zetavg/mlqa_en_zh_tw huggingface dataset:
商業經濟學
Business economics

context: zh_tw: “商業經濟學” 這個術語有很多種用法。有時它被當作行業經濟 / 產業組織理論、管理經濟學和商業經濟學的同義詞。實際上，“商業經濟學” 和 “管理經濟學” 可能有很大差異，後者的用法更加的狹隘。在這些區別中，有一個觀點就是，商業經濟的範圍比產業經濟更廣泛，因為它不僅包括 “行業” 的商業，還包括服務業的經濟。商業經濟學著眼於經濟學的主要原理，並運用這些經濟原理來處理真實世界的商業問題。 管理經濟學則是應用經濟學理論於管理決策過程中。
en: The term 'business economics' is used in a variety of ways.  Sometimes it is used as synonymously with industrial economics/industrial organisation, managerial economics, and economics for business. Still, there may be substantial differences in the usage of 'economics for business' and 'managerial economics' with the latter used more narrowly.
qas: question: zh_tw: 工業經濟學可與什麼術語互換使用？
en: Industrial economics can be used interchangeably with what term?
answers: zh_tw: text: 商業經濟學
en: text: business economics
克羅埃西亞

context: zh_tw: 1941 年 4 月，南斯拉夫被捲入第二次世界大戰，德國義大利干預巴爾幹半島，隨後聯合盟友匈牙利王國及保加利亞王國進攻南斯拉夫，隨後遭到支解，舊有克羅埃西亞省、波士尼亞地區和斯雷姆等地被組成了服從納粹德國的傀儡政權 —— 克羅埃西亞獨立國。義大利則吞併了部份的達爾馬提亞地區，匈牙利也取得了巴蘭尼亞的北克羅埃西亞地區與梅吉穆列縣等土地，保加利亞則分得了馬其頓大部份領土。。帕韋利奇與烏斯塔沙接掌了獨立國的控制權，實施恐怖統治，對猶太人展開迫害、將塞爾維亞人與羅姆人關押到集中營進行種族清洗式的屠殺（尤其著名者為雅瑟諾瓦和斯塔拉・格拉迪斯卡集中營）。據估計，克國在戰前有著 39,000 名猶太人定居，戰後僅 9,000 人倖存，多已被克國當局或德軍殺害，要不就是被驅趕到德國。
qas: question: zh_tw: 入侵後，義大利吞併了哪個地區？
en: Which territory was taken up by Italy after the invasion?
answers: zh_tw: text: 部份的達爾馬提亞地區

context: zh_tw: 在 1991 年獨立戰爭爆發後，新的克羅埃西亞政府便開始展開激進的私有化，全力倒向市場經濟。戰爭結束後，克國的基礎經濟設施受到很大的破壞，尤其是收入豐富的旅遊業。克國政府至今依舊控制國家經濟相當大的一部分，國內生產總值約有 40％為其所佔。克羅埃西亞的經濟環境亦存在許多問題，不僅司法體系受到壓抑、公共行政效率低和貪腐問題等等。2011 年，「國際透明組織」釋出報告，克國的清廉印象指數為 4.0，排名世界第 66 位，克國另一個經濟隱憂是國債問題，時至 2015 年，克國的國債已增至 485 億美金，約為國內生產總值的 85.1％。
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪些被認為是克羅埃西亞法院系統的一個問題？
en: what is considered a problem in the court system in croatia?
answers: zh_tw: text: 司法體系受到壓抑、公共行政效率低和貪腐問題

context: zh_tw: 克國人口減少的原因主要有四：首先是歷經獨立戰爭和世界大戰的戰後嬰兒潮，造成出生率上升，隨後即急遽下降；二是人口預期壽命的延長；三為大量青年移民國外；四則是獨立戰爭造成大量的平民流離失所、遠走他鄉。1991 年時，在克國境內的塞爾維亞人居住地區裡，超過 40 萬的克羅埃西亞與非塞爾維亞人為逃脫塞人的暴力威脅而被迫遷移。1995 年，獨立戰爭最後幾天時，超過 12 萬的克籍塞爾維亞人（另一說為 20 萬）在克軍發動「暴風行動」抵達前逃離了國家。戰爭結束後十年期間，總計超過 30 萬的克籍塞爾維亞難民也僅有約 117,000 人返回克國。據估計，總共約有 200 萬克羅埃西亞人生活在其他國家。
qas: question: zh_tw: 誰迫遷了克羅埃西亞人？
en: Who removed the Croats?
answers: zh_tw: text: 克籍塞爾維亞人

context: zh_tw: 截至 2014 年 5 月，克羅埃西亞共有 11 個全國放送的免費電影片道接收的 DVB-T 電影片道，分別為「克羅埃西亞廣播電視」的 4 個、「RTL 電視臺」的 3 個、「Nova TV」的 2 個、克羅埃西亞奧林匹克委員會和「創作家有限公司」（Author d.o.o.）各一個，另外還有地區性的 21 個 DVB-T 電影片道，「克羅埃西亞廣播電視」也會播出衛星電影片道。截至 2014 年，克羅埃西亞共有 138 個廣播電臺和 26 個電視臺。有線電視與 IPTV 網路也正逐漸為克國人所接受，2010 年時已有 45 萬人收看，相當於全國人口的一成。
qas: question: zh_tw: 克羅埃西亞有多少人使用有線電視網路服務？
en: What percentage of people in Croatia are served by cable television networks?
answers: zh_tw: text: 一成
錫默盧縣
Simeulue Regency

context: zh_tw: 錫默盧縣的民族與鄰島尼亞斯的民族較為接近，操使與蘇門答臘本島不同的三種語言：錫默盧語、希庫列語和勒空語（Lekon）。島上大部分居民是穆斯林。
en: The people of Simeulue are similar to the people in the neighboring Nias Island, speaking 3 languages (Devayan, Sigulai and Lekon) which are distinctly different from the languages spoken in mainland Aceh. The majority of the people of Simeulue are Muslim.
qas: question: zh_tw: 大多數人信仰什麼宗教？
en: What religion are the majority?
answers: zh_tw: text: 穆斯林
en: text: Muslim
德意志統一

context: zh_tw: 日耳曼人民的神聖羅馬帝國曾擁有超過 500 個諸侯國，而在第三次反法同盟戰爭後，皇帝弗朗茨二世宣佈退位（1806 年 8 月 6 日）放棄了「羅馬人皇帝」的封號，改稱奧地利帝國皇帝，帝國事實上解體。帝國的解體導致了法律、行政和政治上的混亂，但舊帝國日耳曼語地區的人民仍然保有共同的文化和法律傳統，而這一傳統也透過參與法國大革命戰爭和拿破崙戰爭的共同經歷而得到了鞏固加強。這些獨立國家有各自的統治階級、封建制度、傳統以及地方法律。歐洲自由主義思潮挑戰了王朝制度和專制制度下的社會和政治結構，為統一提供了思想上的基礎；這一思想的德意志版本強調了一個地區內的人民傳統、教育和語言統一的重要性。經濟上，普魯士於 1818 年創立關稅同盟，並於日後擴張至全日耳曼邦聯 (Germanic-Confederation) 中，減少了各國間的競爭。新的交通運輸方式為公務和娛樂提供了便利，在中歐推動了德語使用者之間的聯絡，但有時也帶來一定的衝突。
qas: question: zh_tw: 在中歐德語使用者人群中引起問題的原因之一是什麼？
en: what was one of the things that caused problems among German speakers in Central Europe?
answers: zh_tw: text: 交通運輸方式為公務和娛樂提供了便利

context: zh_tw: 1806 年之前，中歐的日耳曼語區包括超過 300 個政治實體，其中大部分是神聖羅馬帝國的一部分或是哈布斯堡王朝的世襲領地。它們大小不一，小至霍恩洛厄家族分支的各個領地，大至諸如巴伐利亞和普魯士這樣邊界分明的王國。統治的方式也各自不同：其中包括大小不一的帝國自由城市，從強大的奧格斯堡到微小的魏爾德爾斯塔特；教會領地，大小和影響力亦不同，例如富有的賴興瑙修道院和強大的科隆總教區；以及王朝國家諸如符騰堡。如上政權的領土（準確地說應當是這些領土的一部分 —— 哈布斯堡王朝和霍亨索倫普魯士都還在帝國之外擁有其他土地）組成了神聖羅馬帝國，國家數量有時超過 1,000 個。自 15 世紀起，在絕大部分時間中，帝國的選帝侯們都選舉哈布斯堡王朝家長為神聖羅馬皇帝。在日耳曼語諸國中，神聖羅馬帝國的行政和法律機制為地主和農民、國與國之間和國家之內提供了一個解決爭議的平臺。透過 “帝國行政圈” 體系，各組國家整合資源，發展區域和組織利益，促進經濟合作和軍事保護。
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪一國是王朝國家的例子？
en: What is one example of a dynastic state
answers: zh_tw: text: 符騰堡

question: zh_tw: 邊界分明王國的兩個例子是？
en: What are two examples of a well-defined territory?
answers: zh_tw: text: 巴伐利亞和普魯士

context: zh_tw: 共同語言對於一個國家的建立有一定的基礎性作用，但當代（19 世紀）德意志史學家則認為，若要結合這數百個政體，語言還遠遠不夠。中歐德語區諸國共同經歷了法國霸權時期，決心趕走法國入侵者，重新掌控自己的領土。法國在波蘭（1806–07）、伊比利亞半島和西部德意志的戰役以及 1812 年對俄羅斯入侵的慘痛失敗使許多德意志人、諸侯和農民對拿破崙的幻想破滅。他的大陸封鎖幾乎摧毀了中歐的經濟。俄羅斯的遠征軍包括近 125,000 名來自德意志計程車兵，這一嚴重損失使許多德意志人（不論出身高低）開始設想一個沒有拿破崙的中歐。呂佐夫志願軍這類學生民兵隊伍的出現便體現了這一傾向。
qas: question: zh_tw: 拿破崙什麼時候入侵俄國？
en: When did Napoleon invade Russia?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1812 年

question: zh_tw: 總共有多個政體？
en: How many polities were there?
answers: zh_tw: text: 數百個
1907 年恐慌

context: zh_tw: 1906 年 7 月赫本法案正式立法造成鐵路證券貶值，該法案曾限定了美國政府州際商業委員會的最高鐵路利率。1906 年 9 月至 1907 年 3 月期間股市出現滑坡造成了 7.7% 的資本流失。3 月 9 日、26 日股票更是下跌了 9.8%。（這次三月的股市崩潰也被稱為 “富人恐慌”）在整個第三季度內紐約的經濟動盪不安。一系列事件強烈衝擊著城市的金融體系：最常用作抵押的 “聯合太平洋鐵路公司” 股票下跌了 50 個點；6 月，紐約發行債券以失敗告終；7 月，銅市場崩潰；8 月，“標準石油公司” 因違反 “反托拉斯法” 被罰款 2900 萬美元。1907 年的首個 9 月股票下跌了 24.4%。
qas: question: zh_tw: 三月的股市崩潰有時會被稱為什麼？
en: What is the March collapse called sometimes?
answers: zh_tw: text: 富人恐慌

context: zh_tw: 儘管到 11 月 2 日週六以前紐約已基本恢復平靜，然而另一場危機卻在悄悄醞釀。交易中最大的經濟商行 —— 摩爾 & 施萊公司負債嚴重瀕臨倒閉。這所公司用田納西州煤、鐵和鐵路公司（TC&I）的股份作抵押品大量借款。週一股票市場交易慘淡威脅著股票的價值。很多銀行都想要呼叫摩爾 & 施萊公司的借款以促使公司股票的大規模清算。若果真如此田納西州煤、鐵和鐵路公司 的股份會驟然下跌，摩爾 & 施萊公司將會毀於一旦，最終觸發更加深遠的市場危機。為了挽救摩爾 & 施萊公司，週六上午摩根在他的藏書室召開了緊急會議，會上他提出讓美國鋼鐵公司收購田納西州煤、鐵和鐵路公司，美國鋼鐵公司是摩根併購安德魯・卡內基公司和阿爾伯特・加里（Elbert Henry Gary）公司後建立的。這樣做不僅能真正救摩爾 & 施萊公司於危難，還能使危機出現轉機。美國鋼鐵公司的決策層和董事會認真研究了當時的情況，決定要麼向摩爾 & 施萊公司借貸 500 萬美元，要麼以 90 美元一股收購摩爾 & 施萊公司。直到晚上七點大家仍未達成共識，會議只得延期。在此之前約翰・皮爾蒙特・摩根在為另一件事發愁。當時由於存款人持續擠兌，他很擔心美國信貸公司和林肯信貸公司會撐不到下個星期。週六晚摩根的藏書室裡聚集了四五十位前來討論危機的銀行家，結算銀行的行長們聚在東屋，信貸公司的總裁們在西屋。摩根則到館長辦公室和相關人士一起處理摩爾 & 施萊公司的問題。摩根向他的顧問表明只要各信貸公司願意通力合作幫助他們最孱弱的兩位 “兄弟” 他就願意出手支援摩爾 & 施萊公司。討論進行到深夜但並未取得多大進展。午夜前後摩根向一位信託界的領袖發話了：摩爾 & 施萊公司繼續執行需要 2500 萬美元，資金的問題他可以解決，不過美國信貸和林肯信貸的問題也得解決。此時信貸公司的決策層都心知肚明他們別無選擇：要麼一起救摩根的兩家信貸公司，要麼等死。
qas: question: zh_tw: 這家公司用哪些公司的股份做抵押來借款？
en: What companies shares did the firm used as collateral for what they borrowed?
answers: zh_tw: text: 田納西州煤、鐵和鐵路公司（TC&I）
木星的磁層

context: zh_tw: 在解釋木星的磁層動力學上遭遇到的主要問題是重而冷的電漿如何從在 6Rj 處的埃歐環，傳輸到距離超過 50Rj 的外磁層。這一過程的確切機制尚不清楚，但假設發生電漿擴散是因為交換不穩定性。這個過程類似流體力學的瑞利泰勒不穩定性。在木星的磁層情況下，離心力是和重力競逐的角色，重的液體是來自埃歐冷而高密度的電漿；輕的液體是來自外磁層，熱但是密度低許多的電漿。不穩定導致磁層內部和外部交換的流量管被電漿充滿。輕且空的流量管朝向木星執行，同時推擠重的，充滿來自埃歐的電漿的流量管離開木星。這種流量管的交換形成一種磁層的湍流。
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪是第五個星球？
en: Which planet is the fifth ?
answers: zh_tw: text: 木星

context: zh_tw: 當裝載埃歐的冷電漿流量管到達外磁層時，它們可能經由磁重聯的過程，讓與磁場分離的電漿重返磁場。流量管再度充滿熱而稀薄的電漿返回內磁層，而遺留下來冷而稠密的電漿或許成為磁尾中的團塊。磁重聯的過程可能對應於伽利略號觀測到每隔 2-3 天規則發生的全球性重組合事件。重組合事件通常包括磁場方向和強度快速和混沌的變異，以及電漿運動突然的改變，它們經常不再同步轉動，並且開始向外流動。它們主要觀察的是黎明側的夜間磁層。沿著磁尾開放的磁場線向外流動的電漿被稱為行星風。
qas: question: zh_tw: 磁通管裝載之後會做什麼？
en: What do the flux tubes do when loaded?
answers: zh_tw: text: 它們可能經由磁重聯的過程

context: zh_tw: 在木星附近，木星的環和小衛星從輻射帶吸收高能粒子（能量高於 10KeV）。這將在輻射帶的空間分佈創造出明顯的空隙，和影響到波長在 10cm 的同步輻射。事實上，當先鋒 11 號在接近木星時檢測到木星附近的高能粒子數量急遽的下降，就首先假設有木星環的存在。行星的磁場強烈的影響次微米環粒子的運動，在太陽的紫外線影響下它們會獲得電子。它們的行為與同步轉動的離子相似。在同步轉動和軌道運動的互動作用下的共振，被認為是最內側的冕環（位於 1.4－1.7RJ）的創造著，它們包含在高度傾斜和離心率軌道上的次微米粒子。這些微粒起源於主環，當它們朝向木星漂移時，它們的軌道受到位於 1.71RJ，強大的 3:2 勞侖茲共振修改，增加了傾斜和離心率。。另一種 2:1 的勞侖茲共振距離為 1.4Rj，定義了冕環內側的邊界。
qas: question: zh_tw: 微粒起源於環的哪部分？
en: In what part of the ring do particles originate in?
answers: zh_tw: text: 主環

context: zh_tw: 佳利美德有內在的磁矩，與木星磁層的互動作用，不同於非磁化的衛星。佳利美德的內部磁場在木星的磁層內切割出一個大約是本身直徑兩倍的空間，創造出木星磁層內的一個微型磁層。佳利美德的磁場轉移了磁層內的同步轉動電漿流繞著它的磁層。封閉的磁場線它也組絕了高能粒子，保護了衛星的赤道地區。但高能粒子依然可以自由的到達極區，因為那裡的磁力線是開放的。一些高能粒子會被佳利美德困住，在赤道附近創造出迷你的輻射帶。進入稀薄大氣層的高能粒子，造成佳利美德的極區出現極光。
qas: question: zh_tw: 在赤道附近創造出什麼？
en: What is created along the equator?
answers: zh_tw: text: 迷你的輻射帶
馬哈茂德・艾哈邁迪內賈德
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad

context: zh_tw: 艾哈邁迪內賈德在伊朗國內外都是一位爭議性的政治人物。反對派批評他對人權的漠視及其政策導致經濟持續衰退。他在 2007 年推行汽油配給計劃，以減少國家的汽油消耗，減低公眾及私人銀行收取的利息。另外，艾哈邁迪內賈德支援伊朗核計劃。
en: An engineer and teacher from a poor background, ideologically shaped by thinkers such as Navvab Safavi, Jalal Al-e-Ahmad and Ahmad Fardid,  Ahmadinejad joined the Office for Strengthening Unity after the Iranian Revolution. Appointed a provincial governor, he was removed after the election of President Mohammad Khatami and returned to teaching. Tehran's council elected him mayor in 2003. He took a religious hard line, reversing reforms of previous moderate mayors. His 2005 presidential campaign, supported by the Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran, garnered 62% of the runoff election votes, and he became President on 3 August 2005.During his presidency, Ahmadinejad was a controversial figure within Iran, as well as internationally. He has been criticized domestically for his economic policies and disregard for human rights. Internationally, he is criticized for his hostility towards countries including Israel, Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom, and the United States and other Western and Arab states. In 2007, Ahmadinejad introduced a gas rationing plan to reduce the country's fuel consumption, and cut the interest rates that private and public banking facilities could charge. He supports Iran's nuclear program. His election to a second term in 2009 was widely disputed and caused widespread protests domestically and drew significant international criticism.During his second term, Ahmadinejad came under fire not only from reformers but also traditionalists in parliament and the Revolutionary Guard, and even from Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, over accusations of corruption, Ahmadinejad's dismissal of Intelligence minister Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i, and his support for his controversial close adviser Esfandiar Rahim Mashaei. On 14 March 2012, Ahmadinejad became the first president of the Islamic Republic of Iran to be summoned by the Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament) to answer questions regarding his presidency. Limited to two terms under the current Iranian constitution, Ahmadinejad supported Esfandiar Rahim Mashaei's campaign for president. On 15 June 2013, Hassan Rouhani was elected as Ahmadinejad's successor and assumed office on 3 August 2013.
qas: question: zh_tw: 計劃是要定量分配什麼狀況？
en: The plan was to ration what state of matter?
answers: zh_tw: text: 汽油
en: text: gas
波多黎各鸚鵡

context: zh_tw: 波多黎各鸚鵡在西班牙殖民以前的分佈並不清楚，但幾可肯定的是十分豐富及廣泛分佈。另外有些證據顯示牠們也棲息在其他附近島嶼，如安地卡、巴布達及處女島。早期的數量估計分野很大：一些指牠們曾有超過 100 萬隻，而其他的指只有 10 萬隻。西班牙統治的頭 150 年間，人類的數量很少，到了 1650 年，島上人口就有 880 人，而牠們的數量依然豐富。1650 年後，人類活動急增，到了 18 世紀，牠們的數量開始受到影響。
qas: question: zh_tw: 何時人口急增？
en: when had the population greatly increased?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1650

question: zh_tw: 那裡的人口最低估值是多少？
en: What is the lower estimate of how many people there were?
answers: zh_tw: text: 10 萬

context: zh_tw: 波多黎各鸚鵡是白天活動的鳥類，一般會在日出後個半小時開始。牠們在巢中很神秘，以其綠色的羽毛作為偽裝。但在巢以外，牠們經常發聲及很嘈吵。牠們飛行時拍動雙翼的位置較體軸為低，與一般鳥類的不同。牠們可以飛得很快，最高速達每小時 30 公里，且在空中十分靈活，可以避開掠食者。牠們會一對一起覓食的。夫妻及已換羽的幼鳥會傾向一同生活。
qas: question: zh_tw: 波多黎各鸚鵡每小時能飛多少公里？
en: How many miles per hour can Amazons fly?
answers: zh_tw: text: 30 公里

context: zh_tw: 野外的波多黎各鸚鵡 4 歲就達至性成熟，飼養的則為 3 歲。牠們每年會繁殖一次，介乎於 1 月至 7 月間的旱季。交配似乎是與食物有關，有可能是性交的扣板。牠們交配的姿勢與其他亞馬遜鸚鵡屬無異，雄鳥會以單腳站立，另一腳放在雌鳥背上。接近生蛋的時候，牠們會留在巢中較多時間，雄鳥負責覓食。雌鳥每次生 2-4 只蛋，孵化期為 24-28 日。除了抵抗掠食者或雄鳥未有帶來食物，雌鳥很少會離開巢穴。雛鳥由雙親餵養，孵化後 60-65 天就可以離開巢穴。在下一個繁殖季節前，雛鳥都要跟在雙親及受牠們照顧。波多黎各鸚鵡是高度群居的，而在接近巢穴時則是地盤性的。地盤一般為 50 米大。牠們在近巢穴時是極度戒備的，離開巢穴時會很緩慢及寂靜，避免吸引了掠食者。牠們會大叫及作出實質的攻擊來保護巢穴。
qas: question: zh_tw: 1 月至 7 月間是什麼季節？
en: What season is the time from January through July?
answers: zh_tw: text: 旱季
骨盆腔發炎
Pelvic inflammatory disease

context: zh_tw: 大約 75~90% 的病例可以在感染處發現淋球菌或砂眼披衣菌，但時常有其他不同種細菌同時感染。如果淋病和披衣菌感染的患者未積極接受治療，大約分別有 40% 和 10% 會惡化為骨盆腔發炎。該疾病危險因子通常和性病相似，包括大量的性伴侶和藥物濫用。陰道灌洗也會增加罹病風險。典型的診斷是基於目前的徵兆和症狀，因此若育齡婦女有下腹疼痛，需將骨盆腔發炎列入可能疾病。直接的診斷是藉由手術中觀看輸卵管和膿。超音波也對診斷很有幫助。
en: Pelvic inflammatory disease, also known as pelvic inflammatory disorder (PID), is an infection of the upper part of the female reproductive system, namely the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries, and inside of the pelvis. Often, there may be no symptoms. Signs and symptoms, when present, may include lower abdominal pain, vaginal discharge, fever, burning with urination, pain with sex, bleeding after sex, or irregular menstruation. Untreated PID can result in long-term complications including infertility, ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain, and cancer.The disease is caused by bacteria that spread from the vagina and cervix. Infections by Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis are present in 75 to 90 percent of cases. Often, multiple different bacteria are involved. Without treatment, about 10 percent of those with a chlamydial infection and 40 percent of those with a gonorrhea infection will develop PID. Risk factors are generally similar to those of sexually transmitted infections and include a high number of sexual partners and drug use. Vaginal douching may also increase the risk. The diagnosis is typically based on the presenting signs and symptoms. It is recommended that the disease be considered in all women of childbearing age who have lower abdominal pain. A definitive diagnosis of PID is made by finding pus involving the fallopian tubes during surgery. Ultrasound may also be useful in diagnosis.Efforts to prevent the disease include not having sex or having few sexual partners and using condoms. Screening women at risk for chlamydial infection followed by treatment decreases the risk of PID. If the diagnosis is suspected, treatment is typically advised. Treating a woman's sexual partners should also occur. In those with mild or moderate symptoms, a single injection of the antibiotic ceftriaxone along with two weeks of doxycycline and possibly metronidazole by mouth is recommended. For those who do not improve after three days or who have severe disease, intravenous antibiotics should be used.Globally, about 106 million cases of chlamydia and 106 million cases of gonorrhea occurred in 2008. The number of cases of PID, however, is not clear. It is estimated to affect about 1.5 percent of young women yearly. In the United States, PID is estimated to affect about one million people each year. A type of intrauterine device (IUD) known as the Dalkon shield led to increased rates of PID in the 1970s. Current IUDs are not associated with this problem after the first month.
qas: question: zh_tw: 淋球菌或砂眼披衣菌佔病例總數的多少？
en: What proportion of the cases have Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis?
answers: zh_tw: text: 75~90%
en: text: 75 to 90

question: zh_tw: 如果不對衣原體和淋病感染進行治療，會導致什麼？
en: What do chlamydia and gonorrhea infections lead to if they are not treated?
answers: zh_tw: text: 骨盆腔發炎
en: text: PID
精神哲學
Philosophy of mind

context: zh_tw: 生物學的理論背景，大體上與現代自然科學一樣，基本上是唯物主義的。物理過程被認為是精神活動和行為的基礎。
en: The theoretical background of biology, as is the case with modern natural sciences in general, is fundamentally materialistic. The objects of study are, in the first place, physical processes, which are considered to be the foundations of mental activity and behavior. The increasing success of biology in the explanation of mental phenomena can be seen by the absence of any empirical refutation of its fundamental presupposition: "there can be no change in the mental states of a person without a change in brain states."Within the field of neurobiology, there are many subdisciplines that are concerned with the relations between mental and physical states and processes: Sensory neurophysiology investigates the relation between the processes of perception and stimulation. Cognitive neuroscience studies the correlations between mental processes and neural processes. Neuropsychology describes the dependence of mental faculties on specific anatomical regions of the brain. Lastly, evolutionary biology studies the origins and development of the human nervous system and, in as much as this is the basis of the mind, also describes the ontogenetic and phylogenetic development of mental phenomena beginning from their most primitive stages. Evolutionary biology furthermore places tight constraints on any philosophical theory of the mind, as the gene-based mechanism of natural selection does not allow any giant leaps in the development of neural complexity or neural software but only incremental steps over long time periods.
qas: question: zh_tw: 理論生物學的基礎是什麼？
en: What is the foundation of theoretical biology?
answers: zh_tw: text: 唯物主義
en: text: materialistic
流感嗜血桿菌疫苗
Hib vaccine

context: zh_tw: 世界衛生組織和美國疾病與防治中心推薦使用疫苗，並認為在嬰兒六個月齡之前應給予 2 到 3 劑，美國建議嬰兒在 12~15 月齡前應給予 4 劑。第一劑疫苗應在嬰兒六週大左右時，並且在各劑疫苗之間應至少間隔 4 周。若六個月前只注射兩劑，建議長大後可以再追加接種一劑。流感嗜血桿菌疫苗會以肌肉注射的方式接種。
en: The Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine, often called Hib vaccine, is a vaccine used to prevent Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) infection. In countries that include it as a routine vaccine, rates of severe Hib infections have decreased more than 90%. It has therefore resulted in a decrease in the rate of meningitis, pneumonia, and epiglottitis.It is recommended by both the World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Two or three doses should be given before six months of age. In the United States a fourth dose is recommended between 12 and 15 months of age. The first dose is recommended around six weeks of age with at least four weeks between doses. If only two doses are used, another dose later in life is recommended. It is given by injection into a muscle.Severe side effects are uncommon. About 20 to 25% of people develop pain at the site of injection while about 2% develop a fever. There is no clear association with severe allergic reactions. The Hib vaccine is available by itself, in combination with the diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis vaccine, and in combination with the hepatitis B vaccine, among others. All Hib vaccines that are currently used are conjugate vaccine.An initial Hib vaccine was developed in 1977 which was replaced by a more effective formulation in the 1990s. As of 2013, 184 countries include it in their routine vaccinations. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. The wholesale cost of a pentavalent vaccine which includes Hib in the developing world was US$15.40 per dose as of 2014. In the United States it costs about $25–50 per dose.
qas: question: zh_tw: 第一劑應該在什麼時候給予？
en: When should the first dose be given?
answers: zh_tw: text: 六週大
en: text: six weeks of age
新地探險
Terra Nova Expedition

context: zh_tw: 新地探險（英語：the Terra Nova Expedition），正式名稱英國南極地區考察（英語：the British Antarctic Expedition），是在 1910 年與 1913 年之間一場前往南極洲的考察活動。該考察由羅伯特・史考特率領並訂有多重科學及地理研究目標。史考特希望延續 1901 至 04 年間的探險行動中他在南極地區開始的科學工作；同時，他也希望率先抵達地理上的南極點。他與四位同伴在 1912 年 1 月 17 日抵達南極點，並發現阿蒙森南極探險隊在 34 天前先抵達當地。史考特一行於回程途中全部罹難；其中一些人的遺體、日誌及照片被一個搜救隊在 8 個月後尋獲。
en: The Terra Nova Expedition, officially the British Antarctic Expedition, was an expedition to Antarctica which took place between 1910 and 1913. It was led by Robert Falcon Scott and had various scientific and geographical objectives. Scott wished to continue the scientific work that he had begun when leading the Discovery Expedition to the Antarctic in 1901–1904. He also wanted to be the first to reach the geographic South Pole. He and four companions attained the pole on 17 January 1912, where they found that the Norwegian team led by Roald Amundsen had preceded them by 34 days. Scott's entire party died on the return journey from the pole; some of their bodies, journals, and photographs were found by a search party eight months later.
qas: question: zh_tw: 死者遺體何時被發現？
en: When were remains of the deceased discovered?
answers: zh_tw: text: 8 個月後
en: text: eight months later
經濟學人
The Economist

context: zh_tw: 雖然刊名為「經濟學人」（英文名 The Economist 為「經濟學家」之義），但《經濟學人》並非專門研究經濟學，也不是學術期刊，而是一本涉及全球政治、經濟、文化、科技等多方面事務的綜合性新聞評論刊物，著重於對這些議題提供深入的分析和評論。它的社論持有古典自由主義與經濟自由主義的立場，傾向於支援自由貿易、全球化、人口自由流動和社會自由主義（例如支援同性婚姻合法化）。它曾將自己形容為「亞當・斯密與大衛・休謨的蘇格蘭式自由主義的產物」。它面向教育程度較高的人群，讀者中包括諸多具有影響力的高管和決策者。21 世紀以來，儘管《時代》、《福布斯》、《新聞週刊》等諸多同類英文新聞雜誌的發行量均陷入停滯或出現下滑，但《經濟學人》的發行量和廣告業績卻有顯著增加。這一讀者閱讀習慣的變化被經濟學人集團的前執行長安德魯・拉什巴斯（Andrew Rashbass）形容為「大眾智慧」（Mass Intelligence）時代的來臨。
en: The Economist is an English-language weekly magazine-format newspaper owned by the Economist Group and edited at offices in London. Continuous publication began under its founder James Wilson in September 1843. In 2015, its average weekly circulation was a little over 1.5 million, about half of which were sold in the United States. Pearson PLC held a 50% shareholding via The Financial Times Limited until August 2015. At that time, Pearson sold their share in the Economist. The Agnelli family's Exor paid £287m to raise their stake from 4.7% to 43.4% while the Economist paid £182m for the balance of 5.04m shares which will be distributed to current shareholders. Aside from the Agnelli family, smaller shareholders in the company include Cadbury, Rothschild (21%), Schroder, Layton and other family interests as well as a number of staff and former staff shareholders.A board of trustees formally appoints the editor, who cannot be removed without its permission. Although The Economist has a global emphasis and scope, about two-thirds of the 75 staff journalists are based in the London borough of Westminster. For the year to March 2016, the Economist Group declared operating profit of £61m.The Economist takes an editorial stance of classical and economic liberalism that supports free trade, globalisation, free immigration and cultural liberalism (such as supporting legal recognition for same-sex marriage or drug liberalisation). The publication has described itself as "a product of the Caledonian liberalism of Adam Smith and David Hume". It claims an audience containing many influential executives and policy-makers. The publication's CEO described this recent global change, which was first noticed in the 1990s and accelerated in the beginning of the 21st century as a "new age of Mass Intelligence".
qas: question: zh_tw: 聽眾包括決策者和有影響力的人什麼？
en: The audience included policy-makers and influential what?
answers: zh_tw: text: 高管
en: text: executives
喬許・葛洛班
Josh Groban

context: zh_tw: 葛洛班第二張專輯《靠近》，同樣是科士打製作的。此專輯在 2003 年 11 月 11 日發行。葛洛班認為他的第二張專輯是一張更能反映自己的專輯，而他的支持者可以透過聆聽這張專輯，更加了解他的性格。他又表示：「人們瞭解我是透過我的音樂。這一次，我嘗試開啟儘量開啟我的心窗，專輯內的音樂是對支持者瞭解我自己邁出了一大步。另外，專輯的音樂是我主要是關於我個人的音樂，故此專輯命名為『靠近』」。
en: Groban's second album Closer, produced and written by Foster, was released on November 11, 2003. Groban said that he believed that this second album was a better reflection of him, and that his audience would be able to get a better idea of his personality from listening to it.
qas: question: zh_tw: 《Closer》是為哪位藝術家寫的？
en: Closer was written for which artist?
answers: zh_tw: text: 葛洛班
en: text: Groban
曹國
Cao (state)

context: zh_tw: 後來，曹國與宋國交惡。曹悼公於前 515 年遭宋景公禁錮至死後，曹國發生內亂，繼任國君的曹聲公和曹隱公先後被殺。後來曹伯陽繼位，背叛晉國、又入侵宋國。結果宋景公伐曹，晉國沒有派兵拯救。前 487 年，宋景公擒殺曹伯陽，曹國滅亡。
en: Later on, the States of Cao and Song became hostile towards each other. Duke Jing of Song captured Duke Dao of Cao in 515 BC and held him prisoner until his death. Thereafter, disorder broke out in Cao and Duke Dao's successors Duke Sheng of Cao and Duke Yin of Cao were killed one after another. Duke Fei of Cao became ruler and betrayed the State of Jin by invading the State of Song. As a result, Duke Jing of Song attacked Cao. No troops from the State of Jin came to the rescue such that the State of Cao was exterminated in 487 BC after the capture of Duke Fei of Cao.
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪些國家變得互相敵視？
en: Which states became hostile to one another?
answers: zh_tw: text: 曹國與宋國
en: text: States of Cao and Song
馬修・麥康納
Matthew McConaughey

context: zh_tw: 馬修・大衛・麥康納（英語：Matthew David McConaughey，發音： /məˈkɒnəheɪ/，1969 年 11 月 4 日－）是一位美國知名男演員。他第一次獲得的出演機會是在喜劇電影《年少輕狂》（1993 年）中，並接著繼續出演恐怖片《德州電鋸殺人狂再臨》（1994 年）、驚悚片《殺戮時刻》（1996 年）、史蒂芬・史匹柏的歷史劇情片《勇者無懼》（1997 年）、科幻片《接觸未來》（1997 年）、喜劇片《艾德的私人頻道》（1999 年）、戰爭片《U-571》（2000 年）。
en: Matthew McConaughey (; born November 4, 1969) is an American actor and producer. He first gained notice for his supporting performance in the coming-of-age comedy Dazed and Confused (1993), which is considered by many to be the actor's breakout role . After a number of supporting roles in films including Angels in the Outfield and Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Next Generation (1994), McConaughey's breakthrough performance as a leading man came in the legal drama A Time to Kill (1996). He followed this with leading performances in the science fiction film Contact and the historical drama Amistad (1997), the comedy-drama The Newton Boys (1998), the satire EDtv (1999), the war drama U-571 (2000) and the psychological thriller Frailty (2001).
qas: question: zh_tw: 他的國籍是什麼？
en: What is his nationality?
answers: zh_tw: text: /məˈkɒnəheɪ/，1969 年 11 月 4 日－）是一位美國知名男演員。
en: text: American
蒙脫石
Montmorillonite

context: zh_tw: 蒙脫石的化學組成為水合鈉鈣鋁鎂矽酸鹽氫氧化物 (Na,Ca) 0.33 (Al,Mg) 2 (Si4O10)(OH) 2・nH2O，含水量是可變的，因為蒙脫石單晶間結合並不緊密，水容易滲入，導致黏土顯著膨脹。陽離子可被鉀，鐵等其他離子取代，有色離子的取代則使礦物呈現不同顏色，各地出產的蒙脫石，各種離子的比例不盡相同。它常與綠泥石、白雲母、伊來石、焦炭石和高嶺石等礦物共存。
en: The individual crystals of montmorillonite clay are not tightly bound hence water can intervene, causing the clay to swell. The water content of montmorillonite is variable and it increases greatly in volume when it absorbs water. Chemically, it is hydrated sodium calcium aluminium magnesium silicate hydroxide (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2·nH2O. Potassium, iron, and other cations are common substitutes, and the exact ratio of cations varies with source.  It often occurs intermixed with chlorite, muscovite, illite, cookeite, and kaolinite.
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪些是典型的替代品？
en: What are some typical substitutes?
answers: zh_tw: text: 陽離子可被鉀，鐵等其他離子取代，
en: text: Potassium, iron, and other cations
自由薯條
Freedom fries

context: zh_tw: 在基地組織發動九一一襲擊事件和喬治・W・布什總統宣佈的 “反恐戰爭” 之後，美國開始策劃入侵伊拉克的行動。但法國外交部長多明尼克・德維勒班於聯合國安全理事會的審議上，明確表態法國既不支援也不參與入侵。這導致一些美國人指責法國背叛，重新點燃美國人的反法情緒。
en: Following the September 11 attacks by Al-Qaeda and the declaration of a "War on Terror" by President George W. Bush, an invasion of Iraq was proposed. During the United Nations Security Council deliberations, French Minister of Foreign Affairs Dominique de Villepin made it clear France would neither support nor participate in the invasion. This caused some Americans to accuse France of betrayal, reigniting prior anti-French sentiment in the United States.
qas: question: zh_tw: 反恐戰爭致使美國指控哪個國家背叛？
en: The War on Terror caused Americans to accuse which country of betrayal?
answers: zh_tw: text: 法國
en: text: France

question: zh_tw: 哪個國家既不支援也不參與入侵？
en: which country was not  going to support or participate in the invasion?
answers: zh_tw: text: 法國
en: text: France
斯瓦爾巴
Svalbard

context: zh_tw: 在 17 至 18 世紀，此地被當作捕鯨站使用，但其後遭廢棄。20 世紀初，開始有人開採斯瓦巴群島上的煤礦，並形成了數個永久聚居地。1920 年簽訂的《斯瓦爾巴條約》確認了挪威對此地的主權，而 1925 年透過的《斯瓦爾巴法令》則確立了此地作為挪威王國一部分，且為自由貿易園區及非軍事區的身份。現時，該地只有一家挪威國營公司以及一家俄羅斯國營公司在此採煤。此外，因為斯瓦爾巴大學中心及斯瓦爾巴全球種子庫皆坐落於此，研究和旅遊業成為了當地的重要輔助工業。群島上所有聚居地並無道路連線，交通主要以雪地電單車、船隻、以及航空器為主。斯瓦爾巴朗伊爾機場為斯瓦巴唯一一個機場，也是當地主要對外門戶。
en: The islands were first taken into use as a whaling base for the Danish Empire as Dano-Norwegians travelled north in hunt of whale fat in the 17th and 18th centuries, after which they were abandoned. Coal mining started at the beginning of the 20th century, and several permanent communities were established. The Svalbard Treaty of 1920 recognizes Norwegian sovereignty, and the 1925 Svalbard Act made Svalbard a full part of the Kingdom of Norway. They also established Svalbard as a free economic zone and a demilitarized zone. The Norwegian Store Norske and the Russian Arktikugol remain the only mining companies in place. Research and tourism have become important supplementary industries, with the University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS) and the Svalbard Global Seed Vault playing critical roles. No roads connect the settlements; instead snowmobiles, aircraft and boats serve inter-community transport. Svalbard Airport, Longyear serves as the main gateway.
qas: question: zh_tw: 什麼作為一個巨大的門戶？
en: What serves a huge gateway?
answers: zh_tw: text: 斯瓦爾巴朗伊爾機場
en: text: Svalbard Airport
異丙酚
Propofol

context: zh_tw: 常見的副作用包括心律不整、低血壓、注射部位灼熱感，以及呼吸中止等等。其他嚴重的副作用可能包括癲癇發作。不當使用可能會引起感染、成癮，長期使用則可能導致異丙酚輸注症候群。妊娠期間用藥顯為安全，但仍有待進一步研究。但不建議用於剖腹生產。本品並非鎮痛藥，因此若有鎮痛需求，則可以配合嗎啡等鴉片類藥物使用。但是否可以常規使用迄今未明。本品的部分效果可能與其對 GABA 受體的作用有關。
en: Propofol, marketed as Diprivan among other names, is a short-acting medication that results in a decreased level of consciousness and lack of memory for events. Its uses include the starting and maintenance of general anesthesia, sedation for mechanically ventilated adults, and procedural sedation. It is also used for status epilepticus if other medications have not worked. It is given by injection into a vein. Maximum effect takes about two minutes to occur and it typically lasts five to ten minutes.Common side effects include an irregular heart rate, low blood pressure, burning sensation at the site of injection, and the stopping of breathing. Other serious side effects may include seizures, infections with improper use, addiction, and propofol infusion syndrome with long-term use. It appears to be safe for using during pregnancy but has not been well studied in this group. However, it is not recommended during cesarean section. Propofol is not a pain medication, so opioids such as morphine may also be used. Whether or not they are always needed is unclear. Propofol is believed to work at least partly via a receptor for GABA.Propofol was discovered in 1977 and approved for use in the United States in 1989. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. It is available as a generic medication. The wholesale price in the developing world is between 0.61 and 8.50 USD per vial. It has been referred to as milk of amnesia (a play on milk of magnesia) because of the milk-like appearance of the intravenous preparation. Propofol is also used in veterinary medicine for anesthesia.
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪種藥物可以與異丙酚配合使用？
en: What type of medicine might be combined with Propofol?
answers: zh_tw: text: 嗎啡
en: text: morphine
維塔利・丘爾金
Vitaly Churkin

context: zh_tw: 維塔利・伊萬諾維奇・丘爾金（俄語：Виталий Иванович Чуркин，IPA：[vʲɪˈtalʲɪj ɪˈvanəvʲɪtɕ ˈtɕurkʲɪn]，1952 年 2 月 21 日－2017 年 2 月 20 日）是俄羅斯外交官和前兒童演員。2006 年起擔任俄羅斯常駐聯合國代表直至 2017 年在紐約逝世。除俄語外，丘爾金能操流利蒙古語、法語和英語。
en: Vitaly Ivanovich Churkin (Russian: Виталий Иванович Чуркин, IPA: [vʲɪˈtalʲɪj ɪˈvanəvʲɪtɕ ˈtɕurkʲɪn]; 21 February 1952 – 20 February 2017) was a Russian diplomat and former child actor. Churkin served as Russia's Permanent Representative to the United Nations from 2006 until his death in 2017.
qas: question: zh_tw: 丘爾金何時逝世？
en: When did Churkin die?
answers: zh_tw: text: 2017 年 2 月 20 日
en: text: 20 February 2017
安娜堡
Ann Arbor, Michigan

context: zh_tw: 安娜堡（英語：Ann Arbor，又譯作安阿伯或安納保）是美國密歇根州沃什特瑙郡的一個城市，為該郡的郡政府所在地，是底特律都會區的一部分，屬於底特律的衛星城市。根據人口普查，2010 年的長住人口達 11 萬 3934 人。安娜堡也是密歇根大學總校區所在地，密歇根大學在市區北側及東側擁有超過 13 平方千米的校園，因此它也是一座大學城。
en: Ann Arbor is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan and the county seat of Washtenaw County.  The 2010 census recorded its population to be 113,934, making it the sixth largest city in Michigan.Ann Arbor is home to the University of Michigan. The university significantly shapes Ann Arbor's economy as it employs about 30,000 workers, including about 12,000 in the medical center. The city's economy is also centered on high technology, with several companies drawn to the area by the university's research and development infrastructure.Ann Arbor was founded in 1824, named for wives of the village's founders, both named Ann, and the stands of bur oak trees. The University of Michigan moved from Detroit to Ann Arbor in 1837, and the city grew at a rapid rate in the early to mid-20th century. During the 1960s and 1970s, the city gained a reputation as a center for left-wing politics. Ann Arbor became a focal point for political activism, such as opposition to the Vietnam War and support for the legalization of cannabis.
qas: question: zh_tw: 安阿伯位於哪個國家？
en: What county is Ann Arbor located in?
answers: zh_tw: text: Arbor，又譯作安阿伯或安納保）是美國密歇根州沃什特瑙郡的一個城市，為該郡的郡政府所在地，是底特律都會區的一部分，屬於底特律的衛星城市。
en: text: Washtenaw County
接種疫苗爭議

context: zh_tw: 有關疫苗安全性的疑慮有固定的模式。一開始是一些研究者認為某種未知原因醫學狀況的發生率增加是因為疫苗的副作用所造成，同一群研究者的初始研究及後續研究在方法論上都有問題，多半是數量不足的受控或非受控病例系列。有關疫苗的副作用過早公佈，在受到疫苗副作用影響的人身上產生共鳴，而且低估了放棄疫苗接種可能帶來的潛在危害。其他研究團體設法要複製初始的實驗結果，但就無法成功複製。最後需要再花許多年的時間才能讓大家對疫苗重新恢復信心。歸因於疫苗的不良反應一般都是來源未知、發病率上升、有一些生物合理性、發生時間接近疫苗接種的時間，而且有可怕的後果。幾乎所有的例子中，疫苗對公共衛生的影響都受到不同文化的限制，因此各國擔心的疫苗及副作用可能也有不同：可能英語系國家擔心疫苗造成自閉症，法語地區擔心另一種疫苗造成多發性硬化，而奈及利亞人擔心其他疫苗會導致不孕。
qas: question: zh_tw: 英國人在接種疫苗時會擔心什麼？
en: What do English people worry about when it comes to vaccination?
answers: zh_tw: text: 自閉症

context: zh_tw: 20 世紀末的疫苗是種低利潤的產品，生產疫苗的公司也在漸漸減少。除了低利潤及其可能有的責任風險外，疫苗製造商也抱怨美國疾病控制與預防中心及其他機構支付疫苗的價格過低。不過在 21 世紀時，因著疫苗 Prevnar（肺炎鏈球菌疫苗）的申請透過，以及少數像加衛苗（一種人類乳突病毒疫苗）及 Pediarix（五合一疫苗）等暢銷疫苗的販售，疫苗產業已大幅好轉，2008 年的銷售收入超過 10 億美元。
qas: question: zh_tw: 疫苗 Prevnar（肺炎鏈球菌疫苗）的申請由 CDC 通過後，疫苗市場發生了什麼？
en: What happened to the vaccine market when Prevnar was approved by the CDC?
answers: zh_tw: text: 疫苗產業已大幅好轉
一九八四

context: zh_tw: 奧威爾在 1937 年首次出現了關於這本書的構想，當時他正在西班牙內戰中跟馬克思主義統一工人黨一同對抗佛朗哥的國民軍，但他卻在當中發現佛朗哥以外，另一種形式的極權主義 —— 西班牙的親斯大林共產勢力，其將馬統工黨塑造成親托洛茨基的叛徒。此經歷為奧威爾的這本小說提供了創作靈感，並於 3 年後在蘇格蘭汝拉島寫下小說的大部分內容，儘管當時他的肺結核病情嚴重，但寫作一直持續至 1948 年。他於 1947 年時已完成整本小說的大綱，但卻對其表示不滿意，並認為自己「很可能會不得不重寫當中的三分之二。」1948 年 12 月 4 日，他把終稿寄至塞克爾和沃伯格出版社並於 1949 年 6 月 8 日出版。出版商的內部備忘錄曾指出：「如果（這本小說）我們不能售出 15 到 20 萬份，我們理應被槍殺。」。到了 1989 年，它已被翻譯成 65 種語言，超過當時任一英文小說。小說的標題、其主題、新話的內容和作者的姓氏往往被引用，用以反對國家的控制和干涉，而形容詞「奧威爾式的」（Orwellian）則是形容一個極權主義的反烏托邦，其特點是政府鎮壓和控制人民。奧威爾所發明的語言 —— 新話，是用以諷刺國家的虛偽性和規避：仁愛部負責酷刑和洗腦；富裕部負責物資的分配與控制；和平部負責戰爭和暴行；真理部負責宣傳和修改歷史。
qas: question: zh_tw: 翻譯成了多少種語言？
en: How many langues was it translated into?
answers: zh_tw: text: 到了 1989 年，它已被翻譯成 65 種語言

context: zh_tw: 思想警察在茱莉亞和溫斯頓的臥室裡抓住了他們，將他們押解到友愛部進行審問。在這之前卻林頓先生，那個把房間租給他們的無產者，公開了自己思想警察的身份。之後的很長一段時間內是系統有計劃的拷打，及黨內觀念學家的心理戰術。之後，奧勃良利用電擊療法拷問溫斯頓，並告訴他，這會治好他的精神錯亂，即他對黨明顯的仇恨。在漫長而複雜的談話間，奧勃良解釋了核心黨的動機：使一種絕對的權力完整。溫斯頓問過，兄弟會是否存在，得到的回答是他永不會知道，這將會是他腦子裡不可解的謎。在一次拷問的過程中，他在友愛部的監押過程得到了說明：“你的改造有三個階段”：“學習，理解，接受” 關於黨的事實；然後溫斯頓將被處決。
qas: question: zh_tw: 溫斯頓和茱莉亞被關在哪裡？
en: Where are Winston and Julia kept?
answers: zh_tw: text: 友愛部
生物學
Biology

context: zh_tw: 基因是生物體遺傳的基本單位，基因對應一特定區域的 DNA，以特定方式影響生物的某一部位或某一機能。從細菌到動物的所有生物體都有同様複製 DNA，並依此產生蛋白質的能力。細胞將 DNA 的基因轉錄為對應的核糖核酸（RNA），然後核糖體將 RNA 轉譯為一串由胺基酸組成的蛋白質。由 RNA 轉換為胺基酸的遺傳密碼在大部份生物中是相同的，但有些生物仍有少許差異。例如若將人類對應胰島素的 DNA 放在植物中，也可以產生胰島素。
en: Genes are the primary units of inheritance in all organisms. A gene is a unit of heredity and corresponds to a region of DNA that influences the form or function of an organism in specific ways. All organisms, from bacteria to animals, share the same basic machinery that copies and translates DNA into proteins. Cells transcribe a DNA gene into an RNA version of the gene, and a ribosome then translates the RNA into a sequence of amino acids known as a protein. The translation code from RNA codon to amino acid is the same for most organisms. For example, a sequence of DNA that codes for insulin in humans also codes for insulin when inserted into other organisms, such as plants.DNA is found as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes, and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes. A chromosome is an organized structure consisting of DNA and histones. The set of chromosomes in a cell and any other hereditary information found in the mitochondria, chloroplasts, or other locations is collectively known as a cell's genome. In eukaryotes, genomic DNA is localized in the cell nucleus, or with small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete assemblage of this information in an organism is called its genotype.
qas: question: zh_tw: 有多少生物體有基因？
en: How many organisms have genes?
answers: zh_tw: text: 所有生物體
en: text: All
Wordfast
Wordfast

context: zh_tw: Wordfast 經典版與 Wordfast 專業版的翻譯記憶格式，都是簡單的製表符分隔的文字檔案，可以在文字編輯器中開啟並編輯。Wordfast 還可以匯入和匯出 TMX 檔案，與其他主要商業機輔工具進行交流翻譯記憶。
en: The original Wordfast translation memory format was a simple tab-delimited text file that can be opened and edited in a text editor. Wordfast products can also import and export TMX files for memory exchange with other major commercial CAT tools. Wordfast's original glossary format was a simple tab-delimited text file. These formats are still used today by Wordfast Anywhere, Wordfast Classic, Wordfast Server, and Wordfast Pro 3 (TM only, not the glossary). Wordfast Pro 5 uses a database format for the TM and glossary. The transition to a database format was made to increase the TM and glossary size limitations (e.g. from 1 million to 5 million translation units) as well as improve concordance search speeds.
qas: question: zh_tw: Wordfast 還可以匯入和匯出什麼檔案？
en: What files can Wordfast import and exports
answers: zh_tw: text: TMX 檔案
en: text: TMX files
美洲水鼬
American mink

context: zh_tw: 美洲水鼬（學名：Neovison vison，英語： American mink）是鼬科的一個半水棲物種，原產自北美洲，但由於人類的活動，其分佈範圍已經擴張至歐洲、南美洲的諸多地區。由於分佈範圍較廣，美洲水鼬被國際自然保護聯盟認定為無危物種。 自從海貂絕種以來，美洲水鼬成為水鼬屬唯一一個現存的物種。美洲水鼬是一種肉食動物，進食大鼠、魚類、 甲殼動物、蛙類和鳥類。在歐洲，由於是外來物種，它已經被歸類為入侵物種 —— 人們認為它與歐洲水鼬、比利牛斯鼬鼴和水䶄種群數量的減少有著直接的關係。此外，美洲水鼬也經常被人為飼養以取其毛皮。它是世界上最常見的生產毛皮的動物，在經濟活動中的重要性超過了銀狐、紫貂、貂屬和臭鼬。
en: The American mink (Neovison vison) is a semiaquatic species of mustelid native to North America, though human intervention has expanded its range to many parts of Europe and South America. Because of range expansion, the American mink is classed as a least-concern species by the IUCN. Since the extinction of the sea mink, the American mink is the only extant member of the genus Neovison. The American mink is a carnivore that feeds on rodents, fish, crustaceans, frogs, and birds. In its introduced range in Europe it has been classified as an invasive species linked to declines in European mink, Pyrenean desman, and water vole populations. It is the animal most frequently farmed for its fur, exceeding the silver fox, sable, marten, and skunk in economic importance.
qas: question: zh_tw: 美洲水鼬以什麼為食？
en: What does the American mink eat?
answers: zh_tw: text: 大鼠、魚類、 甲殼動物、蛙類和鳥類
en: text: rodents, fish, crustaceans, frogs, and birds

question: zh_tw: 為什麼美國鼬現在在歐洲出現了？
en: Why is the American Fink now found in Europe?
answers: zh_tw: text: American mink）是鼬科的一個半水棲物種，原產自北美洲，但由於人類的活動，其分佈範圍已經擴張至歐洲、南美洲的諸多地區。
en: text: human intervention
比利時
Belgium

context: zh_tw: 由於比利時處於歐洲日耳曼語族與拉丁語族的分界線上，因此比利時國內兩種語言並存。其中說荷蘭語的主要集中於比利時北部的弗拉芒大區，約佔全國總人口的 59%，說法語的則主要位於南部瓦隆大區和布魯塞爾首都大區，約佔全國總人口的 41%。另外在瓦隆大區還有一小部分受官方承認的德語族群。比利時政府將這三種語言均設為官方語言。
en: Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or Communities: the Dutch-speaking, mostly Flemish Community, which constitutes about 59 percent of the population, and the French-speaking Community, which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians. A small German-speaking Community, numbering around one percent, exists in the East Cantons. The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual (French and Dutch), although French is the dominant language. Belgium's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance, made up of six different governments.
qas: question: zh_tw: 比利時 59% 的人口是由哪一族群的人構成？
en: What group consists of about 59% of Belgium's population?
answers: zh_tw: text: 弗拉芒大區
en: text: Flemish Community
奧古斯都
Augustus

context: zh_tw: 他的父系家族來自離羅馬 40 公里的韋萊特里。前 63 年 9 月 23 日，屋大維出生於羅馬帕拉蒂尼山一個叫做 “牛頭” 的小地方，並且靠近古羅馬廣場。他被父親命名為蓋烏斯・屋大維・圖裡努斯（Gaius Octavius Thurinus）。
en: While his paternal family was from the town of Velletri, approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Rome, Augustus was born in the city of Rome on 23 September 63 BC. He was born at Ox Head, a small property on the Palatine Hill, very close to the Roman Forum. He was given the name Gaius Octavius Thurinus, his cognomen possibly commemorating his father's victory at Thurii over a rebellious band of slaves. Suetonius wrote: "There are many indications that the Octavian family was in days of old a distinguished one at Velitrae; for not only was a street in the most frequented part of town long ago called Octavian, but an altar was shown there besides, consecrated by an Octavius. This man was leader in a war with a neighbouring town ..." Due to the crowded nature of Rome at the time, Octavius was taken to his father's home village at Velletri to be raised. Octavius mentions his father's equestrian family only briefly in his memoirs. His paternal great-grandfather Gaius Octavius was a military tribune in Sicily during the Second Punic War. His grandfather had served in several local political offices. His father, also named Gaius Octavius, had been governor of Macedonia. His mother, Atia, was the niece of Julius Caesar.
qas: question: zh_tw: 他在哪裡出生？
en: Where was he born?
answers: zh_tw: text: 牛頭
en: text: Ox Head
墨西哥薄餅
Corn tortilla

context: zh_tw: 墨西哥薄餅是墨西哥原住民首創。早在十六世紀西班牙人抵達墨西哥時，當地原住民就已經以玉米制作成薄餅。西班牙人發現後，就稱之為「Tortilla」，意即「小蛋糕」。
en: Tortilla, from Spanish torta, cake, plus the diminutive -illa, literally means "little cake". Nahuatl tlaxcalli is derived from the verb (i)xca "to bake" with the help of the prefix tla- and two common suffixes -l- and -li (<-tli), that is "something baked".
qas: question: zh_tw: “‘Tortilla’ 直譯過來叫什麼？“
en: What is the literal translation for "tortilla"?
answers: zh_tw: text: 小蛋糕
en: text: little cake
凱蒂・佩芮
Katy Perry

context: zh_tw: 凱瑟琳・伊麗莎白・哈德遜出生於加利福尼亞州聖巴巴拉，父親莫里斯・基思・哈德遜（Maurice Keith Hudson）和母親瑪麗・克麗斯蒂・派瑞（Mary Christine Perry）是五旬節運動牧師。她的父母都生為基督徒，在度過 “狂野的青春” 後信奉上帝。派瑞擁有葡萄牙、德國、愛爾蘭和英國血統。在母親家族方面，她是電影導演、製片人弗蘭克・派瑞的侄女。她的弟弟大衛是歌手，姐姐叫安琪拉。3 歲到 11 歲時，派瑞經常輾轉全國各地，跟隨父母創辦教會，直至再次在聖芭芭拉安家。成長的過程中，她就讀於宗教學校和夏令營學校，包括在小學時期就讀的加利福尼亞聖巴巴拉基督教學校（Santa Barbara Christian School）和亞利桑那州天堂谷基督教學校（Paradise Valley Christian School）。她的家人曾陷入經濟困境，曾有一段日子靠食物券和父母教會供給信眾的食物倉庫儲備維生。
en: Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson was born in Santa Barbara, California, to Pentecostal pastors Mary Christine (née Perry) and Maurice Keith Hudson. Her parents are born again Christians, each having turned to religion after a "wild youth". Perry has English, German, Irish, and Portuguese ancestry. Through her mother, she is a niece of film director Frank Perry. She has a younger brother named David, who is a singer, and an older sister, Angela. From ages 3 to 11, Perry often moved across the country as her parents set up churches before settling again in Santa Barbara. Growing up, she attended religious schools and camps, including Paradise Valley Christian School in Arizona and Santa Barbara Christian School in California during her elementary years. Her family struggled financially, sometimes using food stamps and eating from the food bank intended to feed the congregation at her parents' church.Growing up, Perry and her siblings were not allowed to eat the cereal Lucky Charms as the term "luck" reminded their mother of Lucifer, and had to call deviled eggs "angeled eggs". Perry primarily listened to gospel music, as secular music was generally discouraged in the family's home. She discovered popular music through CDs she sneaked from her friends. While not strictly identifying as religious, Perry has stated, "I pray all the time – for self-control, for humility." Wanting to be like Angela, Perry began singing by practicing with her sister's cassette tapes. She performed the tracks in front of their parents, who let her take vocal lessons as Angela was at the time. She began training at age 9, and was incorporated into her parents' ministry, singing in church from ages 9 to 17. At 13, Perry was given her first guitar for her birthday, and publicly performed songs she wrote. She tried to "be a bit like the typical Californian girl" while growing up, and started rollerskating, skateboarding, and surfing as a teenager. Perry's brother David described her as a tomboy during her adolescence. She took dancing lessons and learned how to swing, Lindy Hop, and jitterbug.
qas: question: zh_tw: 弟弟叫什麼名字？
en: What was the younger brothers name?
answers: zh_tw: text: 大衛
en: text: David
埃斯波
Espoo

context: zh_tw: 20 世紀四五十年代，埃斯波開始迅速發展，很快就從一個鄉村型市鎮轉變成一個羽翼豐滿的工業型城市。由於和首都赫爾辛基的鄰里關係，埃斯波的知名度在首都上班的人中很快提升。在 1950 年到 2000 年的 50 年中，埃斯波的人口從 2.2 萬增長到 21 萬。從 1945 年開始埃斯波的大部分居民都是說芬蘭語的，2006 年的人口統計顯示，瑞典語人口僅佔總人口的 9%。而在 2016 年底的統計中，瑞典語人口才佔 7.3%。城市的人口還在持續增長，雖然增長率不高。
en: Espoo started to grow rapidly in the 1940s and '50s. It quickly developed from a rural municipality into a fully-fledged industrial city, gaining city rights in 1972. Due to its proximity to Helsinki, Espoo soon became popular amongst people working in the capital. In the fifty years from 1950 to 2000, the population of Espoo grew from 22,000 to 210,000. Since 1945, the majority of people in Espoo have been Finnish-speaking. In 2006, the Swedish-speaking inhabitants represented barely 9% of the total population. The population growth is still continuing, but at a slower rate.
qas: question: zh_tw: 2006 年瑞典語人口占總人口多少百分比？
en: What percent did the Swedish-speaking inhabitants represent in 2006?
answers: zh_tw: text: 僅佔總人口的 9%
en: text: barely 9%
太陽

context: zh_tw: 地球圍繞太陽公轉的軌道是橢圓形的，每年 1 月離太陽最近（稱為近日點），7 月最遠（稱為遠日點），平均距離是 1.496 億公里（天文學上稱這個距離為 1 天文單位）。以平均距離算，光從太陽到地球大約需要經過 8 分 19 秒。太陽光中的能量透過光合作用等方式支援著地球上所有生物的生長，也支配了地球的氣候和天氣。人類從史前時代就一直認為太陽對地球有巨大影響，有許多文化將太陽當成神來崇拜。人類對太陽的正確科學認識進展得很慢，直到 19 世紀初期，傑出的科學家才對太陽的物質組成和能量來源有了一點認識。直至今日，人類對太陽的理解一直在不斷進展中，還有大量有關太陽活動機制方面的未解之謎等待著人們來破解。
qas: question: zh_tw: 光從太陽到地球需要多長時間？
en: What long does it take for light to travel to the Sun's horizon?
answers: zh_tw: text: 8 分 19 秒

context: zh_tw: 在色球之上，是一層薄至大約只有 200 公里的過渡區，溫度從色球頂端大約 20,000K 上升至接階近 1,000,000K 的日冕溫度。溫度的上升使氦在過渡區很容易就被完全的電離，這可以大量減少電漿的輻射冷卻。過渡區沒有明確的出現高度，它形成一種環繞著色球的光輪，外型很像針狀體和暗條，並處於持續不斷的渾沌運動。從地球表面很難看到過渡區，但在太空中使用對電磁頻譜的超紫外線靈敏的儀器就很容易觀察到。
qas: question: zh_tw: 什麼部分的光譜可以被靈敏的儀器探測到？
en: What part of the light spectrum can be detected by sensitive instruments?
answers: zh_tw: text: 超紫外線

context: zh_tw: 太陽在其主序的演化階段已經到了中年期，在這個階段的核融合是在核心將氫融合成氦。每秒中有超過 400 萬噸的物質在太陽的核心轉化成能量，產生中微子和太陽輻射。以這個速率，到目前為止，太陽大約轉化了 100 個地球質量的物質成為能量，太陽在主序帶上耗費的時間總共大約為 100 億年。
qas: question: zh_tw: 中微子是在哪裡產生的？
en: Neutrinos are produced where?
answers: zh_tw: text: 太陽的核心

context: zh_tw: 陽光是地球能量的主要來源。太陽常數是在距離太陽 1 天文單位的位置（也就是在或接近地球），直接暴露在陽光下的每單位面積接收到的能量，其值約相當於 1,368 W/m2（瓦每平方米）。經過大氣層的吸收後，抵達地球表面的陽光已經衰減－在大氣清澈且太陽接近天頂的條件下也只有約 1,000 W/m2。
qas: question: zh_tw: 對哪個行星來說，太陽是至關重要的能源？
en: For which planet the sun is vital energy source?
answers: zh_tw: text: 地球

context: zh_tw: 理論模型認為太陽在 38 至 25 億年前的古代時期，亮度只有現在的 75%。這樣微弱的恆星不足以使地球表面的水維持液態，因此生命應該還沒有發展出來。然而，在地質上的紀錄表明當時的地球在其歷史上有相當穩定的溫度，並且年輕的地球和現在一樣的溫暖。科學家們的共識是年輕的地球大氣包含的溫室氣體（像是二氧化碳、甲烷和 / 或氨）的量比現在要多，而被困住的熱量足以彌補抵達地球太陽能的不足。
qas: question: zh_tw: 過去什麼時候太陽的亮度只有現在的 75%？
en: How much into the past was the sun shining seventy five percent the brightness it shines at today?
answers: zh_tw: text: 38 至 25 億年前的古代時期

context: zh_tw: 古希臘的阿里斯塔克斯在西元前 3 世紀最早提出行星是以太陽為中心環繞著運轉的理論，稍後得到塞琉西亞的塞琉古的認同（參見日心說）。這在很大程度上仍是哲學上的預測，到了 16 世紀才由哥白尼發展出數學模型的日心繫統。在 17 世紀初期，望遠鏡的發明使得托馬斯・哈里奧特、伽利略和其它的天文學家能夠詳細的觀察太陽黑子。伽利略做出一些已知是最早觀測太陽黑子的報告，並提出它們是在太陽的表面，而不是透過地球和太陽之間的小天體。漢朝（西元前 206 至西元 220 年）的中國天文學家也對黑子持續觀測和記錄了數個世紀。伊斯蘭的伊本・魯世德也提供了 12 世紀的黑子描述。
qas: question: zh_tw: 望遠鏡是什麼時候發明的？
en: When was the telescope invented?
answers: zh_tw: text: 17 世紀

context: zh_tw: 日本在 1991 年發射的陽光衛星在 X 射線的波長觀測太陽閃焰，任務中獲得的資料讓科學家可以分辨不同型別的閃焰，並驗證了在離開活動高峰期的日冕有著比過去所假設的更多活動和動態。陽光衛星觀測了整個的太陽週期，但是在 2001 年的一次日全食使它不能鎖定太陽而進入了待機模式。它在 2005 年以重返大氣層的方法銷燬。
qas: question: zh_tw: 日本曾想在 1989 年獲得日冕的影象，但在什麼時候失敗了？
en: Japan wanted to get images of the solar corona in 1989, however failed during what even?
answers: zh_tw: text: 2001 年的一次日全食
非暴力

context: zh_tw: 對於對手的尊重和愛也有其實用性的理由，因為把對手與其所作所為分開，便考慮到了他們可能改變其行為或其信仰的可能性。馬丁・路德・金寫到，” 非暴力抵抗需要避免的不僅有極端的身體暴力，還要避免內在的精神暴力。非暴力抵抗者不僅要拒絕向其對手開槍，還要拒絕去憎恨他們。最終，諦的理念或者說是真理，成為了甘地非暴力概念的核心。甘地認為真理是多層面的，無法被任何個人完全領會。他認為所有人都懂得部分真理，而所有人都需要學習別人所知道的真理來追求更大的真理。這使得他堅信和對手對話的內在價值是為了理解他們的動機。從實踐層面上來講，願意傾聽別人的觀點很大程度上依賴於互惠原則。想讓對手聽到自己的聲音，就必須準備好去傾聽。非暴力已經獲得了一定程度上的制度性認可和全球層面上的支援。在 1998 年 10 月 10 日，聯合國大會宣佈，21 世紀的第一個十年以及第三個千年，從 2001 到 2010 年作為提倡和平文化以及對兒童非暴力的十年。
qas: question: zh_tw: 對於對手的尊重有麼樣的理由？
en: What type of justification can be made for respecting one's opponents?
answers: zh_tw: text: 實用性的理由

context: zh_tw: 不合作包括有目的地阻止合作和不願意同對手開展合作。不合作的目的是阻止或阻礙一種產業，政治體制以及經濟發展。不合作的方式包括罷工、經濟抵制、非暴力反抗、性罷工、拒絕納稅以及一般性的不服從。
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪種抵制是不合作方式的例子之一？
en: What type of boycott is given as an example of methods of noncooperation?
answers: zh_tw: text: 經濟