The Kola Nut “…traditional kolanut is regarded as a sacred nut, which is used to communicate with the gods being that it was chosen by the elders as the head or king of all seeds…” Origins and History Kola nut is the seed kernel of a large African tree grown commercially around the world, particularly in Nigeria, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Brazil and other parts of South America. It is extremely popular amongst the inhabitants as a caffeine-containing stimulant. The nuts are eaten whole or powdered and mixed with liquid for a drink. The kola nut is primarily derived from three species from the cocoa tree family: Cola acuminta, Cola nitida and Cola vera, which originate in tropical West Africa but can also be found in pockets of Brazil and the West Indies, where they were taken by the slave trade. The trees typically reach a height of 25 meters or 60 feet and its waxy oval leaves frame cheerful star-shaped flowers that are white or yellow with purple accents. Its fruit is pod-shaped, with each of which is nestled about a dozen roundish shaped seeds or kola nuts. The kola nuts may be red, white or pinkish of hue.

(Once opened, the exposed seedpod’s arrangement looks rather similar in its configuration to an armadillo’s armour!). The nut’s aroma is sweet and rose-like; and the first taste is bitter, but sweetens upon chewing. The nut can be boiled to extract the cola. The Many Roles of the Kola Nut Its versatility as a symbol, medicine, food and flavoring has been long been utilized around the world since ancient times and continues to be so applied. Science has isolated certain compounds within it, which can be credited with its medicinal benefits. Symbolic Uses: As a symbol it is used in West Africa by the Igbos of Nigeria to grace social rituals of hospitality as welcome offerings to guests; as sacred offering in religious rites and prayers; in ancestor veneration; and in important life events such as weddings, naming ceremonies, funerals and memorials. As a mark of respect the kola nut is broken with knife. Prayer follows the presentation of kola nut immediately, which in traditional pattern is libations. In the prayer our forefathers are beaconed to come and participate in the eating of the kola nut and to guide and protect in the mission that brings the people together.

After the prayer, the kola nut is broken, shared, every body eats and the ceremony begins. “…In May of 1886, Dr. John Styth Pemberton, a pharmacist from Georgia, USA, took extracts of the kolanut and coca, mixed them with sugar, carbonated water and caramel coloring to create the first Coca-Cola recipe…” The presentation of the kola nut is crucial in that even when a visitor comes to someone’s home, the guest will not say his mission until after the kola nut has been presented to him. Traditionally kola nut is regarded as a sacred nut, which is used to communicate with the gods being that it was chosen by the elders as the head or king of all seeds. The Yorubas of Nigeria apply the kola nut in a special form of divination known as Obi divination, in which the diviner asks the spirits a question and throws four pieces of kola nut. The way the kola nuts land are interpreted by the diviner as the answer to his or her question. In the olden days it took awhile before kola is broken. The reason is that kola nut used by tradition is multi-cotyledon.

As such every kola nut has meaning despite the fact that the person who presents the kola nut does not check how many divisions a kola nut has by nature. Nonetheless the elder must check each kola nut and interpret their meanings before they are finally broken. As the saying goes “the words of elders are words of wisdom.” While in most cases their interpretation are regarded as superstitious, they are said to turn out correctly. Medicinal Uses: The kola nut is high in caffeine as well as a number of other phyto-chemical compounds including betaine (a natural red pigment), kola red, phenolics, tannins, theobromine and theophylline. Its bitter astringent flavor is used as digestive aid prior to meals to stimulate gastric juice and bile production; while its caffeine and theobromine content make it a potent neuro-stimulant that is used to combat fatigue. The nut and its extracts have been also successfully used in treating respiratory conditions such as asthma and whooping cough as its caffeine, theobromine and theophylline content act as vasodilators that dilate the blood vessels, allowing for greater circulation of oxygen.

Other medicinal uses include the treatment of toothache, diarrhea, exhaustion, headaches, hunger (the caffeine content means it is an effective appetite suppressant), malaria, nausea, poison antidote, sedative, stimulant and tonic. “…the kolanut is still used as a type of aperitif prior to meals to enhance the taste of the food to follow, as its astringency cleanses the palate…” As Food and Flavoring For Drinks You will find often West African manual workers, laborers and farm workers chewing kola as they go about their daily work as a pep-me-up in between meals, although the practice is said to be dwindling amongst the younger generation. Nonetheless, the kola nut is still used as a type of aperitif prior to meals to enhance the taste of the food to follow, as its astringency cleanses the palate and stimulates saliva production. Nutritionally, it is a source of some B-vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin), as well as proteins, starch and sugar.

Muslims in Africa often substitute it for alcohol as their religion forbids them to drink and, although it contains 1-3.5% caffeine, it is not addictive. It is the distinctive source of flavor for colas, and certain soft drinks and tonics. In May of 1886, Dr. John Styth Pemberton, a pharmacist from Georgia, USA took extracts of the kolanut and coca, mixed them with sugar, carbonated water and caramel coloring to create the first Coca-Cola recipe. Since then it has been used as flavoring in many other soft drinks - although Coca-Cola purportedly does not used kola nut anymore, but uses instead synthetic derivatives that mimic its flavors. Regular daily chewing of the kola nut can stain the teeth giving a telling rusty color. According to medical science, kola nut does have a high level of nicotine, which can affect body chemistry negatively. It can lead to insomnia, high blood pressure, high heartbeat, high-level toxicity, over stimulations and locomotive effects.

However, despite some of these negative medical reports, the kolanut is a cherished commodity that has blossomed into a huge economic prospect which kolanut trade with exportation to China, North America and India, where it is largely required for the production of cola drinks and pharmaceutical products. ethnobotany09 - Soft-Drinks(Kola Nut) Soft-Drinks(Kola Nut) Export (PDF) Soft Drinks (Kola Nut) Soft Drinks also known as soda, pop, or tonic have become one of the most consumed beverages world wide. Soft Drinks come in many different flavors, brands, and qualities but all have been inspired by Coca-Cola. Coca-Cola has been described as an "All-American" drink, having its origins in the United States and its brand being recognized world wide in association with the United States. Kola Tree's Leaves and Nuts Kingdom Species Cola nitida The Sterculioideae subfamily of which the Kola Nut is a part of consists of 24 different species they include: Cola acuminata (P. Beauv.) Schott & Endl. Cola clavata Mast. Cola welwitschii Exell & Mendonça ex R.Germ.

Heritiera littoralis Aiton Kola Tree has white to yellow flower blossoms with spots that range from red to purple Hildegardia migeodii (Exell) Kosterm. Sterculia tragacantha Lindl. Kola Tree (Cola nitida) The kola nut, or bitter cola, (Cola vera, Cola acuminata, Cola nitida) is a seed part from a tree from the Sterculioieae family. The trees are native to Central and Western Africa, but are now found in the West Indies and Brazil, where they were introduced by African slaves. All three species are used as a stimulant and are prepared in the same manner. The kola tree grows to approximately 40 ft (12 m) in height, and has white to yellow flowers with spots that range from red to purple. The kola tree's leaves are 6–8 in long (15–20 cm) and the tree bears fruit that is shaped like a star. Inside the fruit, about a dozen round or square seeds can be found in a white seed shell. Chemistry Of Kola Nut The primary active chemicals in kola nut are caffeine and theobromine.

They can be found in all parts of the plant, but are found in their highest concentrations in the nuts (seeds). Caffeine is a mild stimulant found in coffee, tea, foods, drinks, etcetera. For most people, caffeine will stimulate the central nervous system and improve mental alertness, as well as reducing physical fatigue and appetite. Theobromine produces stimulant effects similar those of caffeine, but it is milder. Caffeine and other stimulants may cause people with ADD to feel calm or sleepy. The amount of caffeine in kola nut can vary, depending on the species. Concentrations of 2.0%-3.5% caffeine are common in kola nuts from Cola acuminata and Cola nitida (the species most often consumed). The amount of theobromine in these species is almost always somewhere near 1.0%, or a bit less. Other chemicals found in kola nut include betaine and theophylline, both are similar to caffeine in chemical structural and effect. Kola nut was one of the original ingredients in coca-cola. It was utilized for the taste and caffeine content it added.

Until the early 1900's, fresh coca leaves were also an ingredient in coca-cola. The coca leaves were added for their taste and stimulant effect (coca leaves contain cocaine). The Original Coca-Cola The Debut Dr. John Styth Pemberton, and Atlanta, Georgian pharmacist, invented the first Coca-Cola in May of 1886. He made the baverage by using carbonated water, caramel (coloring), an extract from coca leaves, and an extract from the powdered kola seeds. Other ingredients, included sugar, vanilla, cinnamon, and lime juice. The original formula of Dr. Pemberton is a highly guarded secret that is locked in an Atlanta bank vault. Originally cocaine was present in Coca-Cola however after 1903 the cocaine has been removed before the extracts are added. Until 1905, the soft drink, marketed as a tonic, contained extracts of cocaine as well as the caffeine-rich kola nut. In 1887, another Atlanta pharmacist and businessman, Asa Candler bought the formula for Coca Cola from inventor John Pemberton for $2,300.

By the late 1890s, Coca Cola was one of America's most popular fountain drinks, largely due to Candler's aggressive marketing of the product. With Asa Candler, now at the helm, the Coca Cola Company increased syrup sales by over 4000% between 1890 and 1900. Coca-Cola Today As the world's largest manufacturer, distributor, and marketer of nonalcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups, operating in more than 200 countries, the firm supplies many products in addition to its flagship brand. These include fruit-based and other carbonated beverages tailored to local tastes as well as newer variants of the main brand, such as Diet, Cherry, and Vanilla Coke. Although the company did experiment with diversification in recent decades (for example, motion pictures, coffee, and wine), current corporate strategy has emphasized the nonalcoholic beverage market. Although carbonated beverages represented 85 percent of worldwide sales volume in 2002, increased market share for the Coke products Dasani bottled water, POWERade sports drink, and Minute Maid orange juice have demonstrated growth in the non-carbonated sector.

The average consumption of Coca-Cola world wide in 1996 Health Problems Soft Drinks do not have sufficient nutritional value and as even been described as "liquid candy." Only in recent history have people realized the negative effects too much soft-drink levels can have on the human body. Excessive soft-drink consumption has been linked to diseases like obesity and diabetes. In America especially as shown by the above map, consume too many soft-drinks and drink less milk and water, which are needed by the human body to remain healthy. The Pros & Cons of Kola Nuts | Feature Article 2010-02-09 The Pros & Cons of Kola Nuts Print This Kola nuts The kola nut that we’re all too familiar with in Ghana or bitter cola, (Cola Vera, Cola acuminata, Cola nitida) is a seed part from a tree from the Sterculiaceae family. The trees are native to Central and Western Africa, but are now found in the Caribbean and Brazil, where they were introduced by African slaves.

As you can guess by now, contrary to popular distorted historical facts, our people did manage some how to carry some aspects of their science base (plant seeds) with them to the European controlled lands of enslavement. All three species are used as a stimulant and are prepared in the same manner. The kola tree grows to approximately 40 ft (12 m) in height, and has white to yellow flowers with spots that range from red to purple. The kola tree's leaves are 6–8 in long (15–20 cm) and the tree bears fruit that is shaped like a star. Inside the fruit, about a dozen round or square seeds can be found in a white seed shell. General use Kola nut contains high amounts of caffeine, which helps combat fatigue and is most commonly used as a central nervous system stimulant that focuses on the cerebrospinal centres. It also contains theobromine, a stimulant found in chocolate as well as in green tea. Kola nut also contains tannins, phenolics, phlobaphens, kola red, betaine, protein, starch, fat, thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin.

The Journal of the American Medical Association advocates the use of kola over other stimulants, because it is not addictive and does not lead to depression. Because it is also a diuretic, its use has been suggested for those with renal diseases, cardiac or renal edema and rheumatic and rheumatoid conditions. Most people around the world are familiar with kola; many have tasted it and do not even know it. Respiratory conditions Kola is widely used as a treatment for whooping cough and asthma, as the caffeine acts as a bronchodilator, expanding the bronchial air passages. A Journal of American Medicine cites a study of kola nut's effects on asthma that showed "the attack being cut short and the child's condition rapidly improved." Gastrointestinal disorders In Africa, the fresh nuts are chewed as a ceremonial greeting, as a stimulant, and to help aid digestion, as kola nut stimulates gastric acid production. Kola nuts are also known to improve the taste of food and act as an appetite suppressant. Ideal if you are trying to diet.

Other conditions The kola nut is also used to treat migraine headaches, because the caffeine and theobromine act as cerebral vasodilators (increase blood flow in the head) and, when used in a poultice, can be applied to external cuts and scrapes. More recently, an ephedra/caffeine preparation made from kola nut extract and a Chinese medication known as Ma Huang was tested for safety and efficacy as part of a weight reduction program. The study indicated that the preparation improved the subjects' rate of weight loss and reduction in body fat without undesirable side effects. The flavour of kola nut in cola beverages appears to be more effective than other flavours in disguising the taste of activated charcoal when the charcoal must be given as an antidote for accidental poisoning. Preparations The part of the seed known as the kola nut is the cotyledon, which is also called the seed leaf. The cotyledons are white and bitter when they are fresh, but they turn reddish with almost no taste when they are dried. Fresh nuts are difficult to find outside of the tropical areas where they are grown.

The nuts are sold at African/Shops & markets in international cities, like Washington D.C., Ridley Road Market in Dalson-London & Brixton Market in London. Dosage of kola nut should be 2–6 g per day, as 2.5–7.5 g of liquid extract or 10–30 g per day of tincture. Powdered cotyledons should be taken at 1-3 g per day, as a decoction, liquid extract, or tincture. For the decoction, boil 1-2 teaspoons in a cup of water and take three times a day. The liquid extract should be taken in a 1:1 solution of 60% alcohol at .6-1.2 ml three times a day. Tinctures in a 1:5 solution of 60% alcohol, with 1-4 ml of the cotyledons three times a day. Precautions: Because of its use as a stimulant, kola nut should be used with caution. Patients should consult with their doctors, especially if they are taking other medications.

Due to its caffeine content, kola nut should not be used by women who are pregnant or nursing a child. Also because of its caffeine content, it is not advisable for those suffering from insomnia or anxiety problems. In some cases, extreme restlessness and sleeplessness can occur. It should not be used by patients with a history of high blood pressure, heart trouble, palpitations, seizures, insomnia, heart disease, high cholesterol, or stroke. Research in Niger showed that the habitual chewing of kola nut can actually cause cardiac arrhythmias, based on clinical trials using cats. Kola nut should not be used by those with stomach or duodenal ulcers because it increases gastric juice production and may add to gastrointestinal discomfort and disorders. Kola nut is also one of the top ten common food allergens, among cow's milk and chocolate. Kola nut is naturally very high in tannin, a white-to-yellow astringent powder that gets its name from its use as a textile and leather tanning agent.

However, a University of Miami study shows that "tannins are increasingly recognized as dietary carcinogens and as antinutrients interfering with the system’s full use of protein and called for more studies correlating early death and regular kola nut use in African countries. Kola nut should not be used for long periods of time. Kola nut and cola beverages should be kept away from dogs, cats, and other domestic animals. The theobromine in kola nut (and in chocolate as well) can be fatal to these pets because they metabolize it much more slowly than humans. Side effects Kola nut may cause insomnia, anxiety, nervousness, gastrointestinal problems, and tremors. If there is any indication of an overdose, diarrhoea, nausea, and/or cramps may follow. Oral blisters have also been known to form. Heavy use of kola nut or drinking large quantities of cola beverages has been associated with bone loss in adults and inhibition of bone formation in adolescents. Some practitioners are recommending that teenagers should restrict intake of soft drinks containing cola in order to lower their risk of osteoporosis in later life.

Kola nut should not be used with muscle relaxants, heart medications, high blood pressure medication, nitrates and calcium-channel blockers. Clinical experiments indicate that beverages containing cola increase the rate and extent of absorption of carbamazepine (Tegretol), a drug used to treat epilepsy and some forms of bipolar disorder. Kola nut has been reported to interact with tricyclic antidepressant medications and with MAO inhibitors. In general, patients taking any medication for anxiety or depression should consult their physician before taking preparations containing kola nut. It would be interesting to get any clinical information of deaths attributed to the consumers of Kola nuts in Ghana/Africa. In addition, further information of Kola nut can be sourced from the Book & Periodicals below, also from several Alternative Medicine Databases in Canada, USA & Europe. Ref: Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine BOOKS Castleman, Michael. The Healing Herbs. New York: Bantam Books, 1995. PERIODICALS Boozer, C. N., P. A. Daly, P. Homel, et al.

"Herbal Ephedra/Caffeine for Weight Loss: A 6-Month Randomized Safety and Efficacy Trial." International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 26 (May 2002): 593-604. Dagnone, D., D. Matsui, and M. J. Rieder. "Assessment of the Palatability of Vehicles for Activated Charcoal in Pediatric Volunteers." Pediatric Emergency Care 18 (February 2002): 19-21. Malhotra, S., R. K. Dixit, and S. K. Garg. "Effect of an Acidic Beverage (Coca-Cola) on the Pharmacokinetics of Carbamazepine in Healthy Volunteers." Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology 24 (January-February 2002): 31-33. Morton, J.F. "Widespread Tannin Intake via Stimulants and Masticatories, Especially Guarana, Kola Nut, Betel Vine, and Accessories." Basic Life Sciences (1992): 739-65. Reiling, Jennifer.

"Therapeutics of Kola." Journal of the American Medical Association, (24 November 1999). Root, A. W. "Bone Strength and the Adolescent." Adolescent Medicine 13 (February 2002): 53-72. Speer, F. "Food Allergy: The 10 Common Offenders." American Family Physician (February 1976):106-12. Compilation by Teacher Baffour COLA NUTS KOLA TREES The kola nut has a bitter flavor and contains caffeine. It is chewed in many West African cultures, individually or in a group setting. It is often used ceremonially, presented to chiefs or presented to guests. Kola nuts are perhaps best known to Western culture as a flavoring ingredient and one of the sources of caffeine in cola and other similarly flavored beverages, although the use of kola (or kola flavoring) in commercial cola drinks has become uncommon. The caffeine-containing fruit of the tree is used as a flavoring ingredient in beverages, and is the origin of the term "cola".

INTRODUCTION Kola nuts, the seed of Cola nitida and Cola acuminata, are native to West africa. There it forms an intergrated part of the social life; the nuts are valued for it's stimulating, aphrodisiac and healing qualities. Extracts of these nuts are often found in energy drinks. Kola nuts (or cola nuts) are the seed pods of various evergreen trees; Sterculiaceae cola vera is the scientific name of the most common species. The kola nut trees, which grow as tall as 60 feet (18 meters), are most common in Western Africa and the Atlantic coast area of Central Africa. Cola nut pods, dried and fresh Kola nuts are important in many African societies, particularly in Western Africa. Besides the fact that Kola nuts contain caffeine and act as a stimulant and anti-depressant , they are also thought to reduce fatigue and hunger, aid digestion, and work as an aphrodisiac. In some parts of Africa, kola nuts are given as gifts to visitors entering a home, usually with some formal ceremony. Offering the kola nut is a gesture of friendship and hospitality.

The kola nut ceremony is similar to the traditional American Indian peace pipe or breaking bread in a religious context. Elsewhere, before a marriage, a bag of kola nuts are often given by a groom to the parents of the bride. Kola nuts are a used in rituals performed by religious healers. Besides the ceremonial uses, many Africans consume kola nuts regularly, even daily, for the medicial effects described above. Kola nuts are a common sight in African markets in cities and villages. They are often sold by street vendors at bus and train depots. On a train or bus, a traveler with a kola nut will often offer a piece to the others nearby, whether he knows them or not. Cola nut trees in Africa and Malaysia Kola nuts are consumed by breaking them open and into pieces, then chewing the kola nut pieces as one chews gum. Most people find the taste very bitter, especially at first. Sometimes a knife is needed to cut the nut into pieces. The stimulative effect is similar to a strong cup of coffee. Kola nuts are produced commercially in the African and American tropics. In their raw form they are rather hard to find outside the tropics, though some specialty/import grocery stores might sell them.

Kola nuts are best known outside of Africa as an ingredient in cola beverages. There is some evidence that the first kola (or cola) beverage was made by Western Africans who mixed water with dried or fermented kola nuts. Today, homemade cola drinks are very rare in Africa, though store-bought cola drinks are very popular. (Besides water, the most popular drinks throughout Africa are bottled soft drinks and beer.) Commercially produced cola drinks were developed in the late 1800s, when chemists and inventors the world over used kola nuts (as well as other exotic ingredients) in various drinks and tonics. The most famous of these is Coca-Cola , which has become a truly global beverage. More recently, kola nuts and kola nut extract have become popular in Europe and North America as a natural or alternative medicine. COCA COLA FORMULA The primary ingredients of Coca-Cola syrup include either high fructose corn syrup or sucrose derived from cane sugar, caramel color, caffeine, phosphoric acid, coca extract, lime extract, vanilla, and glycerin. High fructose corn syrup or sucrose are overwhelmingly the major added ingredients: one 600 ml bottle (≈20.29 U.S.

fl. oz.) of Coca Cola contains the approximate equivalent of 15 teaspoons of sugar. However, contrary to what is implied by the "cola" name, Coca-Cola syrup does not contain any kola nut extract. Since no kola extracts are present in the recipe, the primary taste of Coca-Cola comes from vanilla and cinnamon with trace amounts of orange , lime and lemon and spices such as nutmeg . Coca-Cola was originally one of hundreds of coca-based drinks that claimed medicinal properties and benefits to health; early marketing claimed that Coca-Cola alleviated headaches and acted as a "brain and nerve tonic". Coca leaves were used in Coca-Cola's preparation and the small amount of cocaine present in the product gave the drinker a "buzz". In 1903 Coca-Cola removed cocaine from the formula, substituting caffeine as the stimulating ingredient, while dropping all the product's medicinal claims. In response to increasing pressure from the United States Food and Drug Administration, which was carrying on a campaign against harmful food ingredients and misleading claims, Coca-Cola replaced unprocessed coca leaves with "spent" coca leaves, which flavored the product without providing any drug effect.

It is believed that coca leaves are imported from Peru , then treated by US chemical company Stepan, which then sells the de-cocainized residue to Coca-Cola. The Coca-Cola Company declines to comment upon whether or not Coca-Cola contains spent coca leaves, deferring to the secret nature of the formula. In 1911 the United States sued the Coca-Cola Company, citing the Pure Food and Drugs Act, in an attempt to force the Coca-Cola Company to remove caffeine from Coca-Cola syrup, claiming that caffeine was harmful to health. The United States lost the case, but the decision was partly reversed in a 1916 appeal to the United States Supreme Court. To avoid further litigation, the Coca-Cola Company settled, paying all legal costs and agreeing to reduce the amount of caffeine in its product. Congress passed laws requiring caffeine to be listed on the product's ingredients label. What was that? Circa 1990, Eddy L. Harris traveled solo across Africa, from Tunisia to South Africa. He recorded his thoughts and impressions in Native Stranger: A Black American's Journey into the Heart of Africa (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992).

In this excerpt, traveling in a truck in Guinea, he tries kola nut for the first time. In the back of the truck, someone offered me a little purple piece of something. It was shaped like garlic but looked like a radish. He cut it in half and gave a bit to me, popped the rest in his mouth. I did the same. And oh my God! what a horrid taste. It was like a jolt of lightning , the essence of bitterness. My body shuddered head to toe. We were so crowded in the back of the truck that the man next to me felt the violence of my shuddering and, by the way he looked at me, he must have thought that I was having some kind of seizure. There was no place to spit out this thing I was eating and I had to keep it in my mouth until finally I chewed it up and swallowed it. I thought to myself: I've got to stop putting strange things in my mouth. At least until I know what they are. "What was that?" I asked. "You don't know?" asked the astounded man who had given it to me. Perhaps he was astounded that I would eat something without knowing what it was.

"It was cola nut. It gives you energy. It wakes you up." "It certainly does," I said. (The Misfortune in Men's Eyes: The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau) Cola nut trees have been important in Africa for centuries. Africans used the pods to ease labor pains; seeds to relieve diarrhea, nausea, and hangover. They chewed the nuts as a stimulant and used the roots to clean teeth and sweeten breath. Friends send nuts as invitations or congratulations. Effects You feel lively and talkative. Loss of appetite, concentration improves and your body will become highly sensitive. Usage Put 1 teaspoon in cold/warm milk or coffee . For a more serious energy boost, take 1 to 3 teaspoons. Warning: Cola nut contains caffeine ; excessive use over long periods can be debilitating to the sexual function. It may also cause nervousness, insomnia and habituation. Common Names and Synonyms: Kola, cola Background: The cola tree grows 40 to 60 feet high and is native to the tropical rain forests of West Africa. The leaves are about 10 inches long and leathery.

Small yellow flowers produce a brown pod that contains anywhere from 4 to 15 cola nuts. The nutï¿½s aroma is sweet and rose-like. The first taste is bitter, but sweetens upon chewing. The nut can be boiled to extract the cola. Cola nut is a breath sweetener and contains three times the caffeine of coffee. The original Coca-Cola contained cola leaf extracts (a source of cocaine prohibited in soft drinks in the U.S. after 1904.) Cola is a stimulant to the central nervous system, it is anti-depressive, and diuretic. EFFECTS : Enhances alertness and physical capacities, improves mood, supresses the appitite and has sexual stimulating effects. Autonomic changes: elevation of body temperature, increases bloodpressure and increases respiratory rate. Effects last (depending on the amount taken) for approximately 6 hours after ingestion. Dosage and preparation Usually the nuts are chewed, but a powder can also be taken. The taste is quite bitter. A stimulant dose consists of two to six grams. Cola nuts are exported all over the world, from hot producing countries, to just about all other countries.

Usually, the kola nuts will have been treated so that a rich extract is supplied. Botanical aspects C. nitida is a member of Sterculiaceae; Tribus Sterculiae, subtribus Sterculiinae. While this genus probably originated from tropical West Africa (C. nitida is indigenous to Liberia, Senegal, Nigeria), it now grows in various tropical regions and in South East Asia.3 It is an evergreen tree that has glossy green leaves, violet striped flowers and star-shaped fruits. This tree reaches 25 meters in height and is propagated through seeds. C. nitida and C. acuminata can easily be interchanged with other Cola species Phytochemistry The active principles of cola nuts are methylxanthines; caffeine is the main active constituent, but theophylline, theobromine and catechine are also present.

Concentrations are respectively 2- 3.5 % caffeine and 1% theobromine Pharmacology The pharmacological actions of caffeine, theophylline and theobromine (purine-base derived stimulants) are the result of three different biochemical alterations: (2) they block (P-1) adenosine receptors (A1 and A2A) and (3) they cause the release of Ca2+ from the storage vesicles into the cytoplasma. Inhibition of phosphodiesterase will result in an increased cAMP 2nd messenger activity. Blockage of the adenosine receptors causes stimulation and the interference with Ca 2+ -ionchannel activities causes contraction of the smooth- and skeleton muscles. It appears that 95 % of the methylxantines are metabolised by hydroxylation of carbon 8 and demethylation by Cytochrome-P-450 (A1, A2.) 1 Another common inactivation pathway is oxidation by Xanthinoxidase. - Kola nuts has positive synergistic effects with ephedrine (Ephedra sp.) - MAO-inhibitors can cause hyperreactivity and suspiciousness.

- Combines well with alcohol 1. [Forth/ Henschler/ Rummel/ Fostermann/ Starke, 2001] 2. [Gottlieb] SOLAR COLA SOLAR COLA LTD - This company is not looking for distributors at this time (2015), but may seek overseas partners as and when the time is ripe. Solar Cola uses the extract of real kola nuts in its formulation. According to ResearchandMarkets.com the UK drinks market is worth an estimated ï¿½53.5 billion, representing a 7% share of total consumer spending. The global soft drinks market is roughly the same percentage of total consumer spending for developed countries. Prospective investors should consult their own independent investment advisers, and please note this information is provided for general guidance only. It is not a prospectus, but is provided in response to the number of requests we have received asking for more information For all trade enquiries please contact: The IP Manager at: Cola mentions in the Cayce Readings Cola syrup was mentioned in 62 readings, usually as a medicinal purifier of the kidneys.

Typically the cola syrup was to be taken with plain water, not carbonated as with the modern day soft drink. See the extracts below :- 257-167 (A) Cola for the body is a stimulant, and will aid at times and deter at others. Taken when tired, very good; but do not gulp - drink slowly. 2084-3 - (A) Generally, Cola is not harmful; but some others might be harmful. If the drink is prepared with the syrup added to plain and not carbonated water, it would be more beneficial. 487-22 - Drink plenty of water during the day. Milk, ice cream or the like is very good. When drinks are taken, let such as these be rather as an extra drink and not too regularly. 2853-1 - A drink made Kola syrup will be helpful to the kidneys for purification, owing to the forms of combinations in same, this should be made with plain and not carbonated waters. 3081-1 - The only soft drink to be taken would be a Cola. This is helpful in the condition through the kidneys, and in the circulation between liver and kidneys.

3109-1 - Here we find that a Cola drink will be good to purify the circulation between the kidneys and the liver, used in plain water. The effect of the tannic forces will be helpful for this condition. Two to three ounces will suffice three to four times a week. 5097-1 - Take cola syrup occasionally as a drink for the activity of the kidneys, but do not take it with carbonated water. Take about 1/2 oz. or 1 oz. of the syrup and add plain water . This to be taken about every other day with or without ice . This will aid in purifying the kidney activity and bladder and will be better for the body. kola | TrendMonitor Potassium: 225mg (16% of RDA*) Vitamin C: 10mg (42% of RDA*) * per 250ml bottle About the company Botanic Lab develops potent dynamic drinks and botanical tonics from the purest organic ingredients, specially selected for their powerful health-giving properties. Unique herbal formulae give the invigorating potions their distinctive flavours, while a hydraulic cold press method ensures that the meticulously sourced ingredients are delivered live and nutritionally intact.

We never outsource: all our organic juices and tonics are produced in The Lab, here in London. This means we deliver our complex recipes according to our own highly specialised methods - and ensures our rare, organic ingredients are treated with the meticulous care they deserve from kernel to cup. The result is superior quality and flavour, fresh to you. Kola Nut Kola Nut Common names Kola Nut Kola nut is actually the fruit of the kola tree. This is an evergreen tree that is a shade bearer. In other words, trees of this species like to grow under the canopy of larger trees. Kola tree grows up to a height of anything between 9 meters and 12 meters and occasionally even reaches 27 meters. The trunk is up to 1.5 meters across having slender prop ups that are often lengthened to 1 meter in older trees. In many cases, the buttresses are absent and the trunk is not erect all the time and is tubular. The bark of Cola nitida has a grayish or grayish brown hue and is coarse having fissures that run lengthwise.

The bark of this tree exudes a sap that is pinkish red and fibrous; its color darkens to brown when exposed to air. Kola tree bears simple leaves that appear alternately having petioles that are about 1.2 cm to 10 cm in length. The shape of the leaves vary from more or less oblong to broadly oval, while the apex is unexpectedly and curtly pointed (acuminate). At the base, the leaves are either rounded or having rounded tip. The margins are wavy either hairless or somewhat without bristles. They have deep green nerves on the sides measuring about 6 cm to 10 cm. The flowering part of the plant is an auxiliary and appears as haphazardly split panicles that are about 5 cm to 10 cm in length - much smaller in length compared to the leaves. The flowers have only one reproductive part (unisexual), comprising five parts, but do not have any petals. The male flowers are about 2 cm in diameter and their calyx is cup-shaped. They are intensely lobed with several stamens and appear in two whorls.

On the other hand, the calyx of the female flowers is approximately 5 cm in diameter having five carpels and several simple anthers at the bottom. The fruits of the kola tree are oblong or oval shaped appearing in sacs that measure about 13 cm x 7 cm. They are green hued, glossy on the surface, have a smooth texture, but lumpy having large nodules. As many as four to eight seeds appear in each carpel and they are oval or semi globoid in shape. The kola nuts are extremely thick and hard and they are found in a range of colors. Maroon, deep brown and brown are the most common colors of kola nuts. Each kola tree produces approximately 120,000 nuts annually. Kola nuts may be consumed in a number of ways, including eating them separately, employing them in the form of a spice as well as using them in soda beverages. Kola nuts are nuts that contain caffeine and are produced by the trees of species Cola nitida and Cola acuminate belonging to the cocoa family (Sterculiaceae). These trees are indigenous to tropical Africa and are widely cultivated in the tropical regions of America.

This evergreen tree has an appearance akin to that of the chestnut tree. The kola nuts are harvested manually and left in the sun to dry for commercial purpose - primarily in the form of an ingredient in medications and soft drinks. Nevertheless, soft drink manufacturers in America as well as in Europe never use kola nuts, but produce synthetic chemicals that have the essence of kola nut. It is worth mentioning here that the kola trees are indigenous to Angola, Togo and Sierra Leone in Africa. However, currently these trees are grown in almost all regions of the world having tropical climatic conditions. In West Africa, people have been traditionally using kola nuts for medicinal purposes since a long time. It is believed that when the native Africans were taken as slaves to America, they carried kola nuts with them to the new continent. In Africa, the native of the kola trees, people use the nuts in the form of an exchange medium. In addition, local labourers also chew the kola nuts with a view to lessen the feeling of hunger as well as exhaustion . They also chew small portions of the nuts having an astringent flavour prior to having their meals to facilitate digestion of the food.

People in Brazil and the West Indies use the nuts in the form of a herbal medication to treat diarrhea , hangover and intoxication. People belonging to the Igbo tribe of south-eastern Nigeria use the kola nuts in a variety of their social ceremonies. In effect, one of the major visitation rituals followed by these tribes includes presenting a plate of kola nuts. Parts used Seeds. Uses The kola nut is native to Africa, and earlier it was extensively used for manufacturing carbonated soda. In contemporary times, kola nuts are mainly employed in the form of a dietary supplement in producing formulas for weight loss and energy. Nevertheless, it is suggested that before you take any dietary supplement containing kola nuts, you need to undertake the basic preventative measure with a view to keep away from developing the side effects caused by the excessive use of these nuts as well as problems which are likely to occur owing to medical conditions that you might be enduring from before. Kola nuts provide us with several benefits and some of them are discussed below. A number of studies undertaken in recent times show that kola nut is an excellent source of caffeine, theobromine and theophylline.

It is known that the substance called theophylline facilitates in unwinding the muscles as well as widen the bronchioles in people suffering from asthma and bronchitis . Then again, theobromine helps to expand the blood vessels and also lower elevated blood pressure . Kola nuts contain caffeine and other stimulants which not only lower high blood pressure within the lungs, but also supply us with energy and are particularly beneficial for individuals who are enduring chronic fatigue and weariness. Caffeine contained by the kola nuts restrains hunger, aid in digestion and losing additional body weight . In addition, kola nuts have also been commonly employed to cure persistent migraine headaches . Kola nuts also help in augmenting the metabolic process and supply us with additional energy required by the body to recover from exhausting exercises - this is one reason why kola nuts may be effectively employed in any weight-loss program. Findings of some scientific studies have hinted that kola nuts considerably enhance the gastric acid levels, thereby promoting healthy digestion. At the same time, one may also use kola nuts in the form of a remedy for nervous diarrhea. People belonging to a number of cultures in Africa were of the belief that chewing kola nuts on a regular basis prior to taking meals facilitated digestion.

Kola nuts are also believed to enhance the essence of any food consumed after eating it and also have the ability to turn rancid water into pleasant water. Kola nuts are dried , pounded into a powdered form and applied to cuts to heal them quickly. Kola nut is also known to be effective for treating hypertension as well as in combating several types of toxins . This herb is also employed in the form of a useful medication to treat venereal ailments , rheumatism, infections of the urinary tract , congestive heart failure as well as hepatitis . Besides offering several health benefits, using kola nuts also have a number of disadvantages or risks. It has been found that a number of products contain high amounts of kola nut and using them may possibly result in undesirable side effects, especially if they are taken on a regular basis. There was a time when the kola nut formed the major ingredient in all cola drinks. It is rumoured that the famous drink Coke is prepared using a secret formula that includes using kola extracts, coca extract, sugar , caffeine, lime extract, vanilla , caramel color as well as glycerin . Habitat and cultivation The Cola nitida tree has its origin in the tropical rainforests.

This tree requires a hot and humid climate to thrive, but also has the aptitude to tolerate an arid season when growing in places where the ground water level is somewhat high. It is also possible to cultivate Cola nitida in more arid regions where ground water is accessible relatively easily. This tree usually provides shade and likes to grow under the canopy of larger trees, but thrives better and its branching crown bears more fruits when cultivated in open spaces. While Cola nitida is usually a forest tree of the plains, it has also been found to grow naturally at places higher than 300 meters above the sea level, especially on deep, fertile soils and in places receiving plenty of uniformly distributed rainfall. In order to grow this tree properly, it is necessary to undertake weeding on a regular basis, which may be done either manually or by using herbicides. While the plants may require some irrigation, it is necessary to remove the water and you need to have an excellent drainage system to do this. Watering the plants in excess may actually harm the growth of the Cola nitida plants. When you are not cultivating this species under sufficient shade, the plants respond excellently to fertilizers.

In order to shield the Cola nitida plants from powerful gales, you generally need to provide them with windbreaks. Constituents Chemical analysis of the kola nut has revealed that it encloses alkaloids , of which about 1.25 per cent is caffeine and theobromine, a volatile oil , tannin , starch , theophylline, sugar, kolanin (a blend of caffeine and kola red), fatty substances, protein as well as a number of antioxidants , such as phenolics and anthrocyanin. Side effects and cautions Kola nuts should not be used in certain conditions. For instance, pregnant women ought to consult their physician prior to using kola nuts since a number of contradictions regarding their use during pregnancy exist. In addition, this herb may also prove to be extremely strong for people who are very sensitive to caffeine. Even people with a history of strokes , digestive problems, anxiety disorders, diabetes , insomnia , heart ailments and high cholesterol should keep away from using kola nuts. In case you are feeling nervous or have problems in falling asleep, you either need to lessen the dosage of this herb or stop taking it completely.

It may be noted here that unadulterated or genuine kola nut actually works to make the action of analgesics, beverages containing caffeine as well as other psychoactive medications stronger. Individuals who have allergic reactions on consuming peanuts or any other type of nut may also be allergic to kola nuts. Collection and harvesting Kola nuts are usually harvested during the period between October and March. These nuts are collected manually with harvesters plucking them from the branch of the Cola nitida trees. All over the world, including the Western world, kola nuts are harvested by people for their use. It is possible to store kola nuts for a long period provided they are kept in a chilly and dry place. Cola nut - definition of cola nut by The Free Dictionary Cola nut - definition of cola nut by The Free Dictionary Related to cola nut: Cola nitida , Agar agar cola nut n (Plants) any of the seeds of the cola tree, which contain caffeine and theobromine and are used medicinally and in the manufacture of soft drinks ko′la nut` the large brown seed of the kola tree: its extract is used in soft drinks.

[1865–70] kola nut cola , dope - carbonated drink flavored with extract from kola nuts (`dope' is a southernism in the United States) Cola acuminata , goora nut , kola , kola nut tree , kola nut - tree bearing large brown nuts containing e.g. caffeine; source of cola extract nut - usually large hard-shelled seed Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: References in periodicals archive ? They detected plant proteins in a drink claiming to have "organic agave syrup and cola nut extracts". Researchers test Cola's natural flavouring claims While the hip young things in Britain's bars and clubs had bought into the brand, the idea of a soft drink containing cola nut and apple extracts, coffee leaf and raw cane sugar was a far harder sell in the cut-throat supermarket aisles. Copyright © 2003-2017 Farlex, Inc Disclaimer All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only.

This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional. Soft Drink Spotlight: Caleb’s Kola | TrendMonitor Soft Drink Spotlight: Caleb’s Kola Hundreds of batches Determined to craft the best kola using our quality ingredients, we tested batch after batch and spent months talking and tasting kola- until the right balance was achieved. Our kola recipe is comprised of a blend of sustainable Fair Trade cane sugar, kola nuts from Africa, a special blend of spices from around the world, and a hint of citrus. And, when poured, you’ll notice Caleb’s Kola has just the right amount of carbonation resulting in a distinct foamy head. We love it and hope you will, too. Kola Nut Extract With a unique, slightly bitter flavor and a small amount of caffeine, the kola nut is an evergreen tree nut originating from the tropical rainforests of Africa. The nut itself is the fruit of the kola tree and can range in size from as small as a chestnut to as large as potato!

Widely used to flavor drinks, we’re extracting the kola nut’s natural flavor as the key ingredient in Caleb’s Kola. Fair Trade Cane Sugar The cane sugar we use is certified Fair Trade, which helps support local farmers and promotes sustainability. The unrefined qualities of our cane sugar gives our kola just the right touch of sweetness. Brown Spices While searching for the perfect combination of flavors and ingredients, we turned to our very own kitchen cupboard for some inspiration. Our secret blend of brown spices comes from around the world and gives Caleb’s Kola its unique flavor. Citrus Notes Kola and citrus are a perfect match! While great on their own, their combined flavors create an entirely new experience. The oils from the citrus fruit give Caleb’s Kola a sharp flavor and amazing freshness you won’t find in other kola. Cola nitida (kola nut) | Plants & Fungi At Kew Discover plants and fungi Cola nitida (kola nut) A tropical tree from West African rainforests, kola nut seeds are popularly chewed as a caffeine-containing stimulant and are an ingredient in some soft drinks.

Cola nitida (kola nut) flowers Species information Cola nitida (Vent.) Schott & Endl. Common name: kola nut, cola, kola, bitter kola (English); Abata cola, gbanja cola, goro cola, labozhi kola (trade names) Conservation status: Not assessed according to IUCN Red List criteria (although many other Cola species are of conservation concern). Habitat: Lowland rainforest; usually in rich, deep soils. Key Uses: Food (stimulant), flavouring for beverages, ceremonial rituals, medicine. Known hazards: Seeds contain caffeine, a stimulant with a range of side-effects. Taxonomy Genus: Cola About this species A tropical tree from West African rainforests, Cola nitida is best known for its caffeine-containing seeds, known as kola nuts. Raw seeds are chewed as a stimulant and have a bitter taste. Kola nuts are used in a variety of local ceremonies and also to produce kola nut extract, which is an ingredient in some soft drinks. The closely related species Cola acuminata is also sometimes known as kola nut, and its seeds are used in the same ways.

Cola nitida and C. acuminata are known as ‘true kolas’, yielding superior seeds for chewing. Although seeds of some other Cola species are suitable for chewing, they are of an inferior quality and are known as ‘false kolas’ or ‘monkey kolas’. Synonym: Bichea nitida (Vent.) Farw., Cola vera K.Schum, Sterculia nitida Vent. Genus: Discover more Geography and distribution Cola nitida is native to West Africa (from Guinea to Ghana) and has been introduced throughout the forested areas of West and Central Africa. Commercial crops are grown mainly in Nigeria, Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire and Sierra Leone and also to some extent in India, Brazil and Jamaica. Description Star-shaped flower of Cola nitida Overview: Evergreen, tropical tree growing up to about 20 metres tall, with a spreading, open canopy. Leaves: Oval with pointed ends, leathery, with a shiny upper surface. Borne alternately on the stem. Flowers: Off-white to cream, star-shaped with five petals and a blotched red-purple centre with a prominent stigma. Pollinated by flies.

Fruits: Large (13×7 cm), knobbly, green pods. Splitting into two equal halves to reveal four to eight, smooth, red or white, seeds (kola nuts). Uses Cola nitida seeds, known as kola nuts, are used as a foodstuff locally. They contain caffeine, theobromine, tannins, fructose and kolanin (a heart stimulant). They are chewed as a stimulant and are especially favoured as a snack by African Muslims when fasting in the month of Ramadan. Kola nuts are reported to suppress hunger and thirst and have been used in western and central Africa for thousands of years. Kola nut extract was reportedly used as a source of caffeine in pharmacist John Pemberton’s ‘French Wine Coca’, a forerunner of the soft drink Coca-Cola. Frank M. Robinson’s first advert for Coca-Cola in the Atlanta Journal on 29 May 1886 read ‘Coca-Cola ...

containing the properties of the wonderful Coca plant and the famous Cola nut.’ Natural kola nut extract has now been replaced by synthetic citrate caffeine in many leading brands of cola drink, although some advertised as ‘natural cola’ include kola nut in their ingredients. Cola nitida seeds for sale in Sierra Leone. Kola nuts are used in many African ceremonies, for example the welcoming ceremony of the Igbo culture of Nigeria. The seeds are passed among visitors to a village and then blessed by the village elder, before a seed is given to each visitor with the words ‘Öjï luo ünö okwuo ebe osi bia’ (When the kola nut reaches home, it will tell where it came from), proof to the visitor’s people of his visit to the other village. Kola nuts are central to many other ceremonies in western and central Africa including marriage, child naming, investiture of tribal chiefs, funerals and sacrifices to deities. Seeds from Cola nitida and C. acuminata have been used in western African and Anglo-American herbal medicine as an antidepressant. They have also been used to treat headaches, migraine, dysentery and diarrhoea. In Africa, C.

nitida bark is used to treat wounds and swellings, roots to make teeth-cleaning sticks, and pod bark mixed with other ingredients to reduce labour pains. In the past, kola nuts have been given to troops on African battlefields, with the aim of enabling prolonged exertion without fatigue or thirst but also preventing dysentery and even supposedly giving rise to a feeling of bravery. Further research is needed to verify the medicinal properties of Cola nitida. Cola nitida seeds are also used for dyeing, water purification and production of liquid soap and fertilisers. By-products of kola nut processing are used as poultry feed. Its timber is used for furniture and as fuelwood. Cultivation Knobbly green pods of Cola nitida Outside the tropics, Cola nitida should be cultivated in a greenhouse at 21-28°C with high humidity. It requires a deep, fertile growing medium and regular watering. Adequate drainage is important as C. nitida does not perform well in waterlogged soil. Propagation can be undertaken by cuttings, air-layering or sowing of fully ripened seeds. It can be grown in open or partially shaded sites.

This species at Kew A young specimen of Cola nitida can be seen growing in the south wing of Kew’s Palm House. Dried and alcohol-preserved specimens of Cola nitida are held in Kew’s Herbarium, where they are available to researchers by appointment. Specimens of Cola nitida wood are held in Kew’s Economic Botany Collection, where they are available to researchers by appointment. References and credits Abbiw, D. (1990). Useful Plants of Ghana. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Barwick, M. & Van der Schans, A. (2004). Tropical & Subtropical Trees: A Worldwide Encyclopaedic Guide. Thames and Hudson, London. Burkill, H. M. (2000). The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa, Volume 5. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Chevallier, A. (1996). The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants. Dorling Kindersley Ltd, London. Davidson, A. (1999). The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford University Press Inc., New York. Kiple, K. F.

& Ornelas, K. C. (eds) (2000). The Cambridge World History of Food, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press Lim, K. T. (2012). Edible Medicinal and Non Medicinal Plants: Volume 3: Fruits. Springer, UK. Mabberley, D. J. (2008). Mabberley’s Plant-book: a Portable Dictionary of Plants, their Classification and Uses, 3rd Edition. Cambridge University Press, New York. Pendergrast, M. (2000). For God, Country and Coca-Cola: The Definitive History of the Great American Soft Drink and the Company that Makes It. Basic Books, New York. Vaughan, J. G. & Geissler, C. A. (2009). The New Oxford Book of Food Plants, 2nd Edition. Oxford University Press Inc., New York. Widjaja, M. (2012). Insight into Igbo Culture, Igbo Language and Enugu. Available online (accessed 30 April 2012).

Kew Science Editor: Saul Walker and Emma Tredwell Kew contributors: Xander van der Burgt, Henk Beentje Copyediting: Emma Tredwell Although every effort has been taken to ensure that the information contained in these pages is reliable and complete, notes on hazards, edibility and suchlike included here are recorded information and do not constitute recommendations. No responsibility will be taken for readers’ own actions. soda - How should I prepare kola nuts for creating a soft drink? - Seasoned Advice How should I prepare kola nuts for creating a soft drink? up vote 3 down vote favorite 1 I have recently gotten into making my own soft drinks, and I would like to attempt making a cola. I found an online spice retailer that sells Kola Nut and bought some, but I have no real idea how to prepare them for use. I also don't know how much I should use for a liter or two of soda, but I can figure that out via experimentation if I have to. But what should I do with the kola nuts? Do they need to be ground before I boil them in a simple syrup, or should the pieces just be dropped in as-is?

How much time does it take to extract the flavor from them? Edit: I have made my own ginger ale using fresh ginger and my own berry soda using a bag of frozen berries, and I am a homebrewer and have a kegging system and a carbonator cap for soda bottles. I really just want to know if there are special considerations for how to treat kola nuts.

Question: What part of a kola tree is used to flavor soft drinks?
Answer: Nut