zetavg/mlqa_en_zh_tw huggingface dataset:
大腸桿菌 O157:H7 型
Escherichia coli O157:H7

context: zh_tw: 大腸桿菌 O157:H7 型（Escherichia coli O157:H7）是一種腸道出血性大腸桿菌，是食物中毒的原因之一。感染者通常發生出血性腹瀉，尤其在年輕兒童和年長者中，有時導致腎衰竭。傳染透過糞口途徑，很多病例與吃未煮熟或汙染的牛肉和豬肉、游泳、喝被汙染的水、吃被汙染的蔬菜有關。2009 年，在馬薩諸塞州、緬因州和康涅狄格州已銷售新鮮的紐約州碎牛肉身上，發現大腸桿菌 O157:H7 型蹤跡，若未加熱至全熟，容易衍生疾病。
en: Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a serotype of the bacterial species Escherichia coli and is one of the Shiga toxin–producing types of E. coli. It is a cause of disease, typically foodborne illness, through consumption of contaminated and raw food, including raw milk and undercooked ground beef. Infection with this type of pathogenic bacteria may lead to hemorrhagic diarrhea, and to kidney failure; these have been reported to cause the deaths of children younger than five years of age, of elderly patients, and of patients whose immune systems are otherwise compromised.
qas: question: zh_tw: 大腸桿菌衍生出哪種毒素？
en: Escherichia coli produced what toxin?
answers: zh_tw: text: O157:H7）是一種腸道出血性大腸桿菌，是食物中毒的原因之一。
en: text: Shiga
IgA 腎病
IgA nephropathy

context: zh_tw: 最近的新的理論集中在 IgA1 分子的異常。IgA1 是兩種免疫球蛋白分支（另一個是 IgD）的一種，一部分位於特殊的富脯氨酸鉸鏈區的絲蘇氨酸 O - 端糖基化的蛋白。這些糖基缺失導致組織中的 IgA 分子聚合，特別是在腎小球膜。在 Henoch-Schönlein 紫癜（HSP）（一種主要影響兒童並可以影響腎臟的血管炎，無法與 IgA 腎炎區別））基礎之上提出了一個類似的機制。然而人類研究發現 IgA1 degalactosylation 發生在有 IgA 腎病的患者只在內臟抗原暴露時（不是系統性的）發生反應，健康人發生的機率很小。這強烈的說明 IgA1 degalactosylation 是一種潛在現象的結果（異常粘膜抗原反應），並不是導致 IgA 腎病的最終原因。
en: A recently advanced theory focuses on abnormalities of the IgA1 molecule. IgA1 is one of the two immunoglobulin subclasses (the other is IgD) that is O-glycosylated on a number of serine and threonine residues in a special proline-rich hinge region. Aberrant glycosylation of IgA appears to lead to polymerisation of the IgA molecules in tissues, especially the glomerular mesangium. A similar mechanism has been claimed to underlie Henoch–Schönlein purpura, a vasculitis that mainly affects children and can feature renal involvement that is almost indistinguishable from IgA nephritis. However, human studies have found that degalactosylation of IgA1 occurs in patients with IgA nephropathy in response only to gut antigen exposures (not systemic), and occurs in healthy people to a lesser extent. This strongly suggests degalactosylation of IgA1 is a result of an underlying phenomenon (abnormal mucosal antigen handling) and not the ultimate cause of IgA nephropathy. Prevailing evidence suggests that both galactose-deficient o-glycans in the hinge region of IgA1 and synthesis and binding of antibodies against IgA1 are required for immunoglobulin complexes to form and accumulate in glomeruli.From the fact that IgAN can recur after renal transplant, it can be postulated that the disease is caused by a problem in the immune system rather than the kidney itself. Remarkably, the IgA1 that accumulates in the kidney does not appear to originate from the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), which is the site of most upper respiratory tract infections, but from the bone marrow. This, too, suggests an immune pathology rather than direct interference by outside agents.
qas: question: zh_tw: 血管炎主要影響那些人？
en: Who is most affected by vasculitis?
answers: zh_tw: text: 兒童
en: text: children
艾倫・斯班林
Aaron Spelling

context: zh_tw: 艾倫・斯班林（英語：Aaron Spelling，1923 年 4 月 22 日－2006 年 6 月 23 日）是一位美國電影和電視劇製片人。截至 2009 年，斯班林的同名製作公司斯班林電視（Spelling Television）保持了最多產編劇電視劇的紀錄。2009 年《福布斯》將他排在收入最高的已故名人第 11 位。
en: Aaron Spelling (April 22, 1923 – June 23, 2006) was an American film and television producer. Some of his works include the TV programs Charlie's Angels (1976–81), The Love Boat (1977–86), Hart to Hart (1979–84), Dynasty (1981–89), Beverly Hills, 90210 (1990–2000), 7th Heaven (1996–2007), and Charmed (1998–2006). He also served as producer of Mod Squad (1968-1973), The Rookies (1972-1976), and Sunset Beach (1997-1999).
qas: question: zh_tw: 艾倫・斯班林是哪個國籍的人？
en: What nationality was Aaron Spelling?
answers: zh_tw: text: 美國
en: text: an American
神經醯胺

context: zh_tw: 神經醯胺的從頭合成開始於棕櫚酸和絲氨酸的縮合，形成 3 - 酮基 - 二氫鞘氨醇。該反應由絲氨酸棕櫚醯轉移酶催化，是該途徑的限速步驟。3- 酮基 - 二氫鞘氨醇繼續被還原為二氫鞘氨醇，接著由（二氫）鞘氨醇合成酶經醯化反應生成二氫神經醯胺。生成神經醯胺的最後一步由二氫神經醯胺脫氫酶催化。  神經醯胺的從頭合成發生在內質網中，隨後透過囊泡或神經醯胺轉運蛋白 CERT 被運送到高爾基體。神經醯胺一旦進入高爾基體，就能進一步轉化為其他鞘脂，如鞘磷脂和複合鞘糖脂。
qas: question: zh_tw: 什麼產生二氫神經醯胺？
en: What produced dihydroceramide
answers: zh_tw: text: （二氫）鞘氨醇合成酶

context: zh_tw: 作為有生物活性的脂質、神經醯胺牽涉到各種各樣的生理功能，包括凋亡、細胞生長停滯、分化、細胞衰老、細胞遷移和粘著。神經醯胺的作用及其下游的代謝物也已在一些病理狀態中被提及，包括癌症 ，神經退行性疾病  、糖尿病、微生物病變、肥胖症和炎症 。當由於 toll 樣受體（TLR4）的飽和脂肪活化而合成時，神經醯胺能誘導骨骼肌的胰島素抵抗 。 不飽和脂肪 則不具有這種效果。神經醯胺在許多組織中都能透過抑制 Akt / PKB 訊號通路來誘導胰島素抵抗。 神經醯胺聚集 LDL 膽固醇導致動脈壁中的 LDL 滯留，從而導致動脈粥樣硬化。 神經醯胺透過啟用蛋白磷酸酶 2（PP2A）引起內皮功能障礙。 線上粒體中，神經醯胺能抑制電子傳遞鏈以及誘發活性氧物質的產生。
qas: question: zh_tw: 神經醯胺是哪種型別的脂質？
en: what type of lipid is ceramide?
answers: zh_tw: text: 有生物活性的
拉丁美洲文學爆炸

context: zh_tw: 這些西班牙語系的美洲作家在 1960 年代國際性的成功，成為一個現在被稱為文學爆炸的現象，影響了當時不少作家與讀者。這些作家同時間獲得國際矚目，主要歸功於 1959 年古巴革命成功，它預示了一個新的紀元。但隨著古巴政府更加強硬的執行黨的路線以及詩人赫伯託・帕迪拉在一份公開檔案中因其所謂的頹廢變態的觀點受到批判，這個令人興奮的時期宣告結束。帕迪拉案件引發的憤怒，終結了拉美知識分子與鼓舞他們的古巴神話間的親密關係。一些人認為帕迪拉事件宣告了文學爆炸的終結。
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪個詩人的案件引發的憤怒，被認為是文學爆炸的終結？
en: Anger over an incident with what poet is believed to be the beginning of the demise of the Boom?
answers: zh_tw: text: 帕迪拉

context: zh_tw: 爆炸時期的小說本質上是現代主義小說。他們將時間作非線性處理，經常使用多重觀點的敘述者，並且使用很多新詞、雙關語，甚至猥褻的語言。關於文學爆炸的語言風格，蒲柏寫道：“透過對不同觀點的立體式重疊，它使得時間和線性的事件成為可疑，並在結構上頗為複雜。這些小說在語言上亦充滿自信，經常毫無解釋的大量使用本土語言。” 文學爆炸其他令人矚目的特徵，包括對 “鄉村和城市背景” 兩者均有涉及、國際化、既強調歷史和政治、又 “與質疑國家身份同樣的（或更加）質疑地域性；熟稔南半球乃至整個世界的經濟和意識形態理論；以及緊跟時代潮流。” 爆炸文學打破了幻想與世俗的界線，創造出一種新的混和的寫實主義。文學爆炸的作家之中，加西亞・馬爾克斯被認為與魔幻現實主義的使用聯絡最緊；其 1966 年的作品《百年孤獨》的出版使得這種寫作手法 “風行一時”。
qas: question: zh_tw: 蒲柏在他的作品裡提到了什麼？
en: What was the pope referencing in his writing?
answers: zh_tw: text: 文學爆炸的語言風格

context: zh_tw: 在《文學的終結》中，對於魔幻現實主義，佈雷特・萊文森寫道 “近來拉丁美洲文學的關鍵美學模式越來越趨於形式主義… 當拉丁美洲的歷史在說明自己的起源上顯得無能為力時，這種無能照例… 顯示出對神話的渴求：以種種傳奇來逃避歷史敘事、解釋歷史的開端。” 印度群島的編年史家們關於奇異 “新世界” 的描寫，以及關於征服陌生新大陸的記述，被當成歷史所接受。這些通常是幻想的故事促使產生一種新美學，後來演變為魔幻現實主義以及（按照阿萊霍・卡彭鐵爾的觀點）超自然現實主義（lo real maravilloso）。這些藝術化、虛幻的東西被像現實和世俗的事物那樣對待。小說情節往往是基於真實體驗，但混合了奇異、幻想和傳奇的元素，神話的人物，不確定的背景；人物角色看起來是真實存在的，但現實、想象以及虛無在他們身上糾纏不清。
qas: question: zh_tw: 情節往往是基於什麼？
en: What are plots often based off of?
answers: zh_tw: text: 真實體驗

context: zh_tw: 卡洛斯・富恩特斯在 1950 年代開始發表作品。是墨西哥外交官之子，曾經在布宜諾斯艾利斯、基多、蒙得維的亞、里約熱內盧、華盛頓特區等城市居住。他在美國體驗美國人對墨西哥人的歧視，使他更親近並審視墨西哥文化。他的小說《阿爾特米奧・克魯茲之死》  （1962）描寫了一名前墨西哥革命者臨終前的生活，使用了革新性的敘事手法。其他的重要作品有《最明淨的地區》（1959）、《奧拉》（1962）、《我們的土地》（1975）、以及後爆炸時期的《烽火異鄉情》（1985）。
qas: question: zh_tw: 小說《最明淨的地區》是什麼時候出版的？
en: When did the novel Where the Air is Clear published?
answers: zh_tw: text: 其他的重要作品有《最明淨的地區》（1959）

question: zh_tw: 卡洛斯・富恩特斯過去常在美國哪個地方居住？
en: Where in US did Carlos Fuentes use to live?
answers: zh_tw: text: 華盛頓特區
佳特洛夫事件

context: zh_tw: 在最後的宿營地發現的日記和相機使得人們可以追溯在事件發生前滑雪隊的經歷。在 1 月 31 日，滑雪隊到達高地的外部邊緣並準備開始爬山。在一處林地峽谷他們儲備了回程所需要的食物和裝備。翌日（2 月 1 日），滑雪隊開始嘗試透過山口。他們可能計劃在翻過山口後在山坡另一面紮營來度過冬夜。但是因為惡劣的天氣，再加上持續不斷的暴雪以及持續下降的能見度，滑雪隊很快便迷失了方向並朝西方偏離，最終向山的頂部前進。當他們發現錯誤時，滑雪隊並沒有決定下山去尋找一個更好的藏身處，滑雪隊決定就地在山坡上安營紮寨，而不是走 1.5km 下山去一片森林紮營。 Yuri Yudin，滑雪隊唯一的倖存者猜測：“這也許是因為佳特洛夫並不想失去已經到達的海拔高度，因此他決定在山坡上紮寨。"
qas: question: zh_tw: 這個小組什麼月開始為他們的爬山做準備了？
en: What month did the group start preparations for their ascent?
answers: zh_tw: text: 在 1 月 31 日，滑雪隊到達高地的外部邊緣並準備開始爬山

question: zh_tw: 這支隊伍為什麼改變了上山的路線？
en: Why made the group alter the course on the way up the mountain?
answers: zh_tw: text: 暴雪以及持續下降的能見度

context: zh_tw: 在考察之前，佳特洛夫曾向體育俱樂部說一旦他們返回 Vizhai，便會立即向俱樂部發電報，這不會晚於 2 月 12 日。但是佳特洛夫告訴中途離隊的 Yudin 他們可能會更晚一點回來。因此到了 2 月 12 日後沒有收到電報，由於當時的探險隊遲到幾天是常有的事，因此沒有任何人察覺到異狀。直到 2 月 20 日，在滑雪者親友的要求下，第一支由學生和老師組成的搜救隊才出發。後來，軍隊和內務部隊加入搜救行動，並出動了飛機和直升機。
qas: question: zh_tw: 什麼應該在 2 月 12 日前發出去？
en: What was supposed to be sent no later than the 12th of February?
answers: zh_tw: text: 電報
格萊維茨事件

context: zh_tw: 格萊維茨事件是黨衛軍和阿勃維爾的行動之中的一部份。格萊維茨突襲的同時，在德波邊界也發生了其他由德軍所策畫的事件，像是在波蘭走廊發生的火燒房子以及散發虛假的政治宣傳。整個計劃稱為希姆萊行動（總共包括 21 件事件），其目的是為了讓情勢看起來像是波蘭在對德國挑釁。1939 年入侵的數個月前，德國的報紙和政客（像是阿道夫・希特勒）均指責波蘭當局容忍暴力組織，以及對在波蘭生活的德國人進行種族清洗。格萊維茨突襲事件隔天（1939 年 9 月 1 日），德軍白色行動的開始 “入侵波蘭” 讓第二次世界大戰歐洲戰場開打。與此同一天的德意志帝國議會內，阿道夫・希特勒在演講中舉出了 21 個邊境事件（其中三件極為嚴重），為德國針對波蘭的 “防禦性” 行動做出正當的解釋。幾天前的 8 月 22 日，他向將軍們說道：「無論合理與否，我會宣傳發動戰爭的原因。勝者將不會被詢問是否說了實話。」
qas: question: zh_tw: 德國入侵了哪個國家？
en: What country did Germany invade?
answers: zh_tw: text: 波蘭

context: zh_tw: 美國記者第二天被召集到現場，但卻沒有任何中立團體被允許可詳細調查此事件，且國際公眾對德國所敘述的事件持懷疑的態度。
qas: question: zh_tw: 國際公眾對哪國所敘述的事件持懷疑的態度？
en: What nation gave a version of the events that was not widely believed by the public?
answers: zh_tw: text: 德國
沙丁魚風暴
Sardine run

context: zh_tw: 在誇祖魯 - 納塔爾海岸出現的雞蛋表明，沙丁魚在那裡停留了幾個月，而在冬末到春季，它們的返回遷移幾乎總是不明顯，因為它可能發生在水比地表低的地方。
en: The presence of eggs off the KwaZulu-Natal coast suggests that sardine stay there for several months and their return migration during late winter to spring is nearly always unnoticeable because it probably occurs at depths where the water is cooler than at the surface.
qas: question: zh_tw: 沙丁魚回遷是什麼時候？
en: What seasons do sardines migrate to their home?
answers: zh_tw: text: 納塔爾海岸出現的雞蛋表明，沙丁魚在那裡停留了幾個月，而在冬末到春季，它們的返回遷移幾乎總是不明顯，因為它可能發生在水比地表低的地方。
en: text: late winter to spring
雷克雅維克
Reykjavík

context: zh_tw: 雷克雅維克由 870 年起就成為居民點。根據歷史記載，該地第一批常住居民來自斯堪的納維亞。由於地熱能源豐富，溫泉眾多，因此城市上空經常濔漫著如霧的水氣，當地人以為水氣是煙，所以便將此地命名為雷克雅維克，冰島語意指「冒煙之灣岸」。
en: Steam from hot springs in the region is said to have inspired Reykjavík's name, which loosely translates to Smoke Cove (the city is sometimes referred to as Bay of Smoke or Smoky Bay in English language travel guides). In the modern language, as in English, the word for 'smoke' and the word for fog or steamy vapour are not commonly confused, but this is believed to have been the case in the old language.
qas: question: zh_tw: 雷克雅維克命名的靈感是來自什麼？
en: what inspired the naming of Reykjavik?
answers: zh_tw: text: 溫泉
en: text: Steam from hot springs
國際專案管理師
Project Management Professional

context: zh_tw: 國際專案管理師（Project Management Professional），通常簡稱 PMP，是由美國國際專案管理學會（Project Management Institute，PMI）組織進行的一項專案管理領域的資格認證，PMP 採取資格審查與考試相結合的方式進行，其理論體系主要依據為美國國際專案管理學會編寫的《專案管理知識體系指南》（A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge，PMBOK® Guide）。
en: Project Management Professional (PMP) is an internationally recognized professional designation offered by the Project Management Institute (PMI).  As of March 2018, there are 833,025 active PMP certified individuals and 286 chartered chapters across 210 countries and territories worldwide. The exam is based on the PMI Project Management Body of Knowledge.
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰提供國際專案管理師認證？
en: Who offers the pmp?
answers: zh_tw: text: 美國國際專案管理學會
en: text: Project Management Institute

context: zh_tw: PMP 考試透過 Prometric（普爾文）公司提供的全球考試中心以電腦答題的形式提供。此外也在沒有 Prometric 考試中心的地區提供紙質答題方式，在中國大陸，Prometric 考試中心也提供紙質答題方式。考試包括 200 道單選題，25 道是預覽題目，不計入考試成績，就是 25 道題無論答的對錯，都不計入成績。考試成績由其他 175 道題算得。
en: The global network of Prometric testing centers provides the PMP exam as a computer-based test. They also offer a paper-based option for locations with no nearby Prometric testing centers.  The exam consists of 200 questions ("items"). 25 are pre-release items, which are not included in exam scoring. Prometric calculates the score based on the other 175 items. Each multiple-choice item has one  correct answer and three incorrect answers.
qas: question: zh_tw: PMP 考試是以那樣形式提供？
en: How are PMP exams provided?
answers: zh_tw: text: 以電腦答題的形式
en: text: a computer-based test
倫敦塔
Tower of London

context: zh_tw: 倫敦塔（英文：Tower of London）是位於倫敦市中心泰晤士河北岸的一座城堡，其官方名稱是 “女王陛下的宮殿與城堡，倫敦塔”（英文：Her Majesty's Palace and Fortress, The Tower of London），因此雖然將其作為宮殿居住的最後一位統治者已是幾世紀前的詹姆士一世（1566 年至 1625 年），但在名義上它至今仍是英國王室宮殿。它座落於倫敦的陶爾哈姆萊茨區，與倫敦城的東邊相隔著被稱為 “塔丘” 的開放區域。倫敦塔完工於 1066 年底，是諾曼征服英格蘭的產物。白塔（不以建築風格及材料為名，而是建成當時，整體漆成白色而得名）實際上是在倫敦泰晤士河邊的幾座塔樓的組合體中間；倫敦塔曾作為堡壘、軍械庫、國庫、鑄幣廠、宮殿、刑場、公共檔案辦公室、天文臺、避難所和監獄，特別關押上層階級的囚犯。最後的這一用途產生一條短語 “sent to the Tower”，意思是 “入獄”。倫敦塔最後一次作為監獄使用是在第二次世界大戰期間，關押魯道夫・赫斯。1988 年被列為世界文化遺產。
en: The Tower of London, officially Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress of the Tower of London, is a  historic  castle located on the north bank of the River Thames in central London. It lies within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, separated from the eastern edge of the square mile of the City of London by the open space known as Tower Hill. It was founded towards the end of 1066 as part of the Norman Conquest of England. The White Tower, which gives the entire castle its name, was built by William the Conqueror in 1078 and was a resented symbol of oppression, inflicted upon London by the new ruling elite. The castle was used as a prison from 1100 (Ranulf Flambard) until 1952 (Kray twins), although that was not its primary purpose. A grand palace early in its history, it served as a royal residence. As a whole, the Tower is a complex of several buildings set within two concentric rings of defensive walls and a moat. There were several phases of expansion, mainly under Kings Richard I, Henry III, and Edward I in the 12th and 13th centuries. The general layout established by the late 13th century remains despite later activity on the site.
qas: question: zh_tw: 倫敦塔何時建立的？
en: When was the Tower of London founded?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1066
en: text: 1066
認知發展論
Piaget's theory of cognitive development

context: zh_tw: 包括 4-7 歲之間的階段。這個階段的孩子變得非常好奇，問很多問題，開始使用原始的推理。出現了對推理的興趣，並想知道事物為什麼會是這個樣子。皮亞傑將其稱為直覺思維子階段，因為兒童擁有關於許多事物和現象的知識，然而並不知道這些事物和現象背後的原理。前運思思維涉及到「集中偏向」和「缺乏守恆概念」。集中偏向是將所有的注意力集中在事物的一個特徵，而不去注意其它特徵。集中偏向反映在缺乏守恆概念中。守恆的意思是，改變一種物質的外觀，並不會改變它的基本性質。 兒童在這個階段不知道守恆。他們無法掌握這樣的概念：液體可以保持不變，而與容器的形狀無關。在皮亞傑最有名的試驗中，讓一名兒童觀察兩個裝有等量液體的相同燒杯，孩子通常會注意到，兩個燒杯擁有等量的液體。但是將其中一個燒杯的液體倒入一個較高的容器時，通常小於 7 或 8 歲的兒童就會說現在的兩個燒杯含有不等量的液體。 孩子只是側重於容器的高度和寬度，而不具有整體的概念。皮亞傑認為，如果兒童未能透過液體守恆試驗，這是一個跡象，表明他們處於認知發展的前運思階段。兒童同樣也不具有數量，長度，體積，面積等方面守恆的概念。另一個例子是，給孩子看 7 只狗和 3 只貓的圖片，問他們狗是否比貓多，孩子們會回答 "是"。但是當被問及狗是否比動物 (狗、貓都是動物) 多，孩子將再次回答 "是"。這樣在邏輯上基本的錯誤，顯示兒童在解決問題時處於直覺和真正的邏輯推理之間的過渡期，兒童在幾年後才會獲得真正的邏輯推理。
en: In this task, a child is presented with two identical beakers containing the same amount of liquid. The child usually notes that the beakers do contain the same amount of liquid. When one of the beakers is poured into a taller and thinner container, children who are younger than seven or eight years old typically say that the two beakers no longer contain the same amount of liquid, and that the taller container holds the larger quantity (centration), without taking into consideration the fact that both beakers were previously noted to contain the same amount of liquid. Due to superficial changes, the child was unable to comprehend that the properties of the substances continued to remain the same (conservation).
qas: question: zh_tw: 在這個任務中，誰觀察的燒杯？
en: Who was presented with the beakers in this task?
answers: zh_tw: text: 在皮亞傑最有名的試驗中，讓一名兒童觀察兩個裝有等量液體的相同燒杯
en: text: a child
松江城
Matsue Castle

context: zh_tw: 松江城（日語：松江城／まつえじょう）是位於日本島根縣松江市殿町的城堡。因其飛揚的簷角形似飛鳥展翅，因此又名「千鳥城」。松江城的現存天守是日本國寶之一，城址是政府認定的史蹟。松江城還是日本櫻名所 100 選和都市景觀 100 選之一。
en: Matsue Castle (松江城, Matsue-jō) is a feudal castle in Matsue in Shimane prefecture, Japan. Nicknamed the "black castle" or "plover castle", it is one of the few remaining medieval castles in Japan – at least of the few remaining in their original wooden form, and not a modern reconstruction in concrete.
qas: question: zh_tw: 松江城位於何處？
en: Where is Matsue Castle located?
answers: zh_tw: text: 日本島根縣
en: text: Shimane prefecture, Japan
白喉疫苗
Diphtheria vaccine

context: zh_tw: 白喉疫苗是一種用來對抗白喉桿菌的疫苗，而白喉桿菌正是白喉的致病原。在 1980 年到 2000 年間，白喉疫苗的出現讓白喉患者的感染人數減少 90% 之多。前三劑施打的疫苗可提供約 95% 免疫力，其效力可達十年之久，並建議在十年後再追加施打一劑。 目前會讓出生六週的嬰孩接種疫苗並在接下來每四周追加施打一劑。
en: About 95% of people vaccinated develop immunity, and vaccination against diphtheria has resulted in a more than 90% decrease in number of cases globally between 1980 and 2000. About 86% of the world population was vaccinated as of 2016.
qas: question: zh_tw: 有多少接種疫苗的人會產生免疫力？
en: How many vaccinated people develop immunity?
answers: zh_tw: text: 前三劑施打的疫苗可提供約 95% 免疫力
en: text: 95%
波斯王子 (2008 年遊戲)
Prince of Persia (2008 video game)

context: zh_tw: 《波斯王子》（英語：Prince of Persia，又譯作「波斯王子：奇蹟」、「波斯王子：重生」）是由蒙特利爾育碧開發並由育碧發行的動作冒險遊戲。該遊戲於 2008 年 12 月 2 日發行了 Xbox 360 和 PlayStation 3 平臺，並於 2008 年 12 月 9 日釋出了 Microsoft Windows 平臺，並預定於 2009 年 3 月發行 Mac OS X 版本。
en: Prince of Persia is an action-adventure and platforming video game developed by Ubisoft Montreal and published by Ubisoft. It is part of the Prince of Persia franchise. The game was released in the United States on December 2, 2008 for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 and on December 9, 2008 for Microsoft Windows. It was released on March 24, 2009 for Mac OS X via the Cider engine.
qas: question: zh_tw: 十二月份的哪一天，《波斯王子》在微軟視窗市場上市？
en: On what day in December was Prince of Persia on the market for Microsoft Windows?
answers: zh_tw: text: 3 平臺，並於 2008 年 12 月 9 日釋出了 Microsoft
en: text: December 9
世界社會論壇
World Social Forum

context: zh_tw: 第四屆世界社會論壇於 2004 年 1 月 16 日到 1 月 21 日在印度孟買舉行。參與者人數預期達到 75,000 人而最後比預期超過數千人。文化多樣性是該論壇著名的面向。另一個注目的決定則是在自由軟體的立場。本屆論壇重要的演講者則是著名經濟學家約瑟夫・史迪格里茲。
en: The fourth WSF was held in Mumbai, India, from 16 January to 21 January 2004. It was the first meeting of the World Social Forum held outside Brazil and its success has encouraged the WSF to expand in scope across the global South. Some credit it with inspiring the Asian Social Forum held in November of that year. The attendance was expected to be 75,000 and it shot over by thousands. The cultural diversity was one notable aspect of the forum. A notable decision that was taken was the stand on free software. One of the key speakers at the WSF 2004 was Joseph Stiglitz. In contrast to earlier meetings, which had focused more on Euro-centric political intellectualism, the 2004 meeting included marches, as well as colorful and lively demonstrations.
qas: question: zh_tw: 這是以那種軟體的立場？
en: The stand was taken on what kind of software?
answers: zh_tw: text: 自由軟體
en: text: free
普利亞大區
Apulia

context: zh_tw: 普利亞（義大利語：Puglia，拉丁語：Apulia），也譯作阿普利亞，是義大利南部的一個大區，東鄰亞得里亞海，東南面臨愛奧尼亞海，南面則鄰近奧特朗托海峽及塔蘭託灣。該區南部知名的薩倫託半島，組成了義大利「皮靴」的一部分。大區面積 19,366km²，人口 4,023,957 人（1991 年）。
en: Apulia ( ə-POO-lee-ə; Italian: Puglia [ˈpuʎːa]; Neapolitan: Pùglia [ˈpuʝːə]; Albanian: Pulia; Ancient Greek: Ἀπουλία, romanized: Apoulía) is a region in Southern Italy bordering the Adriatic Sea to the east, the Ionian Sea to the southeast, and the Strait of Otranto and Gulf of Taranto to the south. The region comprises 19,345 square kilometers (7,469 sq mi), and its population is about four million.
qas: question: zh_tw: 普利亞在哪裡？
en: where is Apulia?
answers: zh_tw: text: 義大利南部的一個大區，東鄰亞得里亞海，東南面臨愛奧尼亞海，南面則鄰近奧特朗托海峽及塔蘭託灣
en: text: is a region in Southern Italy bordering the Adriatic Sea to the east, the Ionian Sea to the southeast, and the Strait of Otranto and Gulf of Taranto to the south

context: zh_tw: 該區還與其它義大利大區連線，北鄰莫利塞大區，西臨坎帕尼亞大區，及西南面的巴斯利卡塔大區。大區隔著亞得里亞海及愛奧尼亞海與希臘和阿爾巴尼亞相鄰。大區擴充套件至北面遠處的莫特 — 格加奴地區，是第二次布匿戰爭中最後一次圍城所發生的地方。
en: It is bordered by the other Italian regions of Molise to the north, Campania to the west, and Basilicata to the southwest. Across the Adriatic and Ionian Seas, it faces Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Greece, and Montenegro. Its capital city is Bari.
qas: question: zh_tw: 巴斯立卡塔是屬於哪個國家？
en: What nation is Basilitcata apart of?
answers: zh_tw: text: 義大利
en: text: Italian
色彩空間
Color space

context: zh_tw: 但是，這並不是唯一的一個色彩空間。例如，當在計算機監視器上顯示顏色的時候，通常使用 RGB（紅色、綠色、藍色）色彩空間定義，這是另外一種生成同樣顏色的方法，紅色、綠色、藍色被當作 X、Y 和 Z 座標軸。另外一個生成同樣顏色的方法是使用色相（X 軸）、飽和度（色度）（Y 軸）和明度（Z 軸）表示，這種方法稱為 HSB 色彩空間。另外還有許多其它的色彩空間，許多可以按照這種方法用三維（X、Y、Z）、更多或者更少維表示，但是有些根本不能用這種方法表示。
en: Many color spaces can be represented as three-dimensional values in this manner, but some have more, or fewer dimensions, and some, such as Pantone, cannot be represented in this way at all.
qas: question: zh_tw: 什麼是用三維表示的？
en: What is presented in a 3D manner?
answers: zh_tw: text: 色彩空間
en: text: color spaces
瘟疫醫生

context: zh_tw: 由於瘟疫醫生非常稀缺，因此許多不法之徒經常以他們的性命作為勒索城鎮的籌碼。舉例而言，當巴塞隆納於 1650 年派遣兩名瘟疫醫生前往支援托爾託薩的疫情控制時，歹徒便於半路綁架了他們，並向巴塞隆納要求贖金。巴塞隆納也應歹徒要求支付了贖金，以拯救這兩名瘟疫醫生。奧爾維耶託市於 1348 年支付了高出市價四倍的薪資以聘請馬修安傑洛（Matteo fu Angelo）擔任該市的瘟疫醫生。當時的教宗克雷芒六世更額外聘請了許多瘟疫醫生，並將他們派至法國亞維儂治療當地的病患。在威尼斯本來有 18 名瘟疫醫生，到了 1348 年僅剩一名：其中 5 名因身染瘟疫而死亡，另外 12 名則下落不明，並很可能已經逃往別處。
qas: question: zh_tw: 1348 年還剩多少醫生？
en: How many doctors were left in 1348?
answers: zh_tw: text: 一名

context: zh_tw: 部份的瘟疫醫生會穿著特殊的服裝，但不是所有的瘟疫醫生都會這麼打扮。這套服裝是由查爾斯・德洛姆於 1619 年發明的；它們最早出現於巴黎，但稍後流傳到整個歐洲。瘟疫醫生服裝具有保護作用，其大衣是以多層布料編織而成，外層還有塗蠟。面具的眼睛處裝有玻璃，前端還有一個像鳥喙的凸起，內填有能散發芳香的物質。芳香物質包含龍涎香、蜜蜂花、留蘭香葉、樟腦、丁香、鴉片酊、沒藥、玫瑰花瓣以及蘇合香。這些物質被認為可以保護醫師免受瘴氣的侵害。瘟疫醫生會使用一種木製的柺杖狀指示棒來檢測患者狀況，而不必接觸感染源。這種指示棒同時也用於鞭打病人以赦免他們的罪，因為當時的人們相信罹患瘟疫是一上天的懲罰，而唯有透過鞭笞，病人才能從原罪中獲得救贖。
qas: question: zh_tw: 瘟疫醫生穿著什麼？
en: What did plague doctors wear?
answers: zh_tw: text: 特殊的服裝
超越標準模型的物理學
Physics beyond the Standard Model

context: zh_tw: 暗物質和暗能量：科學家從宇宙學的觀測結果中得知標準模型只能描述宇宙中佔 5% 的組分的物質和能量。其餘組分中，佔大約 26% 的是暗物質。其與我們目前所能認知的物質性質相似，但其與標準模型中的場的相互作用非常微弱，而標準模型中的基本粒子都不太可能是暗物質的組分。其餘佔 69% 的是暗能量。它是宇宙這個準真空空間中所充滿的總量幾乎不會發生改變的能量。依據標準模型中 “真空能量” 這一概念去推算的暗能量總量與實際量會相差 120 個數量級。
en: Dark matter. Cosmological observations tell us the standard model explains about 5% of the energy present in the universe. About 26% should be dark matter, which would behave just like other matter, but which only interacts weakly (if at all) with the Standard Model fields. Yet, the Standard Model does not supply any fundamental particles that are good dark matter candidates.
qas: question: zh_tw: 這裡討論了多少能量？
en: What percent of energy is discussed here?
answers: zh_tw: text: 5%
en: text: 5%

context: zh_tw: 級列問題：標準模型中的粒子質量是透過希格斯機制中的自發對稱性破缺過程引入的。在標準模型中，希格斯質量由於虛粒子的存在需要進行較大的量子修正。這些修正項會比實際的希格斯質量要大得多。這意味著希格斯機制中的裸質量引數必須進行微調以避免這種修正。但微調的程度在許多理論物理學家看來並不自然。
en: Hierarchy problem – the standard model introduces particle masses through a process known as spontaneous symmetry breaking caused by the Higgs field. Within the standard model, the mass of the Higgs gets some very large quantum corrections due to the presence of virtual particles (mostly virtual top quarks). These corrections are much larger than the actual mass of the Higgs. This means that the bare mass parameter of the Higgs in the standard model must be fine tuned in such a way that almost completely cancels the quantum corrections.  This level of fine-tuning is deemed unnatural by many theorists.
qas: question: zh_tw: 被測量的是什麼質量？
en: The mass of what is being measured?
answers: zh_tw: text: 希格斯
en: text: Higgs
大型綜合巡天望遠鏡
Large Synoptic Survey Telescope

context: zh_tw: LSST 曾是 2010 年天體物理十年期調查中排名最高的大型地面專案。該專案於 2014 年 8 月 1 日正式開始建設，當時國家科學基金會（NSF）批准了其 2014 財政年度（2750 萬美元）的建築預算.。第一塊石頭的儀式放置於 2015 年 4 月 14 日進行。現場施工於 2015 年 4 月 14 日開始，預計在 2019 年有工程第一光，2021 年有科學第一光，2022 年 1 月開始進行為期十年的全面執行調查。
en: the project officially began construction 1 August 2014 when the National Science Foundation (NSF) authorized the FY2014 portion ($27.5 million) of its construction budget. The ceremonial laying of the first stone was performed on 14 April 2015. Site construction began on April 14, 2015, with first light anticipated in 2020, and full operations for a ten-year survey commencing in January 2022.LSST, unlike almost all previous large astronomical observatories, has committed to making all data public as soon as it is taken.  In their words "By providing immediate public access to all the data it obtains, it will provide everyone, the professional and the “just curious” alike, a deep and frequent window on the entire sky."
qas: question: zh_tw: 該專案的建築預算是多少美元？
en: How many millions of dollars was the construction budget for the project?
answers: zh_tw: text: 2750 萬美元
en: text: 27.5

question: zh_tw: 第一塊石頭的儀式放置於哪一年進行？
en: In what year was the ceremonial laying first preformed in?
answers: zh_tw: text: 2015
en: text: 2015
索尼亞・韋奇託莫夫
Sonja Vectomov

context: zh_tw: 韋奇託莫夫的最初音樂事業於 1980 年代，她在芬蘭期間開始。當時她使用家用錄音器來錄製具體音樂，花了四年的時間在卡里・阿拉 - 珀萊寧的指導下跟隨兒童合唱團沃詩歐蕾亞巡迴演出，參與了中芬蘭音樂學院的才華兒童課程。她的父親弗拉迪米爾・韋奇託莫夫在該學院教導古典音樂。她的曾祖父伊凡・韋奇託莫夫也是一名作曲家，在捷克愛樂樂團擔任了 22 年的大提琴手，她的伯父是大提琴家薩沙・韋奇託莫夫。
en: Vectomov's initial music experiments began during the 1980s in Finland and involved musique concrète with home tape recorders, four years of performing and touring with the children's choir Vox Aurea under the direction of Kari Ala-Pöllänen, and violin and piano studies under a curriculum for precocious children at Keski-Suomen konservatorio, where her father Vladimír Večtomov taught classical guitar. Her grandfather Ivan Večtomov, also a composer, was a cellist with the Czech Philharmonic for 22 years, and her uncle was the cellist Saša Večtomov.During the mid-1990s, Vectomov moved to Prague to assume a 1st violin chair with the Pražský studentský orchestr under the direction of Mirko Škampa. Concomitantly she monitored the electronic music scenes in Finland and England.As a solo artist Vectomov's concerts sometimes involve elements of installation, e.g., the transformation of a stage into a salon. She has stated that Conlon Nancarrow and David Byrne are important influences.
qas: question: zh_tw: 她祖父叫什麼名字？
en: what was the name of her grandfather?
answers: zh_tw: text: 伊凡・韋奇託莫夫
en: text: Ivan Večtomov
自由意志社會主義
Libertarian socialism

context: zh_tw: 自由意志社會主義是一種有著各式闡述的意識型態，但其中可找出一些互通的共性。其擁護者支援以工人為導向的分配製度，完全背離了資本主義經濟（社會主義）。他們建議在一定程度上實行這個經濟制度，試圖達到個人自由的最大化，以及權力或管理集中的最小化（自由意志主義）。自由意志社會主義者強烈批判強制性制度，常導致他們反對國家的合法性，轉而支援無政府主義。其擁護者試圖以政治和經濟分權的方式達成目標，通常會涉及到大型財產和企業的社會化。自由意志社會主義否定多數形式的私有財產合法性，因為他們將資本主義財產關係視為一種統治的形式，是與個人自由對立的。第一位自稱自由意志主義者的是早期的法國無政府共產主義者 Joseph Déjacque。該字來自於法文單字「libertaire」，用來規避法國對無政府主義刊物的禁止。在歐洲社會主義運動中，「自由意志主義」常被用來描述反對國家社會主義的人士，如米哈依爾・巴枯寧。在美國，最常稱為自由意志主義的運動是信奉資本主義哲學。因此，「自由意志社會主義」這個名稱造成了美國人的矛盾。然而，自由意志主義結合社會主義早於結合資本主義，而且許多反權威主義者依然譴責美國的自由意志主義結合資本主義是錯誤的。如同諾姆・喬姆斯基所說，一名始終如一的自由主義者「必須反對生產手段的私人所有權和這個制度中的工資奴隸（英語： Wage slavery），工資奴隸的存在不相容於勞動必須由生產者自由承擔和控制的原則。」
en: Libertarian socialism is a Western philosophy with diverse interpretations, though some general commonalities can be found in its many incarnations. It advocates a worker-oriented system of production and organization in the workplace that in some aspects radically departs from neoclassical economics in favor of democratic cooperatives or common ownership of the means of production (socialism).They propose that this economic system be executed in a manner that attempts to maximize the liberty of individuals and minimize concentration of power or authority (libertarianism).Adherents propose achieving this through decentralization of political and economic power, usually involving the socialization of most large-scale private property and enterprise (while retaining respect for personal property). Libertarian socialism tends to deny the legitimacy of most forms of economically significant private property, viewing capitalist property relation as a form of domination that is antagonistic to individual freedom.The first anarchist journal to use the term "libertarian" was Le Libertaire, Journal du Mouvement Social and it was published in New York City between 1858 and 1861 by French anarcho-communist Joseph Déjacque. The next recorded use of the term was in Europe, when "libertarian communism" was used at a French regional anarchist Congress at Le Havre (16–22 November 1880). January 1881 saw a French manifesto issued on "Libertarian or Anarchist Communism". Finally, 1895 saw leading anarchists Sébastien Faure and Louise Michel publish La Libertaire in France". The word stems from the French word libertaire, which was used to evade the French ban on anarchist publications. In this tradition, the term "libertarianism" in "libertarian socialism" is generally used as a synonym for anarchism, which some say is the original meaning of the term; hence "libertarian socialism" is equivalent to "socialist anarchism" to these scholars. In the context of the European socialist movement, "libertarian" has conventionally been used to describe those who opposed state socialism, such as Mikhail Bakunin.
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪政治意識形態相信經濟系統是平等的？
en: Which political philosophy believe that the economic system should be equal?
answers: zh_tw: text: 自由意志社會主義
en: text: Libertarian socialism
多巴胺轉運體
Dopamine transporter

context: zh_tw: DAT 與一些多巴胺相關的疾病有關，包含注意力不足過動症、躁鬱症、重性抑鬱障礙、酗酒。編碼 DAT 蛋白的基因位於人類第 5 號染色體，含有 15 個外顯子，共 64kbp 長。
en: The dopamine transporter (also dopamine active transporter, DAT, SLC6A3) is a membrane-spanning protein that pumps the neurotransmitter dopamine out of the synaptic cleft back into cytosol. In the cytosol, other transporters sequester the dopamine into vesicles for storage and later release. Dopamine reuptake via DAT provides the primary mechanism through which dopamine is cleared from synapses, although there may be an exception in the prefrontal cortex, where evidence points to a possibly larger role of the norepinephrine transporter.DAT is implicated in a number of dopamine-related disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, clinical depression, and alcoholism. The gene that encodes the DAT protein is located on human chromosome 5, consists of 15 coding exons, and is roughly 64 kbp long. Evidence for the associations between DAT and dopamine related disorders has come from a type of genetic polymorphism, known as a VNTR, in the DAT gene (DAT1), which influences the amount of protein expressed.
qas: question: zh_tw: 如何定義多巴胺轉換器？
en: How can dopamine transformer be defined?
answers: zh_tw: text: 蛋白的基因位於人類第 5 號染色體，含有 15 個外顯子，共 64kbp 長。
en: text: The gene that encodes the DAT protein is located on human chromosome 5, consists of 15 coding exons, and is roughly 64 kbp long
脈衝編碼調變
Pulse-code modulation

context: zh_tw: 在圖示中，一個正弦波（紅色曲線）被取樣和量化為 PCM。正弦波在每段固定時間內被取一次樣，即 x 軸的刻度。而每一個樣本則依照某種運演算法（在這個例子中是 ceiling function），選定它們在 y 軸上的位置。這樣便產生完全離散的輸入訊號的替代物，很容易編碼成為數位資料，以作儲存或操縱。以右圖為例，很清楚看出樣本為 8、9、11、12、13、14、15、15、15、14… 等，將它們以二進位編碼，就得到一組一組的數字：1000、1001、1011、1100、1101、1110、1111、1111、1111、1110… 等，這些數位資料之後就可以被特定用途的 DSP 或者一般的 CPU 所處理。有一些 PCM 資料流可以和較大的聚合資料流作多工傳輸（multiplex），通常在物理層傳輸資料時都會這麼作。這個技術稱作 「時分多路複用（Time-Division Multiplexing，TDM）」 （或 「分時多工」，「時分複用」），非常廣泛地使用，例如現代的公共電話系統。
en: In the diagram, a sine wave (red curve) is sampled and quantized for PCM. The sine wave is sampled at regular intervals, shown as vertical lines. For each sample, one of the available values (on the y-axis) is chosen. The PCM process is commonly implemented on a single integrated circuit called an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). This produces a fully discrete representation of the input signal (blue points) that can be easily encoded as digital data for storage or manipulation. Several PCM streams could also be multiplexed into a larger aggregate data stream, generally for transmission of multiple streams over a single physical link. One technique is called time-division multiplexing (TDM) and is widely used, notably in the modern public telephone system.
qas: question: zh_tw: 正弦波也被稱為什麼？
en: What is a sine wave also known as?
answers: zh_tw: text: 紅色曲線
en: text: red curve

context: zh_tw: 許多的這些程式碼都是兩極的，脈衝要不是正就是負，或者完全沒有。在典型的 alternate mark inversion 程式碼中，非 0 脈衝在正和負之間轉變。不過這些規則有可能因為必須置入「framing」或者其他特殊用途的程式碼而遭到違反。
en: Many of these codes are bipolar codes, where the pulses can be positive, negative or absent. In the typical alternate mark inversion code, non-zero pulses alternate between being positive and negative. These rules may be violated to generate special symbols used for framing or other special purposes.
qas: question: zh_tw: 違反規則的原因是什麼？
en: What are the rules violated for?
answers: zh_tw: text: 其他特殊用途的程式碼
en: text: to generate special symbols
尼阿庫斯
Nearchus

context: zh_tw: 然而，他仍然指揮著艦隊航行從印度河駛向波斯灣，這些他都詳細的記錄 (在阿里安的遠征記裡多次引用)。再次，雖然他是海軍司令，指揮著艦隊，不需要偉大的航海技術 —— 海軍崗位由歐奈西克瑞塔斯負責。 在航行期間，尼阿庫斯據說是第一個到達巴林的馬其頓指揮官，那裡被希臘人稱作提羅斯（tylos）。這標誌著希臘化世界訪問巴林的開始， 他的訪問標誌著開始的巴林納入希臘世界，最終導致宙斯崇拜 (作為阿拉伯的太陽神，Shams) 和希臘語作為上層階級使用語言。
en: However, he remained in command of the fleet for the voyage from the Indus to the Persian Gulf, which he recorded in detail (and which was used extensively for Arrian’s Indica). Again, although he was the admiral, in command of the fleet, great seamanship was not required – the naval responsibilities were Onesicritus’. During the voyage, Nearchus was reputedly the first Greek commander to visit Bahrain, which was called Tylos by the Greeks. His visit marked the start of Bahrain's inclusion within the Hellenic world, which culminated in the worship of Zeus (as the Arab sun god, Shams) and Greek being spoken as the language of the upper classes.
qas: question: zh_tw: 他指揮了什麼？
en: What did he command?
answers: zh_tw: text: 艦隊
en: text: fleet
The Game (遊戲)
The Game (mind game)

context: zh_tw: 關於 The Game 的起源是有爭議的。其中一個版本指出有兩個男人錯過了他們的末班車，因此他們便設計了一個遊戲。兩人在遊戲中不能想起錯過末班車一事，而誰先想起的就輸掉。他們的遊戲漸漸便發展成 The Game。另一個版本則指出此遊戲是由倫敦人於 1996 年設計，專門用「惹惱人」。而 The Game 最早在網上出現的年份則為 2002 年，這也可能是 The Game 被創作的年份。
en: The origins of The Game are uncertain. In a 2008 news article, Justine Wettschreck says The Game has probably been around since the early 1990s, and may have originated in Australia or England. One theory is that it was invented in London in 1996 when two British engineers, Dennis Begley and Gavin McDowall, missed their last train and had to spend the night on the platform; they attempted to avoid thinking about their situation and whoever thought about it first lost. Another theory also traces The Game to London in 1996, when it was created by Jamie Miller "to annoy people". Journalist Mic Wright of The Next Web recalled playing The Game at school in the late 1990s.However, The Game may have been created in 1977 by members of the Cambridge University Science Fiction Society when attempting to create a game that did not fit in with game theory. A blog post by Paul Taylor in August 2002 described The Game; Taylor claimed to have "found out about [the game] online about 6 months ago". This is the earliest known reference on the internet.The Game is most commonly spread through the internet, such as via Facebook or Twitter, or by word of mouth.
qas: question: zh_tw: 傑米・米勒什麼時候因創作《心理遊戲》而被讚賞？
en: When is Jamie Miller credited for creating The Game?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1996
en: text: 1996
環醇假說
Cyclol

context: zh_tw: 環醇假說（cyclol hypothesis），為第一個摺疊的球狀蛋白質結構模型概念 ，這是多蘿西・林奇在 20 世紀 30 年代基於三個假設提出的。首先，該假設假設兩個肽鍵由 Cyclol 反應交聯而成（圖 1），這些交聯鍵是共價的肽的同系物之間的氫鍵，而非 “共價鍵”。這些反應已被發現存在於麥角肽和其他化合物中。第二，該假設提出在某些條件下，氨基酸會自然地在最大數量上進行 Cyclol 交聯反應，生成 Cyclol 分子（圖 2）和 Cyclol 結構（圖 3）。這些 Cyclol 分子和 Cyclol 結構從來沒有被觀察到。最後，該假設認為球狀蛋白質的三級結構對應的正多面體和半規則的多面體形成的 Cyclol 結構是沒有自由邊緣的。這種 “封閉式的 Cyclol” 分子也沒有被觀察到。
en: The cyclol hypothesis is the first structural model of a folded, globular protein.  It was developed by Dorothy Wrinch in the late 1930s, and was based on three assumptions.  Firstly, the hypothesis assumes that two peptide groups can be crosslinked by a cyclol reaction (Figure 1); these crosslinks are covalent analogs of non-covalent hydrogen bonds between peptide groups.  These reactions have been observed in the ergopeptides and other compounds.  Secondly, it assumes that, under some conditions, amino acids will naturally make the maximum possible number of cyclol crosslinks, resulting in cyclol molecules (Figure 2) and cyclol fabrics (Figure 3).  These cyclol molecules and fabrics have never been observed.  Finally, the hypothesis assumes that globular proteins have a tertiary structure corresponding to Platonic solids and semiregular polyhedra formed of cyclol fabrics with no free edges.  Such "closed cyclol" molecules have not been observed either.
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪種反應使兩個肽基交聯？
en: What kind of reaction crosslinks the two peptide groups?
answers: zh_tw: text: 環醇假說（cyclol hypothesis），為第一個摺疊的球狀蛋白質結構模型概念
en: text: cyclol
塔拉里
Tarrare

context: zh_tw: 塔拉里（法語：Tarrare 或 Tarare，約 1772 年－1798 年）是位法國軍人和藝人，以異乎尋常的飲食習慣聞名。他總是飢腸轆轆，能夠吃下海量的肉類。由於父母實在供養不起，所以他十幾歲時就離開了家。他與一幫小偷和妓女走遍法國，以招搖撞騙為生。他能吞下軟木塞、石頭、活的動物，以及滿滿一籃蘋果。憑著這樣的 “技藝”，塔拉里到達巴黎，成為街頭藝人。
en: Tarrare (c. 1772 – 1798), sometimes spelled Tarare, was a French showman and soldier, noted for his unusual eating habits. Able to eat vast amounts of meat, he was constantly hungry; his parents could not provide for him, and he was turned out of the family home as a teenager. He travelled France in the company of a band of thieves and prostitutes, before becoming the warm-up act to a travelling charlatan; he would swallow corks, stones, live animals and a whole basketful of apples. He then took this act to Paris where he worked as a street performer.
qas: question: zh_tw: 能吃下多少肉？
en: How much meat can be eaten?
answers: zh_tw: text: 海量的肉類
en: text: vast amounts
藍黑白金裙
The dress

context: zh_tw: 連衣裙本身為設計師 Roman Originals 的產品，此事件導致連衣裙的銷售大幅增加。設計師之後也為慈善運動設計了白色與金色的連衣裙。
en: The dress itself, which was identified as a product of the retailer Roman Originals, experienced a major surge in sales as a result of the incident. The retailer also produced a one-off version of the dress in white and gold as a charity campaign.
qas: question: zh_tw: 為什麼該連衣裙銷售量增加？
en: Why did the dress see an increase in sales?
answers: zh_tw: text: 此事件導致連衣裙的銷售大幅增加。
en: text: result of the incident
太陽系穩定性問題
Stability of the Solar System

context: zh_tw: 另一個專案涉及了數字太陽系儀的構造，它是由 Gerry Sussman 和他的 MIT 小組於 1988 年提出的。小組用超級計算機整合了超過 8.45 億年（太陽系年齡的 20%) 的外層行星軌道。在 1988 年，Sussman 和 Wisdom 發現太陽系儀中的資料顯示了冥王星軌道有混沌的跡象，部分原因是由於它與海王星之間特有的共振。
en: Another project involved constructing the Digital Orrery by Gerry Sussman and his MIT group in 1988. The group used a supercomputer to integrate the orbits of the outer planets over 845 million years (some 20 per cent of the age of the Solar System). In 1988, Sussman and Wisdom found data using the Orrery which revealed that Pluto's orbit shows signs of chaos, due in part to its peculiar resonance with Neptune.If Pluto's orbit is chaotic, then technically the whole Solar System is chaotic, because each body, even one as small as Pluto, affects the others to some extent through gravitational interactions.
qas: question: zh_tw: 薩斯曼小組來自哪裡？
en: Where was Sussman's group from?
answers: zh_tw: text: Sussman 和他的 MIT 小組於 1988 年提出的。
en: text: MIT
布魯塞爾大清真寺
Great Mosque of Brussels

context: zh_tw: 最初的建築是由建築師 Ernest Van Humbeek 設計的阿拉伯風格建築，是 1880 年在布魯塞爾舉辦的國家展覽會的東方館。當時該館藏有獲得巨大成功的紀念壁畫《開羅全景》（Panorama of Cairo）。但是，20 世紀該建築因缺乏維護而日漸頹敗。
en: The Great Mosque of Brussels is the oldest mosque in Brussels. It is located in the Cinquantenaire Park. It is also the seat of the Islamic and Cultural Centre of Belgium.The original building was built by architect Ernest Van Humbeeck in an Arabic style, to form the Oriental Pavilion of the National Exhibition in Brussels in 1880. At that time the pavilion housed a monumental painting on canvas: “Panorama of Cairo”, by the Belgian painter Emile Wauters, which enjoyed major success. However, lack of maintenance in the twentieth century caused the building to gradually deteriorate.
qas: question: zh_tw: 辛泉泰奈公園位於哪個城市？
en: Cinquantenaire Park is located in which city?
answers: zh_tw: text: Humbeek 設計的阿拉伯風格建築，是 1880 年在布魯塞爾舉辦的國家展覽會的東方館。
en: text: Brussels
農業推廣
Agricultural extension

context: zh_tw: 農業推廣是透過教育農民將科學研究和新知識傳播到農業實踐過程的活動。這一領域現在已經發展成為由不同學科的專家為農村人士組織的更大規模的溝通和學習活動，包括農業、農業營銷、保健及商業研究等。
en: Agricultural extension is the application of scientific research and new knowledge to agricultural practices through farmer education. The field of 'extension' now encompasses a wider range of communication and learning activities organized for rural people by educators from different disciplines, including agriculture, agricultural marketing, health, and business studies.
qas: question: zh_tw: 擴充套件活動的領域包括什麼？
en: What does the field of extension encompass?
answers: zh_tw: text: 更大規模的溝通和學習活動
en: text: a wider range of communication and learning activities
供水
Water supply

context: zh_tw: 飲用水質量的鑑別分微生物層面和物理化學層面。水質的引數多種多樣。對公共供水系統來說，水資源至少進行過消毒 —— 大部分是透過氯化消毒或紫外線消毒；有些水資源還需進一步的處理，特別是地表水。
en: Drinking water quality has a micro-biological and a physico-chemical dimension. There are thousands of parameters of water quality. In public water supply systems water should, at a minimum, be disinfected—most commonly through the use of chlorination or the use of ultra violet light—or it may need to undergo treatment, especially in the case of surface water. For more details, please see the separate entries on water quality, water treatment and drinking water.
qas: question: zh_tw: 供水系統中的水最常消毒方式如何？
en: How is water in supply systems most commonly disinfected?
answers: zh_tw: text: 透過氯化消毒或紫外線消毒
en: text: the use of chlorination or the use of ultra violet light

context: zh_tw: 一些國家水資源公共服務只提供供水服務，而汙水處理則由其他的組織負責。突尼西亞就是其中的一例。然而大多數情況下水資源公共服務亦提供下水道和汙水處理服務。在一些城市和國家，電力輸送也包括在內。一些少數情況下這些公共服務還包括垃圾處理和通訊服務，這種綜合型公共服務的例子可以在哥倫比亞城市麥德林找到。在德國法蘭克福、卡薩布蘭卡、摩洛哥以及西非的加彭，公共設施提供供水、衛生和電力公共服務。綜合型公共服務享有一系列好處，如在法律允許情況下的統一收費和供水與電力服務的交叉補貼。
en: Some water utilities provide only water supply services, while sewerage is under the responsibility of a different entity. This is for example the case in Tunisia. However, in most cases water utilities also provide sewer and sewage treatment services. In some cities or countries utilities also distribute electricity. In a few cases such multi-utilities also collect solid waste and provide local telephone services. An example of such an integrated utility can be found in the Colombian city of Medellín. Utilities that provide water, sanitation and electricity can be found in Frankfurt, Germany (Mainova), in Casablanca, Morocco and in Gabon in West Africa. Multi-utilities provide certain benefits such as common billing and the option to cross-subsidize water services with revenues from electricity sales, if permitted by law.
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰可以提供修理下水道的服務？
en: Who usually provides sewage services?
answers: zh_tw: text: 水資源公共服務
en: text: water utilities

context: zh_tw: 供水成本大部分是固定成本（資本成本和人員成本），只有小部分可變成本取決於水資源的消費量（主要是能源和化學品）。發達國家城市地區供水總成本大約為每立方米 1 到 2 美元，主要取決於當地的花費和當地水資源消耗水平。衛生清潔成本（下水道和廢水處理）每平方米額外花費 1 到 2 美元。發展中國家的花費略低。世界範圍內，這些成本中只有一部分由消費者支付，剩下的部分則通常由地方或國家政府直接或間接財政補貼。
en: The cost of supplying water consists, to a very large extent, of fixed costs (capital costs and personnel costs) and only to a small extent of variable costs that depend on the amount of water consumed (mainly energy and chemicals). The full cost of supplying water in urban areas in developed countries is about US$1–2 per cubic meter depending on local costs and local water consumption levels. The cost of sanitation (sewerage and wastewater treatment) is another US$1–2 per cubic meter. These costs are somewhat lower in developing countries. Throughout the world, only part of these costs is usually billed to consumers, the remainder being financed through direct or indirect subsidies from local, regional or national governments (see section on tariffs).
qas: question: zh_tw: 每立方米的衛生清潔成本是多少美元？
en: How much does sanitation cost per cubic meter in US dollars?
answers: zh_tw: text: 到 2 美元
en: text: $1–2
拉塞博裡城堡
Raseborg Castle

context: zh_tw: 拉塞博裡城堡（瑞典語：Raseborgs slott，芬蘭語：Raaseporin linna）是一座位於芬蘭城市拉塞博裡的中世紀城堡。據信城堡的第一階段是在 1373 到 1378 年間的某個時間完成的。有關城堡的最早的文獻記錄是在 1378 年出現的。建立城堡的主要目的是為對抗漢薩同盟城市塔林來保護瑞典在芬蘭南部的利益。城堡原先是建在位於海灣北部的一個小島上的。歷史學家認為城堡是從 14 到 16 世紀的三段不同時期內建造的。
en: The first written data about the castle is from 1378. Its main purpose was to protect Sweden's interests in southern Finland against the Hanseatic city of Tallinn. The castle was originally built on a small island in the north end of a sea bay. The historians think that the castle was built in 3 different stages over time from the 14th to the 16th century.
qas: question: zh_tw: 瑞典需要誰的保護？
en: Who did Sweden need protection from?
answers: zh_tw: text: 漢薩同盟城市塔林
en: text: the Hanseatic city of Tallinn

question: zh_tw: 文獻資料最早在哪一年寫成？
en: What year was first data written?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1378 年
en: text: 1378
雷尼鎳

context: zh_tw: 雷尼鎳（英語：Raney Nickel）又譯蘭尼鎳，是一種由帶有多孔結構的鎳鋁合金的細小晶粒組成的固態異相催化劑，它最早由美國工程師莫里・雷尼（Murray Raney）在植物油的氫化過程中，作為催化劑而使用。其製備過程是把鎳鋁合金用濃氫氧化鈉溶液處理，在這一過程中，大部分的鋁會和氫氧化鈉反應而溶解掉，留下了很多大小不一的微孔。這樣雷尼鎳表面上是細小的灰色粉末，但從微觀角度上，粉末中的每個微小顆粒都是一個立體多孔結構，這種多孔結構使得它的表面積大大增加，極大的表面積帶來的是很高的催化活性，這就使得雷尼鎳作為一種異相催化劑被廣泛用於有機合成和工業生產的氫化反應中。由於 “雷尼” 是格雷斯化學品公司（W. R. Grace and Company）的註冊商標，所以嚴格地說，僅有這個公司的戴維森化學部門（Grace Davison division）生產的產品才能稱作 “蘭尼鎳”。而 “金屬骨架催化劑” 或者 “海綿 - 金屬催化劑” 被用於稱呼具有微孔結構，而物理和化學性質類似於雷尼鎳的催化劑。
qas: question: zh_tw: 格雷斯化學品公司生產的產品叫做什麼？
en: What is the products produced by R. Grace and Company called?
answers: zh_tw: text: 雷尼鎳

context: zh_tw: 參加反應之後的雷尼鎳仍然可能含有大量的氫氣，不能隨意丟棄。應在通風處銷燬。雷尼鎳燃燒時會產生有害氣體，因此，建議在銷燬雷尼鎳和撲救雷尼鎳造成的火災時使用防毒面具。此外，直接接觸雷尼鎳可能會導致呼吸道發炎，也可以引起眼睛和皮膚刺激性的損害。吸入會導致鼻腔和肺部的纖維化。攝入則會導致驚厥和腸道疾病。長期接觸可能導致肺炎和其他標誌致敏鎳樣皮疹，即鎳癢。
qas: question: zh_tw: 接觸鎳會導致什麼皮疹？
en: What is a skin rash called that is caused by lead exposure?
answers: zh_tw: text: 鎳癢
海王星環
Rings of Neptune

context: zh_tw: 海王星擁有五個不同的環，從內向外依次是：伽勒環、勒威耶環、拉塞爾環、阿拉戈環和亞當斯環。勒威耶環和伽勒環之間也許還存在更闇弱的延伸。海王星的另三個環很窄，寬度約 100 公里或 100 公里以下，與此相反，寬廣的伽勒環和拉塞爾環寬度為 2000 至 5000 公里。亞當斯環擁有五個明亮的環弧，按逆時針數分別是：博愛、平等 1、平等 2 、自由和勇氣。“博愛、平等、自由” 是法國大革命的口號。海王星環包含了大量細小的灰塵：灰塵佔環橫截面面積的 20% 和 70%。它們類似木星環，灰塵量 50-100%，但土星環和天王星環，它們含有的塵埃很少（小於 0.1%）。 海王星環的粒子是的黑暗物質；可能是冰與有機物的混合物。整體而言，海王星環類似於木星環；兩個環系統都由微弱、狹隘、廣泛的塵埃環組成。海王星的環和天王星一樣，被認為是比較年輕的。這些環的年齡很可能大大地低於它們自己的年齡。另外，像天王星一樣，海王星的環可能是由於一個小衛星碎裂而產生。
en: Neptune possesses five distinct rings named, in order of increasing distance from the planet, Galle, Le Verrier, Lassell, Arago and Adams. In addition to these well-defined rings, Neptune may also possess an extremely faint sheet of material stretching inward from the Le Verrier to the Galle ring, and possibly farther in toward the planet. Three of the Neptunian rings are narrow, with widths of about 100 km or less; in contrast, the Galle and Lassell rings are broad—their widths are between 2,000 and 5,000 km. The Adams ring consists of five bright arcs embedded in a fainter continuous ring. Proceeding counterclockwise, the arcs are: Fraternité, Égalité 1 and 2, Liberté, and Courage. The first three names come from "liberty, equality, fraternity", the motto of the French Revolution and Republic. The terminology was suggested by their original discoverers, who had found them during stellar occultations in 1984 and 1985. Four small Neptunian moons have orbits inside the ring system: Naiad and Thalassa orbit in the gap between the Galle and Le Verrier rings; Despina is just inward of the Le Verrier ring; and Galatea lies slightly inward of the Adams ring, embedded in an unnamed faint, narrow ringlet.The Neptunian rings contain a large quantity of micrometer-sized dust: the dust fraction by cross-section area is between 20% and 70%. In this respect they are similar to the rings of Jupiter, in which the dust fraction is 50%–100%, and are very different from the rings of Saturn and Uranus, which contain little dust (less than 0.1%). The particles in Neptune's rings are made from a dark material; probably a mixture of ice with radiation-processed organics. The rings are reddish in color, and their geometrical (0.05) and Bond (0.01–0.02) albedos are similar to those of the Uranian rings' particles and the inner Neptunian moons. The rings are generally optically thin (transparent); their normal optical depths do not exceed 0.1. As a whole, the Neptunian rings resemble those of Jupiter; both systems consist of faint, narrow, dusty ringlets and even fainter broad dusty rings.The rings of Neptune, like those of Uranus, are thought to be relatively young; their age is probably significantly less than that of the Solar System. Also, like those of Uranus, Neptune's rings probably resulted from the collisional fragmentation of onetime inner moons. Such events create moonlet belts, which act as the sources of dust for the rings. In this respect the rings of Neptune are similar to faint dusty bands observed by Voyager 2 between the main rings of Uranus.
qas: question: zh_tw: 海王星環類似什麼？
en: What do Neptunes rings closely resemble?
answers: zh_tw: text: 木星環
en: text: rings of Jupiter
300 壯士：斯巴達的逆襲
300 (film)

context: zh_tw: 《300 壯士：斯巴達的逆襲》（英語：300）是一部 2006 年的美國史詩戰爭電影，改編自法蘭克・米勒關於溫泉關戰役的視覺文學《300》。電影由查克・史奈德執導，法蘭克・米勒擔任顧問和執行製作人。為了達到原本漫畫中的視覺效果，本片幾乎都在藍幕前拍攝。《300 壯士：斯巴達的逆襲》由傑哈德・巴特勒、琳娜・海莉、大衛・溫漢、多米尼克・韋斯特和麥克・法斯賓達主演。本片於 2007 年 3 月 9 日在美國和臺灣同步上映，並有傳統戲院版和 IMAX 版本，香港則在 3 月 15 日上映。這部電影有著很成功的票房，票房收入超過 4.5 億美元。
en: 300 was released in both conventional and IMAX theaters in the United States on March 9, 2007, and on DVD, Blu-ray Disc, and HD DVD on July 31, 2007. The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics, which included praise for its original visuals and style but criticism for its depiction of the Persians, which some characterized as bigoted or Iranophobic. Even so, the film was a box office success, grossing over $450 million, and the film's opening was the 24th-largest in box office history at the time. A sequel, titled Rise of an Empire, based on Miller's previously-unpublished graphic novel prequel Xerxes, was released on March 7, 2014.
qas: question: zh_tw: 這部電影大概賺了多少錢？
en: Approximately how much money did this movie earn?
answers: zh_tw: text: 超過 4.5 億美元
en: text: over $450 million