attempts since, but he gained firm control of the country after stepping down temporarily and winning a presidential election in 2002.
qas: question: zh_tw: 在哪一年昂儒昂和莫赫利宣佈獨立？
en: What year did Anjouan and Moheli state their independence?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1997
en: text: 1997
組織胞漿菌病
Histoplasmosis

context: zh_tw: 組織胞漿菌病 (學名: Histoplasmosis) 是由真菌 Ajellomyces capsulatus 引起的疾病。通常藉由呼吸道造成免疫系統部正常之肺部疾病 。 對大多數人為輕微疾病，但也有些病例會蔓延到其他器官或骨骼，若不及時治療可能會致命。
en: Histoplasmosis (also known as "cave disease", "Darling's disease", "Ohio valley disease", "reticuloendotheliosis", "spelunker's lung" and "caver's disease") is a disease caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. Symptoms of this infection vary greatly, but the disease affects primarily the lungs. Occasionally, other organs are affected; this is called disseminated histoplasmosis, and it can be fatal if left untreated.
qas: question: zh_tw: 什麼會導致某人得洞穴病？
en: what will cause someone to get cave disease?
answers: zh_tw: text: 組織胞漿菌病 (學名: Histoplasmosis) 是由真菌 Ajellomyces capsulatus
en: text: the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum.
昌德宮
Changdeokgung

context: zh_tw: 純祖二十九年八月一日午時，在為孝明世子舉行葬禮時，昌慶宮發生火災，燒燬歡慶殿、景春殿、養和堂、涵仁亭、恭默閣、崇文堂、迎春軒、賓陽門等建築。正當為重修昌慶宮籌措經費時，昌德宮又在純祖三十三年十月十七日發生大火。火災起於寢殿大造殿，延燒至熙政堂、澄光樓、景薰閣、玉華堂、養心閣、隆慶軒、興福軒、齊政閣、靜默堂、克綏齋、清香閣、集祥門、觀光廳、燒廚房、行閣門等處。這是壬辰倭亂之後朝鮮宮殿最大的一次火災，內宮地區全部化為灰燼。此時純祖居住在慶熙宮，因此昌德宮處於閒置狀態。失火原因無法確定是縱火還是管理不慎而失火。由於昌德宮是當時朝鮮僅有的大型宮殿，當作正宮使用，因此火災之後十日就開始重建工作。首先修復了大造殿、熙政堂、以及儲存明神宗賞賜禮物的澄光樓（下層為景薰閣）。翌年修復了興福軒、隆慶軒、玉華堂、養心閣、齊政閣、靜默堂、克綏齋、清香閣、集祥門、宣平門、協陽門、曜輝門、同春門等建築。修復工程共用體木 2000 株、大圓木 3000 株、樓柱 2000 株，均採伐自江原道的金城、甯越、浪川、麟蹄等地。為了籌備木材，下達了禁止入山的封山令。1868 年景福宮重建，正宮移轉，昌德宮再度成為離宮。1907 年純宗在昌德宮即位，他住在昌德宮直到 1926 年逝世。
en: The Palace was burnt to the ground during the Japanese invasion in 1592 and reconstructed in 1609 by King Seonjo and King Gwanghaegun. The palace burnt back down in 1623 because of King Injo a political Revolt against Gwanghaegun. The palace was also attacked by the Manchu Qing but throughout its history of reconstruction and repair has remained faithful to its original design. Changdeokgung was the site of the royal court and the seat of government until 1868, when the neighboring Gyeongbokgung was rebuilt. Korea's last Emperor, Sunjong lived here until his death in 1926. Other members of the former Royal family were permitted to live in parts of the palace such as former Crown Prince Yi Un who lived in the Nakseon- jae (hall) Buildings with his wife Princess Bangja and sister Princess Deokhye until their respective deaths; this arrangement was periodically interrupted by differing Presidential orders supporting and objecting to their use of the historic facilities. The son of Yi-Un, Yi-Gu also lived in the Palace for variant intervals prior to moving to semi-permanent residence in Tokyo due to mental health issues having been unable to fully adapt to the new Korea.
qas: question: zh_tw: 朝鮮純宗是哪年逝世的？
en: What year did Sunjong died?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1926
en: text: 1926
阿拉・胡貝爾
A'ala Hubail

context: zh_tw: 2009 年 6 月，他回到了巴林超級足球聯賽的巴林阿赫裡足球俱樂部，在 2009 年巴林國王杯的四分之一決賽上面對布賽廷首次進球。
en: In June 2009, he returned to Al-Ahli in Bahraini Premier League, scoring in the Bahraini King's Cup 2009 quarter-finals match against Busaiteen Club the same month.
qas: question: zh_tw: 他參加了哪個聯賽？
en: What league did he play in?
answers: zh_tw: text: 巴林超級足球聯賽
en: text: Bahraini Premier League
荷蘭

context: zh_tw: 荷蘭外交歷史上的一個重要特色，就是它過去的中立性。在第二次世界大戰之後，許多國際組織都設立在荷蘭國內，最著名的是聯合國及國際法庭組織。不過，荷蘭外交實際上放棄中立政策，先後加入北約與歐盟。
qas: question: zh_tw: 荷蘭外交政策過去的特點如何？
en: How was Dutch foreign policy previously characterized?
answers: zh_tw: text: 中立性

context: zh_tw: 荷蘭保障宗教自由。現在相對於其他歐洲國家，荷蘭是目前歐洲最世俗化的國家之一，67.8% 的人無宗教信仰，或不參加宗教活動。荷蘭的主要宗教包括天主教（24.6%）和基督新教（10.8%）。天主教徒主要在南部地區，而基督新教，主要是荷蘭歸正宗教會，屬於喀爾文教派，歷史上曾經人人虔信，現在卻已式微。另外由於穆斯林移民大增，達到全國人口的 5%，使回教成為荷蘭第三大宗教。此外，荷蘭還有許多佛教、猶太教和印度教的信徒。
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪個國家擁有最大的經濟自由？
en: What country has a large amount of financial freedom?
answers: zh_tw: text: 荷蘭

context: zh_tw: 荷蘭誕生過很多著名的畫家。北方文藝復興時期就有早期尼德蘭畫派出現。17 世紀時，正值鼎盛的荷蘭共和國又出現了荷蘭黃金時代繪畫，荷蘭出現了倫勃朗、揚・弗美爾、揚・斯特恩和其他一些畫家。19 世紀和 20 世紀的畫家包括梵谷和皮特・蒙德里安。而莫里茨・科內利斯・埃舍爾亦是一位知名的圖形藝術家。
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰是著名的圖形藝術家？
en: who is the well -known graphics artist
answers: zh_tw: text: 莫里茨・科內利斯・埃舍爾
海上共和國
Maritime republics

context: zh_tw: 上述四個是典型的義大利海上共和國，它們排列的順序也反映了各自佔優勢的時間順序。不過，義大利其他城鎮也曾經擁有海上共和國的歷史，儘管在歷史上不是那麼突出。它們是：加埃塔、安科納、諾利（熱那亞以西不遠處獨立的小城），以及達爾馬提亞的杜布羅夫尼克（義大利語：拉古薩）。在 845 年的奧斯提亞戰役中，加埃塔提供了一支艦隊，幫助教宗聯盟擊敗了撒拉森人。這些海上共和國都是獨立的城邦共和國，擁有自己的政府、貨幣和艦隊。它們多數起源於曾經屬於拜占庭帝國的疆域（主要的例外是熱那亞和比薩）。所有這些城市在其保持獨立的時期，都擁有相似的（但不完全相同）政府制度。國家政體是商人主導的少數人的共和政體。這些海上共和國都深深地捲入了十字軍東征，為其提供資助，但是更多的是從戰爭中得到政治利益和貿易機會。第四次十字軍，名義上為了 “解放” 耶路撒冷，但是實際結果卻是使威尼斯征服了扎達爾和君士坦丁堡。
en: The maritime republics were city-states - the Mediterranean counterpart of the  Hanse towns of northern Europe. They were generally republics and formally independent, though most of them originated from territories once formally belonging to the Byzantine Empire (the main exceptions being Genoa and Pisa). During the time of their independence, all these cities had similar (though not identical) systems of government, in which the merchant class had considerable power.
qas: question: zh_tw: 這一片以前是被誰控制的？
en: Who did most of these territories used to be controlled by?
answers: zh_tw: text: 拜占庭帝國
en: text: Byzantine Empire
格拉斯哥藝術學院
Glasgow School of Art

context: zh_tw: 1845 年，公立格拉斯哥設計學院（Glasgow Government School of Design）設立，在 1853 年改為現名「格拉斯哥藝術學院」。最初校址位於英格拉姆街（Ingram Street）12 號，1869 年搬到麥克拉倫藝廊（McLellan Galleries）。1897 年，現今位於聯福街（Renfrew Street）的主建築開工。該建築是由本土建築師查爾斯・雷尼・麥金託什設計，屬簡潔有力的新藝術運動風格，由當時監督學院的擴充套件及名聲增長的校長法蘭西斯・紐伯瑞選中。第一部份的建設完成於 1899 年，餘下的則在 1909 年完成。2009 年，校方舉辦一個國際建築競賽，藉此找上一個建築設計團隊開發進一步的校園整體規劃及設計第一階段的建設。第一階段的建設座落於主建築：麥金託什館的對面，目前座落著福里斯館、集會館與紐伯瑞塔。這項競賽的冠軍是位於紐約的史蒂芬・霍爾建築團隊，與格拉斯哥的 JM 建築事務所合作。
en: Founded in 1845 as the Glasgow Government School of Design, the school changed its name to The Glasgow School of Art in 1853. Originally located at 12 Ingram Street the school moved to the McLellan Galleries in 1869.
qas: question: zh_tw: 學校什麼時候改名？
en: When did the school get a new name?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1853 年
en: text: 1853
風暴殭屍網路
Storm botnet

context: zh_tw: 風暴殭屍網路或稱為風暴蠕蟲殭屍網路，是一種受遠端控制的殭屍電腦（或直譯機器人網路）組成的網路。該網路是由暴風蠕蟲（一種透過垃圾電子郵件散播的木馬）連起來的。研究預測截至 2007 年 9 月為止，風暴殭屍網路至少藏身於 1 百萬到 5 千萬部電腦系統裡某處默默執行。其他訊息來源則折衷風暴殭屍網路的大小約為 25 萬到 1 百萬部電腦。更保守一點的估計，一位網路保全分析家宣稱他曾寫過一個軟體「爬」過殭屍網路，以此預測風暴殭屍網路控制了約 16 萬部受感染的電腦。風暴殭屍網路首度於 2007 年 1 月左右發現，當時風暴蠕蟲約佔所有運行於微軟視窗平臺電腦流氓軟體的 8%。
en: The Storm botnet or Storm worm botnet (also known as Dorf botnet and Ecard malware) is a remotely controlled network of "zombie" computers (or "botnet") that have been linked by the Storm Worm, a Trojan horse spread through e-mail spam. At its height in September 2007, the Storm botnet was running on anywhere from 1 million to 50 million computer systems, and accounted for 8% of all malware on Microsoft Windows computers. It was first identified around January 2007, having been distributed by email with subjects such as "230 dead as storm batters Europe," giving it its well-known name. The botnet began to decline in late 2007, and by mid-2008 had been reduced to infecting about 85,000 computers, far less than it had infected a year earlier.As of December 2012, the original creators of Storm still haven't been found. The Storm botnet has displayed defensive behaviors that indicated that its controllers were actively protecting the botnet against attempts at tracking and disabling it, by specifically attacking the online operations of some security vendors and researchers who had attempted to investigate it. Security expert Joe Stewart revealed that in late 2007, the operators of the botnet began to further decentralize their operations, in possible plans to sell portions of the Storm botnet to other operators. It was reportedly powerful enough to force entire countries off the Internet, and was estimated to be capable of executing more instructions per second than some of the world's top supercomputers. The United States Federal Bureau of Investigation considered the botnet a major risk to increased bank fraud, identity theft, and other cybercrimes.
qas: question: zh_tw: 百分之多少的微軟視窗計算機感染了風暴殭屍網路？
en: What percentage of Microsoft Windows computers had Storm botnet?
answers: zh_tw: text: 8%
en: text: 8%
強迫症
Obsessive–compulsive disorder

context: zh_tw: 心理醫師、精神科醫師、臨床社工或是其他一些有認證的心理健康專業機構可以做出正規的臨床診斷。根據精神疾病診斷與統計手冊（DSM），要滿足對強迫症的診斷，一個人得有強迫觀念、強迫行為或者二者兼具。2000 年版的 DSM 列出了幾個具有診斷顯著性的強迫觀念和強迫行為的特徵表現。對於強迫觀念，DSM 描述了一下特點：反覆發生並且持續存在的想法、衝動、或是導致明顯焦慮或痛苦情緒的闖入性畫面。這些想法、衝動或者是畫面在一定程度上是不屬於正常的需要關心或是擔心的問題範圍內的。而一個人會嘗試忽視或是抑制這樣的強迫觀念，又或者將它與其他一些想法或行動中和，並且認為這些強迫觀念是古怪的、不合理的。
en: Formal diagnosis may be performed by a psychologist, psychiatrist, clinical social worker, or other licensed mental health professional. To be diagnosed with OCD, a person must have obsessions, compulsions, or both, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). The Quick Reference to the 2000 edition of the DSM states that several features characterize clinically significant obsessions and compulsions. Such obsessions, the DSM says, are recurrent and persistent thoughts, impulses or images that are experienced as intrusive and that cause marked anxiety or distress. These thoughts, impulses or images are of a degree or type that lies outside the normal range of worries about conventional problems. A person may attempt to ignore or suppress such obsessions, or to neutralize them with some other thought or action, and will tend to recognize the obsessions as idiosyncratic or irrational.
qas: question: zh_tw: 何種型別的專業授權人員可以診斷強迫症？
en: What type of licensed professionals diagnose OCD?
answers: zh_tw: text: 心理健康
en: text: mental health
吉娜・萊因哈特
Gina Rinehart

context: zh_tw: 吉娜・萊因哈特（Georgina "Gina" Hope Rinehart，1954 年 2 月 9 日－），是一位澳大利亞礦業大亨。在 2010 年代，萊因哈特購買了一個傳媒機構的股權，成為 Fairfax Media 的最大股東並且在 The Ten Network Holdings 當中，取得了顯著的份額。2006 年，她的資產有 10 億澳元，被澳大利亞《商業週刊》報導為澳大利亞第一位女性億萬富豪；2007 年，她的資產增加為 40 億澳元，在澳大利亞富豪榜排名第四；在 2011 年，《福布斯》亞洲商業評論週刊報導，萊因哈特是澳大利亞最富有的人。2012 年 5 月 BRW 宣佈她已經超越克里斯蒂・沃爾頓（Christy Walton），成為世界上最富有的女人。她在《福布斯》2019 年全球億萬富豪榜中名列第 75 位，資產達到 142 億美元。
en: Rinehart was Australia's wealthiest person from 2011 to 2015, according to both Forbes and the Financial Review Rich List. Her wealth peaked at around A$29 billion (US$18 billion) in 2012, at which point she overtook Christy Walton as the world's richest woman and was included on the Forbes list of The World's 100 Most Powerful Women. Rinehart's net worth dropped significantly over the following few years, due to a slowdown in the Australian mining sector, but her fortune remains immense.
qas: question: zh_tw: 2012 年第二富有的女人是誰？
en: Who was the second richest Woman in 2012?
answers: zh_tw: text: 克里斯蒂・沃爾頓（Christy Walton）
en: text: Christy Walton
後髮座矮星系
Coma Berenices (dwarf galaxy)

context: zh_tw: 后髮座矮星系的恆恆星族群主要是超過 120 億年以前形成的老年恆星。這些老年恆星的金屬量也非常低，約在 [Fe/H] ≈ −2.53±0.45，這意味著太陽所含的重元素至少是其 350 倍。后髮座矮星系中的恆星可能是在宇宙中形成的第一批恆星，並且目前在後發座矮星系中沒有新的恆星形成。到目前為止的測量都沒有發現中性氫 －－意味其上限為太陽質量的 46 倍。
en: Coma Berenices or Com is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy situated in the Coma Berenices constellation and discovered in 2006 in data obtained by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The galaxy is located at the distance of about 44 kpc from the Sun and moves away from the Sun with the velocity of about 98 km/s. It is classified as a dwarf spheroidal galaxy (dSph) meaning that it has an elliptical (ratio of axes ~ 5:3) shape with the half-light radius of about 70 pc.Com is one of the smallest and faintest satellites of the Milky Way—its integrated luminosity is about 3700 times that of the Sun (absolute visible magnitude of about −4.1), which is much lower than the luminosity of the majority of globular clusters. However, its mass is about 1.2 million solar masses, which means that galaxy's mass to light ratio is around 450. A high mass to light ratio implies that Com is dominated by the dark matter.The stellar population of Com consists mainly of old stars formed more than 12 billion years ago. The metallicity of these old stars is also very low at [Fe/H] ≈ −2.53±0.45, which means that they contain 350 times less heavy elements than the Sun. The stars of Com  were probably among the first stars to form in the Universe and currently there is no star formation in Com. The measurements have so far failed to detect any neutral hydrogen in it—the upper limit is only 46 solar masses.Coma Dwarf is located near the Sagittarius Stream, which is made of stars stripped from the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy. This association may indicate that Com is a former satellite of star cluster from that galaxy.
qas: question: zh_tw: 在後發座矮星系中還沒有建立什麼？
en: What has not yet been created in Com?
answers: zh_tw: text: 在後發座矮星系中
en: text: no star formation
城際快車
Intercity-Express

context: zh_tw: ICE 標誌使用的是瑪瑙灰（RAL7038），裙板和車架則為石英灰（RAL7039）。內部面板的塑膠部件全部都保持相同的亮灰色（RAL7035）。內部全貌則由間接照明和漆面木器組成。ICE-1 的內飾最初是由德國聯邦鐵路根據當時流行的設計，採用類似薄荷綠的柔和色調。而在 2005 年至 2008 年的大修時，ICE-1 的內部被完全更換，並在裝置和設計上與第三代 ICE 相適應。
en: The "ICE" lettering uses the colour Agate Grey (RAL 7038), the frame is painted in Quartz Grey (RAL 7039).  The plastic platings in the interior all utilise the Pale Grey (RAL 7035) colour tone.
qas: question: zh_tw: ICE 印字採用哪種顏色？
en: what color does ICE lettering use
answers: zh_tw: text: 瑪瑙灰
en: text: Agate Grey
代代木站
Yoyogi Station

context: zh_tw: 本站是 1 面 2 線的島式月臺地下車站。副站名是「山野美容專門學校前」。到站前的車廂廣播亦包括此資訊。以前的副站名為「代代木動畫學院前」
en: The Toei Oedo Line station has one underground island platform serving two tracks.
qas: question: zh_tw: 島式月臺地下車站使用了幾條線路？
en: How many tracks does the Toei Oedo Line station use?
answers: zh_tw: text: 2 線
en: text: two tracks
君士坦丁堡的陷落
Fall of Constantinople

context: zh_tw: 在東羅馬帝國存在的約 1000 年期間，君士坦丁堡曾被多次圍城，但只有兩次被攻陷，一次是 1204 年的第四次十字軍東征期間，另一次是數十年後希臘人收復該城。十字軍本來沒有徵服東羅馬帝國的打算，希臘人亦在 1261 年收復君士坦丁堡。隨後的兩個世紀間，日益衰落的東羅馬面臨新的威脅，被鄂圖曼帝國侵佔越來越多的土地。1453 年的東羅馬只剩下君士坦丁堡及周邊地區，以及伯羅奔尼撒的一部份（以米斯特拉斯的要塞為中心），另有第四次十字軍之役建立的特拉比松帝國，那是一個完全獨立的國家，位於黑海南岸。
en: Constantinople had been an imperial capital since its consecration as the first Christian capital in 330 under the first Christian Roman emperor, Constantine the Great. In the following eleven centuries, the city had been besieged many times but was captured only once: during the Fourth Crusade in 1204. The crusaders established an unstable Latin state in and around Constantinople while the remaining empire splintered into a number of Byzantine successor states, notably Nicaea, Epirus and Trebizond. They fought as allies against the Latin establishments, but also fought among themselves for the Byzantine throne.
qas: question: zh_tw: 君士坦丁堡唯一一次被攻陷是什麼時候？
en: When was the only time Constantinople captured?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1204
en: text: 1204
大衛二世 (蘇格蘭)
David II of Scotland

context: zh_tw: 1329 年 6 月 7 日，羅伯特・布魯斯去世，5 歲的大衛成為蘇格蘭國王，稱 “大衛二世”。1331 年 11 月，大衛二世在斯昆行加冕禮。
en: David became King of Scots upon the death of his father on 7 June 1329, aged 5 years, 3 months, and 3 days. David and his wife were crowned at Scone on 24 November 1331.During David's minority, Sir Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray was appointed Guardian of Scotland by the Act of Settlement of 1318. After Moray's death, on 20 July 1332, he was replaced by Donald, Earl of Mar, elected by an assembly of the magnates of Scotland at Perth, 2 August 1332. Only ten days later Mar fell at the Battle of Dupplin Moor. Sir Andrew Murray of Bothwell, who was married to Christian (or Christina), the sister of King Robert I, was chosen as the new Guardian. He was taken prisoner by the English at Roxburgh in April 1333 and was thence replaced as Guardian by Archibald Douglas (the Tyneman), who fell at Halidon Hill that July.Meanwhile, on 24 September 1332, following the Scots' defeat at Dupplin, Edward Balliol, a protégé of Edward III of England, and a pretender to the throne of Scotland, was crowned by the English and his Scots adherents. By December, however, Balliol was forced to flee to England, although he returned the following year as part of an invasion force led by the English king.
qas: question: zh_tw: 大衛在哪一年繼承了蘇格蘭王位？
en: What year did David assume the throne of the Scots?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1329 年
en: text: 1329
葡萄糖 - 6 - 磷酸脫氫酶缺乏症
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

context: zh_tw: 葡萄糖 - 6 - 磷酸脫氫酶缺乏症 ，又名 G6PD 缺乏症 (英文：Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase deficiency, G6PDD) ，俗稱蠶豆症。是一種先天代謝缺陷的疾病，容易引發溶血反應。 大多時候病患都不會有症狀，但假如受到特定刺激就會引發一些症狀，像是黃疸、深色尿液、呼吸急促或感到倦意。 複合症狀可能包含貧血、新生兒黃疸。至於某些患者可能從未出現症狀。蠶豆症是一種 X 性聯隱性遺傳疾病，病因是葡萄糖 - 6 - 磷酸脫氫酶缺陷，導致無法正常分解葡萄糖。 溶血反應可能由感染、特定藥物所引起。 除此以外，部份藥物和化學物如蠶豆、臭丸（即俗稱樟腦丸，雖然樟腦本身不是誘發因素）、龍膽紫（紫藥水）、薄荷腦都會令患者出現急性溶血反應，症狀包括黃疸、精神不佳，嚴重時會出現呼吸急速、心臟衰竭、甚至會出現休克而有生命危險。症狀的嚴重程度會隨著基因特定突變差異而不同。 臨床則依據不同症狀、血液檢驗和基因檢測來診斷。避免刺激症狀是重要的。 急性症狀的處置可能包含藥物治療、停止刺激性藥物或輸血。 新生兒黃疸需要其他特殊處置。 通常會建議病患使用特定藥物前（例如：伯氨喹）要接受蠶豆症檢驗。全球約有 4 億人口有這種症狀。 盛行於部分地區如：非洲、亞洲、地中海地區、和中東。 男性比女性更易得病。 2015 年時約造成 3 萬 3 千人口死亡。 然而蠶豆症基因帶原者可能對瘧疾有部分抵抗能力。
en: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PDD) is an inborn error of metabolism that predisposes to red blood cell breakdown. Most of the time, those who are affected have no symptoms. Following a specific trigger, symptoms such as yellowish skin, dark urine, shortness of breath, and feeling tired may develop. Complications can include anemia and newborn jaundice. Some people never have symptoms.It is an X-linked recessive disorder that results in defective glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme. Red blood cell breakdown may be triggered by infections, certain medication, stress, or foods such as fava beans. Depending on the specific mutation the severity of the condition may vary. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and supported by blood tests and genetic testing.Avoiding triggers is important. Treatment of acute episodes may include medications for infection, stopping the offending medication, or blood transfusions. Jaundice in newborns may be treated with bili lights. It is recommended that people be tested for G6PDD before certain medications, such as primaquine, are taken.About 400 million people have the condition globally. It is particularly common in certain parts of Africa, Asia, the Mediterranean, and the Middle East. Males are affected more often than females. In 2015 it is believed to have resulted in 33,000 deaths. Carriers of the G6PDD allele may be partially protected against malaria.
qas: question: zh_tw: 兩種性別中誰更易受影響？
en: Who is more affected between the two genders?
answers: zh_tw: text: 男性
en: text: Males