What are the three bones of the os coxa? | Reference.com What are the three bones of the os coxa? A: Quick Answer The three bones of the os coxa, or hip bone, are the ilium, ischium and pubis, according to Dartmouth College. By adulthood, these three bones have grown together to form a single bone. When combined with the sacrum, these bones make up the bony pelvis. Full Answer The ilium forms the fan-shaped portion of the pelvis, according to the University of Arkansas. The crest, or top part, is attached to abdominal wall muscles. Ligaments are also connected to parts of the ilium. The ischium is located at the lower back portion of the hip bone and is joined to ligaments. The pubis forms the lower front portion of the pelvis. This bone attaches to the root of the penis. Largest bone | definition of Largest bone by Medical dictionary Largest bone | definition of Largest bone by Medical dictionary Related to Largest bone: Smallest bone femur [fe´mur] (pl. fem´ora, femurs) (L.) 1.

the thigh bone, extending from the pelvis to the knee; the longest and strongest bone in the body. Its proximal end articulates with the acetabulum, a cup-like cavity in the pelvic girdle. The greater and lesser trochanters are the two processes (prominences) at the proximal end of the femur. See anatomic Table of Bones in the Appendices. 1. Synonym(s): thigh 2. The long bone of the thigh, articulating with the hip bone proximally and the tibia and patella distally. femur /fe·mur/ (fe´mer) pl. fem´ora, femurs [L.] 1. the bone that extends from the pelvis to the knee, being the longest and largest bone in the body; its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone, and distally, the femur, along with the patella and tibia, forms the knee joint. n. pl. femurs or femora (fĕm′ər-ə) 1. a. A bone of the leg situated between the pelvis and knee in humans. It is the largest and strongest bone in the body.

b. A functionally similar bone in the leg or hind limb of other vertebrates. Also called thighbone. 2. The thick, most muscular segment of the insect leg, situated between the trochanter and the tibia. femur [fē′mər] pl. femora, femurs Etymology: L, thigh the thigh bone, which extends from the pelvis to the knee. It is largely cylindric and is the longest and strongest bone in the body. It has a large round head that fits the acetabulum of the hip, and it displays a large neck and several prominences and ridges for muscle attachments. In an erect posture it inclines medially, drawing the knee joint near the line of gravity of the body. Femur Skeletal System – Labeled Diagrams of the Human Skeleton Pectoral (shoulder) girdle Skull The skull is composed of 22 bones that are fused together except for the mandible. These 21 fused bones are separate in children to allow the skull and brain to grow, but fuse to give added strength and protection as an adult.

The mandible remains as a movable jaw bone and forms the only movable joint in the skull with the temporal bone . The bones of the superior portion of the skull are known as the cranium and protect the brain from damage. The bones of the inferior and anterior portion of the skull are known as facial bones and support the eyes, nose, and mouth. Hyoid and Auditory Ossicles The hyoid is a small, U-shaped bone found just inferior to the mandible. The hyoid is the only bone in the body that does not form a joint with any other bone—it is a floating bone. The hyoid’s function is to help hold the trachea open and to form a bony connection for the tongue muscles . The malleus, incus, and stapes—known collectively as the auditory ossicles —are the smallest bones in the body. Found in a small cavity inside of the temporal bone, they serve to transmit and amplify sound from the eardrum to the inner ear. Vertebrae Twenty-six vertebrae form the vertebral column of the human body.

They are named by region: Cervical (neck) - 7 vertebrae Sacrum - 1 vertebra Coccyx (tailbone) - 1 vertebra With the exception of the singular sacrum and coccyx, each vertebra is named for the first letter of its region and its position along the superior-inferior axis. For example, the most superior thoracic vertebra is called T1 and the most inferior is called T12. Ribs and Sternum The sternum, or breastbone, is a thin, knife-shaped bone located along the midline of the anterior side of the thoracic region of the skeleton . The sternum connects to the ribs by thin bands of cartilage called the costal cartilage. There are 12 pairs of ribs that together with the sternum form the ribcage of the thoracic region. The first seven ribs are known as “true ribs” because they connect the thoracic vertebrae directly to the sternum through their own band of costal cartilage.

Ribs 8, 9, and 10 all connect to the sternum through cartilage that is connected to the cartilage of the seventh rib, so we consider these to be “false ribs.” Ribs 11 and 12 are also false ribs, but are also considered to be “floating ribs” because they do not have any cartilage attachment to the sternum at all. Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb The pectoral girdle connects the upper limb (arm) bones to the axial skeleton and consists of the left and right clavicles and left and right scapulae. The humerus is the bone of the upper arm. It forms the ball and socket joint of the shoulder with the scapula and forms the elbow joint with the lower arm bones. The radius and ulna are the two bones of the forearm. The ulna is on the medial side of the forearm and forms a hinge joint with the humerus at the elbow. The radius allows the forearm and hand to turn over at the wrist joint. The lower arm bones form the wrist joint with the carpals, a group of eight small bones that give added flexibility to the wrist.

The carpals are connected to the five metacarpals that form the bones of the hand and connect to each of the fingers. Each finger has three bones known as phalanges, except for the thumb, which only has two phalanges. Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb Formed by the left and right hip bones, the pelvic girdle connects the lower limb (leg) bones to the axial skeleton. The femur is the largest bone in the body and the only bone of the thigh (femoral) region. The femur forms the ball and socket hip joint with the hip bone and forms the knee joint with the tibia and patella. Commonly called the kneecap, the patella is special because it is one of the few bones that are not present at birth. The patella forms in early childhood to support the knee for walking and crawling. The tibia and fibula are the bones of the lower leg. The tibia is much larger than the fibula and bears almost all of the body’s weight. The fibula is mainly a muscle attachment point and is used to help maintain balance.

The tibia and fibula form the ankle joint with the talus, one of the seven tarsal bones in the foot . The tarsals are a group of seven small bones that form the posterior end of the foot and heel. The tarsals form joints with the five long metatarsals of the foot. Then each of the metatarsals forms a joint with one of the set of phalanges in the toes. Each toe has three phalanges, except for the big toe, which only has two phalanges. Microscopic Structure of Bones The skeleton makes up about 30-40% of an adult’s body mass. The skeleton’s mass is made up of nonliving bone matrix and many tiny bone cells. Roughly half of the bone matrix’s mass is water , while the other half is collagen protein and solid crystals of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate. Living bone cells are found on the edges of bones and in small cavities inside of the bone matrix. Although these cells make up very little of the total bone mass, they have several very important roles in the functions of the skeletal system.

The bone cells allow bones to: Grow and develop Be repaired following an injury or daily wear Be broken down to release their stored minerals Types of Bones All of the bones of the body can be broken down into five types: long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid. Long. Long bones are longer than they are wide and are the major bones of the limbs. Long bones grow more than the other classes of bone throughout childhood and so are responsible for the bulk of our height as adults. A hollow medullary cavity is found in the center of long bones and serves as a storage area for bone marrow. Examples of long bones include the femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, and phalanges. Short. Short bones are about as long as they are wide and are often cubed or round in shape. The carpal bones of the wrist and the tarsal bones of the foot are examples of short bones. Flat. Flat bones vary greatly in size and shape, but have the common feature of being very thin in one direction. Because they are thin, flat bones do not have a medullary cavity like the long bones.

The frontal, parietal, and occipital bones of the cranium—along with the ribs and hip bones—are all examples of flat bones. Irregular. Irregular bones have a shape that does not fit the pattern of the long, short, or flat bones. The vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx of the spine—as well as the sphenoid, ethmoid, and zygomatic bones of the skull—are all irregular bones. Sesamoid. The sesamoid bones are formed after birth inside of tendons that run across joints. Sesamoid bones grow to protect the tendon from stresses and strains at the joint and can help to give a mechanical advantage to muscles pulling on the tendon. The patella and the pisiform bone of the carpals are the only sesamoid bones that are counted as part of the 206 bones of the body. Other sesamoid bones can form in the joints of the hands and feet, but are not present in all people. Parts of Bones The long bones of the body contain many distinct regions due to the way in which they develop. At birth, each long bone is made of three individual bones separated by hyaline cartilage.

Each end bone is called an epiphysis (epi = on; physis = to grow) while the middle bone is called a diaphysis (dia = passing through). The epiphyses and diaphysis grow towards one another and eventually fuse into one bone. The region of growth and eventual fusion in between the epiphysis and diaphysis is called the metaphysis (meta = after). Once the long bone parts have fused together, the only hyaline cartilage left in the bone is found as articular cartilage on the ends of the bone that form joints with other bones. The articular cartilage acts as a shock absorber and gliding surface between the bones to facilitate movement at the joint. Looking at a bone in cross section, there are several distinct layered regions that make up a bone. The outside of a bone is covered in a thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue called the periosteum. The periosteum contains many strong collagen fibers that are used to firmly anchor tendons and muscles to the bone for movement. Stem cells and osteoblast cells in the periosteum are involved in the growth and repair of the outside of the bone due to stress and injury.

Blood vessels present in the periosteum provide energy to the cells on the surface of the bone and penetrate into the bone itself to nourish the cells inside of the bone. The periosteum also contains nervous tissue and many nerve endings to give bone its sensitivity to pain when injured. Deep to the periosteum is the compact bone that makes up the hard, mineralized portion of the bone. Compact bone is made of a matrix of hard mineral salts reinforced with tough collagen fibers. Many tiny cells called osteocytes live in small spaces in the matrix and help to maintain the strength and integrity of the compact bone. Deep to the compact bone layer is a region of spongy bone where the bone tissue grows in thin columns called trabeculae with spaces for red bone marrow in between. The trabeculae grow in a specific pattern to resist outside stresses with the least amount of mass possible, keeping bones light but strong. Long bones have a spongy bone on their ends but have a hollow medullary cavity in the middle of the diaphysis. The medullary cavity contains red bone marrow during childhood, eventually turning into yellow bone marrow after puberty.

Articulations An articulation, or joint, is a point of contact between bones, between a bone and cartilage, or between a bone and a tooth. Synovial joints are the most common type of articulation and feature a small gap between the bones. This gap allows a free range of motion and space for synovial fluid to lubricate the joint. Fibrous joints exist where bones are very tightly joined and offer little to no movement between the bones. Fibrous joints also hold teeth in their bony sockets. Finally, cartilaginous joints are formed where bone meets cartilage or where there is a layer of cartilage between two bones. These joints provide a small amount of flexibility in the joint due to the gel-like consistency of cartilage. Skeletal System Physiology Support and Protection The skeletal system’s primary function is to form a solid framework that supports and protects the body's organs and anchors the skeletal muscles. The bones of the axial skeleton act as a hard shell to protect the internal organs—such as the brain and the heart —from damage caused by external forces. The bones of the appendicular skeleton provide support and flexibility at the joints and anchor the muscles that move the limbs.

Movement The bones of the skeletal system act as attachment points for the skeletal muscles of the body. Almost every skeletal muscle works by pulling two or more bones either closer together or further apart. Joints act as pivot points for the movement of the bones. The regions of each bone where muscles attach to the bone grow larger and stronger to support the additional force of the muscle. In addition, the overall mass and thickness of a bone increase when it is under a lot of stress from lifting weights or supporting body weight. Hematopoiesis Red bone marrow produces red and white blood cells in a process known as hematopoiesis. Red bone marrow is found in the hollow space inside of bones known as the medullary cavity . Children tend to have more red bone marrow compared to their body size than adults do, due to their body’s constant growth and development. The amount of red bone marrow drops off at the end of puberty, replaced by yellow bone marrow. Storage The skeletal system stores many different types of essential substances to facilitate growth and repair of the body. The skeletal system’s cell matrix acts as our calcium bank by storing and releasing calcium ions into the blood as needed.

Proper levels of calcium ions in the blood are essential to the proper function of the nervous and muscular systems. Bone cells also release osteocalcin, a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar and fat deposition. The yellow bone marrow inside of our hollow long bones is used to store energy in the form of lipids. Finally, red bone marrow stores some iron in the form of the molecule ferritin and uses this iron to form hemoglobin in red blood cells. Growth and Development The skeleton begins to form early in fetal development as a flexible skeleton made of hyaline cartilage and dense irregular fibrous connective tissue. These tissues act as a soft, growing framework and placeholder for the bony skeleton that will replace them. As development progresses, blood vessels begin to grow into the soft fetal skeleton, bringing stem cells and nutrients for bone growth. Osseous tissue slowly replaces the cartilage and fibrous tissue in a process called calcification. The calcified areas spread out from their blood vessels replacing the old tissues until they reach the border of another bony area.

At birth, the skeleton of a newborn has more than 300 bones; as a person ages, these bones grow together and fuse into larger bones, leaving adults with only 206 bones. Flat bones follow the process of intramembranous ossification where the young bones grow from a primary ossification center in fibrous membranes and leave a small region of fibrous tissue in between each other. In the skull these soft spots are known as fontanels, and give the skull flexibility and room for the bones to grow. Bone slowly replaces the fontanels until the individual bones of the skull fuse together to form a rigid adult skull. Long bones follow the process of endochondral ossification where the diaphysis grows inside of cartilage from a primary ossification center until it forms most of the bone. The epiphyses then grow from secondary ossification centers on the ends of the bone. A small band of hyaline cartilage remains in between the bones as a growth plate. As we grow through childhood, the growth plates grow under the influence of growth and sex hormones, slowly separating the bones. At the same time the bones grow larger by growing back into the growth plates.

This process continues until the end of puberty, when the growth plate stops growing and the bones fuse permanently into a single bone. The vast difference in height and limb length between birth and adulthood are mainly the result of endochondral ossification in the long bones. Prepared by Tim Taylor, Anatomy and Physiology Instructor Os Coxa Bone Anatomy or Hip Bone Anatomy: The Structure of the Pelvic Girdle Full Text For Review and Translation Close Text Introduction to the Os Coxa Bone or Hip Bone Three bones fuse together in adulthood to form the os coxa or hip bone. The ilium bone forms the superior portion of the os coxa, the ischium bone the lower posterior portion, and the pubis bone the lower anterior portion. Each os coxa has three articulation sites. The two os coxae meet anteriorly at the pubic symphysis joint and converge posteriorly with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joints. Laterally, deep sockets called acetabula accept the heads of the femurs to form the hip joints. The right and left os coxae form the pelvic girdle.

Together, the pelvic girdle, sacrum, and coccyx (final 3-5 vertebrae) make up a ring of bones called the pelvis (bony pelvis). The bony pelvis protects the soft organs of pelvic cavity (bladder, lower colon, rectum, and reproductive organs). It also provides attachment points for many muscles that control the movements of the back, abdomen, and femur bones. Open Text Bones of the Pelvis and Lower Back Home > Skeletal System > Bones of the Pelvis and Lower Back Bones of the Pelvis and Lower Back The bones of the pelvis and lower back work together to support the body’s weight, anchor the abdominal and hip muscles, and protect the delicate vital organs of the vertebral and abdominopelvic cavities. The vertebral column of the lower back includes the five lumbar vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx. These bones work together to provide flexibility to the trunk, support the muscles of the trunk, and protect the spinal cord and spinal nerves of the back....

Move up/down/left/right: Click compass arrows Rotate image: Click and drag in any direction, anywhere in the frame Identify objects: Click on them in the image Bones: Pelvis and Lower Back, Posterior (Back) Full Bones of the Pelvis and Lower Back Description [Continued from above] . . . Lumbar vertebrae support much more body weight than the other vertebrae in the body and are therefore the largest and most robust vertebrae in the body. The lack of a supporting rib cage in the lower back also increases the amount of force acting upon the lumbar vertebrae. The sacrum and coccyx form the inferior end of the vertebral column where it meets the hip bones to form the pelvis. The triangular sacrum forms joints between the lumbar vertebrae and the hip bones. It also contains many passages for the spinal nerves that exit the spinal cord and spread through the pelvis and legs. The coccyx, or tailbone, is inferior to the sacrum and made of several tiny, fused vertebrae. Several pelvic muscles attach to the coccyx.

A pair of large, flat bones known as the os coxae, or hip bones, extend anteriorly and laterally from the sacrum at the sacroiliac joints to form the bulk of the pelvis. The left and right hip bones meet anteriorly at the body’s midline in a band of fibrocartilage known as the pubic symphysis (or symphysis pubis). The hip bones also form the ball-and-socket hip joints with the femurs. Many muscles that move the trunk and legs, such as our abdominal muscles, attach to the hip bones. In addition, the broad hip bones provide protection to the delicate internal organs of the pelvis, such as the intestines, urinary bladder, and uterus. There are many structural differences between the male and the female pelvis, most of which reflect the role of childbirth in the female. The male pelvis is smaller and narrower with a thinner pubic symphysis. The female, on the other hand, has a much wider and more prominent pelvis that provides extra interior space with a wider, more flexible pubic symphysis.

Prepared by Tim Taylor, Anatomy and Physiology Instructor Chapter 12: THE BONES OF THE LOWER LIMB Chapter 12: The bones of the lower limb Hip bone (figs. 12-1 , 12-2 , 12-3 , 12-4 , 12-5 , 12-6 , 12-7 , 12-8 , 12-9 , 31-1 , 31-2 and 31-3 ). The hip bones (which have been named - they are no longer "innominate"!) meet anteriorly at the pubic symphysis. Together with the sacrum, they form a ring termed the bony pelvis. Each hip bone consists of an ilium, an ischium, and a pubis, all three of which in the adult are fused at the acetabulum to form a single bone. The hip bone connects the trunk to the lower limb by extending from the sacrum to the femur.

The terminology of the hip bone is based on the anatomical position, in which the articular surface of the pubic symphysis is in a sagittal plane and the pubic tubercle and anterior superior iliac spine are in the same coronal plane. The internal (or visceral) aspect of the body of the pubis then faces almost directly superiorward so that the urinary bladder rests upon it. Ilium. The ilium consists of a body and an ala (or wing), which are not visibly demarcated from each other on the lateral aspect. The body of the ilium is fused with the ischium and pubis and forms about the superior two fifths of the acetabulum. The iliac crest, which is the superior border of the bone, is readily palpable. The anterior extent of the iliac crest is the anterior superior iliac spine, to which the inguinal ligament is attached, and the posterior extent is the posterior superior iliac spine. The anterior superior iliac spine is an important landmark, which can be palpated (and sometimes seen) by tracing the iliac crest forward or the inguinal ligament upward.

Clinically, the lower limb is measured from the anterior superior iliac spine to the tip of the medial malleolus of the tibia. The measuring tape is kept along the medial side of the patella. The posterior superior iliac spine is usually marked by a dimple in the skin just lateral to the sacrum. A line connecting the right and left dimples is at the level of the second sacral vertebra (S2) and indicates approximately the level of the middle of the sacro-iliac joints. Most of the iliac crest presents outer and inner lips and a rough intermediate line for attachment of muscles. The tubercle of the crest is the lateralmost part of the crest and is a projection of the outer lip about 5 cm posterior to the anterior superior iliac spine. The highest point of the iliac crest is slightly posterior to its midpoint. The supracristal plane, which is a horizontal plane that connects the highest points of the right and left iliac crests, is at the level of the L4 vertebra, generally at the interval between the spines of L3 and 4.

The ala (or wing) of the ilium presents three surfaces (the gluteal and sacropelvic surfaces and the iliac fossa) separated by three borders (anterior, posterior, and medial, respectively). The gluteal surface is crossed by variable muscular ridges (posterior, anterior, and inferior gluteal lines) that define attachments of gluteal muscles (fig. 12-1 ). Medially, a smooth surface, the iliac fossa, forms a part of the lateral wall of the greater (or "false") pelvis (fig. 12-4 ). Posterior to the iliac fossa, a rough sacropelvic surface includes the iliac tuberosity, which is a very rough, ligamentous area, and, inferior to it, the auricular (meaning "ear shaped") surface which is the iliac contribution to the sacro-iliac joint. The anterior border begins at the anterior superior spine and includes the anterior inferior iliac spine, situated superior to the acetabulum. Inferior to the anterior inferior spine and anterior to the acetabulum, the junction of the ilium and pubis forms a diffuse swelling, the iliopubic eminence.

The posterior border of the ilium begins at the posterior superior spine and includes the posterior inferior iliac spine; it then runs anteriorward and forms the greater sciatic notch. The medial border includes the anterior edge of the auricular surface. Its inferior aspect forms a rounded ridge, the arcuate line, which continues to the iliopubic eminence. Ischium. The ischium, which forms the postero-inferior part of the hip bone, consists of a body and a ramus. The body is fused with the ilium and pubis and forms approximately the posterior two fifths of the acetabulum. The inferior end of the body forms a rough impression known as the ischial tuberosity, to which the hamstrings are attached (figs. 12-1 , 12-2 , 12-3 , 12-4 and 12-5 ). The tuberosity is covered by a bursa, which may become enlarged ("weaver's bottom"). The ischial tuberosity is obscured by the gluteus maximus when the hip is extended but is palpable when the thigh is flexed.

The body weight rests on the ischial tuberosities in the sitting position. The body of the ischium presents three surfaces: one facing the thigh (femoral), another related to the ischiorectal fossa (pelvic), and still another (posterior), which is continuous with the gluteal surface of the ilium. Superiot to the ischial tuberosity, the lesser sciatic notch leads to the ischial spine, which is at the inferior limit of the greater sciatic notch. These notches are converted into foramina by the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments. The ramus of the ischium extends medially from the body and tuberosity and joins the inferior ramus of the pubis. The conjoined rami of the ischium and pubis complete the inferior aspect of the obturator foramen. They have two surfaces: one faces the thigh and the other the pelvis and perineum. Pubis. The pubis consists of a body and two rami. The bodies of the two sides meet in the median plane at the pubic symphysis. The medial, or symphysial, surface is rough and covered by cartilage.

The body also presents a pelvic surface, which faces superiorward and supports the bladder, and a femoral surface, which is roughened for muscular attachments. On the anterior aspect, a ridge termed the pubic crest ends laterally in the pubic tubercle. The pubic tubercle is an important landmark in the lower part of the abdominal wall, about 3 cm from the median plane (see fig. 25-7 ). It can be found by tracing the tendon of the adductor longus superiorward. The pubic tubercle is crossed by the spermatic cord and is a guide to the superficial inguinal ring, femoral ring, and saphenous opening. In the anatomical position, the pubic tubercles and the anterior superior iliac spines are all in the same coronal plane. The superior ramus of the pubis extends superolaterally to the acetabulum, where it is fused with the ilium and ischium, and forms about the anterior one fifth of the acetabulum.

Anteriorly, the pecten, or pectineal line, extends along the superior pubic ramus from the pubic tubercle to the iliopubic eminence. The pubic crest and the pectineal line form a part of the linea terminalis. On the inferior aspect of the superior pubic ramus, the obturator crest extends from the pubic tubercle to the acetabular notch. A triangular pectineal surface lies between the pectineal line and the obturator crest. The superior ramus also presents a pelvic surface and an obturator surface, the latter crossed by the obturator groove, which lodges the obturator nerve and vessels; the groove is converted by the obturator membrane into the obturator canal. The inferior ramus of the pubis joins the ramus of the ischium. Acetabulum and Obturator Foramen. The acetabulum (resembling a Roman vinegar cup; cf. acetic acid) is formed by the ilium, ischium, and pubis (see figs. 12-1 and 15-12 ).

It opens inferiorward, anteriorward, and lateralward and forms a socket for the head of the femur. Its horseshoe-shaped, articular surface is known as its lunate surface, whereas its rough, nonarticular floor is the acetabular fossa. The rim, which is deficient on the inferior side at the acetabular notch, gives attachment to the acetabular labrum that deepens the hip socket. The obturator foramen is bounded by the ischium and the pubis and their rami. Except at the obturator groove, the foramen is closed by the obturator membrane, which is attached along its margin. Ossification. The three parts of the hip bone begin to ossify during the fetal period. By late childhood, the three primary centers are separated in the acetabulum by the Y-shaped triradiate cartilage (figs. 12-8 C and 12-9 ). Secondary centers appear chiefly in that cartilage and also in the iliac crest, anterior inferior iliac spine, ischial tuberosity, and pubic symphysis. Femur The femur, or thigh bone (figs.

12-7 , 12-8 , 12-10 , 12-11 , 12-12 , 12-13 , 12-14 , 12-15 , 12-16 , 12-17 and 12-18 ), is the longest and heaviest bone in the body. Its length varies from one fourth to one third of that of the body; hence stature can be estimated from it. When a subject is in the standing position, the femur transmits weight from the hip bone to the tibia. The femur is well covered with muscles, so that only its superior and inferior ends are palpable. The superior end consists of a head, neck, and two trochanters. Its trabeculae are well seen radiographically (see fig. 12-7 ). The head faces superiorward, medialward, and slightly anteriorward and presents a pit (or fovea) to which the ligament of the head is attached (figs. 12-10 and 12-12 ).

The blood supply to the head of the femur is important, because it may be interrupted when the neck is fractured. Metaphysial and epiphysial arteries from the femoral circumflex vessels are carried in retinacula from near the femoral trochanters along the neck of the femur to reach the head. Other epiphysial arteries from the obturator enter the head by way of the ligament of the head (see fig. 15-15 ). The femoral neck is separated from the shaft in front by the intertrochanteric line, which can be traced inferiorly to a spiral line that joins the medial lip of the linea aspera (fig. 12-13 ). Posteriorly, about two thirds of the neck is intracapsular (fig. 12-18 ). The plane of the neck, followed medially, usually lies anterior to that of the femoral condyles (anteversion of head of femur), and the two planes form an angle (fig. 12-16 ). This angle of femoral torsion is about 15 degrees in the adult but is approximately twice as great in infancy.

The degree of anteversion may be altered in pathological conditions, and its determination may be important in diagnosis and treatment. In addition, the long axes of the femoral neck and shaft make an angle of inclination (fig. 12-17 ), which may be altered by any pathological condition that weakens the neck of the femur. When the angle of inclination is diminished, the condition is known as coxa vara; when it is increased, as coxa valga. The neck is a common site of fracture in older people, with danger of avascular necrosis of the head if blood flow is compromised. The greater trochanter is situated laterally and can be palpated (most easily with the hip abducted) on the lateral side of the thigh, a hands-breadth or more below the iliac crest. When a subject is in the erect position, the greater trochanters are in the same horizontal plane as the pubic tubercles, the heads of the femora (and hence the hip joints), and the coccyx. Posteriorly, the greater trochanter can be traced downward into the intertrochanteric crest, which presents an elevation termed the quadrate tubercle (fig. 12-13 ).

A depression medial to the greater trochanter posteriorly is the trochanteric fossa (fig. 12-12 ). The lesser trochanter projects medially at the junction of the neck with the shaft. The shaft of the femur, which is convex anteriorly, presents anterior, medial, and lateral surfaces. In the middle third, the prominent posterior border is known as the linea aspera (figs. 12-13 and 12-14 ). It has medial and lateral lips and an intermediate area that broadens into a posterior surface in the upper and lower thirds of the shaft. The superior aspect of the medial lip of the linea aspera is continuous with the spiral line and the lateral lip is continuous with with the gluteal tuberosity. Between the continuations of the lips, the pectineal line extends superiorly toward the posterior part of the lesser trochanter. The inferior part of the medial lip of the linea aspera is continuous with the medial supracondylar line, which is interrupted to allow the passage of the femoral artery and ends in the adductor tubercle.

The lateral lip is continuous with the lateral supracondylar line, which descends to the lateral epicondyle. The posterior, or popliteal, surface lies between the two supracondylar lines at the posteroinferior part of the femur. The inferior end of the femur consists of two condyles, which are continuous anteriorly but separated inferiorly and posteriorly by the intercondylar fossa. On their anterior aspects, the condyles form the patellar surface, which comprises a wider lateral and a narrower medial part (fig. 12-10 ); these articulate with corresponding facets on the patella. Medially, the most prominent part of the medial condyle is the medial epicondyle. The adductor tubercle, a small prominence on the superiormost portion of the medial condyle, can be found by tracing the tendon of the adductor magnus inferiorward. Laterally, the lateral condyle presents the lateral epicondyle, near which are the origins of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius and the popliteus. The obliquity of the femur results in an obtuse, lateral angle at the knee.

Its exaggeration is termed genu valgum (knock-knee). Genu valgum may tend to encourage lateral dislocation of the patella. To determine whether shortening of the limb is in the head or neck of the femur (or in both), the relative positions of certain anatomical points are verified. For example, a line (Nelaton's) from the anterior superior iliac spine to the most promient part of the ischial tuberosity should normally lie superior to the greater trochanter. The shaft of the femus begins to ossify during the eighth postovulatory week, and an epiphysial center is usually present in the distal end at birth. Centers appear for the head, the greater trochanter, and the lesser trochanter during infancy, childhood, and late childhood, respectively (see figs. 12-8 and 15-15 ). Patella The patella, or knee cap (figs. 12-19 , 12-20 and 12-21 ), is a triangular sesamoid bone embedded in the tendon of insertion of the quadriceps femoris muscle.

The superior border of the patella is the base of the triangle, and lateral and medial borders descend to converge at the apex. The patella can be moved from side to side when the quadriceps is relaxed. A part of the quadriceps tendon covers the anterior surface of the bone and is continued, as the patellar ligament, to the tuberosity of the tibia. The patella articulates on its posterior side with the patellar surface of the condyles of the femur. The articular surface of the patella comprises a larger, lateral facet and a smaller, medial one. Lateral dislocation of the patella is resisted by the shape of the lateral condyle of the femur and by the medial pull of the vastus medialis. Excision of the patella results in minimal functional deficiency. The patella ossifies from several centers, which appear during childhood. Tibia The tibia, or shin bone (figs.

12-20 , 12-21 , 12-22 , 12-23 , 12-24 , 12-25 , 12-26 and 12-27 ), measures about one fourth to one fifth of the length of the body. It can be palpated on the anterior and medial sides of the leg. When a subject is in the standing position, the tibia transmits the weight from the femur to the foot. The superior end is expanded for articulation with the inferior end of the femur. It consists of medial and lateral condyles, and a tuberosity is found anteriorly at the junction with the shaft. The superior end of each condyle articulates with the corresponding femoral condyle. Irregularities of the superior surface of the tibia between the two tibial condyles form a series of intercondylar areas, an eminence, and tubercles. The inferior aspect of the lateral condyle presents posteriorly a circular facet for the head of the fibula.

In the position of kneeling, the body rests on the lower part of the tuberosity, the ligamentum patellae, the anterior portion of the tibial condyles, and the patella. When viewed from the superior aspect, the shaft of the tibia appears twisted (as if the upper end were rotated more medially than the lower). The angle of tibial torsion (usually 15 to 20 degrees) is that between a horizontal line through the condyles and one through the malleoli. This angle of tibial torsion increased over early childhood. The shaft of the tibia has medial, lateral, and posterior surfaces that are separated from one another by anterior, interosseous, and medial borders. The medial surface is readily palpable on the anteromedial aspect of the leg. The posterior surface, which is crossed superiorly by a rough ridge termed the soleal line, may be considered to have medial and lateral parts, and these may be separated by an indistinct vertical ridge.

The anterior border, or crest, forms the easily palpable "shin" and descends from the lateral side of the tibial tuberosity to the anterior aspect of the medial malleolus. The interosseous (or lateral) border gives attachment to the interosseous membrane. The inferior end of the tibia presents: (1) an anterior surface; (2) a lateral surface, which ends in the fibular notch (for articulation with the lower end of the fibula); (3) a posterior surface (grooved by the tibialis posterior and flexor digitorum longus tendons); (4) a medial surface, which runs onto the distal prolongation of the tibia known as the medial malleolus; and (5) an inferior surface, which articulates with the talus. It should be noted that the talus also articulates with the lateral surface of the medial malleolus. The shaft begins to ossify during the eighth postovulatory week, and an epiphysial center is usually present in the superior end at birth. Centers appear for the inferior end during infancy (see fig.

12-30 ), commonly for the tuberosity (which ossifies mainly by inferiorward growth from the upper epiphysis) and sometimes for the tip of the medial malleolus. Fibula The fibula (figs. 12-20 , 12-21 , 12-22 , 12-23 , 12-25 , 12-26 , 12-27 , 12-28 and 12-31 ) is the slender, lateral bone of the leg. It does not bear weight. The term "peroneal" is synonymous with fibular, and has been used in the past interchangably. The fibula articulates with the tibia superiorly and with the talus inferiorly and is anchored in between to the tibia by the interosseous membrane. The superior and inferior ends of the bone are palpable, but muscles cover its middle portion. The superior end, or head, articulates with the posteroinferior aspect of the lateral condyle of the tibia. The head of the fibula is readily palpable by tracing the biceps tendon inferiorward (see figs.

12-23 and 12-25 ). It is on the same level as the tuberosity of the tibia. The head is prolonged superiorward into an apex (or styloid process) posterolaterally. The common peroneal nerve winds from posterior to the head and onto the lateral aspect of the "neck," where it can be palpated by rolling it between a finger and the bone (see fig. 12-26 ). The shaft of the fibula is arched anteriorward in such a way that the plane of the interosseous membrane is almost sagittal, except at its inferior end, where it becomes coronal. The seeming torsion of the fibula and the changing relationships of the fibula and tibia must be kept in mind in order to understand the topography of the leg. The shaft of the fibula has a roughly triangular cross section, although the surfaces and borders vary considerably (as does their nomenclature: the Birmingham Revision is followed here). When well-developed, at least three surfaces (anterior, lateral, and posterior) and three borders (anterior, posterior, and interosseous) can be distinguished.

Moreover, the posterior surface is subdivided by a prominent ridge, the medial crest, as a result of which the medial portion of the posterior surface may be described as a separate, medial surface. In terms of muscular attachments, the anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces are extensor, peroneal, and flexor, respectively (see fig. 16-1 ). The inferior end of the fibula, or the lateral malleolus, is more prominent, more posterior and extends about 1 cm more distally than the medial malleolus. It articulates with the tibia and with the lateral surface of the talus; the talus fits between the two malleoli. Posteromedially, a malleolar fossa gives attachment to ligaments. Posteriorly, a groove on the lateral malleolus is occupied by the peroneal tendons. The classic (Pott's) fracture at the ankle involves the lower end of the fibula. The shaft begins to ossify at about the junction of the embryonic and fetal periods. Centers appear for the inferior end during infancy and for the superior end during childhood.

It should be noted that the inferior epiphysial line of the fibula is in line with the superior surface of the talus in the ankle joint (figs. 12-27 and 12-30 ). Tarsus The tarsus (figs. 12-30 , 12-31 , 12-32 , 12-33 , 12-34 and 12-35 ) usually comprises seven bones, one of which, the talus, articulates with the bones of the leg. The tarsus is convex superiorly and concave inferiorly. The tarsal bones are the talus, navicular, and three cuneiforms on the medial side, and the calcaneus and cuboid, which are more laterally placed. Accessory ossicles may be found, e.g., a fibular sesamoid, the os tibiale externum (near the tuberosity of the navicular and sometimes called the "accessory navicular"), and the os trigonum (at the posterior aspect of the talus; see fig. 12-30 B).

The navicular, cuneiforms, and cuboid, together with the five metatarsals, form the transverse arch of the foot. Medially, a longitudinal arch is established by the calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms, and the first three metatarsals. Laterally, a longitudinal arch is formed by the calcaneus, cuboid, and the lateral two metatarsals. The talus, or ankle bone, has no muscular attachments. Its body is its posterior part, and it has a superior projection called the trochlea. The trochlea has superior and medial surfaces for articulation with the tibia and a lateral surface for the fibula. Various tubercles and processes have received conflicting names. The most important is the lateral (or posterior) tubercle, which may be found as a separate skeletal element, the os trigonum (see fig. 12-30 B). The neck and head of the talus are directed anteriorward and medially. A deep depression under the lateral side of the neck and above the calcaneus is known as the tarsal sinus. It becomes narrow medially to form the tarsal canal.

The head of the talus, which rests on the sustentaculum of the calcaneus, articulates with the navicular and the plantar calcaneonavicular ("spring") ligament. Inferiorly, the talus has three facets for articulation with the calcaneus (fig. 12-36 ). Small portions of the talus may be palpable, especially in children but most of it is obscured within the ankle joint. The navicular lies between the talus on the posterior side and the three cuneiforms that are immediately anterior to it. Its medial projection, the tuberosity of the navicular, can be palpated just anteroinferior to the medial malleolus and anterior to the sustentaculum tali. The posterior aspect of the tuberosity is the medial end of the transverse tarsal joint. (The lateral end of the transverse tarsal joint is about halfway between the lateral malleolus and the tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal, which is also palpable.) The tuberosity provides the main insertion for the tibialis posterior tendon.

The three cuneiform bones, so called because they are wedge-shaped, lie anterior to the navicular and posterior to the first three metatarsals. The medial and lateral cuneiforms project farther anteriorward than does the intermediate one, leaving a depression over the middle cuneiform that is occupied by the base of the second metatarsal. The line of the tarsometatarsal joints is thus irregular. The medial cuneiform can be identified by tracing the tibialis anterior tendon to it in the dorsiflexed foot. The calcaneus, or os calcis, transmits much of the weight of the body from the talus to the ground. Its trabeculae are well seen radiographically (see fig. 12-30 D). The anterior portion of the superior aspect is prolonged medially: this projection, the sustentaculum tali, can be felt in vivo immediately inferior to the medial malleolus. The superior surface of the sustentaculum has a facet for the talus, and its inferior surface is grooved by the flexor hallucis longus tendon. The posterior part of the calcaneus is known as the calcaneal tuberosity.

It gives attachment posteriorly to the calcaneal tendon and inferiorly to some of the short muscles of the sole as well as to the plantar aponeurosis. The calcaneus articulates with the cuboid on its anterior aspect. The anterior ends of the talus and calcaneus are more or less flush, and they form the posterior joint surface of the transverse tarsal joint. Various tubercles and processes of the calcaneus have received confusing names. The cuboid articulates posteriorly with the calcaneus, anteriorly with the fourth and fifth metatarsals, and medially with the lateral cuneiform and sometimes the navicular. The fibularis longus tendon lies in a notch laterally and may occupy a groove on the inferior surface. Ossification (see fig. 12-30 ). The calcaneus and talus begin to ossify during fetal life, and the cuboid shortly before birth. Epiphysial centers appear for the calcaneal tuberosity and the posterior tubercle of the talus during childhood. Metatarsus The tarsus is connected to the phalanges by five metatarsal bones, referred to collectively as the metatarsus.

They are numbered from 1 to 5, from medial to lateral. They are longer and thinner than the metacarpals. Each metatarsal is technically a long bone, consisting of a base proximally, a shaft, and a head distally. Each bone has characteristic features, e.g., the first (which carries more weight) is short and thick. The base of the fifth presents a tuberosity, which projects posterolaterally and is palpable at the lateral aspect of the foot. The shaft of each metatarsal begins to ossify during fetal life, and centers appear postnatally in the heads of the four lateral bones and in the base of the first metatarsal (see fig. 12-30 C). The first metatarsal, like the first metacarpal, may have a center for its head as well as its base. The tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal frequently shows a separate center and lack of fusion of this center must be distinguished from fracture. Phalanges The great toe (and frequently the little toe) has two phalanges, whereas each of the other toes has three. They are designated proximal, middle, and distal.

Each phalanx is technically a long bone, consisting of a base proximally, a shaft, and a head distally. Although the phalanges of the foot are shaped differently from those of the hand, their basic arrangement is similar; e.g., each distal phalanx ends distally in a tuberosity. The middle and distal phalanges of the little toe are often fused. The phalanges usually begin to ossify during fetal life, and centers appear postnatally in the bases of most of them (see fig. 12-30 C). Sesamoid bones are found related to the inferior aspect of some of the metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints. Two located just inferior to the head of the first metatarsal are almost always present. Additional reading Frazer's Anatomy of the Human Skeleton, 6th ed., rev. by A. S. Breathnach, Churchill, London, 1965. A detailed, regional synthesis of skeletal and muscular anatomy. Questions 12-1 How is the hip bone oriented in the anatomical position?

12-1 When a subject is in the anatomical position, the pubic tubercle and the anterior superior iliac spine are in a coronal plane and the articular surface of the pubis is sagittal. 12-2 On what does the body weight rest in the sitting position? 12-2 When a subject is sitting, the body weight rests on the ischial tuberosites and not on the glutei. 12-3 To which features is the pubic tubercle a guide? 12-3 The pubic tubercle is a guide to the superficial inguinal ring, femoral ring, and saphenous opening. 12-4 Compare the acetabulum with the glenoid cavity of the scapula. 12-4 The acetabulum is formed developmentally by three bones. As compared with the glenoid cavity of the scapula, it is directed inferiorly as well as laterally and anteriorly, is deeper, and is not covered completely by articular cartilage (but only on a lunate surface). The hip joint is stabilized chiefly by its capsule and ligaments, the shoulder joint by the musculotendinous cuff.

12-5 Why is the blood supply to the head of the femur important clinically? 12-5 The blood supply to the head of the femur (see fig. 15-15 ) may be interrupted after fracture of the neck of the bone, resulting in avascular necrosis and collapse of the head. The neck is partly intracapsular and partly extracapsular (see fig. 12-18 ), and fractures may be classified accordingly. 12-6 On which structures does one kneel? 12-6 One kneels chiefly on the tuberosity of the tibia (separated from the skin by the subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa) and the ligamentum patellae. 12-7 How are (a) the adductor tubercle of the femur and (b) the head of the fibula found? 12-7 By tracing downward the tendon of the adductor magnus, one arrives at the adductor tubercle of the femur. By tracing downward the tendon of the biceps femoris, one reaches the head of the fibula. 12-8 What is the relationship of the lateral malleolus to the medial?

12-8 The lateral malleolus is more prominent and more posterior and extends more distally than does the medial. 12-9 What is the classic fracture at the ankle? 12-9 Fracture of the lower end of the fibula is frequently combined with tearing of the deltoid ligament, medial malleolus, or both, with consequent instability of the tibiofibular mortice of the ankle joint. Fracture-dislocation of the ankle was described by Percivall Pott in 1765: he himself suffered from a tibial (but not a Pott's!) fracture on falling from his horse. 12-10 Do any tarsals show ossification at birth? 12-10 The calcaneus, talus, and frequently the cuboid (i.e., the three largest tarsals) begin to ossify before birth. It is rare to find ossification before birth in the lateral cuneiform or in the head of the femur, whereas an ossific center may be seen in the head of the humerus around the time of birth.

The center for the distal end of the femur is almost always present at full term, and that for the proximal end of the tibia is frequently to be seen then also. Figure legends Figure 12-1 The right hip bone, lateral view, anatomical position. Figure 12-2 The right hip bone, inferolateral view, muscular and ligamentous attachments. Figure 12-3 The right hip bone, posterolateral view, muscular and ligamentous attachments. The origin of the tensor fasciae latae often extends more posteriorly. Figure 12-4 The right hip bone, anterior view, anatomical position. Figure 12-5 The right hip bone, medial view, anatomical position. Figure 12-6 The right hip bone, medial view, muscular origins and ligamentous attachments. Figure 12-7 The hip in various positions. A, Maximum lateral rotation. Note the apparent foreshortening of the neck of the femur. The lesser trochanter is clearly visible. B, anatomical position. Although the neck shows well, it is still slightly foreshortened, and a slight degree of medial rotation would be necessary to show it correctly.

C, Maximum medial rotation. Note that the lesser trochanter is now overlapped completely by the shaft of the femur. Figure 12-8 A, Child's hips, abducted. Note the epiphysis for the lesser trochanter on each side. B, Hip of an adult, abducted. Note the greater trochanter (above) and lesser trochanter (below). C, Child's hip. Note the site of the triradiate cartilage (arrow) and the epiphyses for the head and greater trochanter of the femur. Figure 12-9 A, The hip bone at birth. lined regions indicate bony areas in the ilium, ischium, and pubis. The rest is cartilage. B, The hip bone at puberty, showing the increase in ossification and secondary centers (black). C, Adult acetabulum. The lines indicate the site of fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis. Figure 12-10 The right femur, anterior view, anatomical position. The asterisk indicates the cervical tubercle. Figure 12-11 The right femur, showing muscular attachments.

The inferior part of the origin of the vastus intermedius fuses with that of the vastus lateralis. Figure 12-12 The right femur, medial and lateral views. Figure 12-13 The right femur, posterior view, anatomical position. Figure 12-14 Schematic representation of the posterior femur. A, The linea aspera and its superior and inferior extensions. B, Muscular attachments. Figure 12-15 Muscular and ligamentous attachments to the superior and inferior ends of the right femur. Anterior, The fascia that encloses the tensor fasciae latae meets at the anterior edge of that muscle, turns around the anterior edge of the gluteus minimus, and fuses with the fascia of the rectus femoris muscle and with the iliofemoral ligament at the ilium and with the tendon of the gluteus minimus below at the greater trochanter. This fascial strip constitutes the iliotrochanteric band.

Medial, The attachment of the iliofemoral ligament turns superiorward at the superior aspect of the lesser trochanter and constitutes the femoral attachment of the pubofemoral ligament. Posterior, See also fig. 12-14 for details. Lateral, The gluteus medius muscle is inserted along an oblique line on the lateral aspect of the greater trochanter, contiguous on the anteroinferior aspect with the gluteus minimus (a bursa intervenes) and posterosuperiorly with the piriformis. Figure 12-16 Anteversion of the head of the right femur as viewed from the superior aspect. The angle of torsion is the angle between the long axis of the head (upper arrow) and the horizontal axis of the condyles (lower arrow). Figure 12-17 The angle of inclination, which averages about 125 degrees in adults. Figure 12-18 The superior and inferior ends of the femur, showing the usual position of the epiphysial lines and the usual line of attachment of the joint capsule.

The posterior part of the neck is covered by a reflection of synovial membrane but has little if any capsular attachment. (Based on Mainland.) Figure 12-19 The right patella. Figure 12-20 A, Anteroposterior view of the knee. Note the obliquity of the femur, outline of the patella, radiolucent interval occupied by the menisci and articular cartilage, and intercondylar eminence of the tibia (showing the lateral and medial intercondylar tubercles). B, lateral view of the flexed knee. Note the patella, condyles of the femur, head of the fibula, (superior) tibiofibular joint, and tuberosity of the tibia. (Courtesy of V. C. Johnson, M.D., Detroit, Michigan.) Figure 12-21 A, Child's knee, lateral view. Note the epiphyses for the inferior end of the femur and the superior end of the tibia. The patella has begun to ossify, and the fat deep to the ligamentum patellae is visible as a radiolucent area.

B, lateral radiograph of the knee, showing fabella (arrow). C, Radiograph of the flexed knee. Note the radiological joint space between the femur and patella. The lateral condyle of the femur is that on the right-hand side of the illustration. D, Radiograph of dried bones of a 5-year old boy. Note the outline of the cartilage. E, Pneumoarthrogram of the knee produced by injecting air into the joint cavity. Note the medial meniscus and the cruciate ligaments. (A courtesy of V. C. Johnson, M.D., Detroit, Michigan. E courtesy of Sir Thomas lodge, Sheffield, England.) Figure 12-22 The right tibia and fibula, anterior view. Figure 12-23 The right tibia and fibula, anterior aspect, muscular and ligamentous attachments. Note that the fibularis longus and extensor digitorum longus muscles arise from the tibia as well as from the fibula. Figure 12-24 The right tibia. Note that the soleal line (posterior view) is interrupted. (See fig.

16-4 .) The vertical line that subdivides the posterior surface separates the origins of the flexor digitorum longus and the tibialis posterior. Figure 12-25 The right tibia and fibula, posterior aspect, muscular and ligamentous attachments. Note that, because of the twisting shaft of the fibula, the origins of the fibularis longus and brevis are visible in part in this posterior view. The attachment of the deep transverse fascia of the leg is indicated by a single asterisk; the attachment of the aponeurosis covering the tibialis posterior muscle is indicated by two asterisks. The flexor (like the extensor) hallucis longus arises from the fibula. Figure 12-26 Muscular and ligamentous attachments of the superior ends of the right tibia and fibula. In the lateral view, note that the interosseous border of the tibia separates the attachments of the tibialis anterior and the tibialis posterior. The origin of the fibularis longus and extensor digitorum longus from the tibia is not shown. (See fig.

12-23 .) Lower right, Schematic representation of the relations of the tibial collateral ligament, which crosses the semimembranosus tendon but which is deep to the tendons of the gracilis, semitendinosus, and sartorius (the pes anserinus). Figure 12-27 The superior and inferior ends of the right tibia and fibula, showing the usual position of the epiphysial lines and the usual line of attachment of the joint capsule. (Based on Mainland.) Figure 12-28 The right fibula. Note that: (1) in the medial view, the medial crest subdivides the posterior surface; (2) in the posterior view, the lateral surface turns posteriorly in passing downward; and (3) in the lateral view, the anterior surface turns laterally in passing downward. Figure 12-29 A, Anteroposterior view of the left ankle. Note the medial and lateral malleoli (and their different levels) and the trochlea of the talus. B, lateral view of the ankle.

Note the line of the talotibial part of the joint and the outlines of the talus, navicular, and calcaneus. (B courtesy of V. C. Johnson, M.D., Detroit, Michigan.) Figure 12-30 The ankle and foot. A, Child's ankle. Note the epiphyses for the inferior ends of the fibula and tibia. The epiphysial line of the fibula is in line with the ankle joint. B, lateral view of an adult ankle. Note the os trigonum (arrow) at the posterior aspect of the talus. C, Child's foot. Note the epiphyses for the metatarsals and phalanges. Note also the irregularity in the ossification of the phalanges of the fifth toe. D, lateral view of child's foot. Note the epiphyses for the base of the first metatarsal (arrow) and for the calcaneus (A, B, and C courtesy of V. C. Johnson, M.D., Detroit, Michigan. D courtesy of George L. Sackett, M.D., Painesville, Ohio.) Figure 12-31 A, Dorsoplantar view of the foot.

At least a portion of all seven tarsal bones can be identified. Note the os tibiale externum (arrow) near the tuberosity of the navicular. Note also the sesamoid bones below the head of the first metatarsal. B, lateral view of the foot. Note the navicular and its tuberosity (overlapped by the head of the talus), the cuboid, a peroneal sesamoid, and the tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal. The numerals 1, 2, and 3 indicate the lines of the first, second, and third cuneometatarsal joints, respectively. C, Oblique view of the foot. Note the region where the calcaneus may meet the navicular. A peroneal sesamoid (arrow) is visible near the tuberosity of the cuboid. (Courtesy of V. C. Johnson, M.D., Detroit, Michigan.) Figure 12-32 Bones of the right foot. Figure 12-33 Bones of the right foot, muscular and ligamentous attachments. The attachments of the interossei are omitted. Figure 12-34 Bones of the right foot.

Figure 12-35 Bones of the right foot, medial aspect, muscular and tendinous attachments. Figure 12-36 The right calcaneous and talus, showing corresponding articular facets. Cf. fig. 17-7 . Jump to: Coxal - definition of coxal by The Free Dictionary Coxal - definition of coxal by The Free Dictionary n. pl. cox·ae (kŏk′sē′) 1. Anatomy The hip or hip joint. 2. Zoology The first segment of the leg of an insect or other arthropod, joining the leg to the body. [Latin, hip.] 1. (Anatomy) a technical name for the hipbone or hip joint 2. (Zoology) the basal segment of the leg of an insect [C18: from Latin: hip] n., pl. cox•ae (ˈkɒk si) 1. b. the joint of the hip. 2. the first or proximal segment of the leg of insects and other arthropods.

[1700–10; < Latin: hip] ischial bone , ischium , os ischii - one of the three sections of the hipbone; situated below the ilium thigh - the part of the leg between the hip and the knee articulatio spheroidea , ball-and-socket joint , cotyloid joint , enarthrodial joint , enarthrosis , spheroid joint - a freely moving joint in which a sphere on the head of one bone fits into a rounded cavity in the other bone pelvic arch , pelvic girdle , pelvis , hip - the structure of the vertebrate skeleton supporting the lower limbs in humans and the hind limbs or corresponding parts in other vertebrates Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: ischial bone References in periodicals archive ? The leg was then gently manipulated until voluntary rupture of the coxal apodeme was achieved and the isolated limb placed in absolute ethanol (stored at -20[degrees] C).

Neolithic nomads at El Multaga, Upper Nubia, Sudan moubata, expanding on the work of Dutton and Todd, and demonstrated spirochetes in numerous tick tissues including the midgut, synganglion (central ganglion), malphigian tubules, salivary glands, ovaries, and coxal organs. Vector interactions and molecular adaptations of Lyme disease and relapsing fever spirochetes associated with transmission by ticks. (Perspectives) Chilling-injury and disturbance of ion homeostasis in the coxal muscle of the tropical cockroach (Nauphoeta cinerea).

Effects of duration of cold storage of host eggs on percent parasitism and adult emergence of each of ten Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera) species Endites dark yellow-brown with black mottling, white at distinct serrula and maxillar hair tuft; labium yellow-brown, white distally, trapezoidal with slightly concave distal margin; sternum shield-shaped, rebordered, orange-brown with black mottling, with scattered long erect and short straight setae and white feathery setae; intercoxal sclerites present between all coxal pairs; precoxal triangles present; pleural bars isolated.

A redescription of Merenius alberti Lessert, 1923 (Araneae: Corinnidae), with remarks on colour polymorphism and its relationship to ant models Coxal sutures present; ventral spinulae present on pro- and meso-tarsi and tibiae, absent on metathoracic leg; trochanter with six sensilla; simple and complex spines present, complex spines confined to the femoral and tibial segments, most numerous anteroventrally and distally, and on the metathoracic leg; posterior tarsal claw shorter than anterior claw, tarsal spines present.

Question: The 'Coxa' is the medical name for which bone in the human body?
Answer: HIPBONE