zetavg/mlqa_en_zh_tw huggingface dataset:
皮埃爾 - 尤金・迪西默蒂埃
Pierre Eugene du Simitiere

context: zh_tw: 迪西默蒂埃出生於日內瓦，他的原名是 Pierre-Eugène Ducimetière 或 Pierre-Eugène du Cimetière。離開瑞士後，他在西印度群島度過了超過十年的時光，後來他先後去了紐約和費城，在費城安定下來後他改了自己的名字。1768 年，他加入美國哲學會，不久成為其中一位管理員（1771-1781）。
en: Born in Geneva, du Simitiere's original name was Pierre-Eugène Ducimetière or Pierre-Eugène du Cimetière. After leaving Switzerland, he spent more than a decade in the West Indies before moving to New York and then Philadelphia. He spelled his name Pierre-Eugène du Simitière, Pierre Eugene du Simitiere  or du Symitiere after settling in Philadelphia. Elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1768, he further became one of its curators (1777–81).
qas: question: zh_tw: 迪西默蒂埃在哪裡居住了十年多？
en: where did Simitiere live for over a decade?
answers: zh_tw: text: 西印度群島
en: text: West Indies
貝一明
Emanuel Pastreich

context: zh_tw: 貝一明（英語：Emanuel Pastreich，韓語：李萬烈，日語：エマニユエル・パストリッチ；1964 年 10 月 16 日－，生於美國田納西州納什維爾），活躍在韓國的美國學者。在東亞古典文學，當代國際關係與技術等方面多有著文。貝一明，現擔任坐落於韓國首爾的亞洲研究所（The Asia Institute）理事長一職，同時在社會中還兼任地球治理研究院院長以及國際大腦教育綜合大學院的副校長。亞洲研究所以及地球治理研究院分別由貝一明本人於 2007 年和 2018 年設立。
en: Emanuel Pastreich (born in Nashville, Tennessee, 1964) is an American academic mainly active in Korea. Pastreich is director of the Earth Management Institute in Cheonan, president of The Asia Institute, and vice-president at the Graduate School of Brain Studies. Pastreich writes on both East Asian classical literature and current issues in international relations and technology. He is also a columnist for The Korea Times.
qas: question: zh_tw: 貝一明的著作屬於什麼文學領域？
en: What region of literature does Pastreich write on?
answers: zh_tw: text: 東亞古典
en: text: East Asian

context: zh_tw: 貝一明目前為亞洲研究所理事長。亞洲研究所是一所智庫，致力引導東亞地區跨領域的研究合作，包括國際關係，環境與能源。2005－2007 年，貝一明曾擔任韓美合作社（KORUS House）執行官，韓美合作社位於華盛頓特區，為韓國駐美國大使館智庫。期間，他還擔任《動態韓國》總編一職，《動態韓國》雜誌為韓國外交部所屬刊物， 致力於介紹及推廣韓國文化和社會。2007－2008 年，貝一明曾任忠南道主管官員的國際關係與外商投資顧問。貝一明所著書籍及作品有：《樸智元小說作品：被忽視世界的解析》，本書為這位韓國朝鮮時代重要作家的作品集；《可觸的方言：中文方言及其在江戶時代的日本流行文學作品中的興起與採用》，本書探討了中文方言在日本文學中的影響和作用；《生命在於方向而非速度：生活在韓國的魯濱遜》，本書記錄了貝一明本人在韓國的生活經歷；此外，還有《全球學者談韓國未來》，貝一明就 "當代韓國" 這一課題採訪了一些主要學者，包括弗朗西斯・福山、拉芮・維克森以及諾姆・喬姆斯基等，本書即是收錄了這一系列訪談記錄。
en: Pastreich is president of The Asia Institute, a think tank that conducts research on the intersection of international relations, the environment and technology in East Asia. Previously, he was an associate professor at Kyung Hee University, advisor to the president of Kyung Hee University, advisor for international relations and foreign investment to the governor of Chungnam Province (2007-2008). Pastreich served in the United States as director of the KORUS House (2005-2007), a think tank for international relations housed in the Korean Embassy in Washington D.C., and as the editor-in-chief of Dynamic Korea, a journal of the Korean Foreign Ministry that introduces Korean culture and society, and as assistant professor at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
qas: question: zh_tw: 前德意志帝國所在的亞洲研究所的職責是什麼？
en: What is the responsibilities of the Asia institute of which Pastreich is the president?
answers: zh_tw: text: 研究合作，包括國際關係，環境與能源。
en: text: conducts research on the intersection of international relations, the environment and technology in East Asia
裡巴爾・阿薩德

context: zh_tw: 裡巴爾出生於大馬士革，是 16 個兄弟姐妹中的第 13 個。他的母親是一位驗光師，在大馬士革為窮人開了一家免費診所。他的父親裡法特・阿薩德博士是高等教育主管，在 1984 年至 1998 年擔任高階軍事家和名譽副總統，是已故總統哈菲茲・阿薩德的弟弟。
qas: question: zh_tw: 裡巴爾有多少個兄弟姐妹？
en: How man siblings did Ribal al-Assad have?
answers: zh_tw: text: 16 個

context: zh_tw: 他父親和叔叔之間的權力鬥爭於 1970 年代開始，進而導致軍事對抗和復興黨的分裂，此後他在 9 歲時（1984 年）離開敘利亞。在接受《猶太紀事》採訪時，裡巴爾・阿薩德聲稱 “如果在 1970 年代時採用了他父親的理念，敘利亞就會跟埃及同時與以色列休戰了”。裡巴爾及其家人隨後搬到了巴黎，在那裡他繼續居住到 16 歲。他表示，在巴黎時與其它文化相融合的經歷幫助他建立了對多元文化主義和多民族社群（特別是猶太社群）的早期認識。對包容性和多元文化社會的信念是由此發展起來的，這是 ODFS 使命的基石。在 16 歲時，裡巴爾・阿薩德開始在紐約和休斯頓上高中，然後在波士頓上大學。
qas: question: zh_tw: 裡巴爾幾歲離開巴黎？
en: How old was Ribal when he left Paris?
answers: zh_tw: text: 16

context: zh_tw: 裡巴爾・阿薩德作為伊曼基金會主席的工作側重於促進信仰間和文化間對話，以及挑戰世界各地的極端主義。該機構是非營利性機構，致力於 “促進宗教間和文化間對話、宗教內對話，挑戰極端主義，推廣主流觀點”。自 2010 年以來，裡巴爾・阿薩德會見了眾多全球宗教和政治領袖，以討論與信仰間和信仰內對話有關的各種普遍和具體問題。
qas: question: zh_tw: 伊曼基金會的主張是什麼？
en: What does the Imam Foundation stand for?
answers: zh_tw: text: 促進宗教間和文化間對話、宗教內對話，挑戰極端主義，推廣主流觀點
鈮
Niobium

context: zh_tw: 「Columbium」（鈳，符號 Cb）是哈契特對新元素所給的最早命名。這一名稱在美國一直有廣泛的使用，美國化學學會在 1953 年出版了最後一篇標題含有「鈳」的論文；「鈮」則在歐洲通用。1949 年在阿姆斯特丹舉辦的化學聯合會第 15 屆會議最終決定以「鈮」作為第 41 號元素的正式命名。翌年，國際純粹與應用化學聯合會（IUPAC）也採納了這一命名，結束了一個世紀來的命名分歧，儘管「鈳」的使用時間更早。這可算是一種妥協：IUPAC 依北美的用法選擇「Tungsten」而非歐洲所用的「Wolfram」作為鎢的命名，並在鈮的命名上以歐洲的用法為先。具權威性的化學學會和政府機構都一般以 IUPAC 正式命名稱之，但美國地質調查局以及冶金業、金屬學會等組織至今仍使用舊名「鈳」。
en: Columbium (symbol "Cb") was the name originally bestowed by Hatchett upon his discovery of the metal in 1801. The name reflected that the type specimen of the ore came from America (Columbia). This name remained in use in American journals—the last paper published by American Chemical Society with columbium in its title dates from 1953—while niobium was used in Europe. To end this confusion, the name niobium was chosen for element 41 at the 15th Conference of the Union of Chemistry in Amsterdam in 1949. A year later this name was officially adopted by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) after 100 years of controversy, despite the chronological precedence of the name columbium.  This was a compromise of sorts; the IUPAC accepted tungsten instead of wolfram in deference to North American usage; and niobium instead of columbium in deference to European usage. While many US chemical societies and government organizations typically use the official IUPAC name, some metallurgists and metal societies still use the original American name, "columbium".
qas: question: zh_tw: IUPAC 代表什麼？
en: What does IUPAC stand for?
answers: zh_tw: text: 國際純粹與應用化學聯合會
en: text: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

context: zh_tw: 鈮元素沒有已知的生物用途。鈮粉末會刺激眼部和皮膚，並有可能引發火災；但成塊鈮金屬則完全不影響生物體（低過敏性），因此是無害物質。鈮常見於首飾中，而一些醫學植入物也含有鈮。某一些鈮化合物具有毒性，但一般人很難接觸到這些物質。鈮酸鹽和氯化鈮都可溶於水，科學家已在老鼠身上進行了實驗，觀察短期和長期接觸這些化合物所帶來的效果。對於老鼠，單次注入五氯化鈮或鈮酸鹽的半數致死量（LD50）為 10 至 100 mg/kg 之間。經口服的毒性較低，對於老鼠的 LD50 值在七天後為 940 mg/kg。
en: Niobium has no known biological role. While niobium dust is an eye and skin irritant and a potential fire hazard, elemental niobium on a larger scale is physiologically inert (and thus hypoallergenic) and harmless. It is frequently used in jewelry and has been tested for use in some medical implants.Niobium-containing compounds are rarely encountered by most people, but some are toxic and should be treated with care. The short- and long-term exposure to niobates and niobium chloride, two chemicals that are water-soluble, have been tested in rats. Rats treated with a single injection of niobium pentachloride or niobates show a median lethal dose (LD50) between 10 and 100 mg/kg. For oral administration the toxicity is lower; a study with rats yielded a LD50 after seven days of 940 mg/kg.
qas: question: zh_tw: Niobuim 是否有任何生物用途？
en: Does Niobuim serve any biological purpose?
answers: zh_tw: text: 沒有已知的生物用途
en: text: no known biological role
米歇爾・費列羅
Michele Ferrero

context: zh_tw: 費列羅在 1949 年進入該公司。他在 2008 年 3 月超越西爾維奧・貝魯斯柯尼成為義大利首富，個人財富高達 260 億美元。截至 2014 年 5 月為止，彭博億萬富翁指數（Bloomberg Billionaires Index）將淨資產 260 億美元的費列羅列為世界前 20 大首富。該公司自 1997 年開始由他的兒子喬瓦尼・費列羅與小彼得羅・費列羅掌權。彼得羅在 2011 年 4 月 18 日於南非的一場意外中逝世。費列羅在 2015 年 2 月 14 日於摩納哥逝世，享壽 89 歲。
en: From 1997, his sons, Giovanni Ferrero and Pietro Ferrero, co-led the company. Pietro died on 18 April 2011, after an accident in South Africa. Giovanni became the sole CEO.
qas: question: zh_tw: 1997 年後誰聯合領導了這家公司？
en: Who co-led the company after 1997?
answers: zh_tw: text: 喬瓦尼・費列羅與小彼得羅・費列羅
en: text: Giovanni Ferrero and Pietro Ferrero
時光之帽

context: zh_tw: 《時光之帽》（英語：A Hat in Time）是由 Gears for Breakfast 開發的平臺動作冒險遊戲，可在 macOS、Microsoft Windows、PlayStation 4 和 Xbox One 平臺上游玩。遊戲使用虛幻引擎 3 開發，並由 Kickstarter 資助，在首兩天就加倍了其募捐目標。這款遊戲啟發自較早在 1990 年代晚期和 2000 年代早期的 3D 平臺遊戲，例如《超級馬里奧 64》、《班卓熊大冒險》、《腦航員》和《陽光馬里奧》。遊戲於 2017 年 10 月自行釋出在 Microsoft Windows 和 macOS 平臺，並在兩個月後由 Humble Bundle 發行至 PlayStation 4 和 Xbox One 遊戲機平臺。
qas: question: zh_tw: 開發遊戲的引擎是什麼？
en: What engine was used to develop the game?
answers: zh_tw: text: 遊戲使用虛幻引擎 3 開發，

context: zh_tw: 一位名為帽子寶寶（Hat Kid）的小女孩嘗試透過宇宙飛船回到她的家鄉。在她的旅程中，她經過了一個星球，星球成員之一的黑手黨（Mafia）前來為黑手黨鎮政府收集過路費。黑手黨將宇宙飛船的門強制撞開，使帽子寶寶和她的所有 “時光碎片”（Time Pieces）掉到星球中。帽子寶寶降落在黑手黨鎮，遇見了一位討厭 “壞人” 的當地麻煩製造者 —— 鬍鬚女孩（Mustache Girl）。為了找回用來重新啟動的時光碎片，帽子寶寶同意幫助鬍鬚女孩打敗黑手黨，作為讓鬍鬚女孩幫忙找到時光碎片的交換條件。在打敗了黑手黨老大後，鬍鬚女孩得知時光碎片能夠倒帶時間。她想要使用它們來成為時光旅行超人，但因操作時間非常危險，帽子寶寶拒絕讓她是使用。鬍鬚女孩生氣了起來，宣稱兩人的關係已成敵人，並出發自行尋找時光碎片。
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰拒絕付錢？
en: Who refused to pay?
answers: zh_tw: text: 帽子寶寶

context: zh_tw: 帽子寶寶環遊了整個星球尋找時光碎片，並面對了許多敵人，其中包括為電影獎項競爭的兩隻小鳥、偷走帽子寶寶靈魂的惡毒幽靈，以及被危險瘟疫感染的一群深山村民，最後和他們成為了朋友。當帽子寶寶仍在探索的途中，鬍鬚女孩闖入她的船中並偷走了時光碎片，用它們來將星球轉變成了熾烈的地獄，將她自己的命令成為法律。帽子寶寶前來和她對抗，但鬍鬚女孩使用時光碎片打開了時光裂痕，將她自己變得非常強大。帽子寶寶曾經對抗的對手在戰鬥中也來援助帽子寶寶，最終決定摧毀自己，讓帽子寶寶可以使用他們留下的潘（Pons）來強化自己。帽子寶寶最終終於打敗了鬍鬚女孩並使用時光碎片恢復了星球以及讓被殺死的人們復活起來。雖然她的前對手錶示看到她離開有些傷心，帽子寶寶之後還是將時光碎片收入儲藏室中並繼續她回家的旅程。
qas: question: zh_tw: 鬍鬚女孩做了什麼變得非常強大？
en: By taking what action does Mustache Girl become almighty?
answers: zh_tw: text: 使用時光碎片打開了時光裂痕

context: zh_tw: 《時光之帽》這款平臺動作冒險遊戲設定在開放世界環境中，並以第三人稱視角進行。一些編者描述遊戲風格與任天堂 64 的一些像是《超級馬里奧 64》和《班卓熊大冒險》的平臺遊戲很相似。玩家在 4 個開放關卡之間無時間限制地探索，也能夠收集不同的物品、解開拼圖和使用雨傘與對手戰鬥。玩家的主要任務是收集 40 個能在遊戲中找到的 “時光碎片”，玩家收集更多就能解鎖更多額外關卡。打敗了對手後，他們會留下潘，玩家可以使用這種金錢來解鎖額外挑戰和購買能夠強化帽子寶寶能力的獎章。玩家也可在每個關卡中收集紗球（Yarn Balls），其之後可以被縫合成新帽子來穿戴。每種帽子會給予帽子寶寶不同的能力，例如更快的速度或釀造出爆炸液體。其他能夠收集的物品包括用來解鎖 “時光裂痕” 額外關卡的紀念物（Relics）以及之後可以在機器交換獲得額外材料（例如音樂重混和額外服裝）的裂痕金幣（Rift Tokens）。玩家在遊戲早期進行的動作在之後的關卡會受影響，這是因為主角在遊戲結束之前多次重複探訪每個地區。
qas: question: zh_tw: 除了紗球，還有什麼收集的物品？
en: What are other collectibles besides Yarn Balls?
answers: zh_tw: text: 紀念物

context: zh_tw: 《時光之帽》的初始想法是開始於總監 —— 若納斯・卡爾雷夫。作為他對 3D 平臺遊戲的持續短缺（尤其是任天堂開發的遊戲）的想法，他啟動了這個工程。在與 Polygon 的面談中，卡爾雷夫揭露他和 Gears for Breakfast 起初並沒有想到《時光之帽》最終會收到來自 Kickstarter 的成功。卡爾雷夫總結因《大金剛 64》對世代造成的影響，遊戲會有小許需求，他認為遊戲包含太多物品收集，反而壓倒了玩家。遊戲開發開始於 2012 年 8 月，他們當時計劃在 2013 年第二季釋出但之後顯著延遲。在開發過程的開始，卡爾雷夫是遊戲的唯一開發者，但隨著時間過去開發者增廣至名為 Gears for Breakfast 的跨越四個國家並且完全自願的團隊。Kickstarter 之後贊助了遊戲，成功跨越了遊戲最初的目標 $30,000，達到了總數 $296,360。在 2013 年 7 月，開發團隊宣佈 Steam 已同意讓遊戲發行。幾個作曲家也為遊戲進行了貢獻，包括格蘭特・基爾克豪佩。
qas: question: zh_tw: 卡爾雷夫不喜歡《大金剛 64》什麼？
en: What did Kærlev dislike about donkey kong?
answers: zh_tw: text: 包含太多物品收集，反而壓倒了玩家
火星旗
Flag of Mars

context: zh_tw: 火星旗是被設計用來表示火星「未來的歷史」。在最左邊，靠著旗杆的紅色條代表現在的火星表面。藍色條和綠色條則代表未來如果人類移民火星，可能會對火星進行地球化。金・史丹利・羅賓遜（Kim Stanley Robinson）寫的小說火星三部曲是火星旗設計概念的來源。該旗最早被設計是 NASA 的科學家李天龍（Pascal Lee）在 1999 年夏季加拿大德文島的火星北極研究站（Mars Arctic Research Station）研究專案中提出。
en: The design of the flag was originally conceived by NASA planetary scientist Pascal Lee during the 1998 Haughton-Mars Project arctic expedition to Devon Island, Canada. In addition to symbolizing liberty as a tricolour flag, the design evokes a vision of the "future history" of Mars in which the planet is transformed from red, to green, and then blue like the Earth. The red bar, which lies closest to the mast, symbolizes Mars as it is today. The green and blue symbolize stages in the possible terraforming of Mars, should humanity ever have the ability and will to undertake such a task; the ethics of terraforming remaining a matter of debate. Kim Stanley Robinson's popular science-fiction trilogy Red Mars, Green Mars, and Blue Mars also provided inspiration for the flag. Beyond any human-induced terraforming, the color sequence also depicts the environmental change Mars might experience on astronomical timescales as the Sun evolves into a red giant and Mars becomes warmer. In the Pantone Color Matching System (PCMS), the red is the "Red Clay" (18-1454), the green is the "Mint Green" (17-6333), and the blue is the "Imperial Blue" (19-4245).
qas: question: zh_tw: 紅色是代表哪個星球？
en: Use of the color red is meant to stand for what planet?
answers: zh_tw: text: 火星
en: text: Mars
巨石陣自由節
Stonehenge Free Festival

context: zh_tw: 巨石陣自由節是英國的一個自由節、仲夏節。舉辦年代從 1972 年開始至 1984 年。人們於 6 月 21 日左右在巨石陣處聚集狂歡以慶祝夏至的到來。節日聚集了包括對抗文化（counterculture）在內的各種文化。1985 年該節日曾被禁止，如今則已恢復。
en: The festival was a celebration of various alternative cultures. The Tibetan Ukrainian Mountain Troupe, The Tepee People, Circus Normal, the Peace Convoy, New Age Travellers and the Wallys were notable counterculture attendees.
qas: question: zh_tw: 這個節日試圖強調什麼？
en: What did the festival try to highlight?
answers: zh_tw: text: 各種文化
en: text: various alternative cultures
避孕海綿

context: zh_tw: Today 牌避孕海綿的製造商認為若正確且持續的使用，其避孕效果可到 89% 至 91%，若沒有在每次性交時都依指示正確使用，避孕效果約有 84% 至 89%。其他資料來源則有已生產過婦女的資料，正確使用時避孕效果約有 74%，一般使用則約有 68%。
qas: question: zh_tw: Today 牌避孕海綿有哪些報道？
en: What reports are made by the Today Sponge?
answers: zh_tw: text: 若正確且持續的使用，其避孕效果可到 89% 至 91%

context: zh_tw: Pharmatex 牌避孕海綿的研究結果發現若正確使用，其避孕效果可達每年 99%，一般使用的避孕效果約有每年 81%。 避孕海綿可以和其他避孕方式（如保險套）一起使用，以提高避孕效果。
qas: question: zh_tw: Pharmatex 藥物多有效？
en: How effective is the medication Pharmatex?
answers: zh_tw: text: 每年 81%

context: zh_tw: 有些人會對避孕海綿中的殺精劑過敏。女性使用避孕海綿會增加念珠菌症及尿道感染的風險。不正確的使用（如留在體內太久）可能會造成中毒性休克綜合徵。
qas: question: zh_tw: 殺精子劑在哪裡使用？
en: where is spermicide used?
answers: zh_tw: text: 海綿

question: zh_tw: 如果女性把避孕海綿留在體內太久會出現什麼情況？
en: What can happen if woman leaves sponge inside for too long?
answers: zh_tw: text: 中毒性休克綜合徵

context: zh_tw: 在避孕海綿進入美國不久之後，情景喜劇《宋飛傳》就有一集的名稱是「The Sponge」，在這一集中伊萊恩（Elaine Benes）節約使用僅有的避孕海綿，因此除非確認其物件「值得使用避孕海綿」，否則拒絕進行性行為。
qas: question: zh_tw: 在與伴侶性交之前，她想要確定什麼？
en: what did elaine benes want to make sure of before having intercourse with her partner?
answers: zh_tw: text: Benes）節約使用僅有的避孕海綿，因此除非確認其物件「值得使用避孕海綿」，否則拒絕進行性行為。
阿爾布雷希特一世 (勃蘭登堡)
Albert the Bear

context: zh_tw: 阿爾布雷希特一世（1110 年？－1170 年 11 月 18 日），勃蘭登堡第一位藩侯（1157 年 —1170 年在位）及薩克森公爵（1138 年 —1142 年在位），綽號 “大熊”。父親為巴倫施泰特伯爵奧托，母親為薩克森公爵馬格努斯的幼女艾麗卡。
en: Albert was the only son of Otto, Count of Ballenstedt, and Eilika, daughter of Magnus Billung, Duke of Saxony.  He inherited the valuable estates in northern Saxony of his father in 1123, and on his mother's death, in 1142, succeeded to one-half of the lands of the house of Billung. Albert was a loyal vassal of his relation, Lothar I, Duke of Saxony, from whom, about 1123, he received the Margraviate of Lusatia, to the east; after Lothar became King of the Germans, he accompanied him on a disastrous expedition to Bohemia against the upstart, Soběslav I, Duke of Bohemia in 1126 at the Battle of Kulm, where he suffered a short imprisonment.
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰是阿爾布雷希特的爸爸？
en: Who was Albert's dad?
answers: zh_tw: text: 奧托
en: text: Otto
YubiKey
YubiKey

context: zh_tw: 2017 年 10 月，安全研究人員發現了一個安全隱患（稱為 ROCA），其出現在大量英飛凌（Infineon）安全晶片使用的加密程式庫中實現 RSA 金鑰對生成的部分。這一漏洞允許攻擊者使用公鑰重建私鑰。所有韌體版本在 4.2.6 與 4.3.4 之間的 YubiKey 4、YubiKey 4C 以及 YubiKey 4 nano 都受到影響。Yubico 釋出了一個檢查工具，如果檢查確認自己的 Yubikey 受到影響，可以免費更換。
en: In October 2017, security researchers found a vulnerability (known as ROCA) in the implementation of RSA keypair generation in a cryptographic library used by a large number of Infineon security chips. The vulnerability allows an attacker to reconstruct the private key by using the public key. All YubiKey 4, YubiKey 4C, and YubiKey 4 Nano devices within the revisions 4.2.6 to 4.3.4 were affected by this vulnerability. Yubico remedied this issue in all shipping YubiKey 4 devices by switching to a different key generation function and offered free replacements for any affected keys. The replacement offer ended on March 31, 2019. In some cases the issue can be bypassed by generating new keys outside of the YubiKey and importing them onto the device.
qas: question: zh_tw: 2017 年 10 月，安全研究人員在何處發現了安全隱患（稱為 ROCA）？
en: where did security researchers find vulnerability ROCA IN October 2017?
answers: zh_tw: text: 在大量英飛凌（Infineon）安全晶片使用的加密程式庫中實現 RSA 金鑰對生成的部分
en: text: the implementation of RSA keypair generation in a cryptographic library used by a large number of Infineon security chips
哈羅德・威爾遜
Harold Wilson

context: zh_tw: 在大戰踏入尾聲的時候，威爾遜開始尋求在即將來臨的大選中，覓得一個下議院議席。他獲得指派參選奧姆斯克（Ormskirk）選區，挑戰另一候選人史蒂芬・金 - 賀（Stephen King-Hall）。最初，威爾遜打算在大選召開前夕才宣佈參選，但他卻意外地答應立即宣佈參選，結果被迫提早脫離公務員行列。在這段時間，他寫了《採煤業的新政》（A New Deal for Coal）一文，以他在大戰期間的工作經驗，反駁國有化有助提升煤礦採礦效率的理論。
en: As the war drew to an end, he searched for a seat to fight at the impending general election. He was selected for the constituency of Ormskirk, then held by Stephen King-Hall. Wilson agreed to be adopted as the candidate immediately rather than delay until the election was called, and was therefore compelled to resign from his position in the Civil Service. He served as Praelector in Economics at University College between his resignation and his election to the House of Commons. He also used this time to write A New Deal for Coal, which used his wartime experience to argue for nationalisation of the coal mines on the grounds of the improved efficiency he predicted would ensue.
qas: question: zh_tw: 當時誰參選奧姆斯克選區？
en: Who held the constituency of Ormskirk at the time?
answers: zh_tw: text: 史蒂芬・金 - 賀
en: text: Stephen King-Hall

context: zh_tw: 1945 年大選，工黨擊敗保守黨，在大選中首次取得大勝，而威爾遜也順利地當選國會議員。但他意想不到的是，他立即被聘任為勞工部（Ministry of Works）的國會秘書。兩年後，他被改派為海外貿易秘書（Secretary for Overseas Trade），任內曾數次到訪蘇聯，商討貿易事宜，但這些外訪在日後卻遭對手指為有通敵之嫌。
en: In the 1945 general election, Wilson won his seat in the Labour landslide. To his surprise, he was immediately appointed to the government by Prime Minister Clement Attlee as Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Works. Two years later, he became Secretary for Overseas Trade, in which capacity he made several official trips to the Soviet Union to negotiate supply contracts.
qas: question: zh_tw: 威爾遜擔任什麼職位？
en: What position did Wilson hold?
answers: zh_tw: text: 海外貿易秘書
en: text: Secretary for Overseas Trade

context: zh_tw: 1995 年 5 月 24 日，威爾遜因大腸癌於倫敦病逝，終年 79 歲。他的遺體隨後安葬於西西里島的聖瑪利（St Mary's），其墓碑寫有一句話：「時間是萬物之主宰。」（Tempus Imperator Rerum）
en: Wilson was not especially active in the House of Lords, although he did initiate a debate on unemployment in May 1984. His last speech was in a debate on marine pilotage in 1986, when he commented as an elder brother of Trinity House. In the same year he played himself as Prime Minister in an Anglia Television drama, Inside Story.He continued regularly attending the House of Lords until just over a year before his death; the last sitting he attended was on 27 April 1994. Wilson died from colon cancer and Alzheimer's disease in May 1995, aged 79. His death came only months before that of his predecessor, Alec Douglas-Home. His memorial service was held in Westminster Abbey on 13 July 1995. It was attended by the Prince of Wales, former Prime Ministers Edward Heath, James Callaghan, and Margaret Thatcher, serving  Prime Minister John Major, and also a future Prime Minister, Tony Blair. Wilson was buried at St Mary's Old Church, St. Mary's, Isles of Scilly, on 6 June. His epitaph is Tempus Imperator Rerum (Time the Commander of Things).
qas: question: zh_tw: 威爾遜在哪一年去世？
en: What year did Wilson pass away?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1995
en: text: 1995
弗朗茲・鮑曼
Franz Baumann

context: zh_tw: 鮑曼生於 Schramberg，1973 年獲得 Schramberg 中學畢業證書，之後在康斯坦茨大學學習社會科學和管理，主修國際管理。1975 年在聯合王國布里斯托爾大學研修藝術史。1979 年，獲得康斯坦茨大學公共行政管理學位。1992 年，獲得加拿大渥太華卡爾頓大學政治學博士學位。他的妻子芭芭拉・吉布森是一名加拿大外交官，2004 至 2008 年在維也納擔任加拿大駐歐洲安全與合作組織大使，自 2015 年開始在紐約擔任多邊主義問題獨立委員會副秘書長。他們的女兒生於 2000 年。
en: Baumann was born in Schramberg, where he received his Abitur in 1973 from Gymnasium Schramberg. He then studied social sciences and management at the University of Konstanz, specializing in international management, and in 1975 studied history of art at the University of Bristol, in the United Kingdom. He obtained his degree in public administration in 1979 from the University of Konstanz and went on to obtain a doctorate in political science in 1992 from Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. His wife, Barbara Gibson, is a Canadian diplomat. She served from 2004 to 2008 as ambassador to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe in Vienna, in  2015 as Deputy Secretary-General and in 2016 as Secretary-General of  ICM, the Independent Commission on Multilateralism (ICM) in New York.
qas: question: zh_tw: 鮑曼在哪所大學學的藝術？
en: At what university did Baumann study art?
answers: zh_tw: text: 布里斯托爾大學
en: text: University of Bristol

context: zh_tw: 鮑曼的聯合國生涯始於 1980 年。1980 至 1982 年間，他擔任聯合國開發計劃署 (開發署) 和聯合國工業發展組織 (工發組織) 駐奈及利亞的協理專家。隨後，他曾任職於聯合國秘書處多個部門，包括管理部、維持和平行動部和秘書長辦公廳等。1993 年，他成為聯合國和美洲國家組織海地人權聯合觀察團 (海地文職特派團) 首席行政幹事。
en: He began his career with the United Nations in 1980, serving from 1980 to 1982 as Associate Expert in Nigeria for the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO). He then worked in various departments at the United Nations Secretariat, including those of management and peacekeeping, and in the Office of the Secretary General. In 1993 he was Chief Administrative Officer of the joint United Nations/Organization of American States Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Haiti (MICIVIH).
qas: question: zh_tw: 1982 年後，他在哪裡工作？
en: Where did he work after 1982?
answers: zh_tw: text: 聯合國秘書處
en: text: United Nations Secretariat

question: zh_tw: 1993 年，他的官銜是什麼？
en: What was his official title in 1993?
answers: zh_tw: text: 聯合國和美洲國家組織海地人權聯合觀察團 (海地文職特派團) 首席行政幹事
en: text: Chief Administrative Officer of the joint United Nations/Organization of American States Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Haiti
Segue 1
Segue 1

context: zh_tw: Segue 1 的恆星族群主要是在 120 億年前形成的老年恆星。這些老年恆星的金屬量也都非常低，在 [Fe/H] ≈ −2.5 ± 0.8，這意味著太陽的重元素含量是這些恆星的 300 倍。目前在 Segue 1 沒有新的恆星在形成。迄今尚為能在其中檢測到中性氫 －－上限為太陽質量的 13 倍。估計在其中大約有 1000 顆左右的恆星，其中有 7 顆被發現是在紅巨星的階段。Segue 1 的化學成分顯示在這個星系形成後，沒有大量的化學演化；配合這個現象的想法是它可能只經歷過一次恆星形成的爆炸，因而可能是早期宇宙倖存下來的化石星系。
en: Segue 1 is one of the smallest and faintest satellites of the Milky Way—its integrated luminosity is about 300 times that of the Sun (absolute visible magnitude of about −1.5), which is much smaller than the luminosity of a typical globular cluster. Observations indicate its mass is about 600,000 solar masses, which means that Segue's 1 mass to light ratio is around 3400. Segue 1 had the highest known mass-to-light ratio of any observed galaxy as of 2011. A high mass to light ratio implies that Segue 1 may be dominated by dark matter. It is difficult, however, to estimate the mass of such faint objects due to significant foreground  contamination, which inflates the velocity dispersion. In addition, any mass estimate is based on an implicit assumption that an object is gravitationally bound, which may not be true if the object is in a process of disruption.The stellar population of Segue 1 consists mainly of old stars formed more than 12 billion years ago. The metallicity  of these old stars is also very low at [Fe/H] ≈ −2.5 ± 0.8, which means that they contain 300 times less heavy elements than the Sun. Currently there is no star formation in Segue 1. Measurements have so far failed to detect neutral hydrogen in it—the upper limit is 13 solar  masses. There is an estimate of roughly 1000 stars within the object. Of these, 7 have been found to be in the red giant stage of their life. The chemical composition of Segue 1 indicates no substantial chemical evolution has occurred since the galaxy formed, supporting the idea that it may be a surviving first galaxy that experienced only one burst of star formation, a fossil galaxy from the early universe.Segue 1 is located in the middle of the Sagittarius Stream and at approximately the same distance from the Sun. It may once have been a globular cluster of the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy, which was latter stripped from it by the tidal forces acting from the Milky Way galaxy.  However, more recent studies concluded that Segue 1 is not actually associated with the Sagittarius stream and that it is not being tidally disrupted. If Segue 1 is a galaxy it may have been a satellite of Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy in the past.
qas: question: zh_tw: 據估計，Segue 1 是由多少顆恆星構成的？
en: How many stars are estimated to be contained within Segue 1?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1000 顆
en: text: 1000
瓜拉尼語字母

context: zh_tw: 在 15 世紀西班牙殖民者入侵南美洲時，瓜拉尼人並沒有自己的書寫系統。瓜拉尼最早的書寫符號是耶穌會的傳教士使用的拉丁字母。牧師安東尼奧・魯伊茲・德・蒙託亞 (Antonio Ruíz de Montoya) 將這些檔案收錄於他的《Tesoro de la lengua guaraní》（1639 年出版的一本瓜拉尼語 - 西班牙語詞典）和《Arte y bocabvlario de la lengua guaraní》（1722 年出版的一本語法綱要和詞典）中。
qas: question: zh_tw: 最早的書採用了什麼書寫系統？
en: What language script was used in the first written texts?
answers: zh_tw: text: 拉丁

context: zh_tw: 在這些早期的書中，字母和拼寫並不是很一致，並且和現代的方式有相當大的不同。1867 年，巴拉圭總統弗朗西斯科・索拉諾・洛佩茨元帥 (Francisco Solano López) 召集字型會議 (Convenio de Escritura para regularlo) 以規範書寫方式，但並沒有成功。
qas: question: zh_tw: 在哪一年嘗試了字母表和拼寫的調節？
en: Regulation of the alphabet and spelling was attempted in which year?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1867 年

context: zh_tw: 字型最終於 1950 年演變成今天這種標準化的形式。這得益於雷納爾多・迪考德・拉爾洛薩 (Reinaldo Decoud Larrosa) 在蒙得維的亞發起的瓜拉尼語言會議 (el Congreso de la Lengua Guaraní)。這種標準受到國際音標的影響，現在廣泛施行於巴拉圭。由於受到西班牙語的影響，有部份詞語亦採用了跟西班牙語類似的拼法，例如：含有 "gui" 的文字，其 "u" 上會按其發音或會添置附點。
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰為拼寫法標準化做出了領導性的努力？
en: Who led the efforts to standardize the orthography?
answers: zh_tw: text: 雷納爾多・迪考德・拉爾洛薩
Mac OS X Lion
Mac OS X Lion

context: zh_tw: 在 2011 年 2 月 24 日，蘋果公司向開發者釋出了 Lion 的開發者預覽版（11A390）。發行時的版本為 Mac OS X Lion 10.7 （11A511）。Lion 在 2011 年 7 月 1 日釋出了 Gold Master 版本。最終版本透過 Mac App Store 於 2011 年 7 月 20 日發行。蘋果稱發行第一日的下載量逾百萬。
en: On February 24, 2011, the first developer's preview of Lion (11A390) was released to subscribers to the Apple Developer program. Other developer previews were subsequently released, with Lion Preview 4 (11A480b) being released at WWDC 2011.Lion was released to manufacturing on July 1, 2011, followed by its final release via the Mac App Store on July 20, 2011. Apple reported over one million Lion sales on the first day of its release. As of October 2011, Mac OS X Lion had sold over six million copies worldwide.Lion is the final release whose development was overseen by Bertrand Serlet, considered the "founding father of Mac OS X".
qas: question: zh_tw: 蘋果開發者程式的使用者何時收到 Lion 的初始預覽版？
en: When did Apple Developer program subscribers receive the initial preview of Lion?
answers: zh_tw: text: 2011 年 2 月 24 日
en: text: February 24, 2011
裡德・霍夫曼
Reid Hoffman

context: zh_tw: 在經營 SocialNet 的同時，霍夫曼還是 Paypal（電子貨幣轉送服務）創始董事會的一員。2000 年一月他離開 SocialNet，在 Paypal 公司全職就任營運長的職位（COO）。Allen Blue 是 Paypal 公司由霍夫曼親自應聘的員工，他說：“Paypal 要竭盡全力利用它一切優勢，在巨大競爭壓力的環境下，霍夫曼絕對是有效競爭的專家。” 公司的外部關係管理全部由他來負責，這包括支付機制 /（VISA, MasterCard, ACH, WellsFargo），業務發展（eBay, Intuit 等），政府（法規，司法），以及法律事務。Peter Thiel， PayPal 公司的老闆曾讚揚霍夫曼：“他的重要性要用總消防隊隊長形容也不足以未過，因為我公司每天有很多火災需要撲滅。”2002 年，eBay 公司以 15 億美金收購 PayPal，當時霍夫曼任職 PayPal 公司的執行副總裁。
en: While at SocialNet, Hoffman was a member of the board of directors during the founding of PayPal, an electronic money transmission service. In January 2000, he left SocialNet and joined PayPal full-time as the company's COO. Allen Blue, whom Hoffman hired at PayPal, said that "PayPal had to scratch and claw for every advantage it had, and Reid became an expert at competing effectively in an extremely competitive environment." Hoffman was responsible for all external relationships for PayPal, including payments infrastructure (VISA, MasterCard, ACH, WellsFargo), business development (eBay, Intuit, and others), government (regulatory, judicial), and legal. Peter Thiel, Hoffman's boss at PayPal, has said that Hoffman "was the firefighter-in-chief at PayPal. Though that diminishes his role because there were many, many fires." At the time of PayPal's acquisition by eBay for $1.5B in 2002, he was executive vice president of PayPal.
qas: question: zh_tw: 霍夫曼是哪家公司與其他金融公司的關係不可或缺的？
en: Hoffman was integral at which company regarding relationships with other financial companies?
answers: zh_tw: text: Paypal
en: text: PayPal
羅伯特・丹納德
Robert H. Dennard

context: zh_tw: 1954 年，於達拉斯南方衛理公會大學取得電機工程學士，1956 年取得碩士學位。1958 年，於卡內基技術學院（卡內基梅隆大學的前身）取得博士學位。畢業後，進入 IBM 工作。
en: Dennard was born in Terrell, Texas, U.S.. He received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in Electrical Engineering from Southern Methodist University, Dallas, in 1954 and 1956, respectively. He earned a Ph.D. from Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1958. His professional career was spent as a researcher for International Business Machines.
qas: question: zh_tw: 登納德的電氣工程學位是從哪裡獲得的？
en: Where did Dennard receive his electrical enginering degrees from?
answers: zh_tw: text: 南方衛理公會大學
en: text: Southern Methodist University
艾倫・穆拉利
Alan Mulally

context: zh_tw: 艾倫・羅傑・穆拉利（英語：Alan Roger Mulally，1945 年 8 月 4 日－），美國工程師及行政人員，曾任福特汽車總裁兼執行長，於 2014 年 7 月 1 日退休。福特在 2000 年代末期經濟大衰退期間面臨倒閉危機，但在穆拉利的帶領下轉虧為盈，成為美國唯一不需要政府紓困的大型汽車製造商。作家布萊斯・G・霍夫曼（Bryce G. Hoffman）在 2012 年出版《美國偶像：艾倫・穆拉利與拯救福特之戰》一書，記錄了穆拉利在福特的成就。2014 年 7 月 15 日，穆拉利加入 Google 董事會。穆拉利曾任波音執行副總裁及波音民用飛機集團（BCA）執行長。1969 年，他進入波音擔任工程師展開職業生涯，並在 2000 年中期幫助 BCA 擊敗對手空中巴士。
en: Alan Roger Mulally (born August 4, 1945) is an American engineer, business executive, and former President and Chief Executive Officer of the Ford Motor Company. He retired from Ford Motor Company on July 1, 2014. Ford had been struggling during the late-2000s recession, returned to profitability under Mulally, and was the only American major car manufacturer to avoid a bailout fund provided by the government. Mulally's achievements at Ford are chronicled in the book American Icon: Alan Mulally and the Fight to Save Ford Motor Company by Bryce G. Hoffman, published in 2012. On July 15, 2014, he was appointed to the Google Board of Directors.Mulally was the executive vice president of Boeing and the CEO of Boeing Commercial Airplanes (BCA). He began his career with Boeing as an engineer in 1969 and was largely credited with BCA's resurgence against Airbus in the mid-2000s. In 2015, Mulally was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.
qas: question: zh_tw: 穆拉利最終何時被任命為谷歌的董事會？
en: When was Mulally eventually named Board of Directors at google?
answers: zh_tw: text: 2014 年 7 月 15 日
en: text: July 15, 2014
加拿大邊境服務局
Canada Border Services Agency

context: zh_tw: 加拿大邊境服務局成立於保羅・馬丁就任第 21 任加拿大總理當天的 2003 年 12 月 12 日。由原來的加拿大海關和稅務局拆分出來的海關部門，以及原加拿大公民與移民部（CIC）和原加拿大食品檢驗局的邊境執法部門，合併而成。該部門由 2005 年 11 月 3 日御準的《加拿大邊境服務局法案》正式批准成立。
en: The CBSA was created on December 12, 2003, by an order-in-council amalgamating Canada Customs (from the now-defunct Canada Customs and Revenue Agency) with border and enforcement personnel from the Department of Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC) and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA). The Agency's creation was formalized by the Canada Border Services Agency Act, which received Royal Assent on November 3, 2005.
qas: question: zh_tw: CBSA 創建於何時？
en: When was CBSA created?
answers: zh_tw: text: 2003 年 12 月 12 日
en: text: December 12, 2003
姬姬
Chi Chi (giant panda)

context: zh_tw: 姬姬（當時名為磧磧）於 1955 年 5 月在四川寶興縣磽磧鄉被收養，後送往北京動物園。1957 年 5 月蘇聯最高蘇維埃主席伏羅希洛夫來北京訪問後，中國於當月將姬姬與另一隻大熊貓平平作為國禮送給莫斯科動物園。不久，姬姬被誤當作雄性而被蘇聯送回。1958 年，奧地利動物商海尼・德默（Heini Demmer）用三隻長頸鹿、兩隻犀牛、河馬、斑馬等非洲動物從北京動物園換得姬姬。同年 9 月，英國倫敦動物園以 1.2 萬英鎊購得姬姬。1966 年與 1968 年，在英國與蘇聯協商下，姬姬兩度前往蘇聯與莫斯科動物園的雄性大熊貓安安進行交配嘗試，但均未成功。1972 年姬姬在倫敦去世後，遺體被製作成標本，由皇家自然博物館永久收藏。
en: She was caught in May 1955 in Baoxing, Sichuan, and moved to the Beijing Zoo in June. In May 1957, Kliment Voroshilov made a request for a panda for the Moscow Zoo during his visit to China, and she was sent to Moscow with another panda in the same month. However, the attempts to mate them were unsuccessful due to sexual imprinting as a result of being reared by human keepers. The Russians suspected that both pandas were male, and as a result, the Soviets returned Chi Chi to China in exchange for another panda in January 1958. In May of the same year, the Austrian animal broker, Heini Demmer, acquired Chi Chi from Beijing Zoo in exchange for an impressive collection of African hoofstock and brought the animal back to Moscow Zoo. After resting for a week, the panda journeyed to Tierpark Berlin, the zoo in East Berlin. By then, Chi Chi had already been sold to Brookfield Zoo in Illinois, United States. However, the Treasury Department stepped in and announced that the US trade embargo on goods from the People's Republic of China extended even to pandas. Chi Chi was thus refused entry to the USA. The Frankfurt Zoological Garden provided a temporary home for the panda until Demmer decided to temporarily hire the animal out to European zoos. She then visited Copenhagen Zoo before she arrived at London Zoo on 5 September 1958. The Zoological Society of London had stated that it would not encourage collection of wild pandas, but accepted Chi Chi since she had already been collected. Although Chi Chi's visit was originally planned to last for only three weeks, it was decided to buy her for £12,000. Chi Chi became property of London Zoo on 26 September 1958.
qas: question: zh_tw: 在斯大林時代，誰是蘇聯著名的軍官和政治家？
en: Who was a prominent Soviet military officer and politician during the Stalin era?
answers: zh_tw: text: 伏羅希洛夫
en: text: Kliment Voroshilov

question: zh_tw: 克里門特・伏羅希洛夫搬到哪個地方？
en: which location did kliment voroshilov move to?
answers: zh_tw: text: 北京動物園
en: text: Beijing Zoo
安東尼・艾登
Anthony Eden

context: zh_tw: 當英國工黨於 1945 年的大選勝出以後，艾登的保守黨成為了反對黨，他本人則出任副黨魁。在那時很多人認為邱吉爾應該退休，讓艾登繼任為黨魁。但一方面邱吉爾不願考慮這個問題，而另一方面艾登仍十分效忠於邱吉爾，所以他沒有為此催迫邱吉爾。反而，在這段時候，大戰雖然已近尾聲，但艾登卻因為第一段婚姻的破裂和兒子的死訊而大受打擊。
en: After the Labour Party won the 1945 election, Eden went into opposition as Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party. Many felt that Churchill should have retired and allowed Eden to become party leader, but Churchill refused to consider this. As early as the spring of 1946, Eden openly asked Churchill to retire in his favour. He was in any case depressed during this period by the break-up of his first marriage and the death of his eldest son. Churchill was in many ways only "part-time Leader of the Opposition", given his many journeys abroad and his literary work, and left the day-to-day work largely to Eden. Eden was largely regarded as lacking sense of party politics and contact with the common man. In these opposition years, however, he developed some knowledge about domestic affairs and created the idea of a "property-owning-democracy", which Margaret Thatcher's government attempted to achieve decades later. His domestic agenda is overall considered centre-left.
qas: question: zh_tw: 艾登是哪黨的黨魁？
en: Who did Eden become the head of?
answers: zh_tw: text: 保守黨
en: text: the Conservative Party

context: zh_tw: 1955 年 4 月，邱吉爾終於宣佈退休，艾登遂接替他出任英國首相。艾登憑藉著俊朗的外表、魅力和他在大戰的政績，使他在國內成為受歡迎的人物。因此當他一上任首相，便立即舉行了 1955 年大選，併為保守黨在下議院帶來更大的多數優勢。可是，艾登從未出任過有關本土事務的職位，故缺乏處理經濟事務的經驗。為此，艾登把這些事務一概交給他的副手們，如拉博・巴特勒等，至於自己則專注在外交事務，並和美國總統艾森豪結成緊密的同盟。而艾登的名言：「要永遠以和平為大前提。」（Peace comes first, always）更使他的受歡迎程度有增無減。
en: In April 1955 Churchill finally retired, and Eden succeeded him as prime minister. He was a very popular figure as a result of his long wartime service and his famous good looks and charm. His famous words "Peace comes first, always" added to his already substantial popularity.
qas: question: zh_tw: 邱吉爾哪年退休？
en: In which year did Churchill retire?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1955
en: text: 1955

context: zh_tw: 艾登唯一存活的兒子，尼古拉・艾登在 1977 年以前稱為艾登子爵，也是一位政治家，曾在瑪格利特・撒切爾夫人的政府供職，一直至 54 歲時，因愛滋病早逝。
en: In December 1976, Eden felt well enough to travel with his wife to the United States to spend Christmas and New Year with Averell and Pamela Harriman, but after reaching the States his health rapidly deteriorated. Prime Minister James Callaghan arranged for an RAF plane that was already in America to divert to Miami, to fly Eden home.Eden died from liver cancer in Salisbury on 14 January 1977, aged 79. He was survived by Clarissa.He was buried in St Mary's churchyard at Alvediston, just three miles upstream from 'Rose Bower', at the source of the River Ebble. Eden's papers are housed at the University of Birmingham Special Collections.At his death, Eden was the last surviving member of Churchill's War Cabinet. Eden's surviving son, Nicholas Eden, 2nd Earl of Avon (1930–1985), known as Viscount Eden from 1961 to 1977, was also a politician and a minister in the Thatcher government until his premature death from AIDS at the age of 54.
qas: question: zh_tw: 她的愛子因何離世？
en: What did her son die of?
answers: zh_tw: text: 愛滋病
en: text: AIDS
腓特烈・摩斯
Friedrich Mohs

context: zh_tw: 在摩斯的時代，礦石的分類主要依據其物理性質，而不是化學組成。泰奧弗拉斯托斯、老普林尼等古代科學家即已比較過當時已知礦物的相對硬度，並發現鑽石可以在石英上刻劃出痕跡，因而鑽石比石英硬度更高。這些發現成為摩斯制定摩氏硬度的基礎。時至今日，儘管礦石一般按照化學成分分類，其摩氏硬度等物理特性仍然在野外調查中廣泛使用。
en: As part of this task, he started classifying minerals by their physical characteristics, instead of their chemical composition, as had been done traditionally.  This emphasis on physical characteristics was at odds with the prevailing chemical systematics. However, both Theophrastus and Pliny the Elder had compared the relative hardness of minerals known to them in the ancient world, including diamond and quartz. They knew that diamond could scratch quartz, so showing it to be harder. This became the basis of the hardness scale developed by Mohs. The hardest mineral, diamond was given a value of 10 and softer minerals such as talc were given the very low value of 1 (unity). Other minerals were given intermediate values, depending on their ability to scratch another mineral in the scale. Thus gypsum was given the value 2 because it will scratch talc crystals, and calcite the value 3 because it will scratch gypsum. Minerals are also now classified by chemical characteristics, but the physical properties are still useful in field examination.
qas: question: zh_tw: 泰奧弗拉斯托斯和老普林尼以什麼特徵來給礦石分類？
en: By what characteristics did Theophrastus and Pliny the Elder classify minerals?
answers: zh_tw: text: 物理性質
en: text: physical characteristics
彼得一世島
Peter I Island

context: zh_tw: 1821 年 1 月 21 日，俄國探險家別林斯高晉發現了該島，並以俄國沙皇彼得一世之名為其命名。1929 年 2 月 2 日，挪威探險家奧拉・奧爾斯塔德（Ola Olstad）首次登上該島。
en: The island was first sighted by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen on 21 January 1821 and was named for Peter I of Russia. Not until 2 February 1929 did anyone set foot on the island, when Nils Larsen and Ola Olstad's Second Norvegia Expedition, financed by Lars Christensen, was successful. They claimed it for Norway, who annexed it in 1931 and made it a dependency in 1933. The next landing occurred in 1948 and the island has been subject to some scientific research and a limited amount of tourism. The island became subject to the Antarctic Treaty in 1961. Since 1987, there has been an automated meteorological station on the island. Three amateur radio DX-peditions have visited the island and there are sporadic landings by tourists.
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰第一個發現了該島？
en: who first saw the island?
answers: zh_tw: text: 別林斯高晉
en: text: Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen
漢斯・蓋革
Hans Geiger

context: zh_tw: 約翰尼斯（漢斯）・威廉・蓋革（德語：Johannes (Hans) Wilhelm Geiger，1882 年 9 月 30 日－1945 年 9 月 24 日），德國物理學家。
en: Johannes Wilhelm "Hans" Geiger (; German: [ˈɡaɪɡɐ]; 30 September 1882 – 24 September 1945) was a German physicist. He is best known as the co-inventor of the detector component of the Geiger counter and for the Geiger–Marsden experiment which discovered the atomic nucleus. He was the brother of meteorologist and climatologist Rudolf Geiger.
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰發現了原子核？
en: Who discovered the atomic nucleus.
answers: zh_tw: text: 約翰尼斯（漢斯）・威廉・蓋革
en: text: Johannes Wilhelm "Hans" Geiger
博茲曼市
Bozeman, Montana

context: zh_tw: 博茲曼市（英語：Bozeman）坐落在美國蒙大拿州西南方，而且是加拉廷縣的縣政府所在地。在 2010 年美國人口普查裡以人口數 37,280 成為蒙大拿州第四大城市。
en: Bozeman is a city in and the seat of Gallatin County, Montana, United States. Located in southwest Montana, the 2010 census put Bozeman's population at 37,280 and by 2016 the population rose to 45,250, making it the fourth largest city in Montana. It is the principal city of the Bozeman, MT Micropolitan Statistical Area, consisting of all of Gallatin County with a population of 97,304. It is the largest Micropolitan Statistical Area in Montana and is the third largest of all of Montana's statistical areas.The city is named after John M. Bozeman who established the Bozeman Trail and was a founder of the town in August 1864. The town became incorporated in April 1883 with a city council form of government and in January 1922 transitioned to its current city manager/city commission form of government. Bozeman was elected an All-America City in 2001 by the National Civic League.Bozeman is home to Montana State University. The local newspaper is the Bozeman Daily Chronicle, and the city is served by Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport.
qas: question: zh_tw: 博茲曼市位於哪個州？
en: In what state is Bozeman located?
answers: zh_tw: text: 蒙大拿州
en: text: Montana
搔癢
Tickling

context: zh_tw: 相對的，Gargalesis 產生的現象就比較奇怪了。若有人碰觸自身會被搔癢的部位，不會有被搔癢想笑的感覺。一般認為被搔癢需要有一些驚訝的情緒在內，因此對自己搔癢不會讓自身驚訝，也就不會有被搔癢的效果。最近有個利用核磁共振成像，對自我搔癢的分析。Blakemore 和他的同事觀察人們被自己搔癢及被別人搔癢時，腦部的變化，當受試者用控制桿控制「搔癢機器人」要搔癢自己時，他們不會笑。因此推測當人們要搔癢自己時，小腦會送訊號給軀體感覺皮層有關被搔癢部位的準確位置，以及期望出現的感覺。顯然是是因為未知的大腦皮質機制抑制了搔癢想笑的反應。
en: The question as to why a person could not tickle themselves was raised by the Greek philosopher Aristotle.Knismesis may represent a vestige of the primitive grooming response, in effect; knismesis serves as a "non-self detector" and protects the subject against foreign objects. Perhaps due to the importance of knismesis in protection, this type of light touch is not dependent on the element of surprise and it is possible for one to induce self-knismesis, by light touching.Gargalesis, on the other hand, produces an odd phenomenon: when a person touches "ticklish" parts on their own body no tickling sensation is experienced. It is thought that the tickling requires a certain amount of surprise, and because tickling oneself produces no unexpected motion on the skin, the response is not activated. A recent analysis of the "self-tickle" response has been addressed using MRI technology. Blakemore and colleagues have investigated how the brain distinguishes between sensations we create for ourselves and sensations others create for us. When the subjects used a joystick to control a "tickling robot", they could not make themselves laugh. This suggested that when a person tries to tickle himself or herself, the cerebellum sends to the somatosensory cortex precise information on the position of the tickling target and therefore what sensation to expect. Apparently an unknown cortical mechanism then decreases or inhibits the tickling sensation.While the reasons for the inhibition of the tickling sensation during self-tickling remain unknown, research shows that the human brain is trained to know what sensation to expect when the body moves or performs an action.  Another reason may be the lack of awareness of many sensations arising from self-movement, such as not paying attention to one's own vocal cords.  When we try to tickle ourselves by grabbing our sides, the brain foresees this contact between body and hand and prepares itself for it.  This removes the feeling of unease and panic, causing the body to not react to tickling in the same way it would if someone else supplied the stimulus.
qas: question: zh_tw: 當有人試圖給自己撓癢時會發生什麼？
en: What happens when someone tries to tickle themself?
answers: zh_tw: text: 小腦會送訊號給軀體感覺皮層有關被搔癢部位的準確位置
en: text: the cerebellum sends to the somatosensory cortex precise information on the position of the tickling target
氟化鋰
Lithium fluoride

context: zh_tw: 氟化鋰（化學式：LiF）是一個鹼金屬鹵化物，室溫下為白色晶體，難溶於水。它可由碳酸鋰或氫氧化鋰與氫氟酸在鉛皿或鉑皿中結晶製得。
en: LiF is prepared from lithium hydroxide or lithium carbonate with hydrogen fluoride. It can be also generated by reacting the sulfur hexafluoride with the metallic lithium, as in the engine of Mark 50 torpedo, but this pathway is not used industrially due to the high cost of reagents.
qas: question: zh_tw: LiF 的組成部分是什麼？
en: What are the components of LiF?
answers: zh_tw: text: 碳酸鋰或氫氧化鋰與氫氟酸
en: text: lithium hydroxide or lithium carbonate with hydrogen fluoride
約翰・L・赫姆
John L. Helm

context: zh_tw: 赫姆於 1826 年首度當選肯塔基州眾議員，該議席每屆任期僅有一年，但從 1826 到 1843 年間，他一共任職了 11 年。1844 年，赫姆當選為州參議員，然後一直擔任這一職務直至獲選成為輝格黨的副州長候選人，是州長候選人約翰・J・克里滕登的競選搭檔。輝格黨在這場選舉中獲勝後，克里滕登於 1850 年 7 月底接受美國總統米勒德・菲爾莫爾的指派出任美國總檢察長，赫姆也因此繼任成為州長。州長任期結束後，赫姆成為當時已深陷運營困境的路易斯維爾和納什維爾鐵路公司總裁。他自掏腰包，投入了數萬美元，並努力說服鐵道主幹線沿途居民出資購買公司股票。1859 年鐵路建成，但次年他就因與董事會就是否應該把鐵路延長至孟菲斯存在分歧而辭職。
en: Helm was first elected to the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1826; between 1826 and 1843 he served eleven one-year terms in the state house. In 1844 he was elected to the state senate, where he served continuously until he was chosen as the Whig Party nominee for lieutenant governor on a ticket with John J. Crittenden, famous for the Crittenden Compromise. The Whigs won the general election and Helm was elevated to governor on July 31, 1850, when Crittenden resigned to accept an appointment as United States Attorney General in President Millard Fillmore's cabinet. After his service as governor Helm became president of the struggling Louisville and Nashville Railroad. He invested thousands of dollars of his own money in the project and convinced residents along the line's main route to buy stock in the company. In 1859 the line was completed, but the next year Helm resigned over of differences with the board of directors regarding a proposed branch that would extend the line to Memphis, Tennessee.
qas: question: zh_tw: 1884 年誰分了一張票給赫姆？
en: Who shared a ticket with Helm in 1884?
answers: zh_tw: text: 約翰・J・克里滕登
en: text: John J. Crittenden
數位權利

context: zh_tw: 2003 年 12 月世界資訊社會高峰會（WSIS）在聯合國主導的協助下展開。經過政治、經濟及民間社會的代表之間冗長的協商，世界資訊社會高峰會 WSIS 的原則性宣告獲得採納。重申人權:
qas: question: zh_tw: WSIS 代表什麼？
en: What does WSIS stand for?
answers: zh_tw: text: 世界資訊社會高峰會

context: zh_tw: 2005 年英國的開放版權組織公佈了數位版權示意圖，展示了個人及組織活動可能涉及需要儲存的數位版權。圖表包函括網際網路上的團體、個人及網站。
qas: question: zh_tw: 圖表表示什麼？
en: What does the diagram relate to?
answers: zh_tw: text: 團體、個人及網站
伯沙羅傑斯鑽洞

context: zh_tw: 1-27 伯沙羅傑斯鑽洞（英語：1–27 Bertha Rogers hole）是 GHK 公司的在 1974 年於奧克拉荷馬州沃希託縣鑽成，曾經是最深的鑽洞，直到被蘇聯 1979 年開鑽的科拉超深鑽孔所超過。
qas: question: zh_tw: 1-27 伯沙羅傑斯鑽洞在哪裡？
en: Where was 1-27 Bertha Rogers drilled?
answers: zh_tw: text: 奧克拉荷馬州沃希託縣

context: zh_tw: 該井耗用 GHK 兩年時間達到了 31441 英尺（9583 米），將近 6 英里。鑽井期間，井體承受了巨大的壓力 -- 將近 25000 psi（172369 千帕）。在鑽頭遇到一個融硫層（該處同樣將融化鑽頭）之前未發現商業碳氫化合物，之後該井被封堵並被遺棄。GHK 是一家從事天然氣開發與生產的公司。
qas: question: zh_tw: 孤星在鑽井期間承受多少壓力？
en: What was the pressure the Lone Star experienced while drilling?
answers: zh_tw: text: 25000 psi

question: zh_tw: 什麼原因導致鑽頭熔化？
en: What caused the drill bit to melt?
answers: zh_tw: text: 融硫層
伊扎克・本 - 茲維
Yitzhak Ben-Zvi

context: zh_tw: 1907 年，他移居巴勒斯坦的雅法，1908 年幫助成立了猶太農村居民點自衛組織 ——“哈紹莫”（HaShomer）。1909 年，他和妻子雷切爾（Rachel Yannait）在耶路撒冷建立了巴勒斯坦第一所用希伯來語教學的中學 —— 金納西亞高中（Gymnasia High School）。
en: Ben-Zvi was active in the Jewish self-defense units organized in Ukraine to defend Jews during the pogroms of 1905, and joined the Poale Zion Zionist political party. He immigrated to Palestine in 1907, settling in Jaffa, and later the same year was a representative in the Zionist Congress at The Hague.  It was there that he first met Israel Shochat. "Bar-Giora", the clandestine precursor to Hashomer, was created in his apartment in 1907.  In 1909, he organized the Gymnasia Rehavia high school in the Bukharim quarter of Jerusalem together with Rachel Yanait.
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰幫他組織？
en: who helped him with the organization?
answers: zh_tw: text: Rachel Yannait
en: text: Rachel Yanait
NGC 7793
NGC 7793

context: zh_tw: NGC 7793 是玉夫座星系群，與玉夫座有相同名稱的星系群，中最明亮的星系之一。這個集團本身是瘦長且鬆散的，以玉夫座星系（NGC 253）為中心，和鄰近的星系形成一個緊密繫結的星系群核心。
en: NGC 7793 is one of the brightest galaxies within the Sculptor Group, a group of galaxies in the constellation of the same name.  The group itself is an elongated, loosely bound group of galaxies with the Sculptor Galaxy (NGC 253) and its companion galaxies forming a tightly-bound core of galaxies near the center.
qas: question: zh_tw: 在中間創造出來的結構是什麼？
en: What structure is created near the middle?
answers: zh_tw: text: 玉夫座星系
en: text: Sculptor Galaxy