Nobelprize.org Award Ceremony Speech Presentation Speech by Anders Österling, Permanent Secretary of the Swedish Academy In our modern age, American authors have set their stamp more and more strongly on the general physiognomy of literature. Our generation in particular has, during the last few decades, seen a reorientation of literary interest which implies not only a temporary change in the market but, indeed, a shifting of the mental horizon, with far-reaching consequences. All these swiftly rising new authors from the United States, whose names we now recognize as stimulating signals, had one thing in common: they took full advantage of the Americanism to which they were born. And the European public greeted them with enthusiasm; it was the general wish that Americans should write as Americans, thereby making their own contribution to the contest in the international arena. One of these pioneers is the author who is now the focus of attention. It is hardly an exaggeration to say that Ernest Hemingway, more than any of his American colleagues, makes us feel we are confronted by a still young nation which seeks and finds its exact form of expression. A dramatic tempo and sharp curves have also characterized Hemingway's own existence, in many ways so unlike that of the average literary man.

With him, this vital energy goes its own way, independent of the pessimism and the disillusionment so typical of the age. Hemingway evolved his style in the herd school of journalistic reporting. In the editorial office of the Kansas City newspaper where he served his apprenticeship, there was a kind of pressman's catechism, the first dictum of which was: «Use short sentences. Use short paragraphs.» Hemingway's purely technical training clearly led to an artistic self-discipline of uncommon strength. Rhetoric, he has said, is merely the blue sparks from the dynamo. His master in older American literature was Mark Twain in Huckleberry Finn, with its rhythmical stream of direct and unconventional narrative prose. The young journalist from Illinois was flung headlong into the First World War when he volunteered to serve as an ambulance driver in Italy, where he received his baptism of fire at the Piave front and was severely wounded by shell splinters. The nineteen-year-old's first violent experience of war is an essential factor in Hemingway's biography.

Not that he was daunted by it; on the contrary, he found that it was a priceless asset for a writer to see war at first hand - like Tolstoy at Sevastopol - and to be able to depict it truthfully. Several years were to elapse, however, before he could bring himself to give an artistically complete account of his painfully confused impressions from the Piave front in 1918: the result was the novel A Farewell to Arms in 1929, with which he really made his name, even if two very talented books with a European post-war setting, In Our Time (1942) and The Sun Also Rises (1926), had already given proof of his individuality as a storyteller. In the following years, his instinctive predilection for harrowing scenes of action and grim spectacle drew him to Africa with its big-game hunting and to Spain with its bullfighting.

When the latter country was transformed into a theatre of war, he found inspiration there for his second significant novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940), in which an American champion of liberty fights for «man's dignity» - a book in which the writer's personal feelings seem more deeply involved than anywhere else. When mentioning these principal elements in his production, one should not forget that his narrative skill often attains its highest point when cast in a smaller mould, in the laconic, drastically pruned short story, which, with a unique combination of simplicity and precision, nails its theme into our consciousness so that every blow tells. Such a masterpiece, more than any other, is The Old Man and the Sea (1952), the unforgettable story of an old Cuban fisherman's duel with a huge swordfish in the Atlantic. Within the frame of a sporting tale, a moving perspective of man's destiny is opened up; the story is a tribute to the fighting spirit, which does not give in even if the material gain is nil, a tribute to the moral victory in the midst of defeat. The drama is enacted before our eyes, hour by hour, allowing the robust details to accumulate and take on momentous significance.

«But man is not made for defeat», the book says. «A man can be destroyed but not defeated.» It may be true that Hemingway's earlier writings display brutal, cynical, and callous sides which may be considered at variance with the Nobel Prize's requirement for a work of an ideal tendency. But on the other hand, he also possesses a heroic pathos which forms the basic element in his awareness of life, a manly love of danger and adventure with a natural admiration for every individual who fights the good fight in a world of reality overshadowed by violence and death. In any event, this is the positive side of his cult of manliness, which otherwise is apt to become demonstrative, thereby defeating its own ends. It should be remembered, however, that courage is Hemingway's central theme - the bearing of one who is put to the test and who steels himself to meet the cold cruelty of existence, without, by so doing, repudiating the great and generous moments. On the other hand, Hemingway is not one of those authors who write to illustrate theses and principles of one kind or another.

A descriptive writer must be objective and not try to play God the Father - this he learned while still in the editorial office in Kansas City. That is why he can conceive of war as a tragic fate having a decisive effect on the whole of his generation; but he views it with a calm realism, void of illusion, which disdains all emotional comment, a disciplined objectivity, stronger because it is hard-won. Hemingway's significance as one of this epoch's great moulders of style is apparent in both American and European narrative art over the past twenty-five years, chiefly in the vivid dialogue and the verbal thrust and parry, in which he has set a standard as easy to imitate as it is difficult to attain. With masterly skill he reproduces all the nuances of the spoken word, as well as those pauses in which thought stands still and the nervous mechanism is thrown out of gear. It may sometimes sound like small talk, but it is not trivial when one gets to know his method. He prefers to leave the work of psychological reflection to his readers, and this freedom is of great benefit to him in spontaneous observation.

When one surveys Hemingway's production, definite scenes flare up in the memory - Lieutenant Henry's flight in the rain and mud after the panic at Caporetto, the desperate blowing up of the bridge in the Spanish mountains when Jordan sacrifices his life, or the old fisherman's solitary fight with the sharks in the nocturnal glow of lights from Havana. Moreover, one may trace a distinctive linking thread - let us say a symbolic warp reaching back a hundred years in the loom of time - between Hemingway's latest work, The Old Man and The Sea, and one of the classic creations of American literature, Herman Melville's novel Moby Dick, the white whale who is pursued in blind rage by his enemy, the monomaniac sea captain. Neither Melville nor Hemingway wanted to create an allegory; the salt ocean depths with all their monsters are sufficiently rewarding as a poetic element. But with different means, those of romanticism and of realism, they both attain the same theme - a man's capacity of endurance and, if need be, of at least daring the impossible.

«A man can be destroyed but not defeated.» This year's Nobel Prize in Literature has therefore been awarded to one of the great authors of our time, one of those who, honestly and undauntedly, reproduces genuine features in the hard countenance of the age. Hemingway, now fifty-six years old, is the fifth American author so far to be honoured in this way. As the Prize winner himself is unfortunately unable to be present for reasons of health, the Prize will now be handed to the United States Ambassador.

From Nobel Lectures , Literature 1901-1967, Editor Horst Frenz, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1969 Ernest Hemingway - Biography - IMDb Ernest Hemingway Biography Showing all 58 items Jump to: Overview (5) | Mini Bio (1) | Spouse (4) | Trade Mark (3) | Trivia (22) | Personal Quotes (19) | Salary (4) Overview (5) 6' (1.83 m) Mini Bio (1) Ernest Hemingway was an American writer who won the Pulitzer Prize (1953) and the Nobel Prize in Literature (1954) for his novel The Old Man and the Sea, which was made into a 1958 film The Old Man and the Sea (1958). He was born into the hands of his physician father. He was the second of six children of Dr. Clarence Hemingway and Grace Hemingway (the daughter of English immigrants). His father's interests in history and literature, as well as his outdoorsy hobbies (fishing and hunting), became a lifestyle for Ernest.

His mother was a domineering type who wanted a daughter, not a son, and dressed Ernest as a girl and called him Ernestine. She also had a habit of abusing his quiet father, who suffered from diabetes, and Dr. Hemingway eventually committed suicide. Ernest later described the community in his hometown as one having "wide lawns and narrow minds". In 1916 Hemingway graduated from high school and began his writing career as a reporter for The Kansas City Star. There he adopted his minimalist style by following the Star's style guide: "Use short sentences. Use short first paragraphs. Use vigorous English. Be positive, not negative." Six months later he joined the Ambulance Corps in WWI and worked as an ambulance driver on the Italian front, picking up human remains. In July 1918 he was seriously wounded by a mortar shell, which left shrapnel in both of his legs causing him much pain and requiring several surgeries. He was awarded the Silver Medal. Back in America, he continued his writing career working for Toronto Star . At that time he met Hadley Richardson and the two married in 1921. In 1921, he became a Toronto Star reporter in Paris.

There he published his first books, called "Three Stories and Ten Poems" (1923), and "In Our Time" (1924). In Paris he met Gertrude Stein , who introduced him to the circle that she called the "Lost Generation". F. Scott Fitzgerald , Thornton Wilder , Sherwood Anderson and Ezra Pound were stimulating Hemingway's talent. At that time he wrote "The Sun Also Rises" (1926), "A Farewell to Arms" (1929), and a dazzling collection of Forty-Nine stories. Hemingway also regarded the Russian writers Leo Tolstoy , Fyodor Dostoevsky , Ivan Turgenev and Anton Chekhov as important influences, and met Pablo Picasso and other artists through Gertrude Stein. "A Moveable Feast" (1964) is his classic memoir of Paris after WWI. Hemingway participated in the Spanish Civil War and took part in the D-Day landings during the invasion of France during World War II, in which he not only reported the action but took part in it. In one instance he threw three hand grenades into a bunker, killing several SS officers.

He was decorated with the Bronze Star for his action. His military experiences were emulated in "For Whom the Bell Tolls" (1940) and in several other stories. He settled near Havana, Cuba, where he wrote his best known work, "The Old Man and the Sea" (1953), for which he won a Pulitzer Prize and the Nobel Prize in Literature. This was adapted as the film The Old Man and the Sea (1958), for which Spencer Tracy was nominated for an Academy Award as Best Actor, and Dimitri Tiomkin received an Oscar for Best Musical Score. War wounds, two plane crashes, four marriages and several affairs took their toll on Hemingway's hereditary predispositions and contributed to his declining health. He was diagnosed with bipolar disorder and insomnia in his later years. His mental condition was exacerbated by chronic alcoholism, diabetes and liver failure. After an unsuccessful treatment with electro-convulsive therapy, he suffered severe amnesia and his physical condition worsened. The memory loss obstructed his writing and everyday life. He committed suicide in 1961.

Posthumous publications revealed a considerable body of his hidden writings, that was edited by his fourth wife, Mary, and also by his son Patrick Hemingway. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Steve Shelokhonov Spouse (4) Often makes reference to his own interests such as boxing and fishing Minimalist writing style Recurring theme of nature in his works Trivia (22) Was awarded the 1954 Nobel prize in literature. Born at 8:0am-CST Pictured on a 25¢ US commemorative postage stamp in the Literary Arts series, issued 17 July 1989. For a man who survived two plane crashes, it's somewhat ironic that he would take his own life in the end. He is the grandfather of sister actresses Mariel Hemingway and the late Margaux Hemingway (also a suicide, in 1996, as was her great-grandfather, Ernest's father). It's estimated Hemingway left behind over 8,000 personal and business letters, and plans were announced in May 2002 to attempt to collect and publish most of them in a set that could exceed 10 volumes.

Grandfather of actresses Mariel Hemingway , Margaux Hemingway and Joan Hemingway . Unlike his great contemporaries F. Scott Fitzgerald , William Faulkner and John Steinbeck , Hemingway never wrote for the movies, but he had no objection to selling his novels and short stories for good prices to producers. A.E. Hotchner , in his 1966 memoir of his friendship with "Papa Hemingway", reports that the great writer chose him in the late 1950s as his emissary to Hollywood to sell the Nick Adams stories. Hemingway, hobbled by mental illness and bad health, wanted an unprecedented $1 million for the movie rights to the stories, but Hotchner was only able to get him $100,000. The stories are the basis for Martin Ritt 's film Hemingway's Adventures of a Young Man (1962), which came out the year after Papa's death. Hotchner wrote the screenplay, as he did for the tele-play The Seven Lively Arts: The World of Nick Adams (1957).

Hemingway suffered from bipolar disorder, then known as manic depression, and was treated with electroshock therapy at the Menninger Clinic. The therapy, he claimed, had destroyed his memory, which was essential to a writer, and he told his friend A.E. Hotchner that his memory loss was one of the reasons he no longer wanted to live. The condition was hereditary: Hemingway's father Clarence likely suffered from it, as did at least one of his sisters, Ursula, and his only brother, Leicester, as did one of his sons, Gregory, and his granddaughter Margaux. In addition to Ernest, Hemingway's father Clarence, his siblings Ursula and Leicester, and his granddaughter Margaux all committed suicide. His son Gregory died in police custody after being picked up in a stupor shortly after a sex change operation. His house in Key West, Florida, where he wrote a good deal of his literature, is now a museum in his honor. One other interesting note about the house is that the lineage of cats that live there hereditarily have six toes on each foot, going back to Hemmingway's own cats. One son, Jack Hemingway with first wife; two sons, Patrick and Gregory, with second.

Only Patrick survives as of this writing (June 2005). He was married four times, and dedicated a book for each wife during the time he was married to them. He admired Russian writers Ivan Turgenev , Leo Tolstoy , Fyodor Dostoevsky , and Anton Chekhov among others. Long considered a likely Nobel Laureate for Literature, Hemingway was disappointed when in 1950, William Faulkner became the first American writer of their generation to cop the Prize. Hemingway's 1949 novel "Across the River and Into the Trees" (1949) had been a notable failure, and likely cost him the honor of being the first American since Eugene O'Neill won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1938. Hemingway returned to his original, simple style for The Old Man and the Sea (1958), his 1952 novella that won him the Pulitzer Prize. After two plane crashes gave him the opportunity to read his own obituary, he finally won the Nobel Prize in 1954, in large part due to the extraordinary success of "Old Man".

Hemingway himself was initially involved in the production of his book, although the extent of his participation after selling his book was to go marlin-fishing off the coast of Peru to try to find a fish worthy enough for the picture. In the end, the producers used a rubber marlin and stock footage of marlin fishing in which Hemingway didn't participate in. After seeing the film, Ernest Hemingway expressed his disappointment and said that Spencer Tracy looked less the Cuban peasant fisherman and more the rich old actor that he was. Tracy won an Oscar nomination for the role. Hemingway, perhaps the most prominent of the American supporters of the Spanish Republic during its struggle against the fascist rebellion led by Gen. Francisco Franco 's Falangists--heavily supported by the Nazi regime of Adolf Hitler --said that Alvah Bessie 's Spanish Civil War novel "Men in Battle" (1939) was one of the best war novels of its time. Hemingway's own Spanish Civil War novel, "For Whom the Bell Tolls" (1943), won the 1940 Pulitzer Prize for fiction and was a best-seller.

Much of his writing reflects his dissatisfaction with modern culture. The city of Key West, Florida, has an Ernest Hemingway lookalike contest every year. Although it was not used, he proposed the following epitaph for his tombstone: "Pardon me for not getting up.". Journalist Hunter S. Thompson was an admirer of Hemingway and his writing. Thomnpson wrote an article about Hemingway's later life and death titled, "What Lured Hemingway to Ketcham". The article can be found in Thompson's book, "The Great Shark Hunt". When he died in 1961, his estate consisted of $418,933 in various stocks and bonds, $801,766 in real estate, and $189,611 in notes, cash, and mortgages. His granddaughter Mariel Hemingway co-starred in Woody Allen 's movies Manhattan (1979) and Deconstructing Harry (1997). Allen later depicted Ernest Hemingway himself in Midnight in Paris (2011).

Some sources suggest that his suicide was brought on by the memory-loss side-effects of an ECT treatment for depression interfering with his ability to write. Personal Quotes (19) As you get older, it is harder to have heroes, but it is sort of necessary. A cat has absolute emotional honesty: human beings, for one reason or another, may hide their feelings, but a cat does not. All things truly wicked start from an innocence. There are events which are so great that if a writer has participated in them his obligation is to write truly rather than assume the presumption of altering them with invention. All my life I've looked at words as though I were seeing them for the first time. If the book is good, is about something that you know, and is truly written, and reading it over you see that this is so, you can let the boys yip and the noise will have that pleasant sound coyotes make on a very cold night when they are out in the snow and you are in your own cabin that you have built or paid for with your work. God knows people who are paid to have attitudes toward things, professional critics, make me sick; camp following eunuchs of literature. They won't even whore.

They're all virtuous and sterile. And how well meaning and high minded. But they're all camp followers. A man's got to take a lot of punishment to write a really funny book. Remember this too: all bad writers are in love with the epic. Always do sober what you said you'd do drunk. That will teach you to keep your mouth shut. Never mistake motion for action There is no hunting like the hunting of men, especially armed men, and those who have done this long enough to like it...they never care for anything else thereafter. What is moral is what you feel good after and what is immoral is what you feel bad after. [on Marlene Dietrich ] If she had nothing but her voice, she could break your heart with it. But she also has that beautiful body and the timeless loveliness of her face. When I dream of afterlife in heaven, the action always takes place in the Paris Ritz. The best way to find out if you can trust somebody is to trust them. I drink to make other people interesting. If you are lucky enough to have lived in Paris as a young man, then wherever you go for the rest of your life it stays with you, for Paris is a moveable feast.

How I admire your straight thinking, your head, your heart and your very lovely hands and I pray God always that he will make up to you the very great hurt that I have done you--who are the best and truest and loveliest person that I have ever known. Salary (4) American Nobel Laureates in Literature | Tomas Tranströmer American Nobel Laureates in Literature 1930 – Sinclair Lewis (1885-1951) American writer. Received the 1930 Nobel Prize for Literature “for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humor, new types of characters.” XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 1936 – Eugene Gladstone O’Neill (1888-1953) American writer. Eugene O’Neill won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1936, and Pulitzer Prizes for four of his plays: Beyond the Horizon (1920); Anna Christie (1922); Strange Interlude (1928); and Long Day’s Journey Into Night (1957).

He won the Nobel Prize in Literature “for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy.” XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 1938 – Pearl Buck (1892-1973) American writer. Buck was born in Hillsboro, West Virginia. She grew up in China, where her parents were missionaries in Huai’an and Zhenjiang, but she later was educated at Cornell University and Randolph-Macon Woman’s College. Buck was awarded the 1938 Nobel Prize “for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces”. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 1948 – Thomas Stearns Eliot (1888-1965) British/American writer. T.S. Eliot received the 1948 Nobel Prize in Literature “for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry.” XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 1949 – William Faulkner (1897-1962) American writer.

Received the 1949 Nobel in Literature “for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel.” XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 1954 – Ernest Miller Hemingway (1899-1961) American writer. Brevity was his specialty. Received the 1954 Nobel in Literature “for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style.” XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 1962 – John Steinbeck (1902-1968) American writer. Received the 1962 Nobel Prize in Literature “for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humor and keen social perception.” XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 1976 – Saul Bellow (1915-2005) American writer.

Received the 1976 Nobel Prize for Literature “for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work.” XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 1978 – Isaac Bashevis Singer (1904-1991) Polish/American writer. Received the 1978 Nobel Prize for Literature “for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life.” XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 1980 – Czeslaw Milosz (1911-2004) Polish/American writer. Received the 1980 Nobel Prize for Literature for voicing “man’s exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts.” XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 1987 – Joseph Brodsky (1940-1996) Russian/American writer. Received the 1987 Nobel Prize for Literature “for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity.” XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 1992 – Derek Walcott (1930- ) Saint Lucian/American writer.

Derek Walcott received the 1992 Nobel Prize for Literature “for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment.” XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 1993 – Toni Morrison (1931- ) American writer. Received the 1993 Nobel Prize for Literature for “novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import,” giving “life to an essential aspect of American reality.” 2016 – Bob Dylan (1941 – ) American musician and songwriter. The Nobel Prize in Literature 2016 was awarded to Bob Dylan “who can be read and should be read, and is a great poet in the English tradition for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition”. Share this: Hemingway - definition of Hemingway by The Free Dictionary Hemingway - definition of Hemingway by The Free Dictionary Also found in: Thesaurus , Encyclopedia , Wikipedia . Hem·ing·way (hĕm′ĭng-wā′), Ernest Miller 1899-1961. American writer.

A World War I ambulance driver, journalist, and expatriate in Paris during the 1920s, he wrote short stories and novels, such as The Sun Also Rises (1926) and The Old Man and the Sea (1952), that concern courageous, lonely characters and are marked by his terse literary style. He won the 1954 Nobel Prize for literature. Hemingway Ernest Hemingway Is Awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature | World History Project Ernest Hemingway Is Awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature Stockholm, Sweden, Oct. 28--The Nobel Prize for Literature was awarded today to Ernest Hemingway. The Swedish Academy, which presents this laurel, said of the 55- year-old American author in its citation: "For his powerful, style-forming mastery of the art of modern narration, as most recently evinced in 'The Old Man and the Sea.'" Source: New York Times Added by: Colin Harris Despite his ailments, Hemingway and Mary traveled on to Venice one last time and then headed back to Cuba.

On October 28, 1954 Hemingway won the Nobel Prize for Literature, but due to his injuries was unable to attend the ceremonies in Sweden. Instead, he sent a written acceptance, read to the Nobel Committee by John Cabot, the US Ambassador to Sweden. Source: lostbeneration.com Added by: Colin Harris “ Writing, at its best, is a lonely life. Organizations for writers palliate the writer's loneliness but I doubt if they improve his writing. He grows in public stature as he sheds his loneliness and often his work deteriorates. For he does his work alone and if he is a good enough writer he must face eternity, or the lack of it, each day.” — Ernest Hemingway Source: Added by: Colin Harris More information Ernest Hemingway - Biographical Ernest Hemingway The Nobel Prize in Literature 1954 Ernest Hemingway Share this: Ernest Hemingway - Biographical Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961), born in Oak Park, Illinois, started his career as a writer in a newspaper office in Kansas City at the age of seventeen.

After the United States entered the First World War, he joined a volunteer ambulance unit in the Italian army. Serving at the front, he was wounded, was decorated by the Italian Government, and spent considerable time in hospitals. After his return to the United States, he became a reporter for Canadian and American newspapers and was soon sent back to Europe to cover such events as the Greek Revolution. During the twenties, Hemingway became a member of the group of expatriate Americans in Paris, which he described in his first important work, The Sun Also Rises (1926). Equally successful was A Farewell to Arms (1929), the study of an American ambulance officer's disillusionment in the war and his role as a deserter. Hemingway used his experiences as a reporter during the civil war in Spain as the background for his most ambitious novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940). Among his later works, the most outstanding is the short novel, The Old Man and the Sea (1952), the story of an old fisherman's journey, his long and lonely struggle with a fish and the sea, and his victory in defeat.

Hemingway - himself a great sportsman - liked to portray soldiers, hunters, bullfighters - tough, at times primitive people whose courage and honesty are set against the brutal ways of modern society, and who in this confrontation lose hope and faith. His straightforward prose, his spare dialogue, and his predilection for understatement are particularly effective in his short stories, some of which are collected in Men Without Women (1927) and The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories (1938). Hemingway died in Idaho in 1961. From Nobel Lectures , Literature 1901-1967, Editor Horst Frenz, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1969 This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel . It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures . To cite this document, always state the source as shown above. Selected Bibliography Baker, Carlos. Hemingway: The Writer as Artist. Fourth edition, Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ, 1972. Bruccoli, Matthew J. (Ed.).

Ernest Hemingway's apprenticeship: Oak Park, 1916-1917. NCR Microcard Editions: Washington, D.C., 1971. Bruccoli, Matthew J., and Robert W. Trogdon (Eds.). The Only Thing That Counts: The Ernest Hemingway-Maxwell Perkins Correspondence 1925-1947. Charles Scribner's Sons: New York, 1996. Clifford, Stephen P. Beyond the Heroic "I": Reading Lawrence, Hemingway, and "masculinity". Bucknell Univ. Press: Cranbury, NJ, 1999. Hemingway, Ernest. By-Line: Ernest Hemingway. Selected articles and dispatches of four decades. Edited by William White, with commentaries by Philip Young. Collins: London, 1968. - Complete poems. Edited with an introduction and notes by Nicholas Gerogiannis. Rev. ed., University of Nebraska Press: Lincoln, 1992. - The Complete Short Stories. The Finca Vigía ed. Charles Scribner's Sons: New York, 1998.

- Death in the Afternoon. Jonathan Cape: London, 1932. - Ernest Hemingway: Selected Letters, 1917-1961. Ed. Carlos Baker. Charles Scribner's Sons: New York, 1981. - A Farewell to Arms. Charles Scribner's Sons: New York, 1929. - Fiesta. Jonathan Cape: London, 1927. - For Whom the Bell Tolls. Charles Scribner's Sons: New York 1940. - The Garden of Eden. Charles Scribner's Sons: New York, 1986. - Green Hills of Africa. Charles Scribner's Sons: New York 1935. - In Our Time. Boni and Liveright: New York, 1925. - Islands in the Stream. Charles Scribner's Sons: New York, 1970. - A Moveable Feast. Jonathan Cape: London, 1964. - The Nick Adams Stories. Preface by Philip Young. Charles Scribner's Sons: New York, 1972.

- The Old Man and the Sea. Charles Scribner's Sons: New York, 1952. - Selected Letters 1917-1961. Ed. Carlos Baker. Panther Books/Granada Publishing: London 1985(1981). - The Snows of Kilimanjaro and other stories, Charles Scribner's Sons: New York, 1961. - The Sun also rises. Charles Scribner's Sons: New York, 1928(1926). - The Torrents of Spring: A Romantic Novel in Honor of the Passing of a Great Race. Charles Scribner's Sons: New York, 1926. - Three Stories & Ten Poems: Ernest Hemingway's First Book. A facsimile of the original Paris Edition published in 1923. Bruccoli Clark Books: Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, 1977. - True at First Light. Edited with an Introduction by Patrick Hemingway. Arrow Books/Random House: London 1999. - Winner Take Nothing. Charles Scribner's Sons: New York, 1933.

Josephs, Allen. For Whom the Bell Tolls: Ernest Hemingway's Undiscovered Country. Twayne: New York, 1994. Lacasse, Rodolphe. Hemingway et Malraux: destins de l'homme. Profils; 6, Montréal 1972. Lynn. Kenneth S. Hemingway. Simon and Schuster: London, 1987. Mandel, Miriam. Reading Hemingway: The Facts in the Fictions. Scarecrow Press: Metuchen, NJ and London, 1995. Meyers, Jeffrey. Hemingway: A Biography. New York, 1985 (Macmillan: London, 1986 (Harper & Row: New York 1985). Nelson, Gerald B. & Glory Jones. Hemingway: Life and Works. Facts On File Publications: New York, 1984. Palin, Michael. Hemingway's Travels. Weidenfeld & Nicolson: London, 1999. Phillips, Larry W (Ed). Ernest Hemingway on Writing.

Grafton Books: London, 1986 (1984). Reynolds, Michael S. Hemingway: an Annotated Chronology: an Outline of the Author's Life and Career Detailing Significant Events, Friendships, Travels, and Achievements. Omni chronology series, 1 Omnigraphics, Inc: Detroit, MI, 1991. Reynolds, Michael S. Hemingway: The Final Years. W.W. Norton: New York 1999. Reynolds, Michael S. Hemingway: the Homecoming. W.W. Norton: New York, 1999. Reynolds, Michael S. Hemingway: the Paris years. W.W. Norton: New York 1999. Reynolds, Michael S. The Young Hemingway. W.W. Norton: New York, 1998. Reynolds, Michael S. Hemingway's First War: The Making of A Farewell to Arms. Basil Blackwell: New York and Oxford, 1987 (Princeton U.P. 1976). Trogdon, Robert W.

(Ed.). Ernest Hemingway: A Documentary Volume. In: Dictionary of Literary Biography (series) Vol. 210. Gale Research Inc.: Detroit, Michigan, 1999. Wagner-Martin, Linda (Ed.). A Historical Guide to Ernest Hemingway. Oxford University Press: New York and Oxford, 2000 The John F. Kennedy Library in Boston, Massachusetts, has an extensive collection of books and manuscripts, and holds more than 10,000 photos of Ernest Hemingway. Ernest Hemingway died on July 2, 1961. 7 reasons why the winner of the Nobel Prize in literature is a Belarusian you don't know - LA Times 7 reasons why the winner of the Nobel Prize in literature is a Belarusian you don't know Svetlana Alexievich Sergei Grits / Associated Press Belarusian writer Svetlana Alexievich leaves a news conference after being named the winner of the 2015 Nobel Prize in literature. Belarusian writer Svetlana Alexievich leaves a news conference after being named the winner of the 2015 Nobel Prize in literature.

(Sergei Grits / Associated Press) Carolyn Kellogg Contact Reporter Once again, the Nobel Prize in literature was announced and most Americans were left scratching their heads. Svetlana who? From Bela-where? It's been more than 20 years since an American was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature. That was Toni Morrison , in 1993. It's been hard for us to figure, because earlier in the 20th century, Americans dominated the Nobel Literature Laureates list: Sinclair Lewis (1930), Eugene O'Neill (1936), Pearl S. Buck (1938), William Faulkner (1949), Ernest Hemingway (1954), John Steinbeck (1962). That's six wins in 32 years (a seventh if you include American-born T.S. Eliot, who won in 1948, after he had long been a resident of England). And now, no recognition for 22 years? Have we done something wrong? Well, yes, according to the former head of the Swedish Academy.

Here are 7 reasons why the latest Nobel Literature Laureate is not only not an American, but a writer you haven't even heard of -- Svetlana Alexievich, from Belarus. 1. American literature is "too isolated, too insular." In 2008, then-Permanent Secretary of the Swedish Academy Horace Engdahl made headlines when he declared American literary culture "too isolated, too insular. They don't translate enough and don't really participate in the big dialogue of literature." That year, the award went to French novelist Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clezio, a writer with virtually no public profile in the United States. Svetlana Alexievich is a voice of the people. The Belarusian journalist who won the 2015 Nobel Prize in literature for a body of work that she has described as “a history of human feelings” has long written not only as a witness, but also as a collector of witnesses, a framer of testimonies, a... Svetlana Alexievich is a voice of the people.

The Belarusian journalist who won the 2015 Nobel Prize in literature for a body of work that she has described as “a history of human feelings” has long written not only as a witness, but also as a collector of witnesses, a framer of testimonies, a... (David L. Ulin) 2. American writers suffer from "professionalization." Again Engdahl, still the Permanent Secretary, publicly stated his criticisms of the literary culture of America and the West. This time it was 2014, and he was speaking to a French newspaper. "Previously, writers would work as taxi drivers, clerks, secretaries and waiters to make a living. Samuel Beckett and many others lived like this. It was hard - but they fed themselves, from a literary perspective." He decried the "professionalization" of literature in America and Europe through grants and other financial support. The Nobel Prize in literature is awarded (almost) every fall to a writer for his or her body of work, and is considered the world's most prestigious literary award. The winner receives a medal and a cash prize of about $1.1 million. 3. The 3% problem.

Only about 3% of books published in the U.S. each year are works in translation, while in France, it's about 27% and in Spain, 28%. In countries with native languages that are spoken less widely, the translation ratios go even higher -- 40% in Turkey, 70% in Slovenia. So American readers are less likely to be exposed to writers from other cultures than readers in other nations. A Belarusian? We're barely even reading books from our southern neighbor, Mexico. 4. Rights are complicated. Most writers first get book deals in their native countries, then have agents who represent the foreign rights for their books. Selling the rights to a book in another nation is a nice bonus for an author -- the book may have been done for years, and then they get a little check because it's going to be published in Germany. But these rights are usually sold piecemeal, even for authors who top bestseller lists at home -- Swedish crimewriter Henning Mankell's Wallander series was published out of order in the U.S. 5. Svetlana Alexievich's rights are particularly complicated.

According to one interested publisher, Alexievich's English-language rights have been sold to British independent publisher Fitzcarraldo Editions, which has no regular distribution deal in the U.S. 6. One book. Alexievich's only widely available work in the U.S. is " Voices of Chernobyl ," published by independent Dalkey Archive Press; Picador has announced it will print a fresh run of 20,000 paperbacks following her win. The book won the National Book Critics Circle 2005 award for nonfiction. "This book will crush you. The emotions are more true than in any other book I've ever read," Chad Post, who was with Dalkey at the time, tells the L.A. Times. "I will start weeping now thinking about the dad who gave his firefighter hat to his son, who then got brain cancer and died." 7. Americans don't read deeply into Russia. Keith Gessen, who translated "Voices of Chernobyl" from the Russian, tells the L.A. Times that we don't see much of Alexievich's work in the U.S. because "Her books are interviews with very ordinary people.

It's not really what Americans typically desire of their Russian reading." He believes "Voices of Chernobyl" was "an exception because it's about nuclear power, so not a specifically Russian problem." Hemingway Is the Winner Of Nobel Literature Prize Hemingway Is the Winner Of Nobel Literature Prize Special to The New York Times tockholm, Sweden, Oct. 28--The Nobel Prize for Literature was awarded today to Ernest Hemingway. The Swedish Academy, which presents this laurel, said of the 55- year-old American author in its citation: "For his powerful, style-forming mastery of the art of modern narration, as most recently evinced in 'The Old Man and the Sea.'" The choice of Mr. Hemingway had been generally foreseen in Stockholm literary circles, although there were many candidates to choose from. Halidor Laxness, Icelandic writer, was perhaps Mr. Hemingway's principal competitor. The fact that Mr. Laxness had received the Stalin Prize for Literature might have swung the vote for Mr. Hemingway.

Others who were considered included Paul Claudel and Albert Camus of France and Ezra Pound, American poet, whom the Academy regards as one of the world's distinctive lyricists. ["I am very pleased and very proud to receive the Nobel Prize for Literature," Mr. Hemingway said at his home near Havana. The author disclosed that he would not be able to go to Stokholm Dec. 10 to receive the award because of injuries he suffered in two plane crashes in Africa last winter.] The Academy seriously discussed Mr. Hemingway for the prize last year, but postponed giving him the honor in favor of Prime Minister Churchill, whose advanced age was considered a factor in the choice. Several Academy members expressed regret over this postponement when it was thought Mr. Hemingway and his wife perished last Jan. 23 in an air crash in the African jungle. An indication of Mr. Hemingway's popularity here was the interest shown in this year's selection. Stockholm newspapers were deluged for hours this afternoon by phone calls from persons eager to learn the result. The recurring question was: "Did Hemingway get it?" Mr. Hemingway is the fifth American to win the literary honor.

The others were in chronological order: Sinclair Lewis, Eugene O'Neill, Pearl S. Buck and William Faulkner. In the literary "Hall of Fame," this quintet shares places with such as Kipling, Maeterlinck, Romain Rolland, Anatole France, Yeats, Shaw, Galsworthy and Pirandello. The prize first was given here in 1901, according to the will of Alfred Nobel, Swedish donor, the creator of dynamite. Mr. Hemingway's books are extensively read in Scandinavia. His style has served as a model for many of its young authors. The Noble Prize is worth $36,000 and the winner also gets a gold medal and an illuminated diploma. The writer drew on his experiences as a fisherman in "The Old Man and the Sea," which won the 1953 Pulitzer Prize for fiction. The short novel tells of the victory and defeat of an old Cuban fisherman.

Career Marked By Wars Writer Reported, Fought In and Based Books on Conflicts The most concise biography of Ernest Hemingway was written by his friend Archibald MacLeish: Veteran out of the wars before he was twenty: Famous at twenty-five: thirty a master-- Whittled a style for his time from a walnut stick In a carpenter's loft in a street of that April city. The "April city" was Paris, where Hemingway went to write in the Nineteen Twenties, after having fought on the Italian front in World War I. In Paris he lived above a sawmill, not to be Bohemian but to save money. Ernest Miller Hemingway was born July 21, 1899, at Oak Park, near Chicago. In most reference books and in his own conversation he is one year older because he gave 1898 as his birth date when he tried to enlist early in 1917, and stuck to that date ever since. His father, Clarence Edmonds Hemingway, was a physician and sportsman. The medical and hunting trips that came with that heritage are reflected in several of Hemingway's stories.

Like other doctors' sons--Maugham, Sinclair Lewis, John O'Hara and company-- Hemingway decided to be a writer. After his graduation from Oak Park High School he got a job on The Kansas City Star. The tough assignments to fights of all sorts that he covered there can be recognized in his short stories. His attempts to get into World War I carried him to many Allied recruiting centers until he was accepted by an ambulance service. That period was transmuted in "A Farewell to Arms." He transferred to the Italian infantry and a few days before his nineteenth birthday, in July, 1918, he was severely wounded on the Piave. He won four decorations for bravery. After the war, there was not much for him in the way of jobs around Oak Park. Also, he had learned to like Europe. He worked on The Toronto Daily Star and Weekly and then went abroad as a correspondent for Canadian and United States papers, serving in France and the Middle East.

"I was trying to write then," he recalled, "and I found the greatest difficulty, aside from knowing truly what you really felt rather than what you were supposed to feel, was to put down what really happened in action, what the actual things were which produced the emotion that you experienced. "The real thing, the sequence of motion and fact which made the emotion and which would be as valid in a year or in ten years or, with luck and if you stated it purely enough, always, was beyond me and I was working very hard to try to get it." No one would buy Hemingway's stories in the early Twenties. They all returned "in the mail through a slit in the sawmill door, with notes of rejection that would never call them stories, but always anecdotes, sketches, contes, etc.," he later wrote. Gradually, through such friends as Ford Madox-Ford, Scott Fitzgerald and Gertrude Stein, he was recognized. His first great success was his first novel, "The Sun Also Rises," which appeared in the spring of 1926. From then on, the story of his life became almost a part of the public history of the American era, and decidedly a part of its legends.

With "The Sun Also Rises," and his remark, quoted by Dorothy Parker, that courage is grace under pressure, he gave a generation of youths a series of attitudes for living. A strange byproduct of this was a surge of interest in bull-fighting. For a time, New York speakeasies were full of expert aficionados who had never been near a bull-ring. The art of the torero, Hemingway said in "Death in the Afternoon," "is the only art in which the artist is in danger of death and in which the degree of brilliance in the performance is left to the fighter's honor." Although Hemingway was once widely regarded as the leading expatriate of his time, he has lived in various parts of the United States as well as the Caribbean. "A Farewell to Arms" was written in Paris, Key West, Pigott, Ark.; Kansas City, Mo., and Sheridan, Wyo.; "To Have and Have Not" at Key West, in Cuba and Spain, and "For Whom the Bell Tolls" in Cuba and Idaho, after Hemingway's return from his service as a correspondent for this and other newspapers in the Spanish Civil War.

In recent years he has lived mainly at Finca Vigia, San Francisco de Paula, in Cuba. He does his deep-sea fishing near there. From there also he has made many safaris to France, Spain and Italy, as well as Africa, where last January he read his obituaries after his plane crashed in the jungle. Hemingway, in World War II, hunted German submarines in the Caribbean as commander of his own sub-chaser. He later went to the European theatre as a war correspondent and flew combat missions with the Royal Air Force. The prizewinner has been married four times. His first wife was Hadley Richardson. This marriage, like the next two, to Pauline Pfeiffer and Martha Gellhorn, ended in divorce. He wed Mary Welsh, a war correspondent, after World War II.

Ernest Hemingway | American writer | Britannica.com Ernest Hemingway Albert Camus Ernest Hemingway, in full Ernest Miller Hemingway (born July 21, 1899, Cicero [now in Oak Park], Illinois , U.S.—died July 2, 1961, Ketchum, Idaho ), American novelist and short-story writer, awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954. He was noted both for the intense masculinity of his writing and for his adventurous and widely publicized life. His succinct and lucid prose style exerted a powerful influence on American and British fiction in the 20th century. Ernest Hemingway, photograph by Yousuf Karsh, 1959. Courtesy of Mary Hemingway; photograph, © Karsh from Rapho/Photo Researchers The first son of Clarence Edmonds Hemingway, a doctor, and Grace Hall Hemingway, Ernest Miller Hemingway was born in a suburb of Chicago.

He was educated in the public schools and began to write in high school, where he was active and outstanding, but the parts of his boyhood that mattered most were summers spent with his family on Walloon Lake in upper Michigan. On graduation from high school in 1917, impatient for a less-sheltered environment , he did not enter college but went to Kansas City , where he was employed as a reporter for the Star. He was repeatedly rejected for military service because of a defective eye, but he managed to enter World War I as an ambulance driver for the American Red Cross . On July 8, 1918, not yet 19 years old, he was injured on the Austro-Italian front at Fossalta di Piave. Decorated for heroism and hospitalized in Milan, he fell in love with a Red Cross nurse, Agnes von Kurowsky, who declined to marry him. These were experiences he was never to forget. Ernest Hemingway at the American Red Cross Hospital in Milan, recuperating from wounds received … Ernest Hemingway Photograph Collection/John F. Kennedy Presidential Library Agnes von Kurowsky and Ernest Hemingway, Milan, Italy, 1918.

Ernest Hemingway Photograph Collection/John F. Kennedy Presidential Library After recuperating at home, Hemingway renewed his efforts at writing, for a while worked at odd jobs in Chicago, and sailed for France as a foreign correspondent for the Toronto Star. Advised and encouraged by other American writers in Paris— F. Scott Fitzgerald , Gertrude Stein , Ezra Pound —he began to see his nonjournalistic work appear in print there, and in 1925 his first important book, a collection of stories called In Our Time, was published in New York City; it was originally released in Paris in 1924. In Hemingway’s tale “ Obama Acts to Protect the Arctic In 1926 he published The Sun Also Rises , a novel with which he scored his first solid success. A pessimistic but sparkling book, it deals with a group of aimless expatriates in France and Spain—members of the postwar Lost Generation , a phrase that Hemingway scorned while making it famous. This work also introduced him to the limelight, which he both craved and resented for the rest of his life.

Hemingway’s The Torrents of Spring, a parody of the American writer Sherwood Anderson ’s book Dark Laughter, also appeared in 1926. Ernest Hemingway’s 1923 passport photo. Ernest Hemingway Photograph Collection/John F. Kennedy Presidential Library USA Facts The writing of books occupied Hemingway for most of the postwar years. He remained based in Paris, but he traveled widely for the skiing, bullfighting , fishing, and hunting that by then had become part of his life and formed the background for much of his writing. His position as a master of short fiction had been advanced by Men Without Women in 1927 and thoroughly established with the stories in Winner Take Nothing in 1933. Among his finest stories are “ The Killers, The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber, ” and “ The Snows of Kilimanjaro. ” At least in the public view, however, the novel A Farewell to Arms (1929) overshadowed such works. Reaching back to his experience as a young soldier in Italy, Hemingway developed a grim but lyrical novel of great power, fusing love story with war story.

While serving with the Italian ambulance service during World War I, the American lieutenant Frederic Henry falls in love with the English nurse Catherine Barkley, who tends him during his recuperation after being wounded. She becomes pregnant by him, but he must return to his post. Henry deserts during the Italians’ disastrous retreat after the Battle of Caporetto , and the reunited couple flee Italy by crossing the border into Switzerland. There, however, Catherine and her baby die during childbirth, and Henry is left desolate at the loss of the great love of his life. Ernest Hemingway (right) with Joe Russell (raising a glass), an unidentified young man, and a … Ernest Hemingway Photograph Collection/John F. Kennedy Presidential Library Britannica Lists & Quizzes Editor Picks: Exploring 10 Types of Basketball Movies Hemingway’s love of Spain and his passion for bullfighting resulted in Death in the Afternoon (1932), a learned study of a spectacle he saw more as tragic ceremony than as sport. Similarly, a safari he took in 1933–34 in the big-game region of Tanganyika resulted in The Green Hills of Africa (1935), an account of big-game hunting.

Mostly for the fishing, he purchased a house in Key West , Florida, and bought his own fishing boat. A minor novel of 1937 called To Have and Have Not is about a Caribbean desperado and is set against a background of lower-class violence and upper-class decadence in Key West during the Great Depression . Ernest Hemingway on safari, Tanganyika (now part of Tanzania), 1934. Ernest Hemingway Photograph Collection/John F. Kennedy Presidential Library Ernest Hemingway aboard his boat Pilar. Ernest Hemingway Photograph Collection/John F. Kennedy Presidential Library By now Spain was in the midst of civil war. Still deeply attached to that country, Hemingway made four trips there, once more a correspondent. He raised money for the Republicans in their struggle against the Nationalists under General Francisco Franco , and he wrote a play called The Fifth Column (1938), which is set in besieged Madrid. As in many of his books, the protagonist of the play is based on the author.

Following his last visit to the Spanish war, he purchased Finca Vigía (“Lookout Farm”), an unpretentious estate outside Havana , Cuba , and went to cover another war—the Japanese invasion of China. Connect with Britannica Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest The harvest of Hemingway’s considerable experience of Spain in war and peace was the novel For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940), a substantial and impressive work that some critics consider his finest novel, in preference to A Farewell to Arms. It was also the most successful of all his books as measured in sales. Set during the Spanish Civil War, it tells of Robert Jordan, an American volunteer who is sent to join a guerrilla band behind the Nationalist lines in the Guadarrama Mountains. Most of the novel concerns Jordan’s relations with the varied personalities of the band, including the girl Maria, with whom he falls in love. Through dialogue , flashbacks, and stories, Hemingway offers telling and vivid profiles of the Spanish character and unsparingly depicts the cruelty and inhumanity stirred up by the civil war. Jordan’s mission is to blow up a strategic bridge near Segovia in order to aid a coming Republican attack, which he realizes is doomed to fail.

In an atmosphere of impending disaster, he blows up the bridge but is wounded and makes his retreating comrades leave him behind, where he prepares a last-minute resistance to his Nationalist pursuers. All of his life Hemingway was fascinated by war—in A Farewell to Arms he focused on its pointlessness, in For Whom the Bell Tolls on the comradeship it creates—and, as World War II progressed, he made his way to London as a journalist. He flew several missions with the Royal Air Force and crossed the English Channel with American troops on D-Day (June 6, 1944). Attaching himself to the 22nd Regiment of the 4th Infantry Division, he saw a good deal of action in Normandy and in the Battle of the Bulge . He also participated in the liberation of Paris, and, although ostensibly a journalist, he impressed professional soldiers not only as a man of courage in battle but also as a real expert in military matters, guerrilla activities, and intelligence collection. Ernest Hemingway with a dead Cape buffalo, on safari in Kenya, 1953. Ernest Hemingway Photograph Collection/John F.

Kennedy Presidential Library Trending Topics Ottoman Empire Following the war in Europe, Hemingway returned to his home in Cuba and began to work seriously again. He also traveled widely, and, on a trip to Africa, he was injured in a plane crash. Soon after (in 1953), he received the Pulitzer Prize in fiction for The Old Man and the Sea (1952), a short heroic novel about an old Cuban fisherman who, after an extended struggle, hooks and boats a giant marlin only to have it eaten by voracious sharks during the long voyage home. This book, which played a role in gaining for Hemingway the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954, was as enthusiastically praised as his previous novel, Across the River and into the Trees (1950), the story of a professional army officer who dies while on leave in Venice, had been damned. Ernest Hemingway at La Consula, an estate in Malaga, Spain, 1959. Mary Hemingway—Ernest Hemingway Photograph Collection/John F. Kennedy Presidential Library Ernest Hemingway at Shimoni Camp, Kenya, 1954.

Ernest Hemingway Photograph Collection/John F. Kennedy Presidential Library By 1960 Hemingway had left Cuba and settled in Ketchum, Idaho. (He expressed his belief in what he called the “historical necessity” of the Cuban Revolution; his attitude toward its leader, Fidel Castro , who had taken power in 1959, varied.) He tried to lead his life and do his work as before. For a while he succeeded, but, anxiety-ridden and depressed, he was twice hospitalized at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, where he received electroshock treatments. Two days after his return to the house in Ketchum, he took his life with a shotgun. Hemingway had been married four times: to Hadley Richardson in 1921 (divorced 1927), Pauline Pfeiffer in 1927 (divorced 1940), Martha Gellhorn in 1940 (divorced 1945), and Mary Welsh in 1946.

He had fathered three sons: John Hadley Nicanor (“Bumby”), with Hadley, born in 1923; Patrick, with Pauline, in 1928; and Gregory, also with Pauline, in 1931. American writer Ernest Hemingway and Cuban leader Fidel Castro at Cojímar, Cuba, May 15, … Patrick Forget—Sagaphoto/age fotostock Hemingway left behind a substantial amount of manuscript, some of which has been published. A Moveable Feast , an entertaining memoir of his years in Paris (1921–26) before he was famous, was issued in 1964. Islands in the Stream, three closely related novellas growing directly out of his peacetime memories of the Caribbean island of Bimini, of Havana during World War II, and of searching for U-boats off Cuba, appeared in 1970. Hemingway’s characters plainly embody his own values and view of life.

The main characters of The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms, and For Whom the Bell Tolls are young men whose strength and self-confidence nevertheless coexist with a sensitivity that leaves them deeply scarred by their wartime experiences. War was for Hemingway a potent symbol of the world, which he viewed as complex, filled with moral ambiguities , and offering almost unavoidable pain, hurt, and destruction. To survive in such a world, and perhaps emerge victorious, one must conduct oneself with honour, courage, endurance, and dignity, a set of principles known as “the Hemingway code.” To behave well in the lonely, losing battle with life is to show “grace under pressure” and constitutes in itself a kind of victory, a theme clearly established in The Old Man and the Sea. Hemingway’s prose style was probably the most widely imitated of any in the 20th century. He wished to strip his own use of language of inessentials, ridding it of all traces of verbosity, embellishment, and sentimentality.

In striving to be as objective and honest as possible, Hemingway hit upon the device of describing a series of actions by using short, simple sentences from which all comment or emotional rhetoric has been eliminated. These sentences are composed largely of nouns and verbs, have few adjectives and adverbs, and rely on repetition and rhythm for much of their effect. The resulting terse, concentrated prose is concrete and unemotional yet is often resonant and capable of conveying great irony through understatement. Hemingway’s use of dialogue was similarly fresh, simple, and natural-sounding. The influence of this style was felt worldwide wherever novels were written, particularly from the 1930s through the ’50s. A consummately contradictory man, Hemingway achieved a fame surpassed by few, if any, American authors of the 20th century. The virile nature of his writing, which attempted to re-create the exact physical sensations he experienced in wartime, big-game hunting, and bullfighting, in fact masked an aesthetic sensibility of great delicacy. He was a celebrity long before he reached middle age, but his popularity continues to be validated by serious critical opinion.

Question: Which American writer won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954?
Answer: Ernest Hemmingway