Where is Bahrain's unrest headed? Where is Bahrain's unrest headed? By Raymond Barrett Pin it Share At least three people are reported dead and dozens more seriously injured in Bahrain after riot police violently dispersed protesters in the capital – escalating the confrontation and underscoring the government's willingness to use force to stymie the growing calls for political reform. The raid – in which police used tear gas, batons, and bird-shot – took place overnight as security forces targeted a large crowd of demonstrators who had gathered at a protest camp at the landmark Pearl Roundabout in the capital, Manama. The police action was clearly aimed at preventing a mass demonstration planned for Saturday to call for constitutional reform and a more representative parliament in a country where political power is concentrated in the hands of the ruling Al-Khalifah family. Bahrain protests: Five key facts But it's unclear whether the harsh action – which included dozens of Army trucks and armored vehicles – will tamp down protests that have been buoyed by the popular uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt, or only serve to energize protesters, further destabilizing the Persian Gulf kingdom. How the raid was carried out Armored cars are now patrolling the streets of the capital, and all further protests have been banned by the authorities.

But sporadic clashes have occurred in different parts of the city. A statement from the Ministry of Interior claimed that the authorities had attempted to negotiate a peaceful end to the demonstration. "Security forces evacuated the area of Pearl Roundabout from protesters, after trying all opportunities for dialogue with them, in which some positively responded and left quietly," the statement read. However, human rights activists were quick to dismiss these reports, and Al Jazeera reported that the protesters were asleep when the police raid began and that medical staff attending the wounded were among those beaten by police. The violence comes on the fourth consecutive day of protests since demonstrators staged a ‘Day of Rage’ on Feb. 14, with two protesters killed earlier in the week. In the aftermath of these fatalities, Bahrain’s King Hamad bin Issa issued an apology and promised an investigation into excessive police violence. But last night's events appear to make a mockery of the monarch's statement of regret. Sunnis and Shiites could unite against monarchy Bahrain is a key strategic ally of the US and home to the US Navy’s 5th Fleet, which has seen active service in a range of regional conflicts from Iraq to Afghanistan. However, the country has long been a scene of political and sectarian tensions.

Power is concentrated in the hands of the Al Khalifa ruling family who belong to the Sunni sect of Islam. But Shiites account for a majority of the population, and historically they have not enjoyed the same economic opportunities as Sunnis. Unlike the shock that greeted the uprising in Cairo’s Tahrir Square, Bahrain has long been the scene of political discontent. During the Iran-Iraq war in the 1980s and again in the 1990s, the Bahraini government repeatedly jailed members of Shiite political groups calling for greater political representation. Such actions were justified in terms of national security threats amid lingering territorial claims by Iran over Bahrain. Attempts at political reform in 2002 that changed the country from an emirate to a constitutional monarchy have so far failed to yield meaningful change. However, if the current maelstrom of political reform rushing through the region unites both the Shiite underclass with middle-class Sunnis tired of the status quo, the Al Khalifah dynasty may be forced to cede more power to the people, or use greater force to suppress dissent.

Seven opposition groups have come together to organize protests for Saturday, hoping to draw as many as 100,000 but expecting at least half that, the Wall Street Journal reported. Bahrain protests: Five key facts Reblog Bahrain protesters reclaim Pearl roundabout in central Manama | World news | The Guardian Bahrain Bahrain protesters reclaim Pearl roundabout in central Manama The standoff in central Manama ends with troops moving out and the return of jubilant demonstrators demanding change Anti government protestors march into Pearl roundabout in Manama after the military and police left. Photograph: Caren Firouz/Reuters Saturday 19 February 2011 14.34 EST First published on Saturday 19 February 2011 14.34 EST Close This article is 5 years old Protesters have reclaimed Pearl roundabout in central Manama as a hub of anti-government dissent after security forces abruptly surrendered the site they had violently seized three days ago. Bahrain's crown prince yesterday ordered troops and riot police to withdraw from the site they had blockaded since Thursday morning.

He announced a day of mourning for the seven protesters killed during a week of clashes between the tiny nation's Shia majority and forces loyal to the ruling Sunni dynasty. Around 200 more people have been wounded. By nightfall, one of the biggest public gatherings in Manama in more than 20 years had swelled to around 40,000 people, with thousands more streaming towards the roundabout that has taken on Tahrir Square-like significance in Bahrain's anti-government movement. The end to the standoff came suddenly, after brief skirmishes between scores of youths draped in Bahraini flags and retreating riot police, who peppered them with rubber bullets and tear gas before leaving. Crown Prince Salman Hamad al-Khalifa last night said the troops would not return, and protesters could remain in the area without fear. As several dozen protesters were being taken to hospital, hundreds more began descending on Pearl roundabout. By last night they were re-pitching tents. Thousands prayed, while others did victory laps, cheering ambulance drivers who were being hailed as heroes.

The jubilant atmosphere was tempered by widespread distrust among demonstrators, who began their protests several weeks ago, calling for political reform, and claiming that Bahrain's Sunni minority has discriminated against the Shia majority for decades. "They will come for us again, we know they will," said one protester, Sayed Majid, as he pointed out Indian food rations left on the square by the troops. The overwhelmingly Shia demonstrators are particularly incensed that the security forces they have clashed with are mainly foreign nationals who have been given citizenship and jobs by the regime. "I know the way they think. Their pride has been wounded and they will try to strike back," he said. Fatima Majid, who had returned to her homeland to join the protests, said: "It is a mercenary corps protecting an artificial regime. The more of us they kill, the more powerful we become." Yesterday, as in previous days since the toppling of autocratic leaders in Tunisia and Egypt, this sense of defiance was felt across the region. In Algeria, hundreds of protesters calling for more democratic freedoms from President Abdelaziz Bouteflika's regime were thrwarted by riot police brandishing clubs.

In Yemen, mounting dissent worsened when supporters of President Ali Abdullah Saleh, dressed in civilian clothing, opened fire on a group of students who had gathered outside the capital's Sana'a University, injuring at least four people, one critically. In the eastern province of Saudi Arabia, not far from Bahrain , Shia Muslims staged a protest to demand the release of prisoners detained without trial. The protest, reported on Rasid.com, a Shia website, was said to have been silent, with no banners for fear of provoking the authorities. There was no such restraint at Pearl roundabout, which last night had an almost folk festival feel to it, as well as a palpable sense that reform was possible. "The government is listening to us now," said Mohammed Najib. "Not because they like us, but because we are in a strong position. The world is watching us and international opinion matters." The order to withdraw troops came after a curt phone call on Friday night from Barack Obama to King Hamad al-Khalifa, in which the US president urged him to show restraint.

The government is facing challenges on multiple fronts: Britain indicated on Friday that it may stop selling arms to Bahrain; next month's Formula One grand prix could be cancelled, and neighbouring Gulf states have demanded that stability be restored. Perhaps more alarming for the 200-year-old dynasty is that demonstrators are no longer making a distinction between the ruling family and the government during their calls for reform. "Down, down with the Khalifas," they shouted in English as they teemed towards Pearl roundabout. "The regime must fall, they will kill us all," doctors and nurses chanted in the grounds of the Salmaniya hospital that had been the focal point of the revolt. A national dialogue, chaired by the crown prince, is due to begin this week. The demonstrators want the kingdom to be a constitutional monarchy, removing some powers from the king. The opposition party, which walked out of the government on Thursday in protests at the raid, is calling for parliamentary reforms, which would mean an end to the country's deeply unpopular prime minister of 30 years and many of his ministers. "We will not stop at regaining a piece of land," said Bassema Mousawi, draped in a banner that read in Arabic: Bahrain is me and I am Bahrain.

"They cannot buy us off and they cannot appease us. Real change is what we demand. Nothing less." Such intransigence was heard from protesters across the region. But in many instances it was mixed with desperation at the heavy-handed approach of authorities. Those wanting to protest in Iran and Morocco are preparing for demonstrations today to ram home their message to their countries' rulers. In the North African country, where the regime of King Mohammed VI claims to be more liberal than its regional neighbours, pro-democracy campaigners are urging people to take to the streets in the cities of Casablanca, Rabat, Marrakech and Tangier. "We want a government that represents the people, not the elite," said one of the organisers, Mont Asser Drissi. In Iran, the opposition has called for fresh street protests to commemorate the deaths of two pro-democracy youths killed during rallies last week. Saane Zhaleh, 26, and Mohammad Mokhtari, 22, died in Tehran last Monday. Today marks a week since they were killed.

"In response to the brutal suppression and killing of the supporters of the Green Movement, we will go out in streets in major squares [of Tehran and other major cities] on Sunday which will mark the seventh day after the death of our martyrs," said the website of former presidential candidate Mir Hossein Mousavi. In the most rigorous crackdown on the opposition since the post-election unrest in 2009, the regime has launched a campaign to silence the leaders of the Green Movement. The protesters will hope to flout that. The regime has been criticised for hailing the Arab revolts abroad, while refusing to give permission for a peaceful demonstration at home. Muammar Gaddafi's son warns of civil war in state television address as regime tries to halt uprising Published: 20 Feb 2011 Libya's leader faces the worst unrest since he seized power, but no-one expects him to give up peacefully Published: 20 Feb 2011 Saudi Arabian forces prepare to enter Bahrain after day of clashes | World news | The Guardian Saudi Arabian forces prepare to enter Bahrain after day of clashes Crown Prince of Bahrain expected to invite Saudi support following anti-government demonstrations in capital Saudi Arabian forces were preparing to enter Bahrain after clashes between police and protesters.

Photograph: James Lawler Duggan/AFP/Getty Images Sunday 13 March 2011 21.14 EDT First published on Sunday 13 March 2011 21.14 EDT Close This article is 5 years old Saudi forces are preparing to intervene in neighbouring Bahrain , after a day of clashes between police and protesters who mounted the most serious challenge to the island's royal family since demonstrations began a month ago. The Crown Prince of Bahrain is expected to formally invite security forces from Saudi Arabia into his country today, as part of a request for support from other members of the six-member Gulf Co-operation Council. Thousands of demonstrators on Sunday cut off Bahrain's financial centre and drove back police trying to eject them from the capital's central roundabout, while protesters also clashed with government supporters on the campus of the main university. Amid the revolt Bahrain also faces a potential sectarian conflict between the ruling minority of Sunnis Muslims and a majority of Shia Muslims, around 70% of the kingdom's 525,000 residents.

The crown prince, Salman bin Hamad al-Khalifa, said in a televised statement that Bahrain had "witnessed tragic events" during a month of unprecedented political unrest. Warning that "the right to security and safety is above all else", he added: "Any legitimate claims must not be made at the expanse of security and stability." The crown prince has also promised that national dialogue would look at increasing the power of Bahrain's parliament, and that any deal could be put to nationwide referendum. However, some protesters have pressed their demands further to call for the toppling of the Sunni dynasty. The unrest is being closely watched in Saudi Arabia, where Shia are some 15% of the population. The secretary general of the Gulf Co-operation Council, Abdulrahman bin Hamad al-Attiya, expressed the "full solidarity with Bahrain's leadership and people", adding that "safeguarding security and stability in one country is a collective responsibility".

In an apparent reference to Iran, which Gulf Arab ruling elites fear may capitalise on an uprising by Shiites in Bahrain, he also expresssed "strong rejection of any foreign interference in the kingdom's internal affairs, asserting that any acts aiming to destabilise the kingdom and sow dissension between its citizens represent a dangerous encroachment on the whole GCC security and stability." Reports that the Saudi National Guard was poised to enter Bahrain were cited by the Foreign Office, alongside a recent increase in protests, as it changed its advice to advise British citizens against all travel to Bahrain. Earlier on Sunday, police moved in on Pearl roundabout, a site of occupation by members of Bahrain's Shia majority, who are calling for an elected government and equality with Bahrain's Sunnis. Witnesses said security forces surrounded the protesters' tent compound, shooting tear gas and rubber bullets at the activists in the largest effort to clear the field in the middle of the roundabout since a crackdown last month that left four dead after live ammunition was fired. Activists tried to stand their ground yesterday and chanted "Peaceful, peaceful" as the crowd swelled into thousands, with protesters streaming to the roundabout to reinforce the activists' lines, forcing the police to pull back by the early afternoon.

At Bahrain University, Shia demonstrators and government supporters held competing protests that descended into violence when plainclothes pro-government backers and security forces forced students blocking the campus main gate to seek refuge in classrooms and lecture halls, the Associated Press reported. The latest demonstrations took place a day after the US defence secretary, Robert Gates, visited Bahrain and said that the Khalifa family must go beyond "baby steps" reform and enact substantial economic and political change. • This article was amended on 14 March 2011. The original referred to Pearl roundabout as a square. This has been corrected.

Death toll rises as live rounds used in increasingly violent crackdown on nationwide protests Published: 18 Mar 2011 Focal point of pro-democracy protests demolished as authorities try to rid capital, Manama, of demonstrators Published: 18 Mar 2011 At least 2 people dead after police move on protesters in Bahrain - CNN.com At least 2 people dead after police move on protesters in Bahrain By the CNN Wire Staff Police move in on protesters in Bahrain STORY HIGHLIGHTS NEW:Large crowd of angry demonstrators outside Salamaniya hospital NEW: Scenes of "complete, uncontrolled chaos" at Salamaniya hospital At least 2 people were killed when police confronted protesters Police fire tear gas and rubber bullets at demonstrators in Pearl Roundabout Manama, Bahrain (CNN) -- At least two people were killed early Thursday morning when Bahraini police swarmed into the capital, Manama, to roust protesters from the Pearl Roundabout, emergency hospital services said. Witnesses said police came in with dozens of vehicles, surrounded the roundabout and began firing "pellet bullets," rubber bullets and tear gas at demonstrators.

The area had become a magnet for pro-democracy activists, angered by the killing of two demonstrators by security forces earlier this week. For two days, protesters were largely left alone by authorities. But around 3:30 a.m. Thursday (7:30 p.m. Wednesday ET), police changed tactics. Hundreds of white-helmeted police swarmed the roundabout. There are reports that at least 100 people have been injured. Most of the casualties have being sent to Salamaniya hospital, according to an operator at Manama's other main hospital, Bahrain International. Gallery: Bahrain protests Democracy: 'There are no guarantees' Gallery: Nations facing unrest The role of social media in revolutions CNN's Nic Robertson was there at the hospital. He reported that a large group of "very angry" people had gathered, along with distraught family members looking for loved ones. Robertson said demonstrators he'd spoken to were outraged by the way they'd been treated by security forces. Inside the hospital's emergency treatment room, the scene was one of "complete, uncontrolled chaos," according to Robertson. He described injured people struggling to survive and medical personnel working frantically to save them.

He saw serious head traumas, bloody wounds in the head and chest, and people hooked up to breathing apparatuses. Robertson told CNN that all the indications pointed to a very bloody confrontation on the part of police. During the crackdown in Pearl Roundabout, an ABC reporter was attacked while he was on the phone, describing the scene for the network. In the midst of his report , Miguel Marquez could suddenly be heard shouting on the audiotape, "Journalist! Journalist! No! No!" Heavy thuds and the sounds of police yelling could also be heard. After several minutes, Marquez insisted repeatedly "I'm going! I'm going!" and called out for co-workers. Finally, he returned to the audio line and told what had just happened. His voice broke as he said, "These people are not screwing around." One of the protesters, who asked that he be identified only as "Hussein," said the police came in with no warning. Egypt's domino effect Bahrain "We were sleeping," he said. "There were guys, kids, schoolchildren, women, and suddenly they just attacked us with tear gas, stun bombs." Hussein said many people were wounded in the attack, and he helped take people to hospitals.

Police were outside the hospitals as well, he said. "No one was doing anything," he said. "Kids were sleeping. Women were sleeping. They just attacked us suddenly." Ebrahim Sharif, secretary-general of the opposition National Democratic Action Society, said he saw ambulances taking people to hospitals but that police were blocking people from going in that direction. "The whole area here has been surrounded," he told CNN by telephone. "There are probably 500 to 1,000 policemen." Dozens of large police vehicles lined a highway overlooking the roundabout and helicopters buzzed the area. Police were also taking up positions to create a perimeter as much as a mile around the roundabout, preventing people from returning. An hour after police moved in, the square, where thousands of people had been, was largely empty except for police. It was not immediately clear where the protesters had gone, but police activity indicated they were still involved in moving the demonstrators further from the roundabout. On Wednesday, Bahrain's Interior Ministry had said those involved in two deaths during previous protests had been placed in custody.

"We express our regret over those who died or were injured in the latest incidents and extend our sincere condolences to their families and to the people of Bahrain," according to a statement on the ministry's website. Earlier Wednesday, thousands of people gathered for a peaceful funeral procession for a Bahraini man killed when clashes erupted during another protester's funeral procession, the president of a human rights group said. Demonstrators picked up the body of Fadhel Matrook, 31, from a morgue Wednesday and marched to a cemetery with no police presence on the streets, said Nabeel Rajab, president of the Bahrain Center for Human Rights. Rajab, who marched in the funeral procession, said at the time that protests in Bahrain were "peaceful" since "there is not interference from the police." Human rights groups say Matrook was shot by security forces using pellet guns during the Tuesday procession for Ali Abdulhadi Mushaima, who was killed Monday. Rajab said Mushaima was protesting for human rights near Manama. King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa had vowed Tuesday that his government would investigate the killings of the two protesters by security forces.

"We will ask the legislative authority to look at this phenomena and to suggest the necessary legislation which will solve this in a way that will benefit the homeland and its citizens," he said. The Interior Ministry said in its statement that "... our constitution and laws guarantee the freedom of expression through peaceful means" and that "citizens can ask for rights and reforms through available legitimate channels." Bahrain is among the latest Arab states to face a surge of dissent following the revolts that toppled longtime autocrats in Tunisia and Egypt. By Wednesday morning, thousands of activists were camping out at the foot of the Pearl Roundabout, a Bahraini landmark. At the time, police were nowhere in sight as about 3,000 people laid out blankets and pitched tents. "It's a very relaxed atmosphere," Mansoor Al-Jamri, editor of the newspaper Al Wasat, had told CNN. "You'd assume it was a picnic area if you didn't know it was the aftermath of people who died." Activists have decried the use of pellet guns at short range by Bahrain's security forces.

Amnesty International called the deaths "tragic" and "a very worrying development." In a recent report, the group said Bahraini authorities detained 23 opposition political activists in August and September, and held them without contact for two weeks, "during which some allege they were tortured." Bahrain's Interior Ministry said on its website that an investigation has been ordered to find out the reason behind the incident. The kingdom's main opposition party, al Wifaq, has suspended its participation in parliament because of the security forces' action. Bahrain is an American ally and houses the headquarters of the U.S. Navy's Fifth Fleet. In Washington, the State Department said Tuesday it was "very concerned" by the violence and said it welcomed the promise of an investigation. Bahrain is ruled by a Sunni Muslim royal family, but two-thirds of the population are Shiites. In recent years, younger Shiites have staged violent protests to complain about discrimination, unemployment and corruption, and many Shiites say the country's constitution has done little to improve their condition. The protest movement in Bahrain has been organized using social media websites such as Facebook and Twitter, in the same manner as the protests in Tunisia and Egypt.

CNN's Nic Robertson, Jenifer Fenton and Mitra Mobasherat contributed to this report Share this on: Where is Bahrain's unrest headed? - CSMonitor.com Where is Bahrain's unrest headed? Bahrain, a tiny island nation flanked by Saudi Arabia and Iran, showed its willingness today to use force to stymie growing calls for reform. At least three protesters were reported dead in an overnight raid. By Raymond Barrett, Contributor Save for later Saved In this image from video, riot police firing tear gas and wielding clubs storm Pearl Roundabout occupied by anti-government protesters before dawn Thursday, Feb. 17, driving out demonstrators and destroying a makeshift encampment that had become the hub for demands to bring sweeping political changes to the kingdom. Tony Mitchell, HO/AP Photo View Caption of At least three people are reported dead and dozens more seriously injured in Bahrain after riot police violently dispersed protesters in the capital – escalating the confrontation and underscoring the government's willingness to use force to stymie the growing calls for political reform.

The raid – in which police used tear gas, batons, and bird-shot – took place overnight as security forces targeted a large crowd of demonstrators who had gathered at a protest camp at the landmark Pearl Roundabout in the capital, Manama . The police action was clearly aimed at preventing a mass demonstration planned for Saturday to call for constitutional reform and a more representative parliament in a country where political power is concentrated in the hands of the ruling Al-Khalifah family. Recommended: Bahrain protests: Five key facts But it's unclear whether the harsh action – which included dozens of Army trucks and armored vehicles – will tamp down protests that have been buoyed by the popular uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt , or only serve to energize protesters, further destabilizing the Persian Gulf kingdom. Graphic Bahrain How the raid was carried out Armored cars are now patrolling the streets of the capital, and all further protests have been banned by the authorities. But sporadic clashes have occurred in different parts of the city. A statement from the Ministry of Interior claimed that the authorities had attempted to negotiate a peaceful end to the demonstration.

"Security forces evacuated the area of Pearl Roundabout from protesters, after trying all opportunities for dialogue with them, in which some positively responded and left quietly," the statement read. However, human rights activists were quick to dismiss these reports, and Al Jazeera reported that the protesters were asleep when the police raid began and that medical staff attending the wounded were among those beaten by police. The violence comes on the fourth consecutive day of protests since demonstrators staged a ‘Day of Rage’ on Feb. 14, with two protesters killed earlier in the week. In the aftermath of these fatalities, Bahrain’s King Hamad bin Issa issued an apology and promised an investigation into excessive police violence. But last night's events appear to make a mockery of the monarch's statement of regret. Sunnis and Shiites could unite against monarchy Bahrain is a key strategic ally of the US and home to the US Navy ’s 5th Fleet, which has seen active service in a range of regional conflicts from Iraq to Afghanistan . However, the country has long been a scene of political and sectarian tensions. Power is concentrated in the hands of the Al Khalifa ruling family who belong to the Sunni sect of Islam.

But Shiites account for a majority of the population, and historically they have not enjoyed the same economic opportunities as Sunnis. Unlike the shock that greeted the uprising in Cairo ’s Tahrir Square , Bahrain has long been the scene of political discontent. During the Iran -Iraq war in the 1980s and again in the 1990s, the Bahraini government repeatedly jailed members of Shiite political groups calling for greater political representation. Such actions were justified in terms of national security threats amid lingering territorial claims by Iran over Bahrain. Attempts at political reform in 2002 that changed the country from an emirate to a constitutional monarchy have so far failed to yield meaningful change. However, if the current maelstrom of political reform rushing through the region unites both the Shiite underclass with middle-class Sunnis tired of the status quo, the Al Khalifah dynasty may be forced to cede more power to the people, or use greater force to suppress dissent. Seven opposition groups have come together to organize protests for Saturday, hoping to draw as many as 100,000 but expecting at least half that, the Wall Street Journal reported.

Next up Bahrain: The Unauthorized Tour Bahrain: The Unauthorized Tour Download PDF Welcome to the Bahrain You're Not Meant to See... Welcome to Bahrain - you must be one of the lucky ones to get a visa so well done! This guidebook will show you a side of Bahrain that the government does not want you to see. For the past fourteen months, the people of Bahrain have been under siege. After watching the popular uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt, democracy activists called for protests here in Bahrain as well. The protests were brutally crushed: dozens were killed, hundreds were injured, thousands were arrested -- many tortured in custody -- and thousands were suspended from their jobs. All of this has been documented by the world's most foremost international human rights organizations, and even by the government-commissioned Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry (BICI). With the return of the Formula 1 Grand Prix to Bahrain, the government is now desperate to show the international community that things are back to normal and it has learned from its "mistakes." However, despite the facade of normality, none of the underlying problems have been resolved. Hundreds of political prisoners remain behind bars, reports of torture continue, and security forces still carry out abuses with near total impunity.

More details are available in the latest reports by Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch . While in Bahrain, the government will want to ensure you only see the shiny towers of Manama's financial district and the glitzy hotels plastered with portraits of the ruling triumvirate. It will want the proregime Gulf Daily News to be your only source of information. But if you take a short drive through any of the nearby villages, you will see an entirely different side to Bahrain. We made this unauthorized tour guide to help you discover this other side. Perhaps not all of the places we mention here are apt for the average tourist. In that case, we have included ample background material and media about each location so you can see what you're missing! We hope you make the most of your time here! The Pearl Roundabout: Bahrain's Freedom Junction Bahrain's most famous landmark, the Pearl Roundabout, is not that easy to locate. That's because the 300-foot tall structure was demolished by the government last year after pro-democracy protesters used the monument as the rallying point for their mass demonstrations. It was Bahrain's Tahrir Square.

The monument was built by the government in 1982, in the middle of an important traffic roundabout in Manama. The six white curved beams represented each of the six member states of the Gulf Cooperation Council. The cement pearl that sat atop the beams symbolized Bahrain's historic pearl diving tradition. When mass democracy protests erupted in February 2011, the Pearl Roundabout (known in Arabic as "Lulu") was the most obvious place for demonstrators to use as their base. On 15 February, after burying a protester who was killed by security forces a day earlier, and the killing of a second protester that morning, thousands of people marched to the roundabout and began to set up tents, emulating what they had seen in Egypt's Tahrir Square. Protesters stayed camped at the site for two days until February 17, when security forces raided the roundabout in a pre-dawn attack, using tear gas, stun grenades and shotguns. Four protesters were killed, and over 600 were injured. Even hospital medical staff who were on duty at the camp were attacked by the security forces.

After the roundabout was cleared of protesters, the area was cordoned off by armored vehicles fitted with machine guns, and the Army warned they would take punitive measures to restore order. The next day, protesters defied the Army's warning and marched to try and reclaim the roundabout. Amateur video from that day, now iconic of Bahrain's uprising, shows troops opening fire at unarmed protesters with arms raised as they tried to march towards the roundabout. The next day, on February 19, protesters once again attempted to reach the roundabout -- this time they were successful as security forces left the area. The protesters occupied the roundabout and carried out daily demonstrations and activities at the site until the 16th of March, when security forces backed by Bahrain's Army and National Guard forcefully cleared the roundabout and launched a widespread crackdown on protesters across the country. Throughout the crackdown, almost three thousand were arrested, and more than four thousand of those believed to be associated with--or sympathetic to--the movement were sacked from their jobs or suspended from university. On the 18th of March, the government tore down the Pearl Monument altogether. Initially, the state news agency asserted that it was demolished to " improve the infrastructure " of the area.

Later, Bahrain TV would claim that the destruction was designed to "cleanse," the area, as it had been "violated" and "desecrated" by the "vile" protesters. Bahrain's Foreign Minister said that the destruction was the " removal of a bad memory ." What state media failed to disclose was that a Pakistani crane operator was crushed to death by a falling beam during the demolition process. The government renamed the site "Al Farooq Junction," intended to be a sectarian dig at the largely-Shia protesters. Getting a glimpse of the actual Pearl Roundabout is out of the question. But you can get a glimpse of the site where the monument once stood. If you're driving towards central Manama from the Seef District on Shaikh Khalifa bin Salman Highway, look out of your car on the right hand side as you cross the Seef Flyover. It's the traffic junction that now resembles an octopus -- but there won't be any vehicles because it is still cordoned off by the military.

If you do decide to step down for a better look, make sure you aren't carrying a Bahraini flag, otherwise you might get chased down, beaten up and arrested by security forces, as happened to protester Mohammed al Hayki when he did the same last year. Despite the demolition of the Pearl Roundabout, it has become a symbol of resistance and the democracy movement in Bahrain. If you walk through any village, you are likely to see graffiti art of the monument spray-painted on the walls. Miniature models of the monument are often brought out at protests , or just kept on the street to the ire of government security forces . Al Farooq Junction under construction in March 2011 The Arab Street: Village Style Away from the glamour of Bahrain's racing circuit and the shiny towers of the capital is one of Bahrain's most well-kept secrets: the villages. It is in these villages where you can catch one of the wellrehearsed nightly performances involving protesters and government security forces.

The best places to see the action are on the island of Sitra in the southeast, the villages of Diraz and Bani Jamra near the northwest of Bahrain's main island, or Jidhafs and Sanabis, next to the Seef commercial area. For a more up-to-date schedule of protests in English, check the Facebook page of the British Embassy in Bahrain at . What you will see: Scores of protesters, men women and children, marching with flags and banners, calling for the downfall of the regime ("ash-shab yurid isqat an-nizam"), "Down with [King] Hamad" ("yasqut hamad"), and quite likely "No to the Formula 1 race" ("kalla lil formula"). When the protest leaves the village centre, police will usually attack with tear gas, stun grenades and batons. Recently, clashes have escalated and injuries have become commonplace with police firing birdshot and occasionally live ammunition, and youths throwing molotov cocktails.

In 2012 so far, human rights and opposition groups say that up to 31 civilians are said to have died in connection with the unrest: 10 in January, 9 in February, 10 in March, and 2 so far in April. Tear gas is said to be responsible for many of these deaths: since the start of the crackdown in 2011, Physicians for Human Rights says that up to 34 tear gas deaths have been reported. That's not surprising given that police officers throw tear gas directly into people's homes . Another favoured tactic of the police is to drown an entire village in tear gas as a form of collective punishment. So if you're planning a visit, it would be advisable to try and get your hands on a gas mask. If not, try carrying an onion that you should cut and sniff to lessen the effects of the tear gas. If you're lucky, you might also get to see the police throwing Molotov cocktails at the protesters themselves. Police and youths face off in the village of al-Dair The Writing on the Walls: Political Graffiti In Bahrain, there is no independent media. Local radio and television is owned and run by the government.

Local newspapers, while nominally independent, are almost all run by individuals with close ties to the government and have strongly pro-regime editorial positions, regurgitating press releases issued by the state news agency verbatim. (See the section on Al-Wasat Newspaper below for further details) The result is that people have turned to expressing their views using graffiti on the streets. Visit any village and it is likely to be covered in anti-government graffiti. The government often paints over it, but the protesters are relentless. To quote a line of graffiti spraypainted in the village of Salmabad: "If there was someone listening to us, we would have left the walls." Some of the graffiti art is quite elaborate, with much of the recent work focusing on Formula 1's decision to race in Bahrain, despite the ongoing human rights violations. To see some of the best political graffiti artwork, visit Barbar village in the northwest of the island, just off Budaiya Highway.

For a preview of what you can see, check out: A replica of an anti-F1 cartoon by Carlos Latuff in a village in Bahrain Demolished Mosques: AD 1 (AD = After Destruction) While cruising down one of Bahrain's many highways, you might catch a glimpse of Bahrainis of all ages working or praying at construction sites. No, this isn't a government program to "Bahrainise" the expatriate-dominated construction sector or build on the cheap by flouting child labor laws, it is an act of civil disobedience in which residents are rebuilding mosques demolished by the government during last year's "State of National Safety" (read: martial law). On 10 April 2011, almost a month after the government set its bulldozers on the Pearl Roundabout, Bahrain's hard-line Prime Minister of 40 years appeared on the front page of pro-regime tabloid the Gulf Daily News alongside an ominous proclamation: "BUILDINGS TO BE RAZED." In the weeks that followed, the government primarily targeted Shia religious structures on both public and private property, demolishing up to 44 mosques for violations including not having proper permits and being built too close to public roads.

The demolitions were widely seen as a form of collective punishment against the largely- Shia protesters. At least five mosques in full compliance with regulations were also demolished. One of these was the Amir Mohammed Barbaghi Mosque (seen here in 1995), which stood for more than 400 years in the town of A'ali, before authorities bulldozed the building in broad daylight on 17 April 2011. The demolition lasted into the evening, when the mosque's iconic green dome was seen carted away by masked men. Residents began the unauthorized reconstruction of their mosque in February 2012; the site was vandalized in March. As it stands today, the footprint of the former mosque is fenced with several rows of cinderblock. The site is conveniently situated to the left of Sheikh Khalifa bin Salman Highway on your way to Bahrain's Formula One track. Further south and slightly east of the same highway is the Ain Rastan mosque, currently under reconstruction (seen here before demolition). If you're lucky, you might see a friendly expatriate, such as the woman pictured here on March 3rd, donating money to help finance rebuilding.

As you'll see, her money has been put to good use . You'll have to stray further off the beaten path in order to visit Bahrain's first demolished religious structure to be completely rebuilt: Nuwaidrat's Imam Hassan Mosque. Make sure to also swing by Nuwaidrat's Salman Al Farsi Mosque, which was almost completely rebuilt as of mid-April. The site of Bahrain's first protests on 14 February 2011, Nuwaidrat saw ten of its mosques demolished under martial law, the most of any area. A warning: police have been known to occasionally harass worshippers. Last December, riot police interrupted prayers at the demolished Koweikebat mosque in Kawarah with a barrage of tear gas and flashbang grenades directed at congregants. Residents of all ages collaborating on a mosque reconstruction Demolition of the Amir Mohammed Barbaghi Mosque in April 2011 National Democratic Action Society: An Example of Bahrain's Freedom of Dissociation If you're driving round Bahrain and wondering why you keep seeing graffiti depicting this man, then please don't feel threatened. He's not the leader of some gang whose minions are going to steal your hubcaps as soon as you pull up at traffic lights.

He is in fact, Ebrahim Sharif, the mild-mannered, incredibly intelligent Secretary General of the liberal and secular National Democratic Action Society (Wa'ad). Unfortunately for those who wish to meet him, he's in prison, currently serving a five year sentence for exercising his right to free speech (See HRW report ). Fortunately, however, you can still visit the Wa'ad premises, or what's left of them. We don't mean to imply that they are ancient, dilapidated ruins, but following massive political protests last year Wa'ad's premises in Arad and Umm al Hassam were ransacked and set alight. Of course no one knows who did it, but the incarceration of Ebrahim Sharif and the subsequent suspension of Wa'ad by the government all suggest the culprits were simply spirited thugs exercising their patriotic right to defend the nation from seditious, moderate liberals. Once you've grown tired of looking at the burnt remnants of the Umm al Hassan's premises, take a moment to appreciate the sectarian graffiti daubed on the walls, which say things like 'Down with Iran' and 'Shiites get out'. Not quite sure why though, since Ebrahim Sharif himself was a Sunni.

Must be something to do with loyalists fears that a party like Wa'ad have the ability to unite Shia and Sunni forces in opposition the ruling Al-Khalifa regime eh? After enjoying the misconceived, sectarian graffiti, maybe swing by A'ali and drive by the house of Dr. Munira Fakhro, another Wa'ad member whose house was attacked more than once by unknown assailants hurling molotov cocktails. Her crime? Oh, let's just say - high treason? All in all, Bahrain's own contemporary Kristallnacht offers up some stunning views. If the ruins of political hate crime and collective punishment are your thing, then add "Wa'ad officers" to your list of things to do. For something similar, be sure to check out the 24 Hours Supermarket(s)! Graffiti of imprisoned Wa'ad leader Ibrahim Sharif (right) and imprisoned human rights defender Abdulhadi Alkhawaja (left), who has been on hunger strike for more than 70 days Al-Wasat Newspaper: Hot Off the Press - Printing Suspended Keeping up on the news is important, especially for the business traveller.

Fortunately Bahrain has a number of different daily rags to choose from, including the Gulf Daily News, Al-Watan, Al-Ayam, Akbar al-Khaleej and the Daily Tribune. Unfortunately though, you won't find much diversity in the commentary, unless you look towards Al-Wasat, Bahrain's only really balanced newspaper. This balance comes at a price though, and Al-Wasat has been through a lot. This is why you should go and check out their offices in Budaiya. Like the headquarters of the NDAS and the 24 Hours supermarkets, Al Wasat's printing press was also attacked by 'unknown assailants.' Wonder if it was the guys filmed here , the ones burning the paper and calling it 'al-wasikh' (meaning dirty in Arabic)? If you're lucky, you may see the paper's editor Mansoor Al-Jamri hanging about. He's had as tough a time as the offices he works in, and was charged on April 11 last year for 'unethical' reporting. Bear in mind this is the man who won the CPJ International Press Freedom Award.

Al-Wasat was also suspended one April 2 last year after the government accused it of 'publishing fabricated news,' 'harming public safety,' and 'damaging national interests.' As if filing criminal charges against Mansoor al-Jamri and 2 more of Al-Wasat editors wasn't enough, one of its founders Karim Fakhrawi was tortured to death in custody ( BICI, 1005 ). Without Al-Wasat around to challenge their propaganda, the government was free to disseminate their version of events, which stated that Mr. Fakhrawi had died of "kidney failure." Despite the government's war on journalism and journalist, Al-Wasat has since reopened. Just make sure when you visit that you spare a thought for what some of its staff have gone through, all in the name of freedom of speech. Al Wasat Newspaper Costa Coffee: Bahrain's Premier Activist Cafe If all the dust kicked up by those big 2.4 litre engines has worked up a thirst, then why not head to Bahrain's premier activist cafe, the Costa Coffee at the Country Mall near Abu Saiba.

For those of you who find the term 'activist' off-putting then fret not, as we are not necessarily talking about a place full of unwashed, bearded lefties playing backgammon and discussing the merits of Marxist political economy (it is a Costa afterall). On the contrary we are talking about location. Not only is it mere moments from Bahrain's capital city, but its comfortable al fresco seating arrangement offers a vista of the al- Khawaja roundabout, where human rights activist Zainab al-Khawaja was slapped, handcuffed, and unceremoniously dragged into a police car. We know what you're thinking, that's no way for Costa to treat unsatisfied customers, but fear not, the global coffee chain has yet to punish disgruntled punters in such a way. Zainab was in fact, peacefully protesting against continued state repression when the police arrested her. If historical sites are a bit tame, then Bahrain's activist cafe has you covered. Its unique location puts it right in the heart of a number of Bahrain's disenfranchised communities! Extreme sports fans might want to time their trip so that it coincides with one of the country's many peaceful demonstrations.

If you're lucky, you'll get more than a free blueberry muffin! Previous customers have mentioned how they also received free tear gassings , generous truncheonings, and the occasional unsolicited rubber boot to the stomach. As we like to say, 'why pay for a shot of hazlenut syrup when a nostril full of tear gas costs nothing'. For those of you prefer to people watch, then keep an eye for out for the activists who like to frequent the establishment. What do they look like, you ask? Well, just like ordinary people, except with lattes and stuff. Don't be afraid of interacting with them either, as most just want political reform and better democratic representation. Careful what you say though, as the fuzz might be listening ... So what are you waiting for? Head down to Bahrain's premier activist cafe, it's so good it'll have you writing a review on TripAdvisor faster than you can say venti-double-skinny-latte-with extra 2- chlorobenzalmalononitrile.

Costa Coffee customer recovers from tear gas inhalation 24 Hours Supermarket: The Island's Best Smash 'n' Carry If you're out and about in the heat and need to refresh yourself with a soft drink or packet of crisps, then stop by one of the several 24 Hours Supermarket outlets located around the island. These convenient shops have a good supply of food and daily need items, and they are open 24 hours a day. Best of all, if you happen to be short of cash you can simply take stuff off the shelves and walk out without paying. And while you're at it you can smash a few windows and knock down some shelves, just for fun. It's best to do this with the help of a team of riot police officers, who will only be too happy to provide logistical assistance for your looting. As a bonus, the police will also record the incident on video for you as a memento to show your friends and family when you go back home. Don't believe us? Outlets of the supermarket chain have been attacked by vandals over forty times since the military-backed crackdown on pro-democracy protesters last year.

The supermarket chain is owned by the Jawad Business Group, a Shia-run family business. The supermarket chain became a target for pro-government groups because of a rumour that it had supplied free food to anti-government protesters at the Pearl Roundabout in February last year. The CEO of the business group categorically denied the rumour, but that wasn't enough to stop the attacks of the vandals. Still don't believe you can get away with it? Watch the CCTV footage from the most recent attack that took place on April 10 at the Alba roundabout outlet near Nuwaidrat. You can see the vandals break through and ransack the shop. Then a team of uniformed police officers arrive, but instead of arresting the looters, they are shepherded out and an officer starts recording the damage with his own video camera. Then one police officer smashes a window, and another officer steals a bottle of water. The video ends when an officer instructs a looter to smash the CCTV camera. Whether you just want to buy a stick of chewing gum, or smash up a supermarket with the Bahrain police, 24 Hours Supermarket is the place to go.

24 Hours Market (Nuwaidrat) Youth Hostel: Hostile to Youth Accommodation is often one of the biggest concerns for the traveller on a budget. Fear not though, because Bahrain has got you covered. Not only are there plenty of youth hostels, but they are both affordable and well-staffed. Usually we'd recommend the youth hostel in Seef, but there are reports that it has gone downhill of late. Once described as a "friendly, comfortable and modern facility in the Seef Area", the youth hostel now belongs to a chain whose previous guests were less favourable in their reviews. Indeed, some have alleged "that hoses and other objects were inserted into their anus and that guards groped their genitalia aggressively. ( BICI, 1191 ). Not a review you'd expect to see on TripAdvisor, and probably not a place you'd want to stay. We know what you're probably thinking 'I thought this was Bahrain, not Amsterdam, what kind of hostel is this?' Well you're right, it isn't Amsterdam, nor is it a hostel. It's actually a police station. That's right, earlier this year the Ministry of the Interior took over the youth hostel and turned it into a police station .

There have already been reports of torture occurring there, so be careful who you bunk with. On the plus side, it's very cheap. All you need to do is shout 'down with Hamad' and you've got yourself a free bed for the night. Again, watch out for the staff though, they're a dab hand with a truncheon and will not take kindly to you trying to make off with free towels. Remember to also keep your valuables with you at all times. Despite the presence of policemen, there is no CCTV. The reason for this is unclear, though it's probably to circumvent the requirement of the BICI report that states all interrogation facilities be fitted with audiovisual recording equipment ( BICI 1722g ). In other words, it allows the police to mistreat and/or torture detainees without it being recorded. Even the chief of public security admitted that there are riot police bases without CCTV. If you're having trouble finding it, look for the building surrounded by guard towers. You really can't miss it, it contrasts superbly with the nearby shopping malls and luxury apartment blocks. For those of you who want to know more, check out these historical documents that show the conversion from youth hostel to police station.

There's also a video here . Unrest in the Middle East and North Africa -- country by country - CNN.com Unrest in the Middle East and North Africa -- country by country By the CNN Wire Staff Protesters gather at the Pearl Roundabout in Manama, Bahrain, on Sunday. STORY HIGHLIGHTS The winds of unrest sweep through North Africa and the Middle East The demonstrations started in Tunisia in December The leaders of Tunisia and Egypt have resigned amid mass protests RELATED TOPICS Recent developments: BAHRAIN Seven opposition groups were meeting in Bahrain on Sunday to consider their next steps after an appeal from Crown Prince Salman bin Hamad al Khalifa for a national dialogue. Meanwhile, about a thousand protesters remained at the Pearl Roundabout, which has become this island nation's equivalent of Egypt's Tahrir Square. Opposition groups are considering a list of demands, which includes an independent investigation into the deaths of at least 10 protesters. They also want answers about people unaccounted for since the security forces moved in to clear the Pearl Roundabout in the early hours of Thursday morning, using tear gas, pellet guns and clubs. On Saturday, joyous Bahrainis retook the Pearl Roundabout after Crown Prince Salman ordered the military to vacate.

Roots of unrest: Protesters initially took to the streets of Manama on Monday to demand reform and the introduction of a constitutional monarchy. But some are now calling for the removal of the royal family, which has led the Persian Gulf island state since the 18th century. Young members of the country's Shiite Muslim majority have staged violent protests in recent years to complain about discrimination, unemployment and corruption, issues they say the country's Sunni rulers have done little to address. The Bahrain Center for Human Rights says authorities launched a clampdown on dissent in late 2010. It accused the government of torturing some human rights activists. IRAN Clashes erupted Sunday in several major Iranian cities. In Tehran, thousands of security officers patrolled Revolution Square, at times striking at throngs of protesters with batons and rushing others on motorcycles. Opposition websites reported that security forces opened fire on protesters in Hafteh Tir Square, killing one person. Several were reported injured and detained. In Isfahan, protesters were met with batons and pepper spray in one square while another peaceful march took place elsewhere under the watch of security agents.

An eyewitness in historic Shiraz, who participated in demonstrations Sunday, told CNN that large crowds of anti-government protesters have gathered along Mollasadra Avenue in the center of the city. Roughly 200 people, including men and women of all ages, gathered at the site, but were dispersed by uniformed and plainclothes security agents who hit at protesters with batons. Roots of unrest: Opposition to the ruling clerics has simmered since the country's 2009 election, when hundreds of thousands of people filled Tehran streets to denounce the re-election of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad as fraudulent. IRAQ Masked gunmen attacked and burned an independent television station in Iraq's Kurdistan region Sunday, wounding a guard, police officials and the broadcast company said. The attack occurred as hundreds of protesters demonstrated in central Sulaimaniya in northern Iraq, following clashes with security forces in previous days that left one person dead and more than 70 injured. Most of the demonstrators opposed Kurdistan regional president Massoud Barazani and the ruling Kurdistan Democratic Party, and the protest occurred a few hundred meters from the KDP party office.

Roots of unrest: Demonstrations in Iraq, unlike in other parts of the Mideast and North Africa, have usually not targeted the national government. Instead, the protesters are angry over corruption, the quality of basic services, a crumbling infrastructure and high unemployment, particularly on a local level. They want an end to frequent power outages and food shortages. LIBYA Clashes disrupted funeral processions on Sunday in the streets of Benghazi, Libya, as protesters attempted to bury the dead killed in previous clashes. Meanwhile, protests against longtime ruler Moammar Gadhafi showed no sign of letting up. One protester told CNN that a uniformed battalion opened fire on the mourners Sunday, and more people were killed. The clashes began Saturday afternoon between civilians and security forces loyal to Gadhafi, eyewitnesses told CNN. The protesters said the violent crackdown by security forces since demonstrations started last week has left them energized. The reported death toll grew quickly over the weekend, passing 200. Roots of unrest: Protests in Libya, ruled by Gadhafi since a 1969 coup, began in January when demonstrators, fed up with delays, broke into a housing project the government was building and occupied it.

Gadhafi's government responded with a $24 billion fund for housing and development. A month later, more demonstrations were sparked when police detained relatives of those killed in an alleged massacre in 1996 at the Abu Salim prison, according to Human Rights Watch. High unemployment has also fueled the protests, as have anti-Gadhafi groups. YEMEN Hundreds of anti-government protesters gathered Sunday near a university in the Yemeni capital for a 10th consecutive day, witnesses said. Some of them chanted, "First Mubarak, now Ali," referring to Hosni Mubarak, who recently resigned as president of Egypt after nearly 30 years in power, and Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh. Pro-government demonstrators were also gathering near Sanaa University, according to Adnan Al-Nahari, a student at the campus. At least six people were wounded Saturday, officials said. Saleh blamed the unrest on foreign agendas and a plot against Yemen's stability, according to the state-run Saba news agency. In addition, five people have been killed since Wednesday in the coastal city of Aden, hospital and government officials said.

Roots of unrest: Protesters have called for the ouster of longtime President Ali Abdullah Saleh, who has ruled Yemen since 1978, The country has been wracked by a Shiite Muslim uprising, a U.S.-aided crackdown on al Qaeda operatives and a looming shortage of water. As in other countries, high unemployment fuels much of the anger among a growing young population steeped in poverty. The protesters also cite government corruption and a lack of political freedom. Here's a look at some key recent events related to unrest in the Middle East and North Africa: ALGERIA Protesters have demanded government reform, prompting authorities to say they will soon lift a state of emergency that was imposed in 1992 to quell a civil war that led to the deaths of more than 150,000. The rule was used to clamp down on Islamist groups, but critics say the insurgency has long since diminished, and the law exists only to muzzle government critics. Roots of unrest: Protests began in January over escalating food prices, high rates of unemployment and housing issues. They started in Algiers but spread to other cities, as more people joined and demonstrators toppled regimes in neighboring Tunisia and later Egypt.

Algerian President Abdelaziz Bouteflika announced that he would lift the state of emergency law in what analysts said was an attempt to head off a similar revolt. DJIBOUTI Thousands of people have marched in protest through Djibouti. On Friday, riot police charged the crowd after the call to evening prayers, shooting canisters of tear gas at the demonstrators, according to Aly Verjee, director of the international election observation mission to Djibouti, who witnessed the event. Djibouti is home to Camp Lemonnier, the only U.S. military base on the African continent. Roots of unrest: Protesters have called for President Ismail Omar Guelleh -- whose family has ruled the country since its independence from France in 1977 -- to step down ahead of the elections scheduled in April. Guelleh has held the post since 1999 and is seeking a third term. Economic stagnation is also a source of anger among the people of Djibouti. EGYPT Protesters in Egypt have issued a reminder to the military that they are watching the ongoing reform process.

They celebrated the one-week anniversary of President Hosni Mubarak's ouster on Friday in a "Day of Victory" rally at Tahrir Square, epicenter of the protests. Mubarak stepped down February 11 following 18 days of unrest in Egypt. The military has been in charge since Mubarak resigned. Meanwhile, G20 leaders concluded a two-day meeting in Paris on Saturday with pledges to support the new emerging governments of Egypt and Tunisia. Roots of unrest: Complaints about police corruption and abuses were among the top grievances of demonstrators who forced Mubarak from office last week. Demonstrators were also angry about Mubarak's 30-year rule, a lack of free elections and many economic issues, including high food prices, low wages and high unemployment. JORDAN Protesters in Jordan have called for reforms and for abolishing the peace treaty between Jordan and Israel. On Friday, about 200 people clashed with pro-government demonstrators in downtown Amman. Several people were reported injured. Anti-government protesters who participated in Friday's demonstration included leftists and independent activists demanding political and economic reforms.

Roots of unrest: Jordan's economy has been hit hard by the global economic downturn and rising commodity prices, and youth unemployment is high, as it is in Egypt. Officials close to the palace have told CNN that Abdullah is trying to turn a regional upheaval into an opportunity for reform. King Abdullah II swore in a new government following anti-government protests in his country. The new government has a mandate for political reform and is headed by a former general, with several opposition and media figures among its ranks. Some protesters have also called for the abolishment of the peace treaty between Jordan and Israel. KUWAIT Protesters in Kuwait have clashed with authorities on at least two occasions. A second straight day of demonstrations occurred on Saturday in Sulaibiya, just north of Kuwait City, according to witnesses and a government official. Hundreds of protesters are demanding greater rights for longtime residents who are not citizens of the country demanded the release of people arrested in demonstrations Friday. The protesters attacked the security forces, who managed to disperse the people and make arrests, he said. The forces used tear gas on the demonstration involving between 200 and 400 protesters.

Roots of unrest: Protesters are seeking greater rights for longtime residents who are not Kuwaiti citizens, an issue the country has been grappling with for decades. There are believed to be 100,000 non-citizens living in the country. SUDAN Demonstrators have clashed with authorities on several recent occasions in Sudan. Human Rights Watch has said that "authorities used excessive force during largely peaceful protests on January 30 and 31 in Khartoum and other northern cities." Witnesses said that several people were arrested, including 20 who remain missing. Roots of unrest: Demonstrators seek an end to the National Congress Party rule and government-imposed price increases, according to Human Rights Watch. It accuses the government of being heavy-handed in its response to demonstrations, and using pipes, sticks and tear gas to disperse protesters. SYRIA As protests heated up around the region, the Syrian government pulled back from a plan to withdraw some subsidies that keep the cost of living down in the country. President Bashar al-Assad also gave a rare interview to Western media, telling The Wall Street Journal last month that he planned reforms that would allow local elections and included a new media law and more power for private organizations.

A planned "Day of Rage" that was being organized on Facebook against the al-Assad government failed to materialize, The New York Times reported. Roots of unrest: Opponents of the al-Assad government claim massive human rights abuses and an emergency law has been in effect since 1963. TUNISIA An uprising in Tunisia prompted autocratic President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali to leave the country on January 14, after weeks of demonstrations. Those demonstrations sparked protests around North Africa and the Middle East. Roots of unrest: The revolt was triggered when an unemployed college graduate set himself ablaze after police confiscated his fruit cart, cutting off his source of income. Protesters complained about high unemployment, corruption, rising prices and political repression. PALESTINIAN TERRITORIES Hundreds of Palestinians rallied for unity in Ramallah, calling on Hamas, Fatah and other Palestinian political factions to heal their rifts amid arguments over elections scheduled for September in the Palestinian territories. "Division generates corruption," was one of several slogans written on banners held up by the demonstrators Thursday, who flooded the streets after calls went out on social networking sites, as well as schools and university campuses, for them to attend.

Roots of unrest: The Palestinian territories have not seen the kind of demonstrations as in many Arab countries, but the Fatah leaders of the Palestinian Authority have been under criticism since Al-Jazeera published secret papers claiming to reveal that Palestinian officials were prepared to make wide-ranging concessions in negotiations with Israel. Negotiations toward a resolution of the decades-long Israeli-Palestinian conflict have since collapsed. Palestinian protests, largely in support of Egypt and Tunisia, were generally small and poorly attended, and in some cases the Hamas rulers of Gaza and the Palestinian Authority rulers of the West Bank actively tried to stifle protests. The split between Hamas and Fatah hampers internal change in the territories, although calls for political change are growing louder among Palestinians. Large-scale protests, as seen elsewhere in the Arab world, have failed to materialize, as many Palestinians believe their problem remains the Israeli occupation. Share this on: Bahrain authorities destroy Pearl Roundabout - Telegraph Bahrain Bahrain authorities destroy Pearl Roundabout Bahrain’s authorities have demolished the Pearl Roundabout monument which had become the symbolic heart of the country’s protest movement as forces continued a crackdown.

State media said the monument was removed in a 'facelift' to boost traffic flow Photo: REUTERS Follow The monument was flattened two days after police used armoured vehicles and tear gas to sweep away a month-old Shia protest camp which had gathered around the monument. State media said the monument, acknowledging Gulf unity and the kingdom’s pearl fishing history, was removed in a “facelift” to boost traffic flow. Bahrain's most prominent Shia cleric criticised Britain and America for doing nothing to stop the violent crackdown by the Sunni monarchy against anti-government protests. Sheikh Issa Qassem told a congregation of around 1,500 worshippers that protesters should remain peaceful, but that they would "bend to no one but God." He gave the defiant Friday sermon before the funerals of two Shia men who died in clashes with the security forces earlier this week as the crackdown continued. Related Articles Bahrain police round up opposition 17 Mar 2011 Troops and police have rounded up opposition leaders, imposed a curfew and taken control of the main hospital since calling on neighbouring kingdoms including Saudi Arabia for troops to suppress a month-long protest movement.

While the central city of Manama remained calm, the Shia suburbs were still obstructed by makeshift barricades and there seemed little sign of the protest movement fizzling out. Sheikh Issa said: "We are urging and expecting Britain and America to do something and speak out." He said: "We are like steel or iron. All these blows will only increase our resolve. "We believe that the violent excesses by the government have created a dangerous wound between the people and the government." During his sermon worshippers chanted "we will never give up", but he silenced any who called for an end to the island's monarchy. Protesters "do not believe in violence that authorities are trying to push them to," he said. The gathering then swelled as thousands travelled to nearby Sitra for the funeral of Ahmed Farhan, despite a ban on public gatherings and the authorities' initial refusal to release his body. Mr Farhan was killed when shot in the head during clashes with police on Tuesday, when King Hamad declared martial law. As mourners followed his flag-draped coffin they defied requests not to use antimonarchy slogans and shouted death to the ruling houses of both Bahrain and Saudi Arabia.

They demanded that "occupiers", including 1,000 Saudi troops, leave. Mourners also criticised the West for failing to act as helicopters buzzed overhead. The island kingdom harbours the US Navy's fifth fleet and is home to up to 7,000 British expatriates, though hundreds have left this week. Hadi Khala, a banker, said: "The international community, they have to put a lot of pressure on the government. Just saying we a little concerned doesn't do anything." Abdul Jalil Khalil, a senior figure in the main Shia opposition party, said the government had arrested at least another three activists that night as well as seven the previous night. He claimed the Salmaniya medical centre, the kingdom's main hospital, remained under virtual siege after being seized by troops, but some staff had now been allowed to leave. He said: "They don't want anyone to cover the atrocities that are happening, so they are restricting access." State television reported security forces had raided the hospital to "cleanse" it of "saboteurs".

Rulers of the Gulf's Arab states are terrified that gains by Bahrain's Shia majority may hand Iran a stepping stone into the area and believe Tehran is instigating the unrest. Bahrain's Arab Spring Home / Bahrain / Past to Present / Bahrain’s Arab Spring May 23rd, 2012 / December 12th, 2016 Bahrain’s Arab Spring Protesters gathering on Pearl Square, April 2011, Photo HH. In October 2010, elections were held in Bahrain. Al-Wefaq and other Shiite groups alleged widespread voter suppression, particularly in Shiite districts. The government responded by arresting opposition activists. New protests began in earnest in February 2011, at Manama’s Pearl Roundabout. These peaceful protests were framed largely as demands for economic and social justice and political and human rights. Although most of the protesters were Shiites, the calls for reform were initially cross-sectarian. The government responded with force, killing dozens. A cycle of protests, repression, funerals, and more protests ensued. The cleavage reappeared between the Crown Prince , who appeared to back efforts at dialogue, and the hard-line Prime Minister , whose views eventually prevailed.

In March a predominantly Saudi Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) force entered Bahrain, crushing the uprising. In March 2011, the King declared a state of emergency and established a military court, the National Safety Court to try opposition members, presided over by a military judge and two civilian judges, all appointed by the Bahraini Defence Force . A large number of dissidents involved in the 2011 uprising were imprisoned without trial or following trials internationally condemned for their lack of due process, lack of transparency and the use of torture and mistreatment during interrogation. In the following months many state employees, especially medical personnel and journalists, were fired. As the government hardened its position, Sunnis rallied behind the King, and the conflict took on an increasingly sectarian tone. In November 2011, the Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry’s Investigation (or Bassiouni Commission) published a report accusing the government’s security forces of using torture and excessive force against the protesters. (See also Human Rights Watch’s report No Justice in Bahrain ). The government had temporarily prevailed, but the underlying tensions continued to simmer.

During the unrest in 2011 eighteen representatives of al-Wefaq resigned in protest and boycotted the by-elections to fill those seats in September 2011. Images of the Arab Spring in Bahrain Images found on weblogs, featuring the Pearl Roundabout, symbol of the demonstrations in February and March 2011. Satellite view

Question: Pearl Roundabout was the scene of political protests during 2011, in which country is it?
Answer: Bahrain