Imeni Ismail Samani Peak | mountain, Tajikistan | Britannica.com Imeni Ismail Samani Peak Alternative Titles: Communism Peak, Pik Kommunizma, Stalin Peak Similar Topics Nanga Parbat Imeni Ismail Samani Peak, formerly Communism Peak or Stalin Peak, peak, western Pamirs , northeastern Tajikistan . Located in the Akademii Nauk Range , it rises to 24,590 feet (7,495 metres) and is the highest point in Tajikistan and in the range. It was first climbed by a Russian team in 1933. Learn More in these related articles: Pamirs highland region of Central Asia. The Pamir mountain area centres on the nodal orogenic uplift known as the Pamir Knot, from which several south-central Asian mountain ranges radiate, including the Hindu Kush, the Karakoram Range, the Kunlun Mountains, and the Tien Shan. Most of the Pamirs lie... Tajikistan country lying in the heart of Central Asia. It is bordered by Kyrgyzstan on the north, China on the east, Afghanistan on the south, and Uzbekistan on the west and northwest.

Tajikistan includes the Gorno-Badakhshan (“Mountain Badakhshan”) autonomous region, with its capital at Khorugh... Relief ...of the country. The ice-clad peaks of the Pamir mountain system occupy the southeast. Some of Central Asia’s highest mountains, notably the Soviet-named Lenin (23,405 feet [7,134 metres]) and Communism (24,590 feet [7,495 metres]) peaks, are found in the northern portion of the Pamirs. The valleys, though important for Tajikistan’s human geography, make up less than one-tenth of the... More about Imeni Ismail Samani Peak 5 References found in Britannica Articles Assorted References Corrections? Updates? Help us improve this article! Contact our editors with your feedback. MEDIA FOR: You have successfully emailed this. Error when sending the email. Try again later. Edit Mode Submit Tips For Editing We welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. You can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind. Encyclopædia Britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience.

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Close Article Title: Imeni Ismail Samani Peak Website Name: Encyclopædia Britannica Date Published: April 13, 2009 URL: Access Date: January 19, 2017 Share Communism Peak and Korzhenevskaya Peak expedition 2017 Communism Peak and Korzhenevskaya Peak expedition 2017 Prices in 2017 (per person) 30.08 Communism (Ismoil Somoni) Peak (7495 m) and Korzhenevskaya (7105 m) Peak expedition. Mountaineering program 2017. Economic package. Price - 1500 U$/pax (economic package) This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Phone: +99898 3039846 Day 1-2 Arrival to Dushanbe, than transfer to Dzhirgital (7 hours drive). Day 3 Helicopter flight to Base Camp (Moskvin's glade). Day 4-41 Acclimatization and climbing.

Day 42 Helicopter flight to Dzhirgital and a transfer to Dushanbe Day 43 Departure from Dushanbe. Price of economic package includes: - Registration - Meetings/seeing-off at the airport - Transfer Dushanbe-Dzhirgital-Dushanbe - Helicopter flights from Dzhirgital to BC and back (Personal cargo 20 kg max.

An overload – 4,5U$/kilo) - Accommodation in hotel (2 nights) - Use of an infrastructure of BC (a place for tents, water (not boiled), a toilet, an electricity, a first-aid post, a left-luggage office) Price of economic package does not include: - Accommodation in stationary houses/tents at BC - 8U$ / 10U$ / day / pax - Breakfast - 10U$ - Gas bottle (230 mg) new - 8U$ / item - Refueling of gas bottle (230 mg) - 3U$ / item - Satellite phone - under price-list - Rent of high-altitude tent - 7U$ / day - Rent of mobile portable radio set - 5U$ / day - The mountain guide service – 48 U$ /day - Porters: Above 6300м-28U$ / kg Your guides We recommend your group to be accompanied by one or more Mountain Guides of ClimberCA consortium, made under direction of Ilyas Tuhvatullin. For further information and booking please e-mail us This email address is being protected from spambots.

You need JavaScript enabled to view it. The recommended guide:climber ratio is 1:3. Communism (Ismoil Somoni) Peak (7495 m) and Korzhenevskaya (7105 m) Peak expedition. Mountaineering program 2017. Complete package. Price - 2500 U$/pax (complete package) This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Phone: +99898 3039846 Day 1-2 Arrival to Dushanbe, than transfer to Dzhirgital (7 hours drive). Day 3 Helicopter flight to Base Camp (Moskvin's glade). Day 4-41 Acclimatization and climbing. Day 42 Helicopter flight to Dzhirgital and a transfer to Dushanbe Day 43 Departure from Dushanbe.

Price of complete package includes: - Registration - Meetings/seeing-off at the airport - Transfer Dushanbe-Dzhirgital-Dushanbe - Helicopter flights from Dzhirgitalja to BC and back (Personal cargo 30 kg max. An overload – 4,5 U$ / kilo). - Accommodation in hotel (2 nights) - Full board in BC - Accommodation in tents at BC - Shower, sauna (1 time/week) Price of complete package does not include: - Gas bottle (230 mg) new - 8U$ / item - Refueling of gas bottle (230 mg) - 3U$ / item - Satellite phone - under price-list - Rent of high-altitude tent - 7U$ / day - Rent of mobile portable radio set - 5U$ / day - The mountain guide service – 48 U$ /day - Porters: For further information and to booking please contact us via This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Your guides We recommend your group to be accompanied by one or more Mountain Guides of ClimberCA consortium, made under direction of Ilyas Tuhvatullin. For further information and booking please e-mail us This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. The recommended guide:climber ratio is 1:3. Ismoil Somoni Peak (Communism Peak) satellite informationn Ismoil Somoni Peak (Communism Peak) is the highest mountain in Tajikistan and in the former Soviet Union (elevation 7,495 m, prominence 3,402 m Coordinates 38°55'00''N 72°01'00''E), recently named after Ismoil Somoni, the ancestor of the Samanid dynasty.

When the existence of a peak in the Soviet Pamir Mountains higher than Lenin Peak (now called Ibn Sina Peak) was first established in 1928, the mountain was tentatively identified with Garmo Peak; but as the result of the work of further Soviet expeditions, it became clear by 1932 that they were not the same, and in 1933 the new peak, from the Akademiya Nauk Range, was named Stalin Peak, after Joseph Stalin. In 1962, the name was changed to Communism Peak, and in 1998 to its current name. The first ascent was made in 1933 by the Soviet mountaineer Yevgeniy Abalakov. Peak Korzhenevskaya satellite information Peak Korzhenevskaya is the third highest peak (elevation 7,105 m, prominence 1,650 m) in the Pamir Mountains of Tajikistan. It is one of the five "Snow Leopard Peaks" in the territory of the former Soviet Union. It is named after Evgenia Korzhenevskaya, the wife of Russian geographer Nikolai L.

Korzhenevskiy, who discovered the peak in August 1910. Due to transliteration and declension issues the peak's name is rendered in many different ways, including Korzhenevski, Korzhenevskoi, and Korzhenievsky. Peak Korzhenevskaya lies about 13 km (8 mi) north of Ismoil Somoni Peak (formerly Communism Peak), the highest point of the Pamirs in the territory of the former Soviet Union. It forms the end of the northwest fork of the Akademiya Nauk Range, the north-south trending subrange which forms the core of the Pamirs. It rises on the south bank of the Muksu River, and to the west of the peak is the Fortambek Glacier. While most of the Akademiya Nauk Range is in Tajikistan's Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province (GBAO), Peak Korzhenevskaya is located a little to the west of the GBAO line, in Jirgatol district (Region of Republican Subordination).

Peak Korzhenevskaya is one of the five 7,000 m peaks of the former Soviet Union (this counts Khan Tengri, which is more often given as 6,995 m) that were required for a climber to be awarded the Snow Leopard award, the highest honor given to Soviet mountaineers. It is usually said to be the second easiest of these peaks to climb, after Lenin Peak. However it is not a easy mountain; its rise above local terrain rivals that of Ismoil Somoni Peak, since it is closer to the deep valley of the Muksu River. In 1937 D. Gushchin led an attempt on the peak which reached the lower summit (6,910 m). Korzhenevskaya was first climbed in 1953 by a party led by A. Ugarov; the summit team comprised Ugarov, B. Dimitriev, A. Goziev, A. Kovyrkov, L. Krasavin, E. Ryspajev, R. Sielidzanov, and P. Skorobogatov.

They approached via the Fortambek Glacier, to the Korzhenevsky glacier, and thence to the north ridge. Partly since it is required for the Snow Leopard award, Peak Korzhenevskaya has been climbed many times; it is the second most frequented major peak in the Pamirs, after Lenin Peak. A base camp on the moraine of the Moskvin Glacier, and helicopter access, make this possible. Peak Korzhenevskaya has been climbed from almost every direction, including a first winter ascent in 1986; most of these ascents were by Russians. The most common current route on the mountain ascends from the south and attains the summit ridge from the west side.

Sources: 40 Killed Climbing Mountain Soviet Disaster Feared Among World`s Worst - tribunedigital-sunsentinel 40 Killed Climbing Mountain Soviet Disaster Feared Among World`s Worst July 18, 1990|The New York Times MOSCOW -- One of the worst tragedies in the history of mountain climbing has claimed the lives of at least 40 members of an international team killed on Friday by an avalanche in the remote Pamir mountains in the Soviet Union near the Chinese border, government reports said. The victims were buried when an earth tremor destabilized a mass of snow and debris, which fell onto a climbers` camp about two miles below the acme of Lenin Peak in the Central Asian range, the highest in the nation. The victims included 27 Soviet climbers, principally a 23-member Leningrad team led by Leonid Troshchinenko, one of the nation`s leading climbers, Soviet officials said. They said the dead also included six Czechoslovak climbers, four Israelis, two Swiss and a Spaniard. Three other climbers have not been accounted for, and there have been conflicting reports on whether they died.

``This is a tragedy unprecedented in Soviet and, I think, world mountaineering,`` said Vladimir Shatayev, the Soviet state sports committee mountaineering coach, quoted by Tass, the Soviet press agency. What experts rate as the worst previous climbing tragedy occurred in December 1952, when a large team of Soviet climbers perished in an assault on Mount Everest. Soviet officials have never acknowledged the loss, but Polish climbing experts reported that 40 climbers died in that tragedy. The Pamir victims were part of a 140-member expedition climbing Lenin Peak, most of whom scrambled to safety as the avalanche roared down the face of the mountain, Tass reported. It struck their camp on an alpine ledge known as the frying pan, a resting spot on the way up the 23,456-foot-high mountain. It is the third-highest in the nation, and one of the most fascinating to sports mountaineers. The Pamirs, which contain some of the most challenging alpine treks in the world, rise up as a forbidding snow-capped swath of the border regions of Tadzhikistan and Kirghizia.

They include Communism Peak, the highest in the Soviet Union at 24,584 feet, and more than 1,000 glaciers, some of them 40 miles wide. The frying pan camp has been used for six decades by climbers pausing in their ascent of Lenin Peak, part of the Pamirs` highest central peaks, which lie between the Tersagar and Kyzylart passes. ``Camps for 100 and sometimes more people have been set up at this place since 1974,`` Shatayev told Tass. ``Nobody could expect what happened. Deep snow is hindering rescue work. Efforts to find bodies have been in vain.`` He said the initial estimate was that 43 climbers died but that more recent reports indicate the total may have been 40. ``Evidently the other three managed to survive,`` Shatayev said, describing reports from some climbers that these three darted to safer ground ``at the moment the avalanche swept down.`` MORE: Lenin Peak Expedition. Climb Lenin Peak. Lenin Peak Expedition. Climb Lenin Peak.

Duration of the tour: 21 days The number of climbers in the group: 2-15 Elevation: 7134 m Lat/Lon: 39.34690°N/72.86920°E Peculiarity: High altitude climbing, mountaineering Season: July - August; Base Camp in 2017, will operate between 1 July and 1 September 2017. All inclusive GUIDED tours with guaranteed departure dates: Available Maximum comfortable packs, ideal for entry-level climbers: Available The cost of international flights: Not included The cost of local flight: Included (In Bishkek - Bishkek packages only) The cost of personal insurance: Not included Personal equipment: Not included. Please note that we do not rent plastic boots, crampons, ice axes, carabiners, belay systems, ascender / descender devices, warm clothes, sleeping bags, sleeping mats and other items of personal use. The development of the tour in accordance with customer's requirements: Yes. Please note that we do not do registration in the border zone separately from the tour.

The price of the complete basic package in 2017: 1190 USD/pax / 1020 USD/pax (self guided). High-Altitude guide: Yes, in the framework of fixed dates packages or on an individual query to the entire 21 day program. The cost of the services of a high-altitude guide: 1 guide for 1 pax – 1300 USD 1 guide for 2 pax – 1560 USD 1 guide for 3 pax – 1740 USD The maximum ratio guide - customers: 1:3 Quick reference phone: +99898 3039846 - telegram e-mail - This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it. Note: ClimberCA offers to you the best service & the firm prices of all kind of services we offer on our web-pages. Some services, which we offer to you, are truly unexampled.

from 2 July to 22 July from 9 July to 29 July from 16 July to 5 August from 23 July to 12 August from 30 July to 19 August from 6 August to 26 August from 13 August to 2 September Program cost Bishkek-Bishkek in 2017:2050 USD/pax. Program cost Osh-Osh in 2017: 1925 USD/pax. We invite participants for the season 2017. Base Camp in 2017, will operate between 1 July and 1 September 2017 Climb Lenin Peak Situated in the Pamirs on the border between Kyrgyzstan and Tadjikistan, close to the borders with China and Afghanistan, Lenin Peak is one of only five 7000 meter peaks in the former USSR.

At 7134 meters it is the third highest, the others being Peak Communism (7495m) and Korzhenevsky (7105m), both in the Pamirs, and Peak Pobeda (7,439m) and Khan Tengri (7010m) in the Tien Shan. To climb all five admits you to the elite group of Russian climbers known as Snow Leopards. Lenin Peak is considered the most accessible 7000-meter mountain. There is a high way going almost to the foot of the peak. Also Lenin Peak by the normal Razdelny route is practically no technical climbing involved. Route Description Base camp is situated on a raised meadow between two steep river valleys. The ground is a carpet of wild garlic and alpine flowers. From BC we head over the Puteshestvinnikov Pass (4200m). The ascent usually takes 1-1.5 hours by a good path. Sometimes there is snow on the pass. Then we descend to the left moraine of the Lenin glacier. Further we should cross the river carefully.

The best time for crossing is early morning, as the river rises rapidly throughout at this time. Across the left moraine of glacier to the Lenin glacier (4100m) and hike to camp 1 (4400 m). From camp 1 at 4400 meters, we cross the dry Lenin Glacier and ascend the long snow slopes which run directly to the summit (north face). At 5000 meters we traverse to the west and, ascending gently, we arrive at the rim of a large snow basin. We cross this, traversing beneath Razdelny Peak. A short climb up a scree/snow slope leads to camp 2. There are a few crevasses on this section of the route but it is straightforward snow plodding. It is, however, a long and tiring day, and an early start is needed to avoid the worst effects of the sun. Directly above camp 2 is an easy-angled couloir which leads to the north ridge of Razdelny Peak (6148 meters). Initially the ridge is almost level, but as we approach Razdelny Peak the angle steeples.

The final 400 meter climb to the summit of Razdelny Peak is straight-forward but the effects of altitude make it hard work. The views from the summit are superb. To the north we can finally get the true perspective of the Alai Plain while to the south there are a multitude of snowy peaks. Peak Communism and Korzhenevsky dominate our view of the south Pamirs. Further east the Wakhan and Hindu Kush are clearly visible, and on a good day it is possible to make out Tirich Mir. From Razdelny Peak the ridge dog-legs to the west and drops down 100 meters to Razdelny Pass at 6000 meters. It is here that we will make camp 3. From camp 3 the whole of the summit ridge is visible. From here we will have two options. Either we climb directly to the summit and back to camp 3 in one long day, or we place a fourth camp at about 6400 meters. From camp 3 we follow the broad ridge to a plateau (the site of camp 4) at 6400 meters.

We traverse this back to the ridge proper where it steepens to form a short step which is turned on the north side. Above this the ridge is broken and rocky until we reach a large snow plateau. We traverse this and rejoin the ridge just below the summit. The summit at 7134 meters is crowned by a number of plaques, including one of Lenin himself. The views, as you would expect, are outstanding and stretch right across the Pamirs to Mustagh Ata and Kongur in China. Further in the distance is the Hindu Kush and further west still the Karakoram. Sample program: 21 days Day 1. Arrival in Bishkek, accommodation in a hotel Day 2. Flight to Osh, transfer Osh-Achik-Tash BC. Day 3. Acclimatization ascent of Petrovskogo peak. Day 4. Descent to the base camp. Day 5. Preparation day Day 6. Climb to the camp1. 4400 m. Day 7. Climb to the camp2. 5300 m. Day 8. Climb to the camp3. 6200 m. Day 9.

Descent to the camp1. Day 10. Descent to the base camp 3600 m. Day 11. Rest day. Day 13. Climb to camp1. Day 14. Climb to camp2. Day 15. Climb to camp3. Day 16. Climb to camp4. 6400 m. Day 17. Ascent of the summit 7134 m. and descent to the camp3. Day 18. Descent to the camp1. Day 19. Descent to the base camp. 3600 m. Day 20. Transfer to Osh. Day 21. Flight to Bishkek. Accommodation in a hotel Please note that the above itinerary is intended to be a guideline only. Unforeseen problems with team fitness could occur and there is always the threat of bad weather to force last minute changes. This period will also include essential rest days taken at Base Camp. Price of AI tour in 2017: Bishkek - Bishkek - 2050 USD per person.

Price of AI tour in 2017: Osh-Osh - 1925 USD per person.

Transport schedule Osh - BC “Achik Tash” for 2017: July 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21, 24, 26, 28, 30, 31 August 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18 Transport schedule BC “Achik Tash” - Osh for 2017: July 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 25, 27, 29, 31 August 1, 2, 3, 

4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31 The cost of extra services: Mountain Guide services: 1 guide for 1 person – 1300 USD 1 guide for 2 persons – 1560 USD 1 guide for 3 persons – 1740 USD * Guide is working with the client during whole program beginning from Base Camp “Achik Tash” on 3600 m.

Porter Services: Base Camp (3600 m) – Camp1 (4400m) - 3 USD per kg Camp 1 (4400 m) – Camp2 (5300m) - 6 USD per kg Camp 2 (5300 m) – Camp3 (6100 m) - 8 USD per kg Camp 1 (4400m) – Camp3 (6100m) - 14 USD per kg * We are counting carrying up and carrying down the baggage separately. The price for carrying up and carrying down is the same. Equipment: Rent of high altitude tent – 80 USD per tent. Rent of already installed high altitude tent – 70 USD per night. * Usually we use ARCTIC FOX SILICONE and FOX EXPLORER tents. High altitude food (high altitude food is preparing by yourself) – 120 USD per set. Gas cartridge Kovea (230ml, screw) – 9 USD per balloon. Rent of rope - 80 USD for program. Rent of cooking set – 25 USD per set.

Rent of gas stove – 25 USD per stove. Equipment for camps 2 and 3 for Lenin Peak At the camp 2 at the height 5300m a.s.l. and the camp 3 at the height 6200m a.s.l. there are tents FOX EXPLORER for double/triple accommodation and ARCTIC FOX SILICONE for double accommodation. Pamir: Communism peak climbing Pamir: Communism (Somoni) peak climbing. 32 days, from Dushanbe. Region: Tadjikistan, Pamir, Academii Nauk (Academy Of Sciences) range Activity: mountaineering Trip Category: regular Difficulty: difficult, need of special skill and full set of mountaineering gear. 2 nights hotel accommodation, 25 nights at tents. Season: July-August. Helicopter flights Dushanbe- Jirgital- Moskvina BC- Jirgital- Dushanbe: July, 18, 19 ; August, 16, 29, 30. (Note: this timetable may be subject to change!

Bold: main dates; Regular: spare dates) Special offer: Lenin peak + Communism (Somoni) and/or Korjenevskoy peaks ( for details)! Special offer: Lenin peak from the South side - 1 week side trip from the Moskvina Glade BC. us for details! NEW! Pamir - one of the interpretation of the origin of the word is "The Roof of The World" is one of the world's biggest and highest (up to 7,495 m - Communism peak) mountain land on the south of Central Asia where virtually all kinds of mountain outdoors are possible - from medium trekking to extremely difficult mountaineering. The entire area keeps ecological purity and untouched wild nature so far because of practically absent of industrial development and very rare population. Communism Peak (renamed to "Ismoili Somoni") - the highest mountain of Tajikistan and former USSR - is located in Akademii Nauk (Academy of Sciences) Range. Discovered by Tadjik Complex Expedition (leader - N.P. Gorbunov) in 1932. First ascent (East Ridge) - Sept.

3, 1933, Eugeny Abalakov and Nikolay Gorbunov. The mountain's name has an interesting and very politized history. The 1st name was Pik Garmo until 1933, then it was changed to Stalin Peak after the current leader of Soviet Union. If you take a look at the area's map, the surrounded names are suited the Uncle Joe: NKVD and Beriya (after the predessor of KGB and it's bloody leader) glaciers and so on. In 1962, after Nikita Khrustcev took over the ortodox stalinists in Politburo, it was renamed to Communism Peak. After the collapse of USSR, in 1998 it was next time changed to Ismaili Somoni (Ismail Samani or Ismoil Somoni), but so far the peak is widely known as Communism 'cause not very much people know who the great guy Somoni is (in fact, it is believed he was the foundator of ancient Tadjik state). Communism Peak is a huge mountain looks like a giant heavily glaciated wall, despite it rising above a dry, barren region.

The common way (via Borodkin Spur and Dushanbe Peak) lays through interesting natural phenomena: Pamirskoye Firnovoe Plato (PFP, Pamir's Neve Plateau)- neve and snow-covered flat ground of a size of few football stadiums, rised to the altitude of about 6,000 m! Climbing Communism peak is real mountaineering adventure involving full set of mountainering (mostly ice) gear and it needs good acclimatization and previous mountaineering background. It is good idea to climb Lenin or Korjenevskoy peak as a preparation for Communism peak (see corresponding chapters). Base camp for Communism (Somoni), Korjenevskoy and Lenin peak South is situated on a alpine meadow in the upper part of Fortambek gorge.

The facilities include:  Stationary dining room (cafe) with 80 seats  ideal cozy place for evening with a kitchen, bar, TV set, DVD player, chess, checkers and backgammon;  Frame tents (2 persons per tent) put upon the wooden pad with mattresses and electricity;  Shower/sauna;  City version of WC  it is equipped with waste tanks and toilet paper. Furthermore there are convenient facilities for washing with warm water, soap and mirror;  Cloak-room;  Surgeries with all necessary medical supplies including oxygen facilities for high quality first aid assistance. Experienced reanimation doctor with high-altitude work experience can give you high quality aid assistance at any time. He is responsible for examining, advising you about your health during the tour;  Volleyball play-field;  Special high-altitude rescue team capable of rendering most diverse rescue services including transportation at altitudes above 7000 m. Registration of climbers in special ascent book is required.

Well also give you a certificate when you descend;  3 times hot meal from professional cooks whose experience of work no less than 10 years (vegetarian meals and personal order meals are possible);  Internet access and satellite telephone;  Rent of mountaineering equipment, portable radio stations; sell and refilling of gas canisters. Itinerary (Variant 1 from Dushanbe, full package): Day 1 Helicopter flight to Jirgital and transfer to Dushanbe. Overnight in hotel. Day 32 Transfer hotel-airport. Departure from Dushanbe. Note: the itinerary of above is draft one and should be subject to adjust to meet weather conditions, helicopter flights schedule, participants' wishes, etc.

Cost: $2500 per person (no group size limit!) Included: visa support, OVIR registration, meeting/seeing off at airport, transfers in Dushanbe, transportation Dushanbe-Jirgital-Dushanbe (minibus), flight Jirgital-Moskvina BC (up to 30 kg payload per person free, EUR4,5 for each additional kilo) and return, 2 nights hotel accomodation in Dushanbe (DBL BB, **), 1 night hotel accommodation in Jirgital, all local fees, full board in BC: tent accommodation (2-3 person tents w/wooden floor and electricity), 3 time a day hot meals, toilet, sauna, hot shower and cloak room service, 1st aid medical service in BC, guide-consultant and iterpreter in BC. Not included: Travel to and from Dushanbe, visa fees, alcoholic beverages and other luxuries, personal items, insurance and cost of rescue team support, food away from BC, climbing guide and porters service. Options.

You can combine climbing of Communism Peak with climbing Korjenevskoy (Korjenevskaya) Peak (7105 m) ! The arrival and departure point can be changed with Bishkek, Almaty or Tashkent. Direct flight from Dushanbe to BC and return (see timetable on the very top). Hotel accommodation in Dushanbe, Bishkek, Tashkent and Almaty (from * to *****), transfers in Bishkek, Tashkent and Almaty, visa support, additional excursions, climbing guide and porter service, butane gas catridges and catridge refill for stoves in BC, radio (including walkie-talkie rental) and sat communications, internet access, bar, additional days in BC, gear rental (ask us for the price-list!). Cost (light package): $1600 per person (no group size limit!).

Included: visa support, transfer airport-hotel-airport, 2 nights private house accommodation in Dushanbe, 1 night GH accommodation in Jirgital, transfer Dushanbe-Jirgital and return, helicopter flight Jirgital -Moskvina BC (up to 20 kg payload per person free, EUR 4,5 for each additional kilo) and return, services in BC - places for tents, water, toilet, electricity, 1st aid. Not included: Travel to and from Dushanbe, visa fees, services in BC except listed above, personal items, insurance and cost of rescue team support, food away from BC, climbing guide and porters service.. Options. You can combine climbing of Communism Peak with climbing Korjenevskoy (Korjenevskaya) Peak (7105 m) and Lenin peak from the South (7134 m) ! The arrival and departure point can be changed with Bishkek, Almaty or Tashkent. Direct flight from Dushanbe to BC and return (see timetable on the very top).

Hotel and room accommodation in Bishkek, Tashkent and Almaty (from * to *****), meeting/transfers in Dushanbe, Bishkek, Tashkent and Almaty, additional excursions, tent or hut accommodation (2-4 person tents and huts) and meals in BC, (including full board option), sauna and hot shower in BC, guide-instructor and iterpreter in BC, radio (including walkie-talkie rental) and sat communications, internet, bar, climbing guide and porter service, butane gas catridges and catridge refill for stoves in BC, gear rental, single supplement (ask us for the price-list!). Lenin peak (7134 m) from the South side (NEW!) Day 1 Pamirs | mountain region, Asia | Britannica.com mountain region, Asia Karl Marx Peak Pamirs, also called Pamir, highland region of Central Asia . The Pamir mountain area centres on the nodal orogenic uplift known as the Pamir Knot, from which several south-central Asian mountain ranges radiate, including the Hindu Kush , the Karakoram Range , the Kunlun Mountains , and the Tien Shan .

Most of the Pamirs lie within Tajikistan , but the fringes penetrate Afghanistan , China , and Kyrgyzstan . The core of the Pamirs is in the highlands of Tajikistan, with the highest mountains in the Gorno-Badakhshan autonomous oblast (province). The Kunlun and Pamir mountain ranges. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. The word pamir in the language of the region denotes the high undulating grasslands of the eastern portion of the mountains, especially where they abut Afghanistan and China. Deep river valleys mark the boundaries of the Pamirs in the north beyond the ridges of the Trans-Alai Range , and the valleys of the Vākhān region (Wakhan Corridor) of Afghanistan form the southern limit. The Sarykol pamir in the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang in western China bounds the eastern margin, and a series of southwestern-aligned valleys that eventually drain into the Vakhsh and Panj rivers serrate the western boundary. Physical features Physiography The Pamirs are a combination of east-west and north-south ranges, with the former predominating.

The east-west Trans-Alai Range , which forms the northern frame of the Pamirs, falls steeply to the intermontane Alai Valley. The high central part of the Trans-Alai, between the Tersagar Pass on the west and Kyzylart on the east, averages between 19,000 and 20,000 feet (5,800 and 6,100 metres), reaching its highest point at Lenin (Ibn Sīnā) Peak , 23,405 feet (7,134 metres). South from the Trans-Alai extend three north-south ranges. Of these the western, the Akademii (Akademiya) Nauk Range , and the central, Zulumart, are relatively short; the eastern, the Sarykol Range , forms the border between Tajikistan and China. The mountains east of the Sarykol Range are sometimes called the Chinese Pamirs. Lenin (Ibn Sīnā) Peak, in the western Pamirs, border of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan.

Mario Biondi Open Door policy The high tablelands of the eastern Pamirs are the prime breeding area of the mountain goat and the argali (Marco Polo) wild sheep ; occasional sightings of blue sheep and urial are reported. Ibex are common where human activity is minimal, and markhor inhabit the lower ranges between the Panj and Vakhsh rivers. Brown bears feed on the abundant marmots, as do wolves. Relatively strict prohibitions against the hunting of wild sheep and goats have resulted in sufficient prey to support a small population of snow leopards. Lammergeiers (bearded vulture) and Himalayan griffons frequent the highest peaks, while partridges, pheasant, and snow cocks are found in the western mountains. Large numbers of migratory waterfowl flying between Siberia and South Asia visit the eastern Pamirs. People and the economy Turkic-speaking Kyrgyz populate the eastern Pamirs, while Mountain Tajiks live in the western valleys.

The Mountain Tajik are Ismāʿīlī Shīʿite Muslims who speak several eastern Iranian languages (the most common are Wakhi and Shugni), and almost all also speak the Tajiki language of the lowland-dwelling Tajiks of Tajikistan and Afghanistan, who are largely Sunni Muslims. Kyrgyz mosque in the Pamirs, western Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, China. Dugald Bremner/Stone In the portion of the Pamirs in the Kǔhistoni-Badakhshon autonomous region of Tajikistan, the great bulk of the population lives above 5,000 feet (1,500 metres), and no settlement is located below 11,500 feet (3,500 metres) in the Kyrgyz sector. Of those residing in the eastern area, most migrate in the course of their annual pastoral tasks. At high elevations, the Kyrgyz exhibit much greater longevity and lower infant mortality than the Tajiks. Substantial population movement has occurred since 1940, when the majority of the residents of the western Pamirs were forcibly removed to the irrigated cotton communes established on the broad river plains in Tajikistan.

Agropastoral activities, often associated with communal farms, occupy the remaining inhabitants of the Pamirs. Population pressure in Tajikistan—which has a high birth rate and a large proportion of its population living in poverty—has made it necessary to establish new settlements and farms in the western Pamir valleys. This resettlement of formerly depopulated valleys is most evident in the Surkhob and Obikhingou valleys upstream from the huge hydroelectric dams at Norak and Roghun on the Vakhsh River. Khorog and Qalaikhum in Gorno-Badakhshan, both on the right bank of the Panj River, are the major southwestern centres; Gharm, Tojikobod, and Jirgatol in Tajikistan are modern small towns in the northwest; and Murghob in Kǔhistoni-Badakhshon is the focus of activity in the eastern Pamirs. Taxkorgan is the only town in the Chinese Pamirs. In the Vākhān region during the 1980s, the Kyrgyz abandoned their settlements, and the dispersed Mountain Tajik communities gathered into tight clusters as a result of civil strife caused by the Afghan War .

The high-elevation pastoralism practiced in the eastern Pamirs is devoted to yaks and related crossbreeds, sheep, and goats; barley, pulses, rapeseed, potatoes, and other root vegetables are the main crops of this region. In the valleys of the western Pamirs, the former Soviet government mandated the cultivation of cotton and other crops. Large orchards—notably of apples, pears, and apricots, as well as vineyards—line many western valleys and foothills between 5,000 and 6,500 feet (1,500 and 2,000 metres). Wheat is the dominant grain and corn (maize) the chief winter fodder. Cattle are replacing sheep and goats as principal livestock in the western valleys. Motor-vehicle tracks reach all settlements in the Pamirs, and there is frequent air service to many small towns. Large passenger helicopters serve isolated locations on an infrequent basis. Jeep tracks constructed in the 1980s support the Mountain Tajik living in the Vākhān region of Afghanistan.

A major frontier road facilitates the movement of military garrisons in the Tajik and Kyrgyz portions of the Pamirs and links Tajikistan with the city of Osh in Kyrgyzstan. A major route along the old Karatikin Silk Road up the Surkhob and Kyzylsu rivers and the Alai Valley runs from Tajikistan through southern Kyrgyzstan to China. In the Chinese Pamirs, the extension of the Karakoram Highway serves the Sarykol and Subashi pamir through the western extension of the Kunlun Mountains. Study and exploration From the 1st through the 7th century ce, three branches of the Silk Road crossed the Pamirs. The 2nd-century Alexandrian scholar Ptolemy referred to the mountains as Comedae in his Guide to Geography. Troops of Tang-dynasty China invaded the Pamirs in 747 but withdrew shortly thereafter. The Venetian traveler Marco Polo may have traversed the Vākhān region en route to Cathay (China), but it was not known to Europe until 1603 when the Spanish Jesuit missionary Benedict de Goes reported on his travels through the area.

As Konstantin Petrovich Kaufmann conquered successive Central Asian khanates for Russia during the mid-19th century, British representatives—such as John Wood in the 1830s—sought a suitable physiographic boundary between Russian Central Asia and British India. The legendary journeys of the Englishman Ney Elias brought an enlightened European view of the region and its peoples, one without military or political bias. Political control of the mountains was settled in 1891 when tsarist forces rebuffed the British at Bozai Gombaz (Bazai Gombad) in the southern Pamirs. Russian and British negotiators subsequently established the new buffer state of Afghanistan —including the narrow Wakhan Corridor (now the Vākhān region)—between their respective territories. The boundaries between China and Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan in the Pamirs, however, have remained in dispute. Peaks of the Pamirs rising above a portion of the Silk Road (foreground), Uygur Autonomous Region … © Nniud/Fotolia Exploration in the late 19th century was dominated by Russian scientists, who studied glaciation, geology , botany, and zoology.

During this period, expeditions by other countries became infrequent, and the Danish expedition of 1898–99 signaled the end of indiscriminate European incursion into Russian-controlled Central Asian territory. Other expeditions, including the much-touted foray by the British statesman Lord Curzon in 1894, only scouted the fringes of the Pamirs. During the Soviet period , explorations in the Pamirs became systematic. In 1928 an expedition explored the region of the Fedchenko Glacier, making possible the first accurate topographical maps of the northwestern Pamirs. This was followed in the early 1930s by the establishment of a high-elevation hydrologic and meteorologic observatory—the first of its kind—at an elevation of about 15,700 feet (4,800 metres) on a lateral moraine of the glacier . The laboratory has produced much valuable scientific data on the physical properties of the Pamirs. In one study, the superior adaptation to high-elevation living by the Kyrgyz, compared to the Tajik, has been a subject of physiological research.

Many mountain-climbing and trekking groups visit the Pamir region each year; most activity occurs in the Trans-Alai Range, including Lenin Peak. Lenin Peak Expedition. Climb Lenin Peak. Lenin peak's range climbing Map Lenin Peak Expedition. Climb Lenin Peak. Lenin peak's range climbing Lenin Peak Fixed Dates Guided "Lenin peak 2015" with experienced guide.

Dates: Dates: 01.07.2015пїЅ22.07.2015, 23.07.2015 - 12.08.2015, 27.07.2015 - 16.08.2015, 11.08.2015 - 31.08.2015 price: 2160 USD Special offer Lenin Peak 2015 Expedition to Lenin Peak with guaranteed installed high altitude tents on 5300 m, 6200 m; group equipment: rope, gas and gas stoves, cooking set; high altitude food price: 1230 EUR More >> Backcontry camp at Lenin peak Before hundreds of climbers from all over the world come and lay the path to the summit. Before the Camps 5300m and 6100m are overcrowded. This is the time when every step of the previous climber is not possible to find the next day.

price: 675 EUR More >> Fixed dates expedition to Lenin Peak 11 July to 31 July, 14 July to 3 August, 1 August to 21 August пїЅ 4 August to 24 August. With an experienced high altitude guide; Installed high altitude tents on 5300 пїЅ and 6200 пїЅ; Group equipment: rope, gas and gas stoves, cooking set; High altitude food. price: 1540 EUR Speed climbing to Lenin peak. Speed ascent to Lenin peak. Lenin Peak is the highest summit of Zailiysky Range. Its height is 7134 meters above sea level. price: 625 EUR Expedition пїЅ3 7000+m peaks of PamirпїЅ 2015 Expedition пїЅ3 7000+m peaks of PamirпїЅ 2015; Basic program Bishkek-Bishkek price: 3400 EUR Lenin Peak Expedition 2015 Facts of Lenin Peak. In accordance with your desire we can arrange a summit attempt expedition on any of these three routes chosen by you.

price: 790 EUR Lenin Peak - Ibn Sina Peak (7134 m.) Note: - Climbing to 7000m requires excellent physical fitness and good health. You must be able to walk at altitude for several days consecutively. Average walking time is around 6-7 hours per day. Daily altitude gain is about 500-800 m. You need to be able to handle adverse weather and be comfortable camping on snow covered ground. - Your insurance should permit you to work on a height above 4200 m. Expedition to Lenin Peak. Lenin Peak (Ibn Sina Peak) Ibn Sina Peak, formerly Lenin Peak (Russian: пїЅпїЅпїЅ пїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ, Tajik: Qullai Lenin; renamed Ibn Sina Peak in July 2006), rises to 7,134 m on the border between Kyrgyzstan and Tadjikistan, where the Pamirs and the Tian Shan come together. They form the border between Osh Province, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.

Lenin Peak is the highest peak in the Trans-Alay Range (also Trans Alai), which is the northernmost range of the Pamir Mountains. To the north is the Alay Valley. Lenin Peak is one of only five 7000 meter peaks in the former USSR. It was thought to be the highest point in the Pamirs until 1933, when Ismail Samani Peak (known as Stalin Peak at the time, lately renamed Communism Peak) was climbed and found to be more than 300 metres higher (7,495 m). At 7134 meters it is the third highest, the others being Peak Communism (7495m) and Korzhenevsky (7105m), both in the Pamirs, and Peak Pobeda (7,439m) and Khan Tengri (7010m) in the Tien Shan. To climb all five admits you to the elite group of Russian climbers known as Snow Leopards. Lenin Peak is considered the most accessible 7000-meter mountain. There is a high way going almost to the foot of the peak.

Also Lenin Peak by the normal Razdelny route is practically no technical climbing involved. History of development An Initial exploration of this part of Central Asia belongs to the period of time between 1774-1782 пїЅпїЅ. Arguably the first registered travel through the region is involuntary travel of slave Filipp Efremov (ethnic Russian), who escaped from slavery in Bukhara. He crossed the Fergana valley, then via Osh, the Chigirik Pass and Terekdavan Pass he reached the Kashgar and finally came over Karakorum. He was the first European who has crossed the Alai Mountains. Scientific expeditions to the Alai Mountains began since 1871, when Alexei Pavlovich Fedchenko has discovered Trans-Alai (Zaalayskiy) Range and its main peak. The first geographical expedition, which came most near to a bottom of the future Lenin Peak in the early 20th century, was arguably expedition of Nikolai Leopol'dovich Korzhenevskiy . In September 1928 three German researchers (E. Allwein, E. Schneider, K.

Wien) of Soviet-German scientific expedition, made the first attempt to reach the highest point of the Trans-Alai Range, which at that time had name Kaufman Peak. They started climbing upstream of the Saukdara river along the South slope of Trans-Alai Range. From the river head they continued climbing along the Greater Saukdara Glacier towards a saddle at an altitude 5820 m (this saddle is also known as the Krilenko Pass). On September 25, 1928 they started climbing from the saddle along the NE Ridge and at 15.30 they reached the first top of the Lenin Peak at an altitude 7127 m (23 382,55 ft.). The title Lenin Peak for the first time has been applied to the highest point of the Trans-Alai Range in the same year (1928). When it was renamed after Lenin it was believed to be the highest point in the USSR.

On September 8, 1934 at 16:20 three members of a Soviet expedition: Kasian Chernuha, Vitaly Abalakov and Ivan Lukin reached the peak at an altitude 7134 m (23 405,51 ft.). The attempt lasted for four days with three camps (5700 m., 6500 m. and 7000 m.). The expedition started routing from the Achik-Tash canyon in the Alai valley. The summit attempt itself was started along the Western ice slope of the Lenin glacier. They continued climbing along North Face, then passing the rocks that later was given name Lipkin's Rocks at the end of second day reached a crest-line of the NE ridge at an altitude about 6500 m. During following day and a half they climbed along the NE Ridge and utterly exhausted reached the summit. Three years later, in 1937 eight Soviet climbers under the direction of Lev Barkhash reached the summit by the same route. It was the third successful attempt at the time of beginning of mass political repressions in the Soviet Union. Many of most prominent Soviet climbers including Lev Barkhash were brought to trial.

Following attempts to climb Lenin Peak, could not begin until 1950, when the USSR began to recover from the Second World War. On August 14, 1950 twelve climbers (V. Aksenov, K, Zaporojchenko, Y. Izrael, V. Kovalev, A. Kormshikov, Y. Maslov, E. Nagel, V. Narishkin, V. Nikonov, V. Nozdryuhin, I. Rojkov) under the direction of Vladimir Racek reached the summit for the fourth time. All three Soviet expedition including Racec's expedition of 1950 were almost of the same route via NE Ridge. See The route, which now is known as classical, via the Razdelnaya Peak and NWпїЅ Ridge, was first routed in 1954 by the team of Soviet climbers under the direction of V. Kovalev (P. Karpov, E. Nagel, V. Narishkin, V. Nozdryuhin).

In 1960 a group of 8 Soviet climber made a successful attempt of direct climb along the North Face (15.08.1960). As it is now, in consideration of an existing infrastructure and BC/ABC location, there are three most attractive routes from the North (as it is approximately indicated on Scheme): Lipkin's rocks route and NE Ridge; North Face classical route; Razdelnaya route and NW Ridge. In accordance with your desire we can arrange a summit attempt expedition on any of these three routes chosen by you. Expedition of classical (Razdelnaya Route and NW Ridge) Description Base camp is situated in Achik-Tash (3600m). It is about 8 hours drive from Osh. Last section of the way (starting from Sary-Mogol village) is impassable for a car. Therefore we should walk, crossing two steep river valleys Qizil-Suu and Achik-Tash. The ground is a carpet of wild garlic and alpine flowers. From BC we head over the Puteshestvinnikov Pass (4200m). The ascent usually takes 1-1.5 hours by a good path.

Sometimes there is snow on the pass. Then we descend to the left moraine of the Lenin glacier. Further we should cross the river carefully. The best time for crossing is early morning, as the river rises rapidly throughout at this time. Across the left moraine of glacier to the Lenin glacier (4100m) and hike to camp 1 (4200 m). From camp 1 at 4200 meters, we cross the dry Lenin Glacier and ascend the long snow slopes which run directly to the summit (north face). At 5000 meters we traverse to the west and, ascending gently, we arrive at the rim of a large snow basin. We cross this, traversing beneath Razdelny Peak. A short climb up a scree/snow slope leads to camp 2 (5300 m). There are a few crevasses on this section of the route but it is straightforward snow plodding. It is, however, a long and tiring day, and an early start is needed to avoid the worst effects of the sun. Directly above camp 2 is an easy-angled couloir which leads to the north ridge of Razdelny Peak (6148 meters).

Initially the ridge is almost level, but as we approach Razdelny Peak the angle steepens. The final 400 meter climb to the summit of Razdelny Peak is straight-forward but the effects of altitude make it hard work. The views from the summit are superb. To the north we can finally get the true perspective of the Alai Plain while to the south there are a multitude of snowy peaks. Peak Communism and Korzhenevsky dominate our view of the south Pamirs. Further east the Wakhan and Hindu Kush are clearly visible, and on a good day it is possible to make out Tirich Mir. From Razdelny Peak the ridge dog-legs to the west and drops down 100 metres to Razdelny Pass at 6000 metres. It is here that we will make camp 3. From camp 3 we will have two options. Either we climb directly to the summit and back to camp 3 in one long day, or we place a fourth camp at about 6400 meters. From camp 3 we follow the broad ridge to a plateau (the site of camp 4) at 6400 meters.

We traverse this back to the ridge proper where it steepens to form a short step which is turned on the north side. Above this the ridge is broken and rocky until we reach a large snow plateau. We traverse this and rejoin the ridge just below the summit. The views from the summit at 7134, are outstanding and stretch right across the Pamirs to Mustagh Ata and Kongur in China. Further in the distance is the Hindu Kush and further west still the Karakorum. List of items, which will be of use: 1) Garments, footwear - a standard high-altitude set 2) Camp gear - a tent (is advisable to be of high-peak standard), a sleeping bag, a sleeping pad, a gas stove, plates and dishes. 3) Climbing gear - ice-axe, crampons, harness, self-security line, 2 x Screwgate karabiners, plastic mountaineering boots 4) High-altitude foodstuff Day 21. Flight to Bishkek. Accommodation in a hotel Note: This is our recommended itinerary, however local circumstances, weather and safety considerations may oblige the group leader to make changes, even at the very last minute.

Facts of Lenin Peak * Lenin Peak was discovered by the Russian explorer A.P. Fedchenko in 1871. Its steep flanks are covered with glaciers. The first ascent was made in 1928 from the south by German alpinists included in the First Pamirs Expedition of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R. The first ascent by Soviet climbers, from the north, followed in 1934. * Lenin Peak is one of the easiest 7000m peaks in the world and technically speaking, it's a straightforward climb, similar in grade to Mont Blanc or Elbrus. Nevertheless it is a very high peak (over 2300m higher than Mont Blanc) so it is by no means an пїЅeasy summitпїЅ. The route follows a well-explored trail that includes some steep and exposed stretches on ridges. Between base camp and camp 2 is heavily glaciated and there is a small risk of avalanches. Winter mountaineering experience and use of ice axe and crampons is essential. Although technically straightforward neither the ascent nor the mountain should be underestimated since both are Himalayan in character. High altitude and adverse weather are the main concerns.

* In 1928 the USSR Academy of Science sponsored the systematic exploration of Pamir. Some German mountaineers who took part in the expedition tried to climb up Lenin Peak via the southern side along the Saukdara glacier, through the present-day Krilenko Pass (5,820 m) and then along the eastern ridge. In 1934 participants of Pamir training expedition of Red Army N. Chernuha, I.Lukin, V.Abalakov made an ascent on the top of Lenin Peak and it was supposed to be the frist ascent. Only 33 years later was discovered that peak was already climbed by Germans E. Allvein, K. Vin and E, Schneider on 25 o September 1928. Mountain Safety As ascending Mountain peaks imply a sojourn in high mountains, everyone must follow specific safety rules. An accident while mountain climbing generally has unexpected and negative consequences. A seemingly small mistake, such as twisting an ankle in loose rocks, can quickly turn into a dangerous situation if the climber is on difficult terrain and is still some distance from the base camp.

Climbers can minimize the consequences of these mistakes by traveling in groups, carrying first aid equipment, and being cautious in their route planning. Alpine climbers are also exposed to perils beyond their control, such as hidden crevasses and avalanches, and because of the inhospitable environment of most mountains, they risk exposing themselves to hypothermia and altitude sickness. Experienced mountaineers plan ahead for all contingencies and let others know their destination and planned return time. Crevasses are deep ice fissures or large cracks within a glacier. Many times crevasses are hidden under a covering of snow, making them difficult to identify. Their steep, slippery sides make them almost impossible to climb out of without assistance. For this reason, climbers often rope together and secure themselves to each other when traveling on glaciers and snowfields. Should one partner fall in a crevasse, the other can break the fall and then pull their partner out. Avalanches are sudden flows of a large mass of snow or ice down a slope or cliff, sometimes at speeds exceeding 160 km/h (100 mph). They occur when heavy snowfall accumulates on steep slopes and the underlying snow pack cannot support the new snowпїЅs weight.

Mountaineers can minimize avalanche dangers by staying aware of rapid changes of weather, especially increases in temperature and wind. They should also avoid steep, narrow chutes that provide ideal channels for avalanches. Hypothermia occurs when the body becomes too chilled to generate enough warmth for vital organs such as the heart and lungs. Most climbers understand that hypothermia is a danger during extremely cold weather, but it also can occur when temperatures are well above freezing. In fact, most cases occur when the outside temperature is from 7пїЅ to 10пїЅC (45пїЅ to 50пїЅF). Avoiding hypothermia requires several simple precautions. Mountain climbers should stay dry and avoid cotton clothing, which dries slowly and sucks away body warmth as it does dry. They should eat, drink water, and rest frequently, helping them maintain energy levels. Altitude sickness, also known as mountain sickness, is caused by insufficient oxygen at high elevations. It causes dizziness, shortness of breath, and confusion, and it can strike climbers at any elevation above 2,400 m (about 8,000 ft).

Mountaineers who ascend to higher altitudes often take a day or two to become accustomed to their new environment. They climb slowly when going above 4,500 m (15,000 ft). If climbers develop symptoms of altitude sickness, they should descend immediately to a lower altitude before the condition worsens. Some climbers use bottled oxygen to combat the effects of the sickness and aid their efforts at higher altitudes. Kyrgyzstan Mountain Ranges and Peaks Mountains Kyrgyzstan Mountain Ranges There are over 88 major mountain ranges in Kyrgyzstan, most of them forming the Tien Shan System – the Celestial Mountains . The others, such as the Chon Alai range in the South of the country belong to the Pamir system. They effectively divide the country into a number of quite distinct regions – especially between the North and the South, there is only one road connecting them (the main Bishkek-Osh road). Most of the ranges vary in length from 100 kilometers to 300 kilometres – the longest, (Kakshaal) is 582 kilometres long and the Kyrgyz Range, lying to the South of Bishkek, is 454 kilometres long.

Most ranges are between 10 and 40 kilometres wide. The Tien Shan Mountains The Tien Shan Mountains – is the largest mountain range in Asia, in surface area; length (2800km); and width (at one point reaching 800 km wide) – with a total of 40 peaks over 6000m. It stretches across several countries and about much of the system lies in the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic . Extending over 2800km from the Chatkal range just East of Tashkent to Urumchi, (beyond which it rises again as the Bogdo Ola Range), they are usually described as being divided into Northern, Western, Eastern, Central and Inner ranges and most of them exhibit typical “alpine” features. It is the central portion, south-east of Lake Issyk-kul which contains the very high mountain peaks such as Khan Tengri and Peak Pobeda, closely grouped together along ridges that stretch east-to-west.

The area surrounding the Enilchek Glacier has two peaks over 7000 meters, (Pobeda and Khan Tengri – more about them is later), 23 higher than 6000 meters including 3 virgin peaks – and 80 more peaks between 5000 and 6000 meters including 14 virgin peaks. The range is made up of sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rocks. The existence of this great range, (also known as the “ Celestial Mountains ”), has been known since ancient times. Despite the records and observations recorded by many early travellers, however, until the expeditions of the Russian geographer and explorer Peter Semyenov in the mid-nineteenth century, the Tien Shan Mountains remained “more legend than fact”. (Semyenov was granted the honorary title of “Tienshansky” by the Tsar for his exploits). In fact the southern fringes of the system were first described by the Buddhist monk Hsuan Tsang in the seventh century BC, who wrote of 'encountering nothing but ice and snow. The snow falls both in summer and springtime. Night and day the wind rages violently'.

They also would have been visible to Marco Polo who (if we believe his account) travelled in along this route in 1273, with his father and uncle. The Terksey Ala Too The Terksey Ala Toorange - (the “shady” mountains) - is located along the Southern shores of Lake Issyk Kul. The Kungey Ala Too The Kungey Ala Too range – (the “sunny” mountains) - is located along the Northern shores of Lake Issyk Kul – and form the border with Kazakhstan . The Kyrgyz The Kyrgyz range run from Issyk Kul across the Northern length of the country – about 40 km South of Bishkek. The Pamirs The Pamirs are found in the South of the country. Actually, only the most Northerly ranges of the system are in Kyrgyzstan – the Zaalaisky ridge. The Pamir-Alai mountains The Pamir-Alai mountains– which separate the Pamirs and the Tien Shan – consists of Turkestan (including a number of virgin peaks) and Alai ridges.

The ranges which are snow-capped throughout the year are distinguished by the phrase “Ala Too” – although in Kyrgyz the phrase means “many colours” – or “colourful” – or “bright mountains”. The snow-line lies at about 3600 meters. There are many smaller ridges, such as: Ak Sheirak, Chatkal, Ferghana, Keolu, Kok Shaal, Talas and Zaalainsky. The mountains of Kyrgyzstan hold many attractions for mountaineers and trekkers. For most of the Soviet period, (or as some locals refer to it – “in former times”), the region was off-limits to foreigners and even Soviet mountaineers had trouble obtaining the permissions necessary for an expedition. Although the system is less rigid these days, there are still some restrictions, and permits necessary, in certain areas – especially in the border zones. Kyrgyzstan mountains have plenty of natural surprises for the alpinists, whose difficulties are, particularly, exacerbated by the weather – it can snow suddenly and for several days at a time – increasing the risks of avalanches and crevices.

The relief of the mountains varies extensively from Massif to Alpine and many different types of landscape can be experienced. Woods tend to be located on North facing slopes, where snow lies longer whilst grassland meadows, (jailoo), tend to be located on southern facing slopes which benefit greater from the warming effects of the sun's rays. Here is a list of the some of the mountain ranges in the country with their highest peaks (from the “Encyclopaedia Kyrgyzstana”): Range

Question: The mountains formerly known as Mt Communism and Lenin Peak are in which mountain range?
Answer: Pamirs