鍺
Germanium

context: zh_tw: 即使地球表面上鍺的丰度地殼蘊含量相對較高，但由於礦石中很少含有高濃度的鍺，所以它在化學史上發現得比較晚。德米特里・伊萬諾維奇・門捷列夫在 1869 年根據元素週期表的位置，預測到鍺的存在與其各項屬性，並把它稱作擬。克萊門斯・溫克勒於 1886 年在一種叫硫銀鍺礦的稀有礦物中，除了找到硫和銀之外，還發現了一種新元素。儘管這種新元素的外觀跟砷和銻有點像，但是新元素在化合物中的化合比符合對下元素的預測。溫克勒以他的國家 —— 德國的拉丁語名來為這種元素命名。
en: Because it seldom appears in high concentration, germanium was discovered comparatively late in the history of chemistry. Germanium ranks near fiftieth in relative abundance of the elements in the Earth's crust. In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev predicted its existence and some of its properties from its position on his periodic table, and called the element ekasilicon. Nearly two decades later, in 1886, Clemens Winkler found the new element along with silver and sulfur, in a rare mineral called argyrodite. Although the new element somewhat resembled arsenic and antimony in appearance, the combining ratios in compounds agreed with Mendeleev's predictions for a relative of silicon. Winkler named the element after his country, Germany. Today, germanium is mined primarily from sphalerite (the primary ore of zinc), though germanium is also recovered commercially from silver, lead, and copper ores.
qas: question: zh_tw: 門捷列夫哪一年預測了鍺的存在？
en: In what year did Mendeleev predict the existence of ekasilicon?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1886
en: text: 1869

context: zh_tw: 1885 年夏季，在薩克森王國弗賴堡附近的一個礦場，發現了一種新的礦物。由於這種礦物的含銀量高，所以被命名為硫銀鍺礦。克萊門斯・溫克勒檢驗了這種礦物，並於 1886 年成功從中分離出一種與銻相似的元素。在他發表成果之前，他原本打算用海王星來為新元素命名，因為在 1846 年被發現的海王星，數學理論也預測它的存在。然而，錼（Neptunium）這個名字當時已被另一元素佔用（不過不是今天叫錼的那種元素，它到 1940 年才被發現），因此溫克勒改用他的祖國 —— 德國的拉丁語（germanium）來為元素命名。由於鍺跟砷和銻相近，所以它當時是否該出現在週期表上仍備受爭論，不過它的性質與門捷列夫的擬矽很像，因此才確立了它在週期表的確實位置 在發現後，薩克森的礦場再給了溫克勒五百千克的礦石，因此他能進行後續研究，並在 1887 年確立了這種新元素的化學性質。他透過分析純四氯化鍺，得出鍺的原子量為 72.32，而德布瓦博德蘭則透過比較該元素的火花光譜線，得出 72.3。
en: In mid-1885, at a mine near Freiberg, Saxony, a new mineral was discovered and named argyrodite because of its high silver content. The chemist Clemens Winkler analyzed this new mineral, which proved to be a combination of silver, sulfur, and a new element. Winkler was able to isolate the new element in 1886 and found it similar to antimony. He initially considered the new element to be eka-antimony, but was soon convinced that it was instead eka-silicon. Before Winkler published his results on the new element, he decided that he would name his element neptunium, since the recent discovery of planet Neptune in 1846 had similarly been preceded by mathematical predictions of its existence. However, the name "neptunium" had already been given to another proposed chemical element (though not the element that today bears the name neptunium, which was discovered in 1940). So instead, Winkler named the new element germanium (from the Latin word, Germania, for Germany) in honor of his homeland. Argyrodite proved empirically to be Ag8GeS6.
qas: question: zh_tw: 溫克勒一開始用什麼給他的發現命名？
en: What did winkler initially named his discovery?
answers: zh_tw: text: 錼
en: text: neptunium

context: zh_tw: 在標準狀況下，鍺是一種銀白色的半金屬元素，硬但易碎。這種形式構成一種同素異形體，技術上叫 α 鍺，它帶金屬光澤，結構與鑽石一樣，為鑽石立方晶體結構。當壓力高於 120kPa 時，會形成另一種同素異形體，叫 β 鍺，它的結構與 β 錫一樣。與矽、鎵、鉍、銻與水一樣，鍺在熔化態固體化時（即凝固）會膨脹，而有這種特性的物質並不多。
en: Under standard conditions, germanium is a brittle, silvery-white, semi-metallic element. This form constitutes an allotrope known as α-germanium, which has a metallic luster and a diamond cubic crystal structure, the same as diamond. While in crystal form, germanium has a displacement threshold energy of
qas: question: zh_tw: 鍺的一種同素異形體是怎樣構成的？
en: what makes up an allotrope known as germanium?
answers: zh_tw: text: 金屬光澤，結構與鑽石一樣，為鑽石立方晶體結構
en: text: metallic luster and a diamond cubic crystal structure

context: zh_tw: 鍺在 2007 年的估計全球終端應用為：光纖系統佔 35%，紅外線光學（infrared optics）佔 30%，聚合催化劑佔 15%，及電子和太陽能發電也佔 15%。餘下的 5% 為其他應用，如磷光體（phosphor）、冶金及化學治療。
en: The major end uses for germanium in 2007, worldwide, were estimated to be: 35% for fiber-optics, 30% infrared optics, 15% polymerization catalysts, and 15% electronics and solar electric applications. The remaining 5% went into such uses as phosphors, metallurgy, and chemotherapy.
qas: question: zh_tw: 在 2007 年，有 35% 的鍺使用在什麼地方？
en: 35% of germanium use in 2007 went towards what?
answers: zh_tw: text: 鍺在 2007 年的估計全球終端應用為：光纖系統佔 35%，紅外線光學（infrared
en: text: fiber-optics