鎮痛劑腎病
Analgesic nephropathy

context: zh_tw: 鎮痛劑腎病一度在歐洲，澳大利亞及美國的部分地區為腎損傷及終末期腎臟病最常見的病症。在大多數地區、其發病率急劇下降，因為在 20 世紀 70 年代和 80 年代使用非那西丁的下降故。
en: Analgesic nephropathy was once a common cause of kidney injury and end-stage kidney disease in parts of Europe, Australia, and the United States. In most areas, its incidence has declined sharply since the use of phenacetin fell in the 1970s and 1980s.
qas: question: zh_tw: 為什麼它的發生率降低了？
en: Why did its incidence decline?
answers: zh_tw: text: 使用非那西丁的下降
en: text: the use of phenacetin fell

context: zh_tw: 鎮痛藥是一類廣泛應用於治療疼痛的藥物。它們包括阿司匹林及和其他非甾體抗炎藥 (NSAIDs)，以及退燒藥 (Antipyretic) 撲熱息痛 (在美國稱為 acetaminophen) 與非那西丁。在 19 世紀後期推出，在歐洲，澳大利亞和美國的部分地區非那西丁一度混合鎮痛藥為複方藥 (Combination drug)。這些組合的鎮痛藥含有阿司匹林，或其他藥物、如 NSAID 與非那西丁、撲熱息痛或水楊醯胺，以及咖啡因或可待因所組成。
en: Analgesics are a class of medications widely used in the treatment of pain. They include aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), as well as the antipyretics paracetamol (known as acetaminophen in the United States) and phenacetin. Introduced in the late 19th century, phenacetin was once a common component of mixed analgesics in parts of Europe, Australia, and the United States. These combined analgesics contained aspirin or other NSAID with phenacetin, paracetamol, or salicylamide, and caffeine or codeine.In the 1950s, Spühler and Zollinger reported an association between kidney injury and the chronic use of phenacetin. They noted that chronic users of phenacetin had an increased risk of developing specific kidney injuries, namely renal papillary necrosis and chronic interstitial nephritis. This condition was dubbed analgesic nephropathy and was attributed to phenacetin, although no absolute causative role was demonstrated. With further reports of the increased risk of kidney injury with prolonged and excessive phenacetin use, however, phenacetin was banned in several countries between the 1960s and 1980s.As the use of phenacetin declined, so too did the prevalence of analgesic nephropathy as a cause of end-stage kidney disease. Data from Switzerland, for example, demonstrated a decline in the prevalence of analgesic nephropathy among people with end-stage kidney disease, from 28% in 1981 to 12% in 1990. An autopsy study performed in Switzerland suggested that the prevalence of analgesic nephropathy in the general population has likewise decreased; the prevalence was 3% in 1980 and 0.2% in 2000.While these data demonstrate that analgesic nephropathy has been all but eliminated in some regions, in other regions the condition persists. Notably, in Belgium, the prevalence of analgesic nephropathy among people having dialysis was 17.9% in 1984 and 15.6% in 1990. Michielsen and de Schepper suggest that analgesic nephropathy persists among people in Belgium having dialysis not due to non-phenacetin analgesics, but because Belgium accepts a higher proportion of elderly people for dialysis. According to these authors, a greater proportion have analgesic nephropathy because a greater percentage of people in Belgium having dialysis have been exposed to long-term use of phenacetin.
qas: question: zh_tw: 阿司匹林屬於哪一類藥物？
en: What type of drug class is aspirin apart of?
answers: zh_tw: text: 鎮痛藥
en: text: analgesics