同性戀
Homosexuality

context: zh_tw: 2012 年 5 月 17 日，世衛駐美洲的辦事處，泛美洲衛生組織，就性向治療和嘗試改變個人性傾向的方法，發表一份用詞強烈的英文宣告《為一種不存在的疾病治療（"Cures" for an Illness that Does Not Exist）》。宣告強調，同性戀性傾向仍是人類性向的其中一種正常類別，而且對當時人和其親近的人士都不會構成健康上的傷害，更毋需治療。世衛在宣告中再三指出，改變個人性傾向的方法，不單沒有科學證據支援其效果，而且沒有醫學意義，並會對身體及精神健康甚至生命形成嚴重的威脅，同時亦是對受影響人士的個人尊嚴和基本人權的一種侵犯。世衛亦藉發表該宣告提醒公眾，雖然有少數人士可以能夠在表面行為上限制表現出自身的性向，但個人性傾向本身一般都被視為個人整體特徵的一部分和不能改變；宣告內容同時譴責提供性向治療的醫護人員，是把他們自己與社會偏見看齊，並且反映他們對個人性傾向和性健康議題的絕對無知。世界衛生組織亦提醒各國的醫護人員，這麼作等同於違反醫學道德的第一道原則：「首要的事，不要造成傷害（First, do no harm）。世衛同時透過宣告呼籲各地政府，應強烈反對當地的診所和醫院提供性向治療，並應立法懲處或制裁提供性向治療的醫療機構。世衛並且建議各地政府應多向公眾進行個人性向教育，以消除公眾對同性戀者的性傾向歧視。幾乎所有心理學專業組織，都一致反對那些聲稱能改變性傾向的醫療措施，包括美國精神醫學學會、美國心理學會、美國諮商學會、美國國家社會工作學會、英國皇家精神科醫學院，和澳洲心理學會在內。美國心理學會和英國皇家精神科醫學院，表明這些實行改變性傾向醫療措施的組織，其立場並沒有科學依據支援，並且會加深社會的偏見和歧視。
en: Some individuals and groups have promoted the idea of homosexuality as symptomatic of developmental defects or spiritual and moral failings and have argued that sexual orientation change efforts, including psychotherapy and religious efforts, could alter homosexual feelings and behaviors. Many of these individuals and groups appeared to be embedded within the larger context of conservative religious political movements that have supported the stigmatization of homosexuality on political or religious grounds.No major mental health professional organization has sanctioned efforts to change sexual orientation and virtually all of them have adopted policy statements cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation. These include the American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, American Counseling Association, National Association of Social Workers in the US, the Royal College of Psychiatrists, and the Australian Psychological Society. The American Psychological Association and the Royal College of Psychiatrists expressed concerns that the positions espoused by NARTH are not supported by the science and create an environment in which prejudice and discrimination can flourish.The American Psychological Association states that "sexual orientation is not a choice that can be changed at will, and that sexual orientation is most likely the result of a complex interaction of environmental, cognitive and biological factors...is shaped at an early age...[and evidence suggests] biological, including genetic or inborn hormonal factors, play a significant role in a person's sexuality." They say that "sexual orientation identity—not sexual orientation—appears to change via psychotherapy, support groups, and life events." The American Psychiatric Association says "individuals maybe become aware at different points in their lives that they are heterosexual, gay, lesbian, or bisexual" and "opposes any psychiatric treatment, such as 'reparative' or 'conversion' therapy, which is based upon the assumption that homosexuality per se is a mental disorder, or based upon a prior assumption that the patient should change his/her homosexual orientation". They do, however, encourage gay affirmative psychotherapy. Similarly, the American *Psychological* Association is doubtful about the effectiveness and side-effect profile of sexual orientation change efforts, including conversion therapy.
qas: question: zh_tw: 包括哪個澳洲組織？
en: What Australian organization is included?
answers: zh_tw: text: 澳洲心理學會
en: text: Australian Psychological Society