Pyrite Uses and Meaning | Crystal Vaults Pyrite Uses and Meaning The Healing Energies, Metaphysical Properties, Legendary Uses and Meaning Introduction to the Meaning and Uses of Pyrite Pyrite is often called “Fool’s Gold,” though there is nothing foolish about this mineral. Within its gleaming beauty is a stone of hidden fire, one that can be sparked to life by striking it against metal or stone. An Earth element, it also resonates with Fire energy, symbolizing the warmth and lasting presence of the sun and the ability to generate wealth by one’s own power. It is masculine in nature, a stone of action, vitality and will, and taps into one’s abilities and potential, stimulating the flow of ideas. It brings confidence and the persistence to carry things through to completion. [Eason, 180][Megemont, 150][Melody, 498][Simmons, 314-315][Ahsian, 315] As a talisman, Pyrite is a unique protector, drawing energy from the Earth through the physical body and into the aura creating a defensive shield against negative energies, environmental pollutants, emotional attack and physical harm.

It also supports one with a spirit of boldness and assertive action when protecting others, the planet, or in standing up for important issues of community. It stimulates the Second and Third Chakras, enhancing will power and the ability to see behind facades to what is real. [Melody, 497][Hall, 149][Simmons, 315][Ahsian, 315] An iron sulfide mineral, Pyrite is commonly found around the world in a variety of geological formations, from sedimentary deposits to hydrothermal veins, and as a constituent of metamorphic rocks. It forms in masses, stalactites, grains, globes, striated cubes or twelve-sided pentagonal dodecahedral crystals. It also forms as flat, radial disks called “suns” or “dollars.” It is usually pale brassy-yellow in color, opaque, with a strong gold-like metallic luster, though some forms oxidize in moist environments and may be a darker brownish-gold. The name Pyrite derives from the Greek pyr or pyros, meaning “fire” for its ability to emit sparks when pieces are struck together or against a hard surface.

[ 314][Melody, 497][Megemont, 150] Pyrite is most noted for its nickname, “Fool’s Gold,” the glittering rock notoriously mistaken by naïve prospectors as real gold. It was also used by dishonest mine owners to salt their mines for the purpose of convincing people they were still gold-producers. Although similar in hue, Pyrite is lighter in color than Gold, and is harder and more brittle. It can’t be scratched with a fingernail or knife. Pyrite is also referred to as Iron Pyrite, and in Germany, “Cat’s Gold.” [Megemont, 151][ 180] Pyrite was highly prized by the native Indian tribes of the Americas as a healing stone of magic, and was polished into mirrors for gazing and divination. Before the 1800’s, it was favored as a decorative stone, carved into rosettes, shoe buckles, rings, snuff boxes and other ornaments, and was extremely popular in England during the Victorian Age for its use in jewelry.

Pyrite’s biggest use occurred during World War II when it was mined as a source of Sulfur for producing sulfuric acid used in industry. [glimmerdream.com][ Warning: Do not ingest this mineral. Use only the indirect method for preparing elixirs. (See our Elixir page for directions.) Pyrite Uses and Purposes Pyrite is a protective, shielding stone and is excellent to wear or carry as an amulet to deflect harm and danger. It is especially helpful when one is away from home or performing hazardous work. [Melody, 497][Hall, 149][Eason, 180] Pyrite guards against ongoing control, criticism and manipulation by a partner, parent or employer, lending the power to resist without becoming angry or upset, changing the balance of power. [Eason, 180] A piece of Pyrite in the home or workplace energizes the area around it and imparts an immediate increase in vitality. It overcomes intellectual fatigue due to overwork and tiredness of the nervous system by stimulating blood flow to the brain, increasing mental clarity, focus and recall.

[Hall, 149][Simmons, 314][Megemont, 151][Melody, 498] Pyrite inspires creativity in art, mathematics, science, architecture and many disciplines, especially those that recognize the inherent perfection and harmonious symmetry of nature and the universe. It stirs the qualities of ambition, commitment and perseverance, and is an ideal stone for students. [Simmons, 315][Melody, 498] In the workplace, Pyrite encourages leadership qualities and is an ally for managers and those working toward promotion. [Eason, 180] Pyrite enhances the protective and assertive male energies in both men and women. It boosts women’s self-worth and helps overcome tendencies toward servitude and inferiority. For men, it instills a feeling of confidence in one’s masculinity and supports the enthusiastic expression of male eroticism. [Simmons, 315][Hall, 150] Pyrite Healing Therapies - Overview (Please note: Information on this web site is no substitute for consulting a health care professional.

All information contained on this web site, including information relating to medical and health conditions, products and treatments, is for informational purposes only. Please see your doctor or health care professional before starting any alternative treatments, diets, supplements or exercise programs.) Pyrite Physical Healing Energy Pyrite supports the ideal of perfect health and well-being, drawing on universal energies to activate the nourishing energies of the body. In healing it often gets fast results, and can be beneficial in cases where no resolution seems possible. It is known for bringing out the cause of diseases for examination, and is helpful in getting to the root of karmic and psychosomatic dis-ease. [Melody, 498][Hall, 150][Megemont, 151][Gienger, 72] This mineral shields the body from environmental pollutants, as well as contagious diseases. It may be useful in fighting colds, flu and other viruses, skin diseases and fungal infections, and may be beneficial in treatments for highly infectious diseases. It has also been used to lessen fever and reduce inflammation, and is an excellent stone of protection for caregivers and medical workers.

[Melody, 498][Eason, 180][Ahsian, 315] Pyrite increases oxygen supply to the blood and strengthens the respiratory and circulatory systems. It is beneficial to the lungs, helping to alleviate asthma and bronchitis, and may be used in treating blood disorders. It assists in treatments of the bones, both in structure and cell formation, and helps prevent and repair DNA damage. [Melody, 498][Hall, 150][Eason, 180] Pyrite also stimulates proper endocrine function and is excellent for combating male impotence and infertility. [Ahsian, 315] Pyrite Emotional Healing Energy Pyrite is a crystal of positive energy, and is extremely helpful for melancholy and thoughts fixed on misfortune and despair. It relieves anxiety and frustration, and as a mirror to the self, reveals the causes behind these emotions and promotes a search for solutions. Pyrite also allows one to see beyond pretense, to what truly lies behind words and actions. It provides the insight that often things that disturb us in others are also present in us.

[Hall, 150][Gienger, 72-73] Pyrite’s energy is empowering to the spirit, encouraging one to overcome fears and take action. It increases one’s will to accomplish whatever tasks one sets out to do, and can be used to bring one out of one’s shell, becoming more dynamic and confident. [Simmons, 315][Ahsian, 315] Pyrite Chakra Healing and Balancing Energy Pyrite is particularly stimulating to the Third, or Solar Plexus Chakra , the energy distribution center and the chakra of relationships. This chakra is located between the ribcage and navel, and controls the immune and digestive systems. When balanced physically, we have strength to fight infections, are free of allergic reactions, and are able to use the nutrients we ingest. When the Solar Plexus is out of balance spiritually, we feel fear - of the disappointment or displeasure of others, or to subordinating our life and pleasures to the will of others. Spiritually, when the solar plexus is in balance we are free to interpret the world through our own thoughts and emotions and not live in fear of violating the dictums of others.

Golden Pyrite also identifies with the Sacral Chakra, or Second Chakra, located below the naval and above the pubic bone at the front of the pelvis. It controls the flow of energy and is the center of gravity of the body. It is the center of the Life Force of the body, and controls the flow of information from the body to the mind and from the mind to the body. Gut feelings, intuition, and other "non-linear" communication comes from this chakra. When it is out of balance the symptoms manifest themselves as confusion, over dependency on others, repression of feelings, inability to feel joy, fear of sensuality or sex, and frustration. When the Sacral Chakra is in balance one has grace, feels pleasure in life, and experiences the flexibility to "go with the flow" and do so in good spirit. Pyrite Spiritual Energy Pyrite is an excellent stone of manifestation, allowing one to draw high-frequency energy into the physical body and utilizing it to take action in creating abundance for one’s life. Its frequency stimulates the creative flow of ideas and concepts, and helps one embrace their innate abilities and potential.

[Ahsian, 315][Hall, 149] Pyrite can also be used in body layouts for balancing polarities and creating harmony within the aura. It should be placed on the Third Chakra, in the hands, and at the Base Chakra to anchor one’s auric field firmly in the body, in proper alignment for optimal functioning of the spiritual self in the physical world. [Simmons, 315] Pyrite Color Energy Pyrite reflects the energy of Gold, bringing success, enthusiasm, happiness, and power. It is traditionally the color of kings, riches, and the sun. Gold touches a deep part of our minds, conjuring up images of mystical places and adventure. Light Gold crystals provide us with the simple pleasures of life - cheerfulness and contentment. Dark Gold crystals have a deeper, more pronounced sense of devotion and commitment, providing us with a mature enthusiasm and ability to share a lifelong commitment of care and love. Holding a Pyrite in each hand during meditation can bring an instant rebalancing and refreshing burst of energy. It is also ideal for ending a meditation to bring the energy fully into the physical realm.

[Simmons, 315][Ahsian, 315] Pyrite Divination The Divinatory meaning of Pyrite: A seeming bargain arrives at the time most needed. It could be the answer, but check carefully. [Eason, 180] Pyrite and the Angelic Realm There are no Guardian Angels associated with Pyrite; however, the table below gives you information about other Angels that are partial to these golden crystals. Pyrite Goddess Crystals Gold crystals honor Persephone , the Greek Goddess of Spring. She represents celebration and the Earth alive with new growth. Birthstones There are several ways to find an appropriate birthstone. The traditional one is listed first. These are from the popular lists that most people are familiar with. The second way is to find your natural birthstone by the color wheel of life. You can click on the Natural Birthstone graphic below to learn more. Finally many people use the traditional stones of the Zodiac. In this section you will find information on all three approaches. Pyrite is not a traditional birthstone. Pyrite Natural Birthstone.

Pyrite which is gold in color is the natural birthstone of those born in the magical month of midsummer (July 22 - August 21). Gold crystals bring you success, enthusiasm, happiness, and power. Pyrite - A Stone of the Sun Pyrite is not associated with any zodiac sign. Pyrite Talismans and Amulets Pyrite is the talisman stone of the fire trades: bakers, blacksmiths, and firemen. It also protects those in the building trades. [Megemont, 151] Pyrite is an Enhancer Mirror crystal. Enhancers have internal crystal lattices of perfect cubic symmetry and internal harmony. As “building block” talismans, their internal structure helps focus our efforts to build on our successes and enhance our lives. They concentrate our energy on the improvements we desire and thought patterns that will produce the actions needed to bring them about. Mirror crystals are sulfides, usually volcanic in origin and opaque with a metallic sheen or luster. Their mirror-like surfaces have the power to reflect what is normally hidden and are excellent aids for seeing ourselves as we truly are, rather than how we perceive ourselves.

They strip away pretensions and reveal truths, as well as helping us avoid being deceived by appearances. Pyrite Feng Shui Pyrite utilizes Earth energy , the energy of stability, patience, honesty, balance, and resourcefulness. It is our home energy, the energy of the ground upon which we live, the mountains, plains, shores, and valleys. It is our holdfast in the black cold universe. Use Pyrite to enhance any space that is a resting place, where you need to be firmly in control, safe, and protected. Earth energy is traditionally associated with the Northeast and Southwest areas of a home or room. These are the Skills and Knowledge area, and the Love and Relationship area. Pyrite also resonates with Fire energy, the energy of enthusiasm, warmth, brightness, illumination and activity. It is Yang in nature. It is the energy of heat, action, emotion and passion - of ideas, of concepts, and sex. It is traditionally associated with the south area of a home or room, and with the fame and reputation area of your dwelling. Use its energy to give your life the boost it needs to enhance your standing in the community and within your family.

Pyrite in Ancient Lore and Legend The Incas of Peru as well as the Aztecs of southern Mexico were known in antiquity to polish large slabs and rare sizable crystals of Pyrite into mirrors for gazing and scrying. While one side was usually polished flat, the other was highly convex and frequently carved with special symbolic markings. [Kunz, 99][glimmerdream.com] Crystals of Pyrite were considered stones of power and great magic, frequently used by the medicine people of the North American Indians in amulets, for divination, and in the attire and objects used during their healing ceremonies and incantations. [Kunz, 99][glimmerdream.com] Footnote References The symbols [ ] enclose the author's name and a page number for a reference cited from the following books: [Ahsian, pp.] Robert Simmons & Naisha Ahsian, The Book of Stones (Berkley, CA: North Atlantic Books, 2007). [Altman, pp.] Jennifer Altman, Gem and Stone: Jewelry of Earth, Sea, and Sky. (San Francisco, Chronicle Books, 2012) [Eason, pp.

]Cassandra Eason, The New Crystal Bible (London: Carlton Books Ltd., 2010). [Fernie, pp.] William T. Fernie, The Occult and Curative Powers of Precious Stones (Blauvelt, NY: Rudolph Steiner Publications, 1973). [Gienger, pp.] Michael Gienger, Healing Crystals (Scotland: Earthdancer Books, 2009). [Hall, pp.] Judy Hall, The Crystal Bible (Cincinnati, OH: Walking Stick Press, 2003). [Hall 2, pp.]Judy Hall, The Crystal Bible 2 (Cincinnati, OH: Walking Stick Press, 2009). [Megemont, pp.] Florence Megemont, The Metaphysical Book of Gems and Crystals (Rochester, VT: Healing Arts Press, 2008). [Mella, pp.] Dorothee L. Mella, Stone Power II (Albuquerque, NM: Brotherhood of Life, Inc., 1986).

[Melody, pp.] Melody, Love Is In The Earth (Wheat Ridge, CO: Earth-Love Publishing House, 1995). [Raphaell, pp.] Katrina Raphaell, Crystal Enlightenment (Santa Fe, NM: Aurora Press, 1985) [Simmons, pp.] Robert Simmons & Naisha Ahsian, The Book of Stones (Berkley, CA: North Atlantic Books, 2007). Items 1 to 12 of 132 total Show University of Minnesota’s Mineral Pages: Chalcopyrite ^ Top Did you know... Chalcopyrite was the mineral upon which Bronze Age civilizations were built. Within the last century, it also became the mineral foundation for our modern electrical age. Our primary source of copper, chalcopyrite’s name comes from the Greek words ‘chalkos’ and ‘pyrites’, which respectively mean ‘copper’ and ‘striking fire’. With its metallic luster and bright golden color, chalcopyrite can fool people into thinking it is gold. It is one of two minerals, the other being pyrite, that are commonly known as ‘fool’s gold’.

Description and Identifying Characteristics Chalcopyrite is a striking, bright yellow, metallic mineral that occurs in nearly all sulfide deposits. Initially, it may be easy to confuse chalcopyrite, or copper pyrite (CuFeS2), with pyrite (FeS2), but the two can be distinguished by their relative hardness and chalcopyrite’s iridescent tarnish. Pyrite is the harder of the two and cannot be easily scratched by a nail, unlike chalcopyrite. In its massive variety, chalcopyrite is one of the minerals most often mistaken for gold. While gold is ductile and malleable, chalcopyrite is brittle and will shatter if struck. ^ Top In Our Earth: The Geologic Importance of Chalcopyrite Chalcopyrite is easily the most widespread copper-bearing mineral. A common mineral found in almost all sulfide deposits, chalcopyrite usually occurs in medium-temperature and high-temperature hydrothermal veins in igneous rocks or metamorphosed igneous rocks. Some economic chalcopyrite deposits form as hydrothermal fluids dissolve copper from igneous rocks and then precipitate it in surrounding contact-metamorphosed sedimentary rocks.

Chalcopyrite is most often found with pyrite and other sulfide minerals, as well as sphalerite, galena, dolomite, tourmaline or quartz. It can oxidize to form a number of minerals such as malachite, azurite, and cuprite. ^ Top In Our Society: The Economic Importance of Chalcopyrite Throughout human history, chalcopyrite has been our leading source of copper. This is despite having a relatively low copper yield (only 25% of its atoms are copper) compared to other copper minerals such as chalcocite and cuprite (both with 67% yields), or bornite and covellite (that have 50% yields). However, chalcopyrite is much more abundant than the other copper-bearing minerals and is far more widely distributed so it remains our most important copper source. In many societies copper was the first known metal to be widely worked, and for over six thousand years copper mining has remained a crucial industry. Copper is easily worked and can be mixed with zinc to make brass, or with tin to make bronze. Before people learned to smelt iron, bronze was the most durable, widely worked and economically most important metal.

From its earliest civilizations to the Roman era, political and military strength in the Mediterranean revolved around the control of vast copper and other metal deposits in uplifted ancient seafloor rock. Some Spanish chalcopyrite and pyrite bodies have been continuously mined for over three thousand years to produce copper and sulfur, along with other associated minerals such as gold. More recently, copper’s high conductivity, softness, and resistance to corrosion, have given it a critical role in generating and distributing electrical power. Copper is easily worked and relatively cheap so it is used for the bulk of the wiring that connects our society’s electrical systems. Although this is currently its most important contribution, copper has also been in demand for uses ranging from coinage to building decorations. Medical uses for chalcopyrite range from ancient healing methods to modern acupuncture. ^ Top Chalcopyrite in the Upper Midwest: Chalcopyrite occurs as massive sulfide vein deposits in the middle and late Precambrian volcanic rocks of northern Wisconsin and northern Minnesota along the Canadian border. In these veins, massive chalcopyrite is interwoven with pyrite and sphalerite.

The lower part of the Duluth Complex southwest of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area holds particularly rich deposits of chalcopyrite and nickel sulfides. When first mapped out in 1980, these deposits held nearly a fourth of the United States’ known copper reserves and over a tenth of the world’s known nickel supply. Chalcopyrite also occurs in lesser quantities as vein deposits in igneous and metamorphic rocks across the region. Southeastern Minnesota and southwestern Wisconsin comprise the northern extent of the Upper Mississippi Valley lead-zinc mining district. Throughout this region, chalcopyrite occurs in hydrothermal veins running through the area’s Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. Within these veins, chalcopyrite occurs as massive deposits or as crystals interwoven with crystals of galena, sphalerite, and barite. Native copper found along the southern shore of Lake Superior is perhaps the best regional testimony to the longstanding economic impact of copper and chalcopyrite. Copper ingots traded as jewelry by native tribes were the driving force behind the first European exploration of the Upper Midwest. French explorers originally pushed into the region in search of copper and other metal wealth, only later settling for the fur trade when they failed to find large ore deposits.

University of Minnesota’s Mineral Pages: Pyrite ^ Top Did you know... Fire was pyrite’s most prominent gift to human society. Sparks are created when pyrite is struck against metal or a hard surface and this was one of the earliest methods humans discovered to create flame. Pyrite’s name comes from the Greek phrase, ‘pyrite lithos,’ which means ‘stone which strikes fire.’ Its brilliant metallic luster and brassy to golden color not only makes pyrite stand out from its surrounding rock, but has also caused it to be mistaken for gold by people unfamiliar with the real thing. Sometimes cruelly known as ‘fool’s gold,’ pyrite is actually much harder than gold and often has flat crystal faces that would not occur in real gold. Although no longer considered a valuable mineral in its own right, pyrite in a rock often signals the presence of other hydrothermal minerals and metal ores that do have significant value. Description and Identifying Characteristics A brilliant metallic luster and bright yellow to golden color makes pyrite a particularly distinctive and attractive mineral. It often occurs as small cubes to octahedrons that may exhibit faint lines, called striations, on some faces.

At first glance, massive pyrite may be mistaken for other yellow, metallic minerals such as chalcopyrite or gold, but its greater hardness should distinguish it from those much softer minerals. Capable of scratching glass, pyrite will only be scratched by the best metal files. Most knife blades will leave its surface unmarked. Marcasite is the only other yellow metallic mineral as hard as pyrite. The two are polymorphs of one another, minerals with the same chemical composition but different crystal structures. Only their crystal shape readily distinguishes the two. Pyrite often occurs as cubes or octahedrons, while marcasite typically exhibits a radiating fibrous texture. ^ Top In Our Earth: The Geologic Importance of Pyrite Although it is not a significant rock-forming mineral, pyrite is very widespread and a common accessory mineral in many rock types. In igneous rocks, pyrite may be disseminated throughout the rock or concentrated in layers if the magma cooled slowly enough for crystals to settle out. Pyrite is also common in contact metamorphic settings or disseminated through sedimentary rocks as a replacement of other minerals. Although pyrite occurs in most hydrothermal veins, it is particularly abundant in sulfide deposits.

In fine-grained or organic-rich sedimentary rocks, pyrite may even form discrete pyrite concretions or flattened discs called ‘pyrite dollars’. In calcite and quartz veins, pyrite is commonly associated with chalcopyrite and other sulfide minerals and metallic ores. Pyrite oxidizes to other iron sulfate minerals that in turn alter to limonite, so the presence of a weathered ‘rusty’ limonite layer may indicate the presence of pyrite in the underlying rock. ^ Top In Our Society: The Economic Importance of Pyrite Despite being a common, iron-rich mineral, pyrite is rarely mined for its own sake, and most of our iron is produced from magnetite and hematite deposits. Those iron oxide minerals occur in larger concentrations and volumes than pyrite, so they are a more economical iron source. Vein pyrite, however, may reveal the presence of other valuable minerals, such as chalcopyrite and gold. In the recent past, pyrite was mined as a sulfur source for sulfuric acid, an essential commodity for chemical industry. This was particularly true during World War II when more traditional sources of sulfur were unavailable, or inadequate, for the increased demand of wartime industry.

Presently, most of our sulfur comes from natural gas deposits enriched in hydrogen sulfide. Although pyrite is no longer prized by modern society, back when survival often depended on fire, pyrite was held in great esteem. The ease with which even a novice could coax flame from pyrite sparks made it a highly regarded mineral. ^ Top In Our Future: The Environmental Implications of Pyrite Use Pyrite’s sulfur content is one of its potential gifts, but it also raises some environmental concerns. As water moves through a pyrite-bearing rock, the pyrite’s iron component may be oxidized, releasing its sulfur to form sulfuric acid. In natural settings this is seldom a concern, but pyrite-rich waste from mining operations can significantly increase the acidity of surface waters. This increased acidity can harm downstream ecosystems and may even pose a serious risk for human populations. Many coal deposits contain disseminated pyrite and as the coal is burned the pyrite’s sulfur component oxides to form sulfur dioxide. In the atmosphere, sulfur dioxide combines with moisture to produce sulfuric acid. This is an important source of ‘acid rain’, which can damage building stones and monuments, cause a decline in natural lake systems and, in some areas, even pose a significant risk to human health.

DISCOVERING FOSSILS | What is pyrite? Written and designed by Roy Shepherd. Special thanks to my wonderful wife Lucinda Shepherd, friend Robert Randell and various experts for their support. What is pyrite? Left: A heavily oxidised (rusting) pyrite nodule within a chalk cliff-face. Right: A spectacular pyrite ammonite (Echioceras) from Charmouth . The mineral pyrite, or iron pyrite, is iron disulfide, FeS2. It has isometric crystals that appear as cubes or pyritohedrons (twelve irregular, pentagonal or five-sided faces). Pyrite takes its name from the Greek word 'pyros' meaning 'fire' because sparks flew from it when hit with another mineral or a metal. Pyrite is commonly referred to as 'Fool's Gold'. There are other similar gold-like minerals, but pyrite is by far the most common and the most often mistaken for gold. The notable difference is that Pyrite is much harder and more brittle than gold and cannot therefore be cut or shaped. In addition, gold has no odour, but pyrite gives off a sulphurous smell (like rotten eggs).

Although pyrite is common and contains a high percentage of iron, it has never been used as a significant source of iron. However nodules also contain a high sulfur content and were mined for this during World War II and used in the production of sulfuric acid. ADVERTISEMENT BY UKGE - OFFICIAL ADVERTISING PARTNER OF DISCOVERING FOSSILS How does pyrite form (pyritisation)? One of the most important chemical processes in organic-rich marine sediments is decomposition of organic matter in bacterial sulphate reduction. Bacterial sulphate reduction produces bisulphide. Bisulphite can be partially oxidised or can react with organic matter and reactive metal species. All these reactions may be bacterially mediated. The reaction of reduced sulphur with reactive dissolved iron and iron minerals, if available, results in the formation of iron sulphides. The most common iron sulphide in pyrite. The amount of pyrite formation in marine sediments is largely determined by the availability of sulphate, reactive iron and reactive organic matter during the formation of the sediments. Click image above to view hi-res. Pyrite can cause serious problems when trying to preserve certain specimens.

Once exposed to the moisture in the air, unstable pyrite can disintegrate due to oxidation, resulting is partial or complete destruction of the fossil. ADVERTISEMENT BY UKGE - OFFICIAL ADVERTISING PARTNER OF DISCOVERING FOSSILS Pyrite and marcasite Pyrite is often mistaken for the mineral marcasite due to their similar characteristics. In fact marcasite is a polymorph of pyrite, which means it has the same chemistry as pyrite but a different structure, resulting in different symmetry and crystal shapes. Marcasite has a much greater tendency to react to the air and therefore crumbles and turns into a yellow/green powder. Join us on a fossil hunt Left: A birthday party with a twist - fossil hunting at Peacehaven. Right: A family hold their prized ammonite at Beachy Head. Discovering Fossils guided fossil hunts reveal evidence of life that existed millions of years ago. Whether it's your first time fossil hunting or you're looking to expand your subject knowledge, our fossil hunts provide an enjoyable and educational experience for all.

To find out more CLICK HERE Safety notice: Fossil hunting can at times pose a risk to personal safety, in particular within environments close to the coast, cliffs or in quarries and when using the tools and equipment illustrated. Discovering Fossils provides a free resource to inform you about this fascinating subject and does not accept any liability for decisions made using this information. We recommend all individuals abide by the fossil hunting guidelines available by clicking on the icon at the top of the page. 40 Common Minerals - Tungsten, Silver, Feldspar & more! Warranty 40 Common Minerals | Tungsten, Silver, Feldspar & more! Antimony - Commonly used with alloys to create batteries, Antimony is a grayish metal that can be found in its pure form in nature; this is a very unique characteristic. Asbestos - Asbestos is a carcinogen and causes cancer in those who work closely with the metal, it is used for its fire retardant properties and when polished is referred to as "Tiger Eye". Barium - Used in x-ray machines, rubber, fireworks, rodent poison, and glass making, Barium is a soft and light colored alkaline metal.

Bauxite - This sedimentary rock is a valuable aluminum ore. The aluminum in Bauxite is sucked out by the soil that surrounds the metal. Beryllium - Noted for its toxicity, Beryllium is an alkaline metal frequently used in x-ray machines and lighting. Beryllium also has an oddly sweet taste. Chromite - Chromite is a hard chromium metal ore, its hardness is second only to that of the diamond, and because of this incredible hardness; chromite has a beautiful chrome finish when polished. Cobalt - Cobalt is known to give a beautiful blue color to custom glass and is commonly used in invisible ink. This metal is similar to iron; it is very brittle and is typically found in meteorites. Columbite-Tantalite - Commonly used in the field of technology, Columbite-tantalite is found in health products, guns, electronics, and automotive systems. Copper - Found all over the world, copper is a very abundant metal. It is used in piping, plumbing, jewelry, currency, and to conduct electrical currents. Copper is an orange-red colored metal with a soft texture.

Feldspar - Found primarily in granite, feldspar is the most abundant mineral on the planet; it is commonly used in building materials. Fluorite - Also called fluorspar, fluorite is used in fluorescent pigment. This gem is very beautiful and is mined worldwide. Gold - Gold is a very recognizable material used in jewelry, electronics, and many household appliances. Gold is valued for its flexible property and wide range of uses. In recent trends, triton , palladium , and even ceramic rings have begun to take the place of gold as a popular material in jewelry. Gypsum - This is a soft mineral with many different uses. Gypsum is typically used in drywall and may be referred to as 'sheet rock'. Gypsum is also found in construction materials and garden fertilizers. Halite - Also called sodium chloride or salt, halite has many different uses. It is valued for its ability to preserve and season foods, melt ice, and soften water. Halite is also used to make some varieties of acid. Iron Ore - Valued as a crucial part of civilization, iron ore has been used for thousands of years to make tools and weapons, more recently it has been used when building structures and vehicles.

Lead - Associated primarily with lead poisoning, this metal has a negative connotation. Lead can be absorbed by the skin or inhaled, causing health problems. At one time, lead was used in pencils, cutlery, and paint. Lithium - Commonly used in batteries and bipolar personality medication, lithium is also a popular material in the electric car industry. Manganese - Paired with iron, this metal can take on magnetic properties. It is commonly used in steel making. Mica - Mica is valued for its sparkly property and gives rocks a bit of shine. Mica is very malleable and was used in early glass making. Molybdenum - A more mysterious element, Molybdenum uses nitrogen and is very important to the life cycle. Nickel - Used in everyday life, nickel is found in currency, cutlery, and jewelry. It can also be combine with alloys. Perlite - A product of volcanic rock, Perlite is a less dense property found in most potting soils and gardening additives. Platinum - Valued for its rarity, platinum is used in jewelry. However, technology also utilizes the metals unique properties. Phosphate - This complex element is necessary for supporting life.

Potash - also referred to as potassium, potash is used in fertilizers and is important to the human body because it helps to regulate pressure within the body's cell walls. Potash is also a main ingredient in soap. Pyrite - Also called 'fool's gold', looks like gold but is much less valuable. Pyrite is found in granite rocks and was used by Native American Indians as a reflective surface. More recently, it is used in surface disinfectants and inks. Quartz - This is the most plentiful mineral on the planet. Quartz is included in the same rock family as agates, flints, onyxes, and jaspers and is valued for its use in glass and watch making, and concrete; it is also used in silicon semiconductors. Quarts is also referred to as silica. Rare Earth Elements - Known for their ability to create nuclear power, rare Earth elements include: cerium, neodymium, samarium, gadolinium, dysprosium, erbium, thulium, lutetium, lanthanum, praseodymium, promethium, europium, gadolinium, holmium, terbium, and thulium ytterbium.

Silica - Silica is used primarily to remove the moisture from the air in desiccants. Sandpaper and glass making also utilize silica. Silver - Commonly used in jewelry and currency, silver is one of the select precious metals. Silver is also sometimes used in medication because of its anti-microbial features. Sodium Carbonate - Also called trona or soda ash, sodium carbonate is used in paper and glass making, and in many detergents and laundry softeners, it has the ability to balance out pH levels in such products. Stibnite - Found in fireworks, glass making, and rubber, stibnite is an ore of antimony. Romania is the major supplier of the world's stibnite supply. Sulfur - Sulfur has a very distinct spell. It is one of only a handful of minerals that can be found in its natural form in nature. Sulfur is a major component in acid rain, fruit preservation, and wine making. Tantalum - A common ingredient in vacuum equipment, military goods, and aircrafts, tantalum has a very high melting point. Titanium - This extremely strong metal is very strong and commonly used in human prosthetics and surgical implants.

Tungsten - Tungsten has a very high melting point and is valued for its strength and durability. Tungsten is typically used in welding and the making of saw blades; it is also used in tungsten rings and wedding bands . Uranium - This radioactive element is a primary ingredient in x-rays, fuel, military weapons, and cancer treatments. Vanadium - Used to regulate blood sugar and muscle growth, vanadium is found in many foods and supplements to promote healthy bone growth. Zeolite - Also called the "stone that dances", zeolite is found in kitty litter and waste processing systems, because it has the ability to absorb ammonia and reduce unwanted smells. Zinc - Zinc is used to control diabetes, fight the common cold, and correct muscle degeneration. Zinc is an important part of the human diet and a deficiency may result in eye, pallet, and digestion problems. A: 17595 Harvard Ave, Ste C-288 Irvine CA 92614 Fool's Gold - BrokenGold.com Gold 101 Fool's Gold - Gold 101 Many a prospector, both experts and amateurs, has been taken by fool’s gold.

Pyrite, the real name of the mineral commonly referred to as fool’s gold, has a metallic look and color that is very similar to gold. The mineral is often a pale brass yellow or a dull gold hue. Its crystal habit forms into cubic, octahedral, and pyritohedron shapes. These can be striated as well. Whereas gold, which is very soft, can show indentions when bitten into, pyrite is much harder and cannot be scratched, even with a pocketknife. The word pyrite comes from the Greek word for “of fire” or “in fire.” Many believe the name came about because pyrite makes a spark when hit against a piece of steel or flint. This made pyrite common in early guns. Pyrite is the most common of the sulfide minerals; it is in fact iron sulfide. Unlike gold it is not a metal. It forms when hydrogen sulfide combines with iron. Pyrite is must harder and more brittle than gold. Also, when it tarnishes it will turn a dark brown color. Pyrite is commonly found in quartz veins, as well as in sedimentary and metamorphic rock. Pyrite can also be found in coal beds and as a replacement mineral in some fossils.

Despite its nickname, real gold has been found on occasion with pyrite. Although fool’s gold has no application as a precious metal, it has been used to make sulfur dioxide commercially. Sulfur dioxide is used in the paper industry. It also has been used in radio receivers before vacuum tubes were fully developed. Because it is attractive, when untarnished, and due to its history of being mistaken for gold, many science museums do display the mineral. Pyrite has occurred most notably in Illinois and Missouri in the United States. Around the world, large deposits of pyrite have been discovered in Germany, Peru, Russia, South Africa, and Spain. During World War II, pyrite was needed for its sulfur content. When Native American mines in the United States began to dry up, a deposit in Tennessee supplied the necessary mineral for use in industrial purposes. Pyrite: The mineral pyrite information and pictures Advertising Information The Mineral pyrite Pyrite is sometimes called Fools Gold because of its similarity in color and shape to Gold . In the old mining days, Pyrite was sometimes mistaken for Gold, as they frequently occur together, although Gold and Pyrite can very easily be distinguished by simple observation and testing of characteristics. Pyrite occurs in numerous shapes and habits.

The smaller crystal aggregate s may give off a beautiful glistening effect in light, and the larger crystals may be perfectly formed, including fascinating cube s, penetration twin s, and other interesting crystal forms. The perfect cubes of Pyrite embedded in a matrix from the famous Spanish mines are especially treasured among collectors. Many of these specimens have fallen out of the matrix and have been repaired by having them glued back into the matrix. Pyrite has the same chemical formula as the rarer mineral Marcasite , but it crystallize s in a different crystal system , thereby classifying it as a separate mineral species. Aggregates of iron sulfide (FeS2) where the crystal structure cannot be determined without complex analyzing material may be wrongly labeled by dealers. Some Pyrite specimens are labeled as Marcasite, and some Marcasite specimens as Pyrite. For additional information, see the gemstone section on Pyrite . USES Pyrite was once used as a source of sulfur, but is now only a minor ore for both sulfur and iron. Pyrite from some localities is auriferous , and therefore is used as an ore of gold in gold-bearing localities. Pyrite was polished by the Native Americans in the early times and used as mirrors.

Today, it is used as an ornamental stone, as well as a very popular stone for amateur collectors. It is sometimes used as gemstone by being faceted and polished for use as an inexpensive side gemstone in some rings, necklaces, and bracelets. NOTEWORTHY LOCALITIES Pyrite is an extremely common mineral, and good examples occur in numerous localities throughout the world. Only well-known localities are mentioned here. Enormous deposits of Pyrite in the form of small crystal clusters exist in the Huaron Mining District in Peru. Other outstanding Peruvian localities are the Quiruvilca Mine, La Libertad; and the Huanzala, Huánuco. Most of the amateur collector Pyrite comes from the Peruvian locations in abundance, though fine outstanding crystals have also come from there as well. In the Ampliación a Victoria Mine, Navajún, La Rioja, (formerly Logroño), Spain, large perfect cubic Pyrite crystals, are mined in abundance. They are frequently embedded in a light brown matrix , and are occasionally inter-penetrating. Excellent pyritohedral crystals occur in Rio Marina on the island of Elba, Italy, which is a classic locality.

A locality which has recently brought interestingly shaped, complex Pyrite crystals to the market is the Merelani Hills, Arusha, Tanzania. In the U.S., fine Pyrite localities abound. In Park City, Bingham Co., Utah, large, well shaped pyritohedron s and cube s were once found. The Bingham Canyon Mine, Salt Lake Co., Utah is also a classic occurrence, where few of the excellent Pyrites from the mine are saved from the mining crusher. Large, intergrown cubes, many times partially octahedral , occurred in abundance at Leadville, Lake Co., Colorado. Pyrite " dollar s" are well-known from Sparta, Randolph Co., Illinois. The French Creek Mine in Chester Co., Pennsylvania is famous for the octahedral crystals that occur there, although most are distorted. Ross Co., Ohio, produces rounded tubular growths of Pyrite, some reaching several feet in size, as well as growths of spiky, pineapple-like crystals. Pyrite: Pyrite mineral information and data. Pyrite Group . Pyrite is a very common mineral, found in a wide variety of geological formations from sedimentary deposits to hydrothermal veins and as a constituent of metamorphic rocks.

The brassy-yellow metallic colour of pyrite has in many cases lead to people mistaking it for Gold , hence the common nickname 'Fool's gold'. Pyrite is quite easy to distinguish from gold: pyrite is much lighter, but harder than gold and cannot be scratched with a fingernail or pocket knife. Pyrite is commonly found to contain minor nickel, and forms a series with Vaesite ; Bravoite is a nickeloan variety of pyrite. It usually contains minor cobalt too, and forms a series with Cattierite . Many pyrites contain minor As, see Arsenian Pyrite . Pb-bearing pyrite has been described by Cabral et al. (2011). It can also contain traces of other metals, including gold. Most of foreign metal contents in pyrite can be traced back to metal nanoparticles (Deditius et al., 2011).

Pyrite cubes in limestone, Navajún, Spain Pyrite dodecahedron, also known as "pyritohedron", Elba, Italy Pyrite octahedra, Huánuco, Peru Special Storage/ Display Requirements: Many pyrites will tarnish over time, and some will even break down due to hydrous iron sulphates and other phases. This can be mitigated somewhat by storage in low-humidity environments, but is hard to stop once started. See: Health Risks: Some fine-grained pyrite is metastable and may alter to melanterite, which contains sulphuric acid. Always wash hands after handling, especially decrepitated material. Avoid inhaling dust when handling or breaking. Never lick or ingest. References for Pyrite Reference List: Henckel, J.F. (1725) Pyritologia, oder Kieß Historie. Verlegts Johann Christian Martini (Leipzig), 114-115. Goldschmidt, V., Nicol, W. (1904) Spinellgesetz beim Pyrit und über Rangordnung der Zwillingsgesetze.

Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie: 2: 93-113. Nicol, W. (1904) Spinel twins of pyrite. American Journal of Science: 167: 93. Gaubert, P. (1928) Sur un cristal de pyrite, maclé suivant la loi des spinelles. Bulletin de la Société Française de Minéralogie: 51: 211-212. Onorato E. (1931) Determinazione delle forme dirette ed inverse nella pirite. Periodico di Mineralogia: 13-16. Grillo E. (1932) Distinzione tra pirite e marcasite con H2O2. Periodico di Mineralogia: 84-86. Palache, C., Berman, H., Frondel, C. (1944) The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana Yale University 1837-1892, Volume I: Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides.

John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. 7th edition, revised and enlarged: 282-290. Love, L.G., Amstutz, G.C. (1966) Framboidal pyrite in two andesites. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Monatshefte: 3: 97-108. Love, L.G. (1971) Early diagenetic polyframboidal pyrite, primary and redeposited, from the Wenlockian Denbigh Grit Group, Conway, North Wales, U.K. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology: 41: 1038-1044. Berner, R.A. (1970) Sedimentary pyrite formation. American Journal of Science: 268: 1-23. Yund, R.A., Hall, H.T. (1970) Kinetics and mechanism of pyrite exsolution from pyrrhotite. Journal of Petrology: 11: 381-404. Sweeney, R.E., Kaplan, I.R.

(1973) Pyrite framboid formation: laboratory synthesis and marine sediments. Economic Geology: 68: 618-634. Fleet, M.E. (1975) Structural chemistry of marcasite and pyrite type phases. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie: 142: 332-346. Bayliss, P. (1977) Crystal structure refinement of a weakly anisotropic pyrite. American Mineralogist: 62: 1168-1172. Gait, R.I. (1978) The Crystals Forms of Pyrite, Mineralogical Record, 9: 219-229. Ostwald, J., England, B.M. (1979) The relationship between euhedral and framboidal pyrite in base metal sulfide ores. Mineralogical Magazine: 43: 297-300. Raiswell, R. (1982) Pyrite texture, isotopic composition and availabilities of Fe.

American Journal of Science: 282: 1244-1263. Bayliss, P. (1989) Crystal chemistry and crystallography of some minerals within the pyrite group. American Mineralogist: 74: 1168-1176. Schoonen, M.A.A., Barnes, H.L. (1991) Reaction forming pyrite and marcasite from solution I. Nucleation of FeS2 below 100° C. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta: 55: 1495-1504. Schoonen, M.A.A., Barnes, H.L. (1991) Reaction forming pyrite and marcasite from solution II. Via FeS precursors below 100° C. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta: 55: 1505-1514. Weise, C., publisher (1996) Pyrit und Markasit, extraLapis No. 11: Das eiserne Überall-Mineral.

Weise-Verlag, München. Wilkin, R.T., Barnes, H.L. (1996) Pyrite formation by reactions of iron monosulfides with dissolved inorganic and organic sulfur species. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta: 60: 4167-4179. Wilkin, R.T., Barnes, H.L., Brantly, S.L. (1996) The size distribution of framboidal pyrite: an indicator of redox conditions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta: 60: 3897-3912. Fleet, M.E., Mumin, A.H. (1997) Gold-bearing arsenian pyrite and marcasite and arsenopyrite from Carlin Trend gold deposits and laboratory synthesis. American Mineralogist: 82: 182-193. Gaines, R.V., Skinner, C.W.H., Foord, E.E., Mason, B., Rosenzweig, A.

(1997) Dana's New Mineralogy : The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana: 114. Wilkin, R.T., Barnes, H.L. (1997) Formation processes of framboidal pyrite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta: 61: 323-339. Nesbitt, H.W., Bancroft, G.M., Pratt, A.R., Scaini, M.J. (1998) Sulfur and iron surface states on fractured pyrite surfaces. American Mineralogist: 83: 1067-1076. Schaufuss, A.G., Nesbitt, H.W., Kartio, I., Laajalehto, K., Bancroft, G.M., Szargan, R. (1998) Reactivity of surface chemical states on fractured pyrite. Surface Science: 411: 321-328.

Schaufuss, A.G., Nesbitt, H.W., Kartio, I., Laajalehto, K., Bancroft, G.M., Szargan, R. (1998) Incipient oxidation of fractured pyrite surface in air. Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena: 96: 69-82. Nesbitt, H.W., Scaini, M., Höchst, H., Bancroft, G.M., Schaufuss, A.G., Szargan, R. (2000) Synchrotron XPS evidence for Fe 2+S and Fe 3+S surface species on pyrite fracture-surfaces, and their 3D electronic states. American Mineralogist: 85: 850-857. Uhlig, I., Szargan, R., Nesbitt, H.W., Laajalehto, K. (2001) Surface states and reactivity of pyrite and marcasite. Applied Surface Science: 179: 223-230.

Abraitis, P.K., Pattrick, R.A.D., Vaughan, D.J. (2004) Variations in the compositional, textural and electrical properties of natural pyrite: a review. International Journal of Mineralogy Process: 74: 41–59. Chouinard, A., Paquette, J., Williams-Jones, A.E. (2005) Crystallographic controls on trace-element incorporation in auriferous pyrite from the Pascua epithermal high-sulfidation deposit, Chile-Argentina. The Canadian Mineralogist: 43: 951–963. Bonev, I.K., Garcia-Ruiz, J.M., Atanassova, R., Otalora, F., Petrussenko, S. (2005) Genesis of filamentary pyrite associated with calcite crystals. European Journal of Mineralogy: 17: 905-913. Ohfuji. H., Rickard, D. (2005) Experimental synthesis of framboids – a review. Earth-Science Reviews: 71: 147-170.

[on framboidal pyrite]. Paktunic, D. (2005) Speciation of arsenic in pyrite (FeS2) by micro-XAFS. Advanced Photon Source, User Activity Report. Blanchard, M., Alfredsson, M., Brodholt, J., Wright, K., Catlow, C.R.A. (2007) Arsenic incorporation into FeS2 pyrite and its influence on dissolution: A DFT study. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta: 71: 624-630. Deditius, A. P., Utsunomiya, S., Reich, M., Kesler, S. E., Ewing, R. C., Hough, R., Walshe, J. (2011) Trace metal nanoparticles in pyrite. Ore Geology Reviews: 42: 32-46. Cabral, A.R., Beaudoin, G., Munnik, F. (2011) Lead in diagenetic pyrite: evidence for Pb-tolerant bacteria in a red-bed Cu deposit, Quebec Appalachians, Canada.

Mineralogical Magazine: 75: 295-302. Rickard, D. (2015): Pyrite. A Natural History of Fool's Gold. Oxford University Press, 297 pp. Internet Links for Pyrite PYRITE (Iron Sulfide) Specimens Pyrite is the classic "Fool's Gold". There are other shiny brassy yellow minerals, but pyrite is by far the most common and the most often mistaken for gold . Whether it is the golden look or something else, pyrite is a favorite among rock collectors. It can have a beautiful luster and interesting crystals. It is so common in the earth's crust that it is found in almost every possible environment, hence it has a vast number of forms and varieties. Bravoite is the name given to a nickel-rich iron sulfide. It is closely related to pyrite but contains up to 20% nickel. Some mineral books treat it as a variety of pyrite. Pyrite is a polymorph of marcasite , which means that it has the same chemistry, FeS2, as marcasite; but a different structure and therefore different symmetry and crystal shapes.

Pyrite is difficult to distinguish from marcasite when a lack of clear indicators exists. Pyrite's structure is analogous to galena's structure with a formula of PbS. Galena, though, has a higher symmetry. The difference between the two structures is that the single sulfur of galena is replaced by a pair of sulfurs in pyrite. The sulfur pair are covalently bonded together in essentially an elemental bond. This pair disrupts the four fold symmetry that a single atom of sulfur would have preserved and thus gives pyrite a lower symmetry than galena. Although pyrite is common and contains a high percentage of iron, it has never been used as a significant source of iron. Iron oxides such as hematite and magnetite , are the primary iron ores. Pyrite is not as ecomonical as these ores possibly due to their tendency to form larger concentrations of more easily mined material. Pyrite would be a potential source of iron if these ores should become scarce. Pyrite has been mined for its sulfur content, however. During WWII, sulfur was in demand as a strategic chemical and North American native sulfur mines were drying up.

A sulfide deposit near Ducktown, Tennessee contained commercially valuable deposits of pyrite and other sulfides such as pyrrhotite and pentlandite and produced the needed sulfur as well as iron and other metals. The sulfur was used in the production of sulfuric acid, an important chemical for industrial purposes. Now most sulfur production comes from H2S gas recovered from natural gas wells. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: Pyrite Mineral | Uses and Properties Pyrite With a nickname of "Fool's Gold," it is surprising that pyrite often contains significant amounts of gold Pyrite crystals: Cubic crystals of pyrite on a marlstone from Navajún, Rioja, Spain. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (9.5 centimeters) across. Image by Carles Millan and used under a Creative Commons license . What is Pyrite? Pyrite is a brass-yellow mineral with a bright metallic luster. It has a chemical composition of iron disulfide (FeS2) and is the most common sulfide mineral. It forms at high and low temperatures and occurs, usually in small quantities, in igneous , metamorphic , and sedimentary rocks worldwide.

The name "pyrite" is after the Greek "pyr" meaning "fire." This name was given because pyrite can be used to create the sparks needed for starting a fire if it is struck against metal or another hard material. Pieces of pyrite have also been used as a spark-producing material in flintlock firearms. Pyrite has a nickname that has become famous - "Fool's Gold." The mineral's gold color, metallic luster, and high specific gravity often cause it to be mistaken for gold by inexperienced prospectors. However, pyrite is often associated with gold . The two minerals often form together, and in some deposits pyrite contains enough included gold to warrant mining. Physical Properties of Pyrite Uses Ore of gold Pyrite with hematite: Pyrite with hematite from Rio Marina, Isle of Elba, Italy. Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across. Identifying Pyrite Hand-specimens of pyrite are usually easy to identify. The mineral always has a brass-yellow color, a metallic luster and a high specific gravity. It is harder than other yellow metallic minerals, and its streak is black, usually with a tinge of green.

It often occurs in well-formed crystals in the shape of cubes, octahedrons, or pyritohedrons, which often have striated faces. The only common mineral that has properties similar to pyrite is marcasite , a dimorph of pyrite with the same chemical composition but an orthorhombic crystal structure. Marcasite does not have the same brassy yellow color of pyrite. Instead it is a pale brass color, sometimes with a slight tint of green. Marcasite is more brittle than pyrite and also has a slightly lower specific gravity at 4.8. Pyrite and gold can easily be distinguished. Gold is very soft and will bend or dent with pin pressure. Pyrite is brittle, and thin pieces will break with pin pressure. Gold leaves a yellow streak, while pyrite's streak is greenish black. Gold also has a much higher specific gravity. A little careful testing will help you avoid the "Fool's Gold" problem. Massive pyrite: Massive pyrite from Rico, Colorado. Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across. Pyrite: Pyrite with hematite from Rio Marina, Isle of Elba, Italy.

Specimen is approximately 3 inches (7.6 centimeters) across. The best way to learn about minerals is to study with a collection of small specimens that you can handle, examine, and observe their properties. Inexpensive mineral collections are available in the Geology.com Store . Uses of Pyrite Pyrite is composed of iron and sulfur; however, the mineral does not serve as an important source of either of these elements. Iron is typically obtained from oxide ores such as hematite and magnetite . These ores occur in much larger accumulations, the iron is easier to extract and the metal is not contaminated with sulfur , which reduces its strength. Pyrite used to be an important ore for the production of sulfur and sulfuric acid. Today most sulfur is obtained as a byproduct of natural gas and crude oil processing. Some sulfur continues to be produced from pyrite as a byproduct of gold production. The most important use of pyrite is as an ore of gold. Gold and pyrite form under similar conditions and occur together in the same rocks. In some deposits small amounts of gold occur as inclusions and substitutions within pyrite. Some pyrites can contain 0.25% gold by weight or more.

Although this is a tiny fraction of the ore, the value of gold is so high that the pyrite might be a worthwhile mining target. If pyrite contains 0.25% gold and the gold price is $1500 per troy ounce, then one ton of pyrite will contain about 73 troy ounces of gold worth over $109,000. That is not a guaranteed money-maker. It depends upon how efficiently the gold can be recovered and the cost of the recovery process. Pyrite is occasionally used as a gemstone . It is fashioned into beads, cut into cabochons , faceted, and carved into shapes. This type of jewelry was popular in the United States and Europe in the mid- to late-1800s. Most of the jewelry stones were called "marcasite," but they are actually pyrite. (Marcasite would be a poor choice for jewelry because it quickly oxidizes, and the oxidation products cause damage to anything that they contact.

Pyrite is not an excellent jewelry stone because it easily tarnishes.) Pyrite framboid: One of the most interesting forms of pyrite is the "framboid." These tiny spheres of euhedral pyrite crystals are often found in organic muds, coal, shale, and other types of rocks. This is a framboid from the Waynesburg coal of northern West Virginia. It is a sphere about 15 microns in diameter that is composed of cubic crystals of pyrite about one micron on a side. Pyrite and Coal Mining Sulfur occurs in coal in three different forms: 1) organic sulfur, 2) sulfate minerals, and 3) sulfide minerals (mostly pyrite with minor amounts of marcasite). When the coal is burned, these forms of sulfur are converted into sulfur dioxide gas and contribute to air pollution and acid rain unless they are removed from the emissions. The sulfide mineral content of the coal can be reduced by heavy mineral separation, but this removal is expensive, results in a loss of coal, and cannot be done with 100% efficiency. The sulfide minerals in coal and its surrounding rocks can produce acid mine drainage.

Before mining, these minerals are deep within the ground and below the water table where they are not subject to oxidation. During and after mining the level of the water table often falls, exposing the sulfides to oxidation. This oxidation produces acid mine drainage which contaminates groundwater and streams. Mining also breaks the rocks above and below the coal. This creates more pathways for the movement of oxygenated waters and exposes more surface area to oxidation. Pyrite crystals: Pyrite, cubic crystals in schist from Chester, Vermont. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. Pyrite and Construction Projects Aggregates used to make concrete, concrete block, and asphalt paving materials must be free of pyrite. Pyrite will oxidize when it is exposed to air and moisture. That oxidation will result in the production of acids and a volume change that will damage the concrete and reduce its strength. This damage can result in failure or maintenance problems. Pyrite should not be present in the base material, subsoil or bedrock under roads, parking lots, or buildings. Oxidation of pyrite can result in damage to pavement, foundations, and floors.

In parts of the country where pyrite is commonly found, construction sites should be tested to detect the presence of pyritic materials. If pyrite is detected, the site can be rejected or the problem materials can be excavated and replaced with quality fill. Pyrite fossils: Fossil ammonite in which the shell was replaced by pyrite. External view on left and cross-sectional view on right. External view by asterix0597 and cross-sectional view by Henry Chaplin. Both images © iStockphoto. Pyrite and Organic Material The conditions of pyrite formation in the sedimentary environment include a supply of iron, a supply of sulfur, and an oxygen-poor environment. This often occurs in association with decaying organic materials. Organic decay consumes oxygen and releases sulfur. For this reason, pyrite commonly and preferentially occurs in dark-colored organic-rich sediments such as coal and black shale . The pyrite often replaces organic materials such as plant debris and shells to create interesting fossils composed of pyrite.

Question: The mineral pyrite is commonly referred to as what?
Answer: Fool's Gold