Thyroid cartilage | definition of thyroid cartilage by Medical dictionary Thyroid cartilage | definition of thyroid cartilage by Medical dictionary cartilage [kahr´tĭ-lij] a specialized, fibrous connective tissue present in adults, and forming most of the temporary skeleton in the embryo, providing a model in which most of the bones develop, and constituting an important part of the organism's growth mechanism; the three most important types are hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage. Also, a general term for a mass of such tissue in a particular site in the body. Involvement of joint and cartilage in osteoarthritis. From ARHP Arthritis Teaching Slide Collection, American College of Rheumatology. alar c's the cartilages of the wings of the nose. aortic cartilage the second costal cartilage on the right side. arthrodial cartilage (articular cartilage) that lining the articular surfaces of synovial joints. arytenoid c's two pyramid-shaped cartilages of the larynx. connecting cartilage that connecting the surfaces of an immovable joint.

costal cartilage a bar of hyaline cartilage that attaches a rib to the sternum in the case of true ribs, or to the immediately above rib in the case of the upper false ribs. cricoid cartilage a ringlike cartilage forming the lower and back part of the larynx. diarthrodial cartilage articular cartilage . elastic cartilage cartilage that is more opaque, flexible, and elastic than hyaline cartilage, and is further distinguished by its yellow color. The ground substance is penetrated in all directions by frequently branching fibers that give all of the reactions for elastin. fibrous cartilage fibrocartilage . floating cartilage a detached portion of semilunar cartilage in the knee joint. hyaline cartilage flexible, somewhat elastic, semitransparent cartilage with an opalescent bluish tint, composed of a basophilic fibril-containing substance with cavities in which the chondrocytes occur. Hyaline cartilage. The matrix nearest the chondrocytes is intensely staining; although the matrix appears homogeneous, collagen fibrils may be visualized by polarized light or electron microscopy. From Dorland's, 2000.

Meckel's cartilage the ventral cartilage of the first branchial arch. permanent cartilage cartilage that does not normally become ossified. Reichert's cartilage the dorsal cartilage of the second branchial arch. semilunar cartilage one of the two interarticular cartilages of the knee joint. temporary cartilage cartilage that is normally destined to be replaced by bone. thyroid cartilage the shield-shaped cartilage of the larynx, underlying the laryngeal prominence on the surface of the neck. vomeronasal cartilage either of the two narrow strips of cartilage, one on each side, of the nasal septum supporting the vomeronasal organ. thy·roid car·ti·lage [TA] the largest of the cartilages of the larynx; it is formed of two approximately quadrilateral plates (laminae) joined anteriorly at an angle of from 90-20°, the prominence so formed constituting the laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple). thyroid cartilage n. The largest cartilage of the larynx, having two broad processes that join anteriorly to form the Adam's apple.

thyroid cartilage the largest cartilage of the larynx, consisting of two laminae fused together at an acute angle in the midline of the anterior neck to form the Adam's apple. Compare cricoid . thy·roid car·ti·lage (thī'royd kahr'ti-lăj) [TA] The largest of the cartilages of the larynx; it is formed of two approximately quadrilateral plates joined anteriorly at an angle of from 90-120°, the prominence so formed constituting the laryngeal prominence. Synonym(s): cartilago thyroidea [TA] . thyroid cartilage The largest of the cartilages of the LARYNX , consisting of two backward-sloping, broad processes joined in front to form the protuberance in the neck known popularly as the Adam's apple. thyroid cartilage, n the anterior midline prominence of the larnyx; also known as the Adam's apple.

cartilage a specialized, gristly connective tissue present in both mature animals and embryos, providing a model in which most of the bones develop, and constituting an important part of the organism's growth mechanism; the three most important types are hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage and fibrocartilage. Also, a general term for a mass of such tissue in a particular site in the body. alar c's the cartilages of the wings of the nose. annular ear cartilage a ring of cartilage interposed between the rolled-up auricular cartilage and the skull. arthrodial cartilage, articular cartilage that clothing the articular surfaces of synovial joints. arytenoid c's two pyramid-shaped cartilages of the larynx. auricular cartilage cartilage of the pinna and much of the external ear canal. cartilage canals tunnels containing blood vessels incorporated in developing cartilage. connecting cartilage that connecting the surfaces of an immovable joint. costal cartilage a bar of hyaline cartilage that attaches a rib to the sternum in the case of true ribs, or to the immediately cranial rib in the case of the anterior false ribs.

cricoid cartilage a ringlike cartilage forming the caudal part of the larynx. diarthrodial cartilage articular cartilage. distal phalangeal cartilage the ungual cartilages of the third phalanx in the horse lie mostly against the hoof wall but can be palpated if ossified. See also sidebone . elastic cartilage cartilage that is more opaque, flexible and elastic than hyaline cartilage, and is further distinguished by its yellow color. The ground substance is penetrated in all directions by frequently branching fibers that give all of the reactions for elastin. cartilage emboli a detached portion of semilunar cartilage in the stifle joint. hoof cartilage see distal phalangeal cartilage (above). hyaline cartilage flexible, somewhat elastic, semitransparent cartilage with an opalescent bluish tint, composed of a basophilic fibril-containing substance with cavities in which the chondrocytes occur. interarytenoid cartilage an occasional cartilage located between the two arytenoid cartilages.

nasal cartilage rostral end to the internasal septum, separating the nasal cavities and anchoring the other cartilages around the nostrils. parapatellar cartilage cartilaginous plates medial and lateral to the patella in some species, e.g. dogs. permanent cartilage cartilage that does not normally become ossified. retained enchondral cartilage cores occur in ulnar metaphysis and lateral femoral condyles of young, giant breed dogs. Visible radiographically as radiolucent inverted cones, extending into the metaphysis, they are often associated with growth deformities such as forelimb valgus and genu valgum. reticular cartilage dorsal extension of the scapula in ungulates; tends to calcify with age. cartilage scissors used for ear cropping in dogs. semilunar cartilage one of the two intra-articular cartilages of the stifle joint. temporary cartilage cartilage that is normally destined to be replaced by bone. thyroid cartilage the unpaired cartilage of the larynx to which the vocal folds attach.

tibial cartilage the bed of cartilage located on the caudal surface of the intertarsal joint of birds; the tendons of the digital flexors pass through it. ungual cartilage see distal phalangeal cartilage (above). vomeronasal cartilage either of the two narrow strips of cartilage, one on each side, of the nasal septum supporting the vomeronasal organ. xiphoid cartilage posterior continuation of the sternum; supports the anterior abdominal wall, especially the linea alba. yellow cartilage the shield-shaped cartilage of the larynx. thyroid diverticulum primordium of the thyroid gland; appears as an outgrowth of the foregut between the first two pharyngeal pouches. This tube of epithelial cells grows ventrally into mesenchyme; the tube becomes the thyroglossal duct, the tip divides into two lobes, the thyroid glands. thyroid dysfunction see hypothyroidism , hyperthyroidism . ectopic thyroid migration of thyroid diverticulum tissue to aberrant sites occurs, e.g. thyroid tissue in the thymus. These cause no apparent abnormality.

thyroid extract a pharmaceutical substance derived from thyroid glands, used in the treatment of hypothyroidism. See thyroid (3) (above). thyroid function tests used to assess the functional capacity of the thyroid glands; most commonly employed in dogs and cats. Include plasma T4, plasma T3, free T4 radioiodine uptake, and TSH response tests. thyroid gland the largest of the endocrine glands, situated in the neck caudal to the larynx. It produces hormones (see below) that are vital in maintaining normal growth and metabolism. It also serves as a storehouse for iodine. Microscopic appearance of the thyroid gland. By permission from Guyton R, Hall JE, Textbook of Medical Physiology, Saunders, 2000 thyroid hormones iodothyronines secreted by the thyroid gland, principally thyroxine (tetraiodothyronine, T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3); derived from iodination of tyrosyl residues in thyroglobulin. The pharmaceutical names for T4 and T3 are levothyroxine and liothyronine, respectively. Regulate basal metabolic rate.

thyroid parafollicular cell Thyroid | Chiropractic Neurologist - Dr. Alex Frank, Florida Functional Neurology Group Home » Thyroid Thyroid The thyroid is one of the largest endocrine glands. The thyroid gland is found in the neck, below (inferior to) the thyroid cartilage (which forms the laryngeal prominence, or ‘Adam’s Apple’) and at approximately the same level as the cricoid cartilage. The thyroid gland controls how quickly the body uses energy, makes proteins, and controls how sensitive the body should be to other hormones. It participates in these processes by producing thyroid hormones, the principal ones being triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). These hormones regulate the rate of metabolism and affect the growth and rate of function of many other systems in the body. T3 and T4 are synthesized from both iodine and tyrosine. The thyroid also produces calcitonin, which plays a role in calcium homeostasis.

Hormonal output from the thyroid is regulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) produced by the anterior pituitary, which itself is regulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) produced by the hypothalamus. The thyroid gets its name from the Greek word for “shield”, after the shape of the related thyroid cartilage. The most common problems of the thyroid gland consist of an overactive thyroid gland, referred to as hyperthyroidism, and an underactive thyroid gland, referred to as hypothyroidism. Hyperthyroidism Hyperthyroidism, or overactive thyroid, is due to the overproduction of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4, and is most commonly caused by the development of Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disease in which antibodies are produced which stimulate the thyroid to secrete excessive quantities of thyroid hormones. The disease can result in the formation of a toxic goiter as a result of thyroid growth in response to the lack of negative feedback mechanisms. It presents with symptoms such as a thyroid goiter, protruding eyes (exophthalmos), palpitations, excess sweating, diarrhea, weight loss, muscle weakness and unusual sensitivity to heat.

Hypothyroidism-Hahsimoto’s Disease Hypothyroidism is due to the underproduction of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4. Hypothyroid disorders may occur as a result of congenital thyroid abnormalities (see congenital hypothyroidism), autoimmune disorders such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, iodine deficiency (more likely in poorer countries) or the removal of the thyroid following surgery to treat severe hyperthyroidism and/or thyroid cancer. Typical symptoms are abnormal weight gain, tiredness, baldness, cold intolerance, and bradycardia. Hypothyroidism is treated with hormone replacement therapy, such as levothyroxine, which is typically required for the rest of the patient’s life. Thyroid hormone treatment is given under the care of a physician and may take a few weeks to become effective. 90% of all Hypothyroidism is caused by Hashimoto’s Disease. At the Florida Functional Neurology Group (FFNG), we have found that the traditional approach to treating patients solely based on their TSH and T4 values to be ineffective in the resolution of their symptoms for a great number of patients.

FFNG utilizes functional blood chemistry standards which yield more data than traditonal allopathic physicians look at. This provides “all the puzzle pieces” and provides a more complete picutre of the patient’s true state of well-being. This allows Dr. Frank to construct a treatment protocol specific to the patient’s needs. For more insight to your road to recovery I highly recommend you get “ Why Do I STILL Have Thyroid Symptoms? ” by Dr. Datis Kharrazian. Thyroid Cartilage Fracture | Critical Care Medicine | JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery | The JAMA Network JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery March 2005 Thyroid Cartilage FractureAn Unusual Presentation Multimedia Blunt laryngeal injuries are rare and are not typically seen in isolation; they are usually associated with multiple traumas. 1 Such injuries account for less than 1% of all the cases seen at major trauma centers. 2 - 4 As a result of cross-over seatbelts rather than seatbelts that cross the lap only 5 and other safety measures, high-velocity blunt trauma injuries caused by road traffic accidents are decreasing.

Low-velocity blunt trauma injuries are on the rise owing to an increase in sporting injuries. Although women have a greater anatomical predisposition to laryngeal injuries as a result of relatively longer and slimmer necks, 6 it is usually young males who participate in violent sports, fights, or car racing. 5 In India (as in many parts of the world), an increasing population with a crowded public transportation system predisposes to accidents and low-velocity neck trauma. External trauma to the larynx can threaten not only life but also the quality of life. Restoration of the skeletal framework and epithelial lining of the larynx is essential to preserve its vocal and airway protecting function. 7 In thyroid cartilage fractures, especially at the level of the glottis, patients may present with marked dysphonia or aphonia and a certain degree of laryngeal obstruction. 8 Some patients, however, may appear deceptively normal. Thus, suspicion and recognition of acute laryngeal injury are imperative.

7 REPORT OF CASE A 17-year-old male student presented with a shift to the left in the laryngeal prominence ( Figure 1 ) that was unsightly to the patient, first observed 3 to 4 days prior to presentation. There was no history of trauma on initial questioning. On enquiring further the patient gave a history of the possibility of accidental blunt trauma to the neck while traveling in a crowded train 5 days earlier. This was followed by mild pain but no change in the quality of voice or respiratory distress. Figure 1. View Large Download Posttrauma shift in the laryngeal prominence to the left. On external examination of the neck, there was a shift of the thyroid notch to the left, 3 cm from the midline, which moved normally with deglutition. There was no tenderness on palpation, and the skin overlying this area showed no evidence of trauma. On rigid telelaryngoscopy, there was no evidence of intralaryngeal trauma; however, mild asymmetry of the vocal cords and shift of the anterior commissure was seen. The vocal cords appeared normal and mobile. The rest of the findings from the ear, nose, and throat examination were unremarkable.

A computed tomography scan ( Figure 2 ) of the neck was performed, which showed 2 fracture lines of the left thyroid ala: one was at the junction of the anterior one-third and the posterior two-thirds, and the second was 2 to 3 mm from the midline. The fracture segment was displaced laterally with the loss of normal thyroid prominence. No endolaryngeal edema or intralaryngeal hematoma was seen on imaging results. Figure 2. View Large Download Computed tomography scan showing 2 fracture lines of the left thyroid ala with fracture fragment lying perpendicular to the ala. After conducting a hematologic, radiologic, and medical workup, anesthesia was administered, and a neck exploration was planned. A thyroidectomy incision was used to approach the thyroid cartilage by dissecting and lateralizing the strap muscles. The displaced fracture segment was visualized with an exposed thyroarytenoid muscle. This fragment was lying perpendicular to the rest of the larynx ( Figure 3 ). It was dissected and removed, and the fractured edges were sutured to one another with 2-0 proline sutures ( Figure 4 ).

A suction drain was kept in place, and the wound was closed in 2 layers. Figure 3. View Large Download Postoperative normal neck contour and early scar. The patient experienced no change in voice postoperatively. A rigid laryngoscopy performed after 7 days showed preoperative tilt of the larynx to the left with healthy laryngeal mucosa and normal vocal cord movements on both sides. On long-term follow-up, there was no change in the quality of voice and no evidence of laryngeal or subglottic stenosis. COMMENT External laryngeal trauma is rarely seen in emergency ear, nose, and throat practices, accounting for only 1 in 30 000 emergency department visits. 9 Injury to the larynx is uncommon as it is protected posteriorly by a rigid cervical spine, and the inferior projection of the mandible affords protection to a large degree from anterior blows. 9 This factor is highlighted further among the pediatric age group, in which the larynx is situated higher up in the neck with lesser incidence of trauma. 10 With safer seatbelt technology and traffic rule awareness, the classic dashboard injury is not a culprit as frequently as in the past.

However, sport injuries are an increasing cause. In highly populated developing countries such as India, a crowded public transportation system, including local trains or buses, are a common cause of injuries. In trains in which people must stand, holding onto rings from the ceiling, the neck is prone to accidental injury from the elbows of other passengers. Laryngeal trauma has been classified into penetrating and blunt (further into low and high velocity). 6 Laryngeal framework fractures may be supraglottic, glottic, and intraglottic. The structure and localization of the larynx is such that injury to the organ is followed by the development of lesions, producing distinctive signs and symptoms. 7 Clinical features peculiar to supraglottic thyroid fractures include a muffled voice with obstruction and flattening of the neck contour, and if the injury is at the glottis, it may cause cord palsy. 7 Surprisingly, there was a complete lack of such symptoms in our patient, and he presented only when he noticed an abnormal neck prominence that was cosmetically unacceptable to him.

If the thyroid cartilage is pushed over the spine, then it splays apart, and in the case of a rigid calcified cartilage, it will split down the front or down the thyroid prominence. 6 No such fractures occur in children and young adults with elastic cartilage. 6 , 10 Another form of trauma, albeit a rarer one, is a contrecoup injury, where there may be contralateral trauma to the larynx. 4 Unlike most thyroid fractures where there is frequent displacement of fragments and associated endolaryngeal trauma, the telelaryngoscopy showed a slight tilt with normal endolaryngeal mucosa and vocal folds, and therefore, no dysphonia or dyspnea. An important determinant of the final outcome in terms of both voice quality and airway patency is the timing of surgery. 11 - 13 The thyroid cartilage, if fractured, will heal with fibrous union, and, provided it is in a good position, it is just as satisfactory as wiring or stitching it together.

At the same time, it is important to note that if there is secondary infection and excessive fibrosis with cicatrisation, deformity and altered laryngeal function such as glottic web and arytenoid joint arthrodesis may occur even after minor injuries. 5 , 7 Unlike in our case, low-velocity blunt injuries rarely cause a thyroid or cricoid cartilage fracture and thus do not require open exploration, 5 but in the presence of a thyroid fracture, a midline thyrotomy or an approach through the fracture, if near the midline, is indicated to explore the endolarynx. 5 , 9 Failure to recognize subtle presentations of these injuries may allow cicatrisation and airway obstruction to manifest days or months after the initial insult. 14 Devascularized pieces of cartilage may become necrotic, giving rise to perichondritis and infection and further fibrosis with endolaryngeal complications. Thus, in this case, to prevent complications and to achieve cosmesis, the fracture fragment was dissected and removed. 7 Superadded infection was further prevented by using intravenous broad spectrum antibiotics. Satisfactory cosmesis was achieved after the postoperative edema subsided.

In conclusion, systemization of the sequelae of blunt laryngeal trauma is elusive; such injuries must be recognized individually, evaluated, and subjected to appropriate therapy. Although experience in managing laryngeal trauma is limited, because of the rarity of this injury, early identification and management of this condition prevents morbid long-term complications. Unit 2: (Gross) Larynx at Ohio State University College of Dentistry - StudyBlue StudyBlue what are the three regions of the larynx? -vestibule what is the space in between the vestibular fold and the vocal fold? laryngeal saccule what fold houses the true vocal cords? vocal fold what fold houses the false vocal cords? vestibular fold where in the larynx do the pharyngeal constrictor muscles attach to? oblique line (in the thyroid cartilage) cartilage that appears to be floating in between the hyoid bone and the thyroid cartilage (located in lateral thyrohyoid ligament) triticeal cartilage what type of cartilage is epiglottic cartilage? elastic (has type two collagen) what attaches the epiglottic cartilage to the thyroid cartilage?

thyro-epiglottic ligament what attaches the epiglottis to the hyoid bone? hyo-epiglottic ligament what is the most anterior part of the larynx? (adam's apple) laryngeal prominence what is the notch just above the laryngeal prominence? superior thyroid notch what are the names of the two walls of the thyroid cartilage? right and left lamina what is at the bottom of the inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage? facet for cricoid cartilage what is located just below the cricoid cartilage? trachea what is located on the lateral sides of the cricoid cartilage? facets for articulation with inferior horn of thyroid cartilage Advertisement what is located on the most superior and posterior border of the cricoid cartilage? facets for articuation with arytenoid cartilage what is the process located on the anterior part of each arytenoid cartilage? vocal process what is the process located on the posterior side of each arytenoid cartilage?

muscular process small horn shaped cartilage that rests on the apices of arytenoid cartilages and lie in the aryepiglottic fold corniculate cartilage what type of cartilage is corniculate cartilage elastic what is the minor cartilage located just above the corniculate cartilage? cuneiform cartilage what overlies the cuneiform and corniculate cartilages? tubercles what overlies the quadrangular membrane? ary-epiglottic fold membrane that makes up the cuneiform and coniculate tubercles and attaches to the lateral epiglottis quadrangular membrane what are the three characteristics of a synovial joint? -capsule what is the action of the cricothyroid joint? -anterior movement what ligaments hold together the cricothyroid joint? cricothyroid ligaments what nerve is just posterior to the cricothyroid joint? inferior laryngeal nerve which one (vocal/vestibular) ligaments is more inferior and medial?

vocal superior opening (inlet) of the larynx aditus area superior to vestibular folds vestibule area between vestibular folds and vocal folds ventricle area inferior to vocal folds infraglottic cavity space in between the two vestibular folds rima vestibuli space in between the two vocal folds? rima glottidis what is the the position of both the vestibular and vocal folds during FORCED INSPIRATION both are open what is the position of the vestibular and vocal folds during phonation? vocal cords: closed during phonation, high tension = ____ pitch high what is the postion of the vestibular and vocal folds during FORCED CLOSURE (holding breath and not swallowing) both are closed what could happen if food gets lodged in the vestibule? may seal off larynx and produce muscle spasms *death occurs in 5 minutes what two things could be done to save a person dealing with aspiration of foreign bodies? -heimlich maneuver what are the two parts of the cricothyroid muscle? -straight part (medial) internal larynx: what is the most interior muscle?

posterior crico-arytenoid *innervated by inferior laryngeal n internal larynx: what muscles form what looks like an X on the posterior side of the arytenoid cartilage? oblique arytenoid m internal larynx: what m is just deep to the oblique arytenoid m transverse arytenoid what nerve innervates the cricothyroid m? external laryngeal n what is the only m to OPEN the rima glottis posterior crico-arytenoid what four m assist in closing the rima glottis? -transverse arytenoid -lateral crico-arytenoid -oblique arytenoid what is the name of the part of the oblique arytenoid m that inserts into the lateral epiglottis? ary-epiglottic part what is the term for the spasmodic closure of the glottis by any of the internal laryngeal mm? laryngospasm what are two causes of laryngospams? -irritating chemicals what artery supplies the upper larynx? superior laryngeal artery what artery supplies the lower larynx?

inferior laryngeal artery how is blood drained from the larynx? to the plexuses and then to the IJV is the inferior laryngeal nerve motor or sensory? both Thyroid - YouTube Thyroid Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Feb 3, 2014 Wikipedia: Description: The thyroid gland or simply, the thyroid /ˈθaɪərɔɪd/, in vertebrate anatomy, is one of the largest endocrine glands. The thyroid gland is found in the neck, below the thyroid cartilage (which forms the laryngeal prominence, or "Adam's apple"). The thyroid gland controls how quickly the body uses energy, makes proteins, and controls how sensitive the body is to other hormones.

Category Larynx A at Midwestern University (AZ) - StudyBlue StudyBlue The larynx is in the _____ triangle of the neck anterior Larynx is _____ to the trachea superior Primary thing that stops things from getting into lungs larynx Larynx is _____ to the laryngopharynx anterior Unpaired cartilages of the larynx - thyroid cartilage What part of the larynx is the Adam's apple? laryngeal prominence Features on the thyroid cartilage lamina Inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage articulates with: Cricoid Cartilage via the Cricothyroid joints Features on the cricoid cartilage cricoid arch (anterior) Cricothyroid joint allows what movement? anteroinferior rotation of the thyroid cartilage What connects epiglottic cartilage to the thyroid?

stalk Paired cartilages of the larynx arytenoid cartilage Features on the arytenoid cartilage muscular process (posterolateral) cricoarytenoid joint (allows a lot of movement) Ligaments of the larynx quadrangular membrane (ary-epiglottic lig and vestibular lig) cricotracheal ligament cricothyroid membrane (median cricothyroid liagment and conus elasticus ((vocal ligament and lateral cricothyroid ligament) What is quadrangular membrane composed of? ary-epiglottic ligament and vestibular ligament + epiglottis and arytenoid cartilage Common place for food to get caught piriform recess in the laryngohparynx part of laryngopharynx common place for food to get caught Opening of the larynx: mucosa wrapping around vestibular ligament Vocal fold mucosa wrapping around vocal ligament Space between vestibular fold and laryngeal fold laryngeal ventricle 2.

rima glottidis (space between vocal folds) Space above and below glottis infraglottic cavity Extrinsic muscles of the larynx and their action Suprahyoid muscles- elevate larynx Intrinsic muscles of the larynx control: vocal folds * The material on this site is created by StudyBlue users. StudyBlue is not affiliated with, sponsored by or endorsed by the academic institution or instructor. Words From Our Students "StudyBlue is great for studying. I love the study guides, flashcards and quizzes. So extremely helpful for all of my classes!" Alice , Arizona State University "I'm a student using StudyBlue, and I can 100% say that it helps me so much. Study materials for almost every subject in school are available in StudyBlue. It is so helpful for my education!" Tim , University of Florida "StudyBlue provides way more features than other studying apps, and thus allows me to learn very quickly!??I actually feel much more comfortable taking my exams after I study with this app. It's amazing!" Jennifer , Rutgers University "I love flashcards but carrying around physical flashcards is cumbersome and simply outdated.

StudyBlue is exactly what I was looking for!" Justin , LSU Cricoid cartilage - Location, Shape, Function and Pictures Cricoid cartilage By Shoummojit Roy on December 13, 2011 in Respiratory System Cricoid cartilage Definition The Cricoid cartilage is the ring-like formation at the base of the larynx. This structure also forms the uppermost part of the Trachea. The Cricoid cartilage is frequently referred to as the voice box and it forms the laryngeal prominence in men which is also known as Adam’s apple. Cricoid cartilage Shape The Cricoid cartilage has a circular ring-like structure. The word “Cricoid” is derived from the Greek term “krikoeides” which means “ring-shaped”. Cricoid cartilage Composition The Cricoid cartilage is made of yet another cartilage called Hyaline. Due to this reason, the Cricoid cartilage can undergo the process of calcification or ossification, especially during old age. Cricoid cartilage Location The Cricoid cartilage is located inferior to the thyroid cartilage situated in the neck.

Cricoid Cartilage Vertebral Level In humans, this cartilage is located in the sixth level of the cervical vertebra. Cricoid cartilage Surface Anatomy The median cricothyroid ligament is joined to the Cricoid cartilage medially and the cricothyroid joints are attached to it postero-laterally. Below it around the trachea are located the rings of cartilage. These rings are C-shaped and are not continuous; they have a gap in between them. This C-shape and gap enables the food to pass through the esophagus. The cricotracheal ligament joins the Cricoid to the first tracheal ring. The posterior signet part of the Cricoid is known as the lamina. It is comparatively a bit broader than the anterior and lateral parts of the Cricoid cartilage. The anterior band part is known as the arch. The Cricoid cartilage can be said to be the only complete cartilage of the larynx. It forms an important part of the laryngeal structure. It provides us with attachments for the ligaments and muscles which coordinate the glottis.

Cricoid cartilage Function The basic function of the Cricoid cartilage is to connect various ligaments, cartilages and muscles which are involved in closing and opening of the airways as well as in the production of speech. The Cricoid cartilage is a very strong connective tissue which forms a sheath over the ends of the bone joints. It provides a surface for articulation and provides smoothness and flexibility of the joints. In cases of severe respiratory problems when other procedures fail to improve the respiratory conditions of the patient, a hollow needle is inserted in the cartilage to help the patient in breathing. This procedure is known as Emergency Airway Puncture or Cricothyrotomy. Cricoid Cartilage Clinical Significance When prior to surgery the anesthesiologist intubates a patient under general anesthesia, he or she will exert a pressure on the Cricoid cartilage in order to compress the esophagus lying behind the cartilage and thereby preventing any gastric influx from occurring. This procedure is known as Sellick maneuver. For several years, The Sellick maneuver was accepted as the standard procedure to be followed during Rapid Sequence Induction.

Even now the American Heart Association recommends this method of pressuring and squeezing the Cricoid while resuscitating using a BVM as well as while handling Emergent Oral Endotracheal Intubation. However, recent research in this area strongly indicates that this method of applying pressure on the Cricoid may not be as good as once it was thought. The procedure can at times prove to be very harmful as the Cricoid pressure may be often applied in a wrong way. Cricoid pressure when wrongly applied may laterally move the esophagus instead of compressing it, which is the prime objective of Sellick Maneuver. There are many studies which demonstrate that this can compress the glottis and result in increased peak pressures and lowered tidal volume. The current literature indicating these findings have been instrumental to make this once widespread practice almost obsolete. Sometimes blockages may be formed within the trachea. This may happen due to the calcification of the Hyaline cartilage which blocks the windpipe. Patients of increasingly old age may suffer from such causes. This may cause inflammations and pain of the Cricoid cartilage.

A medical operation known as Cricoidectomy may be performed in such cases to relieve the patient from such blockages. In this procedure, the Cricoid cartilage is removed partially or completely, as the individual case may need. Cricoid Cartilage Pictures Here are some pictures which will show you the location of the Cricoid cartilage in the human body and how does it appear externally. Picture 2 – Cricoid cartilage Image Picture 3 – Cricoid cartilage Photo References: hyoid a "U"-shaped bone consisting of several parts: body, 2 greater horns, 2 lesser horns the hyoid bone ossifies completely in middle life; the body articulates with the greater horns via cartilage and with the lesser horns via fibrous joints prior to ossification; an important site for muscle attachments (suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscle groups) body the middle portion of the "U"-shaped bone the body of the hyoid bone articulates with the greater horns posteriorly greater horn (cornu) posteriorly directed limbs of the "U"-shaped bone each greater horn articulates with the body and lesser horns anteriorly; origin of middle pharyngeal constrictor m.

and hyoglossus m.

lesser horn (cornu) articulates with the greater horn at its junction with the body the inferior end of the stylohyoid ligament attaches to the lesser horn thyroid cartilage the large anterior cartilage of the larynx; it has several parts: laminae (2), superior horns (2), inferior horns (2), oblique line, superior thyroid notch, connected above to the hyoid bone via the thyrohyoid membrane; connected below to the cricoid cartilage via the inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage; connected posteriorly: to the arytenoid cartilage via the vocal ligament and thyroarytenoid m., to the epiglottic cartilage via the thyroepiglottic ligament; it tilts anteriorly to increase the length of the vocal ligament and raise the pitch of the voice lamina a broad flat plate of cartilage forming one side of the thyroid cartilage; two laminae fuse anteriorly in the midline to form the thyroid cartilage the laryngeal prominence is the line of fusion of the two laminae; each lamina is connected superiorly to the hyoid bone by the thyrohyoid membrane superior horn the rounded, superior

 projection of the posterior border of the thyroid lamina it is connected superiorly to the greater horn of the hyoid bone by the lateral thyrohyoid ligament inferior horn the rounded, inferior projection of the posterior border of the thyroid lamina it is connected inferiorly to the cricoid cartilage by the cricothyroid articulation (a synovial joint) oblique line ridge which descends diagonally from superior to inferior on the lateral surface of the thyroid lamina a line of muscle attachment laryngeal prominence the line of fusion of the thyroid laminae known to the lay person as the "Adam's apple"; the laryngeal prominence is a secondary sexual characteristic - in postpuberal males the angle of the laryngeal prominence is approximately 90¡ and in females the angle is approximately 120¡ superior thyroid notch the notch at the superior end of the laryngeal prominence it is connected to the hyoid bone by the median thyrohyoid ligament the superior part of the larynx epiglottic cartilage is covered by a mucous membrane arytenoid cartilage a pyramid shaped cartilage located on the superior margin of the cricoid lamina paired; each is connected

 to the epiglottis above via the aryepiglottic m.

and to the thyroid cartilage anteriorly via the vocal ligament; paired arytenoid cartilages are pulled together (adducted) by the arytenoid m.

a small cartilage located on the apex of the arytenoid cartilage corniculate cartilage is found in the base of the aryepiglottic fold; it is yellow elastic cartilage cricoid cartilage the inferior & posterior cartilage of the larynx; it forms a complete cartilaginous ring; its arch projects anteriorly and its lamina is broad and flat posteriorly connected: above to the thyroid cartilage via the inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage, to the conus elasticus, to the arytenoid cartilages which sit atop the lamina; connected below to the first tracheal ring via the cricotracheal ligament cuneiform cartilage small cartilaginous nodule located in the aryepiglottic fold cuneiform cartilage is yellow elastic cartilage posterior surface of the lamina of the cricoid cartilage muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage draws the muscular process posteriorly, which pivots the arytenoid cartilage and abducts the vocal folds inferior laryngeal nerve, from the recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of the vagus nerve (X) superior laryngeal a., cricothyroid branch

 of the superior thyroid a.

the posterior cricoarytenoid is the only ABductor of the vocal folds; the arteries that supply the larynx anastomose within the larynx to supply the mucous membranes and muscles muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage posterior surface of the contralateral arytenoid cartilage, near its apex draws arytenoid cartilages together, adducting the vocal folds inferior laryngeal nerve, from recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of the of vagus (X) laryngeal br. of the superior thyroid a. the oblique arytenoid m. lies posterior to the transverse arytenoid m.; the arytenoideus is often considered to be one muscle with oblique and transverse fibers arytenoid, transverse posterior surface of the arytenoid cartilage posterior surface of the contralateral arytenoid cartilage draws arytenoid cartilages together, adducting the vocal folds inferior laryngeal nerve, from recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of the vagus nerve (X) laryngeal br. of the superior thyroid a.

the transverse arytenoid m.lies anterior to the oblique arytenoid m.; the arytenoideus is often considered to be one muscle with oblique and transverse parts apex (superior part) of the arytenoid cartilage epiglottis draws the epiglottis posteriorly and downward during swallowing inferior laryngeal nerve, from recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of the of vagus (X) laryngeal br. of the superior thyroid a. the mucosa is raised by the underlying aryepiglottic m. to form the aryepiglottic fold arch of the cricoid cartilage inferior border of the thyroid cartilage draws the thyroid cartilage forward, lengthening the vocal ligaments external branch of superior laryngeal nerve, a branch of the vagus nerve (X) cricothyroid branch of the superior thyroid a.

this is the only intrinsic muscle of the larynx that is not supplied by the recurrent laryngeal n.; ALL other laryngeal muscles are innervated by recurrent laryngeal nerve, via its inferior laryngeal branch arch of the cricoid cartilage muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage draws the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage anteriorly, which pivots the arytenoid cartilage and adducts the vocal folds inferior laryngeal nerve, from the recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of the vagus nerve (X) superior laryngeal a., cricothyroid branch of the superior thyroid a. an antagonist of the posterior cricoarytenoid m.; the arteries that supply the larynx anastomose within the larynx to supply the mucous membranes and muscles inner surface of the thyroid cartilage anteriorly lateral border of the arytenoid cartilage draws the arytenoid cartilage forward, relaxing and adducting the vocal folds inferior laryngeal nerve, from recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of the vagus nerve (X) laryngeal branch of the superior thyroid a.

its subsidiary parts are the thyroepiglottic m. and the vocalis m.; the medial most fibers of thyroarytenoid that insert along the vocal ligament are called the vocalis muscle inner surface of the thyroid cartilage near the laryngeal prominence lateral surface of the epiglottic cartilage draws the epiglottic cartilage downward inferior laryngeal nerve, from recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of the vagus nerve (X) laryngeal branch of the superior thyroid a. represents the superior fibers of thyroarytenoid muscle which fan out to the quadrangular membrane and epiglottis vocalis surface of the thyroid cartilage, vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage vocal ligament relaxes segments of the vocal ligament, thereby adjusting pitch inferior laryngeal nerve, from the recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of the vagus nerve (X) laryngeal br. of the superior thyroid a. represents the innermost fibers of the thyroarytenoid muscle; the cricothyroid m.

grossly tenses the vocal ligaments, while the vocalis muscle provides the mechanism for fine tuning the vibrations of the vocal folds constrictor, inferior pharyngeal oblique line of the thyroid cartilage, lateral surface of cricoid cartilage midline pharyngeal raphe constricts pharyngeal cavity vagus (X), via the pharyngeal plexus, with aid from the superior laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal nerves ascending pharyngeal a., superior thyroid a., inferior thyroid a. the most external of the three pharyngeal constructor mm. cricopharyngeus lateral surface of the cricoid cartilage midline pharyngeal raphe constricts the pharyngeal cavity and the entrance to the esophagus recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of the vagus nerve (X) cricothyroid branch of the superior thyroid a., ascending pharyngeal a. cricopharyngeus represents the lowest fibers of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor; it is continuous with the esophagus below and marks the beginning of it recurrent laryngeal br. of the vagus n.

(X) no named branches all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid; those muscles are: thyroarytenoid, oblique and transverse arytenoid, posterior and lateral cricoarytenoid, aryepiglottic, thyroepiglottic, vocalis; secretomotor to the mucous membrane of the larynx below the vocal fold mucous membrane of the larynx below the vocal fold inferior laryngeal n. is the continuation of the recurrent laryngeal n., the name change occurs at the cricothyroid articulation vagus n. (X) internal br., external br. cricothyroid m., inferior pharyngeal constrictor m.; secretomotor to mucosal glands of the larynx above the vocal folds mucous membrane of the larynx above the vocal folds external br. supplies the cricothyroid m.; all other intrinsic muscles of the larynx are supplied by the recurrent laryngeal n. vagus n. (X) esophageal brs., tracheal brs., cardiac brs., pharyngeal brs., inferior laryngeal n.

upper esophagus, lower pharynx, laryngeal mm. (except cricopharyngeus); smooth muscle of the trachea; secretomotor to mucosal glands in the upper esophagus, lower pharynx, larynx below the vocal fold, trachea; cardiac muscle of the heart (slows heart rate, decreases force of contraction) upper esophagus, lower pharynx, larynx below the vocal folds, GVA from heart right recurrent laryngeal n. loops posteriorly around the right subclavian a.; left recurrent laryngeal n. loops posteriorly around the aortic arch and ligamentum arteriosum; the inferior laryngeal br. supplies all intrinsic muscles of the larynx EXCEPT the cricothyroid m.

fold of mucosa located between the laryngeal vestibule and the laryngeal ventricle also known as: false vocal fold fold of mucosa covering the vocal ligament and the thyroepiglottic muscle (vocalis part) located inferior to the laryngeal ventricle; also known as: true vocal fold lateral outpouching of the laryngeal mucosa located between the vestibular fold (false vocal fold) and the vocal fold (true vocal fold) laryngeal ventricle may have a small diverticulum called the saccule opening into the larynx; the part of the larynx located below the epiglottis, between the aryepiglottic folds and above the vestibular (false vocal) folds lateral wall of the laryngeal ventricle contains the quadrangular membrane (submucosa) the opening between the vocal folds the glottis is the vocal fold plus the rima glottidis the vocal folds plus the rima glottidis rima glottidis is the opening between the vocal folds the portion of the laryngeal cavity that lies inferior to the vocal folds bounded superiorly by the glottis

 and opens inferiorly into the trachea aryepiglottic fold a fold of mucous membrane within the laryngopharynx that extends from the arytenoid cartilage to the epiglottis aryepiglottic fold covers the aryepiglottic muscle elastic membrane attaching on the upper margin of the arch of the cricoid cart and ending in the vocal ligament thickened upper margin of the conus elasticus is the vocal ligament vocal ligament an elastic band of connective tissue located in the vocal fold paired; each vocal ligament is connected to the inner surface of the thyroid cartilage anteriorly and to the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage posteriorly; vocal ligament is the thickened superior margin of the conus elasticus; vibration creates sound; adducted by the actions of the arytenoid mm.

and lateral cricoarytenoid m.; abducted by the action of the posterior cricoarytenoid m.

laryngopharynx the portion of the pharynx located posterior to the laryngeal inlet and the posterior wall of the larynx connects: superiorly with oropharynx at the superior border of epiglottis, anteriorly with the larynx through laryngeal inlet, inferiorly with the esophagus at the lower border of the cricoid cartilage; laryngopharynx contains the piriform recesses which are lateral to the aryepiglottic folds larynx located anterior to the laryngopharynx at level of C4-6 vertebrae composed of: thyroid, cricoid, epiglottic, arytenoid, cuneiform & corniculate cartilages; contains the vocal ligaments; controls the airway lateral glossoepiglottic fold fold of mucous membrane located between the base of the tongue and the epiglottis lateral glossoepiglottic fold is located lateral to the valleculae epiglottica median glossoepiglottic fold Tracheal shave | Lamperti Facial Plastic Surgery Adam's apple reduction What Makes up the Adam's Apple?

The Adam's Apple is formed by the laryngeal promience, a portion of the voice box cartilage (thyroid cartilage) that projects forward into the skin. The Laryngeal Prominence size varies from person to person. Men typically have a more prominent Adam's Apple compared with women due to the effect that testosterone has on the growth of the laryngeal cartilage during puberty. There are a number of factors that affect how large the laryngeal prominence appears. Obviously, when there is a relative excess of laryngeal prominence cartilage there will be a more prominent Adam's Apple noted over the skin. The figure below illustrates how this variation in thyroid cartilage configuration can lead to a more projecting Adam's Apple. A person's weight also plays a role as those with thin necks with little fat can have a more noticeable laryngeal prominence than those who are heavier with thicker necks. What does Tracheal Shave Surgery involve? Thyroid cartilage reduction can be done either under local anesthesia in the office or under deeper general anesthesia in the operating room. More extensive reductions or those with more calcified thyroid cartilage typically require surgery in the operating room.

With either method a horizontal incision is made in the midline of the neck. Dr. Lamperti prefer to place the incision high on the neck rather than right over the Adam's Apple. This allows the scar scar to be more hidden after surgery. The photo below shows Dr. Lamperti's typical incision placement for chondrolyarngoplasty. Once the incision is made, the overlying vertical muscles of the neck (strap muscles) are separated to allow exposure of the Adam's Apple (laryngeal prominence). This prominent cartilage is then shaved or trimmed to reduce how far it projects out. It is important to realize that the thyroid cartilage gradually calcifies as we age. Advanced laryngeal prominence reduction techniques can be used to address this since this more bone-like tissue can not be shaved as easily as regular cartilage. The neck muscles are then sutured back together and the incision closed using a few layers of sutures. A compressive dressing is then placed. How much tracheal reduction is possible? The main limitation when it comes to reducing the prominence of the thyroid cartilage is the need to avoid injury to the vocal cords.

This is related to the fact that the vocal cords insert into the laryngeal cartilage (voice box) just below the Adam's Apple. Too aggressive of a reduction may disrupt this insertion point. Avoiding injury to the vocal cords during Tracheal Shave Surgery using needle localization One way to minimize the chance of injuring the vocal cords during Adam's apple reduction is to perform a needle localization procedure. This is typically done in the operating room and involves the placement of a needle through the thyroid cartilage at the planned are of cartilage shaving. The end of the needle is then localized from inside the airway to verify that it is safely above the vocal cord insertion point. In this way the surgeon knows that the thyroid cartilage above this point is safe to shave down. Tracheal Shave Incision Placement and Closure Dr. Lamperti prefers to place the incision line for tracheal shave surgery relatively high on the neck in order to allow it to me as hidden as possible. The following intraoperative photo shows Dr. Lamperti's skin markings for the procedure. The upper line is where the incision is placed and the dots below show the extent of where the laryngeal cartilage needs to be shaved down.

The middle dot marks the high point, or most prominent part of the Adam's Apple. Here is a profile photo showing the same patient's incision: This photo shows the same patient toward the end of surgery with the completed suture line closure. The incision wasy closed in several layers where the under the skin sutures dissolve over the course of a few months. The outer blue suture layer seen in the photo is removed in the office about 1 week after surgery. In the photo you can also see how Dr. Lamperti purposefully creates a somewhat raised area along the suture line. This is so that as the area heals the normal scar contracture process with then create a smooth incision line rather than a sunken or depressed one. Tracheal Shave Posterative Dressing Once the tracheal shave incision is closed a soft guaze dressing is place along with tape. The photo below shows the appearance of this dressing after it was placed. Tracheal Shave Before and After Photos Let's look at another example of what tracheal shave surgery can achieve. This patient had been self conscious for many years about the size of his large laryngeal prominence. He came to Dr.

Lamperti to see if a tracheal shave procedure could soften the appearance of his Adam's Apple. Here is a photo of the same patient from the frontal view that also shows the large size of his Adam's Apple: The patient had a tracheal shave procedure done under local anesthesia in Dr. Lamperti's office procedure room. You can see in this photo how a dramatic improvement in the contour was able to be achieved with surgery. This frontal post-operative photo allow you to see how Dr. Lamperti hides the incision and scar high up on the neck in a natural skin crease. You can see even more Before and After Tracheal Shave photos (including patients undergoing facial feminization surgery) at Dr. Lamperti's photo gallery here. Finding out more If you're interested in having a tracheal shave procedure contact Dr. Lamperti's office or call (206) 505-1234 to set up a consultation. Schedule your In-Office or Virtual Consultation with Dr. Lamperti Today!

Question: A feature of the thyroid cartilage, what is the common name of the laryngeal prominence?
Answer: Adams Apple