How does macular degeneration affect the body? - Macular Degeneration - Sharecare How does macular degeneration affect the body? Topics | Eye and Vision | Macular Degeneration | How does macular degeneration affect the body? A Answers (1) A Honor Society of Nursing (STTI) answered Depending on which kind of macular degeneration you have, the eye damage occurs differently. The macula is an area on your retina, which is the part of your eye that perceives light and color, focusing images before transmitting them to your brain. Light-sensitive cells on your macula produce proteins that respond to light, which are cleared away after a while and replaced. In dry macular degeneration the cells from the retinal pigment epithelium (layer of cells in the back of the eye), which are supposed to clear away this protein waste, start to erode and lose their ability to sweep out the old proteins. This retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell erosion is often a result of wear and tear that is due to aging. The old proteins damage the macula, giving it a speckled appearance.

Deposits called drusen which are yellow and fat-like develop under the cells on the macula that perceive color and light. The speckled pigmentation of your macula and the drusen combine to gradually impair your vision. If you have wet macular degeneration you often show signs of dry macular degeneration. In addition, blood vessels grow abnormally under and through the macula. These blood vessels leak fluid or blood into the space between your macula and outer eye, which impairs the retina's ability to focus images. The major vision loss caused by wet macular degeneration occurs quickly, severely impairing vision to the point of legal blindness over the course of weeks or months. Macular degeneration Macular Degeneration X Schedule an Appointment In order to schedule an appointment or if you have any additional questions about the services we provide please contact us at 239-466-2020. Macular Degeneration What is macular degeneration? Macular degeneration is the deterioration or breakdown of the macula. The macula is a small area in the retina at the back of the eye that allows you to see fine details clearly and perform activities such as reading and driving.

When the macula does not function correctly, blurriness, dark areas or distortion can affect your central vision. Macular degeneration affects your ability to see near and far, and can make some activities like threading a needle, or reading, difficult or impossible. Although macular degeneration reduces vision in the central part of the retina, it usually does not affect the eye’s side, or peripheral, vision. For example, you could see the outline of a clock but not be able to tell what time it is. Macular degeneration alone does not result in total blindness. Even in more advanced cases, people continue to have some useful vision and are often able to take care of themselves. In many cases macular degeneration’s impact on your vision can be minimal. What causes macular degeneration? Many older people develop macular degeneration as part of the body’s natural aging process. There are different kinds of macular problems, but the most common is age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Exactly why it develops is not known, and no treatment has been uniformly effective. Macular degeneration is the leading cause of severe vision loss in Caucasians over 65.

The two most common types of AMD are “dry” (atrophic) and “wet” (exudative): “Dry” Macular degeneration (atrophic) – Most people have the “dry” form of AMD. It is caused by aging and thinning of the tissues of the macula. Vision loss is usually gradual. “Wet” Macular Degeneration (Exudative) – The “wet” form of macular degeneration accounts for about 10% of all AMD cases. It results when abnormal blood vessels form underneath the retina at the back of the eye. These new blood vessels leak fluid or blood and blur central vision. Vision loss may be rapid and severe. Deposits under the retina called drusen are a common feature of macular degeneration. Drusen alone usually does not cause vision loss, but when they increase in size or number, this generally indicates an increased risk of developing advanced AMD. People at risk for developing advanced AMD have significant drusen, prominent dry AMD, or abnormal blood vessels under the macula in one eye (“wet” form). What are the symptoms of macular degeneration? Macular degeneration can cause different symptoms in different people.

The condition may be hardly noticeable in its early stages. Sometimes, only one eye loses vision while the other eye continues to see well for many years. But when both eyes are affected, the loss of central vision may be noticed more quickly. Following are the common ways vision loss is detected: Words on a page look blurred. A dark or empty area appears in the center of vision. Straight lines look distorted. How is macular generation diagnosed? Many people do not realize that they have a macular problem until blurred vision becomes obvious. Your doctor at Quigley Eye Specialists can detect early stages of AMD during a medical eye examination that includes the following: A simple vision test in which you look at a chart, called the Amsler grid, that resembles graph paper. Viewing the macula with a special instrument called an ophthalmoscope. Taking special photographs of the eye, called fluorescein angiography, to find abnormal blood vessels behind the retina. How is macular degeneration treated? Nutritional Supplements – Although the exact causes of macular degeneration are not fully understood, antioxidant vitamins and zinc may reduce the impact of AMD in some people.

A large scientific study found that people at risk for developing advanced stages of AMD lowered their risk by about 25% when treated with a high-dose combination of vitamin C, vitamin E, beta carotene and zinc. Among those who have either no AMD, or very early AMD, the supplements did not appear to provide an apparent benefit. It is very important to remember that vitamin supplements are not a cure for AMD, nor will they restore vision that you may have already lost from the disease. However, specific amounts of these supplements do play a key role in helping some people at high risk for advanced AMD to maintain their vision. You should speak with your doctor at Quigley Eye Specialists to determine if you are at risk for developing advanced AMD, and to learn if supplements are recommended for you. Certain types of “wet” macular degeneration can be treated with laser surgery, a brief outpatient procedure that uses a focused beam of light to slow or stop leaking blood vessels that damage the macula. A treatment called photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses a combination of a special drug and laser treatment to slow or stop leaking blood vessels.

Another form of treatment targets a specific chemical in your body that is critical in causing abnormal blood vessels to grow under the retina. That chemical is called vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Anti-VEGF drugs block the trouble-causing VEGF, reducing the growth of abnormal blood vessels and slowing their leakage. These procedures may preserve more sight overall, though they are not cures that restore vision to normal. Despite advanced medical treatment, many people with macular degeneration still experience some vision loss. Adapting to low vision To help you adapt to lower vision levels, your doctor at Quigley Eye Specialists can prescribe optical devices, or refer you to a low-vision specialist or center. A wide range of support services and rehabilitation programs are also available to help people with macular degeneration maintain a satisfying lifestyle. Because side vision is usually not affected, a person’s remaining sight is very useful. Often, people can continue with many of their favorite actives by using low-visions optical devices such as magnifying devices, closed circuit television, large-print reading materials, and talking or computer devices. Macular Degeneration | myVMC Macular Degeneration References What is Macular Degeneration?

Macular degeneration is a condition affecting the nerves in the central portion of the eye’s retina, which is known as the macula . Globally, it is the leading cause of vision loss and is responsible for some 50% of visual impairment. The condition is characterised by an individual’s loss of central, high acuity vision, that is, the vision that is used for tasks that require sharp focus, including reading, writing and driving. As visual acuity deteriorates, the individual’s central vision (what they see in the centre of their field of vision) becomes unfocused, although their peripheral vision (the sides of their field of vision) remains unchanged. Although peripheral vision is not affected, macular degeneration can cause visual loss so severe that many individuals with the condition are considered officially blind. Types of macular degeneration Macular degeneration can be classified as either: Dry macular degeneration (geographic atrophy): Dry macular degeneration is a form of macular degeneration that progresses slowly and causes gradual moderate to severe vision loss.

The majority (90%) of macular degeneration cases are dry; Wet macular degeneration ( neovascular or exudative macular degeneration): Wet macular degeneration is a form of macular degeneration characterised by rapid onset. It is caused by a process known as choroidal neovascularisation , which refers to the growth of abnormal blood vessels under the macular. Only around 10% of macular degeneration is neovascular in origin. However, this form of the condition accounts for the majority of macular degeneration-related blindness; Diabetic maculopathy: Diabetic retinopathy or diabetic eye disease is a condition which affects around one third of diabetic patients who have had diabetes for ? 20 years. The condition often involves only degeneration of the peripheral retina (responsible for side vision). However, it sometimes also involves macular degeneration, in which case it is known as d iabetic maculopathy . Macular degeneration is also sometimes caused by eye injury, infection or inflammation. Macular degeneration (both wet and dry) can also be classified according to the age group of the individuals it affects.

The vast majority of macular degeneration is experienced by elderly individuals and is partly caused by the ageing process, known as age-related macular degeneration. In vary rare instances, macular degeneration of genetic origin occurs in young individuals (sometimes children), sometimes called juvenile macular degeneration . Statistics Macular degeneration typically affects individuals aged over 50 years, whose visual acuity (sharpness of vision) has declined naturally and slowly with age. Globally, it is the leading cause of vision loss and is responsible for some 50% of visual impairment. In Australia, macular degeneration is the leading cause of severe visual impairment in the elderly.Around 15% of the population aged ? 50 years have symptoms of early macular degeneration. In the early stages, the condition does not affect an individual’s vision, but individuals with early macular degeneration have an increased risk of developing late or advanced macular degeneration, which causes severe vision loss. The risk of sight threatening macular degeneration rises exponentially with age. In the 40-49 year age group prevalence is 0.8%, compared to 16% in those aged ? 90 years.

Over a 20 year period, diabetic retinopathy affects an estimated one third of Australians who suffer from diabetes. Some 7.5% of Australians are diabetes sufferers, so 2.5% of the population will experience diabetic retinopathy in a twenty year time frame. However, it is unclear what proportion of these cases involve degeneration of the macular, and what proportion involve only degeneration of the peripheral retina. In rare cases, young individuals may develop macular degeneration, and these cases are almost always of genetic origin. Risk Factors Age The risk of macular degeneration increases as a person gets older and the condition usually affects individuals aged 50 years or older. It is commonly referred to as age-related macular degeneration or maculopathy. Risk increases exponentially with increasing age. Those aged ? 90 years have a 25% chance of severe vision loss from macular degeneration compared to a 1-2% risk for those aged ? 50 years. Smoking Smoking is a clearly established modifiable risk factor for macular degeneration. For example, results from three large cross-sectional studies reported that smokers are over 3 times more likely to develop age-related macular degeneration compared to non-smokers.

There is also evidence that the more an individual smokes, the higher their risk of macular degeneration. For more information, see smoking and eye health . Lack of exercise Available evidence suggests that regular exercise reduces an individual’s risk of macular degeneration, and therefore that lack of exercise increases an individual’s risk. For example, one study reported that individuals who performed at least 30 minutes of physical exercise three times a week were 70% less likely to experience macular degeneration than those who did not. However, it is not clear whether the association is direct, or whether the reduced risk of macular degeneration arises indirectly, as a result of the other health benefits of regular exercise (e.g. improved cardiovascular health).15 For more information, see exercise and eye health . Nutritional factors There is evidence that a number of dietary factors influence the progression of age-related macular degeneration (how quickly vision deteriorates in an individual who has the condition).

For example, one study reported that non-diabetic individuals with a high dietary glycaemic index (a measure of the proportion of carbohydrates in the diet and the extent to which these raise blood sugar levels) were more likely to experience age-related macular degeneration than those with a low dietary glycaemic index. Eat a healthy, well-balanced diet. Limit your intake of fats, eat oily fish two to three times per week, eat dark green leafy vegetables and fresh fruit daily, and a handful of nuts a week. For more information, see exercise and nutrition . Family history of macular degeneration Individuals with a family history of macular degeneration are at a higher risk of developing the condition than those that do not. One study reported more than 10 times increased risk of macular degeneration in individuals with a sibling affected by the condition. Another study determined that there is a 50% chance of developing macular degeneration if a family history of macular degeneration is present. Genetic conditions Some individuals are genetically predisposed to macular degeneration and they will typically develop the condition early in life, sometimes in childhood.

Macular degeneration of genetic origin is not well understood but is thought to be related to mutation on a number of genes. Further research is needed however to determine the influence of gene mutations in the development of genetic macular degeneration. Genetic conditions associated with macular degeneration early in life include: Best’s disease (a condition characterised by the build up of yellow pigment around the macular, which causes cell damage); Stargardt’s disease (a genetically inherited form of macular degeneration which affects children aged 7-12); and Sorsby’s dystrophy (a genetic condition affecting children with similar features to wet macular degeneration). Cataract surgery Two large studies have shown an increased risk of macular degeneration in individuals who have a history of cataract surgery, compared to those who do not. The Australian Blue Mountains Eye Study reported a more than 3 times increased risk of wet and dry macular degeneration in individuals with a history of cataract surgery compared to those without. Another study from the United States also reported a more than 3 times increased risk of late, sight-threatening macular degeneration in individuals with a history of cataract surgery.

However, recent reports from the Age Related Eye Disease Study data concluded that there was no clinically important increase in risk that cataract surgeries accelerate the development of macular degeneration. You should discuss this issue thoroughly with your eye specialist as each individual case is unique. Diabetes Diabetes is the key risk factor of diabetic retinopathy. One third of diabetes sufferers will develop retinopathy within 20 years of having diabetes and some of these cases will involve macular degeneration (others will affect the peripheral retina but not the macular). Diabetic individuals with poorly controlled diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia (abnormally elevated blood lipid levels) are most at risk. Possible predisposing factors For the following factors, studies have shown there to be a possible association between the particular risk factor and the risk of developing macular degeneration: Hypertension: Some studies have found an association between hypertension and macular degeneration. Factor H: There is new research that there is an association between complement factor H and the development of macular degeneration. Complement factor H is an important part of the complement system, which is an integral part of the body’s immune system.

Blue iris colour: Blue iris colour has been linked to the development of age-related macular degeneration. Sunlight exposure: There is a possible association between sunlight exposure and the development of macular degeneration. This link has been explained by high levels of sunlight exposure causing eye damage, which then might lead to macular degeneration later in life. Factors not demonstrated to influence risk of macular degeneration There is currently not enough evidence to determine whether or not the following factors influence the risk of macular degeneration: Gender; Body mass index: Although there is some evidence of an association between increasing BMI and increased risk of macular degeneration; Artherosclerosis; Cholesterol level: Although there is a plausible association and due to other health benefits, measures to control cholesterol such as eating a well balanced diet low in fat and high in fruit, vegetables and wholegrains is advisable. Progression The onset and causes of macular degeneration vary depending on the type. Dry macular degeneration Dry macular degeneration is characterised by slow onset and progression. The condition usually remains asymptomatic for many years and can affect one or both eyes.

Dry macular degeneration is caused by geographic atrophy (the breakdown of blood vessels) in the retinal region and breakdown of the retinal epithelial pigment, the membrane which separates the choroid and retina and nourishes the retina. Patients with only one eye affected may compensate with their good eye, which may mean that they do not realise their vision is deteriorating for a longer period of time. Vision loss progresses slowly in cases of dry macular degeneration and often takes years to develop. Wet macular degeneration Wet macular degeneration is a rapidly progressive condition. In some 30% of individuals with wet macular degeneration only one eye will be affected, however there is a high risk (40% over five years) of the other eye becoming affected. If left untreated wet macular degeneration results in rapid visual deterioration; patients lose an average of three lines of visual acuity (measured by testing which lines of progressively smaller letters an individual can see on an eye chart) after a year. Wet macular degeneration is caused by a process known as choroidal neovascularisation, or the abnormal growth of neovascular membranes (microscopic blood vessels) underneath the macular.

This causes bleeding and scarring in the retina and irreversible damage to the photoreceptors (which receive and process light rays that come into the eye). The neovascular membranes arise in the choroid (the portion of the eye situated between the retina and the schlera) and break through the retinal pigment epithelium which separates the choroid and retina. Diabetic retinopathy Retinopathy associated with diabetes results from chronic hyperglycaemia (elevated blood sugar) which causes a range of changes to the blood vessels. These include thickening of the retinal membrane and neovascularisation in the macular region, similar to that which develops in wet macular degeneration. The changes lead to reduced blood flow in the capillaries (small blood vessels) feeding the retina (including the macular) and bleeding in the vitreous, the gel-like substance which fills the section of the eye between the lens and the retina. These changes cause vision loss and ultimately cause blindness if left untreated. Symptoms The major symptom of macular degeneration is the loss of high acuity vision (vision required for close up focus) in the centre of the field of site.

The exact visual changes people experience as they develop macular degeneration vary depending on the type of macular degeneration. If you suspect you have macular degeneration, it is important to record the exact nature of visual changes, including when they began, how often they occur and how the vision is affected. A doctor will be interested in these changes if they suspect macular degeneration and the additional details will assist the doctor in making a diagnosis. Dry macular degeneration Dry macular degeneration is characterised by the following symptoms: Gradual loss of visual acuity: Typically experienced as difficulty reading small newsprint or needing a brighter light to read in the early stages of the disease. In later stages, people with dry macular degeneration may experience blurred vision and have difficulty judging distances. Distorted colour vision: Colours appear dim or undifferentiated or there may be less contrast between them. For example, individuals with this condition may be unable to match two colours of the same shade. Individuals who experience these symptoms should visit their general practitioner so that their condition can be assessed. If necessary, the GP will be able to make a referral to an ophthalmologist (an eye specialist).

Wet macular degeneration Wet macular degeneration is characterised by the following symptoms: Rapid loss of visual acuity: Often resulting in distorted vision, for example the individual may begin seeing straight lines as wavy lines and experience difficulty reading small print; Central scotoma: Visual blind spots that become larger if they are left untreated. Individuals experiencing the symptoms listed above should seek immediate medical attention. The symptoms are indicative of wet macular degeneration, which results in rapid visual loss. Diagnosing the condition in the early stages is vital, as once vision is lost it cannot be restored. Treatments for this condition are only effective in preventing further vision loss. A general practitioner will be able to assess the symptoms, and if wet macular degeneration is suspected, will refer the individual for urgent assessment by an ophthalmologist. Diabetic retinopathy Diabetic retinopathy is characterised by the following symptoms: Reduced central visual acuity; Vitrous floaters (opaque areas in the eye’s vitreous which affect vision by casting shadows); Loss of colour vision especially the ability to see yellow and blue colours; Light flashes.

Clinical Examination If macular degeneration is suspected, a doctor or ophthalmologist will test the individual’s visual acuity using eye tests. Tests which might be used are: Logarithm of minimum angle of resolution (logMAR): logMAR is a visual acuity test in which individuals cover one eye before reading from charts containing the letters S, D, K, H, N, O, C, V, R and Z; Snellen chart: The Snellen chart is a chart containing letters of different sizes which is used to assess visual acuity; Amsler grid: The Amsler grid is a grid of intersecting vertical and horizontal lines with a dot in the middle. Individuals look at the dot and indicate any lines that appear blurred or faded. Seeing blurred or faded lines indicates macular degeneration; and Colour vision test: The colour vision test is a test which assesses the individual’s ability to distinguish different colours. How is it Diagnosed To diagnose macular degeneration, a doctor will examine the eyes using a microscope. A very bright light called a slit lamp will be shone into the eye while the doctor performs the examination.

Different types of macular degeneration cause different microscopic changes to the eye, and the doctor will look for these as they examine the eye. Dry macular degeneration When the examination reveals the following features, it indicates the individual is developing dry macular degeneration: Hyper- or hypo-pigmentation of the retina (sections of the retina which are noticeably darker or lighter than the remainder); Mottled discolouration of the macula; Large yellow drusen (fatty deposits) around the macula; Soft drusen; Break down of the retinal pigment epithelium , (the membrane which separates the retina from the choroid and supplies nutrients to the retina). Wet macular degeneration When the examination reveals the following features, it indicates the individual is developing wet macular degeneration: Subretinal fluid (accumulation of fluid around the retina); Subretinal haemorrhage (bleeding around the retina); Retinal scarring.

When the examination reveals the following features, it indicates the individual is developing diabetic retinopathy: Microaneurysms (stretching of microscopic blood vessels); Haemorrhages; Other tests for macular degeneration If the examination reveals macular degeneration, other tests which may be performed include: Fluoresein angiography: An x-ray of the eye is taken after a fluorescent dye is injected into the blood vessels. This test may be used if wet macular degeneration is suspected. It allows the doctor to assess the extent, size and location of neovascularisation (abnormal blood vessel growth) and the extent to which blood is leaking from the blood vessels. The test may also be used to rule out non-macular degenerative causes of visual impairment; Optical coherence tomography: A technique in which a laser is used to create an image of the eye or other organs. It may be performed if the test is available.

It is used to assess the extent to which the retina has thickened and fluid has accumulated in the tissues of the retina Idyocyanine green angiography: A procedure similar to fluorescien angiography but using a different type of dye, may also be used to help the doctor assess the extent of abnormal blood vessel growth. It is usually not necessary as fluoresein angiography will provide this information. Prognosis Macular degeneration is characterised by progressive vision loss which is slow in the case of dry macular degeneration and rapid in cases of wet macular degeneration. Treatment options depend on the type of macular degeneration. It is not usually possible to restore vision, and treatment is focused on preventing further vision deterioration. There is currently no effective treatment for dry macular degeneration. In these individuals, early detection and prevention of further vision loss is the key strategy for managing the condition. There are several treatments which are effective in preventing vision loss and in some cases partially restoring vision in individuals with wet macular degeneration (outlined below). Due to the rapid onset of the condition, treatment must be instituted quickly, before scarring occurs on the retina. Early detection is therefore vital.

There are also treatments which can prevent vision loss in cases of diabetic maculopathy. Macular degeneration is a painless condition but the vision loss it entails is disabling. The condition therefore has considerable implications for a person’s quality of life. While macular degeneration does not cause black blindness as individuals retain their peripheral vision, vision loss is often so severe that individuals with advanced macular degeneration are officially classified as legally blind. Vision loss can prevent a person carrying out previously taken for granted tasks such as driving, reading and personal care. They may need to modify aspects of their lifestyle, for example it may be necessary to walk or catch public transport instead of driving, or become dependent on someone else’s care. Individuals may become distressed at the prospect of total blindness and where treatment is possible, it is unpleasant (e.g. involving injections into the eye), involves frequent clinic attendance and often results in side effects. A significant proportion of individuals with macular degeneration (30%) experience emotional disorders including depression and anxiety, as a result of the loss of independence and the difficulty accomplishing basis tasks, which results from vision loss.

Some 12% of individuals experience a syndrome known as Charles Bonnet syndrome , a visual disorder characterised by visual hallucinations. Often they are reluctant to discuss their hallucinations with a health professional, for fear they will be perceived as psychologically disturbed. Visual loss is also associated with a higher incidence of falls and associated morbidity (e.g. hip fractures). Its effect may be worsened if the affected individual also experiences deterioration in hearing and mobility. Treatment Management of macular degeneration is instituted with the aim of preventing further vision loss. The nature of treatment varies depending on the type of macular degeneration. Dry macular degeneration There are currently no treatments available to prevent further vision loss from dry macular degeneration. Management of the condition focuses on controlling risk factors for the disease. To reduce further vision loss from dry macular degeneration, individuals should: Quit smoking; Eat a diet rich in fruit and vegetables; Wear a hat and sunglasses when exposed to sunlight; Keep a healthy lifestyle, control your weight and exercise regularly. It should be noted however that there is no scientific evidence demonstrating that blood pressure control or sunlight exposure cause the progression of macular degeneration. These measures are precautionary.

Individuals should also take measures to reduce the impact of the vision loss they experience. They should discuss the use of visual aids with the doctor as well as how to create a conducive home environment. Measures include: Getting a low vision assessment; Improving lighting in the home; Using magnifiers and a reading light for reading; Using other visual enhancers such as a reading telescope; Accessing mobility and orientation training if needed. Individuals who experience serious vision loss which disables them will be registered as vision impaired or blind. This will help them access support groups and services which can assist them to adapt to their loss of vision. Antioxidant supplementation It is sometimes reported that taking antioxidant supplements protects an individual from macular degeneration although there is no scientific evidence that antioxidant supplementation prevents or delays the onset of the condition. However, there is evidence that high dose anti-oxidant supplements plus zinc supplements reduce further vision loss in cases of advanced macular degeneration. Wet macular degeneration Controlling risk factors and adapting to vision loss are similarly important components of wet macular degeneration management. There are also a range of treatments aimed at preventing and reversing neovascularisation. These are effective in preventing further vision loss, and in some cases partially restoring vision.

Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs target a substance in the body called Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). VEGF is the major stimulant of choroidal neovascularisation or abnormal blood vessel growth in wet macular degeneration, thus blocking the action of VEGF prevents neovascularisation. Drugs which block VEGF have recently been demonstrated effective in preventing vision loss and in some cases improving vision in patients with wet macular degeneration. Ranibizumab (Lucentis) Lucentis is a drug which targets and binds to VEGF Type A. In doing so, it prevents VEGF-A binding to its receptors VEGF-1 and VEGF-2 which in turn prevents abnormal blood vessel growth. In Australia, Lucentis was approved for treatment of macular degeneration in 2008. Scientific research has shown Lucentis to be highly effective in preventing visual loss and to improve vision in a significant proportion of individuals treated.

In two studies about 95% of patients receiving Lucentis maintained their vision for the two years in which they were studied, compared to 62% of individuals not receiving Lucentis treatment. Around one third of those treated with Lucentis experienced improved visual acuity, compared to 5% of those not receiving the medicine. Bevacizumab (Avastin) Prior to the approval of Lucentis, Avastin was commonly used to treat macular degeneration in Australia. There is some evidence from small studies that the drug is affective, however further research is needed to confirm this. Avastin is not currently approved for the treatment of macular degeneration in Australia. Laser therapy There are two types of laser therapy used to treat wet macular degeneration and about a third of individuals with the condition will potentially benefit from the treatment. Photodynamic laser therapy is the preferred method as it causes less damage to the retina than conventional argon laser treatment, another type of laser treatment for macula degeneration. Photodynamic laser therapy involves a doctor injecting the individual undergoing investigation with photosensitising dye, that is, a dye which is sensitive to light rays.

The section of the eye which is damaged by abnormal blood vessel growth will absorb most of this dye, meaning that blood vessels in the surrounding section of the retina will not be exposed to the dye. The dye is activated by a low-powered diode laser which is shone into the eye. When the rays of light enter the eye, they activate the photosensitising dye which then destroys only the cells which have absorbed the dye (the cells of the damaged blood vessels which are causing macular degeneration). Other cells in the retina are not destroyed because they have not absorbed the dye. Individuals will be monitored regularly (three monthly) following treatment and usually require 3-5 treatment sessions to completely resolve abnormal blood vessel growth. This treatment has been shown to reduce the risk of losing ? 3 lines of visual acuity in two years by 20%, and the risk of losing ?6 lines of visual acuity within two years by 34%. However, the treatment is rarely effective in maintaining the necessary vision for reading or driving. Macular translocation surgery Macular translocation surgery involves detaching the retina and moving it to a section of the eye which is not damaged by abnormal blood vessel growth. There is currently limited evidence of the effectiveness of this procedure.

Available evidence indicates that it carries a high risk of adverse side effects. For example, more than 20% of individuals undergoing the surgery experienced retinal detachment following the surgery. Macular translocation surgery is therefore not recommended as a routine treatment for wet macular degeneration. Radiotherapy There is some evidence that external bean radiotherapy is effective in preventing abnormal blood vessel growth in the retina. However, because this treatment has many, serious side effects it is not recommended. Diabetic maculopathy The following treatments are effective in preventing macular degeneration in cases caused by diabetes: Focal macular laser photocoagulation: A procedure in which blood vessels are closed using a high powered laser is an effective treatment in cases of proliferative degeneration involving severe macular oedema. This treatment is more effective when used for treating diabetic eye disease affecting the peripheral retina; Grid photocoagulation: A procedure in which a high powered laser is used to close abnormal blood vessels. The laser is moved in a grid pattern, targeting zones of retinal thickening. It is effective in treating cases of diffuse diabetic maculopathy involving macular oedema.

Triamcinolone acetonide (Kenacourt A10): A medicine injected into the eye similar to Lucentis. It improves visual acuity and reduces macular thickness in patients with diabetic macular oedema (excessive fluid accumulation). It should be noted however that this remains an off-label treatment, that is, the medication is not approved for treatment of eye conditions. Treatment generally involves repeat injections and significant adverse reactions. More information For more information on age related macular degeneration, including the effect of smoking, exercise and nutrition on eyes, as well as some useful animations and tips to keep eyes healthy, see Macular Degeneration . References Age-related macular degeneration [online]. Moorfields Eye Hospital, National Health Service Foundation Trust. [cited 3 March 2016]. Available from URL: [ URL Link ] Chiu CJ, Milton RC, Gensler G, Taylor A. Association between dietary glycemic index and age-related macular degeneration in nondiabetic participants in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007; 86(1): 180-8. [ Abstract | Full Text ] Chakravathy U.

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Med J Aust. 2006; 184(9): 455-8. [ Abstract | Full Text ] Constable IJ. Age-related macular degeneration and its possible prevention. Med J Aust. 2004; 181(9): 471-2. [ Abstract ] Bressler NM. Age related macular degeneration. New hope for a common problem comes from photodynamic therapy. BMJ. 2000; 321(7274): 1425-7. [ Full Text ] Mitchell P, Korobelnik JF, Lanzetta P, Holz FG, Pruente C, Schmidt-Erfurth UM, et al. Ranibizumab (Lucentis) in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: Evidence from clinical trials. Br J Ophthalmol. 2010; 94: 2-13. [ Abstract ] Morello C. Etiology and natural history of diabetic retinopathy: An overview. Am J Health Syst Pharm.

2007; 64(17 Suppl 12): S3-7. [ Abstract ] Evans JR. Ginkgo biloba extract for age-related macular degeneration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(2): CD001775. [ Abstract ] Age related Eye Disease Study Group. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001; 119(10): 1417-36. [ Abstract ] Wormald R, Evans J, Smeeth L, Henshaw K. Photodynamic therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007; (3): CD002030. [ Abstract ] Eandi CM, Giansanti F, Virgili G. Macular translocation for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.

2008; (4): CD006928. [ Abstract ] Sivagnanavel V, Evans JR, Ockrim Z, Chong V. Radiotherapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004; (4): CD004004. [ Abstract ] Product Information: Lucentis. North Ryde, NSW: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd; 24 December 2008. Rosenfeld PJ, Brown DM, Heier JS, Boyer DS, Kaiser PK, Chung CY, et al. Ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med. 2006; 355(14): 1419-31. [ Abstract | Full Text ] Brown DM, Kaiser PK, Michels M, Soubrane G, Heier JS, Kim RY, et al. Ranibizumab versus verteporfin for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med.

2006; 355(14): 1432-44. [ Abstract | Full Text ] Evans JR, Henshaw K. Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing age-related macular degeneration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008; (1): CD000253. [ Abstract ] Smith W, Mitchell P. Family history and age-related maculopathy: The Blue Mountains Eye Study. Aust NZ J Ophthalmol. 1998; 26(3): 203-6. [ Abstract ] Dong LM, Stark WJ, Jefferys JL, Al-Hazzaa S, Bressler SB, Solomon SD, et al. Progression of age-related macular degeneration after cataract surgery. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009; 127(11): 1412-9. [ Abstract ] Coleman HR, Chan CC, Ferris FL 3rd, Chew EY. Age-related macular degeneration. Lancet.

2008; 377(9652): 1835-45. [ Abstract ] Macular Degeneration | Age-related Macular Degeneration | MedlinePlus Patient Handouts Summary Macular degeneration, or age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is a leading cause of vision loss in Americans 60 and older. It is a disease that destroys your sharp, central vision. You need central vision to see objects clearly and to do tasks such as reading and driving. AMD affects the macula, the part of the eye that allows you to see fine detail. It does not hurt, but it causes cells in the macula to die. There are two types: wet and dry. Wet AMD happens when abnormal blood vessels grow under the macula. These new blood vessels often leak blood and fluid. Wet AMD damages the macula quickly. Blurred vision is a common early symptom. Dry AMD happens when the light-sensitive cells in the macula slowly break down. Your gradually lose your central vision. A common early symptom is that straight lines appear crooked. Regular comprehensive eye exams can detect macular degeneration before the disease causes vision loss. Treatment can slow vision loss. It does not restore vision.

NIH: National Eye Institute Macular Degeneration | Shanbom Eye Specialist Text size What Is Macular Degeneration? Macular degeneration is damage or breakdown of the macula of the eye. The macula is a small area at the back of the eye that allows us to see fine details clearly. When the macula doesn't function correctly, we experience blurriness or darkness in the center of our vision. Macular degeneration affects both distance and close vision, and can make some activities, like threading a needle or reading, difficult or impossible. Although macular degeneration reduces vision in the central part of the retina, it does not affect the eye's side, or peripheral vision. For example, you could see the outline of the clock but not be able to tell what time it is. Macular degeneration itself does not result in total blindness. People continue to have some useful vision and are able to take care of themselves. What Causes Macular Degeneration? Many older people develop macular degeneration as part of the body's natural aging process. The two most common types of age-related macular degeneration are "dry" (atrophic) and "wet" (exudative).

Most people have "dry" macular degeneration. It is caused by aging and thinning of the tissues of the macula. Vision loss is usually gradual. "Wet" macular degeneration accounts for about 10% of all cases. It results when abnormal blood vessels form at the back of the eye. These new blood vessels leak fluid or blood and blur central vision. Vision loss may be rapid and severe. You should see an opththamoligst for annual dilated exams to screen for macular degeneration. RECENTPOSTCASTPOST Macular Degeneration - Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment Macular Degeneration What is Macular Degeneration? Macular degeneration is damage or breakdown of the macula. The macula is a small area at the back of the eye that allows us to see fine details clearly. When the macula doesn't function correctly, we experience blurriness or darkness in the center of our vision. Macular degeneration affects both distance and close vision and can make some activities - like threading a needle or reading - difficult or impossible. Although macular degeneration reduces vision in the central part of the retina, it does not affect the eye's side or peripheral vision.

For example, you could see the outline of a clock but not be able to tell what time it is. Macular degeneration alone does not result in total blindness. People continue to have some useful vision and are able to take care of themselves. What Causes Macular Degeneration? Many older people develop macular degeneration as part of the body's natural aging process. The two most common types of age-related macular degeneration are "dry" (atrophic) and "wet" (exudative.) "Dry" macular degeneration: Most people have dry macular degeneration. It is caused by aging and the thinning of the tissues of the macula. Vision loss is usually gradual. "Wet" macular degeneration: Wet macular degeneration accounts for about 10% of all cases. It results when abnormal blood vessels form at the back of the eye. These new blood vessels leak fluid or blood and blur central vision. Vision loss may be rapid and severe. What Are the Symptoms of Macular Degeneration? Macular degeneration can cause different symptoms in different people. The condition may be hardly noticeable in its early stages. Sometimes only one eye loses vision while the other eye continues to see well for many years.

When both eyes are affected, the loss of central vision may be noticed more quickly. The following are some common ways that vision loss is detected: Words on a page look blurred A dark or empty area appears in the center of vision Straight lines look distorted as in the following diagram Many people do not realize that they have a macular problem until blurred vision becomes obvious. Your ophthalmologist can detect early stages of macular degeneration during a medical eye examination that includes the following: Viewing the macula with an ophthalmoscope A simple vision test where you look at a grid resembling graph paper Sometimes special photographs called angiograms are taken to find abnormal blood vessels under the retina. Fluorescent dye is injected into your arm and your eye is photographed as the dye passes through the blood vessels in the back of the eye. Treatment Options Once abnormal blood vessels form, several treatments are available. However, patients do better if we catch the vessels in the early stages of the disease. This is why people with macular degeneration are asked to check their maculas by doing Amsler grid testing separately in each eye every day. The first proven treatment involves burning the abnormal blood vessels with a conventional laser.

It however, causes a permanent dark spot and the blood vessels often come back even after successful treatment. Nonetheless, this treatment is still used when we can easily define the blood vessels and they are a certain distance away from the very center. A newer treatment for patients with wet macular degeneration and well defined abnormal blood vessels involves injecting the patient with a medicine called Visudyne and then applying a low intensity "cold laser" to the area. The blood vessels tend to recur, so patients are evaluated every 3 months. Most patients stabilize after 4 to 6 treatments done over 1 to 1 1/2 years. Several experimental treatments are currently being evaluated in controlled national studies, including new laser treatments and the use of medications. Hopefully, in the future, some of these experimental techniques will become available and other options will also allow us to better treat this very common and devastating disease. age-related macular degeneration - Genetics Home Reference age-related macular degeneration Description Age-related macular degeneration is an eye disease that is a leading cause of vision loss in older people in developed countries. The vision loss usually becomes noticeable in a person's sixties or seventies and tends to worsen over time.

Age-related macular degeneration mainly affects central vision , which is needed for detailed tasks such as reading, driving, and recognizing faces. The vision loss in this condition results from a gradual deterioration of light-sensing cells in the tissue at the back of the eye that detects light and color ( the retina ). Specifically, age-related macular degeneration affects a small area near the center of the retina , called the macula , which is responsible for central vision. Side (peripheral) vision and night vision are generally not affected, but reduced dim light (scotopic) vision often occurs in the early stages of the disease. Researchers have described two major types of age-related macular degeneration, known as the dry form and the wet form. The dry form is much more common, accounting for 85 to 90 percent of all cases of age-related macular degeneration. It is characterized by a buildup of yellowish deposits called drusen beneath the retina and vision loss that worsens slowly over time. The condition typically affects vision in both eyes, although vision loss often occurs in one eye before the other. The wet form of age-related macular degeneration is associated with severe vision loss that can worsen rapidly.

This form of the condition is characterized by the growth of abnormal, fragile blood vessels underneath the macula. These vessels leak blood and fluid, which damages the macula and makes central vision appear blurry and distorted. Frequency Age-related macular degeneration has an estimated prevalence of 1 in 2,000 people in the United States and other developed countries. The condition currently affects several million Americans, and the prevalence is expected to increase over the coming decades as the proportion of older people in the population increases. For reasons that are unclear, age-related macular degeneration affects individuals of European descent more frequently than African Americans in the United States. Related Information Genetic Changes Age-related macular degeneration results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Many of these factors have been identified, but some remain unknown. Researchers have considered changes in many genes as possible risk factors for age-related macular degeneration. The best-studied of these genes are involved in a part of the body's immune response known as the complement system. This system is a group of proteins that work together to destroy foreign invaders (such as bacteria and viruses), trigger inflammation, and remove debris from cells and tissues.

Genetic changes in and around several complement system genes, including the CFH gene, contribute to a person's risk of developing age-related macular degeneration. It is unclear how these genetic changes are related to the retinal damage and vision loss characteristic of this condition. Changes on the long (q) arm of chromosome 10 in a region known as 10q26 are also associated with an increased risk of age-related macular degeneration. The 10q26 region contains two genes of interest, ARMS2 and HTRA1 . Changes in both genes have been studied as possible risk factors for the disease. However, because the two genes are so close together, it is difficult to tell which gene is associated with age-related macular degeneration risk, or whether increased risk results from variations in both genes. Other genes that are associated with age-related macular degeneration include genes involved in transporting and processing high-density lipoprotein (HDL, also known as "good" cholesterol) and genes that have been associated with other forms of macular disease. Researchers have also examined nongenetic factors that contribute to the risk of age-related macular degeneration.

Age appears to be the most important risk factor; the chance of developing the condition increases significantly as a person gets older. Smoking is another established risk factor for age-related macular degeneration. Other factors that may increase the risk of this condition include high blood pressure, heart disease, a high-fat diet or one that is low in certain nutrients (such as antioxidants and zinc), obesity, and exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays from sunlight.

However, studies of these factors in age-related macular degeneration have had conflicting results Sources for This Page Chen W, Stambolian D, Edwards AO, Branham KE, Othman M, Jakobsdottir J, Tosakulwong N, Pericak-Vance MA, Campochiaro PA, Klein ML, Tan PL, Conley YP, Kanda A, Kopplin L, Li Y, Augustaitis KJ, Karoukis AJ, Scott WK, Agarwal A, Kovach JL, Schwartz SG, Postel EA, Brooks M, Baratz KH, Brown WL; Complications of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Prevention Trial Research Group, Brucker AJ, Orlin A, Brown G, Ho A, Regillo C, Donoso L, Tian L, Kaderli B, Hadley D, Hagstrom SA, Peachey NS, Klein R, Klein BE, Gotoh N, Yamashiro K, Ferris Iii F, Fagerness JA, Reynolds R, Farrer LA, Kim IK, Miller JW, Cortón M, Carracedo A, Sanchez-Salorio M, Pugh EW, Doheny KF, Br

ion M, Deangelis MM, Weeks DE, Zack DJ, Chew EY, Heckenlively JR, Yoshimura N, Iyengar SK, Francis PJ, Katsanis N, Seddon JM, Haines JL, Gorin MB, Abecasis GR, Swaroop A.

Genetic variants near TIMP3 and high-density lipoprotein-associated loci influence susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Apr 20;107(16):7401-6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0912702107. Epub 2010 Apr 12. Macular Degeneration A A A Font Size Macular Degeneration Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of severe vision loss in people over age 50 in the United States. This eye disease occurs when there are changes to the macula, a small portion of the retina that is located on the inside back layer of the eye. Macular degeneration can affect your ability to see near or far. AMD causes loss of central vision that can occur in two forms: “dry” or non-exudative and “wet” or exudative.

Risk Factors & Causes Most people acquire macular degeneration as a part of the body’s natural aging process, but there some factors that can put you more at risk including: Family history of macular degeneration Smoking (past or present) Having light skin or light eyes Exposure to the sun Being overweight Being a woman, as they normally develop AMD at an earlier age than men If you also have deposits under the retina called drusen, it generally indicates that you are at greater risk for developing advanced AMD. To help assess your risk for developing AMD, your optometrist may measure your Macular Pigment Optical Density level (MPOD). This measurement indicates the amount of Lutein, or pigment, in the macula. If this level is low, you are at greater risk for AMD. Healthy Lutein levels can be kept up by taking nutritional supplements, as you will read below. Symptoms & Diagnosis Normal Macula Macular Degeneration In its early stages, you may not notice any signs of macular degeneration. However, if you notice any of these signs/symptoms, you should contact your doctor of optometry immediately.

Gradual loss of the ability to see objects clearly Objects appear distorted in shape and straight lines look wavy or crooked Loss of clear color vision A dark or empty area appears in the center of vision, while peripheral vision remains normal In a comprehensive eye exam, your optometrist will perform a variety of tests to determine if you have macular degeneration or any other eye health problems Treatment In the more common “dry” form of AMD, the tissue of the macula gradually becomes thin and stops functioning properly. Lines may start to appear blurred and colors may look dim. There is no cure for dry AMD. However, this does not mean you will lose your sight entirely. Fortunately, dry AMD develops slowly and although you may lose some central vision over the years, most people are able to maintain normal, active lives. Today, many studies have shown there is a link between nutrition and the progression of dry AMD. Dietary changes favoring low-fat content and dark green leafy vegetables can slow vision loss. Although they cannot restore vision that has already been lost to AMD, nutritional supplements containing Lutein and Zeaxanthin have been shown to be beneficial in helping to protect and maintain healthy cells within the macula.

Taking these can help minimize the progression of macular degeneration. Less common “wet” macular degeneration results when fluids leak from newly formed blood vessels under the macula causing blurred central vision. Vision loss may be rapid and severe. Sudden blank or dark spots may appear in your vision. If detected early, the wet form can be treated with injections of intravitreal medications. This is the preferred treatment of The Retinal Insitute. If injections are not successful then other treatments are considered, including laser photocoagulation, where a highly focused beam of light seals the leaking blood vessels that are damaging the macula. Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is another option where a medication is injected into the bloodstream, which is then activated with a laser. Symptoms and causes - Dry macular degeneration - Mayo Clinic Dry macular degeneration Vision with macular degeneration Vision with macular degeneration As macular degeneration develops, clear, normal vision (shown left) becomes impaired by a general haziness. With advanced macular degeneration, a blind spot typically forms at the center of your visual field (shown right). Dry macular degeneration symptoms usually develop gradually and without pain.

They may include: Visual distortions, such as straight lines seeming bent Reduced central vision in one or both eyes The need for brighter light when reading or doing close work Increased difficulty adapting to low light levels, such as when entering a dimly lit restaurant Increased blurriness of printed words Decreased intensity or brightness of colors Difficulty recognizing faces Dry macular degeneration usually affects both eyes. If only one eye is affected, you may not notice any changes in your vision because your good eye may compensate for the weak eye. And the condition doesn't affect side (peripheral) vision, so it rarely causes total blindness. Dry macular degeneration is one of two types of age-related macular degeneration. It can progress to wet (neovascular) macular degeneration, which is characterized by blood vessels that grow under the retina and leak. The dry type is more common, but it usually progresses slowly (over years). The wet type is more likely to cause a relatively sudden change in vision resulting in serious vision loss.

When to see a doctor See your eye doctor if: You notice changes in your central vision Your ability to see colors and fine detail becomes impaired These changes may be the first indication of macular degeneration, particularly if you're over age 50. Causes Parts of the eye Parts of the eye Located at the back of your eye in the center of your retina, a healthy macula allows for normal central vision acuity. The macula is made up of densely packed light-sensitive cells called cones and rods. Cones are responsible for color vision and rods enable you to see shades of gray. No one knows exactly what causes dry macular degeneration. But research indicates it may be related to a combination of heredity and environmental factors, including smoking and diet. The condition develops as the eye ages. Dry macular degeneration affects the macula — an area of the retina that's responsible for clear vision in your direct line of sight. Over time tissue in your macula may thin and break down. Risk factors Factors that may increase your risk of macular degeneration include: Age. This disease is most common in people over 65. Family history and genetics. This disease has a hereditary component.

Researchers have identified several genes that are related to developing the condition. Race. Macular degeneration is more common in whites than it is in other people. Smoking. Smoking cigarettes or being regularly exposed to smoke significantly increases your risk of macular degeneration. Obesity. Research indicates that being obese may increase your chance that early or intermediate macular degeneration will progress to the more severe form of the disease. Cardiovascular disease. If you have had diseases that affected your heart and blood vessels, you may be at higher risk of macular degeneration. Complications People whose dry macular degeneration has progressed to central vision loss may experience depression or visual hallucinations. And dry macular degeneration may progress to wet macular degeneration, which can cause rapid vision loss if left untreated. References AskMayoExpert. Age-related macular degeneration. Rochester, Minn.: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research; 2015. Preferred practice pattern: Age-related macular degeneration. San Francisco, CA: American Academy of Ophthalmology; 2015. Accessed Sept. 22, 2015. Age-related macular degeneration? American Academy of Ophthalmology. Accessed Sept.

17, 2015. Facts about age-related macular degeneration. National Eye Institute. Accessed Sept. 17, 2015. Lawrenson JG, et al. Omega 3 fatty acids for preventing or slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Accessed Sept. 22, 2015. Yanoff M, et al., eds. Age-related macular degeneration. In: Ophthalmology. 4th ed. Edinburgh, U.K.: Mosby Elsevier; 2014. Accessed Sept. 17, 2015. American Medical Association. Age-related macular degeneration. JAMA Patient Page. JAMA. 2012;308:1702. Garg SJ. Age-related macular degeneration. Merck Manual Professional Version. Accessed Sept. 22, 2015. Barbara Woodward Lips Patient Education Center. Lowering your risk for advanced age-related macular degeneration. Rochester, Minn.: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research; 2013. Farid M.

Transscleral suturing of the implantable miniature telescope. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2013;39:979. Arroyo JG. Age-related macular degeneration: Treatment and prevention. Accessed Sept. 25, 2015. Riggin ER. Allscripts EPSi. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. July 22, 2015. Garrity J. Structure and function of the eyes. Merck Manual Consumer Version. Accessed Sept. 28, 2015. Robertson DM (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. Oct. 7, 2015. Related Macular Degeneration | Ochsner Health System Ochsner Health System Contact Us Macular Degeneration Macular degeneration is a thinning of the tissues of part of the eye called the macula retina due to the body's natural aging process, which causes slow, progressive vision loss. There are two types of macular degeneration, "dry" (atrophic) and "wet" (exudative).

The most common is dry macular degeneration, in which vision loss is usually gradual. Vision loss in the "wet" type of macular degeneration is caused when abnormal blood vessels form in the back of the eye. This is a more serious condition that causes rapid and severe vision loss. Treatment with a laser can sometimes help, but, in a few years, the end result is generally dismal. Until now, there has been no really effective therapy other than supportive anti-oxidant vitamins and leafy green vegetables. We are currently involved in several studies including laser and radiation treatments for the prevention of complications due to age-related macular degeneration. The laser study can offer enrollment to patients with the "dry" type of macular degeneration while the radiation study is offered to patients with the "wet" type. Patients are randomly chosen to either have the treatment followed by observation over several years, or simply to be observed for this time. A new treatment using photodynamic therapy (PDT) has recently been approved by the FDA and is now available at Ochsner.

This treatment involves the injection of a drug (Visudyne) into a vein in the arm and then treatment by a specially designed laser to the abnormal blood vessels in the back of the eye. This treatment is limited to patients with "wet" macular degeneration. Related Services

Question: Macular degeneration affects what part of the body?
Answer: Eyes