The garrote | INMSOL The garrote A garrote or garrote vil (a Spanish word; alternative spellings include garotte and garrotte) is a handheld weapon, most often referring to a ligature of chain, rope, scarf, wire or fishing line used to strangle someone. The term especially refers to an execution device but is sometimes used in assassination, because it can be completely silent. In addition, the garrote is used by some military units. The garrote was employed in Thuggee, whose practitioners used a yellow scarf called a Rumaal. A garrote can be made out of many different materials, including ropes, tie wraps, fishing lines, nylon, and even guitar strings, telephone cord and piano wire. Some incidents have involved a stick used to tighten the garrote; the Spanish name actually refers to that very rod, so it is a pars pro toto where the eponymous component may actually be absent. In Spanish, the name can also be applied to a rope and stick used to compress a member as a torture device or to reanimate the victim. The garrote particularly refers to the execution device used in Spain until as recently as 1973.

In Spain, it was abolished, as well as the death penalty, in 1978 with the new constitution. Originally, it was an execution where the convict was killed by hitting him with a club (garrote in Spanish). Later, it was modified and consisted of a seat to restrain the condemned person, while the executioner tightened a metal band around his/her neck with a crank or a wheel until suffocation of the condemned person was accomplished. A 1901 execution at the old Bilibid Prison, Manila, Philippines Some versions of this device incorporated a fixed metal blade or spike directed at the spinal cord to hasten the breaking of the neck. Such a device can be seen in the James Bond films The World Is Not Enough, The Living Daylights, and From Russia with Love. The spiked version, called the Catalan garrote, was used as late as 1940 (as well as being used by other Spanish colonies until shortly after the 1898 Spanish-American War). American authorities chose to keep the garrote in the Philippines after that Spanish colony was captured in 1898, and its use was not abolished until 1902 (Act No.

451, passed September 2, 1902). The most notable victims of the garrote in the Philippines were the trio of native priests, the Gomburza, for their alleged participation in the Cavite Mutiny. In the Ottoman Empire, execution by strangulation was reserved for very high officials and members of the ruling family. Unlike the Spanish version, a bowstring was used instead of a tightening collar. The garotte (Latin: laqueus) is known to have been used in the first century BC in Rome. It is referred to in accounts of the Catiline conspiracy, where conspirators including Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura were strangled with a laqueus in the Tullianum, and the implement is shown in some early reliefs, e.g., Répertoire de Reliefs grecs et romains, tome I, p. 341 (1919). In this 15th-century depiction of the burning of Albigensians after an auto de fe, the condemned had been garroted previously. It is one of the first depictions of a garrote. Pedro Berruguete, Saint Dominic Presiding over an Auto-da-fe.

It was also used in the Middle Ages in Spain and Portugal. It was employed during the conquista of Latin America, as attested by the execution of the Inca emperor Atahualpa. In the 1810s, the earliest known metallic versions of garrotes appeared and started to be used in Spain. On 28 April 1828, they would be declared the sole civilian execution method in Spain. In May 1897, the last public garroting was carried out in Spain, in Barcelona. After that, all executions would be held in private inside prisons (even if the press took photos of some of them). In 1935 in Spain the legislature adopted a law prohibiting any member of the armed forces from being a Freemason. When the Spanish Civil War began in 1936, the Grand Orient moved its headquarters to Brussels (later moving to Mexico). Part of the result of this edict ended with 80 Masons being garroted to death in Málaga. The last civilian executions in Spain were those of Pilar Prades in May 1959 and José María Járabo in July 1959.

Recent legislation had made many crimes belong to military legislation (like robbery-murder); thus, for some years, prosecutors would rarely request civilian executions. Several executions would still be carried out in Spain, eight of them in the 1970s: the January 1972 firing-squad execution of robber-murderer Pedro Martínez Expósito, a soldier; the March 1974 garrotings of Heinz Ches (real name Georg Michael Welzel) and Salvador Puig Antich, both accused of killing police officers (theirs were the last state-sanctioned garrotings in Spain and in the world); and the firing-squad executions of five militants from ETA and FRAP in September 1975. With the 1973 Penal Code, prosecutors once again started requesting execution in civilian cases. If the death penalty had not been abolished in 1978 after dictator Francisco Franco’s death, civilian executions would most likely have resumed.

The last man to be sentenced to death by garroting was José Luis Cerveto el asesino de Pedralbes in October 1977, for a double robbery-murder in May 1974 (he was also a paedophile).[citation needed] He requested that the democratic government execute him, but his sentence was commuted. Another prisoner whose civilian death sentence was commuted by the new government was businessman Juan Ballot, for the murder by hire of his wife in Navarre in November 1973. The writer Camilo José Cela requested from the Consejo General del Poder Judicial a garrote to display in his foundation. It was kept in storage in Barcelona and probably had been used for Puig Antich. It was displayed for a time in the room that the Cela Foundation devoted to his novel La familia de Pascual Duarte until Puig Antich’s family asked for its removal.

Andorra, in 1990, was the last country to abolish the death penalty by garroting, though this method had been unused there since the late 19th century, and the only execution in Andorra in the 20th century, that of Antoni Arenis for fratricide in 1943, was carried out by firing squad because of the unavailability of a garrote executioner at that moment. Garrote G Garrote A garrote or garrote vil (a Spanish word; alternative spellings include garotte and garrotte) is a handheld weapon, most often referring to a ligature of chain , rope , scarf , wire or fishing line used to strangle someone. The term especially refers to an execution device but is sometimes used in assassination , because it can be completely silent. In addition, the garrote is used by some military units. The garrote was employed in Thuggee , whose practitioners used a yellow scarf called a Rumaal. A garrote can be made out of many different materials, including ropes, tie wraps, fishing lines, nylon , and even guitar strings, telephone cord and piano wire .

Some incidents have involved a stick used to tighten the garrote; the Spanish name actually refers to that very rod, so it is a pars pro toto where the eponymous component may actually be absent. In Spanish, the name can also be applied to a rope and stick used to compress a member as a torture device or to reanimate the victim. One of the reasons possession of a nunchaku is illegal in many jurisdictions is that it can easily be employed as a garrote in some configurations. In British criminal law , garrote was also a defined type of violent robbery using at least physical threat against the victims. Use as an execution device The garrote particularly refers to the execution device used by the Spaniards until as recently as 1974. In Spain, it was abolished, as well as the death penalty, in 1978 with the new constitution. Originally, it was an execution where the convict was killed by hitting him with a club (garrote in Spanish). Later, it was refined and consisted of a seat to restrain the condemned person, while the executioner tightened a metal band around his neck with a crank or a wheel until suffocation of the condemned person was accomplished.

Some versions of this device incorporated a fixed metal blade or spike directed at the spinal cord to hasten the breaking of the neck. Such a device can be seen in the James Bond films The World Is Not Enough, The Living Daylights, and From Russia with Love. The spiked version, called the Catalan garrote, was used as late as 1940 (as well as being used by other Spanish colonies until shortly after the 1898 Spanish-American War ). American authorities chose to keep the garrote in the Philippines after that Spanish colony was captured in 1898. The most notable victims of the garrote in the Philippines were the trio of native priests, the Gomburza, for their alleged participation in the Cavite Mutiny. In the Ottoman Empire , execution by strangulation was reserved for very high officials and members of the ruling family. Unlike the Spanish version, a bowstring was used instead of a tightening collar. The garotte ( Latin : laqueus) is known to have been used in the first century BC in Rome.

It is referred to in accounts of the Catiline conspiracy, where conspirators including Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura were strangled with a laqueus in the Tullianum, and the implement is shown in some early reliefs, e.g., Répertoire de Reliefs grecs et romains, tome I, p. 341 (1919). It was also used in the Middle Ages in Spain and Portugal . It was employed during the conquista of Latin America, as attested by the execution of the Inca emperor Atahualpa. In the 1810s, the earliest known metallic versions of garrotes appeared and started to be used in Spain. On 28 April 1828, they would be declared the sole civilian execution method in Spain. In May 1897, the last public garroting was carried out in Spain, in Barcelona . After that, all executions would be held in private inside prisons (even if the press took photos of some of them). The last civilian executions in Spain were those of Pilar Prades in May 1959 and José María Járabo in July 1959.

Recent legislation had made many crimes belong to military legislation (like robbery-murder); thus, for some years, prosecutors would rarely request civilian executions. Several executions would still be carried out in Spain, eight of them in the 1970s: the January 1972 firing-squad execution of robber-murderer Pedro Martínez Expósito, a soldier; the March 1974 garrotings of Heinz Ches (real name Georg Michael Welzel) and Salvador Puig Antich, both accused of killing police officers (theirs were the last garrottings in Spain and in the world); and the firing-squad executions of five militants from ETA and FRAP in September 1975. With the 1973 Penal Code, prosecutors once again started requesting execution in civilian cases. If the death penalty had not been abolished in 1978 after dictator Francisco Franco 's death, civilian executions would most likely have resumed.

The last man to be sentenced to death by garroting was José Luis Cerveto el asesino de Pedralbes in October 1977, for a double robbery-murder in May 1974 (he was also a pedophile ). He requested that the democratic government execute him, but his sentence was commuted. Another prisoner whose civilian death sentence was commuted by the new government was businessman Juan Ballot, for the murder by hire of his wife in Navarre in November 1973. The writer Camilo José Cela requested from the Consejo General del Poder Judicial a garrote to display in his foundation. It was kept in storage in Barcelona and probably had been used for Puig Antich. It was displayed for a time in the room that the Cela Foundation devoted to his novel La familia de Pascual Duarte until Puig Antich's family asked for its removal.

Andorra , in 1990, was the last country to abolish the death penalty by garroting, though this method had been unused there since the late 19th century, and the only execution in Andorra in the 20th century, that of Antoni Arenis for fratricide in 1943, was carried out by firing squad because of the unavailability of a garrote executioner at that moment. The garrote was sometimes used in England to execute religious heretics before they were burned at the stake. (Wikipedia) garotte - definition - What is ? What is ? garotte definition : garotte A garrote or garrote vil (a Spanish word; alternative spellings include garotte and garrotte including "garrot"and " G-knot") is a weapon, most often referring to a handheld ligature of chain, rope, scarf, wire or fishing line used to strangle a person. ==Assassination weapon== A garrote can be made out of many different materials, including ropes, cable ties, fishing lines, nylon, guitar strings, telephone cord or piano wire.

A stick may be used to tighten the garrote; the Spanish word actually refers to the stick itself, so it is a pars pro toto where the eponymous component may actually be absent. In Spanish, the term may also refer to a rope and stick used to constrict a limb as a torture device. Since World War II, the garrote has been regularly employed as a weapon by soldiers as a silent means of eliminating sentries and other enemy personnel. However, use of this execution method was soon discontinued and replaced by hanging. Since 1929, capital punishment has not existed under Puerto Rican law. In the Ottoman Empire, execution by strangulation was reserved for very high officials and members of the ruling family. Unlike the Spanish version, a bowstring was used instead of a tightening collar. The garrote () is known to have been used in the first century BC in Rome. It is referred to in accounts of the Second Catilinian Conspiracy, where conspirators including Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura were strangled with a laqueus in the Tullianum, and the implement is shown in some early reliefs, e.g., Répertoire de Reliefs grecs et romains, tome I, p.

341 (1919). It was also used in the Middle Ages in Spain and Portugal. It was employed during the conquista of the Americas, notably in the execution of the Inca emperor Atahualpa. During the Peninsular War of 1808–1814, French forces regularly used the garrote to execute Spanish guerrilleros, priests, and other opponents to Napoleonic rule. Around 1810 the earliest known metallic garrote appeared in Spain, and on 28 April 1828, the garrote was declared the sole method of executing civilians in that country. In May 1897, the last public garroting in Spain was performed in Barcelona. After that, all executions were performed inside prisons. In 1935 in Spain the legislature adopted a law prohibiting any member of the armed forces from being a Freemason. As a result of this edict, 80 Freemasons were garroted in Málaga.

===Abolition=== The last civilian executions in Spain, both by garroting, were those of Pilar Prades in May 1959 and José María Jarabo in July 1959. Recent legislation had caused many crimes (such as robbery-murder) to fall under the jurisdiction of military law; thus, prosecutors rarely requested civilian executions. Military executions were still performed in Spain until the 1970s. The garrotings of Heinz Chez (real name Georg Michael Welzel) and Salvador Puig Antich in March 1974, both convicted during Franco's dictatorship of killing police officers, were the last state-sanctioned garrotings in Spain and in the world. With the 1973 Penal Code, prosecutors once again started requesting execution in civilian cases. If the death penalty had not been abolished in 1978 after dictator Francisco Franco's death, civilian executions would most likely have resumed. The last man to be sentenced to death by garroting was José Luis Cerveto "el asesino de Pedralbes" in October 1977, for a double robbery-murder in May 1974.

Cerveto requested execution, but his sentence was commuted. Another prisoner whose civilian death sentence was commuted was businessman Juan Ballot, for the contract killing of his wife in Navarre in November 1973. In Spain, the death penalty was abolished after a new constitution was adopted in 1978. The writer Camilo José Cela obtained a garrote (which had probably been used for the execution of Puig Antich) from the Consejo General del Poder Judicial to display at his foundation. The device was kept in storage in Barcelona. It was displayed in the room that the Cela Foundation devoted to his novel La familia de Pascual Duarte until Puig Antich's family asked for its removal. In 1990, Andorra became the last country to officially abolish the death penalty by garrotting, though this method had not been employed there since the late 12th century.

== List of executed == * Atahualpa * Benigno Andrade, 1952 * Michele Angiolillo, 1897 * Leonardo Bravo, 20px 1812 * Heinz Chez * Juan Díaz de Garayo * Francisco Javier de Elío * Baldomero Fernández Ladreda * Francisco Castro Bueno * Agapito García Atadell * Juan García Suárez * Mariano Gómez * José María Jarabo, 1959 * José Apolonio Burgos * Juan Vázquez Pérez * Julio López Guixot, 1958 * Narciso López, 1851 * Luis Candelas * Martín Merino y Gómez * Francisco Otero González * Mariana Pineda * Salvador Puig Antich, 1974 * Pilar Prades Santamaría, 1959 * António José da Silva, 1739 ==References== garrote : definition of garrote and synonyms of garrote (English) From the torture museum of Freiburg im Breisgau A garrote or garrote vil (a Spanish word; alternative spell

ings include garotte and garrotte [1] ) is a weapon , most often referring to a handheld ligature of chain, rope, scarf, wire or fishing line used to strangle a person.

[2] Assassination weapon The garrote has been used for centuries as a means of silent assassination . [2] It was widely employed in 17th and 18th century India as an assassination device, particularly by the Thuggee cult. [2] Practitioners used a yellow silk or cloth scarf called a rumāl . [2] A garrote can be made out of many different materials, including ropes, cable ties , fishing lines, nylon, and even guitar strings, telephone cord and piano wire . [2] [3] [4] The Indian version of the garrote frequently incorporates a knot at the center intended to aid in crushing the larynx while applying pressure to the victim's back, usually by means of a foot or knee. A stick may be used to tighten the garrote (the Spanish word actually refers to the stick itself) so it is a pars pro toto where the eponymous component may actually be absent. In Spanish, the term may also refer to a rope and stick used to constrict a limb as a torture device.

[2] [5] Since World War II the garrote has been regularly employed as a weapon by soldiers as a silent means of eliminating sentries and other enemy personnel. [3] [4] Instruction in the use of purpose-built and improvised garrottes is included in the training of many elite military units and special forces. [4] A typical military garrote consists of two wooden handles attached to a length of flexible wire; the wire is looped over a sentry's head and pulled taut in one motion. [3] [4] Soldiers of the French Foreign Legion have used a particular type of double-loop garrote (referred to as la loupe), where a double coil of rope or cord is dropped around a victim's neck and then pulled taut. Even if the victim pulls on one of the coils, he only succeeds in tightening the other. [4] Execution device A mannequin is placed in a garrote to demonstrate the position of a human in the device A 1901 execution at the old Bilibid Prison, Manila , Philippines In this 15th-century depiction of the burning of Albigensians after an auto de fe , the condemned had been garroted previously.

It is one of the first depictions of a garrote. Pedro Berruguete , Saint Dominic Presiding over an Auto-da-fe. A Spanish priest garroted by Napoleon's forces for carrying a pocket knife The garrote was the principal device used for capital punishment in Spain for hundreds of years. Originally, it was an execution where the convict was killed by hitting him with a club (garrote in Spanish). This later developed into a strangulation device, where the condemned was tied to a wooden stake, with a loop of rope placed around his neck. A wooden stick was placed in the loop, and by rotating the stick, the rope was tightened until the condemned person was strangled to death. As time went on, the execution method was modified in the form of a wooden chair to which the condemned was bound, while the executioner tightened a metal band around his/her neck with a crank or a wheel until asphyxiation of the condemned person was accomplished. Other versions of this device incorporated a fixed metal blade or spike directed at the spinal cord to hasten the breaking of the neck. Such a device can be seen in the James Bond film The World Is Not Enough , as well as the Banderas/Jolie film, Original Sin .

The spiked version, called the Catalan garrote, was used as late as 1940. American authorities chose to keep the garrote in the Philippines after that Spanish colony was captured in 1898, and its use was not abolished until 1902 ( Act No. 451, passed September 2, 1902 ). Notable victims of the garrote in the Philippines include the trio of native priests, the Gomburza , for their alleged participation in the 1872 Cavite mutiny . In the Ottoman Empire , execution by strangulation was reserved for very high officials and members of the ruling family. Unlike the Spanish version, a bowstring was used instead of a tightening collar. [6] The garrote ( Latin : laqueus) is known to have been used in the first century BC in Rome. It is referred to in accounts of the Second Catilinian Conspiracy , where conspirators including Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura were strangled with a laqueus in the Tullianum , and the implement is shown in some early reliefs, e.g., Répertoire de Reliefs grecs et romains, tome I, p.

341 (1919). [7] It was also used in the Middle Ages in Spain and Portugal. It was employed during the conquista of the Americas, notably in the execution of the Inca emperor Atahualpa . During the Peninsular War of 1808–1814, French forces regularly used the garrote to execute Spanish guerrilleros, priests, and other opponents to Napoleonic rule. Around 1810 the earliest known metallic garrote appeared in Spain, and on 28 April 1828, the garrote was declared the sole method of executing civilians in that country. In May 1897, the last public garroting in Spain was performed in Barcelona . After that, all executions were performed inside prisons. In 1935 in Spain the legislature adopted a law prohibiting any member of the armed forces from being a Freemason . As a result of this edict, 80 Freemasons were garroted to death in Málaga . [8] This was one of the many issues that led to unrest that became the Spanish Civil War.

The last civilian executions in Spain, both by garroting, were those of Pilar Prades in May 1959 and José María Jarabo in July 1959. Recent legislation had caused many crimes (such as robbery-murder) to fall under the jurisdiction of military law ; thus, prosecutors rarely requested civilian executions. Military executions were still performed in Spain until the 1970s. The garrotings of Heinz Ches (real name Georg Michael Welzel) and Salvador Puig Antich in March 1974, both convicted of killing police officers, were the last state-sanctioned garrotings in Spain and in the world.[ citation needed ] With the 1973 Penal Code, prosecutors once again started requesting execution in civilian cases. If the death penalty had not been abolished in 1978 after dictator Francisco Franco 's death, civilian executions would most likely have resumed.

The last man to be sentenced to death by garroting was José Luis Cerveto "el asesino de Pedralbes" in October 1977, for a double robbery-murder in May 1974.[ citation needed ] Cerveto requested execution, but his sentence was commuted . Another prisoner whose civilian death sentence was commuted was businessman Juan Ballot, for the contract killing of his wife in Navarre in November 1973. In Spain, the garrote was abolished in 1978 along with the death penalty after adoption of a new constitution. The writer Camilo José Cela obtained a garrote (which had probably been used for the execution of Puig Antich ) from the Consejo General del Poder Judicial to display at his foundation. The device was kept in storage in Barcelona. It was displayed for a time in the room [9] [10] that the Cela Foundation devoted to his novel La familia de Pascual Duarte until Puig Antich's family asked for its removal.

[11] In 1990, Andorra became the last country to officially abolish the death penalty by garroting, though this method had not been employed there since the late 19th century. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Garrote ^ Concise Oxford English Dictionary 11th Ed garrotte is normal British English spelling, with single r alternate. Article title is US English spelling variant. ^ a b c d e f Newquist, H.P. and Maloof, Rich, This Will Kill You: A Guide to the Ways in Which We Go, New York: St. Martin's Press, ISBN 978-0-312-54062-3 (2009), pp. 133-6 ^ a b c Whittaker, Wayne, Tough Guys, Popular Mechanics, February 1943, Vol. 79 No. 2, pp. 44 ^ a b c d e Steele, David E., Silent Sentry Removal, Black Belt Magazine, August 1986, Vol. 24 No. 8, pp.

48-49 Garotte - The Full Wiki The Full Wiki Advertisements Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . Related top topics From the torture museum of Freiburg im Breisgau . A garrote or garrote vil (a Spanish word; alternative spellings include garotte and garrotte) is a handheld weapon , most often referring to a ligature of chain , rope , scarf , wire or fishing line used to strangle someone. The term especially refers to an execution device but is sometimes used in assassination , because it can be completely silent. In addition, the garrote is used by some military units. The garrote was employed in Thuggee , whose practitioners used a yellow scarf called a Rumaal . A garrote can be made out of many different materials, including ropes, tie wraps , fishing lines, nylon , and even guitar strings , telephone cord and piano wire .

Some incidents have involved a stick used to tighten the garrote; the Spanish name actually refers to that very rod, so it is a pars pro toto where the eponymous component may actually be absent. In Spanish, the name can also be applied to a rope and stick used to compress a member as a torture device or to reanimate the victim. [1] One of the reasons possession of a nunchaku is illegal in many jurisdictions is that it can easily be employed as a garrote in some configurations. In British criminal law , garrote was also a defined type of violent robbery using at least physical threat against the victims. Used as an execution device A mannequin is placed in a garrote to demonstrate the position of a human in the device. The garrote particularly refers to the execution device used by the Spaniards until as recently as 1974. In Spain, it was abolished, as well as the death penalty, in 1978 with the new constitution. Originally, it was an execution where the convict was killed by hitting him with a club (garrote in Spanish).

Later, it was refined and consisted of a seat to restrain the condemned person, while the executioner tightened a metal band around his neck with a crank or a wheel until suffocation of the condemned person was accomplished. A 1901 execution at the old Bilibid Prison, Manila , Philippines Some versions of this device incorporated a fixed metal blade or spike directed at the spinal cord to hasten the breaking of the neck. Such a device can be seen in the James Bond films The World Is Not Enough , The Living Daylights , and From Russia with Love . The spiked version, called the Catalan garrote, was used as late as 1940 (as well as being used by other Spanish colonies until shortly after the 1898 Spanish-American War ). American authorities chose to keep the garrote in the Philippines after that Spanish colony was captured in 1898. The most notable victims of the garrote in the Philippines were the trio of native priests, the Gomburza , for their alleged participation in the Cavite Mutiny . In the Ottoman Empire , execution by strangulation was reserved for very high officials and members of the ruling family. Unlike the Spanish version, a bowstring was used instead of a tightening collar.

[2] The garotte ( Latin : laqueus) is known to have been used in the first century BC in Rome. It is referred to in accounts of the Catiline conspiracy, where conspirators including Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura were strangled with a laqueus in the Tullianum , and the implement is shown in some early reliefs, e.g., Répertoire de Reliefs grecs et romains, tome I, p. 341 (1919). [3] In this 15th-century depiction of the burning of Albigensians after an auto de fe , the condemned had been garroted previously. [4] It is one of the first depictions of a garrote. Pedro Berruguete , Saint Dominic Presiding over an Auto-da-fe. It was also used in the Middle Ages in Spain and Portugal . It was employed during the conquista of Latin America, as attested by the execution of the Inca emperor Atahualpa . In the 1810s, the earliest known metallic versions of garrotes appeared and started to be used in Spain.

On 28 April 1828, they would be declared the sole civilian execution method in Spain. In May 1897, the last public garroting was carried out in Spain, in Barcelona . After that, all executions would be held in private inside prisons (even if the press took photos of some of them). In 1935 in Spain the legislature adopted a law prohibiting any member of the armed forces from being a Freemason. When the Spanish Civil War began in 1936, the Grand Orient moved its headquarters to Brussels (later moving to Mexico). Part of the result of this edict ended with 80 Masons being garroted to death in Málaga. [5] The last civilian executions in Spain were those of Pilar Prades in May 1959 and José María Járabo in July 1959. Recent legislation had made many crimes belong to military legislation (like robbery-murder); thus, for some years, prosecutors would rarely request civilian executions.

Several executions would still be carried out in Spain, eight of them in the 1970s: the January 1972 firing-squad execution of robber-murderer Pedro Martínez Expósito, a soldier; the March 1974 garrotings of Heinz Ches (real name Georg Michael Welzel) and Salvador Puig Antich , both accused of killing police officers (theirs were the last state-sanctioned garrotings in Spain and in the world ); and the firing-squad executions of five militants from ETA and FRAP in September 1975. With the 1973 Penal Code, prosecutors once again started requesting execution in civilian cases. If the death penalty had not been abolished in 1978 after dictator Francisco Franco 's death, civilian executions would most likely have resumed. The last man to be sentenced to death by garroting was José Luis Cerveto el asesino de Pedralbes in October 1977, for a double robbery-murder in May 1974 (he was also a pedophile ).[citation needed] He requested that the democratic government execute him, but his sentence was commuted .

Another prisoner whose civilian death sentence was commuted by the new government was businessman Juan Ballot, for the murder by hire of his wife in Navarre in November 1973. The writer Camilo José Cela requested from the Consejo General del Poder Judicial a garrote to display in his foundation. It was kept in storage in Barcelona and probably had been used for Puig Antich . It was displayed for a time in the room [6] [7] that the Cela Foundation devoted to his novel La familia de Pascual Duarte until Puig Antich's family asked for its removal. [8] Andorra , in 1990, was the last country to abolish the death penalty by garroting, though this method had been unused there since the late 19th century, and the only execution in Andorra in the 20th century, that of Antoni Arenis for fratricide in 1943, was carried out by firing squad because of the unavailability of a garrote executioner at that moment. The garrote was sometimes used in England to execute religious heretics before they were burned at the stake.

References Garrote - Wikipedia, Photos and Videos Garrote NEXT GO TO RESULTS [51 .. 100] WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE For the corregimiento in Panama, see Garrote, Colón . A 1901 execution at the old Bilibid Prison, Manila , Philippines A garrote or garrote vil (a Spanish word; alternative spellings include garotte and garrotte including "garrot"and " G-knot" [1] ) is a weapon , most often referring to a handheld ligature of chain, rope, scarf, wire or fishing line used to strangle a person. [2] From the torture museum of Freiburg im Breisgau Contents Assassination weapon[ edit ] A garrote can be made out of many different materials, including ropes, cable ties , fishing lines, nylon, guitar strings, telephone cord or piano wire . [2] [3] [4] A stick may be used to tighten the garrote; the Spanish word actually refers to the stick itself, so it is a pars pro toto where the eponymous component may actually be absent. In Spanish, the term may also refer to a rope and stick used to constrict a limb as a torture device.

[2] [5] Since World War II, the garrote has been regularly employed as a weapon by soldiers as a silent means of eliminating sentries and other enemy personnel. [3] [4] Instruction in the use of purpose-built and improvised garrottes is included in the training of many elite military units and special forces. [4] A typical military garrote consists of two wooden handles attached to a length of flexible wire; the wire is looped over a sentry's head and pulled taut in one motion. [3] [4] Soldiers of the French Foreign Legion have used a particular type of double-loop garrote (referred to as la loupe), where a double coil of rope or cord is dropped around a victim's neck and then pulled taut. Even if the victim pulls on one of the coils, he only succeeds in tightening the other. [4] The garrote was widely employed in 17th- and 18th-century India as an assassination device, particularly by the Thuggee cult. [2] Practitioners used a yellow silk or cloth scarf called a rumāl .

[2] The Indian version of the garrote frequently incorporates a knot at the center intended to aid in crushing the larynx while someone applies pressure to the victim's back, usually with a foot or knee. Execution device[ edit ] In this 15th-century depiction of the burning of Albigensians after an auto de fe , the condemned had been garroted previously. It is one of the first depictions of a garrote. Pedro Berruguete , Saint Dominic Presiding over an Auto-da-fe. The garrote was the principal device used for capital punishment in Spain for one and a half centuries until its abolition. Originally, it entailed a mode of execution wherein a convict would be beaten to death with a club (garrote in Spanish). This later developed into a practice of strangulation by which the condemned was tied to a wooden stake with a looped section of rope placed around his neck. A wooden stick would then be placed in the loop and twisted by an executioner , causing the rope to tighten until it strangled the prisoner.

As time went on, the execution method was modified in the form of a wooden chair to which the condemned was bound, while the executioner tightened a metal band around his or her neck with a crank or a wheel until asphyxiation of the condemned person was accomplished. Other versions of this device incorporated a fixed metal blade or spike directed at the spinal cord to hasten the breaking of the neck. The spiked version, called the Catalan garrote, was used as late as 1940. American authorities kept the garrote for a time in the Philippines after that Spanish colony was captured in 1898. Its use was abolished in 1902 (Act No. 451, passed September 2, 1902). Notable victims of the garrote in the Philippines include the trio of native priests, the Gomburza , for their alleged participation in the 1872 Cavite mutiny . American military authorities in Puerto Rico also used the garrote to execute at least five convicted murderers in 1900.

In a report to Congress, the American military governor opined "that execution by the garotte is far less inhumane and revolting than execution by hanging ." [6] However, use of this execution method was soon discontinued and replaced by hanging. Since 1929, capital punishment has not existed under Puerto Rican law. In the Ottoman Empire , execution by strangulation was reserved for very high officials and members of the ruling family. Unlike the Spanish version, a bowstring was used instead of a tightening collar. [7] The garrote ( Latin : laqueus) is known to have been used in the first century BC in Rome. It is referred to in accounts of the Second Catilinian Conspiracy , where conspirators including Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura were strangled with a laqueus in the Tullianum , and the implement is shown in some early reliefs, e.g., Répertoire de Reliefs grecs et romains, tome I, p. 341 (1919). [8] It was also used in the Middle Ages in Spain and Portugal.

It was employed during the conquista of the Americas, notably in the execution of the Inca emperor Atahualpa . During the Peninsular War of 1808–1814, French forces regularly used the garrote to execute Spanish guerrilleros, priests, and other opponents of Napoleonic rule. Around 1810 the earliest known metallic garrote appeared in Spain, and on 28 April 1828, the garrote was declared the sole method of executing civilians in that country. In May 1897, the last public garroting in Spain was performed in Barcelona . After that, all executions were performed inside prisons. In 1935 in Spain the legislature adopted a law prohibiting any member of the armed forces from being a Freemason . As a result of this edict, 80 Freemasons were garroted in Málaga . [9] Abolition[ edit ] The last civilian executions in Spain, both by garroting, were those of Pilar Prades in May 1959 and José María Jarabo in July 1959.

Recent legislation had caused many crimes (such as robbery-murder) to fall under the jurisdiction of military law ; thus, prosecutors rarely requested civilian executions. Military executions were still performed in Spain until the 1970s. The garrotings of Heinz Chez (real name Georg Michael Welzel) and Salvador Puig Antich in March 1974, both convicted during Franco's dictatorship of killing police officers, were the last state-sanctioned garrotings in Spain and in the world.[ citation needed ] With the 1973 Penal Code, prosecutors once again started requesting execution in civilian cases. If the death penalty had not been abolished in 1978 after dictator Francisco Franco 's death, it is most likely that civilian executions would have resumed. The last man to be sentenced to death by garroting was José Luis Cerveto "el asesino de Pedralbes" in October 1977, for a double robbery-murder in May 1974.[ citation needed ] Cerveto requested execution, but his sentence was commuted .

Another prisoner whose civilian death sentence was commuted was businessman Juan Ballot, for the contract killing of his wife in Navarre in November 1973. In Spain, the death penalty was abolished after a new constitution was adopted in 1978. The writer Camilo José Cela obtained a garrote (which had probably been used for the execution of Puig Antich) from the Consejo General del Poder Judicial to display at his foundation. The device was kept in storage in Barcelona. It was displayed in the room [10] [11] that the Cela Foundation devoted to his novel La familia de Pascual Duarte until Puig Antich's family asked for its removal. [12] In 1990, Andorra became the last country to officially abolish the death penalty by garrotting, though this method had not been employed there since the late 12th century. List of executed[ edit ] Carmen Opera Operating w.r.t. Deictic Duties & their illocutionary inferential systems | Timm Beckman - Academia.edu Carmen Opera Operating w.r.t.

Deictic Duties & their illocutionary inferential systems Timm Beckman Timothy Beckman Prof. Leicester LTMO 145B 7 October 2014 Carmen: A meditation on deixis Concentric circles of criminalization and obfuscated or invisible violence oscillate throughout the “several months’ wanderings through Andalusia, the time came to return to Madrid, and I had once again to pass through Córdoba…. I had to see a few friends again and deliver some messages, and this entailed my spending three or four days in the ancient capital of Moslem princes. The deictic information that is interpolated within the diegetic and sequential pedestrianism of our mediated narrative voice for Chapters 1 and 2, the placeholder payllo archeologist, displays and to a certain extent dispossesses cases of genitive, locative and vocative arcs that discretely nationalize and nominalize the plasticity of justice w.r.t socio-religious and socio-political tradition.

For instance, that garroting is polysemous in its framing as a “privilege of the nobility” or an exclusive and nobly state-sanctioned execution right which as one of the “idiosyncrasies of our country, you mustn’t miss the opportunity of learning how felons take their leave of this world here in Spain” (Mérimée 18). Why does this scene presuppose the beginning of Don José’s (José María’s/Navarro’s) own pseudo-first person narrated conveyed with “urgency, conviction, and dramatic force” (Introduction xvii). Upon this transgressive and transindividual continuum of ‘deictic centers’ (either locative (location), vocative (name/ subject), genitive (possession of), audio-visual-textual (dialogue and diegesis), or especially spatio-temporal, etc: In linguistics, deixis (/ˈdaɪksɨs/)[1] refers to words and phrases that cannot be fully understood without additionalcontextual information. Words are deictic if their semantic meaning is fixed but their denotational meaning varies depending on time and/or place.

Words or phrases that require contextual information to convey any meaning – for example, English pronouns – are deictic. Deixis is closely related to anaphora. W.r.t anaphora, cataphora, and deixis what is evoked or expressed the usage of scoundrel, bandit, gypsy, criminal, other pejoratives or lines and degrees of separation surrounding eligibility, frequency, and brutality for capital punishment based on socio-political and gender and racially charged lines? 1. How are the Corregidor and the criminal evoked as archetypes in relation to real world capital punishment as inextricably involved in the undergrowth of theSpanish and French Catholic hegemony as an unparalleled ideological apparatus of violent gesalt and social semiotics? a. Corregidor at this period, the chief magistrate in some Spanisj towns , with the civil, administrative and criminal jurisdiction. Page 17: “As soon as I reappeared at the Dominican friary, one of the friars who had always shown great interest in my research on the site of Munda welcomed me with open arms, exclaiming: ‘God be praised! Welcome,, my dear friend.

We all took you for dead, and I myself have recited any number of Paters and Aves for the salvation of your soul- not that I regret them. So they didn’t murder you- for we know that you were robbed.’ ‘How come?’ I asked him in some surprise. ‘Yes, indeed: you know that fine repeater watch you used to make strike the hour, in the library, when we told you it was time to go to service ? well, it’s been found, and it will be returned to you.’ ‘It’s true that I’d mislaid it,’ I broke in, somewhat abashed. ‘The scoundrel is behind bars, and since we know he was known to be a man who would shoot a Christian to rob him of a peseta, we were scared to death he’d done away with you. I’ll go with you to the Corregidor and we’ll get them to return your beautiful watch to you.

Then, when you’re back in France you won’t be able to say there’s no justice here in Spain.’ ’Quite frankly,’ I said to him, ‘I’d sooner lose my watch than give evidence against some poor wretch that will lead to his being hanged, especially because, well…” “Oh, set your mind at rest. He’s been tried on a number of other counts, and you can’t hang a man twice. Besides, it’s not a question of hanging: the man who robbed you is an hidalgo, so in two days’ time he will be garroted, with no reprieve.’ … 1. In 1830 this was still the privilege of the nobility (fueros, fuerzas: rights). Today, under the constitutional regime, commoners have won the right to be garroted. “Wiki: A garrote or garrote vil (a Spanish word; alternative spellings include garotte and garrotte[1]) is a weapon, most often referring to a handheld ligature of chain, rope, scarf, wire or fishing line used to strangle a person.

A garrote can be made out of many different materials, including ropes, cable ties, fishing lines, nylon, guitar strings, telephone cord or piano wire.[2][3][4] A stick may be used to tighten the garrote (the Spanish word actually refers to the stick itself) so it is a pars pro toto where the eponymous component may actually be absent. In Spanish, the term may also refer to a rope and stick used to constrict a limb as a torture device. [2][5]Since World War II the garrote has been regularly employed as a weapon by soldiers as a silent means of eliminating sentries and other enemy personnel.[3][4] Instruction in the use of purpose-built and improvised garrottes is included in the training of many elite military units and special forces. [4] A typical military garrote consists of two wooden handles attached to a length of flexible wire; the wire is looped over a sentry's head and pulled taut in one motion.[3][4] Soldiers of the French Foreign Legion have used a particular type of double-loop garrote (referred to as la loupe), where a double coil of rope or cord is dropped around a victim's neck and then pulled taut.

Even if the victim pulls on one of the coils, he only succeeds in tightening the other.[4] The garrote was widely employed in 17th and 18th century India as an assassination device, particularly by the Thuggee cult.[2] Practitioners used a yellow silk or cloth scarf called a rumāl.[2] The Indian version of the garrote frequently incorporates a knot at the center intended to aid in crushing the larynx while someone applies pressure to the victim's back, usually with a foot or knee. The garrote was the principal device used for capital punishment in Spain for hundreds of years. Originally, it entailed a mode of execution wherein a convict would be beaten to death with a club (garrote in Spanish). This later developed into a practice of strangulation by which the condemned was tied to a wooden stake with a looped section of rope placed around his neck. A wooden stick would then be placed in the loop and twisted by an executioner, causing the rope to tighten until it strangled the prisoner to death.

As time went on, the execution method was modified in the form of a wooden chair to which the condemned was bound, while the executioner tightened a metal band around his or her neck with a crank or a wheel until asphyxiation of the condemned person was accomplished. Other versions of this device incorporated a fixed metal blade or spike directed at the spinal cord to hasten the breaking of the neck. Such a device can be seen in the James Bond film The World Is Not Enough, the Coppola classic "The Godfather", as well as the Banderas/Jolie film Original Sin. The spiked version, called the Catalan garrote, was used as late as 1940. American authorities kept the garrote for a time in the Philippines after that Spanish colony was captured in 1898. Its use was abolished in 1902 (Act No. 451, passed September 2, 1902). Notable victims of the garrote in the Philippines include the trio of native priests, the Gomburza, for their alleged participation in the 1872 Cavite mutiny.

American military authorities in Puerto Rico also used the garotte to execute at least five convicted murderers in 1900. In a report to Congress, the American military governor opined "that execution by the garotte is far less inhumane and revolting than execution byhanging."[6] However, use of this execution method was soon discontinued and replaced by hanging. (Since 1929, capital punishment has not existed under Puerto Rican law.) In the Ottoman Empire, execution by strangulation was reserved for very high officials and members of the ruling family. Unlike the Spanish version, a bowstring was used instead of a tightening collar.[7] The garrote (Latin: laqueus) is known to have been used in the first century BC in Rome. It is referred to in accounts of the Second Catilinian Conspiracy, where conspirators including Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura were strangled with a laqueus in the Tullianum, and the implement is shown in some early reliefs, e.g., Répertoire de Reliefs grecs et romains, tome I, p.

341 (1919).[8] It was also used in the Middle Ages in Spain and Portugal. It was employed during the conquista of the Americas, notably in the execution of the Incaemperor Atahualpa. During the Peninsular War of 1808–1814, French forces regularly used the garrote to execute Spanish guerrilleros, priests, and other opponents to Napoleonic rule. Around 1810 the earliest known metallic garrote appeared in Spain, and on 28 April 1828, the garrote was declared the sole method of executing civilians in that country. In May 1897, the last public garroting in Spain was performed in Barcelona. After that, all executions were performed inside prisons. In 1935 in Spain the legislature adopted a law prohibiting any member of the armed forces from being a Freemason.

As a result of this edict, 80 Freemasons were garroted to death in Málaga.[9] The last civilian executions in Spain, both by garroting, were those of Pilar Prades in May 1959 and José María Jarabo in July 1959. Recent legislation had caused many crimes (such as robbery-murder) to fall under the jurisdiction of military law; thus, prosecutors rarely requested civilian executions. Military executions were still performed in Spain until the 1970s. The garrotings of Heinz Ches (real name Georg Michael Welzel) and Salvador Puig Antich in March 1974, both convicted of killing police officers, were the last state-sanctioned garrotings in Spain and in the world. [citation needed] With the 1973 Penal Code, prosecutors once again started requesting execution in civilian cases. If the death penalty had not been abolished in 1978 after dictator Francisco Franco's death, civilian executions would most likely have resumed.

The last man to be sentenced to death by garroting was José Luis Cerveto "el asesino de Pedralbes" in October 1977, for a double robbery-murder in May 1974. [citation needed] Cerveto requested execution, but his sentence was commuted. Another prisoner whose civilian death sentence was commuted was businessman Juan Ballot, for the contract killing of his wife in Navarre in November 1973. In Spain, the death penalty was abolished after a new constitution was adopted in 1978. The writer Camilo José Cela obtained a garrote (which had probably been used for the execution of Puig Antich) from the Consejo General del Poder Judicial to display at his foundation. The device was kept in storage in Barcelona.

It was displayed in the room[10][11] that the Cela Foundation devoted to his novel La familia de Pascual Duarte until Puig Antich's family asked for its removal.[12] In 1990, Andorra became the last country to officially abolish the death penalty by garrotting, though this method had not been employed there since the late 12th century. READ PAPER

Question: What word refers to a length of chain, rope, scarf, wire or fishing line used to strangle someone or an execution device used in Spain until 1974?
Answer: Garotte