Analysis Of The Oligopoly Form Of Market Economics Essay Analysis Of The Oligopoly Form Of Market Economics Essay Published: Last Edited: 23rd March, 2015 This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers. An oligopoly is a form of a market, in which any particular industry is dominated by few sellers which are also known as oligopolists. Originally this word is derived from Greek, which means "few to sell". Now since there is small number of smaller involved in a particular industry, this makes them very much conscious of the other players of the same industry. Rather, to be more precise any decision of Firm one influence and are influenced by, the decision of other firms. Lot of business scrutiny techniques are used in strategic planning such as SWOT, PEST, STEER and EPISTEL analysis needs to take into report the likely responses of the other players. Description Oligopoly is a common form of market.

Often the four-firm is used to describe vice nary of oligopoly, in which the most common ratios are CR4 and the CR8, which means the four and the eight largest firms in a particular industry and also measures the share of the four or the eight largest organizations in an industry as a percentage. Now let me use an example to make the above point clear. Here we will take the US cellular phone market. In 2008, the companies like AT&T, Sprint, Verizon and T-Mobile together controlled over 90% of the market. Despite of the common market share and oligopolistic competition can give rise to a wide range of results. In a circumstances where a firm may develop a practice which could be a trade preventive, such as collusion, market sharing etc. to raise there product price while restrict the production which is similar to the monopoly, this could be short term as well as long term. Let us see and understand monopoly in equilibrium. The illustration of monopoly is considered to be the same in short run and long run. Now the revenue maximization occurs where MR=MC. And therefore equilibrium is at P and Q. Features of this diagram are that there are barriers to entry in Monopoly. Companies are price maker.

Profits are maximized at output where MR=MC. This means they set a price greater than MC which is inefficient. In this diagram the companies makes supernormal profits because AR is greater than AC. In order to get this in effect, a official agreement takes place which is also known as cartel. The best example of cartel is OPEC which has a deep influence on worldwide price of oil. These kinds of participant are Price Setter and not the Price Taker. Through the process of collusion, oligologics can reduce the risks in markets for investment and product development and is an attempt to steady the unbalanced market. In most countries this is legally restricted. In other situations, competition can be fiercer between sellers in an oligopoly, with relatively low prices and high production. This could lead to proficient results. The results can be better when there are more companies in an industry. Characteristics The major characteristics of oligopoly are to maximize the profit by producing, where in the generated marginal revenue equals to the marginal costs. Position to set the price, which we have previously discussed above that oligopolies are price setters rather than price takers. Barriers for new firms to enter are higher.

We can split these barriers in two groups, one of which is natural and the other is strategic entry barriers. These barriers are based on economical scale, patents, way in to expensive and difficult technology and above all the tactical actions by present firms designed to put off or tear down emerging firms. Since, there are few companies which results the actions of one firm can weight the actions of the other firms. Predominate factor is high barriers of the entry which prevents emerging companies from entering market, which in result can retain long run atypical profits. The most typical feature of an oligopoly is interdependence. Since oligopolies consists of few large firms and, each firm is so large that any of its action can affect the market condition. And due to this reason, the competing firms are well conscious of the market actions and are set ready to respond accordingly and correctly. In order to view a market action, a firm must take into the deliberation the possible reactions of all rival firms and there moves. A game of chess is a best example to simplify the above statements. Wherein both the opponents are very well conscious of each others action and are ready for the counter moves, this is duopoly.

But this could explain the oligopoly since the players in the market are few in numbers. Modeling There is no model to explain the process of an oligopolistic market. In some markets there is a solitary firm which wheels a leading share of the market and a group of smaller firms. The dominant firm sets prices which are simply taken by the smaller firms in shaping their profit maximizing level of production. This type of market is known as a monopoly. Cournot-Nash model The Cournot-Nash model is the simplest oligopoly model. In this model there are two likewise positioned firms, the firms competes on the basis of the capacity rather than price and each firm makes and production decision assuming that the other firm's actions is fixed. Now the bend of the demand in the market is based on assumptions to be linear and marginal cost are constant. To find the Cournot-Nash equation, one needs to determine how each firm reacts to a change in the output of the other firm which is followed by sequence of proceedings and reactions. This outline continues until a point is reached where neither firm desires to change what it is doing, given how it believes the other firm will react to any change. The balance is the intersection of the two firm's reaction functions.

The reaction purpose shows how one firm reacts to the mass choice of the other firm. For an example, assuming that the Firm A demand function P = (60 - Q2) - Q1 where Q2 is the quantity produced by the other firm and Q1 is the sum produced by firm A. Assume that the marginal cost is 12 Firm A wants to know its maximizing quantity and price. Firm A begins the process by following maximization rule of equating marginal revenue to marginal costs. Firm A's total revenue purpose is PQ = Q1(60 - Q2 - Q1) = 60Q1- Q1Q2 - Q12. The marginal purpose is MR = 60 - Q2 - 2Q. MR = MC Q1 = 24 - 0.5Q2 (1.1) Q2 = 24 - 0.5Q1 (1.2) Equation 1.1 is the reaction function for firm A. Equation 1.2 is the reaction function for firm B. The balance quantities can also be determined graphically, in which the balance explanation would be at the intersection of the two reaction functions.

In mechanized economics, barriers to entry have resulted in oligopolies forming in many sectors, with new levels of struggle fueled by rising globalization. These are typically determined by development of a product and advertising. For example, there is only undersized figure of producers of civil passenger aircraft. Oligopolies have also arisen in a lot regulated markets such as wireless communications, in several areas only two or three providers are licensed to operate. In United Kingdom, there are five banks that control the UK banking sector, and were also accused of being an oligopoly by the newcomer Virgin bank. Going to the grocery market, we find four companies who shares 74.4% to 75.01% of the grocery market which are Tesco, Sainsbury's, Asda and Morrisons. The detergent market is dominated by only two players and they are Unilever and Procter & Gamble. Demand Curve In oligopoly, any company operates under flawed competition. With the vicious price competitiveness created by demand bend, firms use non-price competition in order to boost revenue and market share. "Kinked" insist curves are similar to usual insist curves. They are different by a hypothesized bowed bend with a discontinuity at the bend-"Kink".

Hence, the first imitative at that point is not clear and leads to a hop discontinuity in the marginal revenue curve. The inspiration following this kink is the thought that if firms will not elevate their prices because even a small price raise will drop many customer in oligopolistic or monopolistically competitive market. The reason behind this is that, the competitors will generally pay no attention to the increase in prices and will focus on gaining a larger market share. However, even a large price reduction will gain only a few customers because such an action will begin a price war with other players in the market. And for this reason, the curve is therefore more price-elastic for price add to and less so for price decreases. Firms will often enter the industry in the long run. UK supermarket sector is an oligopoly UK supermarket sector is an oligopoly Published: Last Edited: 23rd March, 2015 This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers. An oligopoly is a type of a market, in which any particular industry is dominated by not many sellers which are also known as oligopolists.

Now since there is small number of companies is involved in a particular industry, this makes them very much conscious of the other players of the same industry. Rather, to be more precise any assessment of firm one influence and are influenced by, the decision of other firms. Lot of business scrutiny techniques are used in tactical planning such as SWOT, PEST, STEER and EPISTEL analysis needs to take into report the likely responses of the other players. Oligopoly is a general form of market. The four-firm is used to explain vice nary of oligopoly, in which the most general ratio is CR4, which means the four major firms in a particular industry and also measures the share of the four major organizations in an industry as a proportion. Now let me use an example to make the above point clear. Here we will take the US cellular phone market. The companies like AT&T, Sprint, Verizon and T-Mobile jointly controlled over 90% of the market. Despite of the common market share and oligopolistic competition can give rise to a wide range of results. In a circumstances where a firm may develop a practice which could be a trade preventive, such as collusion, market sharing etc.

to raise there product price while restrict the production which is similar to the monopoly, this could be short term as well as long term. Let us see and understand monopoly in equilibrium. The illustration of monopoly is considered to be the same in short run and long run. Now the revenue maximization occurs where MR=MC. And therefore equilibrium is at P and Q. Aspects of this diagram are that there are barriers to entry in Monopoly. Companies are price maker. Profits are maximized at output where MR=MC. This means they set a price greater than MC which is inefficient. In this diagram the companies makes supernormal profits because AR is greater than AC. In order to get this in effect, an official agreement takes place which is also known as cartel. The best example of cartel is OPEC which has a deep influence on worldwide price of oil. These kinds of participant are Price Setter and not the Price Taker. Through the process of collusion, oligologics can reduce the risks in markets for investment and product development and is an attempt to steady the unbalanced market. In most countries this is legally restricted. In other situations, competition can be fiercer between sellers in an oligopoly, with relatively low prices and high production.

This could lead to proficient results. The results can be better when there are more companies in an industry. The major characteristics of oligopoly are to maximize the profit by producing, where in the generated marginal revenue equals to the marginal costs. Position to set the price, which we have previously discussed above that oligopolies are price setters rather than price takers. Barriers for new firms to enter are higher. We can split these barriers in two groups, one of which is natural and the other is strategic entry barriers. These barriers are based on economical scale, patents, way in to expensive and difficult technology and above all the tactical actions by present firms designed to put off or tear down emerging firms. Since, there are few companies which results the actions of one firm can weight the actions of the other firms. Predominate factor is high barriers of the entry which prevents emerging companies from entering market, which in result can retain long run atypical profits. The most typical feature of an oligopoly is interdependence. Since oligopolies consists of few large firms and, each firm is so large that any of its action can affect the market condition. And due to this reason, the competing firms are well conscious of the market actions and are set ready to respond accordingly and correctly.

In order to view a market action, a firm must take into the deliberation the possible reactions of all rival firms and there moves. A game of chess is a best example to simplify the above statements. Wherein both the opponents are very well conscious of each others action and are ready for the counter moves, this is duopoly. But this could explain the oligopoly since the players in the market are few in numbers. Modeling There is no model to explain the process of an oligopolistic market. In some markets there is a solitary firm which wheels a leading share of the market and a group of smaller firms. The dominant firm sets prices which are simply taken by the smaller firms in shaping their profit maximizing level of production. This type of market is known as a monopoly. Cournot-Nash model The Cournot-Nash model is the simplest oligopoly model. In this model there are two likewise positioned firms, the firms competes on the basis of the capacity rather than price and each firm makes and production decision assuming that the other firm's actions is fixed. Now the bend of the demand in the market is based on assumptions to be linear and marginal cost are constant.

To find the Cournot-Nash equation, one needs to determine how each firm reacts to a change in the output of the other firm which is followed by sequence of proceedings and reactions. This outline continues until a point is reached where neither firm desires to change what it is doing, given how it believes the other firm will react to any change. The balance is the intersection of the two firm's reaction functions. The reaction purpose shows how one firm reacts to the mass choice of the other firm. For an example, assuming that the Firm A demand function P = (60 - Q2) - Q1 where Q2 is the quantity produced by the other firm and Q1 is the sum produced by firm A. Assume that the marginal cost is 12 Firm A wants to know its maximizing quantity and price. Firm A begins the process by following maximization rule of equating marginal revenue to marginal costs. Firm A's total revenue purpose is PQ = Q1(60 - Q2 - Q1) = 60Q1- Q1Q2 - Q12. The marginal purpose is MR = 60 - Q2 - 2Q.

MR = MC Q1 = 24 - 0.5Q2 (1.1) Q2 = 24 - 0.5Q1 (1.2) Equation 1.1 is the reaction function for firm A. Equation 1.2 is the reaction function for firm B. The balance quantities can also be determined graphically, in which the balance explanation would be at the intersection of the two reaction functions. In mechanized economics, barriers to entry have resulted in oligopolies forming in many sectors, with new levels of struggle fueled by rising globalization. These are typically determined by development of a product and advertising. For example, there is only undersized figure of producers of civil passenger aircraft. Oligopolies have also arisen in a lot regulated markets such as wireless communications, in several areas only two or three providers are licensed to operate. In United Kingdom, there are five banks that control the UK banking sector, and were also accused of being an oligopoly by the newcomer Virgin bank. The detergent market is dominated by only two players and they are Unilever and Procter & Gamble.

Going to the grocery market, It is said that the UK supermarket sector is an oligopoly, we find four companies who shares 74.4% to 75.01% of the grocery market which are Tesco, Sainsbury's, Asda and Morrisons. The main reason in an oligopoly is due to few major competitors in the market. We see this in the UK supermarket industry. And these participants are Tesco, Sainsbury's and Asda. Though there are many small players who exist in the market. All the products are similar at supermarkets. Most food suppliers are Kellogg's, Bird's eye and Heinz at all the supermarkets. The only way supermarket differs is producing its own generic product. It should be noted here that all these generic products are made in the same factory; the only difference is that they are labeled as per the stores. Conclusion is that all the products available at the stores are same. This is one of the features of an oligopoly. Another theory or the tactical in pricing in an oligopoly can be through the collaboration to charge the same price, which is more alike to Monopoly.

Though it will not easy to see in deed in the UK Supermarket industry due to the similar supply to each supermarket, this means that the cost of the product is almost same at all the supermarkets. We will find slightly lower price in large supermarket as compared to the smaller one, this is because they lower overhead cost. Firms competes on price, which is another feature of an oligopolistic market, this helps them to become a price maker and could result in attracting good amount of market shares. Further, this results into the "price wars", where firm A cuts price in it's product, which is then followed by others. Although, the marginal profit is covered through the other goods in the stores. For instance, Tesco announced a range of price cuts between 3% to 25% discount. This helped Tesco to capture 12% of the market share just in eight weeks, although later this was followed by other super markets and the gain was modified. The average consumer had saved £150 a year after this price war. These features of fixing price yet competing on price can be explained through kinked demand bend theory.

Theory says, that if one firm increases it's price than this would effect and decline in the total revenue, due to this reason other firms will not follow the same strategy. But if any firm implement the same than others will be forced to implement the same, which will again lead to the price wars and of course deficit in the revenue. But if all firms colludes which means that firms will be in the position to set the price of there desire and can earn supernormal profits in long course. Apart from competing in the price, each supermarket has its own slogan (advertising) to create a sense of loyalty and retain from its existing customer as well as to attract new customer. Tesco spent £27.4m on advertising which was followed by Sainsbuty's £25.1m and Asda £17.8m which created brand awareness in the people. Many supermarkets introduced their own loyalty card to reward and retain their customer, sends out mailings and vouchers to loyalty card holders which encourages the customer to continue using there loyalty card, though the percentage of such customer is negligible. Now days, internet shopping and place delivery has become more important, as people are now connected to internet.

Supermarkets can now promote their internet based services to encourage customer to use them which will help firms to capture the market share. Above all some supermarkets such as Asda started offering help with shopping which includes carrying it to the customers' car and help them with packing while checkout. These non-price strategies will undoubtedly increase product differentiation and increase in brand loyalty and making demand curve less elastic, so in future it will become easier to raise prices for these firms if they wish. Demand Curve In oligopoly, any company operates under flawed competition. With the vicious price competitiveness created by demand bend, firms use non-price competition in order to boost revenue and market share. "Kinked" insist curves are similar to usual insist curves. They are different by a hypothesized bowed bend with a discontinuity at the bend-"Kink". Hence, the first imitative at that point is not clear and leads to a hop discontinuity in the marginal revenue curve. The inspiration following this kink is the thought that if firms will not elevate their prices because even a small price raise will drop many customer in oligopolistic or monopolistically competitive market. The reason behind this is that, the competitors will generally pay no attention to the increase in prices and will focus on gaining a larger market share.

However, even a large price reduction will gain only a few customers because such an action will begin a price war with other players in the market. And for this reason, the curve is therefore more price-elastic for price add to and less so for price decreases. In long run companies will frequently enter the industry. The Laundry Detergent Market - HAPPI The Laundry Detergent Market November 10, 2005 Do shoppers really want multifunctional laundry care products? Or are all these products on the shelf leading consumers back to the basics? Related Features Engagement 2016 Tablets. time-release and pre-treatment devices. Stain-battling enzymes. With the wealth of laundry detergent choices on today's shelves, consumers should be able to customize their laundry care now more than ever before. But do they want to? Despite an unprecedented number of cleaning forms and line extensions in the laundry detergent market, the same giants emerged as the category's major players this year-in the same forms. Liquids, for example, topped powders at $3 billion in sales vs. $1.8 billion for the 52 weeks ended Oct. 7, 2001, according to Information Resources, Inc., Chicago.

And Procter & Gamble, Lever Brothers and Dial were Nos. 1, 2 and 3 respectively in both liquid and powders, a repeat of last year's performance. Tide, the category's top brand for years, topped the liquid segment with $1 billion in sales for the year ended Oct. 7; the brand was also the top seller in powders, at $806 million, according to IRI. Other leading brands were All, Purex, Wisk, Xtra and Cheer for liquids and Gain, Cheer, Surf and Arm & Hammer FabriCare for powders. Though no sales numbers were available at press time for laundry detergent tablets, industry experts agreed that this newest form was less widely accepted last year than many marketers had hoped. Tablet marketers contacted by Happi insisted that tablets will come into their own in the coming years, but in the meantime, consumers relied on liquids and, in some demographics, powders to a much greater extent than alternative forms. Adherence to tradition hasn't stopped marketers from exploring new ideas, however.

The past year has ushered in new fragrances, pre-treatments, detergent boosters and even web- sites dedicated to narrowing down one's needs and selecting the perfect laundry detergent for fabrics, preferences and lifestyles. Powders: A Thing of the Past? Powder sales have fallen during the past several years, and sales of powdered detergents fell 3% for the 52 weeks ended Oct. 7. Most detergent marketers insist that powder usage will level off in the coming years, leaving powders a smaller, but still important, market. Powders have maintained appeal primarily for economic reasons; though liquids have been fine-tuned to become a less expensive product than in the past, powdered detergent is still, for the most part, cheaper per wash load. Purex launched Mountain Breeze and Rain scents, following the trend toward experiential fragrances in home care products. "In our detergent lines, powders are currently about 30% of the category," revealed Michael Simone of Church & Dwight Company, Princeton, NJ. "A few years ago, it was closer to 50%. But there will always be room for powdered detergents.

In general, they perform better, and they're more economical." The company's Arm & Hammer FabriCare ranked No. 5 for the year ended Oct. 7 among powdered detergents, with more than $111 million in sales. "I think one of the reasons our powders have been so successful is the value equation: how much efficacy vs. how much money," said Scott Fullmer of Dial Corp., which markets Purex laundry detergent. "With economic times as they are, we're a great cleaning product at a great price. Some other brands aren't so economy-proof, and they'll have to grapple with that. But the bottom line is that consumers are looking for value. Powders in general help deliver that." Executives at Quixtar, Grand Rapids, MI, a division of Alticor, also maintained that powders are down but not out. Part of the reason is brand loyalty, according to Quixtar executives. "Liquids outsell powders nearly 2 to 1 in the U.S.," commented Brandi Huyser, home care brand manager, Quixtar, "but for Quixtar, this is not the case. Our powder outsells the liquid.

We feel this is due to brand loyalty, performance, value and convenience." Quixtar's SA8 laundry detergent series comprises detergents, softeners and boosters designed to work together for optimum cleaning, according to Ms. Huyser. SA8 with Bioquest Concentrated detergent boasts superior dissolving action with no residue. A 6.6 lb. container can clean up to 100 wash loads and retails for $21.85; a 9.9 lb. box washes up to 150 loads and retails for $31.85. The company also offers the SA8 Spin-Off detergent and fabric softener pouch, combining two actions in one. A 36-load container retails for $22.35. Quixtar executives cited convenience as a primary motivator in consumers' choice of a laundry detergent product, but also stressed that economy has always been a priority. "Consumers are looking for all different things when choosing a laundry detergent," Ms. Huyser pointed out. "Convenience tends to be right up there, but so is an economical product.

The problem is that most of the less-expensive detergents contain a minimum of cleansing agent, and generally, you get what you pay for." Quixtar has bridged that gap, Ms. Huyser said. "We've always been here to provide unsurpassed value," she commented. "We feel that an economical product is only worthwhile if it also provides an exceptional clean. SA8 is specifically formulated for each product to work with the others to boost cleaner performance." All things considered, the same trusted names emerged on top last year in powdered detergents, economy, novelty and other factors aside. Tide remained the best-selling powder line last year; the brand has branched off with a variety of specific-action detergents. Tide HE was formulated specifically for high-efficency washers, for example; the brand was introduced in both liquid and powder forms. Tide WearCare was added to all of the company's powders to help prevent damage to cotton clothes. The WearCare formula includes activated hydrogen peroxide, an ingredient that helps deliver a superior cleaning action. The Tide lineup also includes Tide Free and Tide with Bleach.

Tide Free was developed to provide the same stain removal benefits as regular Tide without dyes or perfumes, making it ideal for consumers who are sensitive to such additives. Tide with Bleach kills 99.9% of bacteria, including E.coli and salmonella, according to P&G executives. The brand is available in regular and Mountain Spring scents. Cheer, which achieved $134 million in sales for the 52 weeks ended Oct. 7, added a website with an easy-click search of a consumer's needs in laundry care. The consumer can select from sensitive skin, extra cleaning power or color protection to find the appropriate Cheer product. CheerFree, for example, was developed for sensitive skin; its mild, perfume-free formula is non-irritating to most consumers, according to company executives. Cheer products also provide color protection and cleansing in any water temperature, including cold water, company executives said. The brand's formula helps prevent pilling of cottons and neutralizes chlorine in the wash water to help prevent fading and make clothes last longer. Added benefits are still emerging in the powdered detergent category as marketers continue to try to draw powders into the forefront.

Some professionals contacted by Happi maintained that powder still outsells liquid in certain demographics, based upon income level and geography, and will remain a contender in the laundry detergent segment. One method of keeping powders active is by releasing both powder and liquid versions of new scents and multi-beneficial detergents; both are available to consumers and aim to reach all segments of the population. Liquids: Top Shelf Novelty and shelf presence landed liquids in shoppers' carts; convenience has helped keep them there. Today's liquids boast more benefits than ever and remain the most popular laundry form on the market. Oxydol joined the liquid league this year with the first-ever liquid version of the brand. Some manufacturers are hopping on the bandwagon by introducing liquid forms of products that were previously available only as powders. Cincinnati-based Redox Brands Inc., for example, launched Liquid Oxydol Extreme Clean, a product targeting generation X and the brand's first liquid launch, according to company executives. The Oxydol brand was originally released as a powder in 1927. Redox purchased the brand from Procter & Gamble last year. According to Redox executives, research has shown that young consumers prefer liquid detergents.

The packaging was changed as well to appeal to a more youthful segment, with a more vibrant green and a stylized "X". This makes Oxydol one of the first brands to target not only a type of clean, but an age demographic as well. "We believe that generation X has been overlooked in the laundry category," said Todd Wichmann, president and co-chief executive officer, Redox Brands Inc. "They have different needs than their grandparents and parents." Redox also debuted its new website, with offbeat editorials and games to teach new approaches to doing laundry. Other marketers are taking a more traditional approach, restricting changes in liquids to new scents and improved fabric care. Era offers Era Max, a "triple threat to stains," with three types of active enzymes to fight grime while providing color-safe whitening. Era also introduced the EraserBall, a pre-treating and measuring device specifically designed for use with Era detergent. Tide introduced a new device with Tide Kick, also a pretreatment and measuring device. Tide Kick works in conjunction with Tide Deep Clean Liquid formula to remove more stains better than leading pre-treaters and liquid laundry detergent combined, according to P&G executives.

The novel devices not only add to the efficacy of the products but encourage consumers to try the newer versions of the companies' liquids. Fab updated its liquids with new fragrances. Fab Rain Forest provides the same deep-cleaning action of the brand's original formula while providing a more pleasant experience due its appealing scent, according to company executives. The company updated its packaging graphics as well to draw attention to the new scent. Purex is also aiming for a more sensory experience with its Rain and Mountain Fresh scent liquids. Like its major competitors, Purex also offers a website that helps confused consumers select the right product for the job at hand. The Great Tablet Debate Laundry detergent tablets were marketed in 2000 as a unique concept. However, the idea is actually based on P&G's Salvo and Unilever's Vim, both introduced in the 1970s. According to marketers, today's reformulated tablets are a vast improvement over these initial products, which didn't dissolve well in the wash and were comparatively expensive. Executives debated that Salvo and Vim were an idea whose time had not yet come; it was not until recently that consumers began to opt for convenience and multifunctionality over economics.

Now, marketers believe the desire for ease of use is growing in this category. "Development has been slow, but steady, for our tablets," said Mr. Fullmer of Dial Corp., manufacturers of Purex tablets, "so for the most part, sales growth has been a little slower than we anticipated. But within the next few years, the industry will see some huge strides with tablets. The form continues to get reasonably good trial and repeat sales numbers. There's definitely an interest there." Tablet marketers note that the convenience factor, especially for students, the elderly and consumers who utilize laundromats, far outweighs the drawbacks. Meanwhile, continuous experimentation and reformulation are expected to fine-tune tablets and make them more appealing than ever to consumers. Quixtar, a division of Alticor, will release its first laundry tablet, SA8, this spring. Company executives said that the superior formulation of the product, as well as the success of the other items in its SA8 laundry detergent line, will help give the new product a leg up on other laundry detergent tablets. "In the fast-paced society that we live in, where convenience is often a commodity, consumers have high expectations for the products they use," commented Ms.

Huyser of Quixtar. "We knew we had to come out with a superior product when introducing our tablets. The SA8 tablet doesn't sacrifice clean for convenience. It delivers both." Quixtar will launch its tablets line this March. The company expects a positive reception. The S8A tablet overcomes some of the drawbacks of other laundry tablets, according to Ms. Huyser. "Our product actually dissolves in 60 seconds," she insisted, "and it leaves no residue. It is also safe to use in all temperatures. This product is going to be wonderful for college students, apartment renters and anyone who needs portability but at the same time, demands quality." The tablet will hit store shelves in March. "We're gearing up for the spring launch," revealed Ms. Huyser, "and we're very excited. The product is exceptional." Dial executives insist they too have an effective product in Purex Tabs, which dissolve in just 15-20 seconds compared to other marketers' tablets, which take about two minutes to dissolve, they said. Dial backs this claim with research performed at the company's research and development labs.

The company's website urges consumers to "take the dissolution challenge" and offers instructions on dissolving Purex and other brands in water for a visual comparison. The company also claims that Purex Tabs are more economical than competitors' detergents in a number of forms, including liquids and powders. A comparison grid of Purex and other brands and forms shows Purex Tabs at about $0.13 a wash, with other brands ranging from $0.15-0.28 a wash. Industry leader Tide has also attacked the problem of slowly-dissolving tablets with Tide Rapid Action Tabs, available with or without bleach. The tablets begin to dissolve upon hitting the water, according to P&G executives. The white side of the tablet provides cleaning, while the blue portion gives a special stain-fighting boost. A visual demonstration of the bubbling and dissolving action is available on the company's website. In the Bag Tablets aren't the only alternative form in today's laundry detergent market. The LaundryTea system was developed, fine-tuned and marketed beginning in 1991, according to Ophelia Products' Karen Huff. This makes the nonwoven bag system older than the recent tablet relaunches.

"LaundryTea was developed in the early 1990s and came out as a finished product on the market almost seven years ago," said Ms. Huff, the company's president and chief executive officer. "We found that LaundryTea bags filled all the needs consumers were looking for in a detergent: cleanliness, convenience and economy." According to company executives, the emergence of tablets on the market during the past two years has shaken up, but not pushed out, LaundryTea. "We were here before tablets came," Ms. Huff insisted, "and we will be here when they're gone." The system offers a controlled-dosage method but dissolves faster and more completely than laundry tablets, Ms. Huff insisted. At the same time, the product offers fabric softening, static removing and lint control properties, which not all tablets offer, she said. LaundryTea consists of detergent-filled bags that are dropped on top of the wash load before the washer is turned on and are easily disposed of once the load is done. Company executives maintained that the system is more appealing than tablets for a variety of reasons.

Controlled dosage is one plus; while two or three tablets are required for some wash loads, LaundryTea generally washes with just one bag. And according to company studies, there is minimal or no detergent residue on the clothes after washing. Tablets have been a thorn in the product's side since their reintroduction three years ago, according to Ms. Huff. "Tablets generally haven't performed as well as consumers and marketers would have liked them to," she opined, "and as a result, there's a leeriness as regards any alternative laundry form-LaundryTea included." But the differences between bags and tablets are clear, she insisted. "Consumers would love to get their hands on our products, but we're still somewhat controlled by our buyers," she said. "They're not completely confident in alternative laundry forms yet. We have to dispel the myth associated with pre-packaged products before expanding outside our current niche." LaundryTea is currently limited to independent stores and supermarket chains, including Vons and Albertsons, in the western US Though the product line is selling well, the company will keep the product corralled into that area "until tablets either disappear, or start doing phenomenally well," Ms. Huff revealed.

"It's going to be one or the other. Until the dust settles, we plan on staying centrally located." Whether or not the newest laundry forms will be successful in the future is anyone's guess. But today's laundry detergent market allows room for growth in brands, devices and methods. The coming years are predicted to usher in greater advances in the laundry detergent category. But while they wait for the next big step in laundry care, consumers seem content to remain most loyal to the names they've relied on for years. Laundry Detergents New Ingredients Here is a list of new laundry detergent ingredients introduced by suppliers in the past 12 months. For more information about the products listed here, contact the supplier directly at the numbers provided. Clariant Toothpaste Oligopoly Free Essays Toothpaste Oligopoly TOOTHPASTE: 1. ZHONGHUA 2. CREST 3. COLGATE 4. YUNNAN BAIYAO 5. DARLIE 6. LIANGMIANZHEN BRAND DESCRIPTIONS ZHONGHUA is a... typically Chinese toothpaste brand, and the first Chinese toothpaste brand that is recognized by the FDI World Dental Federation.

It boasts a high popularity rate and combines functional performance with traditional Chinese herbal medicine. CREST is an international brand that has continually pushed to improve oral health since its inception. Crest is... American Dental Association, Chinese herbology, Dentistry 427 Words | 4 Pages Oligopoly a small group of firms. ! An oligopoly is much like a monopoly, in which only one company exerts control over most of a market. In an... oligopoly, there are at least two firms controlling the market. The retail gas market is a good example of an oligopoly because a small number of firms control a large majority of the market. An oligopoly is a market form in which a market or industry is dominated by a small number of sellers (oligopolists). Oligopolies can result from various forms of... Collusion, Competition, Economics 724 Words | 3 Pages oligopoly ﻿OLIGOPOLY Oligopoly is a market with a few sellers. Fewness means in this market number of firms is such that one firm’s... action affects the other firms in the market. Hence whenever any firm makes any decision regarding price etc, it has to take into account the behavioural response of the other.

This main feature of oligopoly is called interdependence. This interdependence brings forth the need for strategic decision making. Strategic decision making involves conjectural variation. Conjectural... Bertrand competition, Cournot competition, Economics 1615 Words | 7 Pages oligopoly ﻿Oligopoly An oligopoly is a market form in which a market or industry is dominated by a small number of sellers (oligopolists).... Oligopolies can result from various forms of collusion which reduce competition and lead to higher costs for consumers.[1] With few sellers, each oligopolist is likely to be aware of the actions of the others. The decisions of one firm therefore influence and are influenced by the decisions of other firms. Strategic planning by oligopolists needs to take into account... Cartel, Competition, Economics 1955 Words | 6 Pages oligopoly Oligopoly Characteristics Oligopoly is the main form of modern market structure. The term "oligopoly" is used to... define a market in which there are few companies, some of which control a large share of the market.

In the oligopoly industry some major companies compete among themselves and the introduction of new firms on this market is complicated, because of the presence of barriers to entry. Products manufactured by firms can be both homogeneous and/or differentiated. Homogeneous products have... Competition, Economics, Game theory 1116 Words | 4 Pages Oligopoly Oligopoly is a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical products. It is an intermediate form of imperfect... competition. OPEC is an epitome of Oligopoly. Features of Oligopoly: • Non Price Competition • Interdependent decision making • Entry Barriers If organizations behave in cooperative mode to mitigate the competitions amongst themselves it is called Collusion. When two or more organizations agree to set their outputs or prices to maintain monopoly it is called... Cartel, Collusion, Competition 903 Words | 3 Pages Oligopoly ﻿There are various types of market structures but the most important of all is the oligopolistic market structure. An oligopoly is when a... market is dominated by relatively few large firms. An example of an oligopolistic market structure is commercial banking and the newspaper industry. One of the other market structures is Perfect Competition (PC).

The way that firms in perfect competition set the price of their products is through the MC=MR condition for profit maximization and at the same time... Competition, Economics, Game theory 976 Words | 3 Pages Toothpaste Modern Toothpaste Toothpaste is a paste or gel dentifrice used to clean and maintain the aesthetics and health of teeth. Toothpaste use can promote... good oral hygiene: it can aid in the removal of dental plaque and food from the teeth, it can aid in the elimination and/or masking of halitosis, and it can deliver active ingredients such as fluoride or xylitol to prevent tooth and gum disease (gingivitis). In most or all developed countries, usage after each meal is encouraged. Most toothpaste contains chemicals which... Dental caries, Fluoride therapy, Mouthwash 1896 Words | 7 Pages Toothpaste Industry Toothpaste Industry Market in India and Analysis of Consumer Purchasing behavior Submitted By Rohan Kumar Pattnaik-11BM60108 Akash...

Krishnatry-11BM60106 Sourabh Chaturvedi-11BM60013 Yash Mehta-11BM60116 Abhishek Thampan-11BM60126 TOOTHPASTE INDUSTRY: AN OVERVIEW The toothpaste history in India can be tracked back from 1975 with 1200 tonnes of toothpaste produced by the toothpaste industry. Prior to the toothpastes Oral Hygiene was the domain of local homemade powders and ayurvedh practitioners... Colgate-Palmolive, Hindustan Unilever, Marketing 1008 Words | 3 Pages Toothpaste Study Introduction Toothpaste is a paste or gel dentifrice used with a toothbrush as an accessory to clean and maintain the aesthetics and health of... teeth.

Toothpaste is used to promote oral hygiene: it serves as an abrasive that aids in removing the dental plaque and food from the teeth, assists in suppressing halitosis, and delivers active ingredients (mainly fluoride) to help prevent tooth and gum disease (gingivitis).[1] Most of the cleaning is achieved by the mechanical action of the toothbrush,... Dentistry, Halitosis, Hindustan Unilever 1976 Words | 7 Pages Toothpaste and Colgate currently leads the toothpaste market in the Philippines with Close-Up being a close second. Close-Up has been catching up as of Q2/2009, with... Hapee still garnering a respectable amount as well. e. Competitors i. Hapee Toothpaste Hapee was the first ever Filipino toothpaste brand to hit the Philippine market and Lamoiyan Corporation is the first Filipino owned toothpaste manufacturer. Before the entry of Lamoiyan and Hapee toothpaste, no local entrepreneur...

Colgate-Palmolive, New York City, Piscataway Township, New Jersey 922 Words | 5 Pages Toothpaste and Colgate the first milled perfumed toilet soap, Cashmere Bouquet, was registered as a trademark. Almost 70 years after the company's founding, Colgate & Company... produced its first toothpaste, an aromatic dental cream that was sold in jars. In 1896, the company introduced the first collapsible toothpaste tube, making toothpaste much more convenient to use. In 1864, B.J Johnson Soap Company was founded. In 1898, the company introduced Palmolive Soap, a product that was so successful it prompted... Colgate-Palmolive, New York City, Park Avenue 1992 Words | 6 Pages Cigarette Oligopoly Cigarette Oligopoly Market Chayleen Marquis Benedictine University Author Note This research is being submitted on May 2, 2010, for... Professor Raymond Bell’s MBA 611 course at Benedictine University by Chayleen Marquis. The cigarette market is one that is known to everyone.

From magazine advertisements to constructive commercials people have been exposed to this market starting at a young age. The constant visuals of the advertisements as well as the free advertising that occurs daily... Cigarette, Competition, Competitor analysis 1295 Words | 4 Pages Marketing and Toothpaste Ajax, Axion, GLO, Softlan and Lady Speed Stick. In our opinion, Colgate should come out with a new production line extension for kid’s... toothpaste by adding more different flavor. As what we know, nowadays most of the parent will let their kid’s to choice their own toothpaste, so that they will more likely to brush their teeth daily with using their favorite toothpaste. Besides, this new product line extension will also provide Colgate to have a more competitive advantage in the market. Competitor... Colgate-Palmolive, Marketing, Oral hygiene 2225 Words | 10 Pages Oligopoly and Market Oligopoly Oligopoly is a market structure in which a small number of sellers are opposed to a lot of buyers, ie the situation... when the market several vendors and each may affect the rates. The emergence of new vendors is difficult or even impossible e.

If the producers are two, then a duopoly called oligopoly. Goods traded in oligopolistic firms can be differentiated and standardized. Sellers in an oligopolistic market know that when they or their opponents will change the price or sales volume... Collusion, Competition, Competition law 999 Words | 3 Pages Toothpaste critique Mouzam Arif Mr. O’Gorman ENG3U0 – A September 16, 2014 Writing a Critique: What’s in This Toothpaste? ​In the essay What’s in This... Toothpaste? by David Bodanis. The audience/reader is informed about how toothpaste in made, the ingredients which are used to make just a bottle of tube and other alternatives that can be used if you opinion about toothpaste changes. The author talks about if toothpaste is something you should consider or keep using. ​There are a few examples of diction which are...

Mentha, Peppermint, Rhetoric 762 Words | 3 Pages Oligopoly of Banks ﻿BRITISH BANKS: CRACKING THE OLIGOPOLY Student: Aruni Dileepa Wijeweera - 16639300 Student: Elie Gharib - 16443365... Student: Ying Sheng - 17903022 Lecturer: Dr. Neil Perry Economics 200425 Due Date: 18th November 2013 United Kingdom (UK) banking industry started in 1694 with the establishment of Bank of England, with the main purpose of funding the war against France. Throughout the years and with the expansion of the banking industry, many private banks invaded... Bank, Big Four, Economics 1582 Words | 9 Pages Oligopoly and Monopoly Oligopoly An oligopoly is an intermediate market structure between the extremes of perfect competition and monopoly.... Oligopoly firms might compete (noncooperative oligopoly) or cooperate (cooperative oligopoly) in the marketplace.

Whereas firms in an oligopoly are price makers, their control over the price is determined by the level of coordination among them. The distinguishing characteristic of an oligopoly is that there are a few mutually interdependent firms that produce either identical products... Competition, Cournot competition, Economics 1115 Words | 3 Pages Whitening Toothpastes: A Review of the Literature 1 Whitening toothpastes: A review of the literature ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Andrew Joiner Bottom of... Form Received 9 March 2010; received in revised form 16 May 2010; accepted 17 May 2010. published online 24 May 2010. Abstract Objectives To review and summarise the whitening agents contained within tooth whitening toothpaste formulations, their mode of action in tooth whitening, and the in vitro and clinical methods used to evaluate and demonstrate... Aphthous ulcer, Colgate-Palmolive, Halitosis 715 Words | 3 Pages Crest Toothpaste The Crest brand of toothpaste has a longstanding history of over 50 years. Being the first to develop fluoride effective in preventing...

cavities and tooth decay, it served as a major scientific breakthrough and has been a trusted product throughout the years. Today, it continues to make advancements towards dental hygiene, and has also developed several other products to assist in complete oral care. The Crest product line includes toothpaste, toothbrushes, dental floss, whitening products, and... Colgate-Palmolive, Dental caries, Dental floss 813 Words | 3 Pages Economics Oligopoly Main economic features of an Oligopoly and key economic theories of price fixing. This part of the coursework aims to identify and explain the... main economic features of an Oligopoly and also the key economic theories which influence the price of a product or service. This part deals with the theoretical aspects of Oligopoly and the later part emphasizes on the practical applications of the theories and oligopoly features. According to Pass et al (2000), “Oligopoly, a type of market structure is... Cartel, Collusion, Competition 1812 Words | 6 Pages Oligopoly Market ﻿OLIGOPOLY AND MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION Up to now, we have covered two extreme types of markets. We covered perfect competition with the...

highest degree of competition, then we covered monopoly with the lowest degree of competition. Now, we will cover oligopoly and monopolistic competition. These two market types are in between two extremes: they show some features of competition and some features of monopoly. Oligopoly Definition: Oligopoly is a market structure in which there are a few sellers... Competition, Economics, Game theory 1428 Words | 5 Pages Collusive Oligopoly Economic and Social benefits of collusion: Collusive oligopoly can bring about economic benefits to consumers. Firstly, cartels results in a... uniform market structure with one price and one level of output produced. The result is greater consumer or business confidence, as expenditure can be more easily planned. One example of where prices were maintained relatively constant would be oil in the 1990s; where OPEC aimed to charge between $25 and $35 per barrel of oil. In doing so, businesses requiring... Cartel, Collusion, Competition law 934 Words | 3 Pages Market Oligopoly Oligopoly FMCG sector [pic] Submitted By: Saurabh Saini (09927904) Table of Contents 1. Introduction... 2.

Oligopoly: Some concepts and definitions 3. Introduction There are different types of market orientation in different geographies and for different products or verticals. It can be perfect competition or monopolistic or may be a duopoly. But in the reality, probably the most important and common nature of competition and the market structure... Cartel, Collusion, Economics 1673 Words | 7 Pages Oligopoly in india OLIGOPOLY A market structure dominated by a small number of large firms, selling either identical or differentiated products, and significant... barriers to entry into the industry. This is one of four basic market structures. The other three are perfect competition, monopoly, and monopolistic competition. The three most important characteristics of oligopoly are: 1. An industry dominated by a small number of large firms 2. Firms sell either identical or differentiated products 3. The industry... Coca-Cola, Cola, Competition 1800 Words | 7 Pages Effectivity of Toothpastes on Whitening Teeth Abstract: A. Purpose This investigatory project aims to prove or see the effectivity of some of the commercial toothpastes in whitening... teeth.

It also aims to help people choose which toothpaste brand works best in whitening teeth. If we know which brand works best, we could actually save some money. The toothpastes used were namely: Brand A, Brand B, Brand C and Brand D. B. Procedure Shells were used to represent the teeth since it also has calcium carbonate which is found in teeth. Four... Oral hygiene, Shell, Shell, Wyoming 1781 Words | 6 Pages Oligopoly Examples Oligopoly is a common economic system in today’s society. The word “oligopoly” comes from the Greek “oligos” meaning "little or... small” and “polein” meaning “to sell.” When “oligos” is used in the plural, it means “few.” Ads by Google 在线额外收入 绝佳的机会 执手可得，立即开始 Monopoly to Capitalism Oligopoly is the middle ground between monopoly and capitalism. An oligopoly is a small group of businesses, two or more, that control the market for a certain product or service. This gives these... Capitalism, Competition, Competition law 748 Words | 3 Pages Sodium Bicarbonate as Toothpaste commercial toothpaste became available.

Combined with peroxide, it makes a potent teeth whitener for much less than expensive whitening... toothpastes or strips. Being a naturally occurring compound, baking soda is safe for cleaning teeth to a certain extent. It has the property of neutralizing agents that are responsible for causing discoloration and foul odors. This makes it an ideal ingredient for teeth bleaching and cleaning stains. While using it as a baking soda toothpaste, it cleans... Hydrogen peroxide, Mentha, Menthol 1415 Words | 7 Pages Toothpaste Marketing Research Proposal Marketing Research Proposal Proposed Research Topic: A situational analysis of toothpaste industry... Introduction: At present, several well-known brands in the domestic toothpaste manufacturers become increasingly competitive, such as Braun Oral-B, Colgate, Darlie and so on. Different toothpaste brand have their own different market strategy, for examples, there are products for different ages whereas some target the... Data, Exploratory research, Hong Kong 1042 Words | 4 Pages Euthymol Toothpaste product which call Euthymol toothpaste. Firstly, I am going to describe the background of Johnson and Johnson, Euthymol...

toothpaste is distributed by this company. After that, I will talk about how we did the survey about this product. Then I am going to focus on the product and analyse it by using secondary research and survey results, it includes product, price, place and promotion. Finally, I will give some suggestions to this product. Introduction: Euthymol toothpaste was marked by Warner-Lambert... Brands of toothpaste, Edward Mead Johnson, James Wood Johnson 1036 Words | 4 Pages News Corp as an Oligopoly While a monopoly enjoys sole control of a particular industry, an "oligopoly involves only a few sellers of a standardized or differentiated... product; so each firm is affected by the decisions of its rivals and must take those decisions into account in determining its own price and output." (McConnell-Brue, p. 414) An example of an oligopoly can be found in the mass media (radio, television, publishing houses, etc). An oligopolistic corporation with significant holdings in both the United States and...

Advertising, Broadcasting, Corporation 684 Words | 3 Pages Toothpaste and Colgate Palmolive households use traditional materials such as neem, banyan tree sticks and ash for cleaning teeth. Only about 15% of Indian toothpaste users... brush twice a day. As a whole, per capita consumption of toothpaste in India is only 107gm compared to 300gm in Europe. In this sense, Indian market is an unsaturated one and there is great potential to be exploited. For instance, the toothpaste market is expected to grow at 6% per annum. Growth in the rural areas will be driven by conversion of non-users While in... Colgate-Palmolive, Dentistry, Hygiene 1232 Words | 5 Pages Oligopoly: Monopoly and Firms ﻿+ Oligopoly... Meaning:- Oligopoly is a common economic system in today’s society.

The word “oligopoly” comes from the Greek “oligos” meaning "little or small” and “polein” meaning “to sell.” When “oligos” is used in the plural, it means “few.” Oligopoly is a market structure in which there are a few sellers and they sell almost identical products. A situation in which a particular market... Competition, Economics, Imperfect competition 1524 Words | 5 Pages Oligopoly: Monopoly and Demand Curve An oligopoly describes a market situation in which there are limited or few sellers. Each seller knows that the other seller or sellers will... react to its changes in prices and also quantities. This can cause a type of chain reaction in a market situation. In the world market there are oligopolies in steel production, automobiles, semi-conductor manufacturing, cigarettes, cereals, and also in telecommunications. Often times oligopolistic industries supply a similar or identical product. These... Cartel, Competition, Imperfect competition 1463 Words | 4 Pages Oligopoly Market Structure Market structure refers to: • Nature and degree of competition within a particular market • The number of firms producing identical products which are...

homogenous Oligopoly: This is a market structure in which the market is dominated by a small number of firms that together control the majority of the market share. Few firms dominate Although only a few firms dominate, it is possible that many small firms may also operate in the market e.g. the major airlines. It is a situation between perfect... Collusion, Competition, Marketing 1372 Words | 5 Pages Colgate's Distateful Toothpaste we do.” (“Colgate world of,” 2011). Colgate presents products in the line of household and personal care such as laundry detergents, health care products... and Hill pet food. The case, Colgate's Distasteful Toothpaste, deals with ethical issues associated with Colgate’s repugnant toothpaste brand named Darkie. The term ethics refers to accepted principles of right and wrong that govern the conduct of a person, the members of a profession, or the action of an organization. Because it...

Advertising, Brand, Business ethics 1179 Words | 3 Pages Oral B Pro-Health Toothpaste P&amp;G invokes Bollywood in toothpaste battle P&amp;G using actor Madhuri Dixit-Nene to endorse Oral-B toothpaste that it... launched in June Bloomberg First Published: Thu, Jul 04 2013. 10 58 AM IST P&amp;G is betting Madhuri Dixit-Nene will help the company replicate the toothbrush market success in the toothpaste market as well. Updated: Fri, Jul 05 2013. 01 00 AM IST Mumbai: Procter and Gamble Co. (P&amp;G) is betting on one of Bollywood’s most popular actors to help it break... Madhuri Dixit, Marketing, Oral hygiene 1025 Words | 3 Pages Oligopoly: Cartel and Output Briefly outline some of the main models of oligopoly in which firms compete according to output. Hence, discuss the contention that... non-collusion is the inevitable outcome of oligopoly.

(2000 words) ‘Oligopoly is an industry structure characterized by a few firms producing all, or most, of the output of some good that may or may not be differentiated.book’ An oligopoly lies somewhere in between a monopoly (only one seller) and competition (many sellers). Firms are said to exhibit ‘strong mutual... Antoine Augustin Cournot, Cartel, Collusion 2144 Words | 6 Pages Toothpaste Brand - a Study of Consumer Behavior in Dhaka City consumer buying behavior for toothpastes Executive Summary Oral hygiene is sought to be one of the most necessary aspects to maintain good... healthsince the pre-modern era where natural products like Neem sticks were used to maintaingood teeth. With the advancement of technology in the modern era, products liketoothpastes, mouth washes, dental floss, and teeth whiteners have been introduced.Realizing the importance of these products in consumers daily lives especially toothpastes,many companies like P &amp;...

Colgate-Palmolive, Factor analysis, Likert scale 1401 Words | 6 Pages Monopolies, Oligopolies and the Economy Monopolies, Oligopolies and the Economy Monopoly is a term to describe an industry where a seller of a product or service does not have a... competitor offering a close substitute. The word is derived from the Greek words monos (meaning one) and polein (meaning to sell). Rarely does a pure monopoly exist. In a pure monopoly there is only one company making and selling the item in question; however there can also be the situation where there is one company who has the bulk of sales and the other... Competition, Economics, Market structure and pricing 2034 Words | 6 Pages Oligopoly Case 7.5 Rip-off Britain Evidence of oligopolistic collusion? In recent years there have been repeated allegations that British consumers are... paying much higher prices than their European counterparts on a wide range of goods. The car industry, the large supermarket chains and the banks have all been charged with ‘ripping-off’ the consumer.

Such has been the level of concern, that all three industries were referred to the Competition Commission (see section 12.3) at the turn of the 21st... Bank, Competition, European Commission 1897 Words | 6 Pages Market Structure of Oligopoly Structure Of The Market Structure Of Oligopoly And The Difficulty In Predicting Output And Profits Market structure of... oligopoly Oligopoly is a market structure where there are a few firms producing all or most of the market supply of a particular good or service and whose decisions about the industry's output can affect competitors. Examples of oligopolistic structures are supermarket, banking industry and pharmaceutical industry. The characteristics of the oligopoly are:  Small number of large... Cartel, Collusion, Competition 1740 Words | 7 Pages Oligopoly Versus Monopoly Competition iii. Module Title : Economics in an International Context iv. Assessment Title : Essay v. Assignment Title : Differences between... oligopoly and monopolistic competition market structures. vi. Tutor name : Hind Francesca vii. Student ID : 200893206 viii.

Date of submission : 15/3/2012 ix. Word Count : 986 Differences Between Oligopoly and Monopolistic Competition Market Structures Market structure refers to the interconnected characteristics of a market, which include... Competition, Economics, Imperfect competition 1486 Words | 6 Pages Oligopoly Market Structure Oligopoly Oligopoly is a market structure in which the number of sellers is small. Oligopoly requires strategic... thinking, unlike perfect competition, monopoly, and monopolistic competition. • Under perfect competition, monopoly, and monopolistic competition, a seller faces a well defined demand curve for its output, and should choose the quantity where MR=MC. The seller does not worry about how other sellers will react, because either the seller is negligibly small, or already a monopoly. Under oligopoly... Competition, Economics, Game theory 2224 Words | 7 Pages REPORT ON OLIGOPOLY MARKET OF SOFT-DRINK INDUSTRY... Submitted by: Priyanka (Student) Jaipuria Institute Of Management, Lucknow THE EXISTING DUOPOLY OLIGOPOLY Oligopoly is said to prevail when there are few...

Coca-Cola, Competition, Economics 1669 Words | 5 Pages Effect of Oligopoly on Economy OLIGOPOLY INTRODUCTION In this topic the oligopoly form of market is studied. You will learn that fewness of firms in a... market results in mutual interdependence. The fear of price wars is verified with the help of the kinked demand curve. Collusive forms and non-collusive forms of market are analyzed. The economic effect of the oligopoly form of market is presented. OLIGOPOLY CHARACTERISTICS The oligopoly form of market is characterized by - a few large dominant firms, with many small... Cartel, Collusion, Economics 1541 Words | 6 Pages Economic Analysis of Oligopoly Economic Analysis of an oligopoly market structure Supermarkets brew up a crate full of profits 1. Introduction 1a Article Summary... Woolworths and Coles continue to extend their dominance in the grocery market and more recently petrol. This has been extended and they are now looking to expand their hold on the Australian market by moving into the liquor industry.

Julian Lee (2008) highlights Coles and Woolworths move into the industry, by trying to build on their previous acquisitions of liquor... Average cost, Beer, Cost 1563 Words | 5 Pages Monopoly vs. Oligopoly Term Paper Monopoly vs. Oligopoly ECON101: Microeconomics Monopolies and... Oligopolies are both marketing situations that are present in today’s economic system. Many people are aware of what a monopoly is and the federal government has even taken steps to make monopolies in the United States illegal. However many are unaware of the many oligopolies operating in the US economic system today. Monopolies and Oligopolies are similar but not the... Competition, Duopoly, Economics 804 Words | 3 Pages Economic Analysis of an Oligopoly Market Structure 1. Introduction 1a. Article Summary In this article Michael Baker discusses the livelihood of small retailers in a market subjugated by the financially... dominant oligopolies, Woolworths and Coles.

While the small independent retailers in direct competition with Woolworths and Coles provide some competitive respite for consumers, as they encourage competitive pricing, albeit predatory pricing, it is clear that Woolworths and Coles control the supermarket industry in Australia, in the formation of... Barriers to entry, Economics, Marketing 1699 Words | 6 Pages Oligopoly and Game Theory ECO 152 December 9, 2013 Photo by Christian Gooden,... cgooden@post-dispatch.com St. Louis Christmas Tree Lots: Oligopoly and Game Theory Since Christmas is drawing near, the annual Christmas tree lots are beginning to open. This brings memories of my father cursing in the car every Sunday before mass because half the church lot is taken up by trees. For a few weeks Ted Drew becomes the king of Christmas not the... Christmas, Christmas tree, Competition 898 Words | 3 Pages Similarities and Differences between Monopolies and Oligopolies Similarities and Differences between Monopolies and Oligopolies WHAT ARE SOME SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MONOPOLIES AND... OLIGOPOLIES? According to Mankiw, N. G.

(2004) monopolies and oligopolies can be defined as: Monopolies are based on a market where there are several buyers but only one seller of a product or service whereby the seller sets the price for products and services provided. Oligopolies are based on a market where there a few companies own or control the production of a... Competition, Copyright, Economics 453 Words | 3 Pages Oligopoly and Match Price Oligopoly After reading this chapter, you should know: 1. The unique characteristics of oligopoly. 2. How... oligopolies maximize profits. 3. How interdependence affects oligopolists' pricing decisions. Problems for Chapter 10 1. Suppose the automobile market in the U.S. is divided as follows: General Motors 28% Ford 23% Toyota 18% Daimler-Chrysler 16% All others 15% a) What is the four firm concentration ratio? b) What is the approximate Herfindahl-Hirschman...

Advertising, Concentration ratio, Economics 477 Words | 4 Pages Toothpaste: Swot Analysis and Colgate- Palmolive Company customer markets, competitors and publics. SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths: The strength of Colgate is as follows:- • Qualified sales staff • Strong... financial backup • Orange Gel:- First time in the Pakistani market we are going to introduce the toothpaste with orange gel. It will provide you the maximum freshness in yours mouth through out the day. This will keep fighting against bacterial actions in yours mouth. • Orange Crystals:- This Colgate Orange includes orange crystals that provides... Colgate-Palmolive, Marketing, PEST analysis 634 Words | 3 Pages Monopolies Oligopolies Notes Set 3 ability to prevent resale. Detailed information about who is buying what unit and what demanders are willing to pay. Oligopolies Few large... firms. Imperfect competition. Mutual interdependence. Strategic behavior. Collusive Pricing: Firms reach an agreement to fix prices, divide up market and restrict competition. Each firm behaves like monopolist. Legal Issues. Non-Collusive Oligopoly (Competitive): Strategic Behavior; firms are independent (Game Theory).

Match price declines to maintain market shares... Competition, Economics, Elasticity 681 Words | 4 Pages ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF AN OLIGOPOLY MARKET STRUCTURE nonprofit Center for Science in the Public Interest, said “the companies' latest campaigns are not going to improve public health if sales of sugar-based... sodas do rebound”. “We already drink too many of our calories” he said. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF AN OLIGOPOLY MARKET STRUCTURE 1.INTRODUCTION 1a. ARTICLE SUMMARY Not many corporations can boast of a 100 Year rivalry. The beverages industry witnessed such intense competition between Coca-Cola and PepsiCo. One can say that the competition between... Caffeine, Coca-Cola, High-fructose corn syrup 2085 Words | 6 Pages A Paper to Study Toothpaste Buying Behaviour of Consumer with Specific Reference to Students at Stes Narhe Top Campus SINHGAD SCHOOL OF BUSINESS STUDIES Research Paper A paper to study toothpaste buying behaviour of consumer with specific reference to... students at STES Narhe Top campus Submitted By:- Sagar raut Table of Contents 1.

Introduction 1 1.1 Purpose 1 1.2 Literature Review 1 1.3 Objectives 2 1.4 Hypothesis 2 2. Research Methodology 3 2.1 Data Collection Method 3 2.2 Sampling Plan 3 2.3 Questionnaire 4 3. Research Results 6 3.1 Primary Data Findings 6 3.2... Brand, Colgate-Palmolive, Data collection 1255 Words | 7 Pages toothpaste Toothpaste has a history that stretches back nearly 4,000 years. Until the mid-nineteenth century, abrasives used to clean teeth did not... resemble modern toothpastes. People were primarily concerned with cleaning stains from their teeth and used harsh, sometimes toxic ingredients to meet that goal. Ancient Egyptians used a mixture of green lead, verdigris (the green crust that forms on certain metals like copper or brass when exposed to salt water or air), and incense. Ground fish bones were used...

American Dental Association, Colgate-Palmolive, Fluoride therapy 463 Words | 2 Pages Oligopoly collusive oligopoly (10 marks) * * Oligopoly, is a market form in which where few sellers dominate the market for an... identical or differentiated good, and where there are high barriers to entry. The market is determined by very few, however very large firms. The barriers of entry are very significant, as they include high initial fixed costs, access to resources and economies of scale and legal barriers. Unlike perfect competition where there are identical products, in an Oligopoly you have... Cartel, Collusion, Competition 435 Words | 2 Pages An explanation of monopoly, oligopoly, perfect competition, and monopolistic competition - a detailed overview life (industries), different swells (market structure) and even 'hot' and 'cold' spots (public companies). One of the key determinates to a successful... national economy is the structure of its markets. The main market structures are: 1. Monopoly 2. Oligopoly 3. Perfect Competition 4.

Monopolistic Competition Each of these market structures have unique characteristics, and can be classified according to three factors. The degree of competition, the first factor, is important as it classifies markets... Competition, Economics, Market structure and pricing 962 Words | 4 Pages Oligopoly change in one of those firms may cause a great impact on the other, this causes a price rigidity because the price in the industry tend to change much less... than in more competitive markets. In most examples of an oligopoly, there are high barriers to entry, The main goal of an oligopoly is to maximize its profits and there are different objectives that can be used to achieve this goal, for example: The increase or decrease in prices. The strategy of a firm is interdependent. This means that every... Competition, Economics, Marginal cost 654 Words | 2 Pages

Question: In the UK the detergent industry is an example of an oligopoly, where the market is dominated by a few sellers, in this case two, Unilever and which other company?
Answer: Proctor & Gamble