Biggest Venomous Snake Ever Revealed in New Fossils Biggest Venomous Snake Ever Revealed in New Fossils Stephanie Pappas Pin it Share Original illustrations of Laophis vertebrae reported by Sir Richard Owen in 1857. These specimens have been lost, but a recently discovered vertebrae confirms Owen's discovery of the largest venomous snake ever. Laophis lived More Walking the grasslands of what is now Greece 4 million years ago was a dangerous proposition: Lurking among the vegetation was the largest venomous snake ever known to man. Laophis crotaloides measured between 10 and 13 feet (3 and 4 meters) long and weighed a whopping 57 lbs. (26 kilograms). Today's longest venomous snakes , king cobras (Ophiophagus hannah), can grow to be about 18 feet (5.5 m) long. But at typical weights between 15 and 20 lbs. (6.8 to 9 kg), king cobras are scrawny compared to Laophis.

What makes Laophis even stranger was that it achieved this bulk not in the tropics, where most large reptiles live today, but in seasonal grasslands where winters were cool. "We've got something that, for its latitudinal placement and the climate reconstruction, it's massively out of proportion," said study researcher Benjamin Kear, a paleobiologist at Uppsala University in Sweden. [ See Amazing Photos of Giant Snakes Around the World ] Lost fossils The tale of the enormous viper begins in 1857, when paleontologist Sir Richard Owen — the person who coined the word "dinosaur" — described 13 fossilized snake vertebrae found near Thessaloniki, Greece. Owen named the specimen Laophis crotaloides and reported it as the largest viper evr in the Quarterly Journal of The Geological Society (Vipers are one family of venomous snake, known for their hollow, retractable fangs.) But the original 13 vertebrae have been lost, and no one had ever found any additional fossils to back up Owen's claim, said study researcher Georgios Georgalis, a graduate student at Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. That is, until recently.

Now, a single vertebra, barely an inch long, found near Thessaloniki, confirms the existence of Owen's enormous viper. "This snake was indeed impressive," Georgalis wrote in an email to Live Science. "We clearly speak about a monster!" Snake vertebrae follow predictable patterns in relation to overall body size, which made it easy to extrapolate the snake's huge size from a single bone, Kear told Live Science. The snake is probably the largest viper ever found, far surpassing the modern record-holder Lachesis muta from South America, which grows up to a maximum length of 12 feet (3.7 m) and weighs no more than 11 lbs. (5 kg) or so. And the newfound snake's bulky body makes it the heavyweight champion of all venomous snakes who ever lived, viper or not. Other, nonvenomous snakes do beat any of these vipers at the size game, however. Titanoboa , a boa constrictor-like snake from 60 million years ago, measured about 45 feet (14 m) long.

Mysterious size For Georgalis and Kear, however, the intrigue comes not from record-breaking size alone, but from the question of what such a monster was doing in temperate Europe at all. Around 4 million years ago, the climate was cooling, and modern grassland ecosystems were emerging, Kear said. The region where Laophis was discovered was also home to enormous tortoises, some of which grew as big as cars, Kear said. Because the climate was so cool, it's a mystery how these ancient turtles and snakes kept their metabolisms revving enough to grow so huge. "Perhaps you're looking at unique aspects of their biology in the past," Kear said. "How did they do it?" Little is known about Laophis' looks or lifestyle, as snake skulls don't preserve well in the fossil record, Kear said. But the enormous viper slithered alongside large mammals such as deer and horses, Georgalis said. It probably subsisted on a diet of small mammals like rodents. Georgalis presented the findings today (Nov. 6) at the 2014 meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in Berlin. Top 10 Longest Snakes in the World You are not logged in.

[ Log In ] [ Sign Up ] Top 10 Longest Snakes in the World Snakes are fascinating creatures that play an extremely important role in balancing nature throughout the world. These reptiles have absolutely amazing characteristics despite having no legs, eyelids or external ears. To distinguish certain species of snakes many herpetologists characterize serpents by their color, size, length and venom. So, have you ever wondered what species of snakes are the longest in the world. Well, prepare to be amazed with a list of the top ten longest snakes in the world! The ratings below are determined by length, size and traits. It is important to note that some of these lengths might be speculative. 10. Indigo Snake Indigo snakes are recognized as one of the longest snake species in the U.S with the longest recorded species measuring 2.8 meters. They received their name from the glossy ventral scales that shine blackish purple in light. These nonvenomous snakes are known to prey on other snakes, frogs, turtles, lizards, birds and mammals including mice and rats . 9.

Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake Diamondback Rattlesnakes are known to be the largest rattlesnake species with maximum reported lengths measuring up to 2.5 to 3 meters. These serpents are often feared by humans because of their powerful venom that has known to be extremely painful and even kill. When these snakes are cornered, they shake their infamous tails to warn travelers to back off. They commonly prey on rats, mice, feeder chicks , birds and squirrels. 8. Giant Brown Snake The Giant Brown Snake is considered the world’s second most venomous land based snake with enough venom in one bite to potentially kill over 20 humans! It is known to cause death within minutes rather than hours. This serpent is also one of the longest venomous snakes with maximum recorded lengths up to 2.4 to 3.4 meters. 7. Bushmaster The Bushmaster is known to be the largest venomous snake in the Western Hemisphere and also the longest viper in the world. The largest Bushmaster snake was recorded over 3.65 meters. These snakes are called pit vipers because they have infrared pits between their eyes and nostrils helping them detect prey. They commonly eat small rodents . 6.

Boa Constrictor Boa Constrictors are large snakes that have been known to grow up to almost 5 meters. Boa Constrictors are extremely hard to identify because their coloring can differ from one area to the next. Young Boa Constrictors tend to prey on small mice, lizards, bats and more. However, large constrictors are capable of eating medium sized animals such as ocelots. 5. King Cobra King Cobras are the world’s longest venous snakes with maximum lengths measuring up to 5.7 meters. This fearsome snake predominantly preys on other snakes and is found in India through Southeast Asia. If this serpent thinks you are a threat it will rear up its body and flash its fangs and hiss. 4. Diamond Python Diamond Pythons are medium to large snakes that have known to grow as long as 4 meters. There is also speculation that the largest Diamond Python recorded was 6.4 meters long. These snakes are recognized by their clusters of yellow or cream scales that take the shape of diamonds. 3. Indian Python The Indian Python is among one of the largest nonvenomous snakes in the world commonly measuring up to 3 to 4 meters long.

There is speculation that this snake has reached up to 7.6 meters in length! This serpent is mainly found in India and resides in a wide range of habitats. Although extremely large, these snakes have been known to be timid towards attackers. 2. Green Anaconda The Green Anaconda is one of the heaviest and longest snakes in the world with a top lengths of 8 to 9 meters long! However, this snake has received some of the most extreme size exaggerations making it extremely hard to pinpoint the exact size of the serpent. 1. Reticulated Python The Reticulated Python is known to be the world’s longest snake and has been recorded to reach over 10 feet! These nonvenomous snakes are found in Southeast Asia and are surprisingly not considered to be dangerous to humans. Do you own one of these long renowned serpents? If you do, depending on their life stage, these snakes are commonly fed weaned frozen mice (pinkies) , frozen rats and frozen rabbits . So, order frozen feeders today to keep your growing exotic pet strong and healthy!

Biggest Venomous Snake Ever Revealed in New Fossils Biggest Venomous Snake Ever Revealed in New Fossils By Stephanie Pappas, Live Science Contributor | November 6, 2014 10:35am ET MORE Original illustrations of Laophis vertebrae reported by Sir Richard Owen in 1857. These specimens have been lost, but a recently discovered vertebrae confirms Owen's discovery of the largest venomous snake ever. Laophis lived about 4 million years ago in what is now northern Greece. Credit: Owen, 1857 Walking the grasslands of what is now Greece 4 million years ago was a dangerous proposition: Lurking among the vegetation was the largest venomous snake ever known to man. Laophis crotaloides measured between 10 and 13 feet (3 and 4 meters) long and weighed a whopping 57 lbs. (26 kilograms). Today's longest venomous snakes , king cobras (Ophiophagus hannah), can grow to be about 18 feet (5.5 m) long. But at typical weights between 15 and 20 lbs.

(6.8 to 9 kg), king cobras are scrawny compared to Laophis. What makes Laophis even stranger was that it achieved this bulk not in the tropics, where most large reptiles live today, but in seasonal grasslands where winters were cool. "We've got something that, for its latitudinal placement and the climate reconstruction, it's massively out of proportion," said study researcher Benjamin Kear, a paleobiologist at Uppsala University in Sweden. [ See Amazing Photos of Giant Snakes Around the World ] Lost fossils The tale of the enormous viper begins in 1857, when paleontologist Sir Richard Owen — the person who coined the word "dinosaur" — described 13 fossilized snake vertebrae found near Thessaloniki, Greece.

Owen named the specimen Laophis crotaloides and reported it as the largest viper evr in the Quarterly Journal of The Geological Society (Vipers are one family of venomous snake, known for their hollow, retractable fangs.) But the original 13 vertebrae have been lost, and no one had ever found any additional fossils to back up Owen's claim, said study researcher Georgios Georgalis, a graduate student at Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. That is, until recently. Now, a single vertebra, barely an inch long, found near Thessaloniki, confirms the existence of Owen's enormous viper. "This snake was indeed impressive," Georgalis wrote in an email to Live Science. "We clearly speak about a monster!" Snake vertebrae follow predictable patterns in relation to overall body size, which made it easy to extrapolate the snake's huge size from a single bone, Kear told Live Science. The snake is probably the largest viper ever found, far surpassing the modern record-holder Lachesis muta from South America, which grows up to a maximum length of 12 feet (3.7 m) and weighs no more than 11 lbs. (5 kg) or so.

And the newfound snake's bulky body makes it the heavyweight champion of all venomous snakes who ever lived, viper or not. Other, nonvenomous snakes do beat any of these vipers at the size game, however. Titanoboa , a boa constrictor-like snake from 60 million years ago, measured about 45 feet (14 m) long. Mysterious size For Georgalis and Kear, however, the intrigue comes not from record-breaking size alone, but from the question of what such a monster was doing in temperate Europe at all. Around 4 million years ago, the climate was cooling, and modern grassland ecosystems were emerging, Kear said. The region where Laophis was discovered was also home to enormous tortoises, some of which grew as big as cars, Kear said. Because the climate was so cool, it's a mystery how these ancient turtles and snakes kept their metabolisms revving enough to grow so huge. "Perhaps you're looking at unique aspects of their biology in the past," Kear said. "How did they do it?" Little is known about Laophis' looks or lifestyle, as snake skulls don't preserve well in the fossil record, Kear said.

But the enormous viper slithered alongside large mammals such as deer and horses, Georgalis said. It probably subsisted on a diet of small mammals like rodents. Georgalis presented the findings today (Nov. 6) at the 2014 meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in Berlin. Top 10 Longest Snakes in the World | Top 1 US Home » Longest » Top 10 Longest Snakes in the World Top 10 Longest Snakes in the World Friday, October 26th 2012. | Longest In this world there is some kind of snake that has a length of up to several meters. Several types of longest snake are also the largest snake in the world. Reticulated python is the longest snake in the world. Average reticulated python can grow up to 10 meters long after they mature. Let us see list longest snake in the world. 1. Reticulated Python (Python Reticulates) 10, 7 meters/35 inches Reticulated Python Reticulates python from Southeast Asia and is the longest snake in the world. Although they are not venomous, but they are dangerous animals.

Their power is enough to kill an adult male. 2. Green Anaconda 8.5 meter / 28 inches Green Anaconda Green anaconda from South America. Green Anaconda is the second longest snake in the world. Green anaconda is the largest snake in the world. 3. Indian python (7.6 meter / 25 inch) Indian python India Molurus Python or Python or python Black tail comes from south Asia and Southeast Asia. In Southeast Asia, India Rock Python popular as the Burmese Python. The color is usually lighter than the Indian python. 4. Diamond Python (6.4 inches meters/21) Diamond Python Morelia spilota or commonly known as Diamond Boa Python is a snake that comes from coastal areas in South Australia. Diamond python like to stay in high altitude areas. 5. King Cobra (5.8 inches meters/19) King Cobra King Cobra is a venomous snake and one of the longest in the world. Although the snake is slimmer than Boa, King cobras have a strong poison that can kill quickly Boa. King Cobra has a neurotoxic poison in high doses.

They eat other venomous snakes python and they are also animals that eat cannibal king cobra others. They also can kill other animals such as cattle or an elephant. But their large size makes the King Cobra is difficult to swallow a buffalo or elephant. 6) Boa Constrictor (4.9meters / 16 inch) Boa Constrictor Boa Constrictor is large and heavy Boa. This is one of the Boidae family originated in South America, Central America and North America through the Caribbean. The color of their skin depending on the locality. Some have dark color, but some others have a lighter color. 7) Bushmaster (3.7meters/12 inches) Bushmaster Bushmaster comes from Central and South America and we can find it in the island of Trinidad. Bushmaster can remove toxic in large quantities a few times when attacking an enemy or prey. Yes, it’s very deadly, one of the world’s most powerful poison in the fangs stocked Bushmaster 8 – Giant Brown Snake (3.4meters/11 inches) Giant Brown Snake Brown snakes are available in different species and originating from Australia and North America.

Although venomous brown snake, the venom is not strong as the Bushmaster, king cobra or a rattlesnake. 9) Diamondback Rattlesnake (2.7meters / 9 inches) Diamondback Rattlesnake Snake Diamond is available in 3 species (eastern diamondback, western diamondback, diamond snake back and red) all of these venomous snakes and deadly. 10) Indigo Snake 2.4meters / 8 inches Indigo Snake Eastern Indigo Snake is a snake of blue-black or reddish orange and is a non-venomous snake. Snakes are often the victims of venomous snake hunter. Most of the list of longest snake in the world is the snake that is almost extinct. They continue to be hunted by humans, so we have to keep them alive. The Biggest Snakes Ever Discovered On Earth 2017 - YouTube The Biggest Snakes Ever Discovered On Earth 2017 Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later.

Published on Mar 23, 2014 This is a list of the largest snakes in the world. Largest Snake ever discovered was probably the largest non-marine creature living on earth. #1 Titanoboa This monster snake lived 60-58 million years ago. It is the largest snake ever discovered, reaching a length of 12-15 m (40-50 ft), and weighing about 1135 kg (2500 pounds). The fossils of 28 of the titanoboa were found in coal mines in Colombia in 2009. Prior to that, a few fossils were found in ancient tropical areas of South America. #2 Boa Constrictor The Boa constrictor can reach sizes of .91-4.0 m (3-13 ft). Interestingly, the female Boa is larger and longer than the male. They can be found in North, Central, and South America, and in some areas in the Caribbean. They can reach up to 100 pounds, but that is rare, and they normally weigh less than half that. that. #3 Reticulated Python This species of python is found in Southeast Asia.

They can grow to a length of 6.95 m (22.8 ft) in length. Good swimmers, they have been seen in the sea and found on nearby islands. Although they are definitely strong enough to kill a human, attacks are rarely reported. #4 King Cobra The world's longest venomous snake, the King Cobra can be found primarily inhabiting the forests from India to South Asia. With a length of 5.6-5.7 m ( 18.5-18.8 ft), they prey primarily on other snakes. They are considered a very dangerous snake, and like most snakes, try to avoid confrontation with humans. #5 Green Anaconda Reaching more than 6.6 m (22 ft) long, the Green Anaconda is the heaviest and one of the longest snakes in the world. They are found in South America, and size is often determined by the type of prey they have available. There is not a large accounting of those living in the rain forests, so accurate maximum size is still up to speculation. #6 Scrub Python The Scrub Python is the largest snake in Australia.

It can also be found in Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and other islands in the area. Although the typical adult is approximately 2-4 m ( 6.6-13 ft) long, specimens have been reported of at least 8.5 m (28 ft) in length. To reptile enthusiasts, it is a popular snake due to its interesting coloration and size. #7 African Rock Python The African Python, although nonvenomous, is one of the world's most dangerous snakes. Sometimes exceeding 6 m (20 ft) in length, it is one of the world's top 5 largest snakes, and the largest snake in Africa. It kills its prey by constriction, and has been known to eat prey as large as crocodiles. An African Python was spotted in the Florida Everglades in 2009, and it is feared that it is now inhabiting that area as an invasive species. More videos in my channel. Gaint Anaconda Swallows A Cow Alive, Then Spits It Out. Worlds Top 10 Most Poisonous Venomous Deadliest Snakes Worlds Top 10 Most Poisonous Venomous Deadliest Snakes Post: Gaurav Akrani.

Date: 7/28/2008. Comments (143) . Label: Animals , Reptiles , Snakes , Videos . World's Top 10 Most Poisonous Venomous Deadliest Snakes - Informative Snake Article ↓ No doubt, Snakes are the deadliest, venomous creatures, yet are the most beautiful creation of mother nature. Snakes as always are wonderful species of our eco system. As like other wild creatures, their existence too is indeed important to maintain nature's ecological balance. Snakes never attack humans willingly else they get aggressive only when are hurt or disturbed without warning. It's their natural wild instinct of self-defense that force any venomous snake to strike. In fact, as much as we fear snakes, they too fear humans and other bigger species. Deadly Snakebite is always a worst hazardous accident. Lack of proper medical treatment on time can cause a major physical damage to an injured, may even prove fatal. Good Knowledge, smart approach and scientific understanding of top venomous serpents can help us clarify many misconceptions about these wonderful wild species.

Following snake article provides you brief info on world's top 10 most dangerous, venomous, toxic snakes and also essential tips on, How to avoid a deadly snakebite? Enjoy reading this informative snake article. Note! Please Read This Important Disclaimer ↓ Information below is compiled by referring various resources (Books, Newspapers, Magazines, etc.) which may or may not be edited well, verified or accurate in nature. The data below is compiled by author of this blog. The information below is shared merely for educational or entertainment purpose. After referring data below, please do verify its correctness on your own from other authentic resources and if possible do consult experts e.g. Herpetologist. Author of this site nor any of its related parties shall be held accountable or do take responsibility for any social, legal, political, religious, educational, health, economical consequences, if arising, by referring contents on this website. Users, Referrers or Readers discretion is highly recommended. Lastly, by accessing this page it is assumed that you accept this disclaimer note willingly & agree it faithfully (Without any force, pressure, doubts, etc.). Information on this website is a mere personal opinion and shall not be considered as an expert's advice.

This is for your kind notice as the website's intension is to educate and not misguide any of its valued readers. You're welcome to take active participation in discussion below and submit your queries, suggestions, if any, via the comment box on this page. Top 10 Deadliest Snakes Rankings are based on an aggregate study and comparison of individual snake's toxicity (LD50 Tests), its personality, body size, recorded human deaths, max capacity to inject a venom (volume), type of venom, symptoms of bite, victims' medical studies, new research information, etc. Following list is an outcome of a global survey. Additional Note:- World's Top 10 Most Venomous, Toxic Snakes rankings below are likely to change in the future with new research and studies. In the following article, I'm purposefully and constantly using words like 'the most poisonous', 'poisonous', 'the most deadliest', 'deadliest', 'deadly', 'the most venomous', 'venomous', etc. This is done just to maintain my writing style, presentation and balance SEO of the article. Here all such words must be considered as a synonym actually saying 'The Most venomous or Toxic'.

Hydrophis Belcheri - Most Venomous Snake Snake's Record: Inland Taipan is not world's most toxic venomous snake else rightly saying it is terrestrial world's most toxic land snake on earth. Neither it is Beaked Sea Snake (Enhydrina schistosa). Snake which is 100 times more venomous than Taipan, Beaked Sea Snake or any other snake on earth is Hydrophis Belcheri . Record's Disagreement: Some snake enthusiasts and herpetologists may not agree with above sentence and would either name Beaked Sea Snake (Enhydrina schistosa) or the Inland Taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus) as having most toxic venom than Belcheri. Record's Agreement: But present situation is changing, more recent studies and better results of improving experiments have suggested and compelled majority of scientific world to accept 'Hydrophis Belcheri' as the real contender No.1. Even literary world seems to be in agreement with this as many recent encyclopedias says it's 'Hydrophis Belcheri".

Example: To verify, refer reputed DK'S ILLUSTRATED FAMILY ENCYCLOPEDIA Edition 2007, Page No. 918, lower bottom under title 'Most Venomous Animals' and read the first sentence. Finally majority always wins and recent researches and new data seems to be in favour of Belcheri, so whether you agree or not, Belcher's Sea Snake remains the most venomous snake on planet earth. Belcher's Sea Snake ( Hydrophis Belcheri ) Snake's Description: Hydrophis Belcheri's thin body is usually chrome yellowish in colour and is surrounded by dark greenish bands. Head is short and has same color as that of bands. Its mouth is very small but suitable for aquatic life. Its body when viewed outside water appears having fainted yellow colour. Snake's Names: Its scientific name 'Hydrophis Belcheri' was given by John Edward Gray in 1849 which commemorates the British Naval officer and explorer Sir Edward Belcher (1799-1877). Hydrophis comes from Greek 'hydro' = water + 'ophis' = serpent, belcheri comes from latin here 'belonging to man named belcher'.

It is also referred as Faint Banded Sea Snake and Belcher's Sea Snake. Snake's Characteristics: Hydrophis Belcheri is a sea snake. Its scales are different from other snakes and they overlap each other. Dorsal pattern does not extend on to venter; it has scales with a central tubercle. It is highly compressed at the rear end of the body and has a short head. Abdominal board is very narrow or non-existent. Like other sea snakes it has a paddle-like tail which make him an expert swimmer; it rarely goes on land, eats fish and shellfish. It breaths air, has valves over its nostrils that close underwater. It can hold its breath for as long as 7 to 8 hours while hunting and even sleeping but then has to come over water surface for a quick breath of air. It is a docile specie and not aggressive at all. It is usually active at night. It may deliver a provoked bite only after repeated severe treatment. It usually bites fishermen handling nets but only (1/4)th of those bitten are envenomated since Belcheri rarely injects any venom.

Few milligrams (mg) of Belcheri's myotoxic venom is enough to kill an estimate of more than 1000 people. If Belcheri injects sure death within few minutes. Painful death may even take less time depending on victim's body size and time taken by infected blood to reach its vital organs. It is the most toxic venomous specie of snake known to date and holds a record in Guinness Book. Snake's Length: Hydrophis Belcheri range from 0.5 to 1 metre in length. Snake's Distribution: Its main habitat is the Ashmore Reef in the Timor Sea off north-western coast of Australia. It is also found in seas of Indonesia and the South Pacific, having been recorded in the Philippines near Visayan and Panay islands, Gulf of Thailand, Sulawesi, New Guinea, Fiji, Kiribati, and the Solomon Islands. This sea snake is not ranked nor included in my top tens due to its non-terrestrial nature and limited human encounters. Even if it bites it rarely injects any venom, though being most venomous it is not most dangerous at all.

Inland Taipan ( Oxyuranus Microlepidotus ) Western or Inland Taipan (Oxyuranus Microlepidotus) (Fierce Snake), Central Ranges Taipan (Oxyuranus Temporalis), North-West Australian Taipan (Oxyuranus Scutellatus Barringeri), Papuan Taipan (Oxyuranus Scutellatus Canni), Costal Taipan (Oxyuranus Scutellatus Scutellatus). Snake's Description: Generally Taipans are uniformly olive or dark brown, the head is somewhat darker brown. Snake's Toxic Rank 1: Inland Taipan is the world's most venomous land snake. Its bite is synonymous with death. Maximum survival time recorded after Taipan's bite is not more than few hours. Without prompt medical assistance its victim has rarest chance of recovery. Taipans are divided into following five sub-species viz; Western or Inland Taipan (Oxyuranus Microlepidotus) or (Fierce Snake), Papuan Taipan (Oxyuranus S.

Canni), Common or Coastal Taipan (Oxyuranus Scutellatus), Central Ranges Taipan (Oxyuranus Temporalis) and North-West Australian Taipan (Oxyuranus Scutellatus Barringeri). Here Inland Taipan (Fierce snake) is the most toxic of all. Maximum yield recorded from a single bite of Inland Taipan is 110mg. Just few mg of Inland Taipan's venom is enough to kill over 100 people or 250,000 mice. Australia's Western or Inland Taipan or Fierce Snake is the world's most toxic terrestrial snake. (Ranked No. 1) Snake's Characteristics: It is considered as the most venomous land snake on earth. Many people believe Taipans are very aggressive but the fact is that they are docile creatures. Yes they have an aggressive disposition only when mishandled or disturbed without warning. When aroused, Taipan can display a fearsome appearance by flattening its head, raising it off the ground, waving it back and forth, and suddenly striking with such speed that the victim may receive several bites before it retreats.

Its venom is a powerful neurotoxin, causing respiratory paralysis. Snake's Habitat: At home in a variety of habitats, Inland Taipan are found from the savanna grasslands to the inland dry plains of Australia. Where as 'Oxyuranus Scutellatus' are often seen in forests and open woodlands. Very less or no information; regarding newly discovered Central Ranges Taipan (Oxyuranus temporalis). Snake's Length:: Average Taipan's length is 1.8 meters and maximum of 3.7 meters. Snake's Distribution: Taipans (Oxyuranus Scutellatus) are found in Northern Australia and Southern New Guinea. Whereas Inland Taipan (world's most toxic snake) are found in Central Australia. Papuan Taipan (Oxyuranus S. Canni) are found in New Guinea. Inland Taipan's Streaming Youtube Videos. Comman Indian Krait ( Bungarus Caeruleus ) Snake's Description: Krait is Black or bluish-black in colour with white narrow crossbands and a narrow head. Snake's Toxic Rank 2: Krait is the world's No. 2 venomous snake.

Highly venomous snake after Inland Taipan (Oxyuranus Microlepidotus). Snake's Characteristics: Kraits are found only in Asia. This poisonous snake is of special concern to man. It is 15 times more deadly than any common cobra . It is active at night and relatively passive during the day. The native people often step on kraits while walking through their habitats. The krait has a tendency to seek shelter in sleeping bags, boots and tents. Its venom is a powerful neurotoxin that causes respiratory failure. Comman Krait is India's, Sri-Lanka's and Pakistan's most venomous snake. Snake's Habitat: Kraits habitat include open fields, human settlements and dense jungle. Snake's Length: Krait's average length is about 90 centimeters and maximum of 1.5 meters. Snake's Distribution: Kraits are found in India, Sri Lanka and Pakistan. Snake's Photos: Comman Indian Krait's photo gallery. Comman Indian Krait's Streaming Video. Philippine Cobra ( Naja Philippinensis ) Snake's Description: Philippine Cobra is a relatively small stocky brown snake.

Snake's Toxic Rank 3: Philippine Cobra is the world's No.3 venomous snake. Extremely poisonous snake after Krait. Please don't judge this snake on its small size, it is extremely deadliest snake from Philippine. Snake's Characteristics: Philippine Cobras are recognized by the hoods that they flare when angry or disturbed; the hoods are created by the extension of the ribs behind the cobras' heads. Philippine Cobras are famous for their use by oriental snake charmers because they respond well to visual cues. Philippine Cobra is Philippines most poisonous snake. Snake's Habitat: Philippine Cobra's habitat also include open fields, human settlements and dense jungle. Snake's Length: Philippine Cobra's average length is usually up to 100 centimeters. Snake's Distribution: As it name says Philippine Cobras are found in Philippine Islands. Philippine Cobra's Streaming Video. King Cobra ( Ophiophagus Hannah ) Snake's Description: King Cobra is uniformly olive, brown or green in colour with rings like cross bands of black. Snake's Toxic Rank 4: Famous Giant King cobra is the world's No.4 venomous snake. Extremely venomous after Philippine cobra.

Snake's Characteristics: Although King Cobra is the largest venomous snake in the world and it has a disposition to go with this honor, it causes relatively few bites on humans. It appears to have a high degree of intelligence. It avoids attacking another venomous snake for fear of being bitten. It feeds exclusively on harmless species of other snakes. King Cobra usually prefers eating non-venomous species, but if is too hungry may attack other venomous snakes like Kraits, other Cobras, and even eat its own specie (i.e Other King Cobras). King Cobra is a cannibal and hence called 'Ophiophagus' which means 'a snake eater'. The female King Cobra builds a nest then deposits her eggs. Lying close by, she guards the nest and is highly aggressive toward anything that closely approaches the nest. King Cobras can inject more milligrams (mg) of venom than an other snake. Its venom is a powerful neurotoxin. Without prompt medical aid, death is certain for its victims. Snakes' Habitat: King Cobra's habitat includes dense jungle and cultivated fields. Snake's Length: King Cobra's average length is 3.5 meters and maximum of 5.5 meters.

Snake's Distribution: King Cobras are found in Thailand, Southern China, Malaysia Peninsula, Southern India and Philippines. Giant King Cobra's Streaming Videos. Russell's Viper ( Vipera Russellii ) Snake's Description: Russell Viper has a light brown body with three rows of dark brown or black splotches bordered with white or yellow extending its entire length. Snake's Toxic Rank 5: Russell's viper is the world's No.5 Venomous snake. Its too a highly venomous snake. Snake's Characteristics: Russell Viper is a dangerous species abundant over its entire range. It is responsible for more human fatalities than any other venomous snake. It is irritable. When threatened, it coils tightly, hisses and strikes with such speed that its victim has little chance of escaping. Its hemotoxic venom is a powerful coagulant, damaging tissue and blood cells. Snake's Habitat: Russell Viper's habitat varies from farmlands to dense rain forests. It is commonly found around human settlements. Snake's Length: Russell Viper's average length is 1 meter and maximum of 1.5 meters.

Snake's Distribution: Russell Vipers are found in Sri Lanka, Southern China, India, Malaysian Peninsula, Java, Sumatra, Borneo and surrounding islands. Russell Viper's Streaming Video. Black Mamba ( Dendroaspis Polylepis ) Snake's Description: The Black Mamba, largest of the species, is uniformly olive to black. It mouth has a black internal lining. Thus named Black Mamba. There is also another specie of Mamba called Green Mamba. Snake's Toxic Rank 6: Africa's most feared poisonous snake Black Mamba is the world's No.6 venomous snake. Black Mamba is highly toxic and notoriously aggressive. Snake's Characteristics: Black Mamba's nickname is the "bottom up snake"; the victim supposedly has time for one quick drink before death. As said earlier, it is the dreaded snake species of Africa. Treat it with great respect and always stay away from it. Mamba is not only highly venomous but also aggressive and its victim has very little chance to escape from a bite. Its venom is highly neurotoxic. Hence Black Mamba's bite is always 100% fatal if antivenom is not administered quickly.

Despite the name this snake is actually brownish-gray. When threatened, it opens its mouth wide and gives the victims a good view of the black internal lining of its mouth. Black Mamba is the fastest land snake in the world, reaching top speeds of 16-19 km/hr in short bursts. Snake's Habitat: Black Mamba's habitat also varies from farmlands to dense rain forests. It is also commonly found around human settlements. Snake's Length: Black Mambas can grow up to 4.3 meters in length. Snake's Distribution: Black Mambas are found in African savannas and open woodlands. Black Mamba's Streaming Videos. Yellow Jawed Tommygoff ( Bothrops Asper ) Snake's Description: Yellow-Jawed Tommygoffs are locally referred to as 'Fer-de-lance' or 'Terciopelo', has variable coloration, from gray to olive, brown or reddish, with dark triangles edged with light scales. Triangles are narrow at the top and wide at the bottom. Snake's Toxic Rank 7: Yellow-jawed Tommygoff is the world's No.7 venomous snake.

Snake's Characteristics: Yellow-jawed Tommygoff has an irritable disposition and may strike with little provocation. Heat-seeking fangs help it strike accurately even in the dark. This highly poisonous snake is responsible for a high mortality rate. The female fer-de-lance is highly prolific, producing up to 60 new born. The venom of this species is hemotoxic, extremely painful and hemorrhagic (causes profuse internal bleeding). Its cytotoxic venom also causes massive tissue destruction. See proof in picture below. Snake's Habitat: Fer-de-lance are found on cultivated land and farms, they often enter houses in search of rodents. Snake's Length: Average length of Fer-de-Lance is about 1.4 meters and maximum of 2.4 meters. Snake's Distribution: Yellow-Jawed Tommygoffs or Fer-de-lance are found Southern Mexico, throughout Central and South America. Fer De Lance Pit Viper's Video. Multibanded krait ( Bungarus Multicinctus ) Snake's Description: Multibanded Krait is black or bluish-black in colour with narrow white bands. Snake's Toxic Rank 8: Multibanded Krait is the world's No.8 venomous snake.

Snake's Characteristics: Multibanded Krait is most active at night. Its venom 'Alpha-Bungarotoxin' is a powerful neurotoxin. Its victims are usually fishermen who untangle these deadly snakes from large fish nets. Snake's Habitat: Multibanded Kraits are often found in aquatic areas hunting for fish, frogs or other snakes. Snake's Length: Multibanded Krait's average length is in range of 1.8 meters. Snake's Distribution: Multibanded Kraits now rare in wild, are most preferred edible snakes in China. Found near islands of Southern China Sea, Taiwan, Vanuatu, Fiji, etc. Banded Krait's Streaming Video. Tiger Snake ( Notechis Scutatus ) Snake's Description: Tiger Snake are olive to dark brown in colour above with yellowish or olive belly and crossbands. Its subspecies in Tasmania and Victoria are uniformly black. Snake's Toxic Rank 9: Tiger Snake is the world's No.9 venomous snake. Snake's Characteristics: Tiger Snake is a dangerous poisonous snake found in Australia. It is very common and bites many humans in Australia. It has a very potent neurotoxic venom that attacks the nervous system.

When aroused, it is aggressive and attacks any intruder. It flattens its neck making a narrow band. Its venom is produced in large quantities, with an average yield 35mg and a record of 180mg. Snake's Habitat: Tiger Snakes have many habitats from arid regions to human settlements and along waterways to grasslands. Snake's Length: Tiger Snake has an average length of 1.2 meters and maximum of 1.8 meters. Snake's Distribution: Tiger Snakes are found in Australia, Tasmania, Bass Strait islands and New Guinea. Black Tiger Snake's Video Clip. Jararacussu ( Bothrops Jararacussu ) Snake's Description: Jararacussu has a light or dark greenish colour on upper body and faint yellow colour at bottom. Snake's Toxic Rank 10: Jararacussu is the world's No.10 venomous snake. Snake's Characteristics: Jararacussu may inject a whopping 800 mg of venom per bite. Its single bite has the potential to kill 32 people. Snake's Habitat: Jararacussus are often found in a spiral state hanging on trees.

Snake's Length: Jararacussu can grow up to 3 meters in length. Snake's Distribution: Jarararcussus are found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay. A Video of Jararacussu. So those were, World's Top 10 Most Poisonous, Venomous, Toxic and infact Deadliest Snakes. Now Lets find out some practical tips on, How To avoid poisonous snake bites? IMPORTANT PRECAUTIONS YOU MUST TAKE TO AVOID VENOMOUS SNAKE BITES. Since, Precaution Is Always Better Than Cure. Venomous Snakes are widely distributed. They are found in all tropical, subtropical, and most temperate regions. Some species of poisonous snakes have specialized glands that contain a toxic venom and long hollow fangs to inject their venom. Although venomous snakes use their venom to secure food, they also use it for self-defense. Human accidents occur when you don't see or hear the snake, when you step on them, or when you walk too close to them. Follow these simple rules to avoid the chance of accidental snake bites:- How To Avoid Venomous Snake Bites? Guide ↓ Source of following streaming videos is YouTube channel of Expert Village. 1.

How To Avoid Snake Bites? General Tips 2. How To Avoid Snake Bites In Your Backyard? 3. How To Identify A Venomous Snake? 4. How to Identify Coral & King Snakes? 5. How To Handle A Venomous Snake? 6. First Aid Tools For A Snake Attack 7. First Aid If An Adult Is Bitten By Snake 8. First Aid If A Child Is Bitten By Snake 9. First Aid If A Pet Is Bitten By Snake 10.How To Remove Snake Venom By Extractor? More Useful Tips To Avoid Snake Bites ↓ Don't sleep next to brush, tall grass, large boulders, or trees. They provide hiding places for snakes. Place your sleeping bag in a clearing. Use mosquito netting tucked well under the bag. This netting should provide a good barrier. Don't put your hands into dark places such as rock crevices, heavy brush or hollow logs, without first investigating. Don't step over a fallen tree. Step on the log and look to see if there is a snake resting on the other side. Don't walk through heavy brush or tall grass without looking down. Look where you are walking.

Don't pick up any snake unless you are absolutely positive it is non-venomous. Don't pick up freshly killed snake without first severing its head. The nervous system may be still active and a partially dead snake can deliver a deadly bite. Even if you see a venomous snake don't panic always be clam, make no sound nor movements and let the creature go its way. Never try to kill nor hit snake with stones. In case if you do so, possibility of a jump bite or spitting of venom from snake's self-defense may prove hazardous. Spitting Cobra is very well known to spit its venom with extreme accuracy. It always target victim's eyes and its venom can cause permanent blindness. Always wear hard & tall shoes which could possibly secure legs and resist snake bites. Lastly while going for treks or expedition campaigns in national parks do investigate little about that area for any special snake habitat. If it's a home of special specie of venomous snake do carry a proper antivenom with you. In such a case, prior guidance and advise regarding selection of a proper anti-dote from any medical expert is mandatory. Remember! Some people are allergic to antivenom.

Story Of A Man Bitten By Rattlesnake - Video ↓ Real Life Snake Bite Caught on Video Camera ↓ Australia's 10 Most Deadliest Snakes - Streaming Video A video documentary presented by Steve Irwin . In this video Steve Irwin have ranked Australia's Ten Most Deadliest Venomous Snakes. You may get confuse with Steve's statements in this documentary as he claims his list being of 'World's 10 Most Deadliest'. But this is not true, Steve is basing his statements based on an old article (pub. in 1979) by A. J. Broad called 'Broad et al in Toxicon'. This old article was not intended as ranking but just a representation of some venomous Australian snakes. The fact is other species from different countries are more toxic than Australian snakes. This was for you kind information, enjoy watching this educational streaming video documentary. Australia's Ten Most Deadliest Snakes - Video Documentary Starts Part 1 ↑ Australia's Ten Most Deadliest Snakes - Video Documentary Part 2 ↑ Australia's Ten Most Deadliest Snakes - Video Documentary's Last Part 3 ↑ A Tribute To Crocodile Hunter, Late Mr. Steve Irwin ↓ Most Shocking Snake Video Ever, Warning!

Graphical ↓ Warning! Above video is extremely graphical in nature and not suitable for all. Viewers discretion is highly recommended. Can a snake eat Hippopotamus? Snake Facts, Records For General Knowledge ↓ During early Cretaceous period (120 million years ago) snakes evolved from lizards-like ancestors and in process of evolution gradually lost their legs. Total species of snake in the world are over 2,900 of which approximately 680-700 are venomous. Total species of sea snake in the world = 55 of which almost all are venomous with few exceptions like Turtle Headed or 'Emydocephalus Annulatus'. Sea snakes venom is more toxic than venom of land snakes. 'Hydrophis Belcheri' is most venomous snake specie on planet earth. 'Oxyuranus Microlepidotus' or 'Inland Taipan' is most venomous terrestial land snake in the world. 'Ophiophagus Hannah' or 'King Cobra' or 'Hamadryad' seems most intelligent, huge, gaint and longest (3.65-4.5 metres in length) venomous snake of all.

'Black Mamba' is fastest moving (16-19 km/hr) venomous snake in the world. It is fast enough to catch a person on foot at speed of 10-11 km/hr but definitely can't catch a running person as claimed in some african stories. 'Black Mamba' is also notoriously most aggressive venomous snake. 'Echis Carinatus' (Saw Scale or Carpet Viper) a venomous viper bites and kills more people than any other venomous snake on earth. 'Micrurus Fulvius' or Eastern Coral Snake is North America's most venomous snake. It has a potent neurotoxic venom. 'Crotalus Scutulatus' or Mojave Rattlesnake is most venomous rattlesnake in the world. This venomous pitviper is also only rattler with neurotoxic venom. It is a native snake of Arizona and California, USA. 'Crotalus Adamanteus' or Eastern Diamondback is highest venom yielding rattler in USA and responsible for most human deaths in North America. Eastern Diamondback rattlesnake is also heaviest venomous snake in the world.

Heaviest recorded weight of one such snake was 15kg(34lb) which measured 2.36m(7ft9in) in length. 'Vipera berus' is the only venomous snake found in Britain. Namaqua or 'Spotted Dwarf Adder' (Bitis schneideri) is smallest (Avg. 22.8 cms in length) venomous snake in the world. 'Leptotyphlops Carlae' a harmless (non-venomous) blind specie of thread snake is the smallest snake in world. It is also called 'Barbados Threadsnake' and has an average length of 10 cms (4 inches). Gaboon Viper or 'Bitis gabonica' has longest fangs (about 5 cm in length) in the snake world. Highest yield of venom ever recorded was of 'Bothrops Jarararcussu' (1530mg) and Gaboon Viper (350-600mg). However 1530mg recorded yield of Jararacussu seems unexceptable as average yield of this specie is around 150 to 200mg.

Many people believe that Anacondas of Amazon are the longest and largest snakes of all. Some reports even claim that Anacondas growing up to 36.5 metres long do exist. But such claim have never been proved. US President 'Theodore Roosevelt' once declared a prize tag of $5,000 to anybody who could bring the skin or vertebrae of an Anaconda with more than 9 metres length. American Wildlife Conservation Society raised this offer to $50000, but till date this prize remains unclaimed. Hence reticulated or Regal Python is now considered as the longest snake in the world. Regal Python has an average length of 10.7 metres. When compared with Regal Python, Anaconda exceed in weight which is up to 230 kgs thus making them heaviest snake specie on earth. The Scrub Python is Australia's largest snake, growing to a length of 25.5 feet. They are good swimmers and are usually found near water. 'Hydrophis Spiralis' is the longest known sea snake growing upto 2.75m (9ft) in length.

'Giganthopis Garstini' is the longest prehistoric snake ever found, it inhabited Egypt about 38 million years ago. Its remains discovered in Fayum (western desert) indicate a probable length of 11m (36ft). However as per latest report published in Nature Journal Magazine this record is broken. The fossilised remains belonging to the world’s new largest snake is discovered. Titanoboa was 13m (42ft) long (about the length of a bus) and lived in the rainforest of north-east Colombia 58-60 million years ago. A male Common Boa (Boa Constrictor Constrictor) named 'Popeye' from Philadelphia Zoo (Pennsylvania, USA) was the oldest snake ever lived. It lived for 40 years + 3 months + 14 days and died on 15th April 1977. Countries where most people die of snakebites are India and Sri-Lanka in which approximately 20,000 to 50,000 deaths are recorded annually in India alone. Ryukyu group of islands between Japan and Taiwan have highest incidence of snakebites in the world.

On an average 0.2 percent of population (i.e 1 in every 500 people) is bitten by a snake each year. The snake most blamed for this is 'Trimeresurus flavoriridis' or Okinawa Habu, luckly most of its victims do recover and don't die a painful death. Okinawa Habu is a largest Asiatic pit Viper. Okinawa Habu is also longest known fasting snake. Experiment conducted by Amami Kango Pit Viper Center in Naze city (Japan) found this specie survived for 3 years 3 months without food and most shockingly even regained its full health later when experiment was terminated. This snake have highest stamina to survive without food than any other snake. Ilha da Queimada Grande island of Brazil is world's most densely populated snake place on earth. On this uninhabited Snake island there is at least one snake (Golden Lancehead) per square meter. This dangerous Snake island is protected by Brazilian Navy and any civilian contact to it is prohibited. Video of Ilha da Queimada Grande ↓ In USA, state which tops most recorded snake bites is Arizona. Each year July 16 is celebrated as World Snake Day.

Country which is home to many toxic venomous species of snake is Australia. Snakeless countries and islands were you cannot find any native snakes are Ireland, New Zealand, Iceland, Greenland, Newfoundland and Falkland Islands. Antarctica is only snakeless continent in the world. Source:- Mahiti Pustika Sarpa Visheshank (Marathi Encyclopedia) Final Glance On Most Venomous Snakes ↓ "Follow safety tips to avoid all possible snakes bites and if by the rarest chance you're bitten then quickly rush to nearby hospital." "Always take safety precautions while going for jungle treks or wild expeditions." "Though Venomous, Snakes as always are wonderful species, their respect is our respect towards nature." "Sadly! Yet true. Today very few Snakes can be seen in the wild. Some special species of snakes either have become extinct or are on the verge of extinction." "People must give up their habit of drinking snakes' blood and eating their meat. Appeal! Please don't buy any goods made from snakes' skins since if buying stops killing can too." My Sincere Gratitude To All Snake Lovers ↓ Thanks!

For reading my article on 'World's Top 10 Ten Most Poisonous, Venomous, Deadliest Snakes'. I hope you enjoyed it. Don't kill Snakes. They need our care, protection and respect. Change your perception and think again on preserving this beautiful specie of nature. Article By : Gaurav Akrani. This Snake Article was revised on 2nd July 2010. World’s Largest Venomous Snake - Outback Wrangler Video - Nat Geo WILD 0 World’s Largest Venomous Snake Matt spots a king cobra and has his work cut out for him as he tries to capture it. Video Clips The world's most poisonous snakes - YouTube The world's most poisonous snakes Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Feb 22, 2016 1 - Taipan snake: Great, this is a fast and highly poisonous snakes in Australia are d 2 to 3.6 meters in length.

poison secreted by the bite has the power to put an end to 44 human life. In Taipan venom; which causes muscle weakness and paralysis has presynaptic neurotoxin. also cause massive bleeding by preventing blood clotting. -Master Cobra 2: the longest snake in the world, reaching 6.7 meters long and has a weight reached 9 kg. such has a large living area of ​​South Asia from India A reached. Poison animal's eyes occurs in the salivary glands located just behind. 6 times a year to an adult king cobra, king cobra skin a kitten change 1 times per month. a large Asian elephant caused by the bite of a king cobra can kill within three hours. 3 - Tiger Snake: Australia's coastal areas, coastal regions of the snake species found on islands and Tasmania. 2 meters in lengths located. There is a certain color pattern structure mostly resembles a tiger. poison is secreted impact that killed 8 people. He has been exposed to poison people: local pain in the legs and neck, chills, difficulty in breathing are seen after sweating and numbness. 4 - Death Adder is: It is a common species in Australia.

It has the longest tooth of the snake species living in this region. its length is between 70 and 100 cm type. a bite venom secreted in 4 people are strong enough to kill the mouse 7600. 5 - Brown snake: The longest of these snake species found in Australia is 2.2 meters. Such that when driven quickly approached more and bites when it feels threatened. 4 people are strong enough to kill the poison secreted by a bite. 6 - Black Mamba Snake: a type of black mamba snake of Africa is the world's 2nd longest venomous snake. The average length of about 2.5 meters to 4.5 meters while the largest are usually in the neighborhood. They take their names from the color cyan in the mouth. these are long-lasting in the hunt both day and night general small animal bite before such hunting withdrawn and expects to spend paralyzed prey. Secrete poison that can kill with a bite to 4 people. 7 - Russel Viper: India, Asia, Southwest Asia, the kind seen in China and Taiwan. rmdir seen the longest length of 166 c. with head flattened triangle-shaped structure. blunt nose is round and fluffy.

It secretes poison can kill up to 4 people and 7 thousand mouse with such a bite that seems harmless. 8 - viper: This type seen in our country live in northern Africa and equatorial regions. Apart from the long lithe capture smaller teeth teeth are also secrete poison. The triangular shape of the head and tail are blunt. Such is a night hunter. internal bleeding seen live exposed to the poison and venom is strong enough to kill two people. 9 - hook-nosed sea snake: It has a spacious living area extending to the Indian Ocean coast of Australia. show much effect on people hours after inactive poison can kill by causing respiratory failure without pain. 1930 is going to kill poison effect in mice that secrete a bite. 10 - silent rattlesnake: such as it is seen in the longest snake in the Amazon in South America. throughout adult ranges from 2 to 4 meters. There are 2 sting stored in the structure of the diamond-shaped head. very patient with waiting for the approach of this kind can kill prey and poison secreted by human and 1600 mouse 1.

Category BBC Nature - King cobra videos, news and facts Additional data source: Animal Diversity Web About The king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) is an elapid found predominantly in forests from India through Southeast Asia. This species is the world's longest venomous snake, with a length up to 18.5 to 18.8 ft (5.6 to 5.7 m). Despite the word "cobra" in its common name, this snake is not a member of the Naja genus ("true cobras"), which contains most cobra species, but the sole member of its own genus. It preys chiefly on other snakes and occasionally on some other vertebrates, such as lizards and rodents. The king cobra is a dangerous snake that has a fearsome reputation in its range, although it typically avoids confrontation with humans when possible. The king cobra is a prominent symbol in the mythology and folk traditions of Pakistan, India and Myanmar.

Question: What is the world's largest poisonous snake, at up to 5 metres long ?
Answer: KING COBRA