滾雷行動
Operation Rolling Thunder

context: zh_tw: 至 1965 年 12 月 24 日為止，美國已損失了 170 架飛機（其中 85 架為空軍戰機，94 架為海軍戰機，一架為海軍陸戰隊戰機）。南越空軍也損失了 8 架飛機。 空軍出動了 25971 架次的飛機，扔下了 32063 噸炸彈，海軍出動了 28168 架次的飛機，扔下了 11144 噸炸彈。南越空軍執行了 682 次任務，投彈數量未知。1966 年 4 月 5 日，美國透過偵察發現北越正在建造防空導彈陣地。空軍和海軍聯合向華盛頓請求進攻，但是它們被拒絕了，因為大多數導彈陣地都位於禁飛的市區附近。正因為如此，7 月 24 號一枚 SA-2 地空導彈擊落了一架 F-105 也就不足為奇了。3 天之後，對兩個具威脅性導彈陣地的一次性攻擊被批准。但是美國人落入了一個精心設定的陷阱中，這兩個導彈陣地都是偽裝的，而在它們的周圍卻有密集的防空火力。一個美國飛行員後來說這次行動 “看起來就像世界末日”。在此次行動中有六架飛機被擊落，（兩名飛行員死亡，一名失蹤，兩名被俘虜，還有一名被救回）。1966 年 6 月 29 日，對北越原油，燃油以及潤滑油（POL）儲藏地點的攻擊被約翰遜批准。美國軍方從戰役一開始就想發起這樣一次進攻，他們相信減少北越的 POL 將會使它的軍事實力大大減少，因此對南越的顛覆活動也會停止。這些進攻在一開始效果很明顯，他們摧毀了河內和海防的油庫，中情局估計北越 70% 的油料工廠都已被摧毀，而美國的損失只是 43 架飛機而已。但是後來證明美軍的成功只給北越造成了短期的困難，因為河內將它擁有的大多數 POL 都分散到了位於全國各地的 50 加侖油桶內。就在美國只能承認 “還沒有任何證據證明北越正在遭受 POL 的短缺” 之後，對 POL 的攻擊在 9 月 4 日停止了。
en: On 5 April 1965, U.S. reconnaissance discovered that the North Vietnamese were constructing positions for what could only be surface-to-air missile (SAM) batteries. The air force and navy then filed a joint appeal to Washington for permission to strike the sites, but they were refused since most of the sites were near the restricted urban areas. Then, on 24 July, an F-4 was shot down by a SA-2 Guideline missile. Three days later, a one-time strike was authorized against the two offending missile sites. The Americans, however, fell for an elaborate trap when the sites turned out to be dummies surrounded by anti-aircraft artillery defenses. One American pilot described the action which followed as "looking like the end of the world." Six of the strike craft were destroyed (two of the pilots were killed, one missing, two captured, and one rescued) during the ambush.On 29 June 1965, airstrikes against the North's petroleum, oil, and lubricants (POL) storage areas were authorized by Johnson. The American military had advocated such strikes since the inception of the operation, believing that to deny North Vietnam its POL would cause its military effort to grind to a halt. At first, the strikes appeared highly successful, destroying tank farms near Hanoi and Haiphong and leading the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to estimate that 70 percent of North Vietnam's oil facilities had been destroyed for the loss of 43 aircraft. The loss of the oil storage tank farms and refineries proved to be only a short-term inconvenience for North Vietnam, however, since Hanoi had anticipated just such a campaign and had during that time dispersed the majority of its POL stocks in 50-gallon drums across the length of the country. The POL attacks were halted on 4 September, after U.S. intelligence admitted that there was "no evidence yet of any shortages of POL in North Vietnam."By 24 December 1965, 170 U.S. aircraft had been lost during the campaign (85 Air Force, 94 Navy, and one Marine Corps). Eight VNAF aircraft had also been lost. Air force aircrews had flown 25,971 sorties and dropped 32,063 tons of bombs. Naval aviators had flown 28,168 sorties and dropped 11,144 tons. The VNAF had contributed 682 missions with unknown ordnance tonnages.
qas: question: zh_tw: 什麼被用來在越南北部擊落美國的 F-4 偵察機？
en: What was used to shoot down US's recon F-4 in North Vietnam?
answers: zh_tw: text: SA-2 地空導彈
en: text: SA-2 Guideline missile