中德關係 (1911 年－1941 年)
Sino-German cooperation (1926–1941)

context: zh_tw: 袁世凱稱帝失敗後，中國陷入內戰，不同民國軍閥之間互相競爭去奪取最高權力。因此，很多德國武器生產者開始著眼於和中國重新建立商業連繫去打入中國龐大的武器和軍用物資市場。在廣州的國民政府同樣在尋求德國的支援，曾在德國留學的朱家驊與厲麟似為此表現得極為出色。從 1926 年至 1944 年間幾乎所有的中德合約都經過前者之手，而後者則是前者的核心智囊。除了德國的技術外，還有其他幾個原因令德國成為中國對外合作的首選。首先德國在一戰以後對國外殖民地完全失去了影響力，因此對中國沒有一種帝國主義式的興趣，例如 1925 年－1926 年中國發生的排外行動主要是對準英國。另外不像蘇聯（蘇聯曾經幫助中國國民黨重組並扶植中國共產黨），德國對中國沒有政治上的興趣，雙方的政府因此不會有正面衝突。與此同時，蔣中正認為德國曆史有許多地方值得中國倣傚，即德國統一可以成為蔣中正本身統一中國的範本。因此中國認為德國將是其「國際化發展」的首選支援。1926 年，朱家驊邀請馬克斯・鮑爾上校來華評估投資可能性，次年鮑爾抵達廣州並被任命為蔣中正的顧問。早在 1928 年 11 月，中德兩國就展開軍事合作，國府聘用德國顧問團。鮑爾返回德國，併為中國「重建」努力促成一些適當工業接觸，同時開始為在南京的蔣中正招募一些長期顧問。1928 年，前任德國參謀總長魯登道夫之舊部鮑爾上校應邀到中國，被聘為顧問團長，顧問 40 餘人，曾參與 1929 年國民政府對桂系之戰。不管怎麼說，鮑爾的努力並非完全成功，許多德國工業企業對於中國不穩定的政治局面仍抱疑慮，另外鮑爾本身曾參與 1920 年的卡普政變而被放逐。除此以外，《凡爾賽條約》規定德國不能直接對軍工企業投資也是極大的限制。鮑爾後來再次回到中國，但七個月後罹患天花而去世，葬於上海。
en: After the death of Yuan Shi-kai, the Beiyang government collapsed and the country fell into civil war, with various warlords vying for supremacy. German arms producers began looking to reestablish commercial links with China to tap into its vast market for weapons and military assistance.The Kuomintang government also sought German assistance, and the German-educated Chu Chia-hua (朱家驊; Zhū Jiāhuá) arranged almost all Sino-German contact from 1926 to 1944. There were several reasons other than Germany's technological expertise that made it the top candidate in Chinese foreign relations. First, Germany had no more imperialistic interest in China after World War I. Second, unlike the Soviet Union, which helped with Kuomintang reorganization and opened party membership to communists, Germany had no political interest in China that could lead to confrontations with the central government. Moreover, Chiang Kai-shek saw German unification as something that China could learn and emulate. Thus, Germany was seen as a primary force in the "international development" of China.In 1926, Chu Chia-hua invited Max Bauer to survey investment possibilities in China and the next year Bauer arrived in Guangzhou and was offered a post as Chiang Kai-shek's advisor. Soon, he managed to recruit 46 other German officers to advise and train nationalist forces, while he devised the strategy that allowed the Nationalists to win its 1929 campaigns against the warlords. In 1928, Bauer returned to Germany to recruit a permanent advisory mission for China industrialisation efforts. However, Bauer was not entirely successful as many firms hesitated because of China's political instability, and because Bauer was persona non grata for his participation in the 1920 Kapp Putsch. In addition, Germany was still constrained by the Treaty of Versailles, which made direct military investment impossible. Max Bauer contracted smallpox after his return to China, died and was buried in Shanghai. Bauer's provided the foundation for later Sino-German cooperation. He argued for the reduction of the Chinese army to produce a small but elite force, and supported opening up the Chinese market to spur German production and exports.
qas: question: zh_tw: 德國被認為是中國對外關係中的首要人選的主要原因是什麼？
en: What was the main reason why Germany was considered a top candidate in Chinese foreign relations?
answers: zh_tw: text: 德國在一戰以後對國外殖民地完全失去了影響力
en: text: Germany had no more imperialistic interest in China after World War I

context: zh_tw: 武器彈藥不可能永遠依賴於進口。在德國的幫助下，中國開始建立自己的現代國防工業。在這期間，中德兩國的工業產業被有效的組織起來，在中央集權管理下，工業化的效率大大提高。1934 年 1 月，德國透過 “工業產品商貿公司”，也稱 “合步樓公司”（HAPRO，全名為 Handelsgesellschaft für industrielle Produkte），將資金、技術與生產裝置轉移到中國來投資。這實際上是以私有公司的外殼來避免其它國家的異議。
en: In addition, with German help, China would have to build up its own defence industry because it could not rely on buying arms from abroad much longer. The first step toward efficient industrialisation was the centralisation of both the Chinese and German reconstruction agencies. In January 1934, the Handelsgesellschaft für industrielle Produkte, or Hapro, was created to unify all German industrial interests in China. Hapro was nominally a private company to avoid oppositions from other foreign countries. In August 1934, "Treaty for the Exchange of Chinese Raw Materials and Agricultural Products of German Industrial and Other Products" was signed in which China would send strategically important raw material in exchange for German industrial products and development. This barter agreement was beneficial to Sino-German cooperation since China was unable to secure external monetary loans due to high budget deficit from military expenditure. This agreement allowed Germany to become independent of the international raw material market. The agreement specified that China and Germany were equal partners. Having accomplished this important milestone in Sino-German cooperation, von Seeckt transferred his post to General Alexander von Falkenhausen and returned to Germany in March 1935, where he died in 1936.
qas: question: zh_tw: 「工業產品商貿公司」也稱什麼？
en: What is another term for Hapro?
answers: zh_tw: text: 合步樓公司
en: text: Handelsgesellschaft für industrielle Produkte

context: zh_tw: 最重要的中德工業合作計劃是 1936 年的三年計劃，這個計劃由中國政府的資源委員會與德國的合步樓公司共同負責。計劃的主旨是在短期內建設一個工業基地以抗衡日本，長期目標則是在湖北、湖南、江西三省建設一個工業中心地帶，以供長期的工業發展。
en: The most important industrial project from Sino-German cooperation was the 1936 Three-Year Plan, which was administered by the Chinese government's National Resources Commission and the Hapro corporation. The purpose of this plan was to create an industrial powerhouse capable of resisting Japan in the short run, and to create a centre for future Chinese industrial development for the long run. It had several basic components such as the monopolisation of all operations pertaining to tungsten and antimony, the construction of the central steel and machine works in Hubei, Hunan, and Sichuan, and the development of power plants and chemical factories. Cost overrun for these projects was partly assuaged by the fact that the price of tungsten had more than doubled between 1932 and 1936. Germany also extended RM 100 million line of credit to the KMT. The Three-Year Plan introduced a class of highly educated technocrats to run these state-owned projects. At the height of this programme, Sino-German exchange accounted for 17% of China's foreign trade and China was the third largest trading partner with Germany. The Three-Year Plan had many promises, but much of its intended benefits would be undermined by the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War.
qas: question: zh_tw: 透過更強的工業化中國政府希望在未來實現什麼？
en: What did the Chinese government hope to achieve in the future by becoming strong industrially?
answers: zh_tw: text: 建設一個工業中心地帶，以供長期的工業發展
en: text: to create a centre for future Chinese industrial development