What does vascular mean? Definitions for vascularˈvæs kyə lər This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word vascular Princeton's WordNet(1.50 / 2 votes)Rate this definition: vascular(adj) of or relating to or having vessels that conduct and circulate fluids "vascular constriction"; "a vascular bundle" Wiktionary(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: vascular(Adjective) Of, pertaining to, or containing vessels that conduct or circulate fluids, such as blood, lymph, or sap, through the body of an animal or plant.

Webster Dictionary(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Vascular(adj) consisting of, or containing, vessels as an essential part of a structure; full of vessels; specifically (Bot.), pertaining to, or containing, special ducts, or tubes, for the circulation of sap Vascular(adj) operating by means of, or made up of an arrangement of, vessels; as, the vascular system in animals, including the arteries, veins, capillaries, lacteals, etc Vascular(adj) of or pertaining to the vessels of animal and vegetable bodies; as, the vascular functions Vascular(adj) of or pertaining to the higher division of plants, that is, the phaenogamous plants, all of which are vascular, in distinction from the cryptogams, which to a large extent are cellular only Origin: [L. vasculum a small vessel, dim. of vas vessel: cf. F. vasculaire. See Vase, and cf. Vessel.] Chambers 20th Century Dictionary(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Vascular vas′kū-lar, adj. of or relating to the vessels of animal and vegetable bodies.—n.pl.

Vasculā′res, a division of the vegetable kingdom embracing plants with vessels or ducts.—v.t. Vas′cularise.—n. Vascular′ity.—adv. Vas′cularly.—adjs. Vasculif′erous; Vas′culiform.—ns. Vas′culose, the substance, closely allied to cellulose, that makes up the greater part of the vessels of plants; Vas′culum, a botanist's specimen-box. [Fr. vasculaire—L. vasculum, dim. of vas, a vessel.] Numerology The numerical value of vascular in Chaldean Numerology is: 7 Pythagorean Numerology Definition of Vascular Definition of Vascular Vascular: Relating to blood vessels. For example, the vascular system in the body includes all of the veins and arteries. And, a vascular surgeon is an expert at evaluating and treating problems of the veins and arteries.

Last Editorial Review: 5/13/2016 Use vascular in a sentence | vascular sentence examples LINK / CITE ADD TO WORD LIST It appears probable that there is a vascular connexion be- ` tween these and the male `/ / individuals, which thus derive their nutriment from the neuters. The viscid pulp soon hardens, affording a protection to the seed; in germination the sucker-root penetrates the bark, and a connexion is established with the vascular tissue of the first plant. HORSETAIL (Equisetum), the sole genus of the botanical natural order Equisetaceae, consisting of a group of vascular cryptogamous plants (see Pteridophyta) remarkable for the vegetative structure which resembles in general appearance the genera of flowering plants Casuarina and Ephedra. This observation led him to further work, and he succeeded in showing that in vascular organs the presence of cells in inflammatory exudates is not the result of exudation but of multiplication of pre-existing cells.

The Ferns and fern-like plants (see PTERIDOP1IYTA) have on the other hand a well developed independent sporophyte which is differentiated into stem, leaf and root with highly organized internal structure including true vascular bundles. In many forms its hyphae are particularly thick-walled, and may strikingly resemble the epidermis of a vascular plant. (In one genus (Lactarius) milk-tubes, recalling the laticiferous tubes of many vascular plants, are found.) These elongated hyphae are frequently thick-walled, and in some cases form a central strand, which may serve to resist longitudinal pulling strains. But these two principles do not find their full expression till we come, in the ascending series, to the Vascular Plants. Outside this are three arcs of large cells showing characters typical of the endodermis in a vascular plan.t; these are interrupted by strands ofnarrow, elongated, thick-walled cells, which send branches into the little brown scales borne by the rhizome. The surface layer of the rhizome bears rhizoids, and its whole structure strikingly resembles that of the typical root of a vascular plant.

In higher forms the conducting strands of the leaves are continued downwards into the stem, and eventually come into connection with the central hydrom cylinder, forming a complete cylindrical investment apparently distinct from the latter, and exhibiting a differentiation into hydrom, leptom and amylom which almost completely parallels that found among the true vascular plants. Vascular Plants.In the Vascular Plants (Pteridophytes, i.e. The body of the sporophyte in the great majority of the vascular plants shows a considerable increase in complexity over that found in the gametophyte of Bryophytes. The root differs from the shoot in the characters of its surface tissues, in the absence of the green assimilative pigment chlorophyll, in the arrangement of its vascular system and in the mode of growth at the apex, all features which are in direct relation to its normally subterranean life and its fixative and absorptive functions. The structure of the stomata of the sporophyte of vascular plants is fundamentally the same as that of the stomata on the sporogonium of the true mosses and of the liverwort A nihoceros.

In one type they may take the form of specially-modified single epidermal cells or multicellular hairs without any direct connection with the vascular system. One of the most striking characters common to the two highest groups of plants, the Pteridophytes and Phanerogams, is the Vascular possession of a double (hydrom-leptom) conducting .s system, such as we saw among the highest mosses, YS em. It is confined to the sporophyte, which forms the, leafy plant in these groups, and is known as the vascular system. The stelar system of Vascular Plants has no direct phylogenetic connection with that of the mosses. Such a vascular cylinder is called a haplostele, and the axis containing it is said to be haplostelic. In the stele of the root the strands of tracheids along the lines where the xylem touches the pericycle are spiral or annular, and are the xylem elements first formed when the cylinder is developing. Ft1.Types of Stole in Vascular Plants.

The type of siphonostele characteristic of many ferns, in which are found internal phloem, and an internal endodermis separating the vascular conjunctive from the pith is known as a solenostele. For this reason a stem in which as pot ystelic, the term stele being transferr~d from the primary I central cylinder of the i~xis and applied to the vascular strands just described. The splitting up of the vascular tube I into separate strands does not depend wholly upon the occurrence I of leaf-gaps. In some forms other gaps (perforations) appear in the vascular tube placing the pith and cortex in communication. In other cases the leaf-gaps are very broad and long, the meristeles separating them being reduced to comparatively slender strands, while there is present in each gap a network of fine vascular threads, some of which run out to the leaf, while others form cross-connections between these leaf-trace strands and also with the main cauline meristeles. Sometimes a complete internal vascular cylinder, having the same structure as the primary one, and concentric with it, occurs in the pith, and others may appear, internal to the first (Matonia, Saccoloma).

In such cases the vascular system is said to be polycyclic in contrast with the ordinary monocyclic condition, These internal strands or cylinders are to be regarded as peculiar types of elaboration of the stele, and probably act as reservoirs for water-storage which can be drawn upon when the water supply from the root is deficient. The vascular supply of the leaf (leaf-trace) consists of a single strand only in the haplostelic and some of the more primitive siphonostelic forms. In the microphyllous groups Leaf.trace of Pteridophytes (Lycopodiales and Equisetales) in and Petlolar which the leaves are small relatively to the stem, the Strands, single bundle destined for each leaf is a small strand whose departure causes no disturbance in the cauline stele. In the megaphyllous forms, on the other hand, (Ferns) whose leaves are large relatively to the stem, the departure of the correspondingly large trace causes a gap (leaf-gap) in the vascular cylinder, as already described. The evolution of the vascular structure of the petiole in the higher ferns is strikingly parallel with that of the stem, except in some few special cases.

Among the existing Cycads, though the type of vascular system conforms on the whole with that of the other existing seed-plants, peculiar structures are often found (e.g. The typical structure of the vascular cylinder of the adult primary stem in the Gyrnnosperms and Dicotyledons is, like that of the higher ferns, a hollow cylinder of vas- Structure of cular tissue enclosing a central parenchymatous pith. The vascular tissue is typically separable into distinct collateral bundles (figs. In the blade of a typical leaf of a vascular plantessentially a thin plate of assimilating tissuethe vascular system takes the form of a number of separate, usually branching and anastomosing strands. I&Vertical section of a Palm-stem showing the root as it is found in most Pteridophytes vascular bundle,, Jr. curving and many Phanerogams has been already inwards and then outwards. The radial structure is characteristic of all root-steles, which have in essential points a remarkably uniform structure throughout the vascular plants, a fact no doubt largely dependent on the very uniform conditions under which they live.

The body of a vascular plant is developed in the first place by repeated division of the fertilized egg and the growth of Develop- the products of division. Later, the axis branches by the formation of new growing-points, and in this way the complex system of axes forming the body of the ordinary vascular plant is built up. In the flowering plants the embryo, after developing up to a certain point, stopf growing and rests, enclosed within the seed. In many Pteridophytes thi first leaf is formed very early, and the first vascular strand i! In this case also the differentiation of leaf-bundles, which typically begins at the base of the leaf and extends upwards into the leaf and downwards into the stem, is the first phenomenon in the development of vascular tissue, and is seen at a higher level than the formation of a stele. Where a large-celled pith is developed this often becomes obvious very early, and in some cases it appears to have separate initials situated below those of the hollow vascular cylinder. This is especially the case in the young vascular bundles themselves (desmogen strands).

The differentiation of the stelar stereom, which usually takes the form of a sclerized pericycle, and may extend to the endocycle and parts of the rays, takes place in most cases later than the formation of the primary vascular strand. In the very frequent cases where the bundles have considerable individuality, the fibrous pericyclic cap very clearly has a common origin from the same strand of tissue as the vascular elements themselves. Thi vascular system is connected in various ways with that of th(parent axis by the differentiation of bundle-connections across thi cortex of the latter. Every great group or phylum of vascular plants, when it has become dominant in the vegetation of the world, has produced members with the tree habit arising by the formation of a thick woody trunk, in most cases by the activity of a cambium. It is essentially a living tissue, and serves to place all the living cells of the secondary vascular tissues in communication. The tissue-elements just described are found only in the more complicated secondary vascular tissues of certain Dicotyledons. The, primary vascular tissues of Angiosperms are likewise nearly always simple, consisting merely of tracheae and sieve-tubes often associated with amylom.

Peripheral vascular disease | definition of peripheral vascular disease by Medical dictionary Peripheral vascular disease | definition of peripheral vascular disease by Medical dictionary Related to peripheral vascular disease: Raynaud's disease , Peripheral neuropathy Peripheral Vascular Disease Definition Peripheral vascular disease is a narrowing of blood vessels that restricts blood flow. It mostly occurs in the legs, but is sometimes seen in the arms. Description Peripheral vascular disease includes a group of diseases in which blood vessels become restricted or blocked. Typically, the patient has peripheral vascular disease from atherosclerosis . Atherosclerosis is a disease in which fatty plaques form in the inside walls of blood vessels. Other processes, such as blood clots , further restrict blood flow in the blood vessels. Both veins and arteries may be affected, but the disease is usually arterial. All the symptoms and consequences of peripheral vascular disease are related to restricted blood flow. Peripheral vascular disease is a progressive disease that can lead to gangrene of the affected area. Peripheral vascular disease may also occur suddenly if an embolism occurs or when a blot clot rapidly develops in a blood vessel already restricted by an atherosclerotic plaque, and the blood flow is quickly cut off. Causes and symptoms There are many causes of peripheral vascular disease.

One major risk factor is smoking cigarettes. Other diseases predispose patients to develop peripheral vascular disease. These include diabetes, Buerger's disease, hypertension, and Raynaud's disease. The main symptom is pain in the affected area. Early symptoms include an achy, tired sensation in the affected muscles. Since this disease is seen mainly in the legs, these sensations usually occur when walking. The symptoms may disappear when resting. As the disease becomes worse, symptoms occur even during light exertion and, eventually, occur all the time, even at rest. In the severe stages of the disease the leg and foot may be cold to the touch and will feel numb. The skin may become dry and scaly. If the leg is even slightly injured, ulcers may form because, without a good blood supply, proper healing can not take place. At the most severe stage of the disease, when the blood flow is greatly restricted, gangrene can develop in those areas lacking blood supply. In some cases, peripheral vascular disease occurs suddenly. This happens when an embolism rapidly blocks blood flow to a blood vessel. The patient will experience a sharp pain. followed by a loss of sensation in the affected area.

The limb will become cold and numb, and loose color or turn bluish. Diagnosis Peripheral vascular disease can be diagnosed by comparing blood pressures taken above and below the point of pain. The area below the pain (downstream from the obstruction) will have a much lower or undetectable blood pressure reading. Doppler ultrasonography and angiography can also be used to diagnose and define this disease. Treatment If the person is a smoker, they should stop smoking immediately. Exercise is essential to treating this disease. The patient should walk until pain appears, rest until the pain disappears, and then resume walking. The amount of walking a patient can do should increase gradually as the symptoms improve. Ideally, the patient should walk 30-60 minutes per day. Infections in the affected area should be treated promptly. Surgery may be required to attempt to treat clogged blood vessels. Limbs with gangrene must be amputated to prevent the death of the patient. Prognosis The prognosis depends on the underlying disease and the stage at which peripheral vascular disease is discovered. Removal of risk factors, such as smoking, should be done immediately.

In many cases, peripheral vascular disease can be treated successfully but coexisting cardiovascular problems may ultimately prove to be fatal. Resources Books Alexander, R. W., R. C. Schlant, and V. Fuster, editors. The Heart. 9th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998. Key terms [pĕ-rif´er-al] pertaining to or situated at or near the periphery. peripheral vascular disease (PVD) any disorder affecting blood flow through the veins and arteries distal to the heart. Disruption of circulation in the peripheral veins can be caused by venous stasis, hypercoagulability, or injury to the vein wall secondary to immobility, orthopedic surgery, aging, and dehydration. Arterial insufficiency in the peripheral vessels is most often due to atherosclerosis, blood clots, trauma, spasms of smooth muscles in the arterial walls, and congenital structural defects in the arteries. Diminished or interrupted flow of blood through peripheral arteries can eventually lead to ischemic necrosis and gangrene. Sluggish venous flow leads to increased pressure within the vessels, causing varicose veins and sometimes thrombophlebitis.

When blood is not moved out of the veins of the lower limbs, it accumulates there and serves as an excellent medium for bacterial growth and contributes to the formation of leg ulcers. Treatment is aimed at improving blood flow by removing or mitigating the cause of impaired circulation. Assessment of Arterial Circulation. Arterial insufficiency is characterized by two types of pain. The first is a cramping pain in the muscles brought on by exercise and relieved by rest ( intermittent claudication ). The pain is most often felt in the calves of the legs, but it may also affect the thighs and buttocks. A second type of pain is characteristic of advanced chronic occlusive arterial disease. It occurs when the patient is at rest, usually at night while lying down. The sensation is described as burning and tingling, with numbness of the toes. Assessment includes noting the color and temperature of the skin in the affected areas and any signs of trophic changes. Epidermoid tissues that are chronically malnourished because of poor blood supply appear shiny, smooth, and thin, with little or no hair on the surface. The nails are thick, with deposits of cornlike material under them.

With time, a decreased blood supply produces ischemic changes that cause the skin to assume a purple-black color that is characteristic of cyanosis and gangrene. Additional assessment data include the rate, rhythm, and force of the peripheral pulses. Assessment of Venous Circulation. Assessment of venous circulation focuses on changes in the hydration status (edema) and pigmentation of the skin. Chronic edema can lead to ulceration. Venous insufficiency also produces a darkened color, dryness, and scaling of the skin in the affected areas. Venography, a radiologic test in which the vein is injected with a radiopaque dye prior to filming, can also demonstrate engorged and tortuous veins. Patient Teaching. In order to prevent or mitigate the effects of arterial insufficiency or venous stasis, patients must be taught techniques of self-care. Exercises such as the buerger-allen exercises are often prescribed. Additionally, patients need to know how to take care of their feet and legs (see foot care ), the reasons for avoiding smoking and keeping warm, and the importance of taking prescribed medications. peripheral vascular disease n.

Any of various diseases, including peripheral artery disease, that occur in blood vessels outside the heart and the brain. peripheral vascular disease (PVD) any abnormal condition that affects the blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, except those that supply the heart. Different kinds and degrees of PVD are characterized by a variety of signs and symptoms, such as numbness, pain, pallor, elevated blood pressure, and impaired arterial pulsations. Causative factors include obesity, cigarette smoking, stress, sedentary occupations, and numerous metabolic disorders. PVD in association with bacterial endocarditis may involve emboli in terminal arterioles and produce gangrenous infarctions of distal parts of the body, such as the tip of the nose, the pinna of the ear, the fingers, and the toes. Large emboli may occlude peripheral vessels and cause atherosclerotic occlusive disease. Treatment of severe cases may require amputation of gangrenous body parts. Less severe peripheral vascular problems may be treated by eliminating causative factors, especially cigarette smoking, and by administering various drugs, such as salicylates and anticoagulants. Some kinds of peripheral vascular disease are atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis .

peripheral vascular disease Atherosclerosis of extremities Vascular disease Any vasculopathy, generally of the major peripheral arterial branches of the aorta with ASHD, which supply the legs and feet, with resulting ↓ in blood flow Diagnosis Angiography Management Angioplasty, peripheral bypass operation, amputation pe·ri·pher·al vas·cu·lar dis·ease (PVD) (pĕr-if'ĕr-ăl vas'kyū-lăr di-zēz') Noncardiac-centered disease of blood vessels, often in extremities. Spider veins are one sign of the presence of such disease. peripheral vascular disease Disease of the major blood vessels supplying the limbs, especially diseases such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS , diabetic large vessel disease, Raynaud's disease and THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS , that result in narrowing of vessels and restriction of blood supply. Advanced peripheral vascular disease tends to lead to GANGRENE and is difficult to treat. Avoidance of smoking is one of the most important measures. Arterial reconstructive surgery to bypass affected vessels or ENDARTERECTOMY may help.

peripheral vascular disease generic term denoting reduced arterial supply to, and compromised venous/lymphatic return from, the lower limbs and feet; see disease, peripheral vascular peripheral vascular disease; peripheral arterial disease; PAD generic term denoting lower-limb macrovascular disease (e.g. arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, arterial stensois or blockage) or the symptoms of macrovascular disease (e.g. intermittent claudication, rest pain, dry gangrene); patients with PAD are likely to have similar vascular effects in brain, heart and kidney arteries (see Table 1, Table 2and Table 3) Table 1: Risk factors for the development of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) Risk factor Vascular - definition of vascular by The Free Dictionary Vascular - definition of vascular by The Free Dictionary (văs′kyə-lər) adj. Of, characterized by, or containing cells or vessels that carry or circulate fluids, such as blood, lymph, or sap, through the body of an animal or plant: vascular tissue; vascular disease.

[From Latin vāsculum, diminutive of vās, vessel.] vas′cu·lar′i·ty (-lăr′ĭ-tē) n. vascular (ˈvæskjʊlə) adj 1. (Biology) biology anatomy of, relating to, or having vessels that conduct and circulate liquids: a vascular bundle; the blood vascular system. 2. (Anatomy) biology anatomy of, relating to, or having vessels that conduct and circulate liquids: a vascular bundle; the blood vascular system. [C17: from New Latin vāsculāris, from Latin: vasculum] vascularity n pertaining to, composed of, or provided with vessels that convey fluids, as blood or sap. [1665–75; < New Latin vāsculāris. See vasculum , -ar 1] vas`cu•lar′i•ty, n. vas·cu·lar (văs′kyə-lər) 1. Zoology Relating to the vessels of the body, especially the arteries and veins, that carry blood and lymph: the vascular system. 2.

Botany Relating to or having tissues that carry water and dissolved nutrients and food from one part of a plant to another. All seedbearing plants and ferns have vascular tissues; bryophytes, such as mosses, do not. See more at phloem , photosynthesis , xylem . vascular Relating to or richly supplied with vessels, especially blood vessels. ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Adj. 1. vascular - of or relating to or having vessels that conduct and circulate fluids; "vascular constriction"; "a vascular bundle" avascular - without blood vessels vascular bundle (Bot) → fascio vascolare vas·cu·lar a. vascular, rel. a vasos sanguíneos; ___ ectasia of the colon → ectasia ___ del colon; ___ purpura → púrpura ___; ___ skin changes → cambios cutáneos vasculares; ___ spasm → espasmo ___; ___ system → sistema ___, todos los vasos del cuerpo esp. los sanguíneos; ___ tunic → túnica ___. vascular adj vascular Want to thank TFD for its existence?

Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: cultivated plant References in classic literature ? Two distinct organs sometimes perform simultaneously the same function in the same individual; to give one instance, there are fish with gills or branchiae that breathe the air dissolved in the water, at the same time that they breathe free air in their swimbladders, this latter organ having a ductus pneumaticus for its supply, and being divided by highly vascular partitions. View in context Very likely," says the doctor: "I have known people eat in a fever; and it is very easily accounted for; because the acidity occasioned by the febrile matter may stimulate the nerves of the diaphragm, and thereby occasion a craving which will not be easily distinguishable from a natural appetite; but the aliment will not be concreted, nor assimilated into chyle, and so will corrode the vascular orifices, and thus will aggravate the febrific symptoms.

Peripheral Vascular Surgical Products: Technologies and Global Markets Nasdaq:ELGX) today announced the signing of a three-year agreement naming LeMaitre Vascular as the exclusive distributor of the Endologix Powerlink[R] System in ten European countries, including Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)/ Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) Global Clinical Trials Review, H2, 2013 Angioplasty and Vascular Closure Devices Markets to their offering. Minimally Invasive Procedures Combined with Better Imaging Technologies Boosts Angioplasty and VCD Markets - U.S. Angioplasty and Vascular Closure Devices Markets Peripheral Vascular Devices Market to 2018 - Increasing Demand for Minimally Invasive Endovascular Procedures Presents Growth Opportunities for Manufacturers Peripheral Vascular Devices Market to 2018 - Increasing Demand for Minimally Invasive Endovascular Procedures Presents Growth Opportunities for Manufacturers GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL FIRST TO IMPLANT PATIENT WITH GORE PROPATEN VASCULAR GRAFT IN THE U.

Georgetown University Hospital First to Implant Patient with GORE PROPATEN Vascular Graft in the U.S. since Its FDA Clearance com announces that a new market research report is available in its catalogue: Peripheral Vascular Devices Market to 2018 - Increasing Demand for Minimally Invasive Endovascular Procedures Presents Growth Opportunities for Manufacturers Vascular Dementia | Signs, Symptoms, & Diagnosis Vascular Dementia Call our 24/7 Helpline: 800.272.3900 Find your local chapter Join our online community Vascular Dementia Vascular dementia is a decline in thinking skills caused by conditions that block or reduce blood flow to the brain, depriving brain cells of vital oxygen and nutrients. About vascular dementia Related dementias share some common symptoms Vascular changes that start in brain areas that play a key role in storing and retrieving information may cause memory loss that looks very much like Alzheimer's disease. Inadequate blood flow can damage and eventually kill cells anywhere in the body. The brain has one of the body's richest networks of blood vessels and is especially vulnerable. In vascular dementia, changes in thinking skills sometimes occur suddenly following strokes that block major brain blood vessels.

Thinking problems also may begin as mild changes that worsen gradually as a result of multiple minor strokes or other conditions that affect smaller blood vessels, leading to cumulative damage. A growing number of experts prefer the term "vascular cognitive impairment (VCI)" to "vascular dementia" because they feel it better expresses the concept that vascular thinking changes can range from mild to severe. Vascular brain changes often coexist with changes linked to other types of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Several studies have found that vascular changes and other brain abnormalities may interact in ways that increase the likelihood of dementia diagnosis. Sign up for our enews to receive updates about Alzheimer’s and dementia care and research. Vascular dementia is widely considered the second most common cause of dementia after Alzheimer's disease, accounting for 10 percent of cases. Many experts believe that vascular dementia remains underdiagnosed — like Alzheimer's disease — even though it's recognized as common. Symptoms back to top Symptoms can vary widely, depending on the severity of the blood vessel damage and the part of the brain affected. Memory loss may or may not be a significant symptom depending on the specific brain areas where blood flow is reduced.

Vascular dementia symptoms may be most obvious when they happen soon after a major stroke. Sudden post-stroke changes in thinking and perception may include: Confusion Trouble speaking or understanding speech Vision loss These changes may happen at the same time as more familiar physical stroke symptoms, such as a sudden headache, difficulty walking, or numbness or paralysis on one side of the face or the body. Multiple small strokes or other conditions that affect blood vessels and nerve fibers deep inside the brain may cause more gradual thinking changes as damage accumulates. Common early signs of widespread small vessel disease include impaired planning and judgment; uncontrolled laughing and crying; declining ability to pay attention; impaired function in social situations; and difficulty finding the right words. Diagnosis back to top Because vascular cognitive impairment may often go unrecognized, many experts recommend professional screening with brief tests to assess memory, thinking and reasoning for everyone considered to be at high risk for this disorder. Individuals at highest risk include those who have had a stroke or a transient ischemic attack (TIA, also known as a "ministroke"). Additional high-risk groups include those with high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or other risk factors for heart or blood vessel disease. Professional screening for depression is also recommended for high-risk groups.

Depression commonly coexists with brain vascular disease and can contribute to cognitive symptoms. If brief screening tests suggest changes in thinking or reasoning, a more detailed assessment is needed.

Core elements of a workup for vascular dementia typically include: A thorough medical history, including family history of dementia Evaluation of independent function and daily activities Input from a family member or trusted friend In-office neurological examination assessing function of nerves and reflexes, movement, coordination, balance and senses Laboratory tests including blood tests and brain imaging According to a 2011 scientific statement issued by the American Heart Association (AHA) and the American Stroke Association (ASA), and endorsed by the Alzheimer's Association and the American Academy of Neurology (AAN), the following three criteria suggest the greatest likelihood that mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia is caused by vascular changes: The diagnosis of dementia or mild cognitive impairment is confirmed by neurocognitive testing, which involves several hours of written or computerized tests that provide detailed evaluation of specific thinking skills such as judgment, planning, problem-solving, reasoning and memory There is brain imaging evidence, usually with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), showing evidence of either: A recent stroke, or Other brain blood vessel changes whose severity and pattern of affected tissue are consistent with the types of impairment documented in neurocognitive testing There is no evidence that factors other than vascular changes are contributing to cognitive decline.

The guidelines also discuss cases where the diagnosis may be less clear-cut, such as the common situation where vascular changes coexist with brain changes associated with other types of dementia. Learn more: AHA/ASA Scientific Statement: Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia , Mixed Dementia Help is available If you or a loved one has been diagnosed with dementia, you are not alone. The Alzheimer's Association is one of the most trusted resources for information, education, referral and support for Alzheimer's and other types of dementia. Learn more: Brain Health Sign up for our weekly e-newsletter Vascular health can impact brain health. Stay-up-to-date on the research linking brain health and heart health. Subscribe now Treatment and outcomes back to top The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved any drugs specifically to treat symptoms of vascular dementia, but there is some clinical trial evidence that certain drugs approved to treat Alzheimer's may also offer a modest benefit in people diagnosed with vascular dementia. Controlling risk factors that may increase the likelihood of further damage to the brain's blood vessels is an important treatment strategy. There's substantial evidence that treatment of risk factors may improve outcomes and help postpone or prevent further decline.

Individuals should work with their physicians to develop the best treatment plan for their symptoms and circumstances. Like other types of dementia, vascular dementia shortens lifespan. Some data suggest that those who develop dementia following a stroke survive three years, on average. As with other stroke symptoms, cognitive changes may sometimes improve during recovery and rehabilitation from the acute phase of a stroke as the brain generates new blood vessels and brain cells outside the damaged region take on new roles. A glossary of medical terms related to heart and vascular conditions | Central Maine Heart and Vascular Institute - Central Maine Medical Center A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Ace Inhibitor: Medication used to treat high blood pressure. Angina (Angina Pectoris): Pain or discomfort which occurs when the heart does not receive adequate blood flow – and thus oxygen -- to the heart muscle. Angina may be experienced in the chest, neck, jaw, arms, shoulder or back. No permanent damage is done to the heart. Angioplasty: A procedure performed by cardiac surgeons to open an obstruction or narrowing of a blood vessel, using a balloon that is inserted with a catheter.

Also known as a Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA). Anticoagulant: A drug that slows or prevents the blood from clotting. Aneurysm: An aneurysm is an abnormal widening of a blood vessel. Aneurysms can sometimes burst, causing a serious medical emergency. If not caught in time, they can be life-threatening. Aorta: The main artery leaving the heart. Arteries: Vessels that transport oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body. Atrial Fibrillation:A rapid and irregular rhythm that begins in the upper chambers of the heart (the atria). As a result, the lower chambers also beat irregularly. This condition requires diagnosis and treatment. Arterial Line: A small plastic tube that is placed in an artery in your wrist in order to monitor arterial blood pressure. Blood samples can also be taken through this tube. Arrhythmia: An abnormal rhythm of the heart, including rate, regularity, or site of impulse origin. Types of arrhythmias include tachycardias (fast heart rhythms) and bradycardias (slow heart rhythms).

Atherosclerosis:A disease process in which fatty substances (plaque), such as cholesterol, are deposited on the inner lining of blood vessels. Arteriosclerosis:Arteriosclerosis is a general term for a condition that is characterized by the thickening, hardening and loss of elasticity of the walls of the arteries. Beta Blocker: Medication used to treat high blood pressure, angina, myocardial infarction and other heart conditions, by controlling the heart rate. Bradycardia: An abnormally slow heart rhythm. Bypass Graft (Vein, Mammary Artery, Aorta-Coronary Bypass Graft): A surgical procedure where a piece of vein, taken from the leg, or a piece or artery, taken from the inside of the chest wall, replaces a diseased coronary artery. The graft helps get more blood to the heart muscle. Calcium Channel Blocker: A drug used to treat high blood pressure and angina. It decreases the workload of the heart by blocking the influx of calcium ions into the smooth muscle cells, which reduces the oxygen demand on the heart. Cardiac: Relating to the heart.

Cardiac Angiogram or Catheterization: An X-ray procedure which involves the injection of dye into the heart chambers and into the coronary arteries for diagnostic purposes. An X-ray reveals the exact site where the artery is narrowed or blocked and measures how well the heart is pumping. Catheter: A hollow, flexible tube used to withdraw or inject fluid into the body. Chest Tube: A tube or tubes in the chest which drain fluids from the area of the operation. The chest tubes remain in place for approximately two days. Cholesterol: A waxy substance that circulates in the blood and plays a role in the formation of blockages. Cholesterol originates in foods that are rich in animal fats. Congestive Heart Failure: The condition which results when the heart is unable to pump adequately. Congestive heart failure (CHF) can result from coronary heart disease. Coronary Arteries: Special arteries which supply the heart muscle with blood. Coronary Artery Disease: A condition in which the arteries supplying the heart muscle become blocked. The cause of this is unknown, but some known risk factors include: hypertension, family history, smoking, diabetes, obesity, diet and stress.

Back to top Diabetes: A disease that negatively affects the metabolism of glucose (sugar) and cause changes in blood vessels that, untreated, may lead to circulation issues, development of coronary artery disease, blindness and other health issues. Dilation: The gradual opening of the narrowed coronary artery by cracking and compressing the narrowing or obstructing plaque. Back to top Echocardiogram: An ultrasound of the heart. Electrocardiogram (EKG/ ECG): A recording of the electrical activity of the heart. The EKG recording can be used to detect many abnormalities in the heart. Endotrachael Tube (ETT): Breathing tube placed in the trachea during surgery or respiratory emergencies to assist with breathing. Removed when the patient is able to breathe on his/her own. Fibrillation: A rapid and irregular heart rhythm caused by abnormal electrical impulses. This is a potentially serious condition. Fibrillation, Atrial : See Atrial Fibrillation. Back to top Incentive Spirometer: This machine lets you know if you are breathing deeply enough. Respiratory therapists teach patients how to use the spirometer. Ischemia:Lack of or insufficient oxygen to the heart muscle.

Ischemia is a reversible condition if normal blood flow is restored. IV (Intravenous): Small tubes which are placed into the veins for the purpose of giving fluids and drugs, taking blood samples, and measuring pressures. These "lines" as they are called, will remain in place for several days after surgery. Left Ventricle: The largest chamber of the heart. It is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. Local (Anesthetic): Numbing medicine which is used to decrease discomfort when intravenous lines are put into place. Lungs: Sponge-like organs of the body which allow oxygen to enter the blood when you breathe. Back to top Mammary Artery: An artery that runs down the inside of the chest wall and is sometimes used in coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Murmur: A heart murmur is defined as the sound caused by turbulent blood flow through the heart, as heard by a physician through a stethoscope. Most heart murmurs are benign, but sometimes a murmur can indicate problems such as a malfunctioning heart valve. Myocardial Infarction (M.I.):A "heart-attack", with loss of part of the heart muscle due to a severe decrease in blood supply. Permanent damage to the heart occurs.

Myocarditis: An inflammatory disease of the heart muscle (myocardium) that can result from a variety of causes. While most cases are produced by a viral infection, an inflammation of the heart muscle may also be instigated by toxins, drugs, and hypersensitive immune reactions. Myocarditis is a rare but serious condition that affects both males and females of any age. Back to top Pacemaker: Electronic device used to control the heart rate. Used after open heart surgery to maintain a steady heart rate for recovery, and, in emergencies, to stimulate the heart to bea Pericarditis: Two thin membranes enclose the heart in a sac-like structure. If these membranes become irritated or inflamed, the condition is known as pericarditis. Pericarditis is fairly common, affecting about 1 in 1,000 people at some point in their lives. It can be caused by flu, polio, injury, or German measles. Other causes are rheumatoid arthritis or lupus. This condition sometimes follows a heart attack. Pericardial Tamponade: Pericardial Tamponade is a dangerous form of pericarditis.

The membranes enclosing the heart do not easily stretch, so if fluid accumulates between the membranes and the heart, pressure from it may prevent the heart from working as a pump. Pericardial tamponade usually is the result of trauma, such as an automobile accident, and must be treated immediately. Percutaneous: Performed through a small opening in the skin. Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA).: See Angioplasty. Plaque: The accumulated wax-like material that causes a blockage in a blood vessel. Also known as a lesion or stenosis. Platelets: A substance in the blood that is involved in the formation of a clot. Pressure monitors and pressure lines: Devices used to measure the internal pressures that the heart and lungs are emitting. Usually inserted through arteries in the neck, arm or leg. Pulmonary Function Studies: A series of tests which are performed before surgery to evaluate the condition of your lungs. Saphenous Vein: The large vein in the leg, often used as the "bypass graft" in coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Stenosis:A narrowing of any canal. Used to describe narrowed coronary arteries or a narrowed heart valve.

Stent: An expandable, slotted metal tube that is inserted into a vessel. A stent acts as a scaffold to provide structural support for a vessel. Sternum: The breastbone. Suctioning: A procedure performed on patients connected to a ventilator. A small tube placed down the throat draws out mucous, in order the keep the lungs clear. Sutures (also called Stitches): The material used to close a surgical incision. Back to top Tachycardia: An abnormally fast heart rate. Telemetry Monitory: A specialized wireless monitor that allows patients to move freely in their rooms and the hall, but still enables the staff to observe their EKG. Thrombosis:A blockage caused by clumps of cells. Triglycerides: Substances in the blood that are a component of the "bad" type of cholesterol. Back to top Valves: The heart has 4 valves: the aortic, mitral, pulmonary and the tricuspid. Aortic Valve: The valve that sits at the junction of the left ventricle and the aorta.

When the valve is open it allows blood to flow from the left ventricle to the aorta, and when closed, prevents any backward flow. Aortic Insufficiency: An incomplete closing of the aortic valve, causing blood to flow backward into the left ventricle. Aortic Stenosis: A narrowing of the aortic valve, causing the left ventricle to work harder, but limiting the amount of blood that can be pumped forward into the aorta. Mitral Valve:The valve that sits between the left atrium and the left ventricle. Mitral Insufficiency:An incomplete closing of the mitral valve, causing blood to flow backward into the left atrium. Mitral Stenosis:A narrowing of the mitral valve, causing blood to flow backward into the left atrium. Pulmonary Valve: The valve that sits at the junction of the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. Tricuspid Valve: The valve that sits between the right atrium and the right ventricle. Veins: Vessels that transport blood back to the heart after the oxygen has been used by the body.

Vein Graft: A piece of a vein taken from either a leg or arm that is used to bypass the damaged coronary artery and restore blood flow to the heart muscle. Ventilator:A machine that helps patients breathe after surgery. Ventricle: One of the two lower chambers of the heart. Ventricular Fibrillation: A very rapid, uncoordinated, ineffective series of contractions throughout the lower chambers of the heart. Unless stopped, these chaotic impulses are fatal. Vascularity | definition of vascularity by Medical dictionary Vascularity | definition of vascularity by Medical dictionary the condition of being vascular. vas·cu·lar·i·ty (vas'kyū-lar'i-tē), The condition of being vascular. vascularity Etymology: L, vasculum, little vessel the state of blood vessel development and functioning in an organ or tissue. vascularity vas·cu·lar·i·ty (vas'kyū-lar'i-tē) The condition of being vascular. vascularity the condition of being vascular. Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content .

Link to this page: References in periodicals archive ? On ultrasound, AWE demonstrates heterogeneous reduced echogenicity with internal vascularity on colour duplex and power Doppler imaging. Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis Hartman said in an interview: "In common practice, polyps found in a postmenopausal woman that cause bleeding and polyps with increased vascularity should be treated. Urinary bladder pheochromocytoma Incidence of tumor vascularity demonstrated didactically by coronary arteriography is rare for cardiac myxomas since myxomas are composed of bradytrophic tissue so onlyfew well illustrated cases have been reported so far (5).

Acute osteitis and septic arthritis Among the histologic data acquired and analyzed were the thickness of the cell linings and basement membranes; the number ofintraepithelial eosinophils and polymorphic neutrophils (PMNs); the number of subepithelial eosinophils, PMNs, plasma cells, and mononuclear cells; the number of glandular eosinophils and PMNs, as well as the percentage of glands; and the degree of stromal edema, fibrosis, vascularity, and myxoid change. What is vascular dementia? - Alzheimer's Society Alzheimer's Society Useful organisations Vascular dementia is the second most common type of dementia (after Alzheimer's disease ), affecting around 150,000 people in the UK. The word dementia describes a set of symptoms that can include memory loss and difficulties with thinking, problem-solving or language. In vascular dementia, these symptoms occur when the brain is damaged because of problems with the supply of blood to the brain. This factsheet outlines the causes, types and symptoms of vascular dementia. It looks at how it is diagnosed and the factors that can put someone at risk of developing it. It also describes the treatment and support that are available.

Causes Vascular dementia is caused by reduced blood supply to the brain due to diseased blood vessels. To be healthy and function properly, brain cells need a constant supply of blood to bring oxygen and nutrients. Blood is delivered to the brain through a network of vessels called the vascular system. If the vascular system within the brain becomes damaged - so that the blood vessels leak or become blocked - then blood cannot reach the brain cells and they will eventually die. This death of brain cells can cause problems with memory, thinking or reasoning. Together these three elements are known as cognition. When these cognitive problems are bad enough to have a significant impact on daily life, this is known as vascular dementia. Back to contents Types of vascular dementia There are several different types of vascular dementia. They differ in the cause of the damage and the part of the brain that is affected. The different types of vascular dementia have some symptoms in common and some symptoms that differ. Their symptoms tend to progress in different ways. Stroke-related dementia A stroke happens when the blood supply to a part of the brain is suddenly cut off. In most strokes, a blood vessel in the brain becomes narrowed and is blocked by a clot.

The clot may have formed in the brain, or it may have formed in the heart (if someone has heart disease) and been carried to the brain. Strokes vary in how severe they are, depending on where the blocked vessel is and whether the interruption to the blood supply is permanent or temporary. Post-stroke dementia A major stroke occurs when the blood flow in a large vessel in the brain is suddenly and permanently cut off. Most often this happens when the vessel is blocked by a clot. Much less often it is because the vessel bursts and bleeds into the brain. This sudden interruption in the blood supply starves the brain of oxygen and leads to the death of a large volume of brain tissue. Not everyone who has a stroke will develop vascular dementia, but about 20 per cent of people who have a stroke do develop this post-stroke dementia within the following six months. A person who has a stroke is then at increased risk of having further strokes. If this happens, the risk of developing dementia is higher. Single-infarct and multi-infarct dementia These types of vascular dementia are caused by one or more smaller strokes. These happen when a large or medium-sized blood vessel is blocked by a clot.

The stroke may be so small that the person doesn't notice any symptoms. Alternatively, the symptoms may only be temporary - lasting perhaps a few minutes - because the blockage clears itself. (If symptoms last for less than 24 hours this is known as a 'mini-stroke' or transient ischaemic attack (TIA). A TIA may mistakenly be dismissed as a 'funny turn'.) If the blood supply is interrupted for more than a few minutes, the stroke will lead to the death of a small area of tissue in the brain. This area is known as an infarct. Sometimes just one infarct forms in an important part of the brain and this causes dementia (known as single-infarct dementia). Much more often, a series of small strokes over a period of weeks or months lead to a number of infarcts spread around the brain. Dementia in this case (known as multi-infarct dementia) is caused by the total damage from all the infarcts together. Subcortical dementia Subcortical vascular dementia is caused by diseases of the very small blood vessels that lie deep in the brain. These small vessels develop thick walls and become stiff and twisted, meaning that blood flow through them is reduced.

Small vessel disease often damages the bundles of nerve fibres that carry signals around the brain, known as white matter. It can also cause small infarcts near the base of the brain. Small vessel disease develops much deeper in the brain than the damage caused by many strokes. This means many of the symptoms of subcortical vascular dementia are different from those of stroke-related dementia. Subcortical dementia is thought to be the most common type of vascular dementia. Mixed dementia (vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease) At least 10 per cent of people with dementia are diagnosed with mixed dementia. This generally means that both Alzheimer's disease and vascular disease are thought to have caused the dementia. The symptoms of mixed dementia may be similar to those of either Alzheimer's disease or vascular dementia, or they may be a combination of the two. Back to contents Symptoms How vascular dementia affects people varies depending on the different underlying causes and more generally from person to person. Symptoms may develop suddenly, for example after a stroke, or more gradually, such as with small vessel disease. Some symptoms may be similar to those of other types of dementia . Memory loss is common in the early stages of Alzheimer's , but is not usually the main early symptom of vascular dementia.

The most common cognitive symptoms in the early stages of vascular dementia are: problems with planning or organising, making decisions or solving problems difficulties following a series of steps (eg cooking a meal) slower speed of thought problems concentrating, including short periods of sudden confusion. A person in the early stages of vascular dementia may also have difficulties with: memory - problems recalling recent events (often mild) language - eg speech may become less fluent visuospatial skills - problems perceiving objects in three dimensions. As well as these cognitive symptoms, it is common for someone with early vascular dementia to experience mood changes, such as apathy, depression or anxiety . Depression is common, partly because people with vascular dementia may be aware of the difficulties the condition is causing. A person with vascular dementia may also become generally more emotional. They may be prone to rapid mood swings and being unusually tearful or happy. Other symptoms that someone with vascular dementia may experience vary between the different types. Post-stroke dementia will often be accompanied by the obvious physical symptoms of the stroke. Depending on which part of the brain is affected, someone might have paralysis or weakness of a limb. Or if a different part of the brain is damaged they may have problems with vision or speech.

With rehabilitation, symptoms may get a little better or stabilise for a time, especially in the first six months after the stroke. Symptoms of subcortical vascular dementia vary less. Early loss of bladder control is common. The person may also have mild weakness on one side of their body, or become less steady walking and more prone to falls. Other symptoms of subcortical vascular dementia may include clumsiness, lack of facial expression and problems pronouncing words. Progression and later stages Vascular dementia will generally get worse, although the speed and pattern of this decline vary. Stroke-related dementia often progresses in a 'stepped' way, with long periods when symptoms are stable and periods when symptoms rapidly get worse. This is because each additional stroke causes further damage to the brain. Subcortical vascular dementia may occasionally follow this stepped progression, but more often symptoms get worse gradually, as the area of affected white matter slowly expands. Over time a person with vascular dementia is likely to develop more severe confusion or disorientation, and further problems with reasoning and communication . Memory loss , for example for recent events or names, will also become worse. The person is likely to need more support with day-to-day activities such as cooking or cleaning.

As vascular dementia progresses, many people also develop behaviours that seem unusual or out of character . The most common include irritability, agitation, aggressive behaviour and a disturbed sleep pattern. Someone may also act in socially inappropriate ways. Occasionally a person with vascular dementia will strongly believe things that are not true (delusions) or - less often - see things that are not really there ( hallucinations ). These behaviours can be distressing and a challenge for all involved. In the later stages of vascular dementia someone may become much less aware of what is happening around them. They may have difficulties walking or eating without help, and become increasingly frail. Eventually, the person will need help with all their daily activities. How long someone will live with vascular dementia varies greatly from person to person. On average it will be about five years after the symptoms started. The person is most likely to die from a stroke or heart attack. Back to contents Who gets vascular dementia? There are a number of things that can put someone at risk of developing vascular dementia. These are called risk factors. Most of these are things that contribute to underlying cardiovascular diseases. Some of these risk factors (eg lifestyle) can be controlled, but others (eg age and genes) cannot.

For more information see factsheet 450, Am I at risk of developing dementia? Age is the strongest risk factor for vascular dementia. A person's risk of developing the condition doubles approximately every five years over the age of 65. Vascular dementia under the age of 65 is uncommon and affects fewer than 8,000 people in the UK. Men are at slightly higher risk of developing vascular dementia than women. A person who has had a stroke, or who has diabetes or heart disease, is approximately twice as likely to develop vascular dementia. Sleep apnoea, a condition where breathing stops for a few seconds or minutes during sleep, is also a possible risk factor. Someone can reduce their risk of dementia by keeping these conditions under control, through taking prescribed medicines (even if they feel well) and following professional advice about their lifestyle. There is some evidence that a history of depression also increases the risk of vascular dementia. Anyone who thinks they may be depressed should seek their doctor's advice early. Cardiovascular disease - and therefore vascular dementia - is linked to high blood pressure, high cholesterol and being overweight in mid-life.

Someone can reduce their risk of developing these by having regular check-ups (over the age of 40), by not smoking, and by keeping physically active. It will also help to eat a healthy balanced diet and drink alcohol only in moderation. Aside from these cardiovascular risk factors, there is good evidence that keeping mentally active throughout life reduces dementia risk. There is some evidence for the benefits of being socially active too. Researchers think there are some genetic factors behind the common types of vascular dementia, and that these are linked to the underlying cardiovascular diseases. Someone with a family history of stroke, heart disease or diabetes has an increased risk of developing these conditions. Overall, however, the role of genes in the common types of vascular dementia is small. People from certain ethnic groups are more likely to develop cardiovascular disease and vascular dementia than others. Those from an Indian, Bangladeshi, Pakistani or Sri Lankan background living in the UK have significantly higher rates of stroke, diabetes and heart disease than white Europeans. Among people of African-Caribbean descent, the risk of diabetes and stroke - but not heart disease - is also higher. These differences are thought to be partly inherited but mainly due to lifestyle factors such as diet, smoking and exercise.

Back to contents Diagnosis Anyone who is concerned that they may have vascular dementia (or any other type of dementia ) should seek help from their GP. If someone does have dementia, an early diagnosis has many benefits: it provides an explanation for the person's symptoms; it gives access to treatment, advice and support; and it allows them to prepare for the future and plan ahead. For vascular dementia, treatments and lifestyle changes may also slow down the progression of the underlying disease. There is no single test for vascular dementia. The GP will first need to rule out conditions that can have similar symptoms, particularly depression. Symptoms could also be caused by infections, vitamin and thyroid deficiencies (diagnosed from a blood test) and side effects of medication. The doctor will also talk to the person about their medical history (eg high blood pressure or diabetes). This will include questions about dementia or cardiovascular disease in close family members. The doctor will probably do a physical examination and will ask about how the person's symptoms are currently affecting their life. The GP or a practice nurse may ask the person to do some tests of mental abilities. It is often helpful if a close friend or family member accompanies the person to medical appointments.

They may be able to describe subtle changes that the person themselves has not noticed, such as starting to struggle with daily activities. The GP may feel able to make a diagnosis of vascular dementia at this stage. If not, they will generally refer the person to a specialist. This might be an old-age psychiatrist (who specialises in the mental health of older people) based in a memory service, or a geriatrician (who specialises in the physical health of older people) in a hospital. For more information see factsheet 426, Assessment and diagnosis . The specialist will assess the person's symptoms in more detail. The way that symptoms developed - in steps or more gradually - may suggest different underlying diseases. The person's thinking and other mental abilities will also be assessed further with a wider range of tests. In someone with vascular dementia, the test might show slowness of thought and difficulties thinking things through, which are often more common than memory loss. A person suspected of having vascular dementia will generally have a brain scan to look for any changes that have taken place in the brain. A scan such as CT (computerised tomography) or MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) may rule out a tumour or build-up of fluid inside the brain.

These can have symptoms similar to those of vascular dementia. A CT scan may also show a stroke or an MRI scan may show changes such as infarcts or damage to the white matter. If this is the case, the brain scan will be very helpful in diagnosing the dementia type, rather than simply ruling out other causes. If the person has dementia , and the circumstances mean it is best explained by vascular disease in the brain, a diagnosis of vascular dementia will be made. For example, the dementia may have developed within a few months of a stroke, or a brain scan may show a pattern of disease that explains the dementia symptoms. The diagnosis should be communicated clearly to the person and usually also those closest to them, along with a discussion about the next steps. For more information see factsheet 426, Assessment and diagnosis . Back to contents Treatment and support There is currently no cure for vascular dementia: the brain damage that causes it cannot be reversed. However, there is a lot that can be done to enable someone to live well with the condition. This will involve drug and non-drug treatment, support and activities. The person should have a chance to talk to a health or social care professional about their dementia diagnosis.

This could be a psychiatrist or mental health nurse, a clinical psychologist, occupational therapist or GP . Information on what support is available and where to go for further advice is vital in helping someone to stay physically and mentally well. Control of cardiovascular disease If the underlying cardiovascular diseases that have caused vascular dementia can be controlled, it may be possible to slow down the progression of the dementia. For example, after someone has had a stroke or TIA, treatment of high blood pressure can reduce the risk of further stroke and dementia. For stroke-related dementia in particular, with treatment there may be long periods when the symptoms don't get significantly worse. In most cases, a person with vascular dementia will already be on medications to treat the underlying diseases. These include tablets to reduce blood pressure, prevent blood clots and lower cholesterol. If the person has a diagnosed heart condition or diabetes they will also be taking medicines for these. It is important that the person continues to take any medications and attends regular check-ups as recommended by a doctor. Someone with vascular dementia will also be advised to adopt a healthy lifestyle, particularly to take regular physical exercise and, if they are a smoker, to quit.

They should try to eat a diet with plenty of fruit, vegetables and oily fish but not too much fat or salt. Maintaining a healthy weight and keeping to recommended levels of alcohol will also help. The GP should be able to offer advice in all these areas. Other treatment and support Supporting a person with vascular dementia to live well includes treatment for symptoms, support to cope with lost abilities, and help to keep up enjoyable activities . For someone who has had a stroke or has physical difficulties, treatment will also include rehabilitation. The drugs that are routinely prescribed for Alzheimer's disease do not have benefits for vascular dementia, and are not recommended for it. These drugs may, however, be prescribed to treat mixed dementia (Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia). If someone is depressed or anxious , talking therapies (such as cognitive behavioural therapy) or drug treatments may also be tried. Counselling may also help the person adjust to the diagnosis. There are many ways to help someone remain independent and cope with the cognitive symptoms of vascular dementia. For example, breaking complex tasks down into smaller steps will make them easier. An environment which is not too busy or noisy will make it easier to concentrate.

For someone with memory loss, a regular routine and appropriate technology, such as pill boxes or electronic devices, can help. For more information see factsheet 526, Coping with memory loss . It is important that a person with any type of dementia stays active and continues to do things they enjoy. Keeping mentally active (cognitive stimulation) is known to help with memory and communication. Life story work, in which someone shares their life experiences and makes a personal record, may help with memory, mood and wellbeing. As the dementia worsens, many people enjoy more general reminiscence activities. If the person has physical difficulties, for example after a stroke, they will usually benefit from rehabilitation. This could mean working with a physiotherapist (especially for help with weakness, coordination, movement and balance), occupational therapist (for everyday activities) or speech and language therapist (for all aspects of communication ). The details of the support that is available, and how people are generally referred, can vary around the country. The GP can give information about what is available in the local area. Over time, changes in the person's behaviour - such as agitation or aggression - become more likely. These are often a sign that the person is in distress.

There are many potential causes. For example, the person might be in pain, they may have misunderstood something or someone, or they may be frustrated or under-stimulated. Individualised approaches should try to address the cause. General non-drug approaches (eg social interaction) often help. They should generally be tried before additional drugs are considered, particularly in the case of antipsychotics. Anyone caring for the person is likely to find these behaviours distressing. Support for carers is particularly important at such times. For more information see factsheet 523, Carers: looking after yourself . Back to contents Read other people's stories When Alexander went to see his GP, the doctor believed his changes were due to his diabetes. Following further visits to the GP and a brain scan, he was diagnosed with vascular dementia. Alexander's daughter Sandra is his carer. Back to contents Listen to the audio version of this factsheet Click the orange button below to listen to an audio version of factsheet 402, What is vascular dementia?

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Question: The word "vascular" is associated with what?
Answer: Blood vessels