About: Eboracum About: Eboracum An Entity of Type : Site108651247 , from Named Graph : , within Data Space : dbpedia.org Eboracum (/iːˈbɒrəkəm/ or /ˌiːbɔːˈrɑːkəm/) was a fort and city in the Roman province of Britannia. In its prime it was the largest town in northern Britain and a provincial capital. The site remained occupied after the decline of the Roman Empire and ultimately evolved into the present-day city York, occupying the same site in North Yorkshire, England.Two Roman emperors died in Eboracum: Septimius Severus in 211 AD, and Constantius Chlorus in 306 AD. Property abstract Eboracum (/iːˈbɒrəkəm/ or /ˌiːbɔːˈrɑːkəm/) was a fort and city in the Roman province of Britannia. In its prime it was the largest town in northern Britain and a provincial capital.

The site remained occupied after the decline of the Roman Empire and ultimately evolved into the present-day city York, occupying the same site in North Yorkshire, England. Two Roman emperors died in Eboracum: Septimius Severus in 211 AD, and Constantius Chlorus in 306 AD. (en) Eboracum, später zur Colonia Eboracensium erhoben, war eine römische Stadt in der Provinz Britannien, an der Stelle des heutigen York. In der Stadt residierten mehrmals römische Kaiser, die die Stadt als Ausgangspunkt für diverse Feldzüge benutzten. (de) Eboracum est une ancienne cité fortifiée romaine d'Angleterre. Elle était située à l'emplacement actuel de la ville d'York, dans le Yorkshire du Nord. Le nom de la ville de New York se traduit parfois Novum Eboracum en latin en raison de ces racines historiques.

(fr) Eburacum o Eboracum era l'antico nome romano dell'odierna città di York fondata nel 71 da Quinto Petilio Ceriale, governatore al tempo dell'Imperatore romano Vespasiano. Il nome di "Eboracum" si crede derivi dal celtico Eborakon che probabilmente significava "posto dell'albero della Taxus baccata". La parola era simile al celtico eburos (efwr in Gallese, iobhar in Irlandese, iorc in Scozzese, e evor in Bretone), e questa parola è alla base del toponimo in molte parti dei paesi europei di lingua celtica: Eburobrittium (Évora) in Hispania Lusitania, Ebura in Hispania Baetica, e nei nomi tribali come i Celtiberi Eburanci, o gli Eburoni ed Eburovici della Gallia, poi latinizzato rimpiazzando -acon con -acum.

(it) Eboraco (em latim: Eboracum) foi uma das mais antigas cidades da Inglaterra, criada na época romana. Foi, por um certo período, a capital da província Britânia Inferior na época em que Septímio Severo havia lutado pela sucessão do Império Romano, em 190. Sua localização corresponde atualmente à cidade de Iorque. (pt) Eboracum, später zur Colonia Eboracensium erhoben, war eine römische Stadt in der Provinz Britannien, an der Stelle des heutigen York. In der Stadt residierten mehrmals römische Kaiser, die die Stadt als Ausgangspunkt für diverse Feldzüge benutzten. (de) Eburacum o Eboracum era l'antico nome romano dell'odierna città di York fondata nel 71 da Quinto Petilio Ceriale, governatore al tempo dell'Imperatore romano Vespasiano.

Il nome di "Eboracum" si crede derivi dal celtico Eborakon che probabilmente significava "posto dell'albero della Taxus baccata". La parola era simile al celtico eburos (efwr in Gallese, iobhar in Irlandese, iorc in Scozzese, e evor in Bretone), e questa parola è alla base del toponimo in molte parti dei paesi europei di lingua celtica: Eburobrittium (Évora) in Hispania Lusitania, Ebura in Hispania Baetica, e nei nomi tribali come i Celtiberi Eburanci, o gli Eburoni ed Eburovici della Gallia, poi latinizzato rimpiazzando -acon con -acum. (it) Eboraco (em latim: Eboracum) foi uma das mais antigas cidades da Inglaterra, criada na época romana.

Foi, por um certo período, a capital da província Britânia Inferior na época em que Septímio Severo havia lutado pela sucessão do Império Romano, em 190. Sua localização corresponde atualmente à cidade de Iorque. (pt) Eboracum (/iːˈbɒrəkəm/ or /ˌiːbɔːˈrɑːkəm/) was a fort and city in the Roman province of Britannia. In its prime it was the largest town in northern Britain and a provincial capital. The site remained occupied after the decline of the Roman Empire and ultimately evolved into the present-day city York, occupying the same site in North Yorkshire, England.Two Roman emperors died in Eboracum: Septimius Severus in 211 AD, and Constantius Chlorus in 306 AD. (en) Eboracum est une ancienne cité fortifiée romaine d'Angleterre.

Elle était située à l'emplacement actuel de la ville d'York, dans le Yorkshire du Nord.Le nom de la ville de New York se traduit parfois Novum Eboracum en latin en raison de ces racines historiques. (fr) BBC - History : British History Timeline Late summer AD 43 British capital Camulodunum (Colchester) falls to the Romans Following the initial invasion of Britain, the Roman emperor, Claudius, arrived to symbolically lead his army to victory. In August, the Romans captured Camulodunum (Colchester), the capital of the powerful Catuvellauni tribe. With the whole of south east Britain overrun, eleven British kings made their submission. Aulus Plautius, commander of the invasion force, was appointed first Roman governor of Britain, but the majority of the island would not be pacified for at least another 50 years. c. Summer AD 44 Roman general Vespasian captures the Dorset hill forts In the second phase of the conquest of Britain, Roman general Vespasian (Titus Flavius Vespasianus - a future emperor) led his II Augusta Legion into Dorset.

He fought numerous small-scale battles and captured a string of hill forts, including Maiden Castle and Hod Hill. By 48 AD, the Romans had effectively subdued all territory south of a line from the mouth of the Humber river to the Severn Estuary. c. Spring AD 47 Aulus Plautius, who led the invasion of Britain, is received as a hero in Rome Aulus Plautius led the Roman invasion of Britain in 42 AD and served as governor of the new province until 47 AD when he returned home to Rome. He was replaced by Publius Ostorius Scapula. Plautius was granted an 'ovatio' - a lesser form of military 'triumph' - during which he walked to the Capitol in the company of the emperor, Claudius. c. Summer AD 47 Iceni tribe revolt against a Roman order to surrender their weapons The Iceni tribe (based in East Anglia) were allies of Rome and had not been conquered. When ordered to surrender their weapons by the new Roman governor, Publius Ostorius Scapula, some tribesmen resisted. The revolt was quickly put down.

The Iceni remained independent, but it seems likely that the pro-Roman king, Prasutagus, was installed at this time. Summer AD 49 Roman citizen-colony is founded at Camulodunum (Colchester) With many legionaries due for retirement, the Romans founded a colony for veterans at Camulodunum (Colchester). Barrack-blocks were converted into private houses, public buildings were erected and work was begun on a temple to the imperial cult. Local land was confiscated and parcelled up to make farms for the veterans. Colchester briefly became the capital of the province of Britain. Summer AD 51 British resistance leader Caratacus is defeated and captured Following his defeat in the initial phase of the Roman invasion, Caratacus, the king of Catuvellauni, had fled west to first the Silures, then the Ordovices tribes (in Gloucestershire and Wales). He fought an effective guerrilla war, but was eventually brought to battle and defeated by the Roman governor Publius Ostorius Scapula. He escaped, but was betrayed by the Brigantes tribe and captured. He was nonetheless allowed to live out his days in retirement in Italy.

Summer AD 52 Guerrilla war flares up in south east Wales Following the capture of Caratacus, who had led the opposition to Rome in the west of Britain, the Silures tribe (in south Wales and Gloucestershire) fought on. Governor Publius Ostorius Scapula had died in 52 AD, apparently worn out by the stress of office. The conflict fizzled out under his successor, Aulus Didius Gallus. But in 58 AD, a new Roman governor, Quintus Veranius Nepos, finally crushed the Silures and pacified the region with a network of roads, forts and garrisons. Early summer AD 61 Romans campaign against the druids in the far west of Britain The druids were the priest-scholars of ancient Britain, but 'druid' also tended to be a 'catch all' name used by the Romans for those who resisted their rule.

In order to suppress the druids in the far west of Britain, Roman governor Gaius Suetonius Paulinus subdued the island of Mona (Anglesey), but he was forced to cut short the campaign to put down the revolt of the Iceni under Boudicca in south east Britain. Early summer AD 61 Roman army defeats a major revolt under Boudicca The Romans annexed the territory of the Iceni (in East Anglia) after the death of the tribe's king, Prasutagus. It sparked a rebellion, led by his widow Boudicca, that erupted across south east Britain. The Roman towns of Camulodunum (Colchester), Londinium (London) and Verulamium (St Albans) were burned and thousands killed. Boudicca was eventually defeated by a vastly outnumbered Roman army under governor Gaius Suetonius Paulinus at the Battle of Watling Street. She died soon afterwards.

Summer AD 69 Nero's death sparks mutiny of Roman army in Britain With the death of the emperor Nero in June 68 AD, four emperors followed in rapid succession - Galba, Otho, Vitellius and Vespasian. Vespasian, who had led a legion during the conquest of Britain, emerged victorious to found the Flavian dynasty. With mutinies and uprisings rife across the empire, the military estate of Britain was no different. But no attempts to become emperor were launched from the province. Summer AD 69 Cartimandua, queen of the Brigantes tribe, is overthrown The Brigantes tribe of (in northern England) was a Roman ally ruled by Cartimandua and her consort, Venutius. Cartimandua had been responsible for handing over resistance leader Caratacus to the Romans in 51 AD. Shortly afterwards, she divorced Venutius who revolted but was driven off by Roman arms. But in 69 AD, with the Romans in the midst of civil war, Venutius staged a second revolt and successfully overthrew Cartimandua, who fled to the Romans.

Summer AD 71 Romans conquer northern England After ten years of comparative peace, Vespasian, first emperor of the new Flavian dynasty, ordered further conquests in Britain. The new governor, Quintus Petilius Cerialis, campaigned against Venutius, rebel leader of the Brigantes tribe, and defeated him. By the end of Cerialis' governorship in 74 AD, he had reached Carlisle where he built the last in a series of garrison forts. Summer AD 78 Romans conquer Wales Sextus Julius Frontinus was appointed governor of Britain in 74 AD. After three years' campaigning - first against the Silures (in south east Wales) and then against the Ordovices (in north Wales) - he had all but completed the conquest and occupation of western Britain. The territory was pacified by placing auxiliary forts on the hills linked by roads. Two legions, one at Caerleon in the south east and the other at Chester in the north east, could respond quickly to any uprising.

Autumn AD 78 Romans invade Mona (Anglesey) and destroy centre of druidism Taking advantage of a change in governor, the recently-conquered Ordovices tribe (in north Wales) revolted. The new governor, Gnaeus Julius Agricola, immediately led an army into their territory and crushed them. He then invaded the island of Mona (Anglesey), effectively destroying the last major druidic centre. The druids left no written texts, but it is known that they were probably animists who practised human sacrifice and may have acknowledged well in excess of 400 gods. c. Autumn AD 79 Grand opening of Verulamium's civic centre takes place Marking the emergence of a fully-fledged, self-governing municipality, the opening of the Verulamium (St Albans) civic centre was an event of pomp and ceremony attended by the provincial governor Gnaeus Julius Agricola. The new complex comprised a square (forum) with colonnaded shops, an assembly room with adjoining council offices (basilica) and official cult temples. It became one of the biggest and richest towns in Roman Britain.

Winter AD 79/80 Local aristocrats are encouraged to abandon ancient British culture In a bid to do away with the Britons' warlike ways, Roman governor Gnaeus Julius Agricola undertook a campaign to encourage native aristocrats to learn Latin, wear the toga and invest in budding municipalities by donating statues and buildings. Archaeological evidence suggests Romanisation was swift. By the late first century AD, south east Britain had filled with Roman-style towns and villas. Autumn AD 82 Roman governor Agricola contemplates the invasion of Ireland Having subdued what is now south west Scotland, Roman governor Gnaeus Julius Agricola considered an invasion of Ireland. Agricola reputedly believed a single legion plus auxiliaries (about 10,000 men) would suffice and may even have given refuge to an exiled Irish prince as a pretext for the attempt. The invasion never happened, but regular trading contacts began to develop between Ireland and Roman Britain.

Late summer AD 84 Romans defeat Caledonian tribes at the Battle of Mons Graupius More than three years after extending Roman rule into what is now Scotland, governor Gnaeus Julius Agricola finally succeeded in bringing the Caledonian tribes to a pitched battle at an unidentified place called Mons Graupius, probably somewhere in the Scottish Highlands. Agricola inflicted a heavy defeat, then withdrew south. He also sent ships around the coast of Scotland to establish that Britain truly was an island. c. Summer AD 87 Northernmost legionary fortress in Britain is evacuated Pressure elsewhere on the borders of the Roman empire - possibly in Dacia (modern day Moldova) - compelled the Romans to withdraw troops from the far north of Britain in the late 80s AD. Inconclusive archaeological evidence suggests that the huge legionary fortress at Inchtuthill (in Tayside, Scotland) was systematically dismantled and abandoned in 87 AD, less than four years after it was built. c. Summer AD 100 Romans establish a new frontier on the Tyne-Solway line The new emperor, Trajan, required stable borders and more troops for a punitive campaign against Dacia (now Moldova).

He ordered a complete withdrawal of Roman forces from what is now Scotland. A new frontier, comprising road, forts and signal-stations, was established on an east-west line through modern Northumberland between Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Carlisle on the Solway. Vindolanda was one of the forts on this so-called 'Stanegate Line'. Summer AD 122 Emperor Hadrian orders the construction of a wall across northern Britain Hadrian was a gifted administrator who set in place a policy of creating natural or man-made barriers at the empire's outer limits. Inside he envisaged a commonwealth of peoples set apart from the 'barbarians'. A 73-mile-long stone wall was built by Roman soldiers, stretching from modern Newcastle to Carlisle. It marked the northernmost boundary of the empire, serving as a 'porous' border control for the movement of people and goods, or as a strong defensive fortification in times of strife. c.

Summer AD 142 Construction of the Antonine Wall, north of Hadrian's Wall, begins Shortly after the completion of Hadrian's Wall, the new emperor, Antoninus Pius, commanded his governor in Britain, Quintus Lollius Urbicus, to advance to a much shorter northern border, from the Firth to the Clyde. A 37-mile-long wall of earth and timber was built. It was intended to help subdue the tribes in what are now northern England and southern Scotland. c. Summer AD 155 Fire destroys much of central Verulamium (St Albans) Though one of the biggest and richest towns in 2nd century Roman Britain, Verulamium (St Albans) was still largely composed of small timber houses and shops. What probably started as a domestic fire quickly took hold, sweeping across the central part of the town, perhaps fanned by strong winds. Such was the damage, some sites were not redeveloped for over a century. c. Summer AD 163 Antonine Wall is evacuated and Romans withdraw to Hadrian's Wall After just two decades, Roman policy on the northern frontier of Britain changed again.

The greatest conquest of the emperor Antoninus Pius - the southern uplands of Scotland - had been given up almost as soon as he was dead. The army abandoned the Antonine Wall and withdrew south to Hadrian's Wall. c. Summer AD 182 Full-scale war erupts in northern Britain The tribes of what are now southern Scotland and northern England had never been fully pacified, and outbreaks of violence were relatively frequent. In 182, a war of raids and skirmishes broke out along the line of Hadrian's Wall. Despite repeated attempts by Roman troops to suppress these revolts, fighting continued for years. Around this time, many towns much further south sought security by constructing circuits of earth-and-timber defences. c. Winter AD 191/192 Clodius Albinus becomes governor of Britain Decimus Clodius Albinus became governor of Britain in around 191 AD.

Following the assassinations of the last Antonine emperor, Commodus, in December 192 AD and his successor Pertinax in March 193 AD, three rivals for the throne emerged in different parts of the empire: Clodius Albinus in Britain, Septimius Severus in Pannonia and Pescennius Niger in Syria. c. Autumn AD 196 Clodius Albinus is hailed as emperor by the legions of Britain and Spain Decimus Clodius Albinus sided with his more powerful rival Septimius Severus in the civil war following 192 AD. Severus had defeated and killed his eastern rival, Pescennius Niger, in 194. It seems likely that Clodius Albinus chose to move pre-emptively against Severus by invading Gaul and having himself declared emperor, probably in the autumn of 196 AD. c.

AD 197 Clodius Albinus is killed at the Battle of Lugdunum (Lyons) After having himself declared emperor by the legions of Britain and Spain in 196 AD, Decimus Clodius Albinus marched against his rival Septimius Severus. Their massed armies met at the Battle of Lugdunum (Lyons) in a lengthy and bloody clash. Clodius Albinus was killed, leaving Severus as the sole claimant to the imperial throne. c. Winter AD 197/198 Roman military commissioners arrive in Britain to suppress opposition Following the defeat and death of the Britain-based usurper Decimus Clodius Albinus, the undisputed emperor Septimius Severus sent agents and troops to Britain to purge the administration of rival supporters and rebuild the northern defences. Evidence suggests that revolts among local tribes led to the destruction of part of Hadrian's Wall at around this time. Summer AD 209 Emperor Septimius Severus wages war in northern Britain A generation of frontier conflict prompted Septimius Severus to lead his army in a renewed attempt to subdue the Caledonian tribes in the far north of Britain.

But the Caledonians avoided pitched battle and waged guerrilla war, leaving the Romans bogged down in a protracted and inconclusive struggle. Peace treaties were signed, but no sooner had Severus withdrawn south than the Maeatae tribe revolted. Winter AD 211/212 Britain is divided into two separate Roman provinces In an effort to finally subdue Britain and improve its administration, a plan was conceived by emperor Septimius Severus, probably in 197 AD, to split the province in two. It was only put into effect in 211 AD, either by Severus or his son Caracalla. The southern province was named Britannia Superior (Upper Britain) with its capital at Londinium (London), and the northern named Britannia Inferior (Lower Britain), with the capital at Eboracum (York). Winter AD 211/212 Emperor Septimius Severus dies at Eboracum (York) Despite two years' campaigning in the far north of Britain, Septimius Severus failed to crush the Caledonian tribes. He was preparing a new offensive when he died in his bed at his winter-quarters in Eboracum (York).

The empire was left to his two sons, Caracalla and Geta, who abandoned further campaigns against the tribes of northern Britain to return to Rome and press their separate claims for the throne. AD 250 New foes attack northern and western Britain and the Picts appear on the record In this period, new enemies began to threaten the British Isles. The Scots - possibly from Iberia - raided Ulster and western Scotland. Angles, Saxons and Jutes attacked the eastern coast from Germany. Around this time the records also show the first use of the word 'Picts' to describe an amalgamation of tribes in northern Scotland. The origin of the term is uncertain, but it may come from the Latin for 'painted people'. c. Summer AD 255 Work begins on a riverside wall in Londinium (London) Londinium (London) had been protected by a wall on its landward sides since the early 3rd century. In the mid-4th century, work began on a final stretch along the north bank of the River Thames to completely enclose the city and make it secure from amphibious attack. It is a significant sign of increasingly troubled times, and is mirrored by the building of defensive walls across Britain.

c. Winter AD 259/260 'Gallic Empire' is created in by the usurper Postumus Postumus declared himself emperor while defending the western empire from incursions by 'barbarian' tribes. He was recognised in Britain, Gaul and Spain - the so-called Gallic Empire - while the 'true' emperor Gallienus retained power in the remaining provinces Postumus was murdered by his soldiers in 268 but the Gallic Empire lasted until 274. AD 274 'Gallic Empire' is reabsorbed by the Roman Empire under Aurelian The breakaway 'Gallic Empire', centred on Britain, Gaul and Spain, had been independent of Rome since the usurper Postumus declared himself emperor in 259 AD. Fifteen years later, the third Gallic emperor, Tetricus, surrendered his provinces to the 'true' Roman emperor Aurelian after losing a decisive battle in Gaul. Summer AD 287 Usurper Carausius declares himself emperor and seizes Britain Admiral of the Classis Britannica (Channel fleet), Carausius seized Britain and northern Gaul after being accused of corruption by the emperor Maximian.

He seems to have enjoyed strong local support and established an efficient administration. He sought legitimacy by minting his own coins and recognising the legitimate Roman emperors Diocletian and Maximian. They, in turn, rejected his overtures. Autumn AD 293 Britain-based usurper Carausius is assassinated and replaced by Allectus Carausius was defeated by forces loyal to Rome and lost control of northern Gaul. The Britain-based usurper was then assassinated by his treasurer, Allectus, who began building coastal defences in Britain to resist invasion - the so-called 'Saxon shore forts'. To bolster his claim to authority and allegiance, Allectus ordered the construction of a palace in his capital, Londonium (London). Summer AD 296 Roman emperor Constantius recovers Britain At this time, the Roman empire was ruled by a group of four emperors called the 'Tetrarchy'. Maximian, the 'senior' emperor in charge of the west, sent his junior, Constantius Chlorus, to reclaim Britain. Constantius defeated and killed the usurper Allectus near Silchester.

In line with the policy of the Tetrarchy, Constantius reclassified Britain as a 'diocese' divided it into four provinces - Maxima Caesariensis, Britannia Prima, Flavia Caesariensis and Britannia Secunda. c. Autumn AD 306 Constantine is hailed as emperor by the army in Britain When the Roman emperor Constantius died while campaigning in northern Britain, his soldiers at Eboracum (York) hailed his young son, Constantine, emperor. After a period of civil war within the empire, Constantine defeated his remaining rival, Maxentius, at the Battle of Milvian Bridge in AD 312. He restored the rule of a single emperor in the west, overthrowing the 'Tetrarchy' system of rule by four emperors. Summer AD 314 The Edict of Milan ends persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire Constantine's Edict of Milan effectively 'legalised' Christianity and is sometimes seen as the point at which the empire and the emperor became Christian. In reality, Constantine maintained an ambiguous stance somewhere between Christianity and paganism, and was only baptised on his death bed. Little is known about early Christianity in Britain.

It may have arrived in Scotland as early as 205, then England and Wales a century later. It had penetrated southern Ireland by the early 5th century. Winter AD 343/344 Emperor Constans makes a brief visit to Britain The Roman emperor Constans came to Britain on a very brief visit in 343 AD. It seems likely that since he risked the crossing in the winter months and only stayed for the shortest time, it is likely to have been in response to a military emergency. c. Autumn AD 353 Paul 'the Chain' leads a military commission to suppress opposition in Britain After the defeat of the usurper Magnentius, the emperor Constantius II sent Paul 'the Chain' (so called for his repressive practices and habit of binding his prisoners in heavy chains) to investigate and purge Magnentius' supporters in Britain. Among the victims was Martinus, 'vicarius' (governor) of the diocese of Britain, who committed suicide rather than face trial.

Summer AD 367 'Barbarian' raiders launch a coordinated attack on Roman Britain Picts from Scotland, Attacotti from the Western Isles, Scots from Ireland and Franks and Anglo Saxons from Germany launched near-simultaneous attacks, overwhelming the frontier defences of Roman Britain. (There was even some suggestion of complicity from the garrison of Hadrian's Wall.) One Roman general was killed and another defeated, allowing the invaders to plunder the province at will. This event is sometimes referred to as the 'Great Conspiracy'. Summer AD 369 Theodosius drives out the 'barbarians' and restores Britain's defences Appointed to an emergency military command, Theodosius hurried to Britain to restore Roman control following a massive 'barbarian' incursion. He drove the raiders from southern Britain and restored the frontier defences. Invasions continued, such that by 400, three non-Roman kingdoms were established north of Hadrian's Wall: Strathclyde (south central Scotland), Gododdin (modern Lothian) and Galloway. By now, the Romans had effectively abandoned attempts to control Scotland. c.

Summer AD 383 Magnus Maximus is hailed Roman emperor by the army in Britain Magnus Maximus, possibly a 'vicarius' (governor) of Britain was proclaimed emperor by his troops. He campaigned in Gaul, defeating and killing emperor Gratian (of Gaul, Britain and Spain). He then drove emperor Valentinian II (of Illyricum, Africa and Italy) from Rome to secure his position in the western empire. He retained power for five years before being defeated and executed by emperor Theodosius I c. Summer AD 400 Roman troops are withdrawn from Britain to defend Italy After successful campaigns to defend Britain against Picts, Scots and Anglo Saxon raiders, Stilicho, the commander of the Roman armies in the west, withdrew troops from Britain to defend Italy against the invasion of Alaric the Goth. As a consequence, the garrison of Britain was left too weak to mount an adequate defence against further 'barbarian' raids. c. Winter AD 407/408 Constantine III is proclaimed emperor by the army in Britain At this time, the borders of the Roman empire were being frequently breached by 'barbarian' invaders and there was a persistent sense of military crisis.

The Rhine frontier had been overrun and emperor Theodosius I responded by withdrawing troops to defend Italy. The garrison in Britain rebelled and proclaimed a general, Constantine III, emperor. He crossed to the continent where he was defeated by an army loyal to Theodosius. c. Summer AD 409 Britons throw off their allegiance to Rome After the usurper Constantine III crossed to the continent with part of the army to fight for supreme power, Britons may have successfully fought off a Saxon incursion on their own in 408 AD. A year later, they reputedly expelled the Roman administration and began to manage their own affairs. c. Summer AD 410 Britons send a vain appeal for military assistance to the Roman emperor By 410, troops were continually being withdrawn from Britain to help fight wars elsewhere in the empire. There was a general and persistent state of military crisis. With incursions on all fronts by Angles, Saxons, Picts and Scots, Britain appealed to emperor Honorius for help. Honorius wrote to them telling them to 'look to their own defences'.

This act is often seen as marking the end of Roman Britain, although Roman institutions and their way of life endured. Publius Septimius Geta | Roman emperor [died 212] | Britannica.com Roman emperor [died 212] Marcus Aurelius Publius Septimius Geta, (born March 7, 189, Mediolanum [now Milan, Italy]—died Dec. 26, 211, Rome ), Roman emperor from 209 to 211, jointly with his father, Septimius Severus (reigned 193–211), and his brother, Caracalla (reigned 198–217). The younger son of Septimius Severus and Julia Domna , he was given the title caesar on Jan. 28, 198, when his elder brother Caracalla became joint emperor (as augustus) with their father. In 210 Geta was himself made an augustus, and he became coemperor upon his father’s death at Eboracum (present-day York, Eng.) in February 211.

The furious rivalry that developed between the brothers remained concealed from public view as long as their father lived, but, after Severus’ death, the brothers formed separate military factions. Civil war threatened until December 211, when Caracalla had Geta murdered in their mother’s arms in her apartment in the imperial palace. Geta, marble bust; in the Capitoline Museum, Rome Alinari/Art Resource, New York Caracalla April 4, 188 ce Lugdunum [Lyon], Gaul April 8, 217 near Carrhae, Mesopotamia Roman emperor, ruling jointly with his father, Septimius Severus, from 198 to 211 and then alone from 211 until his assassination in 217. His principal achievements were his colossal baths in Rome and his edict of 212,...

in ancient Rome: Septimius Severus Imperial power, without repudiating the ideological themes of the principate, rested in fact on the army and sought its legitimacy in heredity: the two sons of Septimius Severus, Caracalla and Geta, were first proclaimed Caesars, the former in 196, the latter in 198; later, they were directly associated with imperial power through bestowal of the title of Augustus, in 198 and 209, respectively.... in Julia Domna ...and other intellectuals whose activities are best known through the writings of Philostratus. After Severus’ death, the murderous rancour of her two sons, the joint emperors Caracalla and Geta, culminated in the assassination of Geta by Caracalla in her presence (212), an act she was helpless to prevent. When Caracalla (reigned 211–217) was on campaign, he left her in control of... More about Publius Septimius Geta 3 References found in Britannica Articles Assorted References role in Roman history (in ancient Rome: Septimius Severus ) External Links Corrections?

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Please note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors, and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed. Uh Oh There was a problem with your submission. Please try again later. Close Article Title: Publius Septimius Geta Website Name: Encyclopædia Britannica Date Published: July 27, 2007 URL: Access Date: January 20, 2017 Share Denarius – (21st Roman Emperor jointly with Caracalla) 209-211 A.D. Geta as Caesar NGC CHAU – SOLD | AU Capital Management AU Capital Management / Products / Denarius – (21st Roman Emperor jointly with Caracalla) 209-211 A.D. Geta as Caesar NGC CHAU – SOLD Denarius – (21st Roman Emperor jointly with Caracalla) 209-211 A.D.

Geta as Caesar NGC CHAU – SOLD Description Geta (CAESAR PVBLIVS SEPTIMIVS GETA AVGVSTUS) and Caracalla were proclaimed joint emperors upon returning to Rome when Septimius Severus died in Eboracum in early 211. Their joint rule was a failure. Later sources speculated that the brothers wished to split the empire in two halves. By the end of 211, the situation had become unbearable. Caracalla tried unsuccessfully to murder Geta during the festival of Saturnalia. Finally, in December Caracalla had his mother arrange a peace meeting with his brother in his mother’s apartments, and then had him murdered in her arms by centurions. Following Geta’s assassination, Caracalla ordered his brother’s name to be removed from all inscriptions. The now sole emperor also took the opportunity to get rid of his political enemies, on grounds of conspiracy. Cassius Dio stated that around 20,000 men and women were killed or proscribed during this time. Very few marble portraits attributable to Geta survive to date, presumably due to the very thorough damnatio memoriae which resulted in the erasing of his images.

However, Roman coins with his image are plentiful, and can reflect how his father Septimius Severus and later Geta himself wanted him to be seen by the Roman people (and especially the Roman military). Images of Geta and his older brother Caracalla cannot be well distinguished until the death of the father. Both sons were supposed to be presented as equally suitable heirs to the throne, showing thus more “depth” to the dynasty. On his coins Caracalla, who became Augustus in 197, was shown with a wreath of laurels, while Geta remained bareheaded until he himself became Augustus in 209. Between 209 and their father’s death in February 211, both brothers were shown as equally mature young men with a short full beard, ready to take over the empire. Between the death of Septimus Severus and the assassination of Geta, Caracalla’s portraits did not change, while Geta was depicted with a long beard with hanging hairs much like his father, a strong indication of Geta’s efforts to be seen as the “true” successor of his father. Geta.

Silver Denarius (3.5 g), as Caesar, AD 198-209. Laodicea ad Mare, under Septimius Severus and Caracalla, AD 200-202. P SEPT GETA CAES PONT, bare-headed, draped and cuirassed bust of Geta right. Reverse VICT AE-TE-R-N, Victory flying left, holding open diadem in both hands over shield set on low base. This coin is well struck (5/5) and well centered and covered with a nice, delicate toning (4/5). Ex Goldberg 69 (29 May 2012), 3581. Roman Britain Roman Britain Eburacum (or Eboracum) =York; Deva = Chester; Lindum = Lincoln; Camulodunum = Colchester; Londinium = London. [Lugdunum Batavorum = Leiden]. The Romans first invaded Britain in 55-54 BC. The Roman Republic had been expanding its territory by conquest for two centuries.

Military commanders and provincial governors amassed fortunes from the conquered peoples and then used their wealth and power to influence the political process back at Rome. Julius Caesar acquired extraordinary resources by his conquest of Gaul; with these, he guaranteed the loyalty of his troops and bribed important Romans. His actions were key to transforming the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire . When some Gauls fled to Britain from Rome's armies, Caesar feared that they might use it as a base for a counterattack. He mounted two brief expeditions to Britain - in August 55BC and May 54BC. He defeated a small British army, and returned to Gaul. Julius Caesar's great-nephew, the Emperor Augustus (27BC - 14AD) expanded Rome's boundaries in both Europe and Asia but then stopped for a period of consolidation [ See Map ]. Britain remained a possible target for conquest because of its wealth. An occasion arose when one of the candidates for the throne of the important Catuvellauni kingdom appealed to the Emperor Caligula (37-41 AD) for help. Caligula was murdered in a military coup before the invasion could take place.

His successor the Emperor Claudius (41-54 AD) - eager for military prestige - perhaps adopted Caligula's invasion plans as his own; he sent an army to Britain in 43 AD. Claudius placed Aulus Plautius and Vespasian in charge of an army of c. 40,000 men. Claudius paid a brief visit to Britain (16 days), and - taking all the credit for the conquest - minted coins celebrating his victory, and named his son Britannicus. Britain's part-time warriors were no match for the better trained and equipped Roman soldiers. British soldiers possessed no armor that was proof against the Roman pilum or javelin, nor had they an appropriate tactical response to the Roman legionaries' disciplined, close-order use of the short thrusting sword (gladius). > Initially, Rome occupied only the South-East, but soon expanded North and West. Caratacus organized resistance in Wales, but this was suppressed by 60 AD. In 61 AD, the western stronghold of Mona (today the Isle of Anglesey) was overcome.

"On the shore stood the opposing army with its dense array of armed warriors, while between the ranks dashed women, in black attire like the Furies, with hair dishevelled, waving brands. All around, the Druids, lifting up their hands to heaven, and pouring forth dreadful imprecations, scared our soldiers by the unfamiliar sight �" [Cassius Dio, Roman History] A major revolt broke out amongst the Iceni against Roman rule in 62. Led by the warrior-queen Boudica, the rebels destroyed the settlements at Londinium (London), Camulodunum (Colchester), and Verulamium (Saint Albans), before being defeated by the Roman Governor, Suetonius Paulinus. About 70,000 civilians - mostly Britons - died in the revolt. Boudica's revolt slowed the Romanization of Britain considerably. Mosaic from Romano-British villa Gnaeus Julius Agricola (40-93) became governor of Britain in 78. Under his rule, towns were expanded, fortresses built, and the road system started. Roman expansion Under Agricola, Roman influence was extended northwards.

In 78 he defeated the Brigantes of Yorkshire -- who under their Queen Cartimandua had earlier been independent allies of Rome. Agricola marched as far north as the Grampians in (what is today) northern Scotland, and somewhere near them defeated the Caledonians (who outnumbered the Romans 3 to 1) at the Battle of Mons Graupius (83 AD) (Much later, "Graupius" was mis-read as "Grampius" - erroneously giving rise to the term "Grampian mountains" or "Grampians"). Too successful for the tastes of the proud and suspicious Emperor Domitian (51-96), Agricola was suddenly recalled in 85. Pari arrogantia, cum procuratorum suorum nomine formalem dictaret epistulam, sic coepit: "Dominus et deus noster hoc fieri iubet.

Unde institutum posthac, ut ne scripto quidem ac sermone cuiusquam appellaretur aliter." With no less arrogance he [the emperor Domitian] began as follows in dictating a circular letter in the name of his procurators, "Our Lord and God bids that this be done." And so the custom arose of henceforth addressing him in no other way, even in writing or in conversation. [Suetonius: Lives of the Caesars] Domitian (51-96) The need to station troops in other parts of the Empire led to the abandonment of the far north, and the northern limit of Roman Britain was established roughly where England now borders Scotland. In 122, the Emperor Hadrian visited Britain, and at about the same time the construction of Hadrian's Wall began. Hadrian's Wall was about 15 feet high, 10 feet wide and stretched for 73 miles. Built mainly of stone, there were also deep ditches on both sides to make approach difficult.

Soldiers were positioned in turrets and castles along the length of the Wall, Hadrian's Wall Hadrian's policies aimed at consolidating the Empire within existing borders, but his successor, Antoninus Pius was more expansionist. Rome reoccupied the Scottish lowlands and a new wall was built in 140-143. It was constructed largely of turf and extended about 37 miles from the Firth of Forth to the Firth of Clyde. The Romans soon retreated and within half a century, Hadrian's Wall once again marked the northern limit of Empire. Not far from Hadrian's Wall was the fort of Vindolanda, where excavations have unearthed many important discoveries, including wooden leaf-tablets with writing by members of the Roman garrison, their families, and others. See index of the Vindolanda tablets. Sources are poor, but evidence suggests that there was invasion from the North during the early 180's. In its aftermath, many Northern British cities built walls for their protection. Clodius Albinus In 195, civil war erupted between two candidates for the job of emperor, Clodius Albinus and Septimius Severus.

The British legions fought for Clodius Albinus, but were defeated in Gaul by Septimius Severus. Septimius Severus The Caledonii and Maeatae tribes gave so much trouble in the North that Septimius Severus came to Britain to direct their suppression. Severus brought with him his wife, Julia Domna and his two refractory sons, Caracalla and Geta. Severus died at York in 211, and his elder son, Caracalla, promptly set about trying to seize sole power. (Both returned to Rome, and Caracalla had Geta murdered there in December 211). The written evidence for third century Britain is very poor, but archaeological evidence suggests that the country was prosperous and peaceful - for example, new villas were being built and elaborately decorated. From 260 until 274, Britain was part of the breakaway "Gallic Empire" established by the usurper Postumus (?-269). As well as Britain, the Gallic Empire included Spain and much of Gaul and Germany.

Britain under Rome Rome invested considerable resources in the invasion and protection of Britain - its occupation required about 10% of the Roman army. Permanent forts were linked by a network of level straight roads that allowed for easy redeployment of troops. These roads also encouraged trade. The substantial investment in garrisons and infrastructure was worthwhile because of Britain's agricultural and mineral wealth. The Romans were mining silver in Britain as early as the 40s AD, and lead production was so plentiful that the Roman government limited British output to protect mines in Spain and Gaul. (Lead was used for plumbing fixtures and coffins). Peace and trade led to the growth of cities: Deva was founded in about 60 AD; it was a military base or castra and was later called Chester by the locals. (Colchester and Gloucester carry the same reference to a camp/ castra in their names). Eburacum (or Eboracum) was a fortress of the Ninth Legion; it was established about 78 AD. It later became the home of the Sixth Legion. The Saxons corrupted the name to "Eoforwic", and the Vikings turned this into "Jorvik" which eventually became "York".

In the late 50s the Romans established another base at "Lindon," which they pronounced "Lindum." When a colony of veterans was established here, it became known as "Lindum Colonia," and eventually as Lincoln. During the last quarter of the first century AD (75-100), cities expanded considerably - theatres, amphitheatres, public monuments, baths & market places were constructed. The Romans were efficient engineers who provided cities with good water supplies. Urbanization went alongside Romanization. Public policy consciously aimed at persuading Britons to adopt the customs, dress and habits of Romans. Another sign of wealth and Romanization was the construction of county villas. These comfortable, heated houses were usually within ten miles of a town. The Second and Third Centuries AD were a time of general prosperity and the population of Roman Britain reached about 3.5 million by 400 AD. The ocean protected Britain from the barbarian invasions that ravaged the Roman provinces of Gaul during the 3rd Century. Governor of Britain,185-187, and Roman Emperor, 192-193.

The head of civil and military government in Britain was a legatus or governor, but his actions were monitored by a procurator, who collected taxes and managed the emperors' personal assets. During the 3rd Century, Britain was divided into two provinces - Superior (Upper) and Inferior (Lower) Britannia. The army was important as an engine of social mobility and often intervened in politics. Emperors had to be very careful to keep the army occupied and satisfied. (It is possible that Hadrian's Wall was partly constructed in order to keep the army from making mischief). However, during the 3rd Century the army came to dominate disputes about the imperial succession. For more information about Roman Britain, try romans . An award-winning podcast on the History of Rome is here: thehistoryofrome.typepad.com Timeline: History of York History of York ’s history truly begins with the Romans. The city was founded in about AD 71 when the 5,000 men of the Ninth Legion marched from Lincoln Eboracum, as the Romans called York 208 A.D.

Roman Empire Governed from York Read More In 208 AD the emperor Septimius Severus arrived in York accompanied by his wife and two sons. He was in Britain to fight a compaign agains the tribes based in Scotland. Severus died in York in 211 AD. During his time in the city, York had been the political centre of the whole Roman Empire. Emperor Constantius Dies in York Read More In 293 Constantius Chlorus became one of the four Caesars ruling the empire. Nine years later Constantius became Augustus - leader of the western empire. His reign only lasted a year when in 306 he became the second emperor to die in York, where he was campaigning. Their son was Constantine the Great, the next Roman emperor. 306 A.D. Constantine the Great Declared Emperor in York Read More When Constantine's father, the emperor Constantius, died in York in July 306 the next in line to be emperor was the Caeser in the west, one Flavius Valerius Severus. Instead, Constantine's troops acclaimed Constantine as emperor. It was a huge moment in European history.

Eboracum remained an important provincial capital throughout the 4th century. But by the turn of the 5th century, it was virtually abandoned. 43 A.D. Roman Invasion of Britain Read More Like many leaders Emperor Claudius saw invasion of a foreign land as a way of strengthening a weak position at home. In this case the foreign land was Britain. Victory offered riches and the prestige of conquering a territory where Caesar had failed. The invasion was eventually successful but it took 30 years to gain control of the north; York was the key. 50 A.D. London is Founded Read More About seven years after the Roman invasion of Britain Londinium was established as a small civilian settlement. 60 A.D. Boudica Leads A Rebellion Read More Boudica, the Queen of the Iceni tribe, led a major revolt which ransacked the Roman towns of Camulodunum (Colchester), Londinium (London) and Verulamium (St Albans). The Roman forces eventually regained control and the queen killed herself to avoid being captured. 71 A.D.

Colosseum Built in Rome Read More At around the same time that York was founded, in Rome itself work was starting on the massive arena known as the Colosseum. It was completed by about 81AD. The vast amphitheatre consisted of three circular storeys of arches, originally complete with a fabric roof that could be pulled over like the most advanced modern-day stadia. It's generally accepted that a Roman settlement the size of York must have had an arena of some description but its location has never been found. 122 A.D. Hadrian's Wall is Constructed Read More Emperor Hadrian wanted a physical barrier to protect the empire from 'barbarians'. He ordered a 73-mile-long stone wall to be built across the country, between where Carlisle and Newcastle stand today. The wall was built and permanently manned by Roman soldiers. There were strong connections between the forts on the wall and the fortress at York.

« » Septimius Severus | Roman emperor | Britannica.com Septimius Severus Alternative Titles: Lucius Septimius Severus Pertinax, Septimius Septimius Severus Trajan Septimius Severus, in full Lucius Septimius Severus Pertinax (born April 11, 145/146, Leptis Magna , Tripolitania [now in Libya]—died Feb. 4, 211, Eboracum, Britain [now York , Eng.]), Roman emperor from 193 to 211. He founded a personal dynasty and converted the government into a military monarchy. His reign marks a critical stage in the development of the absolute despotism that characterized the later Roman Empire. Septimius Severus, marble bust, found on the Palatine, Rome; in the British Museum Courtesy of the trustees of the British Museum; photograph, J.R. Freeman & Co. Ltd. The son of an equestrian from the Roman colony of Leptis Magna, Severus entered the Senate about 173 and became consul in 190.

At the time of the murder of the insane emperor Commodus on Dec. 31, 192, he was governor of Upper Pannonia (now in Austria and Hungary) and commander of the largest army on the Danube River . He remained inactive while the Praetorian Guards murdered Commodus’s successor, Publius Helvius Pertinax (March 193) and auctioned off the imperial title to Marcus Didius Julianus. Then on April 13 Severus was proclaimed emperor by his troops. Declaring himself the avenger of Pertinax, he marched on Rome . Julianus was murdered at Rome on June 1, and Severus entered the city without resistance several days later. Severus replaced the Praetorian Guard with a new 15,000-man guard from his own Danubian legions. He temporarily pacified his rival in Britain, Decimus Clodius Albinus, by naming him caesar (junior emperor). In 194 he marched east and decisively defeated another rival, Gaius Pescennius Niger , governor of Syria. Severus then headed westward to confront Albinus, who had declared himself emperor.

Albinus committed suicide following his crushing defeat near Lugdunum (now Lyon, France) in February 197. Returning to Rome, Severus executed about 30 of Albinus’s senatorial supporters. To justify his usurpation, he declared himself the adoptive son of the emperor Marcus Aurelius (ruled 161–180) and claimed descent from the emperor Nerva (ruled 96–98). He also named Caracalla , his son by his Syrian wife, Julia Domna , as coemperor and thus successor. Late in 197 Severus marched east to turn back an invasion of Mesopotamia (now in Iraq) by the Parthians, and two years later Mesopotamia was annexed to the empire. By 202 Severus was back in Rome, where he spent the next six years making major changes in the structure of the imperial government. Since his power rested on military might rather than constitutional sanction, he gave the army a dominant role in his state. He won the soldiers’ support by increasing their pay and permitting them to marry.

To prevent the rise of a powerful military rival, he reduced the number of legions under each general’s control. At the same time Severus ignored the Senate, which declined rapidly in power, and he recruited his officials from the equestrian rather than the senatorial order. Many provincials and peasants received advancement, and the Italian aristocracy lost much of its former influence. Britannica Stories Roman Empire Governed from York: History of York Roman Empire Governed from York Theme Roman Empire Governed from York A coin showing Severus - Yorkshire Museum Septimius Severus The Roman world was governed from wherever the emperor was located. York was priviledged to be the heart of the Roman empire in two periods, about 100 years apart. Remarkably, both times the Emperor died in the city and both times a battle for succession began here. This first time was when the emperor Septimius Severus lived in York between 208-11.

Having restored stability to the empire after a period of civil war, he came to Eboracum (Roman York) to lead campaigns against the Caledonians who had been attacking Roman targets in the north of Britain Severus, known as the African Emperor because he was born in what is now Libya , was over 60 when he arrived in York . He came with a huge retinue of civil servants and soldiers, including the Praetorian Guard – an elite force who were the emperor’s bodyguards. Severus brought with him his wife, Julia Domna , and their sons Caracalla and Geta. In 198 Caracalla had been declared co-emperor, a status also bestowed on Geta, in York, 11 years later. Severus died in York on February 2, 211. This was a moment of enormous significance as emperors were considered halfway between men and gods, and he was given a suitably lavish send-off. Soldiers threw gifts as the late emperor’s body clad in military garb was consumed by the flames of the funeral pyre. It is said that on his death bed Severus advised his sons to treat the army well and ignore everyone else.

Caracalla and Geta, as co-emperors, returned to Rome shortly after their father's death . Their subsequent rivalry had a bloody end: Caracalla had his brother assassinated. Caracalla named Eboracum as the capital of upper Britain (Britannia Inferior) when the country was divided into two provinces, and this is probably what led to the city being granted the highest status of Roman city, that of Colonia. Marble statue of the emperor Septimius Severus - Google Arts & Culture Marble statue of the emperor Septimius Severus 193/200 British Museum It is good to see the statue of Septimius Severus , the first African emperor of the Romans , on display. He is seen by many as a very important figure in the historical timeline of black people in Britain. He died and was buried at York . It is the only image of Septimius Severus I've seen to date that shows him with the features and looks of a North African.

Seeing this statue in this gallery makes me feel that at last the African presence in ancient Britain is being acknowledged.' Fowokan George Kelly, of Jamaican origin Septimius Severus was the first Roman Emperor born in Africa. He ruled between AD 193 and 211. Although his family was of Phoenician rather than black African descent, ancient literary sources refer to the dark colour of his skin and relate that he kept his African accent into old age. He was an accomplished general who, having defeated his internal enemies in a series of civil wars, went on to victories at the furthest frontiers of the Empire, from Mesopotamia to Britain, where he died, at York (Eboracum) in AD 211. He is shown with his characteristic forked beard and tight curled hair, and is wearing military dress. The statue is not carved fully in the round, but is flat and unfinished at the back, suggesting that it was part of an architectural design. It probably stood in a niche which decorated a public building or monument such as a bath building or a fountain-screen. Much of the statue's detail would have been added in paint.

Severus' two sons Caracalla and Geta were instructed by their father on his death-bed to 'pay the troops, get on with each other and ignore everyone else'. Within a year, however, Caracalla had murdered his brother and reigned alone, with all vestiges of Geta's image and name removed from buildings, official inscriptions and dedications; a process known as 'Damnatio Memoriae'. Read more Title: Marble statue of the emperor Septimius Severus Date Created: 193/200

Question: Which Roman Emperor died in Eboracum in 211 AD?
Answer: SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS