萊卡 (蘇聯太空犬)
Laika

context: zh_tw: 萊卡是一隻雌性混種狗，大約 3 歲，體重約 6 公斤。工作人員給她取了幾個小名，像是「小卷毛」（Kudryavka）、「小蟲」（Zhuchka）及「小檸檬」（Limonchik），但其中最有名的名字莫過於「萊卡」，該詞原本是指一個類似哈士奇的犬類品種。而美國媒體當時則稱她為「雜種」（Muttnik，mutt 的意思是「雜種狗」，並加上史普尼克的字尾「-nik」），以此影射蘇聯衛星計劃。另外也有媒體稱之為「捲毛」（Curly）。萊卡的真實品種未明，一般認為她具有哈士奇或其他北歐犬種的血統，也可能帶有點㹴犬的基因。NASA 曾提到萊卡是一隻「混血薩摩耶㹴」。當時蘇聯雜誌描述萊卡脾氣「冷靜」，不會和其他犬隻起衝突。規畫此次動物實驗的科學家弗拉迪米爾・雅茲多夫斯基在他後來的著作中描述萊卡「安靜而有魅力」。
en: Laika was found as a stray wandering the streets of Moscow. Soviet scientists chose to use Moscow strays since they assumed that such animals had already learned to endure conditions of extreme cold and hunger. This specimen was a 5 kg (11 lb) mongrel female, approximately three years old. Another account reported that she weighed about 6 kg (13 lb). Soviet personnel gave her several names and nicknames, among them Kudryavka (Russian for Little Curly), Zhuchka (Little Bug), and Limonchik (Little Lemon). Laika, the Russian name for several breeds of dogs similar to the husky, was the name popularised around the world. The American press dubbed her Muttnik (mutt + suffix -nik) as a pun on Sputnik, or referred to her as Curly. Her true pedigree is unknown, although it is generally accepted that she was part husky or other Nordic breed, and possibly part terrier. NASA refers to Laika as a "part-Samoyed terrier." A Russian magazine described her temperament as phlegmatic, saying that she did not quarrel with other dogs. Vladimir Yazdovsky, who led the program of test dogs used on rockets, in a later publication wrote that “Laika was quiet and charming”.The Soviet Union and United States had previously sent animals only on sub-orbital flights. Three dogs were trained for the Sputnik 2 flight: Albina, Mushka, and Laika. Soviet space-life scientists Vladimir Yazdovsky and Oleg Gazenko trained the dogs.To adapt the dogs to the confines of the tiny cabin of Sputnik 2, they were kept in progressively smaller cages for periods of up to 20 days. The extensive close confinement caused them to stop urinating or defecating, made them restless, and caused their general condition to deteriorate. Laxatives did not improve their condition, and the researchers found that only long periods of training proved effective. The dogs were placed in centrifuges that simulated the acceleration of a rocket launch and were placed in machines that simulated the noises of the spacecraft. This caused their pulses to double and their blood pressure to increase by 30–65 torr. The dogs were trained to eat a special high-nutrition gel that would be their food in space.Before the launch, one of the mission scientists took Laika home to play with his children. In a book chronicling the story of Soviet space medicine, Dr. Vladimir Yazdovsky wrote, "Laika was quiet and charming...I wanted to do something nice for her: She had so little time left to live."
qas: question: zh_tw: 這個品種的萊卡幾歲了？
en: How old was Laika, the speciment?
answers: zh_tw: text: 3 歲
en: text: three years old

context: zh_tw: 火箭升空的準確時間個來源說法不同，大約是在莫斯科時間 05:30:42 或 07:22。當加速度到達最大時，萊卡的呼吸頻率驟增，為發射前的 3 到 4 倍左右。發射前，萊卡的心搏為每分鐘 103 下，加速前期增加到每分鐘 240 下。到達軌道後，史普尼克 2 號的鼻錐成功脫離；然而，火箭芯級未能分離，導致熱控系統無法工作。隔熱材料撕裂導致控溫系統異常，使艙內溫度升高到 40 °C（104 °F）。失重後 3 小時，萊卡的心搏才回到每分鐘 102 下，回覆時間比地面訓練時要長了三倍。初期遙測顯示萊卡焦躁不安，但仍有進食。5 至 7 小時後，萊卡徹底失去生命跡象。
en: The exact time of the liftoff varies from source to source and is mentioned as 05:30:42 Moscow Time or 07:22 Moscow Time.At peak acceleration Laika's respiration increased to between three and four times the pre-launch rate. The sensors showed her heart rate was 103 beats/min before launch and increased to 240 beats/min during the early acceleration. After reaching orbit, Sputnik 2's nose cone was jettisoned successfully; however the "Block A" core did not separate as planned, preventing the thermal control system from operating correctly. Some of the thermal insulation tore loose, raising the cabin temperature to 40 °C (104 °F). After three hours of weightlessness, Laika's pulse rate had settled back to 102 beats/min, three times longer than it had taken during earlier ground tests, an indication of the stress she was under. The early telemetry indicated that Laika was agitated but eating her food. After approximately five to seven hours into the flight, no further signs of life were received from the spacecraft.The Soviet scientists had planned to euthanise Laika with a poisoned serving of food. For many years, the Soviet Union gave conflicting statements that she had died either from asphyxia, when the batteries failed, or that she had been euthanised. Many rumours circulated about the exact manner of her death. In 1999, several Russian sources reported that Laika had died when the cabin overheated on the fourth orbit. In October 2002, Dimitri Malashenkov, one of the scientists behind the Sputnik 2 mission, revealed that Laika had died by the fourth circuit of flight from overheating. According to a paper he presented to the World Space Congress in Houston, Texas, "It turned out that it was practically impossible to create a reliable temperature control system in such limited time constraints."Over five months later, after 2,570 orbits, Sputnik 2—including Laika's remains—disintegrated during re-entry on 14 April 1958.
qas: question: zh_tw: 史普尼克 2 號的哪一部分在到達軌道後有問題？
en: Which part of the Sputnik 2 had problem after reaching the orbit?
answers: zh_tw: text: 隔熱材料撕裂導致控溫系統異常
en: text: Block A