English rebels Commanders and leaders Harold Godwinson Harald Hardrada † Tostig Godwinson † Strength ~15,000 9,000 (of which 3,000 engaged late in battle) 300 transport ships Casualties and losses ~5,000 dead ~6,000 dead The Battle of Stamford Bridge took place at the village of Stamford Bridge, East Riding of Yorkshire in England on 25 September 1066, between an English army under King Harold Godwinson and an invading Norwegian force led by King Harald Hardrada and the English king's brother Tostig Godwinson . After a bloody and horrific battle, both Hardrada and Tostig along with most of the Norwegians were killed. Although Harold Godwinson repelled the Norwegian invaders, his victory was short-lived: he was defeated and killed by the Normans at Hastings less than three weeks later.

The battle has traditionally been presented as symbolising the end of the Viking Age , although major Scandinavian campaigns in Britain and Ireland occurred in the following decades, such as those of King Sweyn Estrithson of Denmark in 1069–70 and King Magnus Barefoot of Norway in 1098 and 1102–03. Background The death of King Edward the Confessor of England in January 1066 had triggered a succession struggle in which a variety of contenders from across north-western Europe fought for the English throne. These claimants included the King of Norway, Harald Sigurdsson . According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Manuscript D (p. 197), [1] the Norwegians assembled a fleet of 300 ships to invade England . The authors, however, did not seem to differentiate between warships and supply ships. In King Harald's Saga , Snorri Sturluson states, "... it is said that King Harald had over two hundred ships, apart from supply ships and smaller craft.” (p.

139) [2] Combined with reinforcements received in Orkney , the Norwegian army most likely numbered between 7,000 to 9,000 men. Arriving off the English coast in September he was joined by further forces recruited in Flanders and Scotland by Tostig Godwinson. [3] Tostig was at odds with his elder brother Harold (who had been elected king), having been ousted from his position as Earl of Northumbria and exiled in 1065, and had mounted a series of abortive attacks on England in the spring of 1066. [4] In the late summer of 1066, the invaders sailed up the Ouse before advancing on York . Outside the city they defeated a northern English army led by Edwin, Earl of Mercia and his brother Morcar, Earl of Northumbria at the Battle of Fulford on 20 September. Following this victory they received the surrender of York. Having briefly occupied the city and taken hostages and supplies from the city they returned to their ships at Riccall .

They offered peace to the Northumbrians in exchange for their support for Harald's bid for the throne, and demanded further hostages from the whole of Yorkshire . [5] At this time King Harold was in Southern England , anticipating an invasion from France by William, Duke of Normandy , another contender for the English throne. Learning of the Norwegian invasion he headed north at great speed with his houscarls and as many thegns as he could gather, travelling day and night. He made the journey from London to Yorkshire, a distance of about 185 miles, in only four days, enabling him to take the Norwegians completely by surprise. Having learned that Northumbrians had been ordered to send the additional hostages and supplies to the Norwegians at Stamford Bridge, Harold hurried on through York to attack them at this rendezvous on 25 September. [6] Until the English army came into view the invaders remained unaware of the presence of a hostile army anywhere in the vicinity. Location There is some controversy as to whether or not a village and bridge existed at the time of the battle.

One theory holds that there was no village at Stamford Bridge in 1066 and not even in 1086 when the Domesday Book was compiled. According to this theory, the name is locative and descriptive of crossing points over the River Derwent being derived from a combination of the words stone, ford and bridge i.e. stoneford and bridge. At the location of the present village, within the river bed, there is an outcrop of stone over which the river once flowed as a mini-waterfall. At low water levels one could easily cross over the river at this point, either on foot or horseback. An alternative explanation is given by Darby and Maxwell [7] who state, "Stamford Bridge does, in fact, exemplify that small number of places which, though not mentioned in the Domesday Book, must have existed, or at any rate been named, in Domesday times because they appear in both pre-Domesday and post-Domesday documents." Most likely the Stamford Bridge lands were included with Low Catton and therefore were not mentioned in the Domesday Book.

As for the presence of a bridge, manuscripts C, D and E of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle all mention Stamford Bridge by name. Manuscript C contains a passage which states "... came upon them beyond the bridge ....". [8] Henry of Huntington [9] mentions Stamford Bridge and describes part of the battle being fought across the bridge. Therefore, a bridge over the Derwent most likely did exist at this time. One mile to the south along the River Derwent at Scoreby lies the site of a 1st to 4th century Roman settlement known as Derventio. The town runs for two and a half miles east/west alongside a Roman road . Occupying both east and west banks of the river, the town was connected by the construction of a bridge which carried the road. There is no archaeological evidence for a Roman bridge construction at or near the present site of Stamford Bridge.

It is possible that there may have been a two-pronged attack by Godwinson on Hardrada's army, making use of both the ford and perhaps the remnants of the earlier Roman bridge one mile to the south, information of which, and of the two road routes to the location from York, could have been gathered from Godwinson's earlier occupation of the city of York. However, no documentation exists to support this possibility. Topographically, on the east bank of the river from the bridge crossing point, the land rises sharply up to 100 feet at High Catton . This is the only high ground around and a good defensive position for Hardrada's army caught out by Godwinson's sudden appearance on the skyline, as he rounded the ridge at Gate Helmsley to drop downhill swiftly onto Hardrada's unsuspecting army. Battle Harald Hardrada Harald Hardrada Harald Hardrada Harald Sigurdsson was born in 1016. Harald was the half-brother of Olaf II, the king of Norway. Harald was with Olaf when he was killed at the Battle of Stiklestad in 1030.

Harald sought refuge in Kiev and was protected by its ruler, Prince Yaroslav the Wise. In 1045 Harald returned to Norway and two years later became king after the death of his nephew, Magnus Olafsson. Within a few years Harald became known as Hardrada (Hard-Ruler). Over the next few years he was involved in a long drawn-out war against King Sweyn of Denmark. The two men signed a peace agreement in 1064. When Edward the Confessor died in 1066, Harald claimed that his father and descendants had been promised the English throne by King Hardicanute , who ruled England between 1040 and 1042. In 1066 Tostig , the brother of Harold of Wessex , went to Norway to meet King Hardrada. The two men agreed to invade England and in early September around 300 ships sailed along the coast and did some plundering, including the burning of Scarborough. They then entered the Humber and on 20th September defeated Morcar's army at Gate Fulford. Four days later the invaders took York .

When Harold was told by a messenger that Hardrada of Norway had invaded with the intentions of conquering all of England, it is said that the king replied: "I will give him just six feet of English soil; or, since they say he is a tall man, I will give him seven feet!" On 25th September Harold's army arrived in Yorkshire. He took Tostig and Hardrada by surprise at a place called Stamford Bridge . It was a hot day and the Norwegians had taken off their byrnies (a mail shirt that reaches the mid thigh). Harold and his English troops devastated the Norwegians. Both Hardrada and Tostig were killed. The Norwegian losses were considerable. Of the 300 ships that arrived, less than 25 returned to Norway. battle of stamford bridge - 必应 Sign in Battle of Stamford Bridge The Battle of Stamford Bridge took place at the village of Stamford Bridge, East Riding of Yorkshire, in England on 25 September 1066, between an English army under King Harold Godwinson and an invading Norwegian force led by King Harald Hardrada and the English king's brother Tostig Godwinson.

After a bloody battle, both Hardrada and Tostig along with most of the Norwegians were killed. Although Harold Godwinson repelled the Norwegian invaders, his army was defeated by the Normans at Hastings less than three weeks later. The ... (展开) battle has traditionally been presented as symbolising the end of the Viking Age, although major Scandinavian campaigns in Britain and Ireland occurred in the following decades, such as those of King Sweyn Estrithson of Denmark in 1069–70 and King Magnus Barefoot of Norway in 1098 and 1102–03. This viewpoint overlooks the site of the Battle of Stamford Bridge, fought by King Harold of England against the invading Norse army of Hardrada. … Battle of Stamford Bridge 25th September 1066. In September 1066 the Viking King Harald Hardrada, one of the two challengers to the English throne, landing in Yorkshire. Stamford, Bridge, 1066, battle weekend, re-enactment, 950th anniversary Stamford Bridge, East Riding of Yorkshire This article needs additional ...

The Battle of Stamford Bridge on 25 September 1066 marked the end of the Viking era in ... This paper reexamines the Battle of Stamford Bridge, proposes a new location for the battle and outlines how this location relates to events described in Fagrskinna ... Battle of Stamford Bridge - Metapedia Battle of Stamford Bridge Jump to: navigation , search The Battle of Stamford Bridge took place at the village of Stamford Bridge , East Riding of Yorkshire in England on September 25 , 1066 , shortly after an invading Norwegian army under King Harald Hardrada defeated the army of the northern earls Edwin of Mercia and Morcar of Northumbria at the Battle of Fulford two miles south of York . After a lengthy forced march up to Stamford Bridge that took place in just four days, King Harold Godwinson of England caught Harald's force by surprise, which meant that the soldiers were unarmoured. After a stubborn battle the majority of the Norwegians were killed, along with Harald Hardråde and Earl Tostig , Harold's brother.

Background In September 1066, Viking invaders under King Harald Hardrada (Norwegian: Harald Hardråde), King of Norway, and Tostig (the expelled Earl of Northumberland) burned Scarborough . Harald Hardråde was pursuing dynastic claims with an army of Norwegians, Norwegian vassals, and allies, with the intent of conquest of England , rather than raiding. King Harold Godwinson and his brother Gyrth set out with their Housecarls and royal Thegns for Yorkshire to repel the Viking invasion. After Harold learned that Northumbrians were told to bring additional supplies and hostages to the Vikings at Stamford Bridge, Harold took his army to Stamford Bridge, where he hoped to surprise the Vikings. When Harold's forces came over the ridge, the Vikings were unarmored, since they were only expecting a hand over of supplies and hostages. In his saga of Harald III of Norway , which was written around 1225, Snorri Sturluson described the disposition of the Norwegian troops. Sturluson also claimed that the Norwegians had left their byrnies at the ships and thus had to fight with only shield, spear and helmets.

The sagas, however, are historical fiction which Snorri admits in his Prologue, "although we do not know the truth of these, we know, however, of occasions when wise old men have reckoned such things as true." Battle According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , Stamford Bridge was held by an enormous Norwegian berserker, armed with an axe, who kept intimidating and killing everyone who dared come too close to him. He wore no armor, so he was eventually killed by a spear from a boat that had sneaked underneath the bridge without him noticing. This delay gave Harald Hardråde time to form his army in a circle on high ground and let the English approach uphill with their backs to the river. After a stubborn battle with losses on both sides, although particularly bad for the unarmoured Norwegians, Harald Hardråde and Earl Tostig, Harold's brother, both fell. The arrival of Norwegian reinforcements prolonged the battle, but in the end the Norwegian army was decisively defeated.

Aftermath King Harold Godwinson accepted a truce with the surviving Norwegians, including Hardråde's son Olaf, and they were allowed to leave after giving pledges not to attack England again, thus marking the end of the Viking Age. King Harold's success did not last, however. Little more than a fortnight after the battle, on October 14, after having marched his army all the way from Yorkshire, he was defeated and killed by Norman forces under William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings . This began the Norman Conquest of England . Part of this article consists of modified text from Wikipedia , and the article is therefore licensed under GFDL . Harald Hardrada - a summaryHistory in an Hour by History In An Hour Harald Hardrada Sigurdsson, King of Norway, was one of the claimants to the English throne following the death of Edward the Confessor in January 1066. Kaye Jones summarises Harald Hardrada’s life and his death at the hands of England’s Harold II at the Battle of Stamford Bridge, 25 September 1066.

Born in 1015, Harald ‘Hardrada’ Sigurdsson was the son of the Norwegian king, Sigurd the Sow. At the age of 15 Harald fought his first battle alongside his half brother, Olaf, at Sticklestad. Olaf was killed while the injured Harald fled to Kiev where he was given refuge by King Yaroslav. Harald stayed there for three or four years and then travelled to Constantinople to work for the Emperor of Byzantine. Harald possessed natural fighting ability and quickly rose to become the commander of the emperor’s special guard. Having amassed a great personal wealth, Harald left Constantinople in 1043. After a brief time in Kiev, where he married King Yaroslav’s daughter, he returned to Norway. ‘Hardrada’, Hard Ruler With the death of Magnus, in 1046, Harald became the new king. His reputation for crushing enemies and his continuous warfare in Denmark earned him the nickname ‘Hardrada’, Hard Ruler. Harald believed that, as the successor to the Danish kings, he also had a claim to the throne of England.

After Edward the Confessor ‘s death on 5 January 1066, Harald planned to invade England to assert his claim and take the country by force. He was aided by Tostig Godwinson , the brother of England’s new king, Harold II , who probably visited him in the spring of 1066. Within a few months, Harald’s fleet was assembled and ready to depart. His first ports of call were Shetland and Orkney, where he gathered reinforcements before sailing to England. On 10 September, with approximately 300 ships, he arrived at the mouth of the River Tyne. He was joined by Tostig and the pair began their conquest of the north of England. Battle of Stamford Bridge At the Battle of Fulford Gate, they easily repelled local resistance and were able to take the city of York. On 25 September 25, Harald was confronted by the English army at the Battle of Stamford Bridge.

Until the previous year, Tostig had been the earl of Northumbria until, accused of increasing brutality and misrule, his lands were confiscated by the king and Tostig was forced to take refuge in his wife’s native home of Flanders. King Harold offered to reinstate Tostig’s lands if he switched sides but his brother refused. The Battle of Stamford Bridge (pictured with Harald Hardrada in the middle wielding a battle-axe) was fought on foot with swords, spears and axes. According to legend, the bridge was manned by one member of the Norwegian army. A beast of a man he slay forty Englishmen who tried to take him on. He was only moved when one of the English soldiers drifted silently down the river, possibly in a boat or swill-tub, and was able to spear him from under the bridge. With the giant Norwegian now dead, the English army took control and beat the Norwegians back over the bridge. With his line almost in tatters, King Harald charged out and ran at the English, only to be shot in the throat with an arrow. King Harald had fallen but the battle was not over.

Tostig refused his brother’s renewed offer of reconciliation and picked up the Norwegian battle standard. It took the alleged gruesome decapitation of Tostig by his own brother, Harold, to end the battle. Harold’s celebrations were brought to an abrupt end – the king received word that Duke William of Normandy and his army had landed in England. Kaye Jones UK Battlefields Resource Centre - Britons, Saxons & Vikings - The Norman Conquest - The Battle of Battle of Stamford Bridge Battle of Stamford Bridge 25th September 1066 In September 1066 the Viking King Harald Hardrada, one of the two challengers to the English throne, landing in Yorkshire. He was accompanied by the exiled Earl Tostig, brother of the English King Harold. The other claimant was William of Normandy who maintained the English throne had been promised him by Edward the Confessor. Aware of the Viking threat William was content to delay his own invasion until Harold was at his most vulnerable, dealing with Hardrada in the North.

After a bloody but successful engagement against the Earls Morcar and Edwin, at Gate Fulford on 20th September, the Vikings recieved the surrender of York, which capitulated without resistance, no doubt to prevent the sack of the city. Harold, in the meantime, was in the unenviable position of having to decide whether to march north to confront Hardrada, leaving the south of England unprotected against William, or remain where he was in anticipation of a Norman invasion, leaving Hardrada to consolidate his control in Yorkshire. Harold chose to march north, in the hopes of defeating Hardrada and being able to return south in time to confront William. Agreements had been reached for hostages to be handed over to Hardrada at Stamford Bridge, some seven miles to the east of York. Hardrada, perhaps suspecting that Harold would not leave southern England under the threat of Norman invasion, felt confident enough to leave a third of his troops and armour at their base camp at Riccall, on the River Ouse, before approaching Stamford Bridge. Haroldï¿½s army, probably all mounted troops, reached York on the morning of the 25th.

Reinforced by the remnants of Morcarï¿½s and Edwinï¿½s forces he immediately marched from the city to Stamford Bridge, taking the Viking invaders completely by surprise. The battle of Stamford Bridge was a decisive victory for the English King. It proved him to be an able commander and the English troops, particularly the Housecarls, to be well trained, highly skilled and capable of great endurance. Yet in English history the victory at Stamford Bridge is inextricably linked to Harold's defeat at the Battle of Hastings, which took place less than three weeks later. Had Harold not been forced to leave Williamï¿½s landing on the south coast unopposed, and then face him with an army that had probably suffered significant losses, was ill-prepared and weary, then the outcome may have been very different. The site of the initial action, for control of the bridge itself, is thought to be fairly securely located. The exact location of the main battlefield at Stamford Bridge is however difficult to determine, given the lack of landscape description in the sources. The area called ï¿½Battle Flatsï¿½ to the south-east of the town is generally accepted as the correct location.

The site of the bridge lies within the built up area and has done for many centuries, although the northern bank of the river there is only partly developed. Unfortunately, the village of Stamford Bridge has expanded considerably in the late 20th century, with new houses being built on the Registred Battlefield within the last few years. However the greater part of Battle Flats remains as agricultural land, so a significant part of the battlefield may survive. A disused railway cuts across the area running south-east to north-west and a minor road runs north-south. Access is via this road, following the Minster Way long distance path. There is also another footpath which gives access to the east side of the battlefield. Access to the core of the battlefield is not possible. The area of the river crossing has been very much altered over the years but access is possible at several points along the river.

KEY FACTS BBC - History : British History Timeline 20 September 1066 Harald Hardrada, King of Norway, defeats the English at the Battle of Fulford The invasion force under Harald Hardrada, King of Norway, and Tostig (brother of Harold II of England) met an English army at Fulford and defeated it. The invaders then marched on York and took it four days later. This was a major crisis for Harold II, who marched north with his army to meet the threat. 25 September 1066 Harold II defeats and kills Harald Hardrada at the Battle of Stamford Bridge Harold II of England met an invasion force under Harald Hardrada, King of Norway, and Tostig (brother of Harold) at Stamford Bridge in Yorkshire. Harold caught the invaders off guard and defeated them in detail, slaughtering many of them and killing both Tostig and Hardrada. Less than 30 of the invasion fleet of 300 ships returned to Norway.

28 September 1066 William of Normandy lands at Pevensey on the south coast of England William of Normandy was the second claimant to the English throne to challenge Harold II. William believed that Edward the Confessor had promised him the English throne, and that Harold had agreed to back his claim after he was shipwrecked in Normandy and taken prisoner by William in 1064. The invasion force landed unopposed because Harold was still marching south after defeating his rival, Harald Hardrada, King of Norway, at the Battle of Stamford Bridge. 14 October 1066 William of Normandy defeats and kills Harold II at Hastings Harold II met William of Normandy near Hastings. The two armies were evenly matched in numbers, but Harold's men were exhausted after a long march back from the hard-fought Battle of Stamford Bridge. Nonetheless, the battle lasted the whole day. The English defensive shield wall was finally broken by the Norman tactic of using feigned retreats to lure Harold's troops into charging then cutting them down with cavalry. The Norman triumph was total. Harold was killed along with many Saxon nobles.

25 December 1066 William of Normandy is crowned king of England Following his victory at the Battle of Hastings, William of Normandy progressed slowly towards London, his forces depleted by battle and hindered by disease. Some attempts were made to resist him, but he gradually received the submission of many Saxon nobles. He was crowned William I (although is more commonly referred to as William the Conqueror) in Westminster Abbey, the burial place of Edward the Confessor, the king from whom William derived his claim to the throne. 1070 William the Conqueror subdues the north of England From his base in the south east of England, William imposed Norman rule on the south west, the Midlands and Yorkshire. In 1069, multiple revolts culminated in an invasion by Sven II, King of Denmark. William defeated the rebels and laid waste to the country between Nottingham and York, causing a widespread famine in 1070. In pacifying England, William transformed its social structure. About 4,000 English earls were dispossessed and replaced by about 200 Norman and compliant English barons.

1070 First Norman stone castle is built in Wales The Normans quickly advanced into Wales, using castles to subdue the surrounding countryside. Most of the early castles were of the motte-and-bailey type, but around 1070 the earl of Hereford built a stone castle at Chepstow. In the 1090s, the Welsh successfully rose in revolt. Wales was then governed in regions still under native rule, but dominated by powerful Norman lordships known as the 'Marcher Lords'. All were obliged to recognise the overlordship of the king of England. 31 May 1076 'Revolt of the Earls' ends with the execution of Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria After the Battle of Hastings, Waltheof, a Saxon noble, had submitted to William the Conqueror and was made earl of Bamburgh and Northumbria, as well as being given William's niece, Judith, in marriage. But in 1075 he became implicated in the 'Revolt of the Earls' - an uprising planned by a group of nobles.

He went to Normandy to expose the plot and seek mercy from William, but was brought back to England and beheaded near Winchester. The revolt was the last serious uprising against William. 1077 Bayeux Tapestry illustrating the Battle of Hastings is completed The Bayeux Tapestry is the primary visual source for the Battle of Hastings and the most important pictorial document of the 11th century. Historically it is considered an unreliable account of events. It shows the prelude, the battle and the aftermath entirely from the Norman perspective. The tapestry was probably commissioned in the 1070s by William's half-brother, Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, and made in Canterbury. It was completed around 1077, and has been in Bayeux since the 15th century. Christmas 1085 Domesday Book is instituted to survey the English lands of William the Conqueror While at court in Gloucester, William decided to undertake a survey of his English realm. The country was divided into circuits, and groups of commissioners gathered information in the counties of individual circuits. Initial returns were probably completed by the summer of 1086.

The information gathered came to be known as the Domesday Book (Domesday meaning 'day of judgement'). It was the most complete record of any country at that time and remains a legally valid document. 1 August 1086 Landholders swear loyalty to William the Conqueror at Salisbury The power of the monarch in 11th century kingdoms rested heavily on the relations between a king and his great lords, and ties of loyalty with other influential individuals. At Salisbury in 1086, a large gathering saw not just William the Conqueror's tenants, but also the major landholders swear loyalty to him. William may also have received the returns to the Domesday survey at this occasion. 9 September 1087 William the Conqueror dies at Rouen, Normandy William spent most of the last decade of his life in Normandy. He fell ill while on campaign in the summer of 1087 and spent his final days at Rouen. His eldest son, Robert, succeeded to Normandy. No specific succession was determined for England, but it may simply have been assumed that William's second son, known as William Rufus, would succeed.

His third son, Henry, received a large sum of money. 26 September 1087 William II is crowned at Westminster Abbey William Rufus, second son of William the Conqueror, left his father a day or two before he died. He had to move swiftly if he was to lay claim to the crown of England, to which he had not been specifically named as heir. Having arrived in England, he met with Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, who performed William's coronation at Westminster Abbey. 2 November 1088 William II defeats a rebellion against him William II's succession was not accepted by all, in particular a group who wanted his brother, Robert, to rule England and Normandy. This group included several barons and William the Conqueror's half-brother Odo, Bishop of Bayeux. Robert of Normandy sent troops to support the rising, but they were driven back by bad weather. William II showed deft political skill to win over supporters, and the rebels were defeated. William defeated another rebellion, led by the earl of Northumbria, in 1095.

28 May 1089 Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, dies Lanfranc, a Lombard, had been a close associate of William the Conqueror from the 1040s onwards. He was made archbishop of Canterbury in 1070, following the deposition of the Anglo-Saxon archbishop, Stigand. Throughout his archiepiscopate, Lanfranc was central to both the secular and the ecclesiastical affairs of England. He played a key role in detecting the 'Revolt of the Earls', helped maintain the independence of the Church of England and acting as a restraining influence on the monarch. July 1091 Malcolm Canmore, King of Scotland, invades England Malcolm Canmore (Malcolm III) launched a series of expeditions into northern England during his reign (1058-1093). His ambition was to redraw the border and show his independence from the English king. The expedition caused considerable destruction, reaching as far as Durham. He withdrew and acknowledged the overlordship of the king of England as William II prepared to campaign against him.

Malcom was killed in an ambush by Robert de Mowbray, Earl of Northumbria, in 1093. 6 March 1093 Anselm of Bec becomes archbishop of Canterbury Following the death of Archbishop Lanfranc, William II kept the see of Canterbury vacant for four years, a situation that allowed him to make use of its revenues. In 1093, William fell ill and believing himself close to death, wished to atone for his sin. He chose Anselm, the Burgundian abbot of Bec, to be the new archbishop. Anselm was invested by the king on 6 March 1093. He was a highly influential theologian and philosopher who was later canonised. 11 August 1093 Work begins on a new cathedral church at Durham The bishop of Durham, William of St Calais, demonstrated his power in the north of England by replacing his Anglo-Saxon church with a grander building in the Romanesque style. It is one of the finest examples of Norman cathedral-building in Europe.

16 November 1093 Margaret, Queen of Scotland, dies at Edinburgh Castle Margaret was the daughter of Edward the Ætheling, an Anglo-Saxon claimant to the English throne in 1066. She fled to Scotland after the Norman conquest and married Malcolm Canmore (Malcolm III) of Scotland in about 1070. She had a considerable influence on politics, culture and religion in her new home and was later canonised. 1096 Oxford University is founded The exact date of the university's foundation is unclear, but there is evidence of teaching at Oxford by 1096. When Henry II forbade English students to study at the University of Paris in 1167, Oxford began to expand rapidly. A university was established in Cambridge around 1209, probably by scholars fleeing unrest in Oxford. September 1096 William II takes custody of Normandy for three years Robert, Duke of Normandy, responded to Pope Urban II's call for a crusade in 1095.

To support his expedition, and to ensure the protection of his lands during his absence, he gave his brother, William II, King of England, custody of the duchy in return for a loan of 10,000 marks. 8 November 1097 Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, leaves England after a row with William II Relations between William II and Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, soon deteriorated over several issues. Chief among these was William's refusal to recognise Urban II as the true pope, which in turn prevented Anselm from receiving the pope's endorsement of his archiepiscopate. The matter was resolved, but in 1097 there were fresh disagreements and Anselm departed for Rome to seek papal advice. William then seized all the revenues of the archbishop of Canterbury. 2 August 1100 William II is killed while hunting in the New Forest William II, like most medieval kings, was passionate about hunting. While out hunting in the New Forest, he was shot in the chest with an arrow, probably fired by his friend Walter Tirel, and died of his wounds. Despite various conspiracy theories, it seems most likely that it was an accident.

William's brother had himself rapidly crowned Henry I. 5 August 1100 Henry I is crowned in Westminster Abbey Following the death of his brother, William II, Henry moved swiftly to establish his hold on the English throne. Within days he had seized control of the royal treasure at Winchester and had himself crowned king at Westminster. The coronation was performed by Maurice, Bishop of London, because the archbishop of Canterbury, Anselm, was out of the country as a result of a quarrel with William II. 23 September 1100 Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, returns to England Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, had fallen out with William II and left England in 1097 to seek advice from the pope. Soon after his accession, Henry I invited Anselm to return, but they were soon at loggerheads over a long-running dispute about the extent of the king's control of ecclesiastical appointments. Anselm returned to exile. It was not until 1107 that a reconciliation was finally arranged. Anselm spent the last few years of his life in England.

20 July 1101 Robert, Duke of Normandy, invades England As in 1088, Robert, Duke of Normandy, again sought to assert his right to the English throne against that of a younger brother, this time Henry I. His expedition proved unsuccessful and the two brothers came to terms in the Treaty of Alton. Robert agreed to recognise Henry as king of England in return for Henry's territories in Normandy and a large annuity. The rapprochement did not last. In 1105, Henry invaded Normandy. 5 August 1103 Muircheartach Ua Briain's followers are defeated at Mag Coba, Ireland Muircheartach Ua Briain was one the most powerful figure in Ireland for much of his reign. One of his most serious reverses came in August 1103 when his Leinster and some Dublin followers were outnumbered and slaughtered by the MacLochlainns and allies in a conflict at Mag Coba, somewhere north of Newry. 10 August 1103 Massive storm wrecks crops Medieval agriculture was always under threat of natural disaster.

The chronicles of the time are full of references to cattle plagues and other such devastating phenomena. The storm of 1103 was sufficiently large to have been recorded and was described as having done unprecedented damage to crops. 28 September 1106 Henry I defeats and captures his brother, Robert of Normandy William the Conqueror had divided his lands between two of his sons, with Normandy going to Robert and England to William Rufus (William II). On William II's death, the third son, Henry, took the English throne. Robert had unsuccessfully attempted to overthrow him by invading in 1101, but in 1106 Henry turned the tables by defeating his brother at the Battle of Tinchebray, in Normandy. Robert was kept in captivity until his death in 1134. Thus Henry reunited his father's dominions. 25 July 1110 Matilda, daughter of Henry I, is crowned empress of the Germans In 1110, Henry I of England married his daughter to the German emperor, Henry V. She was only eight years old. The marriage was clearly was made for diplomatic reasons and conferred much prestige on the English king.

Matilda continued to be called empress even after the death of the emperor in 1125. Her son, the future Henry II, would be referred to as 'Henry, son of the empress'. Midsummer 1114 Henry I invades Wales, forcing Gwynedd and Powys to submit Norman settlement had already extended considerably into Wales by the early 12th century. Much of the process was conducted by English nobles, but Henry I also led expeditions - most notably that of 1114. He forced the submission of the princes of Gwynedd and Powys. 1119 Muircheartach Ua Briain, King of Munster, dies Muircheartach Ua Briain was king of Munster between 1086 and 1119 and dominated Ireland for much of his reign. He was involved in the rebellion against Henry I in 1101, when Robert, Duke of Normandy, had attempted to invade England. Muirchertach had ambitions to wider power in Ireland, but was frustrated by internal politics and reverses like his defeat at Mag Coba.

20 August 1119 Henry I defeats Louis VI, King of France, at the Battle of Brémule Henry I's defeat of his brother, Robert, left him in control of both Normandy and England from 1106. Among the many threats and rebellions Henry faced in Normandy, the most serious was an invasion by Louis VI, King of France, (also known as 'Louis the Fat') in 1119. Henry secured a vital victory against him at the Battle of Brémule. 25 November 1120 Henry I's son, William, drowns on the 'White Ship' Henry I had only one legitimate son and heir, William. The succession was thrown into crisis when William was drowned while returning from Normandy to England on the 'White Ship'. Henry, a widower, married Adeliza, daughter of the duke of Louvain, a few months after the death of his son, but his new wife produced no children. 25 December 1126 Henry I settles the accession on his daughter, Matilda Following the death of his only son, William, Henry I was forced to seek an alternative successor.

Just before Christmas in 1126, he required his nobles and the clergy, together with David, King of Scotland, to swear to accept his daughter Matilda as his heir. The following year, Matilda, widowed by the death of her husband the German emperor, Henry V, was married to Geoffrey of Anjou, nicknamed 'Plantagenet' (after the broom flower, which he adopted as his emblem). This match served to seal a peace between Anjou and Henry's realms of England and Normandy. 22 December 1135 Stephen is crowned king after the death of Henry I in Normandy Henry I had forced his nobles to swear to recognise his daughter Matilda as his heir. But many considered a woman unfit to rule and further resentment was generated by her marriage into the Anjou family in 1127. Henry's nephew, Stephen of Blois, took advantage of the discord and secured support for his own succession from key political and administrative figures in England. He was crowned king by William of Corbel, Archbishop of Canterbury.

September 1136 Welsh forces defeat Norman lords in the Battle of Crug Mawr Anglo-Norman power in Wales had expanded considerably under Henry I, who had forced the politically powerful princes of Gwynedd and Powys to submit. In January 1136, the Welsh took advantage of the disputed English succession to rebel against Stephen with significant success, driving back the Anglo-Normans in south and west Wales. In September or October of the same year, Welsh forces inflicted a resounding defeat on a combined army of south Wales Marcher Lords at the Battle of Crug Mawr. 30 September 1139 Matilda lands at Arundel, West Sussex, to claim the throne of England Stephen was already facing considerable problems in England when his main rival as claimant to the throne - Henry I's daughter the Empress Matilda - landed at Arundel, West Sussex, supported by her half-brother, Robert, Earl of Gloucester. A long civil war followed, but neither side was strong enough for outright victory. In 1148, Matilda withdrew to France, leaving Stephen as king but with only nominal control over a country where lawlessness was rife.

2 November 1148 Malachy, Archbishop of Armagh, dies Malachy was a leading proponent of church reform in Ireland. He also had close connections with St Bernard of Clairvaux and his Cistercian Order. This led to the foundation of the first Cistercian monastery in Ireland, at Mellifont in 1142. Malachy was later canonised. May 1152 Henry of Anjou (the future Henry II of England) marries Eleanor of Aquitaine Henry of Anjou - the future Henry II of England - married Eleanor of Aquitaine. The marriage brought a vast area of France into Henry's possession. 1153 Treaty of Wallingford secures Henry of Anjou's claim to English throne When Stephen's son and heir Eustace died in August 1153, it removed the last obstacle to settlement of the dispute between Stephen and Matilda which had led to the long and costly civil war in England between 1139 and 1148. Henry of Anjou had a legitimate claim to the throne, through his mother, Empress Matilda.

Henry's accession was confirmed by the so-called Treaty of Wallingford. Stephen died the following year and Henry was crowned Henry II without bloodshed. January 1153 Henry of Anjou arrives in England to press his claim for the throne Henry of Anjou arrived in England to pursue his claim to the throne, which he derived from his mother, the Empress Matilda. She was the chosen heir of Henry I, but her title had been usurped by Stephen, Henry I's nephew. 24 May 1153 David I, King of Scotland, dies David I had succeeded to the throne of Scotland in 1124. He was brought up at the court of Henry I. Drawing on his experiences there, he had accelerated the process of introducing Norman practices to Scotland. He brought families such as the Bruces, Fitz-Allans and Comyns to Scotland, giving them lands and titles in return for providing knights to fight for the king. He also took advantage of the civil war between Stephen and Matilda by seizing territory in the north of England.

4 December 1154 Englishman Nicholas Breakspear becomes Pope Hadrian IV Nicholas Breakspear was a reforming monk who spent nearly his entire career on the Continent. He was elected in 1154 and took the name Hadrian IV. He remains the only Englishman ever to become pope.

King Harold II (1066) and The Battle of Hastings - ArtiFact :: Free Encyclopedia of Everything Art, Antiques & Collectibles King Harold II (1066) and The Battle of Hastings Parents: Godwin, Earl of Wessex, and Gytha of Denmark Relation to Elizabeth II: husband of the 30th great-grandmother House of: Wessex Ascended to the throne: January 5, 1066 Crowned: January 6, 1066 at Westminster Abbey, aged c.43 Married: (1) Eadgyth (Swan-neck), Daughter of Earl of Mercia (2) Ealdyth widow of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn Children: 1 or 2 sons and several illegitimate children Died: October 14, 1066 at Senlac Abbey, Sussex, of wounds following the Battle of Hastings Buried at: Pevensey reburied Waltham Abbey Reigned for: 9 months, and 8 days Succeeded by: Edgar the Aethling, and then Edward the Confessor’s 2nd cousin William of Normandy Last Anglo-Saxon king of England, January to October 106

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He was defeated and killed by William of Normandy (William the Conqueror) at the Battle of Hastings. Harold succeeded his father Earl Godwine in 1053 as Earl of Wessex.. He had no bloodline to the throne but his sister Edith was married to King Edward the Confessor. In January 1066 when Edward died childless, the Witan (or Witenagemot a council of high-ranking religious and secular men) elected Harold to succeed him and one day later he was crowned King Harold II. William of Normandy claimed that he had been promised the throne by his relative Edward and that in 1063 Harold had sworn allegiance to support his claim. On hearing of Harold’s coronation William prepared to invade England to claim the throne. Meanwhile, Harold’s brother Tostig who had quarrelled with Harold joined the king of Norway Harald Hardrada in invading Northumbria. Harold routed and killed them at Stamford Bridge, near York, on 25 September. Three days later William landed at Pevensey, Sussex, and Harold and his army marched quickly South to face him. The Battle of Hastings took place on 14 October 1066.

Harold’s army was defeated and he was killed in the battle. The Witan elected 15 year-old Edgar the Aethling, a grandson of King Edmund II Ironside, as the next Anglo-Saxon King. However he was the uncrowned King for only a few weeks from 15 October to 10 December 1066 when William entered London and declared himself king. The Witan and Edgar were forced to submit to William of Normandy at Berkhamstead Castle in Hertfordshire. On the death of Edward the Confessor without a direct heir, the Witan elected his brother-in-law, the powerful Harold Godwineson, Earl of Wessex, as King. Harold had been elected from a number of candidates, including the Atheling, Edgar, who although he had the superior hereditary right, being Edward’s great-nephew, was considered too young at the time to make an effective ruler. It was claimed that Edward had willed his throne to his brother-in-law, Harold, on his deathbed, ignoring his previous promise to his enraged cousin William of Normandy.

The future Harold II had been born around 1020-22, half Saxon and half Dane, he was the eldest son of Godwine, Earl of Wessex and Kent and Gytha, the daughter of Harold Bluetooth, King of Denmark. Making him the first cousin of King Canute. On his father’s side he was descended from a cadet line of the House of Wessex, Godwine’s father, Wulfnoth Cild, was the fourth great-grandson of Ethelred I. Edward the Confessor had banished Earl Godwine and his family in 1051, Edward bore a deep resentment to Godwine, who he believed to be implicated in the murder of his brother, Alfred, when on a visit to England during the reign of Harold I. Earl Harold sailed to Ireland, where he gathered troops, on returning to England, he met up with his father’s forces and they jointly advanced on London. Edward the Confesssor was forced to restore them to power. Godwine died in 1053, whilst feasting with the king during Easter at Winchester, reportedly of an apoplexy.

Harold on the Bayuex Tapestry Harold had lead campaigns as Edward’s lieutenant in Wales and defeated Gruffydd ab Llywellyn, whose widow, Aldgyth, he took for his wife. In 1065 a revolt arose in Northumbria against the rule of Harold’s tempestuous and unruly brother Tostig. The Northumbrians, weary of Tostig’s unjust rule, elected Morkere as their Earl. Harold granted the rebels requests and Tostig was exiled. Tostig thereafter harboured a deep and burning resentment of the brother he felt had betrayed him. King Harold II was hastily crowned at the newly consecrated Westminster Abbey on 6th January, 1066. Shortly afterwards, on 18th April, a portentous star was seen in the night sky, moving across the heavens with a trail of fire in its wake, it was seen all over England for seven nights thereafter. Harold and the witan saw it, who are recorded as being assembled on Thorney Island for the feast of Easter.

Many saw it as an omen of doom, symbolising the wrath of God toward the foresworn Harold, who had previously sworn on holy relics to support William of Normandy’s claim to the throne. It has now been identified as Halley’s Comet. Harold’s enbittered brother Tostig, bent on revenge, had allied himself with Harold Hardrada, King of Norway, and invaded England with a formidable Norwegian fleet which landed at Riccall, near York. On hearing of the news, Harold gathered an army and marched to meet them at Stamford Bridge in Yorkshire. The new King attempted compromise with his brother and sent a message offering to restore his Earldom, to which Tostig responded by asking what Harold was prepared to give Hardrada, “Seven feet of land for a grave” was Harold’s defiant reply. Tostig refused to abandon his ally. Harold’s Grave The Battle of Stamford Bridge commenced when the Saxons attacked the Norwegian shield wall, which despite repeated attempts, they failed to penetrate. The Saxons fell back and the Norwegians, believing them to be in retreat, broke ranks and pursued them, at which the Saxons wheeled round and attacked.

Harold Hardrada was killed by an arrow in his neck, his fallen banner, Land-Ravager was seized by Tostig, who assumed command of the Norwegian army. He fell in the frantic conflict shortly after, the Norwegians fought with determination and courage until dusk but victory went to the Saxons. The following day, Olav, the son of Hardrada gave himself up to the English, along with the Earl of Orkney. In a merciful gesture, Harold allowed him to return home, with all the survivors, on a promise they would never invade England again. During the jubilant celebrations of a victory feast after the battle of Stamford Bridge, Harold received the ominous news that William of Normandy had at last landed at Bulverhythe on the south coast and hastily marched his army, which was in dire need of rest, the 240 miles to confront him. At the resulting Battle of Hastings on 14th October, 1066, England’s last Saxon King was killed and his forces routed.

The account of the contemporary chronicler William of Poitiers, states that Harold’s body was given to the half Saxon William Malet for burial:- “The two brothers of the King were found near him and Harold himself, stripped of all badges of honour, could not be identified by his face but only by certain marks on his body. His corpse was brought into the Duke’s camp, and William gave it for burial to William, surnamed Malet, and not to Harold’s mother, who offered for the body of her beloved son its weight in gold. For the Duke thought it unseemly to receive money for such merchandise, and equally he considered it wrong that Harold should be buried as his mother wished, since so many men lay unburied because of his avarice. They said in jest that he who had guarded the coast with such insensate zeal should be buried by the seashore”. Another contemporary source records that Harold’s hand fast wife, Edith Swannesha, was called to identify the body, which she did by some private mark known only to her. Harold’s body was buried on the battlefield, but William later had his remains moved by to Waltham Abbey.

The Battle of Hastings Background Battle Abbey The Saxon King, Edward the Confessor, last of the ancient House of Wessex, died childless on on the stormy night of 4th -5th January, in the momentous year of 1066. On his deathbed Edward was said to have willed his throne to his brother-in-law, Harold Godwineson, Earl of Wessex, having made a previous promise to his maternal cousin, William, Duke of Normandy, that he should inherit the English throne if he died without producing an heir. The Witangemot or Saxon council of wise men, duly elected Harold as King, a decision that was met with fury by Duke William. King Harold II was hastily crowned at the newly consecrated Westminster Abbey on 6th January, 1066. Harold had previously sworn a reluctant oath to support William’s claim to the throne, when having been shipwrecked on the coast of Normandy, he had become William’s unwilling guest. However, before he would allow Harold to leave, William required him to swear an oath to support his claim to the crown upon Edward’s death.

Under duress, Harold finally consented and swore the oath on holy relics. William began to build an invasion fleet to take by force what he considered to be his by right. The Pope himself, due to Harold’s foresworn oath on holy relics, supported William’s enterprise. England was invaded by Harald II Hardrada, King of Norway, in league with Harold’s unruly and discontented brother Tostig, Harold marched north to meet them at Stamford Bridge, to the east of York, where on 25th September he won a resounding victory against the Norwegians, both Harald Hardrada and Tostig perished in the battle. Meanwhile, William of Normandy had assembled a large invasion fleet and set sail for English shores two days after Stamford Bridge was fought, delayed by storms in the Channel, he is believed to have landed at Bulverhythe (between Hastings and Bexhill-on-Sea) on the 28th September. The traditional site of William’s landing at Pevensey is now disputed. William began to pillage and burn the surrounding area, in the hope of forcing Harold to advance south to meet him.

Harold, on receipt of the news, hurried south to confront the Norman invaders. At his foundation of Waltham Abbey, he paused to pray for victory. Gathering what forces he could, he marched to meet William at Hastings. The Battle Death of Harold The Battle of Hastings, one of the most important battles in English history, took place on 14th October, 1066. The Saxon army consisted of around 5,000-7,500 infantry (the Saxons fought on foot), many of them unrested after the exhausting march south. The core of the Saxon army was made up of full-time professional soldiers called Housecarls, who were armed with sword and battleaxe. The remainder of the army, known as the Fyrd, consisted of the part time militia of thegns. The Norman army numbered in excess of 10,000 and was made up of well trained cavalry, infantry and archers, mainly of Norman, Flemish and Breton extraction and greedy for English lands, their promised reward should victory be theirs. Harold took up a defensive position on Senlac Ridge, blocking the road to London, his army formed up in three wedges.

The Norman army was thus forced to attack uphill, placing them at a disadvantage. William’s minstrel, Taillefer, obtained permission to strike the first blow and rode out before the Saxon lines, singing the Song of Roland, flinging his sword in the air and catching it, he charged into the Saxon ranks alone and was quickly dispatched. The Saxon army formed a shield wall along the edge of the hill, which rebuffed repeated Norman attacks. Battle was opened by the Norman archers, who fired repeated volleys at the Saxons, which had little effect, any casualties were quickly replaced from behind and the shield wall held firm. Ferocious hand to hand fighting with the Norman infantry ensued, after which William ordered the cavalry to charge. Eventually the Breton division, which formed the left of William’s army, broke and fled down the hill. A rumour arose in the Norman ranks that Duke William was dead, causing panic and flight. Many of the Saxon fyrdd pursued the fleeing Normans down the hill, breaking the defensive shield wall. William put heart into his army by loudly announcing he still lived. The Normans rallied at the news, Harold’s brothers Gyrth and Leofwine were both slain on the battlefield.

Harold had expected to be reinforced by the levies of Earls Edwine and Morkere, but they never arrived. The battle continued for most of the day, Harold and his Saxons fought with steely determination for possession of their country. As dusk began to fall over Hastings, William ordered his archers to fire high into the air, over the re-formed shield wall and one of these arrows is said to have hit Harold in the eye, blinding him, although this point is disputed by some sources. Whether this was the case or not, Harold fell mortally wounded under the dragon standard of Wessex. The Saxon army, seeing that the day was lost, began to flee the field. The houscarls, Harold’s trained professional militia, loyally and valiantly defended the body of their king to the last, but they too finally fell and Harold’s body was mutilated by the Normans, a vindictive act, which William punished. Some of the Normans pursued the remnant of the fleeing Saxon fyrd, but were ambushed and killed. The battle was lost and Anglo-Saxon England died with Harold on the battlefield that day.

Aftermath Harold’s deeply distressed mistress, Edith Swan-neck came to William pleading for her lover’s body and offering him its weight in gold in exchange, but William coldly refused her distraught request. He had Harold buried in a secret location. William gave thanks to God for his victory and later founded Battle Abbey on the battlefield. A plaque has been erected to mark the site where it is believed King Harold, the last Anglo-Saxon King of England, fell. After resting his army at Hastings, William proceeded to London, Edwin and Morkere, the Northern Earls, who had failed to turn up on the battlefield, made their submission to him, as did the young Edgar the Atheling, great-nephew of Edward the Confessor and a further Saxon claimant to the throne. William was crowned King of England at Edward the Confessor’s foundation of Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day, 1066. The discovery of a Saxon coffin in the church at Bosham in the 1950s led to much speculation that King Harold was buried here. An exhumation had shown it to be the grave of a middle-aged man who had lost a leg, the head was also missing.

A recent attempt at exhumumation of the grave was refused in December 2004, on the reasons that that the chances of establishing the identity of the body as Harold II were unlikely and therefore did not justify disturbing a burial place. Tom Lovell’s painting of the battle of Hastings Important Facts about the Battle of Hastings Interesting information and important facts about the Battle of Hastings: Key Dates relating to the event: The Battle of Hastings took place on Saturday 14th of October 1066 Key People relating to the event: Battle of Hastings leaders: Duke William of Normandy and King Harold of England Surprising Facts about the Battle of Hastings: The English King Edward the Confessor was brought up in Normandy and had many Norman friends.

Duke William claimed that Edward the Confessor named him as his successor Duke William claimed that Harold Godwinson agreed that William should become King of England on the death of Edward the Confessor Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England and Duke William receives support from the Pope to mount a Crusade against England King Harold positions his army on the South coast of England and waits for the Norman Invasion The Vikings then invade the North of England King Harold has to force march his army from the South of England to York to defend England against the Viking Invasion King Harold defeats the Vikings but immediately has to march back to the South of England because the Normans invade the country The English are winning the Battle of Hastings so the Normans changed their strategy and fire arrows upward into the air aiming at the faces rather than the bodies of the English. King Harold is shot in the eye The English are still winning the Battle of Hastings but foolishly believe the Normans are retreating.

They chase the Normans giving up their superior higher battle position and consequently lose the Battle of Hastings Why the Battle of Hastings was famous and important to the history of England: The Battle of Hastings resulted in all lands of England being claimed by the Normans who introduce Feudalism to England The Battle of Hastings Timeline January 4th 1066 Norman Conquest of England Home Bookmark this page King Harald of Norway (commonly known as Harald Hardrada) was one of the many claimants to the throne of England. He believed he had a right to the throne of England based on a treaty between the King of Norway and one of earlier Kings of England. In early September 1066, Harald invaded northern England with a fleet of 300 ships and about 15000 men. He was assisted by the estranged and exiled brother of Harold Godwinson, Tostig Godwinson. Initially the Norwegian invaders were successful and were able to capture the city of York. The army of Harold Godwinson was rushed to the north of the country to battle the invaders.

A fierce battle took place at Stamford Bridge on 16th September 1066, and the Norwegian invaders suffered a crushing defeat. King Harald of Norway was killed in the battle. Out of the 300 ships that had reached England, only 24 could return with the injured warriors. Though the English army was victorious in the battle of Stamford Bridge, it also suffered losses. It was in a battered and weakened state which adversely affected its capacity to repel the Norman invasion of England. Ad Harald Hardrada | The Battle | ZoomInfo.com Harald Hardrada + Get 10 Free Contacts a Month Please agree to the terms and conditions I agree to the Terms of Service and Privacy Policy . I understand that I will receive a subscription to ZoomInfo Grow at no charge in exchange for downloading and installing the ZoomInfo Contact Contributor utility which, among other features, involves sharing my business contacts as well as headers and signature blocks from emails that I receive. Web References (5 Total References) Preparation for the Battle of Hastings - The Norman Invasion The Battle of Gate Fulford The Battle of Stamford Bridge The Battle of Fulford Harald Hardrada - The Viking! ...

Tostig and Harald Hardrada completely routed the forces gathered at short notice by the inexperienced governors of Northumbria, the Earls Edwin and Morcar. Preparation for the Battle of Hastings - The Norman Invasion The Battle of Gate Fulford The Battle of Stamford Bridge The Battle of Stamford Bridge Harald Hardrada - Viking dies ... Earl Tostig and Harald Hardrada were celebrating their victory at York but by means of a remarkably rapid four day forced march, King Harold and his army reached Stamford Bridge in Yorkshire by the 25th of September 1066. ... King Harold's reply was that ' he would offer Harald seven foot of good English soil, or as much as he needed as he was taller than other men'! Harald Hardrada Harald Hardrada - Viking dies ... Earl Tostig and Harald Hardrada were celebrating their victory at York but by means of a remarkably rapid four day forced march, King Harold and his army reached Stamford Bridge in Yorkshire by the 25th of September 1066. ...

King Harold's reply was that ' he would offer Harald seven foot of good English soil, or as much as he needed as he was taller than other men'! The Norse King and confederates had been taken by surprise. Similar Profiles

Question: In which battle in Yorkshire in September 1066 was Harald Hardrada killed?
Answer: Stamford Bridge