Family Facts Click here for more information about Howard Family Genealogy items (and other surnames too! Howard is an ancient name whose history on English soil dates back to before the wave of emigration that followed the Norman Conquest of England in 1066. Howard or Howart, is a cognate of the Old Norse name Haward and means "high" or "chief" warden. Occasionally, the surname Howard may have been applied to someone who worked at a dairy farm at which female sheep were kept. In this case, the derivation is from the Old English words "eowu," which means "ewe," and "hierde," which means "herd." The name also came to Britain with the Normans, where it came from the Old French name Huard or the Old German name Howard. The former name is derived from the Old German name Hugihard, which literally means "heart-brave." First found in in Cumberland, England, where they were seated from very ancient times, some say well before the Norman Conquest and the arrival of Duke William at Hastings in 1066. For four centuries the Howard family stood at the head of English nobility.

The Howard family can definitely trace their ancestry back to Sir William Howard living under the first of two Edwards from 1297 to 1308. It was in the stirring days of Edward I that the first Howard made his home at East Wynch. This was Master William Howard, afterwards to become Chief Justice of the Common Pleas and a knight. Of his parentage we know nothing, although the probabilities are that he belonged either to a burgess family of Lynn, or else to some substantial yeoman stock of the neighborhood. He may have been either of Danish or of English descent. Northwest Norfolk was as much a district of the Danes as it was of the Angles ;"and both races sought refuge in its marshy fastnesses after the Norman conquest, gradually emerging from their hiding places as the laws of the invader grew less rigorous. But it must also be remembered that the shores of the Wash sheltered searovers of many different breeds, and that there are evidences, especially in local place-names, of a stubbornly rooted British population. The surname which Howard bore tells us little in this direction.

As it stands, it might well be of Scandinavian origin, and the sea-going tastes of so many early Howards seem to indicate a Viking strain; or the original form may possibly have been "Hereward". There certainly was a rich burgess of Lynn, William Hereward by name, who flourished early in Henry III's reign ; but neither the Chief Justice himself, or any of his descendants, ever spelled their patronymic thus, although they use many other forms, such as Heyward, Heiward, Haward, and Harrard. The Hereward theory has inspired certain genealogists to deduce the descent of the ducal line of Norfolk from Hereward the Wake, "last of the Saxons"; but the derivation most favored by the matter-of-fact is the simple one of " Heyward", which was a title bestowed in old England upon the functionary who guarded the barns and haggards of a farm or village. "The warden of a common is still so called in some parts of the country. It is interesting to note the various pedigrees, more or less splendid, upon which the professional heralds have attempted at different periods to graft the Howard stock.

Instead of helping to unravel the puzzle, these tabarded flatterers have so confused the evidences at their command that today the very name of Justice William Howard's father is unknown and will probably remain so forever. Perhaps the most absurd of these gorgeous lines of descent is that quoted in Collins' Peerage, "on the authority of three heralds of high repute." But, in truth, the pedigree which flaunts itself unblushingly in Burke's Peerage, tracing the Howards to "Hereward the Wake", rests upon no better foundation; and if there were even a tradition in the Judge's time of any such descent (and there must have been, had any such descent existed), some memorial of the fact would have figured in the Howard arms. It is satisfactory to find that one of the first to set aside these vain imaginings was himself a Howard, Henry Howard of Corby, who, in his "Memorials", describes the worthy Judge's ancestors as " gentry of small estate, probably of Saxon origin, living at home, intermarrying with their neighbors, and witnessing each other's deeds of conveyance and contract." Mr.

Henry Howard makes the Judge a grandson of "Robert Howard of Terrington and Wiggenhall," and a son of "John Howard, by his wife Lucy Germund"; but even of this modest claim there is no tangible proof. That Robert Howard owned lands in Wiggenhall and Terrington cannot be denied; but the deeds and charters show that while he purchased some of this property, presumably out of his legal earnings, the remainder came to him with his wife, Alice Fitton of Wiggenhall St. Germans. It is to be feared that we must accept Dugdale's dictum, and look upon William Howard of East Wynch as the first of his Howard line. How did William Howard become the Duke of Norfolk? Before the Dukes of Norfolk, there were the Bigod Earls of Norfolk, starting with Roger Bigod from Normandy (died 1107). Their male line ended with Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk, who died without an heir in 1307, so their titles and estates reverted to the crown. Edward II then created his brother Thomas of Brotherton earl in 1312.

It passed to his daughter Margaret, and then to her grandson Thomas Mowbray. When King Richard II created Thomas Mowbray duke in 1397, he conferred upon him the estates and titles (including Earl Marshal) that had belonged to the Bigod earls. His elderly grandmother Margaret was still alive, and so at the same time she was created Duchess of Norfolk for life. Between 1397 and 1476, the Mowbray family held the title and estates of the Duke of Norfolk. John Mowbray, the 4th duke, died without male issue in 1476, his only surviving child being the 3-year-old Anne Mowbray. At the age 5, Anne was arranged to marry Richard, Duke of York, the 4-year-old son of King Edward IV of England. She remained Richard's wife until she died at the age of 8. In accordance with the marriage arrangements, Richard inherited the lands and wealth of the Mowbray family. He was also made Duke of Norfolk. However, upon the death of Edward IV, controversy over the legitimacy arose, as evidence of an earlier marriage on the part of Edward IV emerged.

Soon after their father's death Richard, and his brother Edward, were declared illegitimate. Richard was sent to the Tower of London by the new king, Richard III, in mid-1483, thus ending his claim to both York and Norfolk. For his support of Richard III's claim to the throne, John Howard , the son of Thomas Mowbray's elder daughter Margaret, was created 1st Duke of Norfolk in 1483, in the title's third creation. From this point to the present, the title has remained in the hands of the descendants of John Howard. The current Duke of Norfolk is His Grace Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 18th Duke of Norfolk, who succeeded his father, Miles Stapleton-Fitzalan-Howard, 17th Duke of Norfolk, in 2002. Early American Howard Settlers Some of the first settlers of the Howard name or some of its variants were: John Howard settled in Virginia in 1622; William Howard settled in Virginia in 1635; John Howard settled in Virginia in 1634; James Howard settled in Virginia in 1656 and others.

Surnames as we know them today were first assumed in Europe from the 11th to the 15th centuries. They were not in use in England and Scotland before the Norman conquest of 1066, and were first found in the Domesday book. The use of a second name, a custom introduced by the Normans (who themselves had adopted it not long before) became in course of time a mark of gentle blood, and it was deemed a disgrace for a gentleman to have but one single name as meaner people had. It was not until the reign of Edward II (1307 - 1327) that the practice became general amongst all people in England. These names were adopted according to fairly general principles and can generally be divided into four classifications: Local names are taken from place of origin. (e.g. Hill). Occupational names denote the trade or profession of early users. (e.g. Miller). Nicknames describe mental or physical characteristics, clothes etc. (e.g. Strong). Patronymic names used a father's first name as the last name of his son. (e.g. John).

HOWARD is an English patronymic name from the Norman given name HUARD and HEWARD, which came from the elements: hug = heart, mind + hard = hardy, brave. and from an Old Norse name HAWARD, from elements ha = high + var�r = guardian. HEWARD, HEWART, HUART are variations of the Norman form. HAWARD is a variation of the Norse. English/Norman patronymic versions include HEWARTSON, HEWERTSON, HUARTSON and HUERTSON. HAYWARD is an English occupational name that described the man who protected the enclosed forest or other land from damage by vandals, poachers, or animals. It comes from Old English: hay = enclosure + ward = guardian. HEYWARD and HAWARD are variations. Some other variations are HAYWORD and HEYWORD...

Lord William Howard, First Baron Howard of Effingham, eldest son of Thomas, Second Duke of Norfolk, by Agnes his second Duchess in 1510, having been employed by Henry VIII, and Edward VI in numerous confidential missions to foreign courts, was elevated to the Peerage in the first year of the reign of Queen Mary, in March 1554, as Baron Howard of Effingham, Surrey, and was constituted upon the 20th of the same month as Lord-High-Admiral of Her Majesty's Dominions. His Lordship was installed as a Knight of the Garter in December of the same year. Lord Howard of Effingham in the Reign of Elizabeth, held the office of Lord Chamberlain to the Household, and afterwards that of lord-Privy-Seal. The surname Howard has been worn by many distinguished bearers, although none more so than the aforementioned. It appears to derive from the Old Germanic name "Hugihard", denoting one strong of heart, or very brave.

This first name has given rise to several other patronymic surnames other than Howard, including Huart, Heward, Hewart, etc., although another German term "howart", denoting "high chief", or "warden, could also have been the origin of Howard. Among the earliest written references we read of Huardus Houart in the Domesday Book in 1086, and one called Willelmus filius Huward was mentioned in the Pipe Rolls for Northumberland in 1170. In Ireland the name does duty for O'Hiomhair in county Clare, where it was formerly O'Hure. Click here for more information about Howard Family Genealogy items (and other surnames too! The Howard family are sometimes called England's second family. They are headed by the Duke of Norfolk, Premier Peer of the Realm. While legendary pedigrees trace the family to the 10th century, indisputable descent begins with Sir William Howard (died 1308), a judge who was in the House of Commons in the Model Parliament of 1295.

His great-great-great-grandson, Sir Robert Howard, married Lady Margaret Mowbray, elder daughter of Thomas Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk. The line of Dukes died out in 1476 and the heiress of the last Duke, Anne Mowbray, died a girl of nine in 1481; after declaring her widower Richard, Duke of York illegitimate, Richard III of England created the son of Sir Richard and Lady Margaret, John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk of a new creation on June 28, 1483, the 200th anniversary of the Barony of Mowbray to which he was also senior co-heir. John had previously been summoned to Parliament as Lord Howard by Edward IV. He was also created hereditary Earl Marshal. Both the Dukedom and Earl Marshalship have been the subject of repeated attainders and restorations in the 15th to 17th centuries. Before Charles II restored the titles for good, the Howards had inherited the ancient title of Earl of Arundel through an heiress, and formed additional branches that have continued to this day.

In order of genealogical seniority: The Barons Howard of Penrith descend from a younger son of the 6th Duke. The Earls of Suffolk and Berkshire descend from the 2nd son of the 4th Duke. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Post-Reformation Catholic Dukes of Norfolk Home > Catholic Encyclopedia > N > Catholic Dukes of Norfolk Catholic Dukes of Norfolk Help support New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download . Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more  all for only $19.99... Since the Reformation Under this title are accounts only of the prominent Catholic Dukes of Norfolk since the Reformation ; a list of the Dukes, from the time the title passed to the Howard family , is prefixed. John (1430-1485), created first duke of the Howard line in 1483, died in battle in 1485. Thomas (1443-1524), son. Became duke in 1514. Thomas (1473-1554), son.

Succeeded in 1524. Thomas (1536-1572), grandson. Succeeded in 1554. Beheaded in 1572. Thomas (1627-1677), great-great-grandson. Dukedom restored in 1660. Henry (1628-1684), brother. Succeeded in 1677. Henry (1655-1701), son. Succeeded in 1684. Thomas (1683-1732), nephew. Succeeded in 1601. Edward (1685-1777), brother. Succeeded in 1;732. Charles (1720-1786), descendant of seventh duke. Succeeded in 1777. Charles (1746-1815), son. Succeeded in 1;786. Bernard Edward (1765-1842), third cousin. Succeeded in 1815. Henry Charles (1791-1856), son.

Succeeded in 1842. Henry Granville (1815-1860), son. Succeeded in 1856. Henry Fitzalan (1847—), son. Succeeded in 1860. Thomas, third Duke of Norfolk Eldest son of Thomas Howard, the second duke, and Elizabeth, daughter of Sir F. Tilney of Ashwellthorpe Hall, Norfolk. In 1495 he was married to Lady Anne, daughter of Edward IV. He fought as captain of the vanguard at Flodden Field in 1513. In 1514 he was created Earl of Surrey, and joined his father in opposing Wolsey's policy of depressing the old nobility. In 1520-21 he endeavoured to keep peace in Ireland ; recalled, he took command of the English fleet against France , and successfully opposed the French in Scotland . In 1524 he became duke, and was appointed commissioner to treat for peace with France . With peace abroad came the burning question of Henry's divorce .

Norfolk, uncle of Anne Boleyn, sided with the king and, as president of the privy council, hastened the cardinal's ruin. He became Henry's tool in dishonourable purposes and he acquiesced in his lust for the spiritual supremacy. With Cromwell, he obtained a grant of a portion of the possessions of the Priory of Lewes and other monastic spoils. He was created earl-marshal in 1533. In 1535 Norfolk was a leading judge in the trial of Sir Thomas More . In 1536 he disbanded the "Pilgrimage of Grace" with false assurances, but returned next year to do "dreadful execution". In 1536 he hanged in chains, at York , Fathers Rochester and Walworth, two Carthusians . Drastic measures of devastation marked his whole career as a military leader. He shared the King's zeal against the inroads of German Protestantism . In 1534 he had "staid purgatory" and was always in favour of the old orthodoxy , as far as he might be allowed to support it.

In 1539, when the bishops could not agree concerning the practices of religion, Norfolk proposed the Six Articles to the Lords, theology thus becoming matter for the whole House. As an old man he served against a rising in Scotland , and in the French was of 1544. In 1546 he was accused of high treason. Evidence, however, was not conclusive against him until Hertford, and other keen enemies, prevailed upon him, as a prisoner in the Tower, to sign his confession and throw himself on the King's mercy. A bill of attainder was passed in Parliament, and orders for his immediate execution would have been carried into effect had not Henry died on the previous evening. He remained a prisoner in the Tower the whole of Edward VI's reign, but was released on Mary's accession, and restored to the dukedom in 1553. His long experience as lord high steward and lieutenant-general made him useful to the queen, but he lost favour by his rashness and his failure to crush Wyat's rebellion [See Gairdner, "Lollardy and the Reformation" (London, 1908); Gairdner, "Hist. of Engl.

Church in XVIth Century" (London, 1902); "Letters and Papers, Henry VIII", various volumes; Creighton, "Dict. of Nat. Biog.", X (London, 1908).] Thomas, fourth Duke of Norfolk Son of Henry Howard, Earl of Surry and Frances Vere, daughter of John, Earl of Oxford. After the execution of his father , in 1547, he was, by order of privy council, committed to the charge of his aunt, and Foxe, "the martyrologist", was assigned as his tutor, probably to educate him in Protestant principles. In 1553, when Mary released his grandfather from prison , Bishop White of Lincoln became his tutor. Thomas succeeded his grandfather, as duke, in 1554, and became earl-marshal. He married, in 1556, Lady Mary Fitzalan, daughter of Henry, twelfth Earl of Arundel; in 1558, Margaret, daughter of Thomas Lord Audley of Walden; and, in 1567, Elizabeth, widow of Thomas Dacre of Gilsland, who had three daughters.

By obtaining a grant of their wardship and intermarrying with them his own three sons, the issue of former marriages , he absorbed the great estates of the Dacre family . In 1568, he was again a widower, the only English duke, the wealthiest man in England , popular and ambitious. Elizabeth was eager to win one of Norfolk's position and he was given a part in the expulsion of the French troops from Scotland . With other commissioners, he was appointed to sit at York and inquire into the causes of the variance between Mary Stuart and her subjects. Circumstances, at the beginning of 1569, combined to awaken the fears of English nobles, and Arundel, Pembroke , Leicester, and others saw the advantage to be gained by the marriage, first suggested by Maitland, between Norfolk and Mary; that when married she might be safely restored to the Scottish throne and be recognized as Elizabeth's successor. Protestant nobles, however, looked on the affair with suspicion, and Catholic lords in the north were impatient of long delay.

But, even after the council had voted her the settlement of the English succession by Mary's marriage with an English noble, Norfolk proceeded with great caution, withdrew from court, aroused Elizabeth's suspicion and was committed to the Tower, in October, 1569. On his abject submission to the queen and renunciation of all purpose of his alliance with Mary, he was released in 1560. He did not keep his promise; he continued to correspond with the Queen of Scots, was found to be in negotiation with Ridolfi, and through him with Philip and the Catholic Powers abroad, concerning an invasion of England . He was arraigned for high treason in 1571. After eighteen weeks' confinement in the Tower, deprived of books, informed of the trial only on the previous evening, kept in ignorance of the charges until he heard the indictment at the bar, and refused the aid of counsel to suggest advice, on the evidence of letters and extorted confessions from others, he was condemned to death by the Earl of Shrewsbury , the Lord High Steward, and twenty-six peers as assessors (judges, all selected by the queen's ministers and many of them his known enemies).

After much hesitation on the part of Elizabeth and a petition from Parliament, on 2 June, 1572, he was executed . His sympathy seemed to be always with the Catholic party, but his policy was two-faced, and he was a professed adherent of the Reformed religion. Circumstances made it expedient for him always to temporize. He seems to have been led on by the course of events and not to have realized the result of his actions. [See State Trials, I (London, 1776), 82; Froude,"Hist. of Eng.", IV (London, 1866), XX; Labanoff, "Lettres, etc. de Marie Stuart" (1844), earlier ed. tr. (1842); Anderson, "Collections relating to Mary" (Edinburgh, 1727); Creighton in "Dict. of Nat. Biog.", X (London, 1908).] Henry, sixth Duke of Norfolk Second son of Henry Frederick Howard, third Earl of Arundel and Lady Elizabeth Stuart, was educated abroad, as a Catholic .

In 1660 he went as ambassador extraordinary to Morocco . In 1677 he succeeded his brother as duke, having previously been made hereditary earl-marshal. During the Commonwealth and Protectorate he lived in total seclusion. In January, 1678, he took his seat in the House of Lords, but in August the first development of the Titus Oates Plot was followed by an Act for disabling Catholics from sitting in either house of Parliament. He would not comply with the oath and, suspected of doubtful loyalty, withdrew to Bruges for three years. There he built a house attached to a Franciscan convent and enjoyed freedom of worship and scope for his munificence. He was a man of benevolent disposition and gave away the greater part of his splendid library , and grounds and rooms to the Royal Society, and the Arundelian marbles to Oxford University . Jealous of the family honour , he compounded a debt of £200,000 contracted by his grandfather.

[See Evelyn's "Miscellaneous Writings" (London, 1825).] Henry, seventh Duke of Norfolk Son of Henry, sixth Duke, and Lady Anne Somerset, was at first a good Catholic and for four months held out against subscribing to the oath as a peer in the House of Lords. Afterwards he became a pervert. Thomas, eighth Duke of Norfolk Brought up a Catholic but perverted on succeeding to the dukedom. Edward, ninth Duke of Norfolk Did much to promote a more liberal treatment of Catholics by offering a home at Norfolk House to Frederick, Prince of Wales , and his wife at the time of the birth of their son, afterwards George III. Charles, eleventh Duke of Norfolk Educated at the English College at Douai ; was a man of dissolute life and had conformed to the State religion by 1780. Bernard Edward, twelfth Duke of Norfolk Eldest son of Henry Howard of Glosson, and Juliana, daughter of Sir William Molyneux of Willow, Nottinghamshire. In 1789 he married Elizabeth Bellasis, daughter of Henry, Earl of Fauconberg, but was divorced , by Act of Parliament, in 1794.

On the death of his third cousin, in 1815, he succeeded to the dukedom. Although a Catholic , he was allowed, by Act of Parliament in 1824, to exercise the hereditary office of earl-marshal. After the Rebel Bill of 1829 he was admitted to the full exercise of his ancestral privileges; he took his seat in the House of Lords, where he was a steady supporter of the Reform Bill, and in 1830 was nominated as privy councillor. [See Gent. Mag., I (1842), 542.] Henry Charles, thirteenth Duke of Norfolk Only son of Bernard Edward and Elizabeth Bellasis. He was baptized a Catholic but did not practise his religion. In 1814 he married Lady Charlotte Leveson-Gower, daughter of George, Duke of Sutherland, and in 1815 he became, as heir, Earl of Arundel and Surrey. In 1829, after the Catholic Emancipation Act, he took the oath and his seat in the House of Commons (the first Catholic since the Reformation ). In 1841 he sat in the House of Lords.

In politics he was a stanch member of the Whig party. In 1842 he succeeded his father as Duke of Norfolk. He died at Arundel in 1856. Canon Tierney was chaplain at the time fo his death. [See London Times (19 Feb., 1856); Gent. Mag. (April, 1856), 419.] Henry Granville Fitzalan, fourteenth Duke of Norfolk Eldest son of Henry Charles Howard and Charlotte, daughter of the Duke of Sutherland, was educated privately, and at Trinity College , Cambridge. He entered the army but retired on attaining the rank of captain. In 1839 he married the daughter of Admiral Sir Edmund (afterwards Lord) Lyons, the ambassador at Athens . From 1837 to 1842 he was a member of the House of Commons, a Whig, until he broke with his party on the introduction of the Ecclesiastical Titles Bill of 1850. In 1856, as Duke of Norfolk, he took his seat in the House of Lords.

In 1839 he attended the services of Notre-Dame in Paris and made the acquaintance of Montalembert . This resulted in his conversion to Catholicism , and Montalembert describes him as "the most pious layman of our times". Cardinal Wiseman , in a pastoral letter, at the time of his death in 1860, referred to his benevolent nature: "There is not a form of want or a peculiar application of alms which has not received his relief or co-operation". He wrote: "Collections relative to Catholic Poor Schools throughout England", manuscript folio, 134 pp., 1843; "A few Remarks on the Social and Political Condition of British Catholics" (London, 1847); Letter to J. P. Plumptre on the Bull "In Cœna Domini" (London, 1848); "Observations on Diplomatic Relations with Rome " 1848. He edited from original manuscripts the "Lives of Philip Howard and Ann Dacres" (London, 1857 and 1861). [See "Gent.

Mag." (Jan., 1861); "London Times" (27 Nov. and 4 Dec., 1860); "London Table" (1 Dec., 1860); H. W. Freeland, "Remarks on the Letters of the Duke of Norfolk" (1874); Montalembert, "Le Correspondant" (25 Dec., 1860), 766-776, tr. by Goddard at the end of his Montalembert, "Pius IX and France" (Boston, Massachusetts, 1861).] Howard Surname, Family Crest & Coats of Arms Howard Surname, Family Crest & Coats of Arms Buy JPG Image » The name Howard originated with the Anglo-Saxon tribes that once ruled Britain. It is derived from the Old French name Huard or the Old German name Howard. The former name is derived from the Old German name Hugihard, which literally means heart-brave. The latter name, which is also spelled Howart, is a cognate of the Old Norse name Haward and means high or chief warden.

Occasionally, the surname Howard may have been applied to someone who worked at a dairy farm at which female sheep were kept. In this case, the derivation is from the Old English words eowu, which means ewe, and hierde, which means herd. In other cases, the name was adopted from where the person was born as in "William, son of Roger Fitz Valevine, took the name of Howard from being born in the Castle of Howard, in Wales , in the time of Henry I." [1] CITATION[CLOSE] Arthur, William , An Etymological Dictionary of Family and Christian Names. London: 1857. Print Another source sums up the diversity of the family's origin thusly: "Camden, the most important witness of all, places Howard amongst the names in use in England at the time of the Conquest. In all probability this name has had more than one origin." [2] CITATION[CLOSE] Guppy, Henry Brougham, Homes of Family Names in Great Britain. 1890. Print.

Howard Early Origins Buy PDF History » The surname Howard was first found in Norfolk , where one of the first records of the family was Elwin le Heyvard, who was listed in the Hundredorum Rolls of 1273. The same rolls listed Alice le Heyward in Huntingdonshire and Geoffrey le Hayward in Cambridgeshire . Later, William Heyward or Howard was Sheriff of Norwich, Norfolk in 1657. [3] CITATION[CLOSE] Bardsley, C.W, A Dictionary of English and Welsh Surnames: With Special American Instances. Wiltshire: Heraldry Today, 1901. Print. (ISBN 0-900455-44-6) "The church [of East Winch in Norfolk] is a handsome structure in the later English style, with a square embattled tower; in the east window are the arms of Vere and Howard, and on the north side is the ancient chapel of St. Mary, the burial-place of the latter family.

Near Grancourt House, which was the seat of Sir William Howard, who purchased the manor in the reign of Edward the First, are some slight remains of a religious house." [4] CITATION[CLOSE] Lewis, Samuel, A Topographical Dictionary of England. Institute of Historical Research, 1848, Print. But the family quickly became widespread. Epworth in Lincolnshire was another ancient family seat . "This place, which is the principal town in the Isle of Axholme, a district comprising the north-west portion of the county, was anciently the residence of the Howard family, who had a castellated mansion here, of which nothing now remains except the site, where within the last 70 years have been dug up some of the cannon belonging to the fortifications." [4] CITATION[CLOSE] Lewis, Samuel, A Topographical Dictionary of England. Institute of Historical Research, 1848, Print. In Westmorland , at Levens in the parish, union, and ward of Kendal another early branch of the family was found.

"On the eastern bank of the river Kent , which is crossed by a bridge on the Kendal road, is Levens Hall, the venerable mansion of the Howards, embosomed in a fine park, and crowned with towers, which, overtopping the highest trees, command extensive prospects on every side. The Howard family built the chapel, a parsonage, and schools, and endowed the living. " [4] CITATION[CLOSE] Lewis, Samuel, A Topographical Dictionary of England. Institute of Historical Research, 1848, Print. Howard Spelling Variations Howard Spelling Variations One relatively recent invention that did much to standardize English spelling was the printing press. However, before its invention even the most literate people recorded their names according to sound rather than spelling. The spelling variations under which the name Howard has appeared include Howard, Howerd and others. Howard Early History Howard Early History This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Howard research.

Another 399 words (28 lines of text) covering the years 1300, 1443, 1524, 1485, 1520, 1542, 1542, 1585, 1654, 1587, 1669, 1615, 1679, 1675, 1626, 1698, 1536, 1624, 1588, 1651, 1701, 1689, 1701, 1698, 1703, 1797 and are included under the topic Early Howard History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.

Howard Early Notables (pre 1700) Howard Early Notables (pre 1700) Notables of the family at this time include Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk (1443-1524) and 1st Earl of Surrey , who fought for King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485; Catherine Howard (circa 1520-1542), a cousin of Anne Boleyn and the 5th wife of Henry VIII, executed... Another 131 words (9 lines of text) are included under the topic Early Howard Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible. Howard In Ireland Howard In Ireland Some of the Howard family moved to Ireland , but this topic is not covered in this excerpt. Another 161 words (12 lines of text) about their life in Ireland is included in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible. The Great Migration The Great Migration At this time, the shores of the New World beckoned many English families that felt that the social climate in England was oppressive and lacked opportunity for change.

Thousands left England at great expense in ships that were overcrowded and full of disease. A great portion of these settlers never survived the journey and even a greater number arrived sick, starving, and without a penny. The survivors, however, were often greeted with greater opportunity than they could have experienced back home. These English settlers made significant contributions to those colonies that would eventually become the United States and Canada. An examination of early immigration records and passenger ship lists revealed that people bearing the name Howard arrived in North America very early: Howard Settlers in United States in the 17th Century John Howard, who settled in Virginia in 1622 Judeth Howard, who landed in Virginia in 1622 John Howard settled in Virginia in 1634 William Howard settled in Virginia in 1635 Samuel Howard, who landed in America in 1635 ...

(More are available in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.) Howard Settlers in United States in the 18th Century Susan Howard, who landed in Virginia in 1701 Margaret Howard, who arrived in Virginia in 1716 Authur Howard, who landed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1746 Eignon Howard, who arrived in America in 1758 James Howard, who landed in America in 1760-1763 ... (More are available in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.) Howard Settlers in United States in the 19th Century Michael Howard, aged 8, landed in America in 1803 George Howard, aged 50, arrived in New York in 1812 George W Howard, aged 29, landed in Maryland in 1812 Joshua Howard, who landed in America in 1815 Dexter Howard, who landed in San Francisco, California in 1850 ... (More are available in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.) Howard Settlers in Canada in the 18th Century Mr.

Dier Howard U.E. who settled in Eastern District [Cornwall], Ontario c. 1784 [5] CITATION[CLOSE] Rubincam, Milton. The Old United Empire Loyalists List. Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc, 1976. (Originally published as; United Empire Loyalists. The Centennial of the Settlement of Upper Canada. Rose Publishing Company, 1885.) ISBN 0-8063-0331-X Mr. Edward Howard U.E. who settled in Ernest Town [Ernestown], Lennox & Addington, Ontario c. 1784 [5] CITATION[CLOSE] Rubincam, Milton. The Old United Empire Loyalists List. Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc, 1976. (Originally published as; United Empire Loyalists. The Centennial of the Settlement of Upper Canada. Rose Publishing Company, 1885.) ISBN 0-8063-0331-X Capt. John Howard U.E. who settled in Quaco [St. Martins], New Brunswick c.

1784 he served in the King's Orange Rangers [5] CITATION[CLOSE] Rubincam, Milton. The Old United Empire Loyalists List. Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc, 1976. (Originally published as; United Empire Loyalists. The Centennial of the Settlement of Upper Canada. Rose Publishing Company, 1885.) ISBN 0-8063-0331-X Mr. John Howard U.E. who settled in Eastern District [Cornwall], Ontario c. 1784 [5] CITATION[CLOSE] Rubincam, Milton. The Old United Empire Loyalists List. Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc, 1976. (Originally published as; United Empire Loyalists. The Centennial of the Settlement of Upper Canada. Rose Publishing Company, 1885.) ISBN 0-8063-0331-X Mr. John Howard Sr., U.E. who settled in Ernest Town [Ernestown], Lennox & Addington, Ontario c. 1784 [5] CITATION[CLOSE] Rubincam, Milton. The Old United Empire Loyalists List.

Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc, 1976. (Originally published as; United Empire Loyalists. The Centennial of the Settlement of Upper Canada. Rose Publishing Company, 1885.) ISBN 0-8063-0331-X ... (More are available in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.) Howard Settlers in Canada in the 19th Century Sarah Magory Howard, who arrived in Nova Scotia in 1833 Henry Howard, aged 35, a farmer, arrived in Saint John, New Brunswick in 1833 aboard the brig "Ann & Mary" from Cork, Ireland Johanah Howard, aged 25, arrived in Saint John, New Brunswick in 1833 aboard the brig "Ann & Mary" from Cork, Ireland Robert Howard, aged 22, a labourer, arrived in Saint John, New Brunswick aboard the ship "Sea Horse" in 1833 Coldwell Howard, aged 27, arrived in Saint John, New Brunswick aboard the ship "Highlander" in 1834 ...

(More are available in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.) Howard Settlers in Australia in the 19th Century Thomas Howard, English convict from Leicester, who was transported aboard the "Ann" on August 1809, settling in New South Wales , Australia [6] CITATION[CLOSE] State Library of Queensland. (Retrieved 2016, October 27) Ann voyage to New South Wales , Australia in 1809 with 200 passengers. Retrieved from William Howard, English convict from Middlesex, who was transported aboard the "Adamant" on March 16, 1821, settling in New South Wales, Australia [7] CITATION[CLOSE] State Library of Queensland. (Retrieved 2016, October 27) Adamant voyage to New South Wales, Australia in 1821 with 144 passengers. Retrieved from Henry Howard, English convict from York, who was transported aboard the "Albion" on May 17, 1823, settling in Van Diemen's Land, Australia [8] CITATION[CLOSE] State Library of Queensland.

(Retrieved 2016, October 27) Albion voyage to Van Diemen's Land, Australia in 1823 with 200 passengers. Retrieved from Lovit James Howard, English convict from Suffolk , who was transported aboard the "Asia" on October 22nd, 1824, settling in New South Wales, Australia [9] CITATION[CLOSE] State Library of Queensland. (Retrieved 2016, October 27) Asia 1 voyage to Van Diemen's Land, Australia in 1824 with 9 passengers. Retrieved from Michael Howard, a mason, arrived in New South Wales, Australia sometime between 1825 and 1832 ...

(More are available in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.) Howard Settlers in New Zealand in the 19th Century George Howard landed in Auckland, New Zealand in 1840 Mr Howard landed in Wellington, New Zealand in 1841 aboard the ship Antilla James Howard arrived in Wellington, New Zealand aboard the ship "Whitby" in 1841 William Howard landed in Nelson, New Zealand in 1842 William Howard, aged 19, arrived in Wellington, New Zealand aboard the ship "Seringapatam" in 1856 ... (More are available in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.) Contemporary Notables of the name Howard (post 1700) Contemporary Notables of the name Howard (post 1700) Kenneth Joseph "Ken" Howard Jr. (1944-2016), American actor, best known for his roles as Thomas Jefferson in 1776 and as basketball coach and former Chicago Bulls player Ken Reeves in the television show The White Shadow Thomas HOWARD (3ï¿½ D.

Norfolk) Thomas Howard by Hans Holbein in 1539 He holds the Earl Marshall's baton and the Lord Treasurer's stave Royal Collection, St. James' Palace English nobleman, a master of survival in the treacherous political climate of Henry VIII 's Court, described by Ludovico Falieri, Venetian Ambassador in Nov 1531 as 'prudent, liberal, affable and astute; associates with everybody, has very great experience in political government, discusses the affairs of the world admirably, aspires to greater elevation, and bears ill-will to foreigners... small and spare in person, his hair is black...'. His own education and instincts were old fashioned; in religion and politics, Norfolk was a conservative, unimpressed by the new ideas of the reformers and uncomfortable with the low born "new men" of the Tudor Court. He claimed the deference due the leader of the traditional nobility, yet recognized uneasily that loyalty, ability and service counted as much as or more than ancient tittle to the Tudors.

Thomas was the first son of Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey (afterwards the second Duke of Norfolk) and his first wife, Elizabeth Tilney , widow of Sir Humphrey Bourchier. Thomas and his brothers received a medieval education, studying Latin and French, and the usual course of grammar, rethoric, logic, some arithmetic and a bit of music. Thomas may have shared the latter stages of his education with his half brother, John Bourchier, second lord Berners . Old enough at his grandfather death's to have spent time at John Howard 's house at Tendring Hall, in 1484, Thomas Howard was brought to Court and bethroted to Anne Plantagenet, daughter of Edward IV and niece to Richard III. With his brother Edward , he was placed in Henry VII 's household as a page. There they learned subservience to the new dynasty while being trained as gentlemen and serving as hostages to Surrey 's repeatedly tested loyalty. Married with Anne 4 Feb 1495 at Westminster Abbey, thus became brother-in-law to Henry VII .

Howard would be landless and penniless until the death of the dowager Duchess of Norfolk (who survived until 1507), and Anne had nothing but her name, so relatives had to provide for the couple. Queen Elizabeth provided her sister with twenty shillings a week for food and drink, and paid for personal retinue of two women, a young maid, a gentleman, a yeoman and three grooms. Surrey gave them the use of a number of manors, and was compensated by the crown with an annuity of ï¿½120, probably indicating the value of the lands. Although Thomas and Anne had a number of children, none lived to maturity. The longest lived, Thomas, was born about 1497, and died Aug 1508, buried in the Howard Chapel at Lambeth. Anne herself seems to have suffered poor health, and died early, for consumption, in 1512. After seventeen years of marriage, Thomas was left a childless widower. The Howards overcame the disgrace of their support of Richard III because Surrey and his sons proved useful to Henry VII . Like Richard before him, Henry needed loyal support to establish and maintain his power.

The Earl of Surrey was constantly at Court and in council, serving as the only prominent titled noble among the King 's ecclesiastical circle. During the reign of Henry VII there are a little information about Howard. In the spring of 1497, Thomas Howard began his military career, joining some fifty gentlemen and knights sent to quell a rising of Cornishmen which culminated at Blackheath on 17 Jun. Having earned his spurs, Thomas was sent north to join his father, who was serving as lord lieutenant against the Scots. After a series of skirmishes and raids, James IV of Scotland and Henry VII made a truce in Sep 1497 that led to peace treaty in Jan 1502. For their part in the fighting, Thomas and his brother Edward were knighted by their father at Ayton Castle in Sep. In 1503, when his father escorted Margaret Tudor to Scotland, the entire family went along. Thomas also accompanied his father on an embassy to Flanders in 1507. During the rest of the reign of Henry VII , there are only scattered snatches of information about Sir Thomas Howard.

For the most part, Sir Thomas and his wife lived quietly at Stoke and Lambeth. Thomas was involved in a few land deals with his father which have left traces in the public records and in 1506 was pardoned, along with his brother Edward and several other men, for an illegal entry upon a manor belonging to the estate of the late John Grey, lord Lisle. Despite ample contact with the King , Thomas never became a favorite, and was little employed in public business, even as his father's adjunct. At the death of Henry VII in Apr 1509 Sir Thomas Howard was named one of the lords attendant for the funeral, and with his father was issued black velvet livery of mourning. Thomas Howard also joined in the tournament held to celebrate the coronation. Henry VIII did not attempt feats of arms in his own honor, but there were many knights at court who did. Thomas, Edward and Edmund Howard, as well as Richard Grey (brother of the Marquis of Dorset ), Charles Brandon and Sir Thomas Knyvett (brother-in-law of the Howards) rode as challengers against Henry 's answerers, who included Sir John Carre.

On the first day, Thomas Howard and Carre won prizes as the most skillful combatants in the tournaments. Thomas was being paid five hundred marks along with Sir John Carre on 24 May for his services in Henry VII 's funeral and Henry VIII 's coronation. After being nominated to the Order of the Garter but not elected in 1509, on 27 Apr 1510 Thomas Howard was added to that Order. In Aug 1511 Thomas and Edward Howard were sent out to engage Andrew Barton, a favorite sea captain of James IV. In the ensuing fight, a full-scale sea battle in the Channel, Barton was killed, and his two ships, the Lion and Jenny Perwin, captured. In Oct the Holy League was signed at Rome, and Henry and Ferdinand of Spain agreed soon after that an English assault on France would commence by 30 Apr 1512. Now the Howards found fresh employment. Surrey was sent to watch over the north of the realm, Edward was given a command at sea, and Thomas and Edmund with their future brother-in-law Rhys ap Griffith joined the English army supporting Ferdinand's invasion of southern France.

Thomas Grey, 2ï¿½ Marquis of Dorset was named commander of the army in Spain; Thomas Howard was commissioned as Dorset's second in command. Henry had not yet learned how little he could trust his father-in-law Ferdinand, and the expedition was a fiasco. By 8 Jul, Thomas wrote to Cardinal Wolsey to outline the English plight but also to assure him that the troops were in good order, not yet troubled by sickness as were the Spanish soldiers; but already Howard saw hints of disaster. The Spanish, he wrote, would not extend the English any aid, for they loved money better than their own kin. This letter is the first important surviving document written by Thomas Howard. After his first wifeï¿½s death he married Elizabeth , daughter of Edward Stafford, 3d Duke of Buckingham . Elizabeth, who was about nineteen to Howard's forty, had been one of Catalina de Aragon 's attendants, and perhaps a member of the Queen 's household, as were several Stafford aunts, Buckingham 's sisters. The arrangements were made swiftly.

Brushing aside the inconvenience of Elizabeth 's romance with the young Ralph Neville (later forth earl of Westmorland), Buckingham gave his daughter to Howard, and by Easter they were married. The Duke settled an annuity of five hundred marks on Elizabeth and gave Howard a dowry of twenty-five hundred marks. Added to his new wife connections, he was related to many noble families by his father, grandfather and sisters marriages, including those of the earls of Derby, Oxford, Sussex, Bridgewater, Devon and Wiltshire; as well as baronial clans such the Lisles and Dacres. If second cousins are considered, there was hardly a Tudor peer who was not Thomas Howard's kin. On 12 Aug 1512 his brother-in-law Thomas Knyvett was killed in a foolhardy adventure at sea off Brest battling the French. Edward Howard vowed to avenge Knyvett's death and as a result was himself killed on 25 April 1513. Edward 's death deprived the Howards of Henry 's favorite of Surrey 's sons, but did bring Thomas Howard new duties.

On 25 Apr, he was appointed Lord Admiral in succession to his brother, and by 7 May had arrived at Plymouth to view the shambles of the royal fleet. He fought against the Scots at Flodden and became, in 1514, Earl of Surrey when his father was made Duke of Norfolk. Thomas Howard the younger established himself as an important soldier and sailor and, with the prize of the earldom of Surrey won at Flodden , moved out of his father's shadow to became a man of importance in his own right. In Apr 1525, Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, pursued the guardship of Elizabeth Marney, of one of the two daughters and co-heirs of John, second Lord Marney of Layer Marney {d. 1525), by the latter's wife, Christian, daughter and sole heir of Roger Newburgh. Although he found necessary to write to his enemy, the Cardinal Wolsey , on 4 Apr, to gain the favor of the King in this case. This letter was writing while Marney was on his deathbed, hardly in good taste, but haste and determination were essential in obtaining choice wardship to exploit.

Norfolk obtained the wardship of Elizabeth Marney at the end of May of 1526 and purchased the right of her marriage from the master of the King 's wards in Apr 1529. Elizabeth Marney, on the death without issue of her sister, Catherine, Lady Poynings, inherited all the Marney estates {Letters and Papers, Henry VIII., vol. iv.). Norfolk at first intended Elizabeth Marney for his eldest son, the Earl of Surrey , but eventually bestowed her hand upon the oungest, Lord Thomas , afterwards Viscount Bindon, on 14 May 1533, at Norfolk House in Lambeth. Around 1526 Norfolk noticed a woman who was a part of the ducal household at Kenninghall. Elizabeth Holland, known as Bess, was the daughter (some sources say the sister) of John Holland of Wartwell Hall, Norfolkï¿½s secretary and one of his stewards; and a kinswoman, probably a niece, of John Hussey, 1st baron Hussey of Sleaford . She became his mistress.

Because of the letters left by Elizabeth Stafford, Duchess of Norfolk , there is a good deal of confusion about Bess Holland. Since she was a gentlewoman, she was probably not a laundress in the household, or the childrenï¿½s nurse. She may have been their governess. She was certainly on good terms with Mary Howard , Norfolkï¿½s daughter. The records left by the Duchess of Norfolk paint Bess Holland as a villainess and the Duke as a monster, but the truth is probably less dramatic. Bess was his mistress for some twenty years. In 1530, Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk found himself in trouble over what he must have considered a mere formality, the requirement for the King 's assent to all marriages within the peerage. Norfolk arranged for his eldest daughter, Catherine, to wed Edward Stanley , whose family had long held considerable influence in the north of the realm. Henry choose to view the arrangement as an abduction of the twenty year old Derby , who was still legally a minor. On 21 Feb 1530, Norfolk was forced to sue for pardon and post a bond with the King , but was still allowed to carry the marriage to conclusion.

Catherine Howard was at least twenty two years old when a few weeks later, on 16 Mar 1530, died suddenly of the plague. Anxious not to loose this alliance the Duke arranged for his half-sister, Dorothy to become Derby 's second wife. Norfolk considered the Derby marriage to be so important that he 'had no had a sister to offer he would have proposed his oher daughter...' who has been promised to the King bastard son, the Duke of Richmond . He served as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1520ï¿½21). Succeeding his father as Lord High Treasurer in 1522 and as Duke of Norfolk in 1524, Norfolk led the opposition to Cardinal Thomas Wolsey . He supported Henry VIII ï¿½s divorce from Catalina de Aragon and his marriage to his niece Anne Boleyn . Norfolk brought her to court in the hopes of attracting the King , actively campaigned for her advancement in the hopes of furthering his own political fortunes. When Anne Boleyn was created Marquess of Pembroke, Bess Holland was one of her maids of honor.

When Anne fell from grace, Norfolk jumped to the side of her accusers and took part in her downfall. Bess Holland was still at court in 1537 when she rode in the funeral cortege of Queen Jane Seymour . Norfolk was ready to do whatever it took, even sacrifice his religion and his family, to retain the King 's favor and further his ambitions. Norfolk's ambitions were: first, to make the Howard family the most influential family in England; if possible, to place a Howard on the throne; to be in a position that was invulnerable to royal whims and rages; and in the darkest days, as one plan after another miscarried, to keep his head. Although Norfolk conducted the campaign against the Pilgrimage of Grace , he remained Catholic. In 1537, he was the godfather of Prince Edward , the first legitimate son of King Henry . The birth of Edward weakened Norfolk's position and left the Seymours entrenched at court despite Queen Jane 's death. Norfolk was prepared to make alliance with the upstarts, and so he offered to wed his daughter Mary to Hertford 's younger brother Sir Thomas Seymour .

Norfolk averred gamely that, after all, there was much to be said for noble-commoner matches; "there ensueth no grete good by the conjunction of grete bloodes together". To the surprise of everyone, and certainly to Norfolk's great chagrï¿½n, the Dowager Duchess of Richmond refused. Apparently the Earl of Surrey persuaded his sister to refuse Seymour 's hand, for Mary left court in Jul determined not to wed, and although Norfolk followed her to Kenninghall, he was unable to change her mind; the proposed match was ruined, and with it Norfolk's chances of an immediate return to a place of influence at court. Had Surrey not intervened and had Mary wed Sir Thomas , the politics of the 15405 might have taken a very different course. Norfolk spent the late summer and autumn of 1538 in East Anglia. On 9 Aug Norfolk and Sir Roger Townshend reported to Cromwell on rumors that the King intended to seize all unmarked cattle for his own use, a groundless but potentially seditious bruit which enjoyed wide circulation in Norfolk and Suffolk.

Norfolk had some contact with the court during these months; Thomas Audley , the chancellor, visited the Duke at Framlingham in Sep "to kyll sum of his bukkes there" and surely to talk politics as well. Thomas Howard took possession of the following religious houses at the dissolution : Benedictine Nunnery, Bungay, Suffolk; Priory of the Austin Canons, Butley, Suffolk; Priory of the Cluniac Monks, Castle Acre, Norfolk; Prior of the Austin Canons, Cokesford, Norfolk; Benedictine Cell, Doping, Lincolnshire; Benedictine Cell, Felixstowe, Suffolk; Cluniac Cell, Hitcham, Norfolk; Cistercian Abbey, Newenham, Devon; Benedictine Cell, St Catherine, Norwich; Benedictine Priory, Snape, Suffolk; Cluniac Priory, Thetford, Norfolk; College, Thetford, Norfolk and Cluniac Cell, Wangford, Suffolk.

After the execution in 1542 of another of his nieces, Catherine Howard , Henry VIII ï¿½s fifth queen, Norfolkï¿½s influence waned, and he was forced back into the position of a mere military commander. On 15 Dec 1541 Norfolk wrote a letter to the King in an effort to divorce himself from the crimes of his niece: The Dowager Duchess of Norfolk and her son William had been arrested, and the Duke, after assuring Henry that he had no doubt that all his kin were not imprisoned lightly, "...but for som their fals and traytorous procedynges agaynst Your Royall Majestie...", reminded Henry that he had faithfully aided the investigation of Catherine 's crimes.

Finally, he wrote: "Eftsonys prostrate at your royall fe te, most humble I beseche Your Majestie, that by suche, as it shall picase you to comande, I may be advertised playnle, how Your Highnes doth way your favour towardes me; assewryng Your Highnes that onles I may knowe Your Majestie to contynew my gode and gracious Lord, as ye wer befor their offensys committed, I shall never desire to lyve in this world any lenger, but shortly to fynishe this transitory lyff, as God knoweth, who send Your Majestie the accomplishmentes of your most noble hartes desires." Perhaps Norfolk was not so upset by his relatives' disgrace as might be expected. On 13 Feb the French Ambassador Marillac reported that the Duke hoped that his stepmother would not survive her imprisonment, for he stood to inherit her considerable lands should she succumb. Marillac went on to say that "the times are such that he [Norfolk] dare not show that the affair touches him, but he approves all that is done".

At his death in 1524, the second duke 's widow, Agnes Tilney , retained a considerable jointure, including twelve manors in Suffolk, Surrey, Essex and Lincoln and more than a dozen others in Sussex. These lands returned to the dukedom only at her death in 1544, and not until Jul 1546 was the third duke confirmed in possession of Agnes's holdings. Norfolk was considered the leader of the Catholic party during the Reformation of the Church of England and as such was a friend of Sir Thomas More , and was patron of Sir William Roper, brother-in-law of William Dauntesey, both sons-in-law of Sir Thomas More . He was an enemy of Thomas Cromwell and instrumental in bringing about his fall. In the dangerous days of mid-1546, Norfolk proposed a series of marriages to bind together the Howards and Seymours. Again, Norfolk's daughter Mary, Duchess of Richmond , was to wed Sir Thomas Seymour , and Howard grandchildren were proposed as mates for three of Hertford 's offspring. On 10 Jun, Henry gave his approval to the proposal.

The main difficulty, as before, was with Norfolk's tempestuous son, Surrey . In Dec 1546 he and his son Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey , were charged with treason. Norfolk's son was a man of learning often called "the Poet", who also had a reputation for skill at arms. He was charged with quartering the arms of Edward the Confessor with his own, which was like openly claiming the Throne, and was executed. He was probably held in Beauchamp Tower. During Henry VIII 's last days, when his execution seemed imminent, Howard was deprived of all comforts, including books, sheets for his bed, and hangings for the damp stone walls above the west moat. Further, he was confined to a narrow cell on the upper floor and forbidden exercise in the outer chambers of the tower. The fate of Norfolk's personal property is documented, for the inventories drawn up at the time of his arrest were annotated as goods were sold or given away.

Norfolk's apparel, ranging from satin gowns and velvet coats to petticoats, doublets and hose, and including his parliamentary robes and Garter regalia, went to Edward Seymour , who also obtained Surrey 's parliamentary robes and several gilt rapiers and daggers from the Earl 's estate. Elizabeth Holland, Norfolk's mistress, and Mary, Duchess of Richmond , were allowed to keep their personal clothing, no small favor considering the mass of satins, velvets, rich embroidery and cloth of gold and silver. Bess Holland also kept her personal jewels. Lord Thomas Howard , Norfolk's younger son, was also arrested, but he was released shortly after Surrey 's execution. King Henry VIII died the day before the execution of Norfolk could be carried out. Bess Holland gave evidence against Surrey and Norfolk. She probably had no choice. When the King ï¿½s agents seized and searched Kenninghall, they also confiscated all of Bessï¿½s possessions, including the jewelry she had concealed upon her person. She also lost a new house on thirty-six acres of land in Framlingham, which the Duke had recently given to her.

In her chamber at Kenninghall, the commissioners seized rings, brooches, strings of pearls, silver spoons, ivory tables, and other treasures. She was taken to London for questioning but was eventually released. Her jewelry was returned. She also received an annuity of ï¿½20 from the Duchess of Richmond . At some point after her liaison with the Duke of Norfolk ended, she married Jeffrey Miles or Myles of Stoke Nayland. Early in Edward 's reign became clear that Norfolk would remain a prisoner. On 3 Mar 1547 Sir John Markham, lieutenant of the Tower, was ordered to provide Norfolk with clothing and personal furnishings befitting his station. As early as Feb 1547 Norfolk began to be allowed family visitors; Mary, Duchess of Richmond , and Elizabeth, Duchess of Norfolk , were permitted to visit Howard "at tymes and with traynes convenient, the Lieutenant being present". Further, a bit of personal freedom was now allowed: "the said Duke may have libertye to walke in the gardein and gallery when the Lieutenant shall think good". Political turmoil in the Edwardian regency was reflected in the conditions of Norfolk's incarceration.

After Northumberland rise to power Norfolk enjoyed greater liberty, although not his freedom. In Jul 1550 Norfolk was given leave to walk or ride within the precincts of the Tower, accompanied by a guard, and in Apr 1551 was permitted a visit from his son Thomas . Although the conversation was held in the presence of Markham, such a meeting between a traitor and his son was very unusual. The tomb of the third Duke of Norfolk in Framlingham Church, with his effigie and of his wife, Elizabeth Stafford, who separated from him in life was buried at Lambeth There were rumors from time to time that Northumberland , would release Norfolk, and after Somerset 's execution an imperial envoy reported in Feb 1552 that Norfolk was no longer in danger and would soon be freed. Norfolk was given permission to write a letter to the council (perhaps petitioning for his liberty; the letter has not survived), but remained a prisoner until Mary Tudor arrived in London in Aug 1553.

The most reasonable explanation for Norfolk's not being freed is that certainly Somerset and probably Northumberland had no good reason for releasing a former rival who, despite his age, was still a potential threat if given his liberty. But just as important to the Edwardian junto were their considerable financial gains from the redistribution of Norfolk's forfeited lands and goods. Most of the progressive faction had profited from Norfolk's fall; they were little inclined to see the attainted duke freed, much less restored to his titles and property, at their expense. He was released from prison on the accession of Mary I and restored to his dukedom. It was a time of great rejoicing, and the Duchess of Norfolk , separated from her husband for the past twenty years, entered fully into the spirit of the family reunion. His first important service to the new Queen was to preside the trial of the Duke of Northumberland . He successfully led the forces against the rebellion of Sir Thomas Wyatt . After six weeks of failing health, he died at Kenninghall on 25 Aug 1555.

A last minute bequest of ï¿½100 was made to Jane Goodman, a young girl living in Norfolk's London house when he made the final changes to his will in the previous Jul. She may have been a natural daughter; at any rate she was still a member of the Howard Household in 1571. Nothing was left to Elizabeth Holland, even though her father, by now the Duke's secretary, wrote out the will. The important will was witnessed by no less than eight trusted servants, headed by Thomas Gawdy. The executors included Stephen Gardiner, Archbishop of York , Lord Chancellor; Robert Brooke, Chief Justice of Common Pleas; Nicholas Heath, Bishop of Worcester and Robert Rochester , Controller of the Queen Household. Queen Mary was herself appointed supervisor of the will.

Sources: Chapman, Hester W.: Two Tudor Portraits: Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey and Lady Katherine Grey (Little, Brown and Company - 1960 - Boston) Head, David M.: The Ebbs and Flows of Fortune: The Life of Thomas Howard, Third Duke of Norfolk (The University of Georgia Press ï¿½ Athens & London ï¿½ 1995) Murphy, Beverley A.: Bastard Prince: Henry VIII's Lost Son (Sutton Publishing Ltd. - 2001 ï¿½ Phoenix Mill) Routh, C.R.N.: Whoï¿½s Who in Tudor England (Whoï¿½s Who in British History Series, Vol.4) (Shepeard-Walwyn Ltd. ï¿½ 1990 ï¿½ London) (1ï¿½ Ed. as Whoï¿½s Who in History Series, Vol. II - 1964) Smith, Lacey Baldwin: A Tudor tragedy ï¿½ The life and times of Catherine Howard (The Reprint Society Ltd.

ï¿½ 1962 - London) Williams, Neville: Thomas Howard, fourth Duke of Norfolk (Barrie and Rockliff ï¿½ 1964 - London) Williams, Neville: Henry VIII and his Court (Cardinal ï¿½ 1973 ï¿½ London ï¿½ 1ï¿½ Ed. 1971)

Question: What is the family name of the Duke of Norfolk
Answer: Fitzalan-Howard