烏利希・慈運理
Huldrych Zwingli

context: zh_tw: 1518 年慈運理成為蘇黎世大教堂的神父，在那裡開始宣揚宗教改革的思想。1522 年因為反對在大齋期的齋戒，公開吃香腸，開始受到公眾關注。在著作中，他指出在教會階級的腐敗，提倡教士結婚，並攻擊禮拜場所使用聖像。1525 年，慈運理推出了新的禮儀。對於嬰兒洗禮，慈運理曾與重洗派一起試圖廢除，但後來因政治因素妥協，導致與堅持進一步改革的重洗派決裂。因為慈運理與重洗派的衝突導致重洗派被迫害，歷史學家曾爭論他是否使蘇黎世成為一個神權政治的城邦。之後宗教改革擴及瑞士邦聯其他地區，但有些城邦仍傾向維持天主教，瑞士邦聯因此依宗教分裂為支援宗教改革的城邦聯盟，以及支援天主教的城邦聯盟。1529 年，戰爭尚未爆發。該年，慈運理與馬丁・路德在德國馬爾堡會面協商，企圖整合雙方在宗教改革思想上的分歧。馬爾堡會議中，前 14 條半都達成共識，但最後討論聖餐禮時對聖餐意義的觀點卻完全不同，導致兩派整合失敗。馬丁・路德認為聖餐中基督的確實質降臨，是為同質說。而慈運理則認為聖餐只是一種紀念基督的象徵，即象徵說。
en: In 1519, Zwingli became the pastor of the Grossmünster in Zürich where he began to preach ideas on reform of the Catholic Church. In his first public controversy in 1522, he attacked the custom of fasting during Lent. In his publications, he noted corruption in the ecclesiastical hierarchy, promoted clerical marriage, and attacked the use of images in places of worship. In 1525, Zwingli introduced a new communion liturgy to replace the Mass. Zwingli also clashed with the Anabaptists, which resulted in their persecution.  Historians have debated whether or not he turned Zürich into a theocracy.The Reformation spread to other parts of the Swiss Confederation, but several cantons resisted, preferring to remain Catholic. Zwingli formed an alliance of Reformed cantons which divided the Confederation along religious lines. In 1529, a war between the two sides was averted at the last moment. Meanwhile, Zwingli's ideas came to the attention of Martin Luther and other reformers. They met at the Marburg Colloquy and although they agreed on many points of doctrine, they could not reach an accord on the doctrine of the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist.
qas: question: zh_tw: 哪一年戰爭好險爆發？
en: In what year was a conflict narrowly avoided?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1529 年
en: text: 1529

context: zh_tw: 第一次關於慈運理講道的爭議在 1522 年的大齋期爆發。第一個要禁食的星期日 (3 月 9 日)，十多人邀請了慈運理，在克里斯多弗・福羅切爾住所舉辦 “香腸晚餐”，他們切了兩條薰香腸，故意違反禁食的規條。慈運理在 4 月 16 日的講道公開解釋此行為，主題是〈論食物的選擇和自由〉(Von Erkiesen und Freiheit der Speisen)。他注意到關於大齋期的這些規條，在聖經中都找不到清晰的普遍原則，因此違犯這些規則並不是罪。這次事件，後來稱作 “香腸事件”，被認為是瑞士宗教改革的開始。在這篇解釋文發表之前，康斯坦茨教區馬上派遣了一個代表團前往蘇黎世。市議會投票的結果支援慈運理，譴責禁食的規條，但認定這屬於宗教事務，要求宗教當局對此澄清。主教在 5 月 24 日回應蘇黎世大教堂和市議會，重申傳統的立場。這次事件後，7 月 2 日，慈運理與其他人文主義者朋友也向主教請願，要求取消神職人員應守獨身的規條。兩週後，大量印製的請願書〈對同盟友好的請願與訓誡〉(Eine freundliche Bitte und Ermahnung an die Eidgenossen)，向德國公開傳遞。這議題對慈運理而言不單是抽象的問題，同年早些時候，他已經秘密娶了一位寡婦 - 安娜・賴因哈特。公共皆知道他們同居，不過他們公開的婚禮在 1524 年 4 月 2 日，他們第一個孩子出生的三個月前才舉行。 他們最終有四個孩子：蕾古拉、威廉、烏利希和安娜。當請願書傳到世俗政府，主教回應要求蘇黎世政府應繼續維持一貫的教會秩序。其他瑞士的神職人員參加了慈運理的訴求，並鼓勵他寫下他關於信仰的第一份重要宣告〈最初與最後的話〉（Apologeticus Archeteles）。他為自己被控煽動叛亂和異端的罪名辯護。他認為由於教廷的腐敗，他們並沒有任何權力干涉地方教會事務。
en: The first public controversy regarding Zwingli's preaching broke out during the season of Lent in 1522. On the first fasting Sunday, 9 March, Zwingli and about a dozen other participants consciously transgressed the fasting rule by cutting and distributing two smoked sausages (the Wurstessen in Christoph Froschauer's workshop). Zwingli defended this act in a sermon which was published on 16 April, under the title Von Erkiesen und Freiheit der Speisen (Regarding the Choice and Freedom of Foods). He noted that no general valid rule on food can be derived from the Bible and that to transgress such a rule is not a sin. The event, which came to be referred to as the Affair of the Sausages, is considered to be the start of the Reformation in Switzerland. Even before the publication of this treatise, the diocese of Constance reacted by sending a delegation to Zürich. The city council condemned the fasting violation, but assumed responsibility over ecclesiastical matters and requested the religious authorities clarify the issue. The bishop responded on 24 May by admonishing the Grossmünster and city council and repeating the traditional position.Following this event, Zwingli and other humanist friends petitioned the bishop on 2 July to abolish the requirement of celibacy on the clergy. Two weeks later the petition was reprinted for the public in German as Eine freundliche Bitte und Ermahnung an die Eidgenossen (A Friendly Petition and Admonition to the Confederates). The issue was not just an abstract problem for Zwingli, as he had secretly married a widow, Anna Reinhard, earlier in the year. Their cohabitation was well-known and their public wedding took place on 2 April 1524, three months before the birth of their first child. They would eventually have four children: Regula, William, Huldrych, and Anna. As the petition was addressed to the secular authorities, the bishop responded at the same level by notifying the Zürich government to maintain the ecclesiastical order. Other Swiss clergymen joined in Zwingli's cause which encouraged him to make his first major statement of faith, Apologeticus Archeteles (The First and Last Word). He defended himself against charges of inciting unrest and heresy. He denied the ecclesiastical hierarchy any right to judge on matters of church order because of its corrupted state.
qas: question: zh_tw: 按字母順序排列，他們首名孩子名叫什麼？
en: What is the name of their first child, alphabetically?
answers: zh_tw: text: 安娜
en: text: Anna

context: zh_tw: 伯爾尼的情況，伯爾尼大教堂的神父德邁・哈勒和詩人畫家兼政治家尼克勞斯・曼努埃爾，為了改革而參加競選。不過伯爾尼是否是一個支援改革的州，要到另一場辯論之後才確立。伯爾尼辯論有 450 人參加，包括伯爾尼和其他州的神父，還有邦聯之外的一些神學家，如來自斯特拉斯堡的馬丁・比塞和沃爾夫岡・卡皮託、來自康斯坦茨的安布羅斯・布拉瑞爾、來自紐倫堡的安德烈亞斯・阿瑟曼。埃克和法布里拒絕出席，支援天主教的各州也沒有派出代表。會議從 1528 年 1 月 6 日開始，持續近三個星期。慈運理承擔捍衛改革的主要責任，在明斯特有過兩次的演講。1528 年 2 月 7 日，議會下令宗教改革正式在伯爾尼建立。
en: On 8 April 1524, five cantons, Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, and Zug, formed an alliance, die fünf Orte (the Five States) to defend themselves from Zwingli's Reformation. They contacted the opponents of Martin Luther including John Eck, who had debated Luther in the Leipzig Disputation of 1519. Eck offered to dispute Zwingli and he accepted. However, they could not agree on the selection of the judging authority, the location of the debate, and the use of the Swiss Diet as a court. Because of the disagreements, Zwingli decided to boycott the disputation. On 19 May 1526, all the cantons sent delegates to Baden. Although Zürich's representatives were present, they did not participate in the sessions. Eck led the Catholic party while the reformers were represented by Johannes Oecolampadius of Basel, a theologian from Württemberg who had carried on an extensive and friendly correspondence with Zwingli. While the debate proceeded, Zwingli was kept informed of the proceedings and printed pamphlets giving his opinions. It was of little use as the Diet decided against Zwingli. He was to be banned and his writings were no longer to be distributed. Of the thirteen Confederation members, Glarus, Solothurn, Fribourg, and Appenzell as well as the Five States voted against Zwingli. Bern, Basel, Schaffhausen, and Zürich supported him.The Baden disputation exposed a deep rift in the Confederation on matters of religion. The Reformation was now emerging in other states. The city of St Gallen, an affiliated state to the Confederation, was led by a reformed mayor, Joachim Vadian, and the city abolished the mass in 1527, just two years after Zürich. In Basel, although Zwingli had a close relationship with Oecolampadius, the government did not officially sanction any reformatory changes until 1 April 1529 when the mass was prohibited. Schaffhausen, which had closely followed Zürich's example, formally adopted the Reformation in September 1529. In the case of Bern, Berchtold Haller, the priest at St Vincent Münster, and Niklaus Manuel, the poet, painter, and politician, had campaigned for the reformed cause. But it was only after another disputation that Bern counted itself as a canton of the Reformation. Four hundred and fifty persons participated, including pastors from Bern and other cantons as well as theologians from outside the Confederation such as Martin Bucer and Wolfgang Capito from Strasbourg, Ambrosius Blarer from Constance, and Andreas Althamer from Nuremberg. Eck and Fabri refused to attend and the Catholic cantons did not send representatives. The meeting started on 6 January 1528 and lasted nearly three weeks. Zwingli assumed the main burden of defending the Reformation and he preached twice in the Münster. On 7 February 1528 the council decreed that the Reformation be established in Bern.
qas: question: zh_tw: 伯爾尼何時開始宗教改革？
en: When was the Reformation brought to Bern?
answers: zh_tw: text: 1528 年 2 月 7 日
en: text: 7 February 1528