12/18/2009 Butler Shaffer [December 13, 2004] My interest in Charles Dickens's A Christmas Carol began one Christmas eve when, as a small child, my parents turned on network radio to listen to what, even then, had become a classic Christmas eve festivity: Lionel Barrymore's presentation of the Dickens story. Radio was a medium that required the imagination to paint scenes far more colorful, and to concoct monsters far scarier, than anything motion pictures or television have ever been able to present. With radio, the listener was the stage designer, costumer, and location director. In later years, I watched Alistair Sim's movie version of the story — the best of all the movie treatments, in my view. The film's special effects portrayal of Marley was nowhere as hideous and frightening as the one I had created in my mind while listening to the radio. Listening to Marley's chains being dragged up a darkened staircase elicited a stark terror that far exceeded the scene I saw in the movie. As I became older, I decided that Mr.

Dickens had given Ebenezer Scrooge an undeserved reputation for villainy, placing him in such company as Uriah Heep, Iago, Dr. Moriarty, or Snidely Whiplash, to name but a few. It is my purpose, in making this holiday defense of my client, to present to you a different interpretation of the story, that you will see the villainy not in my client's character, but in Charles Dickens's miscasting of the true heroes of the time of which he wrote, namely, the industrialists and financiers who created that most liberating epoch in human history: the Industrial Revolution. Lest there be any readers who need reminding of the virtues of this period, let me quote from that eminent English historian, T.S. Ashton, who wrote of the impoverished conditions of England and other nations prior to the Industrial Revolution.

As he expressed it, "The central problem of the age was how to feed and clothe and employ generations of children outnumbering by far those of any earlier time." England, he went on, "was delivered, not by her rulers, but by those who, seeking no doubt their own narrow ends, had the wit and resources to devise new instruments of production and new methods of administering industry. There are today on the plains of India and China men and women, plague-ridden and hungry, living lives little better, to outward appearance, than those of the cattle that toil with them by day and share their places of sleep by night. Such Asiatic standards, and such unmechanized horrors, are the lot of those who increase their numbers without passing through an industrial revolution." It is out of profound respect for those whose pursuits of their selfish interests have done far more to better the lives of others than have the combined efforts of all the self-styled altruists, saints, social workers, politicians, and other mischievous beings, that I have undertaken this defense of one of the most maligned financiers of this humanizing epoch.

As you read my defense of Scrooge, and make a comparative judgment of my client and his accuser, Charles Dickens, I ask you to keep in mind the warnings of another 19th-century writer, Anatole France, who observed, "Those who have given themselves the most concern about the happiness of peoples have made their neighbours very miserable." May it please the Court … and frankly, even if it doesn't please the Court. I find myself, once again, in the company of people like Clarence Darrow, who observed that "there are those who run with the hunters, and those who run with the hunted." In representing my client, Ebeneezer Scrooge, I am running with the hunted. Over the years, we have witnessed a thoroughly one-sided treatment of my client at the hands of the prosecution, as represented by Charles Dickens. On the basis of emotionally riddled allegations, coupled with pure economic ignorance, we have been asked to find Mr. Scrooge "guilty" of the most ill-defined wrongdoings. Most of us have been dissuaded from even imagining the possibility of a defense for a man like Scrooge.

Indeed, I suspect that many reading this brief are doing so under the impression that this is nothing more than a joke or, at best, a humorous proceeding designed to satisfy your legalistic fancies about "due process," so that you may proceed to hang my client with a clear conscience on your part. In this day of Ashcroftian logic, wherein dissent is regarded as evidence of criminal conspiracy, some of you might be inclined to take a front-row seat alongside another Dickens character — and precursor to FoxNews commentators — the irrepressible Madame LeFarge, to demand Scrooge's swift punishment, lest the accused slip through the net on the "legal technicality" that he was not guilty as charged! Not unlike the allegations in a child abuse case, many may be inclined to respond: "what kind of defense could be made of a man like that?

What would you expect someone who had done such a horrible deed to say?" To even mount a defense on behalf of my client is to risk the disapprobation of all those burdened by the sentiments of "political correctness." This is the age of tabloid thinking, which presumes that if allegations rise to a sufficient level of heinousness, no defense is conceivable, not even the defense of "innocent of the charges alleged." Some might even say that the more atrocious the allegations leveled at another, the less evidence that is necessary to sustain the charges, and the greater the burden upon the defendant to refute and disprove such charges. What is the bill of particulars with which my client is charged? Pay close attention to Mr. Dickens's allegations. His case comes down to just two points: my client has managed to become very rich, and, he insists on keeping his money for himself. That's it! That is the essence of his alleged wrongdoing. Knowing that the facts of this case support no more wrongdoing against my client than his being motivated by self-interest, Mr.

Dickens resorts to a subtle form of vilification by giving my client a pejorative name in an effort to win you over to the prosecution side by your expected revulsion at the sound of it: S-C-R-O-O-G-E ! Though I hope that you are sophisticated enough to resist such an apparent ad hominem attack against people of wealth, such has not been the response of most men and women. Like Ayn Rand's sniveling bureaucrat, Wesley Mouch, the name "Ebenezer Scrooge" is designed to evoke prejudice and animosity in the mind of the reader, so that people will be predisposed to support any case against the man, no matter how ill-founded. Even Ebenezer's politically correct nephew is blessed with a name from the maternal side of Scrooge's family. Dickens certainly had more neutral or wholesome names from which to have chosen for my client. David Copperfield, Nicholas Nickleby, Mr. Macawber come immediately to mind. Even the character Fezziwig conjures up a joviality and good-natured spirit in the minds of those who had never read the story.

Can you imagine my client with the name Sidney Carten, going off to work each day expressing the thought "'tis a far, far better thing that I do today"? Can you imagine such words coming from the pen of Charles Dickens and crossing the lips of my client as he goes about his business of lending money to those whose productive dreams will help to enhance the well-being of tens of thousands of total strangers? Just as a defendant is told that he must take his plaintiff as he finds him, a lawyer must take his client as he finds him. And so I proceed to the merits — if, indeed, such exist — of the case against Ebenezer Scrooge. While a general demurrer should have disposed of this bogus and malicious action in swift fashion at the outset, such was apparently not done in a timely manner by my predecessor, and I am now compelled to go forward on the facts — and their legal significance — of this case.

Taking my client as the miserable fellow Dickens has presented him, let me be the first to admit that if Ebenezer's obsession with materialistic pursuits rendered him an unhappy person, and were it the purposes of his detractors to help extricate him from his self-imposed miseries and to restore him to that state of happiness and innocence so common to most of us in our childhood years, no one would be happier than I. But it is not my client's happiness that the prosecution endeavors to obtain, but his money. The case against Ebenezer Scrooge is nothing more than a well-orchestrated, vicious conspiracy to extort from my client as much of his money as can be acquired through terror, threats of his death, and other appeals to fear. The only happiness that ensued to my client from this campaign arose from the ultimate cessation of terror inflicted upon him. Like the victim of any crime, the termination of wrongdoing offers a momentary relief that can be mistaken for pleasure, but it is an illusion. Such is the only happiness that Mr. Dickens has in mind for my client.

Make no mistake about it: my client has been the victim of a cruel criminal conspiracy to extort his money, as well as of such torts as intentional infliction of emotional distress, libel and slander, trespass, assault, malicious prosecution, battery, nuisance, and false imprisonment. To that end, my client may elect to bring his own suit, but for now let us focus upon his defense to this action. As we do so, pay particular attention to the utter contradiction underlying Dickens's case: my client is charged with being a greedy, money-hungry scoundrel, and yet it is the conspirators against him who want nothing more than his money! Scrooge — unlike his antagonists — earned his money in the marketplace by satisfying the demands of customers and clients who continue to do business with him, and did not, as far as we are told, resort to terror or threats of death to get it. Perhaps Dickens does no more, here, than engage in psychological projection.

In doing so, he reminds us of the definition of a "selfish" person as "one who puts his greedy interests ahead of mine!" "Some might even say that the more atrocious the allegations leveled at another, the less evidence that is necessary to sustain the charges, and the greater the burden upon the defendant to refute and disprove such charges." It is instructive that Dickens tells us virtually nothing about the nature of Ebenezer's business. We know that he is something of a banker or financier, but we are told nothing about the nature of his investments. Even if he has not been a creative entrepreneur himself, he has, presumably, been responsible for financing many successful enterprises, which have not only benefited the rest of the community in terms of goods and services they provide, but afford employment to countless individuals, including Bob Cratchit. For all that we know — and it would seem to be beneath Dickens's sensibilities to ask such a question or care about the answer — Scrooge may have provided capital for researchers seeking a cure for the very ailment from which Tiny Tim suffers.

We know that, at the very least, by managing to stay in the lending business these many years, and accumulating handsome earnings in the process, Scrooge's decision making has been beneficial to others. All of this goes unmentioned by Comrade Dickens, who prefers to focus upon the fact that Scrooge has actually profited from these many benefits that his sound business decision making has indirectly bestowed upon his neighbors. If we are to understand the essence of the case against my client, we must inquire into the nature of the collectivist thinking that produced it. In matters of economics, such people believe that wealth is simply a given, something that has come into existence in very mysterious ways, and in a fixed amount that has somehow managed to get into the hands of a few people through presumed and unspecified acts of dishonesty, exploitation, and unscrupulousness. Dickens expresses the dreary sentiment of "original sin" — an idea central to all collectivist thinking — which presumes individual self-interest to be a source of social misery rather than the fount of human well-being.

That the pursuit of private selfishness can generate good for others — even when doing so was not the purpose of the actor — was far too complicated a concept for Dickens's simplistic, fragmented mind. But to all collectivists, including Dickens, the idea that more wealth could be created never manages to invade their imaginations. Charles Dickens — writing at the peak of the Industrial Revolution — missed this essential feature of the period. To those who view wealth in such a limited way, the only question becomes "how is this fixed body of wealth to be most 'fairly' redistributed?" The question of "how can more wealth be created?" — and what conditions would be necessary for accomplishing such ends — never enters their minds, for the pursuit of such conditions would utterly destroy all socialist systems. The beneficiaries of such redistribution are looked upon as passive and dependent recipients of other people's decision making. In this connection, Bob Cratchit is the prototypical "proletarian." It is to Mr. Cratchit that I would now like to direct my attention.

The central character in this campaign of terror and extortion against my client is one Bob Cratchit, the 19th century's version of Forrest Gump, a witless and chronic loser with no apparent control over any significant aspects of his life save, perhaps, for his body's biological functions. He is an inflatable "Bozo" clown, whose only purpose in life is to absorb the blows visited upon him by others. He is the poster boy for "victimhood," a flatliner devoid of any dynamic sense of life. Let me offer this caveat, however: we do not allege this man to be one of the principal conspirators against my client. Far from it, for to have dreamed up, or to have actively participated in a scheme as convoluted and diabolical as the one perpetrated against my client, seems far beyond the ambitions or the imagination of Bob Cratchit or any members of his family. At this point, many of you are probably thinking to yourselves, "surely, he's not going to denounce the Cratchits, is he? They are one of the most revered of all families; a part of the pantheon of secular gods in our culture.

I can't believe he's going to go after them!" Yes I am! I am going to attack the Cratchits! "He can't do that," you may now be saying to yourselves. Just watch me! One of the offenses with which my client has been charged was that he had not paid Bob Cratchit a large-enough salary. Cratchit has worked for an allegedly substandard level of pay — whatever that may mean — for my client for many years. Why? Why did he not quit? Why didn't he go to work for some other employer — perhaps one of the politically correct businessmen who periodically show up at Scrooge's office to solicit and browbeat charitable contributions from my client? Put yourself in Cratchit's position: imagine yourself to have been the "victim" of years of underappreciated and underpaid work, head of a large family — one of whose members suffered from a life-threatening ailment — what would you have done? Would you have simply sat around in a kind of "Super Lotto" stupor, hoping that great fortune would befall you through some act of dumb luck?

Certainly, in the early days of the Industrial Revolution wherein Dickens wrote, when new businesses were starting up all over the place in a great burst of economic creativity, there must have been all sorts of opportunities available for a competent bookkeeper. Great fortunes were made by those who rose up out of abject poverty — such men as Andrew Carnegie come to mind, a young boy who went from seeing his father begging in the streets for work, to becoming the richest man of his era. At no time in history had there been a greater opportunity for self-betterment than during the Industrial Revolution, where demonstrated merit helped to destroy the state-conferred privileges of feudalism. To anyone with even the most rudimentary understanding of economics, two things should be clear: [1] if, as has been alleged, my client is a tight-fisted, selfish man, he surely would not have paid Bob Cratchit a shilling more than his marginal productivity was worth to Scrooge's firm, and [2] if Bob Cratchit was being woefully underpaid by my client, there must have been all kinds of alternative employment available to this man at higher salaries.

If Cratchit cannot find more remunerative work, and if my client is paying him the maximum that he is marginally worth to his business, then Cratchit must be worth precisely what my client is paying him! Economic values are subjective, with prices for goods or services rising or falling on the basis of the combined preferences of market participants. It is this interplay of marketplace forces — which Dickens neither understands nor favors — coupled with Cratchit's passive, sluggish disposition when it comes to improving his marketable skills or opportunities, that accounts for Cratchit's condition in life. My client should no more be expected to pay Cratchit more than his marketable skills merit than would Dickens have paid his stationer a higher than market price for his pen, ink, and paper, simply because the retailer "needed" more money! Dickens's ignorance of basic economics would, if acted upon by Scrooge, have produced adverse consequences for Cratchit himself. Had Ebenezer paid Cratchit a higher salary for his work, he [Scrooge] would very likely have been able to attract a larger number of job applicants from which he could have selected employees whose enhanced marginal productivity might have earned Scrooge even greater profits.

At such a point, terminating Cratchit's employment would have been an economically rational act by Scrooge. As matters now stand, Scrooge's employment policies have left him with the kind of groveling, ergophobic, humanoid sponge we have come to know as Bob Cratchit; a man we are expected to take into our hearts as an expression of some warped sense of the "Christmas spirit." Being an astute businessmen, Ebeneezer Scrooge was well aware of the marketplace maxim that "you get what you pay for." Unaccustomed as Commissar Dickens is to the informal processes of the marketplace, we would not expect him to tell us anything about competitive alternatives for Cratchit's services. Perhaps there are employers out there prepared to pay him a higher wage than he is receiving from my client. If this is so, then we must ask ourselves: did Bob Cratchit simply lack the ambition to seek higher-paying employment? It would appear so. At no time do we see this man exhibiting any interest in trying to better his and his family's lot.

"To all collectivists, including Dickens, the idea that more wealth could be created never manages to invade their imaginations." Not even when the aforementioned businessmen arrive for their annual shakedown of my client, does Cratchit so much as suggest to them: "gentlemen, I have a son who is afflicted with a life-threatening condition, and if you would be so inclined to look upon him as one of the objects of your charitable purposes, I would be greatly appreciative." He can't rise from his self-pitying position long enough to even speak up for Tiny Tim at a time when any responsible and loving parent would have jumped at the opportunity to plead his son's case. If Cratchit is such an unfocused sluggard that he is unable to generate the slightest motivation to speak up on behalf of his son when provided with the opportunity to do so, why should my client suffer the moral opprobrium of a community of readers who presume that he should be more greatly motivated on behalf of Tiny Tim than was Tim's own father? The prosecution, in the form of Mr. Dickens, would have you believe that my client is a heartless and irresponsible person.

But how much parental love and responsibility is exhibited by the sniveling and whining Bob Cratchit, who does little more than sit around and hope — hope that someone will show up with more ambition and sense of urgency and caring for Tiny Tim than do he and his deeply lobotomized family. What if your child was drowning in a lake: would you just stand on the shore and hope that a Boy Scout would show up looking for a daily "good deed" to perform? What if you came upon a school building that was afire and full of trapped, screaming children. Would you just stand there and watch and wonder to yourself: "why doesn't someone sound the fire alarm or try to rescue those poor children?" Such would have been the response of Bob Cratchit; such is the model of individual responsibility offered up to us by Charles Dickens! Neither, in this connection, can we ignore the behavior of Scrooge's nephew, who pops into the story early enough to chide his uncle for his miserly attitudes, and appears later, at a lavish Christmas party feted for his "yuppie" friends.

For all his sanctimonious rhetoric about caring for others, why were no gold coins forthcoming from the nephew's pockets on behalf of Tiny Tim? We see in this nephew the forerunner of the modern "politically correct" limousine liberal, who has all kinds of plans for disposing of other people's money, while carefully shepherding his own, a man Mark Twain might have had in mind when he wrote of those who believe that "nothing so needs reforming as other people's habits." If a lack of imagination and ambition is not at the crux of Bob Cratchit's problem in maintaining his inert, status quo position for so many years, then perhaps we should consider the possibility that this man was simply incompetent. Cratchit appears to us as a tenured example of the "Peter Principle," the recipient not so much of an earned salary as a sinecure. He was unable to obtain a more highly paid employment, I suspect, because he was incapable of performing at any higher skilled level than that of the bean counter he apparently was, and seemed satisfied in remaining. Had he been more competent and energetic, he might have sought employment from a competitor of Scrooge's, who would have seen qualities profitable to his firm.

But I suspect that, had Cratchit approached any of these businessmen for employment, they would have been observant enough of his elemental dullness to have responded, "Don't call us, we'll call you." If Cratchit's stagnating in the backwaters of Scrooge's shop was due to his basically poor work skills, we are once again confronted with the question: why did Cratchit not seek to enhance his skills, as by learning a more remunerative trade? That would certainly have been a great benefit to his family, including affording additional resources with which to possibly rescue Tiny Tim from his malady. But, alas, Bob Cratchit was, once again, either too unambitious or too unimaginative to pursue this course of conduct. Indeed, about the only gumption we see Cratchit exhibiting in this story is in his groveling request for another lump of coal for the stove, or his equally weak-kneed appeal for a day off on Christmas. Such is the extent of his courage, ambition, and love for his family. My client — whatever his reasons — has seen fit to keep this incompetent, noncreative dawdler on his payroll.

But instead of being praised for not terminating this slug, he stands condemned for not paying him more than he was marginally worth; more than any other employer would have paid him if, indeed, any other employer would have hired him in the first place! Perhaps my client's retention of Bob Cratchit should be looked upon as the most charitable of all the acts engaged in by anyone in Mr. Dickens's story! As I have already suggested, you can see that Bob Cratchit is not an active party in this conspiracy of terror and extortion against my client. He is both too dull and too lazy to have participated in such a scheme. Had this plot depended upon mobilizing the imagination or energies of Bob Cratchit, Ebenezer would have spent a quiet night of sleep, without being intruded upon by the snarling and clanking Jacob Marley, let alone the associated bogeymen and shakedown artists who showed up to terrorize my client. You are now able to see the fundamental contrast of characters presented to us by Charles Dickens.

Scrooge — the only person in the novel exhibiting any creative intelligence, and the only one who produces anything — is the villain because he has not given an unearned portion of his wealth over to Bob Cratchit — a man presented to us as a victim incapable of producing much of anything! In this brief synopsis, you see the thoroughly dispirited nature of socialism, a philosophy for losers, that feeds upon, and requires the continuing nourishment of, the mindset of victimology. The morally culpable wrongdoers in this shakedown of my client, though, have to be the spirits, who trespass, at night, upon the quiet enjoyment of my client's premises to terrify him with previews of his own demise should he not succumb to their demands to part with his money. No more blatant act of criminal extortion could be imagined than that visited upon my client by these spirits. If these forces are representative of the denizens of the allegedly heavenly planned community, I can only wonder how more unbearable it could be to spend eternity in warmer climes! At least "Old Scratch's" subdivision has the honesty of not pretending to be an idyllic paradise while peddling guilt and terror!

Perhaps it is a tipoff to the diabolic nature of the prosecution in this case that the name "Dickens" has long been a synonym for the devil! It might be argued that Dickens's spirits were simply interested in the reclamation and rehabilitation of my client's soul, and that such acts of terror had the well-being of Scrooge at heart. Such were the arguments used, during the medieval Inquisition, to justify the torture and burning-at-the-stake of heretics or, in later generations, to the persecution and hanging of witches. Lest you accept this shabby explanation for their behavior, ask yourself this question: would these spirits have deigned to visit Ebenezer if he had been a penniless beggar? Would they have bothered this man for a single moment had there been no money to squeeze from him? The spirits informed Scrooge that he needed to think of more than just himself, and to consider the interests of posterity. But what had posterity ever done for him? Furthermore, at any point in the story, did these spirits demonstrate regard for the well-being of other persons who might be inconvenienced by Scrooge's being terrorized into giving away his money?

If my client is to throw his money around, or pay more for services than what they are marginally worth to his firm, what is to happen to the plans of those who had arranged to borrow money from Scrooge's firm, only to be later told that the funds for such loans were no longer available? Do the spirits have any way of compensating them for their disappointments or, like socialists generally, are they totally indifferent to the unintended consequences of the events they set in motion? It is at this point that my strongest condemnation for these spirits arises. Any decent person in whose veins course even a minimal level of humanitarian sentiment must look upon the spirits with utter contempt and moral revulsion. Keep in mind, these specters are possessed with the powers to suspend ordinary rules that operate throughout the rest of nature. They can successfully defy gravity, move backwards and forwards in time, cause matter to become invisible, raise the dead, and foresee the future. Having all of these amazing powers, why did these spirits not intervene to cure Tiny Tim of his ailment? The answer is quite clear: like socialists and welfare-staters generally, they didn't give a damn about Tiny Tim's plight!

This poor, crippled boy was nothing more to them than an opportunity, a convenient resource to exploit in furtherance of what was important to them: to wring from my client whatever amount of money they could. The fate of Tiny Tim was held hostage; left to the outcome of an elaborate blackmail scheme! Assuming that Ebenezer has free will, he might have chosen to resist this campaign of terror, and to awake on Christmas morning more determined than ever to protect his assets from these psychic extortionists. Too bad for Tiny Tim, in that case, for the spirits were more interested in furthering their abstract ideological interests — including obtaining power over others — than in stooping to actually help another human being in need. If the campaign against my client failed, they would simply have moved on to other more profitable causes, leaving Tiny Tim to face an early death which, presumably, it was within their powers to prevent. Had the spirits been truly desirous of helping the Cratchit family, they would have been better advised to focus their time and energies upon this family rather than upon my client.

The Ghost of Christmas Past could, perhaps in some proto-Freudian style, have taken Bob Cratchit back to his youth, to help him discover why he had become such a passive, wimpy recipient of other people's decision making. Then, perhaps, the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come could have appeared to warn Cratchit of the dreary fate awaiting his family as a consequence of his incompetence, laziness, passivity, and psychic bankruptcy. The prospect of Tiny Tim's death, and of his own family ending up in a dismal poor house, might have been enough to stir some semblance of ambition in this hapless lummox. These spirits might even have offered him more positive assistance, perhaps by encouraging him to develop better marketable skills, in order that he might remove his family from the dire straits to which Cratchit seems all but indifferent. What level of paternal love is exhibited by this totally inept member of the booboisie, who has no more imagination or motivation on behalf of his ailing son than to sit around whining that his son will surely die unless someone else — somehow — at some uncertain time, shows up to bestow unearned riches upon his family?

Bob Cratchit represents that growing class of mathematically challenged men and women who believe that a lottery ticket is the most realistic means of acquiring riches! The Cratchits are good for little more than sitting around the house spouting empty bromides and homilies, seemingly oblivious of the need to make fundamental changes in their lives. At no time in the story do we find either of the adult Cratchits considering alternatives by which they could improve their economic condition. We do not, for instance, read of Mrs. Cratchit telling Bob — as they huddle around their rapidly cooling fireplace — "Bob, I saw Sally Struthers on the telly today, and she was advertising for a correspondence school where you can learn all kinds of new skills. Perhaps you could study 'charter accountancy,' Bob, and make more money." Neither is any offer made by Mrs. Cratchit to seek employment in order to earn money that could be used to help their ailing son.

Tiny Tim continually reminds them "God bless us, every one." But let us not forget that other admonition long since lost on the Cratchits: "the Lord helps those who help themselves." "Perhaps my client's retention of Bob Cratchit should be looked upon as the most charitable of all the acts engaged in by anyone in Mr. Dickens's story!" You can see that Tiny Tim is not the only cripple in this family! His parents are existentially handicapped and show no disposition to change. If there is anyone to whom an accusing finger should be pointed here, it is not my client, but that hapless, helpless, and hopeless brood known as the Cratchits; a weak-kneed gaggle prepared to do little more on behalf of the ailing Tiny Tim than to sit around hoping that my client will experience a transformation in consciousness sooner than will they, and that he will agree to pay the inept Bob Cratchit more money than he is worth! Of course, any suggestion that the Cratchits exercise independence and self-responsibility in their own affairs would run counter to the political and social agenda that Dickens, through his assorted spiritual operatives, have over such proto-proletarians.

To have the Cratchits of the world become truly self-governing and autonomous would be fatal to the socialist mindset, which requires a passive, compliant, conscript clientele, only too willing to exchange one master for another. Neither Charles Dickens — nor his intellectual heirs such as Frank Capra — could have enjoyed financial success in a world of independent, self-liberated, self-conscious, and self-directed men and women. As we reach the end of the story, we see my client reduced to such a state of psychological terror at the prospect of his own death, that he awakens and begins throwing money out the window to a stranger in the street. In the mind of Dickens, Scrooge has now justified his existence by abandoning the rational decision making that has made his firm successful, and adopting the mindset of a social worker who barges into the Cratchit household and begins running their lives. While Ebenezer's postnightmare behavior reflects what can only be described as the most immature understanding of how wealth is both produced and exchanged in the marketplace, they also represent significant legal issues.

I would suggest that a man who has been induced, by dread fear of his own death, to part with his money, has available to him the claim of duress to restore to him what was involuntarily taken from him. The basic principles of property and contract law support the conclusion that transactions entered into under duress are voidable, if not void absolutely. Secondly, the fears generated by the aforementioned spirits have probably risen to such a level of influence upon my client's mind that, in addition to his claims of duress, he could be said to have lacked legal capacity to exercise rational decision making over his property. What sight could be more demonstrative of this incapacity than the spectacles of Scrooge throwing money out into the street to a stranger; bestowing gifts upon a thoroughly incompetent and ungrateful employee and his family; and giving this sluggard an unearned pay raise? In the final analysis, this case against Ebenezer Scrooge comes down to an emotional appeal based upon the resentment and envy that is at the core of every second-rater's personality.

Such charges as have been leveled against my client only serve to confirm, in the minds of far too many, that the success of the few is always bought at the expense of the many, and that financial wealth is only accumulated through fraud, corruption, exploitation, dishonesty, and a depraved insensitivity to human suffering. With such beliefs do the unmotivated or the unsuccessful soothe their shabby egos. "I may be poor, but at least I didn't sacrifice my principles" is the common defense of those whose accomplishments come up short in comparison with their more prosperous neighbors. It would be unrealistic, I suppose, to have expected a different result from a collectivist such as Dickens, who had a most restrictive and depressing view of the human spirit. Still, I cannot help proposing a settlement offer that would produce a different ending for this story. As I stated at the outset, my client has not only been stereotyped as a tight-fisted man of commerce, but he has bought into such stereotyping for his own sense of identity. Scrooge did not experience any internally driven transformation of consciousness as a result of his encounters with the spirits.

Any change that he exhibited was superficial in nature, based upon his attachment to material values: his life instead of his money. But bear in mind that Dickens, like other socialists, is an equally materialistic creature. Had Scrooge been truly transformed by these experiences, his life might have been opened up to happier and more pleasurable pursuits than can be had through the counting of either his money or the remaining days of his existence. Like some, whose visions of a better world extend no further than transferring vast sums of their money to politically based organizations — instead of helping to remove the barriers that restrain others from bettering their own lot — Ebenezer could have been more beneficial to the Cratchits in ways that money can never accomplish. Neither the Cratchits nor any of the spirits exhibit an interest in helping Bob transform himself into a more productive person. If Ebenezer had wanted to help his employee become less existentially crippled — instead of just making him the object of his gratuitous inclinations — he could have taken Cratchit aside and told him: "Bob, you're a loser! At this rate, you and your family are destined for that long slide down the razor blade of life into total entropy.

I recognize that the nature of our relationship helped to condition you into becoming the mess you are now. But what will your future be like when I and my generosity are not around to sustain you? Let me help you by providing some lessons in advanced accounting practices, so that you can become marginally more productive to me and, in the process, help you earn more money. This is the Industrial Revolution, Bob, and opportunities have never been greater for anyone with a creative idea. Why don't you get one? Even a boob like you might get rich in this setting." Still, I doubt that Bob Cratchit would get the message. I suspect that he would still cling to his tin-cup lifestyle, preferring to trade upon our sympathies rather than develop creative talents; never to experience the joy of existential equality and dignity that comes from being a producer of goods and services that other people value. Sympathy should take us only so far, and never become a substitute for the self-respect that comes from being in control of one's life. Tiny Tim may, it is hoped, rid himself of his crutch: I have my doubts about Bob Cratchit doing so.

At some point, we need to show some appropriate respect for the forces of natural selection that have long directed the life process. We ought to learn from the rest of nature: either we make ourselves capable of adapting to an ever-changing world — by improving the skills or other learning with which we act upon the world — or we prepare to die. Dickens's approach, like the underlying methodology of the welfare state, does nothing to provide long-term help for the Cratchits of the world. Scrooge's unearned generosity will not only increase his costs of doing business — thus increasing the likelihood of his own business failure — but, upon his bankruptcy or eventual death, will leave Cratchit in the position of having to find a new host upon which to attach himself for the remainder of his parasitic life. In spite of all this, there may yet be some hope for Tiny Tim to escape from the limited future implicit in the restricted imagination of Charles Dickens. Tim may have some potential, if only he can be freed from this family of whining misfits. If he is not rescued, but manages to survive only as a result of the shakedown perpetrated upon my client, his future may be a bleak one.

He may even end up confined to a "bleak house," or, worse still, spend his adult years in the spiritually drearier position of being an executive director of some political action group designed to mobilize other social misfits, yawlers, and existentially bankrupt men and women. As part of a settlement offer, my client would consider adopting Tiny Tim — should his parents agree — and cut loose the rest of the Cratchit family to continue their mindless, unfocused, dispirited, and passive bottom-feeding in the shallow and stagnant end of the human gene pool. But let us have no more of these "drive-by" specters from the netherworld, who feign their concern for crippled children. Like other opportunistic parasites who tell us that they "feel our pain" even as they are causing us more pain, let us have no more of the self-serving guilt-peddling that keeps men and women subservient to those who threaten to cut off their dependencies. Tiny Tim is young enough to be given the benefit of the doubt as to his future.

As for the other members of the Cratchit family, let us allow the evolutionary processes of nature to dispose of these nonadaptive, nonresilient, nonambitious leeches who exhibit not the least sense of intelligence or creativity in the plight of one of their own, for whom they exhibit only superficial concern. The claim against my client is without substance, and should be dismissed with prejudice. It is the Industrial Revolution's version of a scapegoating action, grounded more in bigotry than in fact or reason. In the end, I can offer no better answer to such charges than those provided by my client himself: "bah, humbug!" The defense rests. A Christmas Carol Essay - StudyBlue Good to have you back! If you've signed in to StudyBlue with Facebook in the past, please do that again. A Christmas Carol Essay In a Christmas Carol, by Charles Dickens, Ebenezer Scrooge is a greedy and cold-hearted man who undergoes a process of moral redemption Three spirits visit Scrooge on Christmas Eve to show him scenes throughout his life, which eventually cause Scrooge to experience a transformation. Advertisement ) Scrooge is given the chance to make amends for his wrongs and become a kinder person.

The three spirits represent the steps to his transformation... the reliving of memories, the arousal of joy and happiness, and lastly, the realization of death. THESIS= Throughout the visits by these three spirits, Scrooge realizes his wrongs and hopes to redeem himself by changing his ways. 1st spirit? -crown on head springing with light, which represents Scrooge’s memories of the past Where do they go? Takes Scrooge back to childhood school where young Scrooge is seen lonely and friendless. After he sees his school what does he think about and feel bad for? Feels guilty for not giving something to the young boy Christmas caroler the previous night His feeling of guilt is the first step in transformation and realizing moral sin What else does the ghost of the past show Scrooge? Sees the Christmas day his fiancé, Belle, dumped him What does Scrooge realize?

-Realizes she left him because of his greed for money -He did not pay enough attention to her -He realizes his mistakes and wishes to make amends 2 nd ghost Ghost of Christmas Present -Resembles Santa Claus= green cloak with white fur, open hands, cheery voice, soft face, joyful air -No sword yet he had a sword holder= no violence on Christmas What does he show Scrooge -Takes Scrooge to various places including the Cratchits and shows him that even the lowest of the lowest in the world have some sort of Christmas cheer and spirit. Advertisement What does Scrooge fell/learn -Scrooge sees how poverty has affected the Cratchits and even feels sorry for Tiny Tim, who the Ghost says will soon die.

-Scrooge realizes his cold hearted behavior and even wishes he could do something to help 3rd Ghost The Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come - Phantom, Gloom and misery, Dark, Grim Reaper -Single outstretched hand (to take next person to die) -Represents uncertainty of future and death Where is he taken to -Taken to a scene where people are happy over a death and even take advantage of the dead man Scrooge doesn't realize that he.... -Scrooge does not realize that he is the one who died What does he observe at the Cratchit house -He sees how love among the members of the Cratchit family keeps them strong after the death of Tiny Tim What does Scrooge realize and promise to do -Finally realizes he is the dead man whom no one cares about and seeks redemption for his terrible actions -He realizes he can change the outcome of his future and promises to embody the Christmas spirit and live out the lessons the spirits taught him. The three spirits show Scrooge times in his life that cause him to realize his insensitivity and cruelness.

Scrooge was provided a chance to make amends for his wrongs, embrace the Christmas spirit, and help the less fortunate by being more charitable. The Ghost of Christmas Past allows Scrooge to see that his greed and selfishness pushes people away from him The Ghost of Christmas Present shows Scrooge that even the people who have no value to their name still joyfully celebrate Christmas with their loved ones. Lastly and most importantly, the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come is the final step of Scrooge’s transformation where he truly desires to redeem himself and become a more thoughtful and helping person. Scrooge demonstrates that each person has control of the future and the free will to transform into a moral person. * The material on this site is created by StudyBlue users. StudyBlue is not affiliated with, sponsored by or endorsed by the academic institution or instructor. Words From Our Students "StudyBlue is great for studying. I love the study guides, flashcards and quizzes. So extremely helpful for all of my classes!" Alice , Arizona State University "I'm a student using StudyBlue, and I can 100% say that it helps me so much. Study materials for almost every subject in school are available in StudyBlue.

It is so helpful for my education!" Tim , University of Florida "StudyBlue provides way more features than other studying apps, and thus allows me to learn very quickly!??I actually feel much more comfortable taking my exams after I study with this app. It's amazing!" Jennifer , Rutgers University "I love flashcards but carrying around physical flashcards is cumbersome and simply outdated. StudyBlue is exactly what I was looking for!" Justin , LSU ‘Trial of Ebenezer Scrooge’ in Pacifica worth seeing – The Mercury News By Joanne Engelhardt | San Mateo County Times December 4, 2010 at 11:54 am In the Bay Area alone you could literally spend every day between now and Christmas seeing a different iteration of Charles Dickens’ beloved “A Christmas Carol.” One of the newest — and perhaps strangest — is the droll version now playing at Pacifica Spindrift Theatre. It’s called “The Trial of Ebenezer Scrooge,” written by playwright Mark Brown. It premiered in Orlando, Fla., in 2007 and has been performed just a smattering of times since then.

Director David Acevedo and set designer Henry Sellenthin (who also plays the judge in the production) have created a wintry wonderland of white and glitter: white floors, white walls, large white snowflakes and strikingly stark white shards of ice that are used as the courtroom in the one-set show. Coupled with the all-white costumes for the people of the court, the effect is somewhat surreal and makes the small theater stage appear larger than it really is. There’s a lot of contrived chicanery and mayhem in this production, which helps a lot because, frankly, some of the dialogue isn’t very interesting. It certainly won’t hold the attention of most youngsters, and even some of the ‘oldsters’ may have a difficult time staying alert. But the cadre of actors is first rate, especially Marte Mejstrik as the smooth-talking, glib lawyer for the defense, Solomon Rothschild; the red-rim-eyed and heavily shackled Roger Genereux as Jacob Marley; and John Musgrave, who seems to be making a habit of being Scrooge in one production or another.

While overly “talky,” what saves this play are the lighthearted, imaginative touches Acevedo employs to keep his audience involved. One running gag, in particular, can’t be revealed in print. Suffice to say that Andy Serrano does a terrific job in both of his roles. As for the plot, forget what you already know about Dickens’ tale of greed, heartlessness, loneliness and eventual transformation. One year later, in a place called Neverland, Scrooge has apparently reverted to his old, mirthless self and is suing Marley and the ghosts of Christmases past, present and future for stalking, theft, kidnapping, attempted murder — the whole ball of wax. But the defendants contend that they did what they did to help Scrooge achieve “redemption.” It sounds more serious than it actually is.

Billed as a comedy, this “Trial” has a quirky, fey bailiff (Gary Pugh Newman, who mugs his way throughout), a Cheshire cat-smiling ghost of Christmas past (Julia Thollaug), a ghost of Christmas present who refuses to show up, and a ghost of Christmas future (Anastasia Mandeville) who only speaks ghost and needs a translator! A number of other colorful characters parade their way through the show providing various degrees of humor. But Bob Cratchit (John Szabo) is a puzzlement. He seems at times resentful, then resigned and, still later, rather pleased, but never anything like the lovable Cratchit in Dickens’ writings. Kudos go to Carson Duper for some special lighting effects and to Sellenthin and Acevedo for costumes. Besides the aforementioned white outfits, Scrooge’s long coat and matching trousers reflected a true fashion statement of the times. Special effects (a fog machine and the stage’s trap door) are used effectively to create more visual appeal, and some surprising musical selections move things along as well. All in all, this production is worth seeing despite some odd holes in the script.

Theater Review The Blog of InterVarsity Christian Fellowship - intervarsity.org The Blog of InterVarsity Christian Fellowship September 29, 2014 By: Wes Foster Some sins are easy to identify. When I hit the snooze button for the twelfth time, it’s pretty clear I’m struggling with sloth . When I’m sprawled on the couch cuddling an empty tub of cookie dough, gluttony has probably paid a visit. When I find myself exaggerating the truth to impress someone, pride is likely rearing its ugly head. Avarice, however, is not so easy to track down. In fact, the word itself is hardly even used today. But if you’ve watched classic characters like Ebenezer Scrooge, Mr. Burns, Cruella de Vil, Lex Luthor, and Tony Montana, you’ve seen avarice at work. Avarice refers to an insatiable desire to gain and hoard wealth. It’s similar to greed but goes even further, encompassing such things as selfishness, entitlement, materialism, consumerism, and hoarding. And it doesn’t just affect TV villains, of course.

We step into avarice when we crave wealth, abuse wealth, and find identity in wealth. One Sneaky Sin, Many Deadly Consequences Part of why avarice is hard to spot is because it’s so deeply ingrained in our culture. We receive thousands of messages each day from media, school, family, and sometimes even our churches telling us to pursue our own comfort, security, and pleasure. And we’ve grown accustomed to the bombardment. This means that even if you’re not acquiring a large fortune or heading a Ponzi scheme or robbing banks, there’s still a good chance that your soul is struggling with avarice. It’s an extreme idol in our culture that none of us is immune to. Jesus was actually quite concerned about avarice. In Luke 16 he warns that we’re not capable of serving two masters and challenges us to choose: God or Money. Essentially, Jesus is naming avarice as the most obvious competitor for our souls! Are we paying attention to Jesus here? We often have accountability groups to help us with sex, pride, and anger—all while the love of money slowly damages our souls and hollows our hearts toward God.

Our relationship with God is not the only thing affected by avarice, however. Remember Zacchaeus in Luke 19 ? He was a chief tax collector. He was rich. He had power, status, and influence. What he did not have was friends. In order to gain his wealth, Zacchaeus extorted his own people. He was a traitor who stepped on others to get ahead. So he became an outcast. Sometimes we prioritize wealth above people, and the result is broken and superficial relationships. If I Were a Rich Man Still aren’t sure avarice is relevant in your life? Think about this: According to globalrichlist.com , there are about 50 million people on earth who make more money than I do. With a population of over 7 billion, that puts me in the wealthiest 1 percent of the planet by income. If you’ve earned any sort of college degree, you’re likely also in the top 1 percent. Many challenges are looming in the world today: feeding the hungry, providing access to clean water, preventing diseases, caring for orphans, saving the environment.

Yet we, the 1 percent who have the capacity to make a difference, are more likely to spend our resources on entertainment, convenience, and leisure. There are four verses in Luke 21 that contrast the generosity of the wealthy with that of the poor. Surprisingly, we learn that a poor widow’s offering is worth more to Jesus than the gifts of the rich. When we fail to steward our resources for God’s kingdom, it is the poor who suffer most. I wonder, how many poor widows are paying the price for our avarice? 5 Ways to Combat Avarice So how do we disentangle ourselves from avarice and its effects? 1. Pray passionately. If you’re serious about loosening the grip that money has on your soul, you’re going to need supernatural help. Pray. Fall more in love with Jesus. Be dependent on him. Be willing to respond when he challenges you to change. 2. Borrow barely. One of the ways our greed manifests itself is debt. Credit card debt, auto loans, and even student loan debt reveal our financial brokenness. We get what we want now and pay for it using potential future money. Surely this reinforces our desire for more wealth! Avoid debt.

Take fewer classes and work your way through college. Use credit cards for emergencies only. Live within your means. 3. Invest intentionally. I view every dollar I spend as an investment. You should too. What do your spending habits reveal about what you value? One month I “invested” $40 in McDonald’s for breakfast alone. I’m not particularly passionate about the restaurant’s mission or their McGriddles. And I would never tell someone that I highly value eating unhealthy food alone in my car on the way to work. But that’s exactly what my bank statement said. Make sure the money you spend is going toward things you truly care about. And consider taking a break from certain kinds of spending (e.g., on coffee, Netflix, gas, etc.). 4. Save soberly. While some of us have spending problems, others are obsessed with saving. You just love to see your piles of money grow taller. You feel powerful. You feel secure. You enjoy having options and opportunities that others don’t. Saving money is wise, of course, but pay attention to how it affects you and your dependence on God. Be careful that you’re not building an identity around your skill of accumulating and saving money.

Be careful you’re not trusting in your riches to save you. Be careful that you’re not judging others who aren’t as thrifty. And remember that most of the world will never have money for a “rainy day,” even though it’s likely to pour. 5. Give generously. Christians should give money away freely. When we give, we declare that what we have is not ours in the first place; we only steward what has been entrusted to us by God. Giving should hurt a little. It should be sacrificial. It’s worship. So give money away. Give to the church. Give to the poor. Give to those who really deserve it. Give to those you’re not so sure deserve it. Give to things you care about. Give to things you’re connected to. Give locally. Give globally. Give as if God has already given up everything for you, even his only Son. And give now, not later. How do you avoid avarice? Sin. We don’t like to think about it or talk about it—unless, of course, it’s someone else’s sin. Our own sin often goes unrecognized and unconfessed, which means we see little change in our spiritual lives.

Evagrius, a fourth-century monk, created a list of eight common sins to help people be aware of them and guard against them. Pope Gregory I reduced the list to seven in the sixth century, providing us with what we now commonly refer to as the seven deadly sins: sloth, anger, envy, pride, lust, gluttony, and avarice/greed (Michael Mangis, Signature Sins ). This is the sixth post in our series on these seven sins, explaining what they are, how they affect our relationship with God and others, and how we can move past them. The seven deadly sins are not an exhaustive list, of course, but they give us a place to start in looking at our personal sin and intentionally working toward Christlikeness. And it’s in facing and confessing our sins that we find not condemnation like we might expect but rather forgiveness, grace, and freedom to live as the redeemed sons and daughters of God we were made to be. Read the first five posts in our series: A Christmas Carol (1951) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later.

X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error An old bitter miser is given a chance for redemption when he is haunted by three ghosts on Christmas Eve... Director: Brian Desmond Hurst (as Brian Desmond-Hurst) Writers: Charles Dickens (adapted from "A Christmas Carol"), Noel Langley (adaptation) | 1 more credit » Stars: From $1.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 27 titles created 09 Dec 2011 a list of 28 titles created 03 Dec 2012 a list of 23 titles created 18 Dec 2012 a list of 37 titles created 3 months ago a list of 30 titles created 2 months ago Title: A Christmas Carol (1951) 8.1/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. A Christmas Carol (TV Movie 1999) Drama | Fantasy An adaptation of the famous novel by Charles Dickens.

Director: David Hugh Jones A Christmas Carol (TV Movie 1977) Drama | Fantasy Miser Ebenezer Scrooge hates Christmas, but then gets a visit from his companion Jacob Marley, who has been dead for seven years. He urges Scrooge to change his life. Director: Moira Armstrong A heartwarming tale of an English minister and his family reunited at Christmas time. Their story includes a remembrance of their WWII trials Director: George More O'Ferrall An angel in human form enters the life of a bishop in order to help him build a new cathedral and repair his fractured marriage. Director: Henry Koster Edit Storyline Stingy businessman Ebenezer Scrooge is known as the meanest miser in Victorian London. He overworks and underpays his humble clerk, Bob Cratchit, whose little son, Tiny Tim, is crippled and may soon die. He also has nothing to do with his nephew, Fred, because his birth cost the life of his beloved sister. On Christmas Eve, Scrooge has a haunting nightmare from being visited by the ghost of his business partner, Jacob Marley.

He is visited by three ghosts and is given one last chance to change his ways and save himself from the grim fate that befell Marley. Written by alfiehitchie The Holiday Picture of All Time! Charles Dickens' Joyous Classic! See more » Genres: 2 December 1951 (USA) See more » Also Known As: A Christmas Carol See more » Filming Locations: Did You Know? Trivia Both Alastair Sim (as Scrooge) and Michael Hordern (as Marley) reprised their roles in A Christmas Carol (1971), and Hordern also appeared as Scrooge in A Christmas Carol (1977). See more » Goofs From, the ledger dates and costumes etc., it is clear that the film is set in the 1840s. On a wall in the home of Scrooge's nephew, Fred, however, hangs a print of "Monarch Of The Glen," an 1851 painting. See more » Quotes See more » Frequently Asked Questions (United States) – See all my reviews If I could take only ten movies to a desert island, this would be one of them.

This movie captures all the things that "A Christmas Carol" is supposed to be. Watching Alastair Sim interpret the role of Scrooge and then looking at other actors, I see his incredible facial expressions, the loss of soul that haunts him, the vulnerability (yes, I mean it; he is actually pitiable at times), the loss of love from his once betrothed, and the terrible loneliness suffered at the hands of a vengeful father and the loss of his kind and loving sister, Fan. Then there are the wonderful images and the haunting music. The excellent supporting cast. Mervyn Johns is an excellent Cratchett, multi-dimensional and fun loving. Michael Horden as Jacob Marley (definitely the best performance as the ghost). Scrooge is shown to be calculating at every juncture, but seems to know that in many ways he is wrong. His avarice becomes his mistress and he can't forsake her. There are wonderful little scenes that I remember. When he stops to have dinner at the restaurant and is told more bread will cost extra, he decides to deny himself a little bit of warmth.

There is the scene where Fezziwig loses his business to Scrooge (not a part of the original book but it works fine in the film). Scrooge hesitates for a moment and then barges on, and shows his insensitivity by retaining a worker at a reduction in salary. The scene where Marley is dying and Scrooge waits till the end of business. He then comes to the house and asks "Is he dead yet?" We all know the ending, but there is a joy, a blissful excitement not found in any of the other films. This is all attributable to Alastair Sim. He carries every moment. He shows us what real acting is all about. I treat myself to this movie a couple times a year and it never tires me. See it if you never have. 60 of 63 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes Ebenezer Scrooge and the Missing Oxytocin « Dana Foundation Ebenezer Scrooge ( ) According to Zak, the hormone oxytocin , frequently associated with maternal and romantic bonds, is crucial to understanding why some people are greedy and others are not.

He believes that it is an influential factor behind human virtue, kindness, and love. In his lecture, Dr. Zak illustrated the relationship between oxytocin and human generosity through an experiment involving $100 split between two individuals. In this experiment, an individual (Person 1) was given $100, but only on the condition that he/she had to offer some of it to another individual (Person 2). The two people would receive the money only if Person 2 accepted Person 1’s offer. Most people offered around $50, and these offers were generally accepted, said Zak. According to blood test results from this experiment, individuals with higher levels of oxytocin in their blood were likely to offer more money. Furthermore, after viewing a short film about a father and his terminally ill child, most people’s oxytocin levels increased and, when participating in the experiment afterwards, they tended to increase their monetary offers to Person 2. Zak argued that this response showed a positive correlation between compassion, generosity, and higher levels of oxytocin. Oxytocin has played an important role in human survival and evolutionary history, said Zak. Humans are social creatures, and have always relied on each other for survival.

Dr. Zak believes that oxytocin, as a hormonal agent of kindness and compassion, ensures that we are kind to others so that others will be kind and caring toward us. So, besides sending ghosts, what can we do for Ebenezer Scrooge? How can we give him that oxytocin-rich holiday spirit? Oxytocin injections? Unfortunately, it’s not that easy. Individuals with low levels of oxytocin, like people with autism, often have too few receptors for the hormone, Zak explained. However, he did point to ongoing clinical research aimed at producing a drug that increases receptors for oxytocin. While it may still be years away, the research implications are enormous. In the meantime, Dr. Zak suggests positive interactions with others. It’s hard to increase oxytocin levels on our own, however we can produce it in others by hugging, complimenting, or being generally amenable, he explained. In turn, we can hope that people will return the favor. With this in mind, Dr. Zak no longer shakes hands, only hugs—earning him the nickname Dr. Love. Dr.

Love’s lecture was part of an ongoing series at NYAS called “ Science and the Seven Deadly Sins ,” which ends in May. – Simon Fischweicher

Question: Which deadly sin was Ebenezer Scrooge most guilty of?
Answer: Greed