對基督教的批評
Criticism of Christianity

context: zh_tw: 評論家和懷疑者已經指出聖經內部的不一致，這包括：對一事件記敘有不同的次序，對同一特徵的事物的描述提到不同的數量和名稱，這給人們的理解帶來了困難。對這些批評的回應包括：現代的文件假設，兩源假設（這種假設有不同的形式表現），以及認為使徒書信是託名寫成的觀點。與這些批判立場相反的立場是傳統主義者支援的立場，他們認為文字是一致的，摩西五經是根據單一來源寫成的，而福音書則由四位獨立見證人寫成的，所有的保羅書信除了希伯來書外都是由使徒保羅寫成的。
en: Inconsistencies have been pointed out by critics and skeptics, presenting as difficulties the different numbers and names for the same feature and different sequences for what is supposed to be the same event. Responses to these criticisms include the modern documentary hypothesis, two-source hypothesis (in various guises), and assertions that the Pastoral Epistles are pseudonymous. Contrasting with these critical stances are positions supported by traditionalists, considering the texts to be consistent, with the Torah written by a single source, but the Gospels by four independent witnesses, and all of the Pauline Epistles, except possibly the Hebrews, as having been written by Paul the Apostle.
qas: question: zh_tw: 懷疑論者和評論家們主要分析什麼？
en: What have skeptics and critics primarily been analyzing?
answers: zh_tw: text: 不一致
en: text: Inconsistencies

context: zh_tw: 耶穌沒有完成以色列先知所說的上帝委託彌賽亞去做的事情：他沒有將那些與上帝立約的人從他們的外邦敵人中解脫出來，沒有將分散在各處的人重新組合起來，恢復大衛的國，或建立普遍的和平（參見以賽亞書 9： 6-7; 11：7-12：16 等）。耶穌不是將猶太人從壓迫者中解脫出來從而履行了神對土地、民族、君主和祝福的古老應許，相反，耶穌的死是 “可恥的” 的死亡，他被彌賽亞所預言的政治權力所擊敗。確實，希伯來先知並沒有預見到以色列的救主會被外邦人作為一個普通罪犯而處決，這使耶穌被釘十字架變成了熟悉經文的猶太人的 “絆腳石”。 （林前 1：23）基督教傳教士反駁這一論點，他們認為，根據新約預言，特別是在 “啟示錄” 中，耶穌在大災難之後的千禧年統治期間實現這些預言。
en: Jesus did not accomplish what Israel's prophets said the Messiah was commissioned to do: He did not deliver the covenant people from their Gentile enemies, reassemble those scattered in the Diaspora, restore the Davidic kingdom, or establish universal peace (cf. Isa. 9:6–7; 11:7–12:16, etc.). Instead of freeing Jews from oppressors and thereby fulfilling God's ancient promises—for land, nationhood, kingship, and blessing—Jesus died a "shameful" death, defeated by the very political powers the Messiah was prophesied to overcome. Indeed, the Hebrew prophets did not foresee that Israel's savior would be executed as a common criminal by Gentiles, making Jesus' crucifixion a "stumbling block" to scripturally literate Jews. (1 Cor.1:23)Christian preachers reply to this argument by stating that these prophecies will be fulfilled by Jesus in the Millennial Reign after the Great Tribulation, according to New Testament prophecies, especially in the Book of Revelation.
qas: question: zh_tw: 耶穌沒有做什麼？
en: What did Jesus fail to do?
answers: zh_tw: text: 耶穌沒有完成以色列先知所說的上帝委託彌賽亞去做的事情：他沒有將那些與上帝立約的人從他們的外邦敵人中解脫出來，沒有將分散在各處的人重新組合起來，恢復大衛的國，或建立普遍的和平（參見以賽亞書 9：
en: text: deliver the covenant people

context: zh_tw: 16 世紀的立陶宛特拉凱猶太神學家以撒・本・亞伯拉罕（Isaac ben Abraham）寫了一個名為 “Chizzuk Emunah”（鞏固信仰）的作品，試圖駁斥耶穌是舊約中所預言的彌賽亞的觀點，並反對基督教是與神訂立的 “新約”。他系統地在新約中指出了一系列前後不一的地方、新約與舊約之間的矛盾、以及在耶穌生命中沒有實現的舊約預言。此外，他質疑了一系列基督徒的做法，如星期日休息。這個作品最初寫給猶太人看的，以說服他們不要歸信基督教，但這個作品最終被基督徒讀到。雖然著名的基督教希伯來專家希伯裡・哈里斯托夫・瓦格希爾（Johann Christoph Wagenseil）試圖反以撒・本・亞伯拉罕的論點，但瓦格希爾對這個作品的拉丁文翻譯徒增了人們對這個作品的興趣，激發了後來的基督教自由思想家。Chizzuk Emunah 被伏爾泰稱為偉大的作品。另一方面，布萊斯・帕斯卡爾（ Blaise Pascal）認為，“預言是關於耶穌基督的最強證據。” 他寫道，經書上已經預言了耶穌，這些預言來自四千年期間的一連串人物。護教者喬什・麥克道維（Josh McDowell ）認為，舊約預言支援了基督教的正當性，他認為基督所實現的預言包括：他祖先的血統、出生地、童貞女所生、神蹟、死亡和復活等預言。他說，即使聖經預言了彌賽亞的時間和具體的事件，但猶太人的塔木德（該塔木德不接受耶穌是彌賽亞）卻感嘆，雖然猶大扼殺了權杖，但彌賽亞並沒有出現過。
en: The 16th-century Jewish theologian Isaac ben Abraham, who lived in Trakai, Lithuania, penned a work called Chizzuk Emunah (Faith Strengthened) that attempted to refute the ideas that Jesus was the Messiah prophesied in the Old Testament and that Christianity was the "New Covenant" of God. He systematically identified a number of inconsistencies in the New Testament, contradictions between the New Testament and the Old Testament, and Old Testament prophesies which remained unfulfilled in Jesus' lifetime. In addition, he questioned a number of Christian practices, such as Sunday Sabbath. Written originally for Jews to persuade them not to convert to Christianity, the work was eventually read by Christians. While the well-known Christian Hebraist Johann Christoph Wagenseil attempted an elaborate refutation of Abraham's arguments, Wagenseil's Latin translation of it only increased interest in the work and inspired later Christian freethinkers. Chizzuk Emunah was praised as a masterpiece by Voltaire.On the other hand, Blaise Pascal believed that "[t]he prophecies are the strongest proof of Jesus Christ". He wrote that Jesus was foretold, and that the prophecies came from a succession of people over a span of four thousand years. Apologist Josh McDowell defends the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy as supporting Christianity, arguing that prophecies fulfilled by Christ include ones relating to his ancestral line, birthplace, virgin birth, miracles, manner of death, and resurrection. He says that even the timing of the Messiah in years and in relation to events is predicted, and that the Jewish Talmud (not accepting Jesus as the Messiah, see also Rejection of Jesus) laments that the Messiah had not appeared despite the scepter being taken away from Judah.
qas: question: zh_tw: 維護《聖經》所載內容的人是誰？
en: Who is the guy defending this stuff from the Bible?
answers: zh_tw: text: 喬什・麥克道維
en: text: Josh McDowell