颶風寶蓮
Hurricane Pauline

context: zh_tw: 9 月 16 日，一股東風波離開非洲西海岸並穩步向西移動，其軸線以南的部分從南美洲北部經過。9 月 26 日，東風波從巴拿馬附近進入東太平洋並緩慢組織。受加勒比海一直延伸到墨西哥南部的弱下層低壓槽影響，西向轉向氣流的正常流動受到擾亂。10 月 3 日，東風波已發展出明顯的深層對流區並開始向東面的墨西哥南部飄移。兩天後，系統中已形成下層環流，於 10 月 5 日中午在瓦哈卡州瓦圖爾科（Huatulco）西南偏南方向約 410 公里海域發展成第十八 E 號熱帶低氣壓。由於所處環境的垂直風切變很少，低氣壓朝正東略偏南面飄移並穩步組織。系統發展出帶狀特徵和中心密集雲區，於 10 月 6 日清晨在瓦哈卡州薩利納克魯斯（Salina Cruz）東南偏南方向約 475 公里洋麵升級成熱帶風暴並獲命名為 “寶蓮”（Pauline）。受強烈的高氣壓天氣系統影響，墨西哥東南部上空的低壓槽遭到侵蝕，寶蓮因此轉向東北。10 月 6 日晚，氣旋內發展出眼狀特徵，然後轉向北上，再又轉朝西北方向前進，於次日清晨在薩利納克魯斯東南方向約 425 公里海域達到颶風標準。
en: A tropical wave exited the coast of Africa on September 16. It traversed steadily westward, with the southern portion of the wave axis moving across northern South America. On September 26 the wave entered the eastern Pacific Ocean near Panama, and slowly organized. A weak low-level trough extended from the Caribbean Sea to south of Mexico, disrupting the normal flow of westward steering currents. On October 3, the tropical wave developed a distinct area of deep convection, and began to drift eastward to the south of Mexico. Two days later a low-level circulation formed, and midday on October 5 the system developed into Tropical Depression Eighteen-E while located about 250 miles (410 km) south-southwest of Huatulco in the state of Oaxaca.With an absence of vertical wind shear, the depression drifted just south of due east and steadily organized. The system developed banding features and a central dense overcast, and early on October 6 the depression intensified into a tropical storm and was named Pauline while located about 295 miles (475 km) south-southeast of Salina Cruz, Oaxaca. A strong high pressure system eroded the trough over southeastern Mexico, which turned Pauline to the northeast. An eye feature developed late on October 6, and early the next day Pauline intensified into a hurricane about 265 miles (425 km) southeast of Salina Cruz after turning to the north and northwest.
qas: question: zh_tw: 波向哪個方向移動？
en: In which direction was the wave moving?
answers: zh_tw: text: 西
en: text: westward

question: zh_tw: 波浪在哪個月抵達太平洋東部？
en: In what month did the wave arrive to the eastern part of the Pacific?
answers: zh_tw: text: 9 月
en: text: September

context: zh_tw: 氣象部門在颶風經過期間進行的地面觀測很少，但官方報告中認為墨西哥南部所受影響最為嚴重。風暴登陸點附近的瓦哈卡州埃斯孔迪多港在寶蓮來襲數小時前就測得每小時 115 公里的陣風時速，由於此後當地沒有再記錄下有效風速數值，所以這也是陸地上測得的最強陣風。阿卡普爾科的一個風速計測得每小時 75 公里的持續風速和 95 公里的陣風時速，雖然上述數值都低於颶風標準，但官方估計氣旋途經該地區時可能仍有颶風強度。風暴沿途暴降暴雨，許多地區的降雨量超過 381 毫米。據墨西哥國家水資源委員會提供的資料，有 2132 處地點測得降水。降雨量最高的兩地分別是聖路易斯阿克蘭（San Luis Actlan，688 毫米）和普恩特胡拉（Puente Jula，930 毫米），創下格雷羅州歷史上熱帶氣旋降雨量的新紀錄。颶風 24 小時裡就在阿卡普爾科降下 430 毫米雨量，重新整理該市 1974 年創下的紀錄，並且 4 小時的降雨量就高達 350 毫米，相當於該市年均降雨量的四分之一。颶風登陸期間，瓦哈卡州海岸沿線出現約 9 米高的狂浪。
en: Few surface observations were taken during the passage of the hurricane, though officials reported that southern Mexico experienced the brunt of the storm. Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca, near where Pauline made landfall, reported a peak wind gust of 70 mph (115 km/h) several hours before the hurricane moved through the area; no reports were available after that time. An anemometer in Acapulco reported a wind gust of 59 mph (95 km/h) with sustained winds of 46 mph (75 km/h). However, officials estimate Pauline might have been a hurricane while passing through the area. The hurricane produced very heavy rainfall along its path, with many areas receiving more than 15 inches (381 mm). According to the Comision Nacional del Agua, precipitation was recorded at 2,132 sites. The two highest reported rainfall totals are 27.1 inches (688 mm) at San Luis Actlan, and 32.62 inches (930 mm) at Puente Jula, near Paso Overjas. This made Pauline the wettest tropical cyclone in the history of Guerrero. In Acapulco, the hurricane dropped 16.9 in (430 mm) of rainfall in 24 hours. This broke the city precipitation record set originally in 1974; the 1997 total represented about 25% of the city's annual rainfall. Seas of about 30 ft (9 m) were reported along the Oaxaca coastline while the hurricane made landfall.Hurricane Pauline lightly affected the state of Chiapas, but severely affected Oaxaca and Guerrero, two of the poorest regions of Mexico. The area most impacted was the region in and around Acapulco. Throughout the country, Hurricane Pauline resulted in $447.8 million in damage (1997 USD). A report issued by the United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs reported 137 deaths three days after Hurricane Pauline. Four days after the passage of the hurricane, a Reuters news report stated there were 173 dead with about 200 missing, while the government of Mexico issued a statement reporting 149 deaths. Ultimately, media reports indicated a death toll of at least 230 people, and the Mexican Red Cross estimated 400 dead and at least 1,900 missing. The Church World Service estimated at least 500 people were killed. Relief Web suggests that 217 fatalities were reported and 600,000 people were impacted. Approximately 300,000 people were left homeless due to the storm.
qas: question: zh_tw: 龍捲風寶蓮襲擊了墨西哥哪一個海港城市？
en: Which Mexican coastal city was hit directly by Hurricane Pauline?
answers: zh_tw: text: 埃斯孔迪多港
en: text: Puerto Escondido

context: zh_tw: 颶風對環境構成嚴重破壞，墨西哥南部有 700 平方公里位於低窪地區的雨林、松林和常綠櫟林受到重創。強烈的海浪導致部分地點出現嚴重海灘侵蝕，這種侵蝕又對麗龜的巢穴構成重大影響，有約 4000 萬枚蛋被毀。約 80 萬 6000 個巢穴受到影響，其中約半數被海水席捲一空。颶風寶蓮是繼 1959 年以來襲擊墨西哥南部的最強颶風，也是最致命的颶風，此外，這還是有紀錄以來首場吹襲太平洋珊瑚礁的颶風。墨西哥的農作物也受到重創，損失了約 40 萬袋咖啡。颶風過去後，大豆和小麥價格都出現上漲。除此以外，颶風寶蓮還對墨西哥南部的動物有很大影響。
en: The hurricane caused severe damage to the environment; 200 square miles (700 km²) of low-lying rainforest and pine and evergreen oak woodlands were greatly damaged in southern Mexico. Strong waves produced severe beach erosion in some locations. The erosion affected two nesting cycles for the Olive Ridley turtle, destroying about 40 million eggs. Nearly 806,000 nests were affected, and about 50% of these were wiped out. The deadliest and most intense hurricane to hit southern Mexico since 1959, the hurricane was the first documented hurricane strike on Pacific coral reefs. Crop damage was extreme, and 400,000 bags of coffee were lost. In the days after the hurricane, soybean and wheat prices increased. In all, Hurricane Pauline had a large effect on fauna in Southern Mexico.
qas: question: zh_tw: 什麼造成了所有的破壞？
en: what caused all the damage?
answers: zh_tw: text: 颶風
en: text: The hurricane

context: zh_tw: 墨西哥紅十字會的志願者和搜救隊一起迅速趕赴災區，還採用經過專門訓練的狗在阿卡普爾科尋找因颶風而被困在泥濘之下的災民。風暴過去的前 4 天裡，每支搜救隊每天都會找到 1 到 2 具屍體，官方估計搜救工作需要持續數週。搜救隊在格雷羅州一共救出 35 人。颶風過去僅數小時後，救災人員就乘船進入洪災地區，向受災最嚴重的區域提供援助。紅十字會向在瓦哈卡州、格雷羅州和恰帕斯州政府開設避難所中躲避的災民提供食品、水、衣物、毛毯、淨水物品、奶粉及其他不易腐爛變質的食品和醫療物資。墨西哥紅十字會還設立多個避難所，為數以百計流留失所的災民提供住宿和飲食。風暴過去 4 天后，紅十字會已經向颶風災民發放 100 噸救災物資。另外還有多名醫務工作者被派往當地救治傷者。官員在阿卡普爾科設立應急水質淨化廠，但大部分用水需求仍然無法滿足。運水車陸續開往市內，有成千上萬的人排隊取水。該市豪華酒店內的遊客大部分沒有受到這場颶風的影響，這些酒店很快就恢復正常，但市內其他地方仍然滿目瘡痍。多家酒店被迫使用瓶裝水，儘可能少使用配給水，以便將有限的水提供給市內其他地區。颶風過去後，阿卡普爾科出現嚴重的哄抬物價情況，據消費者保護機構的正式報告顯示，店主將牛奶價格抬高了 200%，玉米餅則有 500%，水更達 1000%。墨西哥政府因預警不足和水資源短缺受到批評，當時的墨西哥總統埃內斯托・柴迪洛縮短他在歐洲的假期，對災害作出響應。政府官員為阿卡普爾科市民開設了 39 個救助中心，但還是有部分市民缺食少水。部分市民懷疑總統及其所屬的革命制度黨將救災物資挪作他用。總統承諾會對相關責任人提出起訴，並且決定關閉救助中心，開設供應湯汁的廚房。雖然有了食品，但墨西哥軍隊沒有出動設定廚房，也沒有在救助中心發放援助物資。寶蓮過去 1 周後，阿卡普爾科大部分地區依舊處於封閉狀態。該市有關部門起初優先清理旅遊區，從酒店到機場間的景區公路因此很快就得以修復。風暴過後，前往當地旅遊的人數大減，部分酒店為吸引客源降價 40%。某航空公司還將墨西哥城到阿卡普爾科的機票價格減半。寶蓮過去約 1 個月後，大部分酒店都已完全恢復到正常水平。
en: Volunteers from the Mexican Red Cross quickly went to disaster areas with search and rescue teams, including using specially trained dogs to search for hurricane victims trapped under muddy areas of Acapulco. By four days after the storm each team was finding one or two corpses per day, with officials stating the search could take weeks. In Guerrero, the teams rescued a total of 35 people from hazard. Hours after the hurricane passed through the area, relief works traveled by boat through flooded areas to assist the worst-hit areas. The Red Cross provided food, water, clothing, blankets, water purification supplies, milk powder and other non-perishable foods, and medical supplies to those staying in government shelters in Oaxaca, Guerrero, and Chiapas. The Mexican Red Cross also set up shelters to house and feed hundreds of displaced people, and by four days after the storm, the Red Cross distributed 100 tonnes of relief supplies to hurricane victims. Medical workers were also deployed to the area to aid the injured.Officials set up emergency water purification plants in Acapulco, though water remained largely unavailable. Water trucks were sent to the city, with thousands standing in line for fresh water. Tourists in luxury hotels of Acapulco, for the most part generally unaffected by the hurricane, and rapidly recovered while other parts of the city remained devastated. Hotels were forced to use bottled water and ration their available water to as little as possible to provide water for the rest of the city. Extreme price gouging occurred in the city following the hurricane, with one consumer protection official reporting shopkeepers charging 200 percent more for milk, 500 percent more for tortillas, and 1000 percent more than usual for water. Even though the government was blamed for lack of warnings and water shortages, Ernesto Zedillo, the president of Mexico at that time, cut his vacation in Europe short to respond to the catastrophe.  Government officials set up 39 aid centers for Acapulco citizens, though some residents were unable to get food and water. Some residents suspected than the President and his Institutional Revolutionary Party of taking aid supplies for their own purposes. The president promised to seek charges and decided to close aid centers in favor of opening soup kitchens. Despite having the food, the Mexican army did not set up the kitchens, nor was aid distributed at the aid centers.Most of Acapulco remained closed for at least a week after the hurricane. Initially, authorities around Acapulco gave preference to clean up tourist areas, which resulted in the scenic highway from the hotels to the airport being quickly fixed. Tourism greatly decreased following the hurricane, causing some hotels to charge 40 percent less than normal in an attempt to bring people back. One airline offered two plane tickets for the price of one from Mexico City to Acapulco. Most hotels were almost completely back to normal around a month after the hurricane.
qas: question: zh_tw: 志願者來自哪裡？\n
en: Where did the volunteers come from?
answers: zh_tw: text: 墨西哥紅十字會
en: text: the Mexican Red Cross

question: zh_tw: 總統在關閉救助中心後，開設了什麼？
en: what did the president open after closing aid centers?
answers: zh_tw: text: 湯汁的廚房
en: text: soup kitchens

context: zh_tw: 颶風產生的洪水同墨西哥西南部許多貧困地區未經處理的汙水結合，致使大面積地區面臨熱帶疾病傳播的威脅。為此，政府衛生部門在格雷羅州和瓦哈卡州海岸沿線多個城市開設疫苗接種中心。數千人接種了傷寒和破傷風疫苗。政府部門警告，由於水質受到汙染，還有可能爆發登革熱和霍亂疫情。衛生部門表示，大面積的積水很可能滋生蚊蟲，傳播瘧疾和登革熱。阿卡普爾斯在颶風過去兩天後首見天晴，這也是當地一週以來第一個晴天，積水蒸發後，大量灰塵帶著致命的病毒四處擴散。有關部門警告市民，受這些灰塵的威脅，食物和水要煮沸 30 分鐘才能食用。當地報告有至少 20 起霍亂和 6 起登革熱病例。最為嚴重的疫情發生在瓦哈卡州，共計 616 個村落出現 1 萬 4630 例瘧疾病例，佔墨西哥 1998 年瘧疾病例總數的約 80%。軍方分發氯片為水池消毒，還用手推車從受損的民宅中清理腐爛的泥漿和汙水。兩架 C-130 運輸機和 20 架直升機將食品和水空運到阿卡普爾科以南的小村莊，這些地方的居民在風暴過後已經被困了近一星期。
en: The floodwaters from the hurricane combined with raw sewage in many poor areas of southwestern Mexico, leading to a widespread threat for a spread of tropical diseases. As a result, government health workers opened vaccination centers in several cities along the Guerrero and Oaxaca coasts. Thousands were inoculated for typhoid fever and tetanus. Officials noted a potential threat for dengue and cholera as a result of the spoiled water. Health workers also stated mosquitos possessing malaria and dengue fever were likely to breed in large areas of leftover water. In Acapulco, about two days after the hurricane passed, the first day of sun in a week evaporated the areas of leftover water, spreading dust across the region with the deadly diseases. Residents were warned to boil their food and water for 30 minutes due to the threat for contamination by the dust. At least twenty cases of cholera and at least six cases of dengue fever were reported. Most significantly, there were 14,630 cases of malaria in 616 villages in Oaxaca due to Pauline; this represented about 80% of the malaria cases in Mexico during 1998. Army soldiers distributed chlorine tablets to disinfect water pools and wheelbarrows to remove rotting mud and sewage from their damaged homes. Two C-130 Hercules planes and twenty helicopters airlifted food and water to smaller villages south of Acapulco that were stranded for nearly a week after the hurricane.
qas: question: zh_tw: 變了質的水可能帶來哪些威脅？
en: What are possible threats that come with spoiled water?
answers: zh_tw: text: 登革熱和霍亂
en: text: dengue and cholera

question: zh_tw: 致使墨西哥西南部熱帶疾病大面積傳播的原因是什麼？
en: What caused the widespread of tropical disease in southwestern Mexico?
answers: zh_tw: text: 洪水
en: text: floodwaters