Woman Muslim Leaders throughout the Times Around 1000 Leader Badit bint Maja of the Politically Organized Islamic Society (Ethiopia) Either leader of a tribe or substate-entity. 1020-24 Regent Naib us Sultanat Sitt al-Moluk of Egypt Also known as the Lady of Cairo, her name means "Lady of Power", and assumed power after having arranged the "disappearance" of her brother Imam Hakim bin Amr Allah. She had his son al-Zahir proclaimed Imam and Caliph and she became regent. She appointed competent ministers, managed to setting the economy in order and brought peace to the country. (d. 1024) 1046-62 Regent The Caliph-Mother of Egypt For the Fathamide-Caliph. She was a Sudanese ex -slave.

1061-1107 Joint Ruler al-qa'ima bi mulkini Zainab al-Nafzawiyya of the Berber Empire (Northern Africa) Contemporary sources name her "the one in charge of her husband's realm", and she was joint ruler with her husband, Yusuf Ibn Tashfin of an Empire covering most of Northern Africa. 1084-1137 Regent Dowager Sultana Saiyida Hurra Arwa bint Ahmad as-Sulayhi of Tihama (Arabia) Ruled in the name of Saba, who died in 1197/99 and then reigned alone, though together with other co-regents. From sometime in the 1130s she was the sole ruler. She was succeeded by Sultan al-Mansur bin al Mugaddal. 1086-94 Regent Dowager Queen Khanum of the Tanguts (Dangxiang) (China and Regent for sons Deijalo and Bohejat. In 1532 Prince Kaitjil became sultan.

1523-58 De-facto Ruler Kadin Roxelana of the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) Very influential during the reign of her husband Sultan Sï¿½leiman II (1520-66). She had originally been bought as a slave by Sï¿½leiman's friend Ibrahim Pascha. The Pascha later gave her to the Sulatan as a gift. she is believed to have been born in Russia and lived (circa 1507-58) 1529-30 Regent Dowager Sultan Dudu of Janupur (India) After the death of her husband, Muhammed, she was regent for Galal Han, who was deposed in 1533. Under her family's reign, the state became the home of Muhammadan culture and refuge for men of letters. She was killed in 1530. 1543-52 Regent Dowager Sultana Bat'ial Dï¿½l Wanbara of Harar (Ethiopia) In charge of the territory after her husband, Imam Ahmad had been killed. She reigned jointly with 'Ali Jarad.

She had accompanied her husband on his expeditions of conquest in the Christian highlands. At times she had to be carried on their shoulders up and down steep and rocky mountain slopes, twice in a state of pregnancy. She gave birth to Muhammad in 1531 and Ahmad two years later. After the defeat and death of her husband and the capture of her young son Muhammad, she fled to the north-west of Lake Tana, and eventually succeeded in returning to Harar, then at the center of Adal power. Her first task was to make arrangements for the exchange of her eldest son Muhammad for Emperor Galawdewo's brother, Minas. Del Wanbara was determined to revenge her husband's death and, nine years later, agreed to marry the Emir of Harar, Nur Ibn Mujahid, son of her first husband's sister, seeing in him the best prospect of achieving her aim. Emir Nur began by rebuilding Harar, which had been sacked, and enclosed the town with a wall which can be seen to this day. Having reorganized his forces, he undertook a new conquest of the Christian highlands and, in 1559, killed Emperor Galawdewos in battle.

She was daughter of Imam Mehefuz, governor of Zayla and de facto ruler of the state of Adal. She married Imam Ahmad and, ignoring the protests of his soldiers, 1544-? Politically influential Mihrumï¿½h Sultana of the Ottoman Empire O nly daughter of Sultan Sï¿½leyman the Magnificent by Hï¿½rrem Sultan. Her father ored his her, and complained with her every wish. She married Rï¿½stem Paï¿½a, Governor-General of Diyarbakï¿½r, who was shortly afterwards appointed grand vizier. According to Ottoman historians, Hï¿½rrem, Mihrumï¿½h and Rï¿½stem Paï¿½a conspired to bring about the death of ï¿½ehzade Mustafa, who stood in the way of Mihrumï¿½h Sultanï¿½s influence over her father.

The fact that Mihrumï¿½h encouraged her father to launch the campaign against Malta, promising to build 400 galleys at her own expense; that like her mother she wrote letters to the King of Poland; and that on her fatherï¿½s death she lent 50.000 gold sovereigns to Sultan Selim to meet his immediate needs, illustrate the political power which she wielded. Her husband was grand vizier in the periods 1544-1553 and 1555-1561, and she and her mother formed an inner circle in the government which evidently influenced the sultan's decisions particularly in issues concerning the succession and the future of the sultanate. They were accused of putting pressure on her father to execute his eldest surviving son, Mustafa. At that critical point when Sultan Sï¿½leyman was faced with open protest from the army and negative public opinion following the murder of Mustafa, Sï¿½leyman was forced to replace his son-in-law in the position of grand vizirate with Kara Ahmed Pasha, a war hero and favourite of the army.

But within two years under pressure from the inner circle under Hï¿½rrem, Kara Ahmed was eliminated and Rustem resumed the grand vizirate, keeping the office until his death in 1561. Circa 1545-ca.1570/80 Sultan Hudah bint Sarmah al-Fasi of Fazzan (Libya) Grandchild of Muhamad al-Fasi Fezzan. The state mainly consisted of oases in the Sahara Desert, and the population is largely Arab, with Berber and black African influence. Located on caravan routes connecting the Mediterranean Sea with the Sudan, Fazzan was long important in the trans-Saharan trade. From the early 16th to the early 19th century it was the center of the Bani Muhammad dynasty, which originated in Morocco. 1549-51 Regent Dowager Princess Syun Beka of Kazan (Russia) Regent for son. Today Kazan is the capital of the Russian Republic of Tatarstan.

1556-64 Regent for the Governor Mah Cucak Bigum of Kabul, Afganistan Reigned for Governor Miza Muhammad Hakim (1556-85) hereditary representative of the Grand Mogul of India. She was murdered in 1565 1560-62 De-facto regent Maham Anga of the Mughal Empire (India) The chief nurse of Emperor Akbar, she gained influence after she convinced Akbar to dismiss his minister, Bairam. Her power began to wane in 1561, when Akbar appointed Atkah Khan as chief minister. Five months later her son, Adham Khan, Akbar's foster-brother, attempted to assassinate Atkah Khan, but was executed, and she died shortly after, and the emperor, who was now 19 ruled alone from then on. 1574-83 Politically Influential Nurbanu Sultan Valide Sultan of The Ottoman Empire (Turkey) Nur Banu took an active part in the governance of the empire as the chief advisor of her son, Murad III.

Of Italian origin, she was married to Selim III, and lived (1530-83). (or to 1595) 1576-1610 Queen Amina Sarauniya of Zazzua, Zaria and Abuja 1580-82 Queen of Kano (Nigeria) Probably the granddaughter of Sarkin (king) Zazzau Nohir. Zazzua was one of a number of Hausa city-states which dominated the trans-Saharan trade after the collapse of the Songhai empire to the west. At the age of sixteen, Amina became the heir apparent (Magajiya) to her mother, Bakwa of Turunku, the ruling Queen of Zazzua. With the title came the responsibility for a ward in the city and daily councils with other officials. Although her mother's reign was known for peace and prosperity, Amina also chose to learn military skills from the warriors. Queen Bakwa died around 1566 and the reign of Zazzua passed to her younger brother Karama. At this time Amina emerged as the leading warrior of Zazzua cavalry. Her military achievements brought her great wealth and power.

When Karama died after a ten-year rule, Amina became Queen of Zazzua. She set off on her first military expedition three months after coming to power and continued fighting until her death. In her thirty-four year reign, she expanded the domain of Zazzua to its largest size ever. Lived (circa 1533-ca- 1610) 1577-80 Regent Dowager Queen Mahid-I Uliyah of Persia Regent for Esmï¿½il II (1576-78) and Shah Mohammed Khodï¿½banda (1578-87) of the Safavid Dynasty, which was of Turkmen origin and established themselves first at Tabriz, which had been the capital of the Mongol Il Khans, in Turkish speaking Azerbaijanistan. They also brought the Shi'ite branch of Islam to Persia.

1580-90 Regent Dowager Sultana Cand Bibi of 1730-95 De facto Ruler Begum Mamola Bai of Bhopal (India) 1777 Regent E xercised a dominant influence during the reign of her husband, Yar Mohammad Khan (1728-42) after their marriage. After his death, she was de facto ruler during the reign of her stepson Faiz Mohammad Khan, who concentrated on religious contemplation. After his death she acted as regent and quickly proclaimed Faiz' brother, Hayat, as Nawab, but Faiz' widow, Bahu Begum, lead a revolt and set up an alternative government which lasted until 1780. Also during Hayat's reign she was the effective ruler, and it was she who took decisions on military campaigns and all other administrative affairs. She was born as a Hindu Rajput Princess, and lived (1715-95).

1730-39 Saliha Sabkati Valide Sultan of The Ottoman Empire (Turkey) After the death of Ahmed III a revolt of the Janissaries put her son with Mustafa II,Mahmud I (1750-54) on the throne, and she became Sultan Valide and in some aspects considered joint-ruler with theoretical jurisdiction over the women in the empire. Affairs of state were largely in the capable hands of the Nubian agha Beshir (1653ï¿½1746), who was the power behind a number of successive grand viziers At the tune Ottoman Empire was involved in wars with Persia. 1737 Emperor Karl IV entered the war with Russia on Russian side, but by the separate peace of Belgrade (1739) he restored North Serbia to Turkey. Mahmud was succeeded by his brother, Osman III. Saliha Sabkati lived (1680-1739). 1738-41 H.H.

I-Danraja Siti Nafisah Karaeng Langelo, Arumpone of Bone (Indonesia) Succeeded Sultana Zainab Zakiat ud-din. She was second daughter of H.H. I-Mappainga Karaeng Lempangang Paduka Sri Sultan Safi ud-din, Sultan of Tallo, by his first wife, H.H. I-Tanitaja Siti Amira Maning Ratu, Arung Palakka and Heir Apparent of Bone, whose father was sultan 1720-21. Siti Nafisah died unmarried and lived (1729-41). 1739-96 Politically Influential Nawab Aliya Sadrunissa Begum, Nawab Begum of Oudh (or Avadh) (India) She was the oldest daughter of Burhan-ul-Mulk, Subedar of Avadh. Married to her cousin and father's successor Mirza Muhammad Muqim (Safdar Jung) (1739-64) in around 1724.

When her father died in 1839, Nadir Shah plundered Delhi in 1739, and the Avadh landlords and small chiefs who had been effectively subdued by her father, raised their heads and arms in the attempt to secure their individual independence. In his capacity as the Nawab of Avadh, her husband was hesitant to face them despite his superior military strength. Had it not been for Nawab Begum's forceful promptings which eventually culminated in success, there may have been no further history of Avadh. Her court and courtiers maintained the peace and pomp of Faizabad. Her son, Shuja-ud-daula's, died in 1775, and together with her daughter-in-law, Bahu Begum she secured the continued existance of the capital of Avadh, Faizabad. Imprisoned in 1781 by grandson together with daughter-in-law. She lived (circa 1712-96). 1741 Regent Dowager Princess Gan of The Volga Kalmuks (Lower Volga Area) (Russia) Regent for Kandul , who reigned in 1741.

Gan later converted to Christianity and took the name Vera. Originally the Kalmyks lived in Central Mongolia. Reaching the Volga region in 1630. Since the 16th century, Tibetan Buddhism has been the Kalmykï¿½s religion, and they are the only European Buddhist people, living to the northwest of the Caspian area. They live on the northwest shores of the Caspian Sea in the lower regions of the soviet Dagestan. Kalmyks are of the Turkic language group. 1746-70 Sovereign Princess Irdana Bi Erdeni of Khokanda (Uzbekistan) Succeeded by Sulaiman who reigned for less than a year as Prince of Khokanda, which is a city near Tashkent, now located in a far eastern part of Uzbekistan. Founded in 1732, it stands on the site of the ancient city of Khavakend, obliterated by the Mongols in the 3rd century. It was ruled by the Dzungarian Kalmucks until 1758, when it became part of China.

1746 Sultan Mwana Mimi Hadiga of Patta-Pate and Witu (Kenya) There were 4 sultans that year. Pate is an island of the coast of Kenya. 1747-ca.60 Dato' Johan Pahlawan Lele Perkasa Setiawan Dato' Rambut Panjang, Dato' Undang of Luak Johol (Malaysia) Succeeded by another woman; Dato' Johan Pahlawan Lela Perkasa Setiawan Dato' Putri Setiawan II , Dato' Undang of Luak Johol (1760-90) 1748-50/53 Sultan Ratu Sarifah Fatima of Bantam (Bali) (Indonesia) Appointed sultan after her husband, Mangkubumi was arrested after an uprising against the Dutch occupiers. She was deposed and banned from the state by the same Dutch regents.

1748-54 De facto co-ruler Queen Udham Bai of the Mughal Empire (India) Became powerful after the death of her husband, Muhammad Shah (Rawshan Akhtar) (1719-48), who lost the province of Kabul to Persia and during whose reign other provinces became practically independent. Her son, Ahmad Shah Badahur, was no stronger, and she dominated him completely. When The Marathas in Punjab rebelled, her son chose to flee, abandoning her and the other women at court. He was captured, blinded, and deposed and died in confinement in 1775.

1753-56 Regent H.H Shrimant Akhand Soubhagyavati Rani Savitri Bai Raje Sahiba of Dewar (Senior) (India) Widow of Tukaji Rao I Puar she was regent for adopted son, Krishnaji Rao I Puar (1753-89) 1753 Nominal Regent Princess Sanfa Rendi Kabafa'anu of the Maldive Islands Nominally reigned as Regent for her brother Hasan Manikufa'anu Sultan al-Ghazi al-Hasan 'Izz ud-din Baderi. Her father Sultan Ibrahim Iskandar II reigned ( 1721 -50 ) 1753-57 Nominal Regent Princess Amina Rani Kilegefaï¿½anu of the Maldive Islands 1757-59 Rani-Sultana In 1752 her father, H.H. Sultan al-Mukarram Muhammad 'Imad ud-din III, was seized by the Ali Raja of Cannanore and transported to Kavaratti island in the Laccadives. Male was occupied.

The occupation was ended by Muleegey Dom Hassan Maniku, a direct descendant of the penultimate Christian King Joao. The sultan died in captivity in 1757. The de facto regent was Muleegey Dom Hassam Maniku. Her sister Amina Kkanbafaï¿½anu was regent in 1773. 1754 and 1761 Governor-Regent Muglani Suraiya Bigum of Lahore (India) Regent for Muhammad Amin Han, who lived 1751-54 and was governor for the Emperor of the Mongul-Afgan Empire of India in 1754. 1754-56 Sehsuvar Valide Sultan of The Ottoman Empire (Turkey) Mother of Osman III (1754-57). Of Russian origin, she lived (1682-1756).

1760-73 (ï¿½) Regent H.H Shrimant Akhand Soubhagyavati Jiji Bai Sahib Maharaj of Kolhapur (India) Jijibai was regent for adopted son, since her husband H.H Kshatrtiya-Kulawatasana Sinhasanadhishwar Shrimant Raja Shahu Sambahaji II Bhonsle Chhatrapati Maharaj (1698-1760) only had a posthumously born daughter with one of his seven wifes. He was Raja of Satara (with his mother as regent) and then of the newly created state, Kolhapur) Jiji Bai lived (1716-73), 1768-78 Regent Dowager Rani Chandawatiji Maharani Sahiba of Janipur (India) Regent for son H.H. Saramad-i-Raja-i-Hindustan, Raj Rajeshwar Shri Maharajadhiraja Maharaja Sawai Shri Prithvi Singh II Bahadur, who lived (1763-78).

He was married to several wifes, and was succeeded by brother. 1773-74 Joint Regent Princess Amina Kkanbafaï¿½anu the Maldive Islands Her brother, Sultan Al-Haj Muhammed (1766-77), appointed her and her huband, Ali Shah Bandor Velaï¿½anaï¿½a Manikufaï¿½anu, as joint regents, when he went on a pilgrimage to Mecca . He drowned on his return in 1774. Her sister, Princess Amina Rani Kilegefaï¿½anu, had been regent 1753-57. 1777-80 Opposition Leader Bahu Begum of Bhopal (India) Widow of Nawab Faiz, and disputed the succession of his brother, Hayat, to the throne. She began a revolt against the de facto ruler her step-mother-in-law, Mamola Bai, supported by members of another branch of the family. She began holding courts at her husbandï¿½s tomb and set up a parallel government in Islamnagar.

For three years she regularly held Dunbars (Assemblies) as an act of defiance against Mamola Bai. 1778-1803 Regent Dowager Rani Suimri Begum of Sandhana (India) 1803-36 Rani Regnant For Musffard ad-Daula Zafar Nab Han (Aloyis Baltasaar Reinhard) - illegitimate son of her husband, Bum Raja (1773/76-78), who was born in Luxembourg as Walther Reinhard. After her stepson's death, she became Rani in her own right, and continued to perform her contracted military duties, leading her troops into battle in person. However she concentrated her efforts on developing the agriculture of Sardhana, which became famous as an island of green in a land of desolation, using her troops to keep out marauders and to enforce her policy, instead of plundering her neighbors as was the general practice at the time. She played a prominent part in the politics of the time, the fall of Moghuls, the rise of the Mahrattas, and the establishment of the British.

She emerged as a sovereign Princess of her own territories, which she had enlarged and improved, so that she accumulated vast wealth. Born as Johanna Noblis (d. 1836) 1782-92 Sultan Halimah III of Nzwani (Comoro Islands) Her name is also spelled Alimah. She was de-factor ruler with Abdallah I until 1788 and in 1792 he again ruled until 1706. The island was formerly known as Anjouan. 18.. Mfahme Nyau wa Faume of Bambo (Comoro Islands) Today Bambo is the capital of the Comoro Islands 18.. Sultan Ja Mhaba Hadija bint Ahmed of Bajini (Comoro Islands) Succeeded Hashimu bin Ahmed and he also ruled after her. His successor died 1886. 18..

Embun Serin, The Undang Luak Inas of Inas (Malaysia) The state which is also known as Jelai was one of nine minor states joined in the Negeri Sembilan Confederation 1807-08 Ayse Seniyeperver Valide Sultan of The Ottoman Empire (Turkey) Also known as Daulatlu Ismatlu Aisha Sina Parvar Validi Sultan 'Ahiyat us-Shan Hazratlari, she was mother of Mustafa IV (1807-08) and lived (1761-1828) 1808-17 Politically Influential Naksh-i-Dil Valide Sultan of The Ottoman Empire (Turkey) Advisor of her husband 1733-73 and for Sultan Selim III 1773-1789. Very powerful under reign of son, Mahmud II (1808-39), she lived (1768-1817).

1812-19 Dowager Tengku Puteri Raja Hamidah binti Raja Haji of Johor (Malaysia) Her husband, H.H. Sultan Mahmud III Shah Alam ibni al-Marhum Sultan 'Abdu'l Jalil Shah, Sultan of Johor and Pahang Dar ul-'Alam, died without naming a heir in 1811. It seems that Hamidah was one of the actors in the succession struggle, which resulted in her stepson, H.H. Sultan Husain Mu'azzam Shah ibni al-Marhum Sultan Mahmud Shah Alam, Sultan of Johor and Pahang Dar ul-'Alam, ascending the throne in 1819. She was daughter of Raja Haji bin Raja Chelak, 4th Yang di-Pertuan Muda of Riau, and (d. 1844) 1814-24 H.H Karaeng Bontomasugi Sultana Siti Saleh II of Tallo (Indonesia) Succeeded her father H.H.

I-Mappainga Karaeng Lempangang Paduka Sri Sultan Safi ud-din and married to La Potto, Datu Baringang and Prince of Bone. Her ceremonial name was Tumenanga-ri-Kanatojenna 1814-37 Politically Influential Badshah Begum of Oudh (Avadh) (India) Her husband, Ghazi-ud-din Haider, preferred death for his son, Nasir-ud-din Haider, rather that his succession to the throne. Badshah Begum was childless. She, therefore, matched her husband's whim by having Nasir-ud-din's mother killed (another wife of Ghazi-ud-din), and by then adopting Nasir-ud-din. She brought up Nasir-ud-din as her own, and later took up arms against her husband. It was no ordinary confrontation. Badshah Begum had armed her women to the teeth, who, overpowered the King and sabotaged all his stratagems. The outcome was that Nasir-ud-din, did become the King of Avadh.

When Nasir-ud-din later in his turn wanted to disinherit his son, Farid-un-Bakht, she took him under her wings, and refused to be threatened. Nasir-ud-din sent a brigade of women soldiers into the royal zenana to have her removed. The women of the zenana were no less armed so that a fierce battle took place with volleys of musket ammunition flying through Lucknow. The old Begum may have lost some fifteen or sixteen of her retainers, but the final victory was hers. She left the palace with a British guarantee that neither her life nor the life of the infant Farid-un-Bakht would ever be endangered again. In 1837 King Nasir-ud-din Haider died of poisoning. The British Resident had already drafted a paper ready for the signature of the next King of Avadh. But Badshah Begum wante Farid-un-Bakht to be king, and she marched at the head of some two hundred heavily armed men towards the Palace. Her troops removed the incumbent ruler and his relations. Her troops could hardly contain their zeal, or ignore the fiery leadership of their heavily covered Begum.

The following day the British opned fire and most of the Begum's men were killed or wounded, and she were sent to the fort of Chunar which was in British territory, where both she Farid-un-Bakht died in captivity. (d. 1846). 1815-ca 56 Sultan Dewa Aung Isteri Kaina of Indragiri (Indonesia) The region is also called "Land of thousand ditches". This name pictures that most of the areas consist of wetland, rives streams and swamps. And small ditches, plotting the coconut plantation land which is the vegetation of the local people. Inhil community in general is of Malay culture. Nevertheless, there are also outsiders in this area from Banjar and Bugis ethnics. These outsiders then settling one generation to another, and producing a cultural form which is the combination of Riau Malay culture and Banjar and Bugis culture.

1815-circa 56 Dewa Aung Isteri Kania of Klungkung (Indonesia) 1849-circa 56 Susuhuna (Empress) of Bali and Lombok The latter was a title given to the Klungkung rulers by the Dutch colonial powers 1819-38 Rani Mariambe Adi Raja Bibi of Cannanore (India) Succeeded mother , Junumabe Adi-Raja Bibi II. In 1824 she made a formal written recognition of the suzerainty of the East India Company over the Island of Minicoy, which her mother had been forced to transfer in 1790. She and her successors, however, continued the tributary arrangement. Mariabe was succeeded by daughter, Rani Hayashabe, who was first succeeded by son and in 1907 her daughter, Imbichi, ascended to the throne.

1819-44 Regent Dowager Begum Kudsiyya Begum of Bhopal (India) After the death of her husband, Mawab Nazar Mohammad Khan, she became regent for daughter, Sikandar. After she ascended to the throne, she continued to guide and counsel her daughter. It was her aim to demonstrate that a Muslim woman could rule as effectively as any man. She abandoned the wail, learnt to ride and led her forces in combat. She had a difficult relationship with the British, recognizing the importance of maintaining good relations with them, but the other hand she resented their inference in her government. Also know as HH Qusida Begum Sahiba or Princess Qudsia, she lived (1801-81).

1819-56 Politically influential Subadar Nawwab of Oudh (India) Very powerful during the reign of Abul Mozaffar, and that of his son Soleyman (1827-37), his son Ali (1837-42), his son Amjad Ali (1842-47) and finally during the reign of Wajid Ali, who was deposed in 1856, and died 1887. 1823-35 H.H. I-Mani Ratu Sultan a Salima Rajiat ud-din, Arumpone of Bone (Indonesia) Styled Arung Data before her accession. Her ceremonial name was MatinroE-ri Kassi, she was unmarried and succeeded by brother, La Mapaseling Sultan Adam Nazim ud-din . 1825-37 Regent Dowager Nawab Sardar Bibi Sahiba of Radhanpur (India) After the death of her husband H.H. Nawab Sher Khan Sahib Bahadur (1794-1813-25), she was regent for her infant stepson H.H.

Nawab Muhammad Zorawar Khan Sahib Bahadurn (1822-25-74). Around 1828 Chief Sheha Mwana wa Mwana of Tumbai (North Zanzibar) Also known as Khadija bint Nwale, she succeeded father as Sheik of the state in North Zanzibar. Married to Hassan II of Zanzibarwho reigned before 1828 until 1845. Her successor reigned until 1856. 1831-41 Regent Nawab Yamuna Bibi Sahiba of Balasinor (India) After the death of her husband, Nawab Shri Jalal [Edul Khan] Sahib Bahadur, she was regent for son Nawab Shri Zorawar Khan Sahib Bahadur. 1833-40 Ruler 'Aisha of Tuggurt (Algeria) Also known as Aichouch, she succeeded Sultan 'Ali IV bin al-Kabir as ruler of a Berber state in the south of the country. Succeded by 'Abd ar-Rahman.

1838-52 Rani Hayashabe Adi Raja Bibi of Cannanore (India) Succeeded mother Celebes at the Moluccas (Indonesia) Today the island is called Sulawesi Selatan. Among the many ethnic groups are the seafaring Bugis dominates the southern part, whereas the northern part is inhabited by the Torajas whose unique culture rivals that of Balinese. Famed for their seafaring heritage and Pinisi Schooners for centuries, the Bugis posses to the present day one of the last sailing fleets in the world. The Bugis vessels have sailed to as far as the Australian coast, leaving behind drawing of their ships on stone with words that have been integrated into the Aboriginal language of North Australia. 1861-1902 Adatuwang We Tan-ri-Paderang Bau Jella of Alita (Indonesia) Succeeded Aru Anipong and was succeeded by La Pangorisang - both male rulers. Daughter of H.H.

La Parenrengi Paduka Sri Sultan Ahmad Saleh, Arumpone of Bone and I-Basse Tan-ri Waru Kajuwara hadi Abel Hadi Pelaiengi Pasimpa, Datu of Supa - daughter of La Tan ri Suki, Arung of Kajuwara. We Tan-ri was married to H.H. Paduka Sri Sultan Husain ibnu Sultan Muhammad Idris, Sultan of Gowa (1895-1906) 1861-... Al Sitt Bader Amin al-Din of the Druze in Lebanon Became acting leader of the Druze Tribe after her husband, Said Beik Jumblatt had tried to reestablish the leadership of the Jumblatts, but was accused of fueling sectarian conflict between the Druze and the Maronites by the Ottomans, who sentenced him to life in prison, where he died of tuberculosis. The leadership afterwards went to her son Nassib. Said's other son, Najib, who managed to win over the Ottomans, who gave him the esteemed title of Pasha and appointed him governor of the Shouf in 1884.

1861-76 Pertherhiyal Valide Sultan of The Ottoman Empire (Turkey) Mother of Murad, and as Sultan Valide she was in some aspects considered joint-ruler with theoretical jurisdiction over the women in the empire 1868-76 Regent Dowager Queen Warqito Mastawat of Walo (Ethiopia) She was mother of the young Imam Amede Beshir, one of the two claimants to the leadership of the Weresek (Mammadoch) clan of Wollo. Emperor Tewodros had seized Amede Beshir, had him baptized as his godson, and had fought the mother of the other claimant, the rival Queen Mestawat. Although bitter rivals, both Mestawat and Werqitu were foes of the Emperor. Werqitu was not initially eager to help the Shewan prince even though his father had been a close ally. She initially decided to send emissaries to the Emperor to inform him that the Shewans were in her camp, and that she would exchange them for her son. Tewodros however was extremely furious when he found out about the escape of the Shewans.

Her son died during the siege, and her grief and anger knew no bounds. Until the very end, she never stopped attacking Tewodros' army, and never held back aid from anyone who rebelled against him. 1869-72 Regent Tengku Intan binti Tengku Alang Husain, Tunku Ampuan of Negri Sembilan (Malaysia) Regent for son, H.H. Tuanku Antah ibni al-Marhum Raja Radin Sunnah, Yang di-Pertuan of Sri Menanti, who was elected as ruler on the death of his uncle in 1869. 1870-86 Adatuwang Regnant Pasule Daeng Bulaeng of Sawito (Indonesia) Married La Tan-ri Suki, Arung Kajaura, Prince of Bone. Her daughter I-Basse Tan-ri Waru Kajuwara Hadi Abel Hadi Pelaiengi Pasimpa was regent for her infant son, the Sultan of Bone, before succeeding Pasule's brother as Datu of Supa in 1860.

Pasule was succeeded in Sawito by the male ruler Palagau Aru Patojo, who reigned until 1902. 1871-95 H.H. I-Banri Sultana Siti Fatima, Arumpone of Bone (Indonesia) Styled Arung Timurung and Datu Chitta before she succeeded her father, Ahmad Singkarru Rukka Arung Palakka. She married I-Magulaga Karaeng Popo, Prince of Gowa (d. 1902), whose mother was I-Tenri Pada Sultana Siti Aisha [Besse-Barru], Arung of Barru, daughter of To' Patarai Sumanga Rukka, Arung of Barru. Her ceremonial name was MatinroE-ri Bola Mapare, and she was succeeded by her half-brother. Her ceremonial name was MatinroE-ri Bola Mapare, and mother of a son and a daughter, and (d. 1895). 1872-73 and 187..-18..

Sultan Singa Madi Jimba Aicha of M'Bude (Comoro Islands) In 1873 she was taken as a captive to Itsandra.. As she was however treated well and even married Mussafubu it is possible that she has continued to be Sultan in Name. In this case her successor, Jumbe Boina Fumu, was possibly only a kind of governor. In 1880 she submitted to Saidi Ali of the Comoros. She was succeeded by Jema Niema bint Jumbe Fumu at a not known date. 1873-1901 Guerilla Leader "Ibu Perbu" Tjoet Njak Dien in Aceh (Indonesia) "Ibu Perbu" means Queen, and in 1862 she married Teuku Ibrahim Lamnga. In 1873 Her father and husband joined the fight against the Dutch, and she followed them into the jungle.

After both her father and husband was killed and the Indonesian forces defeated by the Dutch, Dien took over both her late husbandï¿½s and fatherï¿½s army commands and led them in guerilla warfare Her second husband was Teuku Umar, who was another relative. They led the two armies into a series of successful assault missions. In 1899 Dienï¿½s husband was killed in battle, and she was again left to lead the rebel army alone, and retreated further into the jungle. She continued to lead the fight until the army was destroyed in 1901. One of her followers, Pang Laot Ali, felt sorry for Dienï¿½s condition, hoped that the Dutch might give medical treatment for her. He deserted to the Dutch and bought the Dutch army into Dienï¿½s camp in Beutong Le Sageu. They were completely caught by surprise and fought to the last man and woman except for Gambang and Dien. Only due to her blindness was Dien captured and even then she held a rencong (a traditional Acehnese dagger) in her hand trying to fight the enemy.

Her daughter Gambang, however escaped deep into the jungle, where it is known that she continued the resistance until her death, which is believed to have taken place in 1910. She spend the rest of her life teaching the Koran in Sumedang, West Java. She lived (1848-1908). In 1964 she was declared a National Hero. 1876-87 Perestï¿½ Valide Sultan of The Ottoman Empire (Turkey) Mother Abdï¿½lhamid II (1876-1909), she was the last Valide Sultan and theoretical joint ruler. 1878... Regent Warquito Mastawat of Gera Walo (Ethiopia) Regent for chief Muhammad Ala, who became Ras Mika'el in 1878. The boarder state was incorporated into Ethiopia in 1896.

Around 1884 Sultan Mzade Badgini binti Munkï¿½ Mwembwani of Badgini (Comoro Islands) Succeeded Umam wa Dari, who reigned (1852-84) and was succeeded by Khadija. Circa 1884, 1884-8.. and 1887-ca.88 Sultan Khadija binti Mugnï¿½ Mku of Badgini (Comoro Islands) It is not clear what happened to her after Hachimu bin Mugne Mku seized power in 1885, After he had been driven out in 1887 she was first arrested but later reinstalled as Sultane by Saidi Ali of the Comoros and French. Later she is known to have been in exile in 1888 and to have joined Hachimu the following year. (d.

1889) 1885-1902 Sultan Aisya of Indragiri (Indonesia) Succeeded by sultan Mahmud 1888-94 Regent Queen Mother Regnant Njapdungke of Bamum (Cameroon) Also known as Setfon or Nazabidunke. Initially regent for her son, Ibrahum Njoya, who was Fon of Bamun 1888-1923, in 1918 he also became sultan of Fumban, he was deposed in 1923, and lived (1885-1933). After he took over the reigns himself she became his closest advisor. Bamun was under indirect colonial rule by the Germans. She (d. 1913) 1888-89 Regent Princess Balia of Mwali (Mohï¿½li) (Comoro Islands) Member of a regency council for the absent Sultan Salima.

1888-1906 Regent Rajah Putri of Magindanao (The Philippines) Daughter of Sultan Qudaratullah Muhammad Jamalul Azam or simply Sultan Untong and maried Datu Utto or Sultan Anwaruddin Utto of Buayan, who also maneuvered to be declared jointly as Sultan of Maguindanao. Openly, he was supporting the bid of his brother-in-law, Datu Mamaku, brother of Rajah Putri to become the new Sultan of Maguindanao. But the Spaniards opposed his inclination vehemently, and Rajah Putri became the ruler of the state. 1893-94 Sultan Mugalula of Nyamwezi at Zanzibar (Tanzania) Abdicated as Sultan of Nyamwezi the same year. Abdicated as sultan and was succeeded by daughter Abd Msavila II in Nyamwezi, who also abdicated.

1895 Sultan Abd Msavila II of Nyamwezi (Tanzania) Daughter of Sultana Mugalula, who reigned 1893-95 Msavila abdicated and was succeeded by Chief and sultan Katugamoto, who was deposed in 1898. 1895-96 Reigning Umugabekazi Nyirauhi V Kanjogera of Rwanda 1896-circa 1916 Regent 1916-31 Reigning Umugabekazi Became Umugabekazi (Queen Mother) by the death of her husband King Kigeri IV Rwabigi and twice acted as regent for her son Yuhi V wa Musinga (1896-31). Rwanda was a Belgian colony at the time. Around 1900 I-Tenri Pada Sultana Siti Aisha, Arung of Barru (Indonesia) Married to H.H. Sri Sultan Muhammad Idris ibni Sultan 'Abdu'l Kadir Muhammad 'Aidid, Sultan of Gowa. 1901-26 H.H.

Sikander Saulat, Iftikhar ul-Mulk, Nawab Sultan Kaikhusrau Jahan Begum Sahiba, Nawab Begum of Bhopal (India) 1901-02 Chief Minister of Bhopal Also known as Sarkar Amman, she succeeded her mother, Sikander Begum. She was a forceful ruler, and reformed the administration of state. She attended the coronation of George V in 1911 dressed in a burqa with her awards worn on the outside. During the trip, she visited Paris, k a spa in Bad Nauenheim in Germany, spend a week in Gï¿½nï¿½ve and traveled by the Orient Express to Istanbul, where she met the sultan-emperor, Mehmet Reshad. She also visited Hungary, Italy and Egypt where she embarked on her return journey to a Bhopal struck by plague. Later that year she attended the Imperial Dunbar in Delhi. In 1926 she returned to London to settle the rules of succession in a British court.

She abdicated in favour of son while still in London, and after some further legal conundrum, her granddaughter, Abida was declared heir apparent. Sultan Jahan argued in favour of the rights of the firstborn, regardless of gender. After her abdication, she became an advocate of womenï¿½s rights, and in 1928 she discarded purdah. Shah Jahan lived (1858-1930). Until 1902 Datuk I-Madellung Karaeng Kajuwara, Datu of Supa (Ajataparang) (Indonesia) Succeeded another female ruler; Bassee Kajuwara Hadie Abel Hadie Pelai-eengi Paseemba, who ascended the throne in 1860. She was succeeded by nephew and husband of her daughter Besse Bulo, H.H.

Haji Andi La Mappanjuki Karaeng Silayar Sri Sultan Ibrahim ibnu Sultan Husain, who was Arumpone of Bone in 1931-46 and 1950-60 trough his mother We Tan-ri Padarang, Princess of Alita, eldest daughter of H.H. La Parenrengi Paduka Sri Sultan Ahmad, Arumpone of Bone. Madellung (d. 1902) 1907-11 Rani Imbichi Adi-Raja Bibi of Cannanore (India) Succeeded brother. She was daughter of Rani Hayashabe Adi Raja Bibi who reigned 1838-52 in succession to her mother, Rani Mariambe Adi Raja Bibi, who reigned (1819-38). 1909-25 Politically Active Queen Shahzadi Maleka Jahan Khanum of Persia Her name meant "Queen of the World". She was married to her cousin Mohammad Ali Shah who reigned 1907-09 until he was deposed.

She was a strong presence, and she was about to reclaim the throne of Persia for her son Soltan Ahmad Shah, (1898-1909-25-30), after he was deposed, but events had conspired against her. Went with her family into exile in Rome, and lived (1875-?) 1919-29 Politically Influential H.M. Queen Soraya Shah of Afganistan Influenced her husband, King Amanulluh Shah, who was one of the most liberal rulers of the country. He abolished slavery, liberalized the family code, child marriage was limited, women got right to choose their own husband, etc. In 1928 Soraya and her daughters appeared unveiled. Conservative forces forced her husband to abdicate in 1929, and they went into exile first in India and then in Rome.

She was his third husband, he married two more times, and lived (1892-1960) She was the daughter of Mahmud Beg Tarzi, sometime Minister for Foreign Affairs, and lived (1897-1968) 1921-31 Rani Ayisha Adi-Raja Bibi of Cannanore (India) Succeeded Ahmad Adi-Raja Bibi and was succeeded by Abdul-Rahman Ali Adi-Raja II. 1921-? Regent Dowager Rani Saida of Badalpur (India) Reigned in the name of her grand-son who studied in United Kingdom. 1921-1939 Al-Sitt Nazira Jumblatt of the Druze of Lebanon Her husband, Fouad Jumblatt was murdered by Shakib Wahab, a member of the Arslan clan. Her son Kamal Jumblatt was four years old, and grew up in an atmosphere of tight security and fear due to his mother Nazira's continued support of the Lebanese state and its French patrons.

When the Druze in Syria revolted against the French in 1925 , Nazira played a key role in keeping the Shouf mostly out of war and worked tirelessly to find common ground among the French authorities, the Maronites and the Druze. Her son studied in France until 1939, and later became one of the chief acteurs in the civil war from the 1970s onward until his assassination. 1935-49 Vice-President of the State Council and President of the Cabinet Princess Abida Sultan Begum of Bhopal (India) 1960-61 Titular Nawab Sahiba , Begum Sultan of Bhopal Her full name is Colonel Suraya Jah, Gauhar-i-Taj, Nawab Abida Sultan Begum Sahiba, but is normally known as Begum Abida Sultan. She was appointed as Heir Apparent to her father and recognized as such by the Indian government in 1928. In 1950 she moved to Pakistan. were she was a Delegate to UN in 1954, Ambassador to Brazil and Chile 1954-59.

She was also an active politician and supporter of Miss Fatima Jinnah's candidacy for President of Pakistan. She Contested the succession after the death of her father, HH Sikander Savlat Ifrikar il-Mulk Haji Sir Muhammad Hamidullah Khan Badur, in February 1960, but the Indian government ruled against her in January 1961 in favour of her sister, H.H.Sikander Saulat Iftikhar ul-Mulk Haji Nawab Mehr Tai Sajida Sultan Begum Sahiba, Nawab Begum of Bhopal (1960-95). Aida lived (1913-2002) 1941-79 Politically Influential HIH Princess Ashraf Pahlavi of Iran In 1946 her twin brother, Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, send her to negotiate with Stalin in the Kremilin, to secure the return of some Soviet occupied parts of Iran. She was Head of the Woman's Organization of Iran and a Special Ambassador to the United Nations. Her first two marriages ended in divorce, her third husband died.

According to Iranian usage, her sons two sons and their children had the title H.H. Prince and father's surname. Her daughter is H.H. Princess and the husband's surname. (b. 1919-) Before 1944 Regent Princess Sharifah Leng binti al-Marhum Yang di-Pertuan Muda Syed Abdul Hamid of Tampin (Malaysia) The daughter Sultan Sharif Abdul Hamid ibni al-Marhum Yang di-Pertuan Muda Sultan Muhammad Shah al-Qadri (1872-94) she was regent for her nephew Syed Akil bin Syed Dewa al-Qadri, Tunku Besar of Tampin, who died at the age of 20, and whose brother, Syed Muhammad bin Syed Dewa al-Qadri, ruled until 1944. 1946-47 Rani Mariyumma Adi-Raja Bibi of Cannanore (India) What Do King, Sultan, Shah And Sheikh Denote? Share Tweet There are words, phrases, terms and terminologies that, even if, we come across often, care little to find out what they really signify.

We take their meanings for granted either because they are too familiar or because they are not important in every day life and therefore not worth taking the extra trouble of knowing them better. Like fairy tales, we read or hear them and then give a go-by. How familiarity and close proximity to a thing can kill man’s natural inquisitiveness or curiosity, I shall illustrate by an example. Nearly thirty-five years ago, I had visited Taj Mahal, a great wonder of the world then and now, drawing people from world over. We went by Taj Express from Delhi directly to Agra and were shown around in an excellent air-conditioned coach. Outside was very hot. There were some American travellers with us. During the course of the tour, I casually asked a local person as to how many times he has seen Taj Mahal from close quarters since he lived nearby. I was taken aback by his reply: ‘Oh! Taj Mahal, it is so near to my house (gharka najdik me to hai).

Kabhi bhi dekh lenge (any time I can see); usme badi bat kya hai (what is the big deal?).’ This condition of things prevails almost every where and with all tiers of people from the illiterate to the literate to the highly educated. It so happened one day, a friend asked me a simple question. The question was: what do the words king, sheikh, shah and sultan denote? Are there differences among them or they mean the same in different languages? I gave an answer based on what I read in history books decades ago. But the answer was very unsatisfactory. For Sultan, I could not go beyond the names Razia Sultana (1236-1240 CE) and Tippu Sultan (1782-1799 CE). Shah meant Shah Jahan (1628-1658 CE), Bahadur Shah Zafar (1837-1858 CE) or the Shah of Iran (1941-1979 CE) whose photograph I had seen in The Times of India in late 1970s.

For the Sheikh it was the popular image of a rich Arab who has many wives and has a very lucrative oil business, one who visits India, stays in Taj, Oberoi or any such 7 star hotels. Performance for king was much better in comparison. This lack of something which is so familiar to us from childhood quickened in me a desire for knowing more about these words. The present article is a short presentation of that effort. King: This royal title comes from the Germanic Kuningaz that means ‘son of the people’. It refers to the male ruler of an independent state such as King George VI who inherits his position by right of birth or a titular head of a nation such as the Emperor Hirohito of Japan . Other titles for king are Emperor, Sovereign Prince, etc. Emperor is considered the higher monarchical title and sovereign kings are ranked higher than the vassal kings. The kings of Bulgaria have the title Emperor. A queen is a king’s consort or female equivalent of a king. Elizabeth II of United Kingdom is both queen and a monarch. The word queen comes from the Germanic kwoeniz or kwenon, ‘wife’. The realm of both a king and a queen is termed as kingdom.

King-George A king is a monarch who is born and brought up in a royal family and trained for taking up future duties of his kingdom. Indian equivalent of king is Raaja and that of queen is raanee. Malika is an Arabic queen. A title very akin to King is King of Kings. It is the equivalent of Emperor. The title of ‘king of kings’ (sar sarrani) was first used by Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyria (1243 – 1207 BCE). The Persian title of ‘king of kings’ is Shahan Shah. Emperors of Russia are called tsars. In Judaism, ‘king of kings’ refers to God and in Islam the title is exclusively for Allah. In Vedic Hinduism, it is OM. The emperors of Ethiopia had the title ‘king of kings’. In the Hellenic world, Caesarion had the title “king of kings”. The Mali Emperors’ title for “king of kings” is Mansa. The equivalent terms among the Hindu rulers of India are samraat, raajadhiraaja, chakravarti, mahaaraaja, etc.

Sultan is a noble title and a name for Mohammedan rulers or monarchs. It derives from the Aramaic word shalit (ruler, leader), the Arabic salute and the Akkadian shalatu. The term came to use after the Caliph delegated power to govern portions of his caliphate which had become too big for him to rule directly. These people over time became independent rulers and called themselves ‘sultans’. The first major ruler to use the title was Ibn Tulun in 868 CE. Thus, the word sultan means power, might, strength, reign, rule, etc. and a person holding that title has absolute political authority but no religious authority. Razia-Sultan Sultans owed religious allegiance to the Caliph. The dynasty and the lands ruled by a sultan are called a sultanate. A female sultan was called a sultana. There is no specific word for a sultan’s wife. Sultana may also denote a lady of a sultan’s harem, a king’s mistress, a concubine or a courtesan.

The term sultan is closely associated with the Seljuq (1016-1153 CE) and the Ottoman (1299-1923 CE) empires. The first Seljuq ruler to be named Sultan was Alp Arslan (1063-1072 CE) and the first Ottoman ruler to claim the title was Murad I (1362-1389 CE). By the beginning of 16th century, members of Ottoman dynasty have used the sultan title. But Ottomans themselves used ‘padisah’ or ‘hunkar’ to refer to their rulers. Emperor’s formal title read like Sultan Suleiman Khan. Sultan’s children were also entitled to use the title ‘sultan’. Sultan title could be used either as prefix or suffix to names. At different periods of history, this title was used in Islamic states across Asia, Africa and Europe. Sultans head many modern Islamic nations: Brunei, Oman, Malayasia.

In India too we had Sultans and Sultanates such as the Delhi Sultanate, the Sultanate of Mysore and Tipu Sultan, the Bengal Sultanate, the Deccan Sultanates. Sultan of Sultans is the equivalent of King of Kings. More recently Sultan is used as synonym for kings. Shah is a Persian word for king, for he who rules and is used as a title for the kings, emperors and lords of Persia. The symbol of Persian Shah was Lion and Sun. This royal title is not to be confused with the common place Indian surname shah which derives from the Sanskrit word saadhoo meaning a gentleman. The Persian word Shah was first used by the Achaemenid rulers (c.550-330 BCE) of the First Persian Empire nearly a 1000 years before the advent of Islam. They used the full title Sahe Sahan, King of Kings or Shahanshah (Xsayathiya Xsayathiyanam) and not its corruption Shah. The Persian word xsayathiya comes from the Sanskrit word kshatra from which is derived the word kshatriya (the Hindu warrior caste of India).

Shah title was adapted by the Muslim rulers of Shirvan (Shahs of Shirvan or Shirvanshah), the Delhi and the Bengal Sultanates, in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Georgia. In Iran, the Shah title was used to mean Shahanshah, i.e. King of Kings or Emperor of the Persian Empire through out its history from the Achaemenid dynasty to rulers of succeeding dynasties up to the Pahlavi dynasty which was removed in the Iranian revolution of 1979. While the Ottoman Sultans never styled themselves as Shah, their male offspring received the title of Shahzade which means offspring of the Shah. The word shah is an imprecise rendering of shahanshah. The term, meaning title for the King of Persia, was first recorded in English in 1564 with the spelling ‘shaw’. With the rise of the Shi’ite Safavid theocratic dynasty in Persia (1501-1722 CE) and the Sunni Mogul dynasty in India (1526-1858 CE), Shah came to refer to Muslim rulers. A Safavid Shah had political as well as religious authority.

He was thought to be chosen by God. Shah meaning ‘king’ or ’emperor’ was restricted to India and Persia. In the modern context, Shah is to be understood just as a title and denotes the ruler of a specific area. The last Shah of Iran was Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi who styled his wife Shahbanu (Empress), a Persian term using the word shah and the Persian suffix ‘banu’ (lady). A prince or princess in the kingdom of a Shah was called shahzada or shahzadeh which is derived from the term shah using the Persian patronymic suffix zadeh or zada, “born from” or “descendant of”. This title was used by the princes of the Mughal Empire in India. In Oudh (Ayodhya), only the sons of the sovereign Shah Bahadur were, by birth, styled “Shahzada Mirza Bahadur.” Sheikh, Sheik, Shaikh or Shaykh: It is a name that is found throughout the Muslim world and is a pre-Islamic Arabic title of respect. Its strict Arabic meaning is a venerable man of old age.

In the Middle East, this title is often held by royalty. A girl’s young man is also called a sheik. In slang, it refers to an ideal film hero. A Hindu convert to Islam is also called sheik. The term sheikh can have the following meanings: A man, especially an elderly man, respected for his piety or religious learning such as the ulamas (Muslim theologians). The title has been made applicable to anyone, regardless of age, who has memorized the whole of Qur’ān; A male leader, in particular the head of religious order, head of college, chief or head of an Arab family, tribe or village (an Arab chief); The most important title associated with Sheik is Shaykh ul-Islam (leader of Islam). It was conferred on muftis (individuals well-grounded in Islamic law), ulamas (doctors of Muslim religion and law) and mystics. In the Ottoman Turkey, this title was bestowed only on the mufti of Istanbul who was equal in rank to the prime minister (grand vizier). A person holding this title controlled religion, law, justice and education. He had the power to issue binding Fatwaas (Islamic legal pronouncements).

After Turkey became a republic, this extremely powerful institution was completely abolished in 1924. By Dr. Sachidanand Das Image Source: 1 2 3 4 5 Custom Search Do you have any contrary opinion to this post - Do you wish to get heard - You can now directly publish your opinion - or link to another article with a different view at our blogs. We will likely republish your opinion or blog piece at IndiaOpines with full credits 226

Question: The female equivalent of a Sultan (Arabic/Muslim leader) is a?
Answer: Sultana