Commonwealth of the Philippines - Wikipilipinas: The Hip 'n Free Philippine Encyclopedia Commonwealth of the Philippines Lupang Hinirang Location of the Philippines in Asia Capital Manila ¹ Language(s) Pilipino , English , Spanish Government Republic President - 1935-1944 Manuel L. Quezon - 1944-1946 Sergio Osmeña - 1946 Manuel Roxas Vice President - 1935-1944 Sergio Osmeña - 1946 Elpidio Quirino Historical era American colonization - Philippine Independence Act March 24 - Independence July 4 Area - 1939 300,000 km² (115,831 sq mi) Population - 1939 est. 18,434,000 Density 61.4 /km² (159.1 /sq mi) Currency Peso ¹ Capital held by enemy forces between December 24, 1941 and February 27, 1945.

Temporary capitals Corregidor from December 24, 1941-; Iloilo City from February 22; Bacolod from February 26; Buenos Aire, Negros Occidental from February 27; Oroquieta from March 19; Bukidnon from March 23; Melbourne from April; Washington, DC from May, 1942 to October, 1944; Tacloban from October 20, 1944. The Commonwealth of the Philippines was the political designation of the Philippines from 1935 to 1946 when the country was a commonwealth with the United States. Before 1935, the Philippines was an insular area with non-commonwealth status, and before that, it had been a[United States territory|U.S. territory.

The creation of the Commonwealth was envisioned under the Philippine Independence Act, popularly known as the Tydings-McDuffie Act as a ten-year transitional government in preparation for full Philippine independence and sovereignty which was promised through the Philippine Autonomy Act or [[Jones Law It marked the end of the colonial eras as well as the transition of the nomenclature of the Philippines from the plural "Las Islas Filipinas" and "Philippine Islands" of the Spanish and American colonial periods, to the singular, "Philippines", which is a sign of unity, sovereignty, and national identity. Contents 9 Original Source Structure The Commonwealth had its own constitution, which remained effective until 1973 and was self-governing although foreign policy and military affairs would be under the responsibility of the United States, and certain legislation required the approval of the American president It featured a very strong executive , a unicameral [[National Assembly of the Philippines|National Assembly and a Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court all composed entirely of Filipinos, as well as an elected Resident Commissioner to the United States House of Representatives (as Puerto Rico does today).

An American High Commissioner and an American Office of the Military Advisor to the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines|Military Advisor were also present in the government while an American Field Marshal (Philippines)|Field Marshall was in charge of the Philippine Army . In 1939-40, after an amendment in the Constitution, a bicameral [[Philippine Congress|Congress consisting a of [[Philippine Senate|Senate and of a [[Philippine House of Representatives|House of Representatives was restored replacing the National Assembly . History Creation 23 March 1935 : Constitutional Convention. Seated, left to right: George H. Dern, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Manuel L. Quezon In December 1932, the United States Congress passed the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act with the premise of granting Filipinos independence. Provisions of the bill included reserving several military and naval bases for the United States, as well as imposing tariffs and quotas on Philippine exports. It was vetoed by President Herbert Hoover but the American Congress overrode his veto in 1933 and passed the bill. The bill, however, was opposed by the then Philippine Senate President Manuel L.

Quezon and was also rejected by the Philippine Senate . This led to the creation and passing of a new bill known as Tydings-McDuffie Act, which allowed the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippine with a ten-year period of peaceful transition to full independence. Pre-War In October 1935, presidential elections were held and candidates included former president Emilio Aguinaldo and Iglesia Filipina Indepediente leader Gregorio Aglipay . Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña of the Nacionalista Party were proclaimed winners, winning the seats of president and vice-president, respectively. The new government embarked on ambitious nation-building policies in preparation for economic and political independence. These included national defense (such as the National Defense Act of 1935 , which organized a draft service in the country), greater control over the economy, the perfection of democratic institutions, reforms in education, improvement of transport, the promotion of local capital and industrialization, and the colonization of Mindanao. However, uncertainties, espescially in the diplomatic and military situation in Southeast Asia , in the level of U.S. commitment to the future Republic , and in the economy due to the Great Depression, proved to be major problems.

The situation was further complicated by the presense of agrarian unrest, and of power struggles between Osmeña and Quezon, especially after Quezon was permitted to be reelected after a six-year term. A proper evaluation of the policies' effectiveness or failure is difficult due to Japanese invasion during World War II . World War II The War as seen in Manila. Japan launched a surprise attack on the Philippines on December 8 1941. The Commonwealth government drafted the Philippine Army into the U.S. Army Forces Far East, which would resist Japanese occupation. Manila was declared an open city to prevent its destruction and was occupied by the Japanese on January 2 1942. Meanwhile, battles against the Japanese continued in Bataan , Correigidor , and Leyte until the final surrender of United States-Philippine forces on May 1942> Quezon and Osmeña were escorted by troops to Corregidor and later left for the United States. There, they set up a government in exile, which participated in the Pacific War Council as well as the Declaration by United Nations. During exile, Quezon became ill with tuberculosis, and eventually died. Osmeña later replaced him as president.

Meanwhile, the Japanese military organized a new government in the Philippines known as the Second Philippine Republic , which was headed by President José P. Laurel . This government ended up being unpopular. The resistance continued in the Philippines. This included the Hukbalahap ("People's Army Against the Japanese"), which comprised of 30,000 armed people and controlled much of Central Luzon . Remnants of the Philippine Army also fought the Japanese through guerrilla warfare and were successful since all but twelve of the forty-eight provinces were liberated. MacArthur's Allied forces landed on Leyte on October 20 1944 and were welcomed as liberators, as other landings followed. Fighting continued until Japan's formal surrender on September 2, 1945. Estimates for Filipino casualties reached one million, and Manila was extensively damaged . After the Philippines campaign, 1944-45 , the Commonwealth was restored and one-year transitional period in preparation for independence began. Elections followed in April 1946 with Manuel Roxas winning as the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines and Elpidio Quirino winning as vice-president.

Independence The Commonwealth ended when the United States recognized Philippine independence on July 4, 1946, as scheduled.American Colony and Philippine Commonwealth 1901 - 1941 However, the economy remained dependent to the U.S..Philippines - Economic Relations with the United States U.S. Library of Congress. This was due to the Bell Trade Act , otherwise known as the Philippine Trade Act, which was a precondition for receiving war rehabilitation grants from the United States.Balitang Beterano: Facts about Philippine Independence Philippine Headline News Online Policies Uprisings and agrarian reform An example of a hacienda in Uruguay At the time, tenant farmers held grievances often rooted to debt caused by the sharecropping system, as well as by the dramatic increase in population, which added economic pressure to the tenant farmers' families. Philippine history - American Colony and Philippine Commonwealth (1901-1941) As a result, an agrarian reform program was initiated by the Commonwealth. However, success of the program was hampered by ongoing clashes between tenants and landowners.

An example of these clashes includes one intitiated by Benigno Ramos through his Sakdalista movement, which advocated tax reductions, land reforms, the breakup of the large estates or haciendas, and the severing of American ties. The uprising, which occurred in Central Luzon on May, 1935, claimed about a hundred lives. National language Due to the diverse number Philippine languages , a program for the "development and adoption of a common national language based on the existing native dialects" was drafted in the 1935 Philippine constitution. The Commonwealth created a Surian ng Wikang Pambansa (National Language Institue), which was composed of President Quezon and six other members from various ethnic groups . A deliberation was held and Tagalog (due to its extensive literary traditon) was selected as the basis for the "national language" to be called "Pilipino". In 1940, the Commonwealth authorized the creation of a dictionary and grammar book for the language. On the same year, Commonwealth Act 570 was passed, allowing Pilipino to become an official language upon independence.

Republic of the Philippies, Philippine Almanac, Mindanao The Commonwealth also had a policy involving the colonization of Mindanao . Economy Manuel L. Quezon visiting Franklin D. Roosevelt in Washington D.C. The economy of the Commowealth was mostly agricultural based. Products included abaca, coconuts and coconut oil, sugar, and timber. The performance of the economy was initially good despite challenges from various agrarian uprisings. Taxes collected from a robust coconut industry helped boost the economy by funding infrastructure and other development projects. However, growth was halted due to the outbreak of World War II . American Colony and Philippine Commonwealth (1901-1941) Demographics In 1941, the estimated population of the Philippines reached 17,000,000 while Manila 's population was 684,000. The number of Chinese rose to 117,000. There were also 30,000 Japanese , with 20,000 living in Davao , and 9,000 Americans .

English was spoken by 27% of the population, while Spanish was spoken by only 3%. The following is the estimated number of speakers of the dominant languages: Commonwealth of the Philippines | Military Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Commonwealth of the Philippines Share The Commonwealth of the Philippines administered the Philippines from 1935 until 1946, aside from a period of exile in 1942 to 1945 when Japan occupied the country. It replaced the Insular Government , a U.S. territorial government, and was established by the Tydings–McDuffie Act . The Commonwealth was designed as a transitional administration, and it prepared the country for independence. [1] During its more than a decade of existence, the Commonwealth had a strong executive and a Supreme Court. Its legislature, dominated by the Nacionalista Party , was at first unicameral, but later bicameral. In 1937, the government selected Tagalog–the language of Manila and its surrounding provinces–as the basis of the national language, although it would be many years before its usage became general.

Women's suffrage was adopted and the economy recovered to its pre-Depression level before the Japanese Occupation in 1942. The Commonwealth government went into exile from 1942 to 1945, when the Philippines was under Japanese occupation. In 1946, the Commonwealth ended and the Philippines became an independent Republic as provided for in Article XVIII of the 1935 Constitution . [2] Contents The Commonwealth of the Philippines was also known as the "Philippine Commonwealth", [3] [4] or simply as "the Commonwealth". It had official names in Tagalog language: Kómonwélt ng Pilipinas ( [pɪlɪˈpinɐs] ) and Spanish: Mancomunidad de Filipinas ( [filiˈpinas] ). The 1935 constitution specifies "the Philippines" as the country's short form name and uses "the Philippine Islands" only to refer to pre-1935 status and institutions. [2] Under the Insular Government (1901-1935), both terms had official status.

[lower-alpha 1] [5] History March 23, 1935: Constitutional Convention. Seated, left to right: George H. Dern , President Franklin D. Roosevelt , and Manuel L. Quezon The pre-1935 U.S. territorial administration, or Insular Government, was headed by a governor general who was appointed by the president of the United States. In December 1932, the US Congress passed the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act with the premise of granting Filipinos independence. Provisions of the bill included reserving several military and naval bases for the United States, as well as imposing tariffs and quotas on Philippine exports. [6] [7] When it reached him for possible signature, President Herbert Hoover vetoed the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act, but the American Congress overrode Hoover's veto in 1933 and passed the bill over Hoover's objections. [8] The bill, however, was opposed by the then Philippine Senate President Manuel L. Quezon and was also rejected by the Philippine Senate .

[9] This led to the creation and passing of a new bill known as Tydings–McDuffie Act , [lower-alpha 2] or Philippine Independence Act, which allowed the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines with a ten-year period of peaceful transition to full independence – the date of which was to be on the 4th July following the tenth anniversary of the establishment of the Commonwealth. [6] [10] [11] A Constitutional Convention was convened in Manila on July 30, 1934. On February 8, 1935, the 1935 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines was approved by the convention by a vote of 177 to 1. The constitution was approved by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 23, 1935 and ratified by popular vote on May 14, 1935. [12] [13] On 17 September 1935, [14] presidential elections were held. Candidates included former president Emilio Aguinaldo , the Iglesia Filipina Independiente leader Gregorio Aglipay , and others. Manuel L.

Quezon and Sergio Osmeña of the Nacionalista Party were proclaimed the winners, winning the seats of president and vice-president, respectively. [6] The Commonwealth Government was inaugurated on the morning of November 15, 1935, in ceremonies held on the steps of the Legislative Building in Manila. The event was attended by a crowd of around 300,000 people. [14] Pre-War Edit The new government embarked on ambitious nation-building policies in preparation for economic and political independence. [6] These included national defense (such as the National Defense Act of 1935 , which organized a conscription for service in the country), greater control over the economy, the perfection of democratic institutions, reforms in education, improvement of transport, the promotion of local capital, industrialization, and the colonization of Mindanao. However, uncertainties, especially in the diplomatic and military situation in Southeast Asia , in the level of U.S. commitment to the future Republic of the Philippines, and in the economy due to the Great Depression, proved to be major problems.

The situation was further complicated by the presence of agrarian unrest, and of power struggles between Osmeña and Quezon, [6] especially after Quezon was permitted to be re-elected after one six-year term. A proper evaluation of the policies' effectiveness or failure is difficult due to Japanese invasion and occupation during World War II. World War II Main articles: Military history of the Philippines during World War II and Japanese occupation of the Philippines Japan launched a surprise attack on the Philippines on December 8, 1941. The Commonwealth government drafted the Philippine Army into the U.S. Army Forces Far East , which would resist Japanese occupation. Manila was declared an open city to prevent its destruction, [15] and it was occupied by the Japanese on January 2, 1942. [16] Meanwhile, battles against the Japanese continued on the Bataan Peninsula , Corregidor , and Leyte until the final surrender of United States-Philippine forces on May 1942. [17] Manuel L. Quezon visiting Franklin D. Roosevelt in Washington, D.C.

while in exile Quezon and Osmeña were escorted by troops from Manila to Corregidor, and later they left for Australia and then the U.S. There they set up a government in exile, [18] which participated in the Pacific War Council as well as the Declaration by United Nations . During this exile, Quezon became ill with tuberculosis, and later he died of it. Osmeña replaced him as the president. Meanwhile, the Japanese military organized a new government in the Philippines known as the Second Philippine Republic , which was headed by president José P. Laurel . This government ended up being very unpopular. [19] The resistance to the Japanese occupation continued in the Philippines. This included the Hukbalahap ("People's Army Against the Japanese"), which consisted of 30,000 armed people and controlled much of Central Luzon . [19] Remnants of the Philippine Army also fought the Japanese through guerrilla warfare , and it was successful, since all but 12 of the 48 provinces were liberated.

[19] General MacArthur and President Osmeña returning to the Philippines The American General Douglas MacArthur 's army landed on Leyte on 20 October 1944, and they were all welcomed as liberators, [6] along with Philippine Commonwealth troops when other amphibious landings soon followed. Fighting continued in remote corners of the Philippines until Japan's surrender in August 1945, which was signed on 2 September in Tokyo Bay. Estimates for Filipino casualties reached one million, and Manila was extensively damaged when certain Japanese forces refused to vacate the city (against their orders from the Japanese High Command). [19] After the War in the Philippines , the Commonwealth was restored, and a one-year transitional period in preparation for independence began. Elections followed in April 1946 with Manuel Roxas winning as the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines and Elpidio Quirino winning as vice-president. In spite of the years of Japanese occupation, the Philippines became independent exactly as scheduled a decade before, on July 4, 1946.

Independence Main articles: Philippine independence and Republic Day (Philippines) The Commonwealth ended when the US recognized Philippine independence on July 4, 1946, as scheduled. [20] [21] However, the economy remained dependent on the U.S. [22] This was due to the Bell Trade Act , otherwise known as the Philippine Trade Act, which was a precondition for receiving war rehabilitation grants from the United States. [23] Policies See also: Land reform in the Philippines At the time, tenant farmers held grievances often rooted to debt caused by the sharecropping system, as well as by the dramatic increase in population, which added economic pressure to the tenant farmers' families. [24] As a result, an agrarian reform program was initiated by the Commonwealth. However, success of the program was hampered by ongoing clashes between tenants and landowners. An example of these clashes includes one initiated by Benigno Ramos through his Sakdalista movement, [25] which advocated tax reductions, land reforms, the breakup of the large estates or haciendas , and the severing of American ties. The uprising, which occurred in Central Luzon in May, 1935, claimed about a hundred lives.

National language Edit Due to the diverse number Philippine languages , a program for the "development and adoption of a common national language based on the existing native dialects" was drafted in the 1935 Philippine constitution. [26] The Commonwealth created a Surian ng Wikang Pambansa (National Language Institute), which was composed of Quezon and six other members from various ethnic groups . A deliberation was held and Tagalog [26] (due to its extensive literary tradition) was selected as the basis for the "national language" to be called "Pilipino". In 1940, the Commonwealth authorized the creation of a dictionary and grammar book for the language. On the same year, Commonwealth Act 570 was passed, allowing Pilipino to become an official language upon independence. [26] Economy Edit The cash economy of the Commonwealth was mostly agriculture-based. Products included abaca, coconuts and coconut oil, sugar, and timber. [27] Numerous other crops and livestock were grown for local consumption by the Filipino people.

Other sources for foreign income included the spin-off from money spent at the American army, navy, and air bases on the Philippines, such as the naval base at Subic Bay and Clark Air Base (with U.S. Army airplanes there as early as 1919), both on the island of Luzon. The performance of the economy was initially good despite challenges from various agrarian uprisings. Taxes collected from a robust coconut industry helped boost the economy by funding infrastructure and other development projects. However, growth was halted due to the outbreak of World War II. [27] Demographics Main article: Demographics of the Philippines#1941 In 1941, the estimated population of the Philippines reached 17,000,000 while Manila's population was 684,000. The number of Chinese rose to 117,000. There were also 30,000 Japanese , with 20,000 living in Davao, and 9,000 US-Mexicans .

As a second language, English was spoken by 27% of the population, while Spanish as a first language was spoken by only 3%, however Spanish was understood as a second language by a significant number of the population. Estimated numbers of speakers of the dominant languages: [26] Edit The Commonwealth had its own constitution, which remained effective until 1973, [28] and was self-governing [2] although foreign policy and military affairs would be under the responsibility of the United States, and certain legislation required the approval of the American President. [29] During the 1935–41 period, the Commonwealth of the Philippines featured a very strong executive, a unicameral National Assembly , [30] [31] and a Supreme Court , [32] all composed entirely of Filipinos, as well as an elected Resident Commissioner to the United States House of Representatives (as Puerto Rico does today). An American High Commissioner and an American Military Advisor , [20] Douglas MacArthur headed the latter office from 1937 until the advent of World War II in 1941, holding the military rank of Field Marshal of the Philippines .

After 1946, the rank of field marshal disappeared from the Philippine military. During 1939 and 1940, after an amendment in the Commonwealth's Constitution, a bicameral Congress , [33] consisting of a Senate , [33] and of a House of Representatives , [33] was restored, replacing the National Assembly . [33] Politics 1 Died due to tuberculosis at Saranac Lake, New York. ² End of Commonwealth government, independent Republic inaugurated. Quezon Administration (1935–1944) Manuel L. Quezon , president from 1935–44 In 1935 Quezon won the Philippine's first national presidential election under the banner of the Nacionalista Party . He obtained nearly 68% of the vote against his two main rivals, Emilio Aguinaldo and Bishop Gregorio Aglipay . Quezon was inaugurated in November 1935. He is recognized as the second President of the Philippines. When Manuel L.

Quezon was inaugurated President of the Philippines in 1935, he became the first Filipino to head a government of the Philippines since Emilio Aguinaldo and the Malolos Republic in 1898. However, in January 2008, Congressman Rodolfo Valencia of Oriental Mindoro filed a bill seeking instead to declare General Miguel Malvar as the second Philippine President, having directly succeeded Aguinaldo in 1901. [lower-alpha 3] Quezon had originally been barred by the Philippine constitution from seeking re-election. However, in 1940, constitutional amendments were ratified allowing him to seek re-election for a fresh term ending in 1943. In the 1941 presidential elections , Quezon was re-elected over former Senator Juan Sumulong with nearly 82% of the vote. In a notable humanitarian act, Quezon, in cooperation with U.S. High Commissioner Paul V. McNutt , facilitated the entry into the Philippines of Jewish refugees fleeing fascist regimes in Europe. Quezon was also instrumental in promoting a project to resettle the refugees in Mindanao.

Quezon suffered from tuberculosis and spent his last years in a ‘ cure cottage ’ in Saranac Lake, NY, where he died on August 1, 1944. He was initially buried in Arlington National Cemetery . His body was later carried by the USS Princeton and re-interred in Manila at the Manila North Cemetery before being moved to Quezon City within the monument at the Quezon Memorial Circle . Osmeña Administration (1944–1946) Sergio Osmeña , president from 1944–46 Osmeña became president of the Commonwealth on Quezon's death in 1944. He returned to the Philippines the same year with General Douglas MacArthur and the liberation forces. After the war, Osmeña restored the Commonwealth government and the various executive departments. He continued the fight for Philippine independence. For the presidential election of 1946, Osmeña refused to campaign, saying that the Filipino people knew of his record of 40 years of honest and faithful service. Nevertheless, he was defeated by Manuel Roxas , who won 54% of the vote and became the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines.

Roxas Administration (May 28, 1946 – July 4, 1946) Edit Manuel Roxas , last president of the Commonwealth from May 28, 1946 – July 4, 1946 Roxas served as the President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in a brief period, from his subsequent election on May 28, 1946 to July 4, 1946, the scheduled date of the proclamation of Philippine Independence. Roxas prepared the groundwork for the advent of a free and independent Philippines, assisted by the Congress (reorganized May 25, 1946), with Senator José Avelino as the Senate President and Congressman Eugenio Pérez as the House of Representatives Speaker . On June 3, 1946, Roxas appeared for the first time before the joint session of the Congress to deliver his first state of the nation address . Among other things, he told the members of the Congress the grave problems and difficulties the Philippines are set to face and reports of his special trip to the US — the approval for independence.

[35] On June 21, he reappeared into another joint session of the Congress and urged the acceptance of two important laws passed by the US Congress on April 30, 1946 to the Philippine lands. They are the Philippine Rehabilitation Act and the Philippine Trade Act . [36] Both recommendations were accepted by the Congress. See also Essay about Commonwealth of the Philippines - 2294 Words Please sign up to read full document. Text Preview The Commonwealth of the Philippines administered the Philippines from 1935 until 1946, aside from a period of exile in 1942 to 1945 when Japan occupied the country. It replaced the Insular Government, a U.S. territorial government, and was established by the Tydings–McDuffie Act. The Commonwealth was designed as a transitional administration, and it prepared the country for independence. The Commonwealth was the culmination of efforts to secure a definitive timetable for the withdrawal of American sovereignty over the Philippines. Creation The pre-1935 U.S. territorial administration, or Insular Government, was headed by a governor general who was appointed by the president of the United States.

In December 1932, the US Congress passed the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act with the premise of granting Filipinos independence. Provisions of the bill included reserving several military and naval bases for the United States, as well as imposing tariffs and quotas on Philippine exports.[14][15] When it reached him for possible signature, President Herbert Hoover vetoed the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act, but the American Congress overrode Hoover's veto in 1933 and passed the bill over Hoover's objections.[16]The bill, however, was opposed by the then Philippine Senate President Manuel L. Quezon and was also rejected by the Philippine Senate.[17] This led to the creation and passing of a new bill known as Tydings–McDuffie Act,[b] or Philippine Independence Act, which allowed the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines with a ten-year period of peaceful transition to full independence – the date of which was to be on the 4th July following the tenth anniversary of the establishment of the Commonwealth.[14][18][19] A Constitutional Convention was convened in Manila on July 30, 1934.

On February 8, 1935, the 1935 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines was approved by the convention by a vote of 177 to 1. The constitution was approved by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 23, 1935 and ratified by popular vote on May 14, 1935.[20][21] On 17 September 1935,[5] presidential elections were held. Candidates included former president Emilio Aguinaldo, the Iglesia Filipina Independiente leader Gregorio Aglipay, and others. Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña of the Nacionalista Party were proclaimed the winners, winning the seats of president and vice-president, respectively.[14] The Commonwealth Government was inaugurated on the morning of November 15, 1935, in ceremonies held on the steps of the Legislative Building in Manila.

The event was attended by a crowd of around 300,000 people.[5] Pre-War The new government embarked on ambitious nation-building policies in preparation for economic and political independence.[14] These included national defense (such as the National Defense Act of 1935, which organized a conscription for service in the country), greater control over the economy, the perfection of democratic institutions, reforms in education, improvement of transport, the promotion of local capital, industrialization, and the colonization of Mindanao. However, uncertainties, especially in the diplomatic and military situation in Southeast Asia, in the level of U.S. commitment to the future Republic of the Philippines, and in the economy due to the Great Depression, proved to be major problems. The situation was further complicated by the presence of agrarian unrest, and of power struggles between Osmeña and Quezon,[14] especially after Quezon was permitted to be re-elected after one six-year term. A proper evaluation of the policies' effectiveness or failure is difficult due to Japanese invasion and occupation during World War II.

World War II[edit source | editbeta] Main articles: Military history of the Philippines during World War II and Japanese occupation of the Philippines Japan launched a surprise attack on the Philippines on December 8, 1941. The Commonwealth government drafted the Philippine Army into the U.S.... Please sign up to read full document. YOU MAY ALSO FIND THESE DOCUMENTS HELPFUL Commonwealth of the Philippines - Factbites Philippines, The. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 The Philippines extend 1,152 mi (1,855 km) from north to south, between Taiwan and Borneo, and 688 mi (1,108 km) from east to west, and are bounded by the Philippine Sea on the east, the Celebes Sea on the south, and the South China Sea on the west. The Philippine legislature ratified the bill; a constitution, approved by President Roosevelt (Mar., 1935 ) was accepted by the Philippine people in a plebiscite (May); and Quezon was elected the first president (Sept.).

Philippine opposition to García on issues of government corruption and anti-Americanism led, in June, 1959, to the union of the Liberal and Progressive parties, led by Vice President Diosdad Macapagal, the Liberal party leader, who succeeded García as president in the 1961 elections. /65/ph/PhilipRep.html (3871 words) NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Ave (Philippines) (Site not responding. Last check: ) Seal of the President of the Philippines The President of the Philippines is the head of state and of the government of the Republic of the Philippines. The Senate of the Philippines is the upper chamber of the bicameral legislature of the Philippines, the Congress of the Philippines. Philippine authorities advise the American Embassy that generally the Philippine courts will give custody of children under the age of seven to the mother, provided there is no evidence that would indicate that the mother is unfit to raise the child. /encyclopedia/Ave-%28Philippines%29 (1190 words) The Commonwealth of Philippines was based on US legacy. U.S.

administration of the Philippines was declared to be temporary and aimed to develop institutions that would permit and encourage the eventual establishment of a free and democratic government. The Philippines were granted free trade status, with the U.S. In 1916, the Philippine Autonomy Act, popularly known as the Jones Law , was passed by the U.S. Congress . In 1939-40, the Philippine Constitution was amended to restore a bicameral Congress , and permit the reelection of President Quezon, previously restricted to a single, six-year term. /commonwealth-of-philippines.html (700 words) Science Fair Projects - Commonwealth of the Philippines The Commonwealth of the Philippines was the political designation of the Philippines from 1935 to 1946 when the country was a commonwealth of the United States. Under the provisions of the Philippine Independence Act, U.S. President Harry S. Truman issued a proclamation recognizing the independence of the Philippines, which was officially recognized as the Republic of the Philippines a on July 4, 1946 .

It marked the transtion of the nomenclature of the Philippines from the colonial plural ("Islas Filipinas" and "Philippine Islands" of the Spanish and American colonial periods), to the unitary singular, "Philippines" as a sign of unity, sovereignty, and national identity. /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines (703 words) History of the Philippines Summary One of Spain's objectives in colonizing the Philippines was the conversion of Filipinos to Catholicism. The Philippines was not profitable as a colony, and a long war with the Dutch in the 17th century and intermittent conflict with the Muslims nearly bankrupted the colonial treasury. The Philippine defense continued until the final surrender of United States-Philippine forces on the Bataan Peninsula in April 1942 and on Corregidor in May. Most of the 80,000 prisoners of war captured by the Japanese at Bataan were forced to undertake the infamous Bataan Death March to a prison camp 105 kilometers to the north.

/History_of_the_Philippines (6239 words) History of the Philippines at AllExperts The Philippines was not profitable as a colony, and a long war with the Dutch in the 17th century and intermittent conflict with the Muslims nearly bankrupted the colonial treasury. The elected Philippine Assembly was inaugurated in 1907, becoming a lower house of a bicameral legislature, with the appointed Philippine Commission as upper house. The Philippine defense continued until the final surrender of United States-Philippine forces on the Bataan Peninsula in April 1942 and on Corregidor in May. Most of the 80,000 prisoners of war captured by the Japanese at Bataan were forced to undertake the infamous Bataan Death March to a prison camp 105 kilometers to the north. en.allexperts.com /e/h/hi/history_of_the_philippines.htm (5319 words) Philippine Presidents Past & Present - eMAILPINOY Philippine leader Emilio Aguinaldo led a rebellion against Spanish rule in 1896 and assisted the United States during the Spanish-American War in 1898.

After receiving law degrees from the University of the Philippines (1915) and from Yale University (1920), he was elected to the Philippine Senate in 1925 and appointed associate justice of the Supreme Court in 1936. As the Nationalist Party's nominee for the presidency of the Republic of the Philippines in 1949, he was narrowly defeated by the incumbent president , Elpidio Quirino , nominee of the Liberal Party. /educational/philippines-presidents1.shtml (1950 words) VA Testimony of Joseph Thompson before Congress on July 22, 1998 - Congressional and Legislative Affairs (Site not responding. Last check: ) The New Philippine Scouts was formed pursuant to Public Law No. 79-190, which specifically authorized the enlistment and reenlistment of Philippine citizens, with the consent of the Philippine President , into the Armed forces of the United States during the period from October 6, 1945 , until June 30, 1947. The Commonwealth Army was organized by the government of the Philippines after enactment of the Tydings-McDuffy Act, Public Law No.

73-127, which subjected that Army to the call of the President of the United States under specified conditions. Following the liberation of the Philippine Islands, the then War Department (now the Department of Defense) undertook a process whereby guerilla units or individuals were given the status of membership in the Commonwealth Army or in the service of the Armed Forces of the United States. /OCA/testimony/hvac/22JY9820.asp (1768 words) The Manila Times Internet Edition | TOP STORIES > The truth is that, as evidenced by similar social structures that still existed in the 20th century in Africa and many parts of Asia, the alipin were forever grateful to their chiefs for allowing them to work the land and share a little of the harvest. When the First Philippine Republic was established in 1899, President and General Emilio Aguinaldo declared in the Malolos Constitution his intention to confiscate large estates, especially the so-called friar lands. Commonwealth Act 461, 1937—Specified reasons for the dismissal of tenants and only with the approval of the Tenancy Division of the Department of Justice.

/national/2006/nov/09/yehey/top_stories/20061109top6.html (912 words) Commonwealth information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: ) The Commonwealth of England was the official name of the political unit (de facto military rule in the name of parliamentary supremacy) that replaced the kingdoms of Scotland and England (after the English Civil War ) under the rule of Oliver Cromwell and his son and successor Richard from 1649 to 1660. In an Australian context, the term "Commonwealth" (capitalised) thus refers to the federal government and "Commonwealth of Australia" is the official name of the country. Commonwealth is still an alternative translation of the official name of the Republic of Poland and Lithuania (Rzeczpospolita). /reference/Commonwealth (1232 words) Presidents of the Philippines After receiving law degrees from the University of the Philippines (1915) and from Yale University (1920), he was elected to the Philippines Senate in 1925 and appointed associate justice of the Supreme Court in 1936.

Roxas was elected president of the commonwealth in 1946 as the nominee of the liberal wing of the Nacionalista Party (which became the Liberal Party), and when independence was declared on July 4 he became the first president of the new republic . He became president of the Philippines in March 1957 for eight months, upon the death of president Ramon Magsaysay, and was elected to a full four-year term the same year (The noisiest and the most expensive in Philippine history). /iridium357/presiden.htm (6332 words) Philippines (Site not responding. Last check: ) The Philippines has a presidential-unitary form government, where the President functions as both head of state and head of government, and is commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The Moluccas and Sulawesi are to the south, and Palau is to the east beyond the Philippine Sea. The Philippines is a significant source of migrant workers; as of 2004, the Philippine government has estimated that there are over 8 million Overseas Filipinos while independent estimates by various Philippine civic organizations estimate the number at 11 million.

/en/Philippines.htm (4231 words) Commonwealth (U.S. insular area) - Definition, explanation In the terminology of the United States insular areas , a commonwealth is an organized territory that has established with the Federal Government a more highly developed relationship, usually embodied in a written mutual agreement. The Philippine Islands was an insular area that held commonwealth status from March 24, 1934 until July 4, 1946 , when the United States recognized the independence and sovereignty of the Philippines (see: Commonwealth of the Philippines). It is noted that the Commonwealthers present their status as an association with the United States under common citizenship, common defense and common currency. /lexikon/en/txt/c/co/commonwealth__u_s__insular_area_.php (264 words) Philippines: President and Vice President The Philippines' Presidential Flag is a blue 2:3 (I assume; it did not seem as long as the national Philippines flag ), with the President's Emblem centered inside it.

In 1935 , with the inauguration of the autonomous Commonwealth of the Philippines, a flag was adopted for the President of the Philippines, as well as for the US High Commissioner (successor to the US Governors-General, and representative of American sovereignty in the islands). The Philippine presidential flag was based on the American presidential flag of the time: a navy blue flag defaced with the coat of arms of the Commonwealth, with a white mullet in each corner. /fotw/flags/ph-pres.html (1925 words) [No title] (Site not responding. Last check: ) The lower house was the popularly elected Philippine Assembly and the upper house was the Philippine Commission appointed directly by the President of the United States. The failure of democratic politics in the Philippines to represent its non-elites and mitigate their grievances has been the recurrent cause of violent discontent and the desperate resort to revolt and insurrection. An elected Philippine Senate replaced the appointed Philippine Commission and the former Philippine Assembly was renamed the House of Representatives .

/~vmitchel/fw5.html (561 words) Commonwealth of the Philippines : definition of Commonwealth of the Philippines and synonyms of Commonwealth of the Philippines (English) 15 External links Names The Commonwealth of the Philippines was also known as the "Philippine Commonwealth", [5] [6] or simply as "the Commonwealth". It had official names in Tagalog : Kómonwélt ng Pilipinas ( [pɪlɪˈpinɐs] ) and Spanish : Mancomunidad de Filipinas ( [filiˈpinas] ). The 1935 constitution specifies "the Philippines" as the country's short form name and uses "the Philippine Islands" only to refer to pre-1935 status and institutions. [7] Under the previous regime, known most formally as the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands , both terms had official status. [note 1] [8] Structure The Commonwealth had its own constitution, which remained effective until 1973, [9] and was self-governing [10] although foreign policy and military affairs would be under the responsibility of the United States, and certain legislation required the approval of the American President.

[11] In 1939-40, after an amendment in the Constitution, a bicameral Congress , [16] consisting of a Senate , [16] and of a House of Representatives , [16] was restored replacing the National Assembly . [16] History March 23, 1935: Constitutional Convention. Seated, left to right: George H. Dern , President Franklin D. Roosevelt , and Manuel L. Quezon The pre-1935 U.S. territorial administration, or Insular Government, was headed by a governor general who was appointed by the president of the U.S. In December 1932, the U.S. Congress passed the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act with the premise of granting Filipinos independence. Provisions of the bill included reserving several military and naval bases for the United States, as well as imposing tariffs and quotas on Philippine exports. [17] [18] It was vetoed by President Herbert Hoover but the American Congress overrode his veto in 1933 and passed the bill.

[19] The bill, however, was opposed by the then Philippine Senate President Manuel L. Quezon and was also rejected by the Philippine Senate . [11] This led to the creation and passing of a new bill known as Tydings-McDuffie Act , [20] or Philippine Independence Act, which allowed the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines with a ten year period of peaceful transition to full independence - the date of which was to be on the 4th July following the tenth anniversary of the establishment of the Commonwealth. [17] [21] [22] A Constitutional Convention was convened in Manila on July 30, 1934. On February 8, 1935, the 1935 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines was approved by the convention by a vote of 177 to 1. The constitution was approved by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 23, 1935 and ratified by popular vote on May 14, 1935. [23] [24] On 17 September 1935, [4] presidential elections were held.

Candidates included former president Emilio Aguinaldo , the Iglesia Filipina Independiente leader Gregorio Aglipay , and others. Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña of the Nacionalista Party were proclaimed the winners, winning the seats of president and vice-president, respectively. [17] The Commonwealth Government was inaugurated on the morning of November 15, 1935, in ceremonies held on the steps of the Legislative Building in Manila. The event was attended by a crowd of around 300,000 people. [4] Pre-War The new government embarked on ambitious nation-building policies in preparation for economic and political independence. [17] These included national defense (such as the National Defense Act of 1935 , which organized a conscription for service in the country), greater control over the economy, the perfection of democratic institutions, reforms in education, improvement of transport, the promotion of local capital, industrialization, and the colonization of Mindanao . However, uncertainties, especially in the diplomatic and military situation in Southeast Asia , in the level of U.S.

commitment to the future Republic of the Philippines , and in the economy due to the Great Depression , proved to be major problems. The situation was further complicated by the presence of agrarian unrest, and of power struggles between Osmeña and Quezon, [17] especially after Quezon was permitted to be re-elected after one six-year term. A proper evaluation of the policies' effectiveness or failure is difficult due to Japanese invasion and occupation during World War II . World War II Main articles: Military history of the Philippines during World War II and Japanese occupation of the Philippines Japan launched a surprise attack on the Philippines on December 8, 1941. The Commonwealth government drafted the Philippine Army into the U.S. Army Forces Far East , which would resist Japanese occupation. Manila was declared an open city to prevent its destruction, [25] and it was occupied by the Japanese on January 2, 1942. [26] Meanwhile, battles against the Japanese continued on the Bataan Peninsula , Corregidor , and Leyte until the final surrender of United States-Philippine forces on May 1942. [27] Manuel L. Quezon visiting Franklin D.

Roosevelt in Washington, D.C. while in exile Quezon and Osmeña were escorted by troops from Manila to Corregidor , and later they left for Australia and then the U.S. There they set up a government in exile, [28] which participated in the Pacific War Council as well as the Declaration by United Nations . During this exile, Quezon became ill with tuberculosis, and later he died of it. Osmeña replaced him as the president. Meanwhile, the Japanese military organized a new government in the Philippines known as the Second Philippine Republic , which was headed by president José P. Laurel . This government ended up being very unpopular. [29] The resistance to the Japanese occupation continued in the Philippines. This included the Hukbalahap ("People's Army Against the Japanese"), which consisted of 30,000 armed people and controlled much of Central Luzon . [29] Remnants of the Philippine Army also fought the Japanese through guerrilla warfare , and it was successful, since all but 12 of the 48 provinces were liberated.

[29] General MacArthur and President Osmeña returning to the Philippines The American General Douglas MacArthur 's army landed on Leyte on 20 October 1944, and they were all welcomed as liberators, [17] along with Philippine Commonwealth troops when other amphibious landings soon followed. Fighting continued in remote corners of the Philippines until Japan's surrender in August 1945, which was signed on 2 September in Tokyo Bay. Estimates for Filipino casualties reached one million, and Manila was extensively damaged when certain Japanese forces refused to vacate the city (against their orders from the Japanese High Command). [29] After the War in the Philippines , the Commonwealth was restored, and a one-year transitional period in preparation for independence began. Elections followed in April 1946 with Manuel Roxas winning as the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines and Elpidio Quirino winning as vice-president. In spite of the years of Japanese occupation, the Philippines became independent exactly as scheduled a decade before, on July 4, 1946. Independence Main articles: Philippine independence and Republic Day (Philippines) The Commonwealth ended when the U.S.

recognized Philippine independence on July 4, 1946, as scheduled. [15] [30] However, the economy remained dependent to the U.S. [31] This was due to the Bell Trade Act , otherwise known as the Philippine Trade Act, which was a precondition for receiving war rehabilitation grants from the United States. [32] Policies Uprisings and agrarian reform At the time, tenant farmers held grievances often rooted to debt caused by the sharecropping system, as well as by the dramatic increase in population, which added economic pressure to the tenant farmers' families. [33] As a result, an agrarian reform program was initiated by the Commonwealth. However, success of the program was hampered by ongoing clashes between tenants and landowners. An example of these clashes includes one initiated by Benigno Ramos through his Sakdalista movement, [34] which advocated tax reductions, land reforms, the breakup of the large estates or haciendas , and the severing of American ties. The uprising, which occurred in Central Luzon on May, 1935, claimed about a hundred lives.

National language Due to the diverse number Philippine languages , a program for the "development and adoption of a common national language based on the existing native dialects" was drafted in the 1935 Philippine constitution. [35] The Commonwealth created a Surian ng Wikang Pambansa (National Language Institute), which was composed of Quezon and six other members from various ethnic groups . A deliberation was held and Tagalog [35] (due to its extensive literary tradition) was selected as the basis for the "national language" to be called "Pilipino". In 1940, the Commonwealth authorized the creation of a dictionary and grammar book for the language. On the same year, Commonwealth Act 570 was passed, allowing Pilipino to become an official language upon independence. [35] Economy The cash economy of the Commonwealth was mostly agriculture-based. Products included abaca, coconuts and coconut oil, sugar, and timber. [36] Numerous other crops and livestock were grown for local consumption by the Filipino people.

Other sources for foreign income included the spin-off from money spent at the American army, navy, and air bases on the Philippines, such as the naval base at Subic Bay and Clark Air Base (with U.S. Army airplanes there as early as 1919), both on the island of Luzon . The performance of the economy was initially good despite challenges from various agrarian uprisings. Taxes collected from a robust coconut industry helped boost the economy by funding infrastructure and other development projects. However, growth was halted due to the outbreak of World War II . [36] Demographics Main article: Demographics of the Philippines#1941 In 1941, the estimated population of the Philippines reached 17,000,000 while Manila 's population was 684,000. The number of Chinese rose to 117,000. There were also 30,000 Japanese , with 20,000 living in Davao , and 9,000 U.S.-Mexicans . English was spoken by 27% of the population, while Spanish was spoken by only 3%.

The following is the estimated number of speakers of the dominant languages: [35] 1 Died due to tuberculosis at Saranac Lake, New York . ² End of Commonwealth government, independent Republic inaugurated. Quezon Administration (1935-1944) Manuel L. Quezon , president from 1935-1944 In 1935 Quezon won the Philippine's first national presidential election under the banner of the Nacionalista Party . He obtained nearly 68% of the vote against his two main rivals, Emilio Aguinaldo and Bishop Gregorio Aglipay . Quezon was inaugurated in November 1935. He is recognized as the second President of the Philippines . However, in January 2008, Congressman Rodolfo Valencia of Oriental Mindoro filed a bill seeking instead to declare General Miguel Malvar as the second Philippine President, having directly succeeded Aguinaldo in 1901. [37] Quezon had originally been barred by the Philippine constitution from seeking re-election. However, in 1940, constitutional amendments were ratified allowing him to seek re-election for a fresh term ending in 1943.

In the 1941 presidential elections , Quezon was re-elected over former Senator Juan Sumulong with nearly 82% of the vote. In a notable humanitarian act, Quezon, in cooperation with U.S. High Commissioner Paul V. McNutt , facilitated the entry into the Philippines of Jewish refugees fleeing fascist regimes in Europe. Quezon was also instrumental in promoting a project to resettle the refugees in Mindanao . Quezon suffered from tuberculosis and spent his last years in a "cure cottage" in Saranac Lake , New York , where he died on August 1, 1944. He was initially buried in Arlington National Cemetery . His body was later carried by the USS Princeton and re-interred in Manila at the Manila North Cemetery before being moved to Quezon City within the monument at the Quezon Memorial Circle . Osmeña Administration (1944-1946) Sergio Osmeña , president from 1944-1946 Osmeña became president of the Commonwealth on Quezon's death in 1944. He returned to the Philippines the same year with General Douglas MacArthur and the liberation forces.

After the war, Osmeña restored the Commonwealth government and the various executive departments. He continued the fight for Philippine independence. For the presidential election of 1946, Osmeña refused to campaign, saying that the Filipino people knew of his record of 40 years of honest and faithful service. Nevertheless, he was defeated by Manuel Roxas , who won 54% of the vote and became the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines. Roxas Administration (May 28, 1946-July 4, 1946) Manuel Roxas , last president of the Commonwealth from May 28, 1946-July 4, 1946 Roxas served as the President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in a brief period, from his subsequent election on May 28, 1946 to July 4, 1946, the scheduled date of the proclamation of Philippine Independence.

Roxas prepared the groundwork for the advent of a free and independent Philippines, assisted by the Congress (reorganized May 25, 1946), with Senator Jose Avelino as the Senate President and Congressman Eugenio Perez as the House of Representatives Speaker . On June 3, 1946, Roxas appeared for the first time before the joint session of the Congress to deliver his first state of the nation address . Among other things, he told the members of the Congress the grave problems and difficulties the Philippines are set to face and reports of his special trip to the U.S. — the approval for independence. [38] On June 21, he reappeared into another joint session of the Congress and urged the acceptance of two important laws passed by the U.S Congress on April 30, 1946 to the Philippine lands. They are the Philippine Rehabilitation Act and the Philippine Trade Act . [39] Both recommendations were accepted by the Congress. See also the Commonwealth of the philippines Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website.

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Question: From 1935 to 1946, the Philippines was officially called The Commonwealth of the Philippines when the country was a commonwealth of which nation?
Answer: USA