馬來西亞歷史
History of Malaysia

context: zh_tw: 第一階段：印度文明的支配。從印度輸入的印度教和佛教文化，主導早期馬來西亞的歷史。從 7 世紀到 14 世紀，在蘇門答臘的三佛齊文明達到高峰，其影響力延伸至爪哇、馬來半島和婆羅洲的大部分地區。第二階段：伊斯蘭文明的興盛。伊斯蘭教早在 10 世紀傳至馬來西亞，但直到 14 世紀和 15 世紀，三佛齊覆滅後不久，伊斯蘭教才在馬來半島奠定根基。這個地區分裂成眾多以伊斯蘭教為主的蘇丹國，其中最突出的是馬六甲蘇丹王朝。伊斯蘭文化對於馬來人產生深遠影響，但是同時它也受到馬來民族的影響。第三階段：歐洲殖民勢力的入侵。葡萄牙是歐洲第一個在馬來西亞建立勢力的殖民強權，於 1511 年佔領馬六甲，緊接著是荷蘭。然而，英國先在亞庇、古晉、檳城與新加坡建立基地，最終取得在當今馬來西亞領土上的霸權。1824 年英荷條約規定英屬馬來亞和荷屬東印度群島（即後來的印度尼西亞）之間的界線。第四階段：新移民的到來。殖民者為了滿足經濟的需要，大量引入華人和印度人的勞動者，以滿足在馬來半島和婆羅洲所產生的殖民地經濟需求， 間接對馬來民族的經濟和職業上的支配勢力造成威脅。1942 年至 1945 年日本佔領這個地區，給英國在東亞的勢力與以致命打擊。雖然日本佔領的時期相當短，但是它激起英屬馬來亞和其它地區的反殖民民族主義。馬來人民族主義又激起華人的反對。華人懼怕馬來人和伊斯蘭教的支配地位，許多華人因此參加馬來亞共產黨。在英國軍方的強烈鎮壓，以及馬來人和華人政治領袖的協商退讓下，共產黨暴動被撲滅，1957 年多民族的馬來亞聯合邦宣告獨立。
en: Although Muslims had passed through the Malay Peninsula as early as the 10th century, it was not until the 14th century that Islam first firmly established itself. The adoption of Islam in the 14th century saw the rise of a number of sultanates, the most prominent of which was the Sultanate of Malacca. Islam had a profound influence on the Malay people, but has also been influenced by them. The Portuguese were the first European colonial powers to establish themselves on the Malay Peninsula and Southeast Asia, capturing Malacca in 1511, followed by the Dutch in 1641. However, it was the British who, after initially establishing bases at Jesselton, Kuching, Penang and Singapore, ultimately secured their hegemony across the territory that is now Malaysia. The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 defined the boundaries between British Malaya and the Netherlands East Indies (which became Indonesia). A fourth phase of foreign influence was immigration of Chinese and Indian workers to meet the needs of the colonial economy created by the British in the Malay Peninsula and Borneo.Japanese invasion during World War II ended British domination in Malaysia. The subsequent occupation of Malaya, North Borneo and Sarawak from 1942 to 1945 unleashed nationalism. In the Peninsula, the Malayan Communist Party took up arms against the British. A tough military response was needed to end the insurgency and bring about the establishment of an independent, multi-racial Federation of Malaya on 31 August 1957. On 22 July 1963, Sarawak was granted self-governance. The following month on 31 August 1963, both North Borneo and Singapore were also granted self-governance and all states formed Malaysia on 16 September 1963. Approximately two years later, the Malaysian parliament passed a bill without the consent of signatory of Malaysia Agreement 1963 to separate Singapore from the Federation. A confrontation with Indonesia occurred in the early-1960s. Race riots in 1969 led to the imposition of emergency rule, and a curtailment of political life and civil liberties which has never been fully reversed. Since 1970 the Barisan Nasional coalition headed by United Malays National Organisation (UMNO)(datuk najib) had governed Malaysia until defeated by the Pakatan Harapan coalition which was headed by ex-UMNO leader Mahathir Mohamad on 10 May 2018.
qas: question: zh_tw: 採納伊斯蘭教後，最突出的蘇丹國家是哪個？
en: What was the most prominent sultanate after the adoption of Islam?
answers: zh_tw: text: 馬六甲蘇丹王朝
en: text: Sultanate of Malacca

question: zh_tw: 英荷條約何時簽訂？
en: When was the Anglo-Dutch treaty created?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1824
en: text: 1824

question: zh_tw: 哪個歐洲國家在馬來半島和其他東南亞地區建立了首批殖民地？
en: Which European country set up the first colonies on the Malay Peninsula and in other regions of Southeast Asia?
answers: zh_tw: text: 葡萄牙
en: text: The Portuguese

context: zh_tw: 在 2 世紀與 3 世紀有為數眾多的馬來王國，依據中國史書記載達 30 個。吉打，在古代梵語稱為 Kedaram 或 kataha，位於印度人貿易者與國王直接入侵馬來半島的路徑上。根據地位於現今印度泰米爾納德邦的朱羅王朝皇帝 Rajendra Chola，在 1025 年將吉打納入版圖，但他的繼承人 Vir Rajendra Chola 必須敉平吉打的叛亂，以打倒入侵者。
en: In 1025 and 1026 Gangga Negara was attacked by Rajendra Chola I of the Chola Empire, the Tamil emperor who is now thought to have laid Kota Gelanggi to waste. Kedah—known as Kedaram, Cheh-Cha (according to I-Ching) or Kataha, in ancient Pallava or Sanskrit—was in the direct route of the invasions and was ruled by the Cholas from 1025. A second invasion was led by Virarajendra Chola of the Chola dynasty who conquered Kedah in the late 11th century. The senior Chola's successor, Vira Rajendra Chola, had to put down a Kedah rebellion to overthrow other invaders. The coming of the Chola reduced the majesty of Srivijaya, which had exerted influence over Kedah, Pattani and as far as Ligor. During the reign of Kulothunga Chola I Chola overlordship was established over the Sri Vijaya province kedah in the late 11th century. The expedition of the Chola Emperors had such a great impression to the Malay people of the medieval period that their name was mentioned in the corrupted form as Raja Chulan in the medieval Malay chronicle Sejarah Melaya. Even today the Chola rule is remembered in Malaysia as many Malaysian princes have names ending with Cholan or Chulan, one such was the Raja of Perak called Raja Chulan.
qas: question: zh_tw: 為了殺敵，Vir Rajendra Chola 做了什麼？
en: In order to stifle the efforts of enemies, Vira Rajendra Chola made the decision to do what?
answers: zh_tw: text: Chola，在 1025 年將吉打納入版圖，但他的繼承人 Vir Rajendra Chola 必須敉平吉打的叛亂，
en: text: put down a Kedah rebellion

context: zh_tw: 馬六甲建國時，中國明朝皇帝明成祖派出艦隊以擴充套件貿易。永樂元年（1403 年），明朝使者尹慶造訪馬六甲。1405 年，馬六甲遣使入貢中國，明成祖冊封拜裡米蘇拉為馬六甲王國國王，並且允予保護它，勿受當時泰人侵擾，於是馬六甲便繁榮起來，成為東西貿易和交通樞紐。為了交換定期的進貢，中國皇帝提供馬六甲保護，以抵抗暹羅的不斷威脅。抑有甚者，以後鄭和船隊每次南來，必駐節於馬六甲。1411 年，拜裡米蘇拉還率妻子陪臣五百四十餘人與鄭和入貢明朝，答謝明成祖，「學習中國文化」。在這個時代前後，在馬來半島定居的華人和印度人成為今天峇峇孃惹和 Chetti 社群的祖先。根據一種理論，當拜裡米蘇拉娶了 Pasai 公主之後，成為一個穆斯林，他採用當時流行的波斯銜頭 "Shah"（國王），自稱依斯干達國王（Iskandar Shah）。據中國史書記載，在 1414 年，這位馬六甲第一位統治者兒子晉見明成祖，告以父親去世訊息。拜裡米蘇拉的兒子隨即受到承認，為馬六甲第二任統治者，名為 Raja Sri Rama Vikrama, Raja of Parameswara of Temasek and Melaka，他的穆斯林人民稱他 Sultan Sri Iskandar Zulkarnain Shah 或 Sultan Megat Iskandar Shah。他從 1414 年到 1424 年統治馬六甲。馬六甲同時也變成信奉回教之通道中心，奠定今日馬來西亞以回教為國教之基礎。透過印度穆斯林以及少部份來自中國的回人所影響，伊斯蘭教在 15 世紀變得越來越普遍。
en: Parameswara headed north to found a new settlement. At Muar, Parameswara considered siting his new kingdom at either Biawak Busuk or at Kota Buruk. Finding that the Muar location was not suitable, he continued his journey northwards. Along the way, he reportedly visited Sening Ujong (former name of present-day Sungai Ujong) before reaching a fishing village at the mouth of the Bertam River (former name of the Melaka River), and founded what would become the Malacca Sultanate. Over time this developed into modern-day Malacca Town. According to the Malay Annals, here Parameswara saw a mouse deer outwitting a dog resting under a Malacca tree. Taking this as a good omen, he decided to establish a kingdom called Malacca. He built and improved facilities for trade. The Malacca Sultanate is commonly considered the first independent state in the peninsula.At the time of Melaka's founding, the emperor of Ming Dynasty China was sending out fleets of ships to expand trade. Admiral Zheng He called at Malacca and brought Parameswara with him on his return to China, a recognition of his position as legitimate ruler of Malacca. In exchange for regular tribute, the Chinese emperor offered Melaka protection from the constant threat of a Siamese attack. The Chinese and Indians who settled in the Malay Peninsula before and during this period are the ancestors of today's Baba-Nyonya and Chitty community. According to one theory, Parameswara became a Muslim when he married a Princess of Pasai and he took the fashionable Persian title "Shah", calling himself Iskandar Shah. Chinese chronicles mention that in 1414, the son of the first ruler of Malacca visited the Ming emperor to inform them that his father had died. Parameswara's son was then officially recognised as the second ruler of Melaka by the Chinese Emperor and styled Raja Sri Rama Vikrama, Raja of Parameswara of Temasek and Malacca and he was known to his Muslim subjects as Sultan Sri Iskandar Zulkarnain Shah or Sultan Megat Iskandar Shah. He ruled Malacca from 1414 to 1424. Through the influence of Indian Muslims and, to a lesser extent, Hui people from China, Islam became increasingly common during the 15th century.
qas: question: zh_tw: 國王自稱為什麼？
en: Shah called himself what?
answers: zh_tw: text: 依斯干達國王
en: text: Iskandar Shah

context: zh_tw: 這段被稱為馬來亞緊急狀態從 1948 年延續到 1960 年，殘酷戰鬥蔓延整個馬來半島。英國戰略相當有效，透過對華人做出經濟和政治的讓步，並將散居鄉間的華人集中到位於馬共勢力範圍外的「白區」的「新村」。有效動員馬來人來對抗馬來亞共產黨，也是英國一個重要策略。從 1949 年起，馬共失去抗爭動機，招募游擊隊人數銳減。1951 年馬來亞共產黨謀殺英國高階專員亨利・葛尼，但是這種轉向「恐怖份子」的策略，使得馬來亞共產黨失去許多溫和派的華人支援。1952 年傑拉爾德・鄧普勒被任命為馬來亞英軍指揮官，他帶來緊急狀態的結束。鄧普勒在馬來亞發明反游擊戰的戰術，無情地剿滅馬共。雖然游擊隊被擊潰，但英國軍隊因著冷戰背景而留下來。依靠這個背景，大英國協一員的馬來亞於 1957 年 8 月 31 日獨立。
en: The Malayan Emergency as it was known, lasted from 1948 to 1960, and involved a long anti-insurgency campaign by Commonwealth troops in Malaya. The British strategy, which proved ultimately successful, was to isolate the MCP from its support base by a combination of economic and political concessions to the Chinese and the resettlement of Chinese squatters into “New Villages” in “white areas” free of MCP influence. In December 1948, 24 villagers were executed by British troops. From 1949 the MCP campaign lost momentum and the number of recruits fell sharply. Although the MCP succeeded in assassinating the British High Commissioner, Sir Henry Gurney, in October 1951, this turn to terrorist tactics alienated many moderate Chinese from the Party. The arrival of Lt.-Gen Sir Gerald Templer as British commander in 1952 was the beginning of the end of the Emergency. Templer invented the techniques of counter-insurgency warfare in Malaya and applied them ruthlessly. Although the insurgency was defeated Commonwealth troops remained with the backdrop of the Cold War. Against this backdrop, independence for the Federation within the Commonwealth was granted on 31 August 1957, with Tunku Abdul Rahman as the first prime minister.
qas: question: zh_tw: 用什麼戰術剿滅了叛亂？
en: In what war what the insurgency defeated?
answers: zh_tw: text: 冷戰
en: text: Cold War