喬凡尼・斯基亞帕雷利
Giovanni Schiaparelli

context: zh_tw: 英文中的「Canals」是指人造結構的運河，而斯基亞帕雷利觀測到的「Channles」則是行星表面的自然地貌。因為觀測報告翻譯為英文時被錯誤翻譯為「Canals」，因而出現了許多火星上存在生命的假設。因為這些假設被廣為傳播，火星上的「運河」也廣為大眾所知，更引發了火星上可能存在智慧生命，即「火星人」的假設、推測和傳說。對人工運河假說最狂熱的其中一位支持者是美國天文學家帕西瓦爾・羅威爾。他終其一生都在試著證明在火星這顆紅色行星上存在著智慧生命。羅威爾於 1910 年逝世後，天文學界逐漸形成了反對運河假說的共識；但是火星上智慧生命建造運河的觀念在 20 世紀上半葉仍深植人心，併成為許多經典科幻小說的靈感來源。
en: Among Schiaparelli's contributions are his telescopic observations of Mars. In his initial observations, he named the "seas" and "continents" of Mars. During the planet's "Great Opposition" of 1877, he observed a dense network of linear structures on the surface of Mars which he called "canali" in Italian, meaning "channels" but the term was mistranslated into English as "canals".While the term "canals" indicates an artificial construction, the term "channels" connotes that the observed features were natural configurations of the planetary surface. From the incorrect translation into the term "canals", various assumptions were made about life on Mars; as these assumptions were popularized, the "canals" of Mars became famous, giving rise to waves of hypotheses, speculation, and folklore about the possibility of intelligent life on Mars, the Martians. Among the most fervent supporters of the artificial-canal hypothesis was the American astronomer Percival Lowell, who spent much of his life trying to prove the existence of intelligent life on the red planet. After Lowell's death in 1916, astronomers developed a consensus against the canal hypothesis, but the popular concept of Martian canals excavated by intelligent Martians remained in the public mind for the first half of the 20th century, and inspired a corpus of works of classic science fiction.
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰想出這個假設？
en: Who came up with the hypothesis?
answers: zh_tw: text: 帕西瓦爾・羅威爾
en: text: Percival Lowell

question: zh_tw: 什麼假設火星上存在智慧生命？
en: What are hypothetical intelligent life on mars called?
answers: zh_tw: text: 火星人
en: text: Martians

context: zh_tw: 斯基亞帕雷利除了觀測太陽系天體以外，也對聯星有相關研究，並於 1861 年 4 月 26 日發現小行星 69，以及證明英仙座和獅子座流星雨和彗星有關。例如他證明了獅子座流星雨分佈和坦普爾・塔特爾彗星的軌道相吻合。他的觀測使天文學家提出了流星雨可能是彗星軌跡殘餘物的假說，後來被證明非常正確。
en: An observer of objects in the Solar System, Schiaparelli worked on binary stars, discovered the large main-belt asteroid 69 Hesperia on 29 April 1861, and demonstrated that the meteor showers were associated with comets. He proved, for example, that the orbit of the Leonid meteor shower coincided with that of the comet Tempel-Tuttle. These observations led the astronomer to formulate the hypothesis, subsequently proved to be correct, that the meteor showers could be the trails of comets. He was also a keen observer of the inner planets Mercury and Venus.  He made several drawings and determined their rotation periods.  In 1965, it was shown that his and most other subsequent measurements of Mercury's period were incorrect.Schiaparelli was a scholar of the history of classical astronomy. He was the first to realize that the concentric spheres of Eudoxus of Cnidus and Callippus, unlike those used by many astronomers of later times, were not to be taken as material objects, but only as part of an algorithm similar to the modern Fourier series.
qas: question: zh_tw: 斯基亞帕雷利已經證明流星雨與什麼有關？
en: Schiaparelli is known to have proved the association of meteor showers with what?
answers: zh_tw: text: 彗星的軌道
en: text: trails of comets