Peron deposed in Argentina - Sep 19, 1955 - HISTORY.com Peron deposed in Argentina Publisher A+E Networks After a decade of rule, Argentine President Juan Domingo Peron is deposed in a military coup. Peron, a demagogue who came to power in 1946 with the backing of the working classes, became increasingly authoritarian as Argentina’s economy declined in the early 1950s. His greatest political resource was his charismatic wife, Eva “Evita” Peron, but she died in 1952, signaling the collapse of the national coalition that had backed him. Having antagonized the church, students, and others, he was forced into exile by the military in September 1955. He settled in Spain, where he served as leader-in-exile to the “Peronists”–a powerful faction of Argentines who remained loyal to him and his system. Born into a lower middle class family in 1895, Juan Domingo Peron built a career in the army, eventually rising to the rank of colonel.

In 1943, he was a leader of a group of military conspirators that overthrew Argentina’s ineffectual civilian government. Requesting for himself the seemingly minor cabinet post of secretary of labor and social welfare, he began building a political empire based in the labor unions. By 1945, he was also vice president and minister of war in the military regime. In 1945, Peron oversaw the return of political freedoms in the country, but this led to unrest and mass demonstrations by opposition groups. Peron’s enemies in the navy seized the opportunity and had him arrested on October 9. Labor unions organized strikes and rallies in protest of his imprisonment, and Peron’s beautiful paramour, the radio actress Eva Duarte, was highly effective in enlisting the public to the cause. On October 17, Peron was released, and that night he addressed a crowd of some 300,000 people from the balcony of the presidential palace. He vowed to lead the people to victory in the coming presidential election. Four days later, Peron, a widower, married Eva Duarte, or Evita, as she became affectionately known.

In the subsequent presidential campaign, Peron suppressed the liberal opposition, and his Labor Party won a narrow, but complete, election victory. President Peron removed political opponents from their positions in the government, courts, and schools, nationalized public services, and improved wages and working conditions. Although he restricted constitutional liberties, he won overwhelming support from the masses of poor workers, whom Evita Peron called los descamisados, or the “shirtless ones.” Evita served an important role in the government, unofficially leading the Department of Social Welfare and taking over her husband’s role as caretaker of the working classes. She was called the “First Worker of Argentina” and “Lady of Hope,” and was instrumental in securing passage of a woman suffrage law. In 1950, Argentina’s postwar export boom tapered off, and inflation and corruption grew. After being reelected in 1951, Peron became more conservative and repressive and seized control of the press to control criticism of his regime. In July 1952, Evita died of cancer, and support for President Peron among the working classes became decidedly less pronounced. His attempt to force the separation of church and state was met with considerable controversy.

In June 1955, church leaders excommunicated him, encouraging a clique of military officers to plot his overthrow. On September 19, 1955, the army and navy revolted, and Peron was forced to flee to Paraguay. In 1960, he settled in Spain. Meanwhile, a string of civilian and military governments failed to resolve Argentina’s economic troubles. The memory of Peron’s regime improved with time, and Peronismo became the most powerful political force in the country. In 1971, the military regime of General Alejandro Lanusse announced his intention to restore constitutional democracy in 1973, and Peron was allowed to visit Argentina in 1972. In March 1973, Peronists won control of the government in national elections, and Peron returned in June amid great public excitement and fighting among Peronist factions. In October 1973, Peron was elected president in a special election. His wife, Isabel Peron, an Argentine dancer he married in 1961, was elected vice president. She was much resented by millions still devoted to the memory of Evita Peron.

Economic troubles continued in Peron’s second presidency and were made worse by the Arab oil embargo of 1973 and an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease that devastated Argentina’s beef industry. When Peron died on July 1, 1974, his wife became president of a nation suffering from inflation, political violence, and labor unrest. In March 1976, she was deposed in an air-force-led coup, and a right-wing military junta took power that brutally ruled Argentina until 1982.

More on This Topic On July 15, 1955, two months before he was overthrown by the military, Juan Perï¿½n said: The Collapse of Argentina, part four (conclusion): the incredible shrinking economy On July 15, 1955, two months before he was overthrown by the military, Juan Perï¿½n said: "The Perï¿½nist Revolution has ended; now begins a new constitutional stage without revolution ï¿½ I have ceased to be the leader of the National Revolution in order to become President of all the Argentines." The notion that he could unite all Argentines regardless of class is, of course, false. While Perï¿½n was not what one could call a theoretician, he did try to put forward a rudimentary class analysis in "Force is the Right of Beasts". According to Donald Hodges, he interpreted the 1955 military coup as a showdown between two classes.

In Hodges's words, there was "the productive class of manual, technical and intellectual workers who allegedly consumed only what they produced; and the parasitic class consisting of the oligarchy, the clergy, and the professional politicians who lived off the surplus created by the productive class." This alignment, which evoked the political philosophy of Saint-Simon, could not begin to do justice to the complex social relationships within Argentina and on an international level in the mid-1950s. Rather it evoked the French Revolution with its notion of a parasitic class. Missing from this account is any explanation why the fraction of the national bourgeoisie based in manufacturing, as well as large segments of the professional middle-classes, would abandon his Justicialist project. Surely, the answer was not "treason", but rather diverse classes acting on distinct material interests. Perï¿½n had failed to realize that the national industrial bourgeoisie had already begun to become integrated with North American capital. In some ways this paralleled the symbiotic, but dependent, relationship the pampas bourgeoisie had to British capital a century earlier.

During his years in exile, Perï¿½n always believed that the alliance between the working class and the industrial bourgeoisie could be reconstituted, but inexorable economic processes would militate against that outcome. From 1955 until his return to power in 1973, the Argentine bourgeoisie would find itself more and more co-opted by US imperialism or--alternatively--put out of business. The objective conditions for a neo-Perï¿½nist project would have been eroded beyond repair long before his arrival at the Ezeiza airport in 1973. To start with, Perï¿½nism had opened the door a crack to US business for reasons that had nothing to do with an ideological affinity for Uncle Sam. Of course, once that door was opened, the jackboot of the US multinational would come crashing through. We should recall that Perï¿½n had instituted a sweeping program of nationalizations that affected European interests generally and Great Britain in particular. As such, the US became the logical trading partner, despite the fact that Great Britain conspired with Washington to block the ability of Argentina to buy American capital equipment as I discussed in my last post.

Argentina was also forced to look to the United States because of the limitations of Perï¿½nist economic policy, which fell far short of socialism. By failing to carry out radical land reform and failing to nationalize agro-export related industries, such as meatpacking and sugar refining, etc., Argentina failed to provide an adequate financial basis for future industrial development. By contrast, the seizure of Cuban sugar, tobacco and cattle production had not only created a strong base of support for the revolution among field-hands, it had also helped to make foreign exchange available for native industry such as the new bioengineering enterprises. In the aftermath of the overthrow of Perï¿½n, solutions were put forward that combined deeper integration into imperialism with half-baked "developmentalist" theories. Perhaps nobody exemplified these contradictory impulses more than Raul Prebisch, whose "Prebisch Plan" was adopted both by the military coup that removed Perï¿½n in 1955 and by the Arturo Frondizi government that succeeded it (1958-1962). Prebisch was the commissioner of the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) prior to his involvement with the post-Perï¿½n regimes.

In this capacity, he developed a theory of "import substitution" which urged "peripheral" countries to foster native industry in a protectionist framework or else risk being swamped by the vastly superior power of "core" nations. He was a major influence on other UN economists, including Brazil's Celso Furtado, Samir Amin and Andre Gunder Frank--all of whom would become identified with the "dependency" school of the 1960s grouped around the Monthly Review. Unlike those whom he influenced, Prebisch was no leftist. As an economic adviser to the military government that ruled Argentina prior to Perï¿½n, he proposed the creation of a central bank, whose directorship he would occupy between 1935 and 1943. During this period, Prebisch was deeply involved with negotiations that would result in the Roca-Runciman Treaty that most Argentine nationalists regard as a sell-out to Great Britain. Indeed, his role in this was no surprise to those who had been following his career from the beginning. During the 1920s and 30s, he was on the staff of the Sociedad Rural Argentina, the bastion of the landholding elite.

Because of his questionable background, he was excluded from holding any important posts in the Perï¿½n administration. Instead, he took a job with the United Nations where he began to think through developmentalist strategies for Latin American countries. Once he had the ear of the post-Perï¿½nist military coup leaders and the Frondizi administration that followed it, Prebisch recommended solutions that bear scant relationship to the redistributive approach that brought him fame in some quarters. The Prebisch Plan incorporated two essential criteria: 1. It would backtrack from what most would consider the mildly exploitative treatment of agribusiness during the Perï¿½n years. The plan would not only actively promote farm exports, it would make sure that the landed gentry receive a larger share of revenues than realized during the Perï¿½n years. (One suspects that this decadent class would waste the surplus on shopping trips to London, but I have no citation for this.) 2. It would suppress the import laws, which protected young industries against foreign competition. Under Frondizi, two laws were passed in 1959 and 1961 that threw open the doors to foreign investment.

According to NACLA, "the first gave foreigners the same rights as local investors, opened up new industrial sectors (automotive and petrochemical), granted special privileges to investments in the exploitation of raw materials (petroleum) and exempted imports of certain capital goods from custom duties. Finally, profit transfers out of the country were freed of all restrictions, except those stipulated at the initial point of investment, and could be made without special authorization." This plan would reveal Prebisch to be about as committed to his developmentalist ideology as Enrique Cardoso was, who a generation later would toss all his "dependista" books out the window after becoming president of Brazil, where he pursued a vicious neoliberal economic policy. (What lessons can we draw from their behavior? It leads us to question the long-term value of a developmentalist economics that stops short of Marxism. No matter how much lip service you pay to the interests of the "peripheral" nation, as long as you refuse to break with imperialism, there will be intense pressure to be "practical". Revolution is never "practical" but it really is the only solution.) The impact of the Prebisch Plan was dramatic.

In 1959-1960, new foreign investments reached $576.3 million as opposed to the $16 million between 1951 to 1955 under Perï¿½n, and $257.7 million in the coup years of 1956-1958. As opposed to the modernization schemas of Walt Rostow and his sympathizers on the left--conscious or otherwise--foreign investment was a disaster. Bankruptcies went up from an average of 67 a month in 1960 to 107 in 1961, to 153 in 1962. Illia, a Radical Party politician, succeeded Frondizi. This middle-class formation was much better situated to carry out pro-imperialist policies than the parties of the pampas bourgeoisie, since it had a history of struggle early in the century. Whatever its past glories, it could do nothing to reverse Argentina's drift to an impoverished status.

Consequently in 1962 Perï¿½nista candidates were elected to the legislature, but a year later they were banned from participating altogether in order to prevent a return to the past. Although Illia came to power on the basis of repudiating Frondizi's pro-imperialist policies, inexorable pressure from core countries pushed him in the same direction. He replaced Prebisch with Adalbert Krieger Vasena, a member of the corporate elite, who would remain in his post even after the military came to power once again under the brutal Ongania dictatorship. In 1971, when Ongania was in power, Krieger sat on the boards of 12 multinational subsidiaries in Argentina. He attempted to resolve Argentina's impasse by undoing the policies that had favored the rural bourgeoisie, but he also pushed for a deepening of the open door policy toward foreign investment that had marked the Prebisch Plan. As was the case during the Frondizi administration, bankruptcies swept across the country but at even more accelerated pace. They grew from 1,647 in 1968 to 2,982 in 1970.

As NACLA points out, "Local companies which could not compete with the advanced technology of foreign corporations and which could no longer afford expensive capital imports disappeared and automatically gave up their share of the market to remaining firms. Thus Coca-Cola and Pepsi gained control of 75 percent of the soft-beverage market." Between 1963 and 1971, foreign companies bought more than 53 Argentine firms. The acquisitions were in every critical area: automotive, chemical, petrochemical and metallurgical. Nine of these companies were among the top 120 in Argentina when the NACLA pamphlet was written in 1975. If anything, the process has only accelerated in the intervening years. Krieger also gave a green light to foreign financial firms. Between 1967 and 1969, foreign companies bought 19 local banks. US and European banks, who had been restricted by law to activity in the Buenos Aires region, now instituted branch banking throughout the country. In 1975, foreign banks controlled 17.5 percent of all deposits, 24 percent of all industrial loans and 18 percent of all commercial loans.

In 1955, the year Perï¿½n was overthrown, foreign corporations assumed 8 percent of industrial production. By 1972, on the eve of his return to power, the percentage had increased to *40 percent*. Foreign investment would total $1.3 billion in the same period. This investment did not have the same character as investment by one advanced capitalist nation in another, as for example when the USA sets up a plant in Great Britain. Or vice versa. Foreign investment in Argentina produced a capital drain that impoverished the nation. Between 1960 and 1971 $853 million flowed out of the country. This is what Lenin called super-profits. NACLA summarizes the impact: "The primary force behind the post-1955 thrust of imperialism has been the United States. North American capital made 70 percent of all new direct foreign investment between 1959 and 1969. By 1973 the book value of U.S. investments in Argentina was reported at $1.3 billion (or 56.5 percent of all foreign investment in the country).

Four branches of industry absorbed 80 percent of all U.S. capital: chemical and petrochemical; plastics and glass; metallurgical, mechanical and electrical appliances; and automobiles. These sectors are precisely those which have been completely monopolized by foreign corporations and the U.S. holds a substantial share of that monopoly." It is this economic data that allows us, in contrast to Chris Harman of the British SWP, to allege that Argentina is and was a neocolony. Imperialist penetration of Argentina not only led to the ruination of local industry and a degradation of living standards for the working class, it also tended to deepen the political ties to the USA among the elites who benefited from American investment. This new alignment of class forces would weaken Perï¿½n's ability to rule in the name of a multi-class alliance after his return in 1973. With an important leg of his stool missing, the whole structure was difficult to keep standing. Perï¿½nism's return to power was marked by bitter fighting between those who wanted to cater to the interests of the compromised industrial bourgeoisie and the old agrarian elites and those who wanted to push the Perï¿½nist project in a radical, if not socialist direction.

Unfortunately, the radical Perï¿½nists in the guerrilla movement combined the worst elements of Perï¿½nism and Guevarism, the source of the new radicalism that erupted in the period after 1974. They drew the most schematic conclusions from the Cuban Revolution, while tailing an ever more rightward shifting Juan Perï¿½n. The Montoneros, no matter their personal courage and their dedication to a more just society, mixed all the worst aspects of ultraleftism and reformism. When Perï¿½n introduced a "Social Pact" that required trade unionists to sacrifice in the name of progress, just as was the case under Frondizi and Illia, some elements of the Perï¿½nista left protested vigorously. On January 30, 1974 the Perï¿½nist Armed Forces (FAP) denounced the strategy of allying with the national bourgeoisie. In contrast, the Montonero journal stressed the need to maintain an alliance with the middle sectors of the national bourgeoisie.

Later that year, the Montoneros adopted a new program titled, "Rechannel the Perï¿½nist Movement as the Axis of Liberation--Reconstruct the Front under the Hegemony of the Workers--Recover the Government for the People and for Perï¿½n." Unfortunately, Perï¿½n and the people had parted ways long ago. For the next few years, the army and cops fought a low-intensity warfare with Perï¿½nista rebels of one sort another (and with the Guevarist/Trotskyist ERP) under a nominally democratic government under Perï¿½nista control. After Juan Perï¿½n's passing, his wife administered a government that combined anti-working class austerity and repression of the left. When this proved insufficient to maintain the smooth operation of capital, she was pushed aside and replaced by a succession of military governments: Videla, Viola and finally Galtieri. The Generals attempted to resolve the contradictions of the Argentine economy by a new round of "primitive accumulation" that would finance future expansion through wage cutbacks. A new round of deindustrialization marked this period.

Between 1975 and 1980, the percentage of imported capital goods increased from 25.4% to 50.2%. William C. Smith points out: "By 1981 total industrial production was 17 percent less than in 1975. In the important metallurgical sector, total physical output declined 25 percent in 1980 and an additional 45 percent in 1981 when the full impact of previous policies began to be felt. Even the sectors originally selected to play a strategic role were in full crisis by 1981. The petrochemical sector was operating at only 50 percent of installed capacity, chemicals at 45 percent, steel at 54 percent, and even the once dynamic automotive sector limped along at a mere 25 percent of installed capacity." After Galtieri seized the Malvinas, his erstwhile allies in the USA and Great Britain turned on him and tightened the screws on the Argentine economy.

A new round of popular unrest, with a strong base in the Perï¿½nista movement that had not been exterminated during the "dirty war", led to the return of "democratic" governments that had all the spinelessness of the Frondizi and Illia regimes. Since the post-Perï¿½n years had been marked by such a severe economic contraction, a partial recovery during the Alfonsin years led some to believe that Argentina was some kind of economic miracle. This sort of bourgeois propaganda was also applied to the Pinochet "miracle" in Chile, which had simply made some progress in returning to the standards that were commonplace during Allende's administration before US economic subversion succeeded in destroying a promising experiment. Alfonsin's administration was marked by hyperinflation that robbed that diminished the purchasing power of the working class. Just after he was voted out of office, to be replaced by Raul Menem, the July 7, 1989 Journal of Commerce reported: "Five-and-a-half years after Mr. Alfonsin took power, his economic record was as dismal if not worse than the one left by the military regime he succeeded in December 1983.

"Inflation rose to a one-month record of over 100 percent in June, according to private economists, up from a 78.5 percent increase in May. "Official statistics show that unemployment rose to 6 percent from about 4 percent since Mr. Alfonsin took office. Local news reports say hundreds of thousands of workers were laid off this year as inflation crippled production. "Workers' salaries lost nearly half of their purchasing power after the Radical's August 1988 Spring Plan backfired in early February, spurring price increases and putting the Argentine currency on a nose-dive, in which it lost over 96 percent of its value against the dollar. "Argentina's foreign creditors have virtually cut the country off from fresh funds sources after it stopped servicing most of its $ 60 billion external debt in April 1988. It has piled up over $ 3.5 billion in interest arrears since then." Since the Menem debacle is familiar to most people reading this article, there is no need to rehash the last 13 years of Argentine economic history. Let me conclude with some brief observations. Argentina's problems are most often attributed to the IMF.

While the IMF is a big problem, it is not the primary cause. To focus on the IMF is like focusing on the part of the dandelion that is visible on the surface of your lawn. If you cut the flower at the stem, it will only grow back. You have to dig deep down and get to the taproot. That taproot is called capitalism. Argentina borrows money from the IMF and imperialist financial institutions because it suffers from what dependency theorists used to call "unequal exchange". In the epoch of imperialism, countries that rely on agricultural export suffer from declining commodity prices, while those that rely on manufacturing, finance and high technology can take advantage of their competitive edge. Neoliberal economics posits a world economy where those countries that are geared to agro-export do what they do best, while the manufacturing countries do what they do best. Anti-globalization protestors all around the world and the piqueteros of contemporary Argentina, a new generation of 'descamisados,' are now challenging this fiction.

For Argentina to finally enjoy on a permanent basis the fruits that were first tasted during the early years of the Perï¿½n administration, it will have to break its ties with the global capitalist system, liquidate the local bourgeoisie and begin planning on a rational basis for human need. Needless to say, the methods they use to achieve that goal will have to be worked out by the mass movement led by a Marxist revolutionary organization. Sources: 1. Donald C. Hodges, "Argentina 1943-1976: The National Revolution and Resistance" (U. of New Mexico, 1976) 2. North American Congress on Latin America, "Argentina in the Hour of the Furnaces" (1975) Juan Peron Overthrown by a coup d’etat - Brent Wheeler Group LtdBrent Wheeler Group Ltd Juan Peron Overthrown by a coup d’etat Posted on by Rosemary Harris BWG’s Moments in History 1955 – on this day, September 16, in 1955, a military coup that involved the air force bombing a pro-Peron demonstration at the Plaza de Mayo finally succeeded in exiling Argentina’s Juan Peron.

He was an Argentine military officer and politician. After serving in several government positions, including those of Minister of Labour and Vice President of the Republic, he was three times elected as President of Argentina, serving from June 1946 to September 1955, when he was overthrown by the coup d’état. Juan Peron joined the Argentine army at the right time: the South American region for the first time in a long while was settling down into a period of more or less stable peace. No major wars were fought during Peron’s service, which allowed him to use his great charm and political cunning to advance through the ranks of the military, and then to overthrow the ineffective civilian government. Peron’s great popularity among the working class did not save him from a coup, however, and after a period of economic stagnation his opponents in the military drove him out. Peron spent almost two decades out of Argentina, but not out of power — and hardly forgotten. He remained as popular as ever with the working class, and exerted great influence on the political events of the country. Peron-championed candidates frequently won elections, and politicians of all stripes met with him in exile.

By popular demand, he returned to power again in 1973, but governed for only about a year before succumbing to a heart attack. Juan Perón - Military Leader, President (non-U.S.) - Biography.com “Everything for a friend, not even justice for an enemy.” Juan Perón Synopsis Juan Perón was born in Lobos, Argentina, on October 8, 1895. Trained as a military officer, Perón rose to political power following a coup. His three-term presidency led to the reshaping of the Argentine economy along with restrictions on civil liberties. Perón died in Buenos Aires on July 1, 1974. Early Life Juan Domingo Perón was born on October 8, 1895, in Lobos, Argentina. His family was of modest means. At the age of 16, the tall and athletic Perón entered military school. He trained as an officer, excelling in sports including fencing, skiing and boxing. His initial assignments were diplomatic. Perón served as an attaché to Chile and traveled to Italy to observe the development of the Fascist state in 1938-1940.

Rise to Power Perón returned to Argentina in 1941, joining a secret group of military officers called the Grupo de Oficiales Unidos. In 1943, he participated in a GOU coup to overthrow the civilian government, taking on the post of secretary of labor and social welfare in the new regime. Over the course of the next few years, Perón 's influence grew. He became a favorite of President Edelmiro J. Farrell, rising to the rank of minister of war and then vice president between the years of 1944 and 1945. Perón was popular among the military rank-and-file as well as the country's laborers, known as descamisados or "shirtless ones." A 1945 effort from within the military to quash Perón 's influence proved unsuccessful. Addressing tens of thousands of Argentines via radio broadcast, Perón consolidated and reinforced his power as a national leader. In 1946, he was elected president of Argentina. Perón's administration charted a bold new economic path for the country.

Preaching industrialization and government intervention, Perón promoted a "Third Way" that was neither capitalism nor communist. He also severely restricted existing constitutional liberties and rewrote the law to allow his reelection in 1951. Evita Perón's wife, Eva Duarte Perón, was a political partner as well as a spouse. The two married in 1945, just as Juan was preparing to run for the presidency. Eva Duarte, an actress before her marriage, was intelligent and glamorous. Known as "Evita," she made frequent public appearances in support of her husband's administration and the policies of his government. She died of cancer in Buenos Aires in 1952. Exile and Later Life In September 1955, Juan Perón was driven from office and into exile by a confederation of military leaders. He fled to Paraguay before settling in Madrid. He continued to exert enough political influence from abroad to help shape the Peronist movement that reclaimed the presidency in 1973. Perón returned to Argentina just after the March elections. In October, he won a special presidential election and installed his new wife as vice president.

Regaining power through alliances with labor groups, Perón tacked to the right once in office. He died on July 1, 1974, in Buenos Aires. His wife, Isabel, held onto the presidency until a military coup removed her from power on March 24, 1976. Fact Check We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us ! Citation Information Juan Peron Juan Peron Posted on 09/09/2004 10:55:26 PM PDT by Ptarmigan Juan Peron was an Argentinian president who was a dictator who Fascist tendencies from 1946-1955 and 1972-1974, when he died. He was a soldier originally who in a coup became Secretary of Labor in 1943, then he went to prison, because some military personals feared he was getting powerful in 1945, which he goes to jail. Then in October 17th, a large rally occurs calling for the release of Juan Peron, which he is released.

He marries Maria Eva Duarte, who becomes Evita Peron. This was Juan Peron's second marriage. His first wife died of cancer. He is elected in 1945 in landslide. He gets support from urban workers and the poor. Also, he nationalizes industry, in which government controls it. Almost every aspect of Argentina's economy is centralized under him, which there are accusation of him being a Fascist and possibly a Nazis. Juan Peron got his idea of Fascism when in Italy, when he was stationed there in the 1930s and liked the system. Also, Juan Peron learned German to read Adolf Hitler's "Mein Kempf" in its originaloty. Evita Peron spoke to woman and was charismatic and got woman to vote which helped Juan Peron win. Women in Argentina were granted the right to vote, but Evita was not a feminist. Then economy falls apart and corruption runs rampant. Also, Evita dies in 1952 from cancer. He is overthrown by the military. There was an attempt to overthrow Juan Peron in 1949 by General Alejandro Lanusse, who went to prison until 1955.

Lanusse lets Juan Peron back to Argentina when he is president from 1971-1973. Juan Peron was a dictator and called for separation of church and state, which got him overthrown after the military told him to either step down or face a civil war. He had no will for war, so he left in 1955, then went to Paraguay in exile, which was under Alfredo Stroessner. He also married Isabel Peron, his third wife and went to Spain. Juan Peron was a dictator. Juan and Evita Peron helped, gave shelter, and harbored thousands Nazis war criminals, like Adolf Eichmann, Josef Mengele, Klaus Barbie, and Ante Pavelic. Eichmann is the engineer of the Holocaust. Mengele is the Nazis scientist at Auschwitz who did hideous experiments on people. Barbie is the Butcher of Lyon. Pavelic is the leader of the Ustashi known for their barbaricness. This explains why Nazis monsters ended up in Argentina and South America. Juan Peron wanted to help the Nazis, because he wanted their money and assets, technology, and also he had sympathy with the Nazis.

Evita Peron went to Europe to help Nazis flee and take their assets and put them in Swiss bank accounts, which Juan Peron had tried to access, but couldn't. Evita Peron was good friends with Otto Skorzeny who operated ODESSA, which helped Nazis escape justice and helped Mussolini escape in Italy. He was also Evita's personal bodyguard. Juan and Evita Peron are still revered to this day in Argentina. Some see Evita as a saint and advocate, while others as a whore and dictator, like Juan Peron. Mercenary Wars. A list of coups that have taken place since the Second World War ........ Military coup in Argentina Pres Arturo Frondizi overthrown by the military while abroad .........Military coup in the Dominican Republic by military junta replaced President Juan Bosch .........

Military coup in Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen .........Failed Military coup in Ceylon led by Christain Officers .........Military coup in Burma by General Ne Win ousted Prime Minister U Nu 1963 Failed Military coup in Syria .........Military coup in Guatemala Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes replaced by Enrique Peralta Azurdia .........Failed Military coup in Turkey .........Military coup in South Vietnam overthrowing Ngo Dinh Diem with U.S. support .........Military coup in Ecuador .........Military coup in Iraq by Baathist leaders in Baghdad, Gen. Abd al-Karim Qasim is shot 1964 Military coup in South Vietnam by General Nguyen Khanh .........Military coup in Brazil by General Castello Branco, President Goulart is ousted .........Coup in Laos (right wing) Suvanna Phuma remains premier .........Military coup in South Vietnam overthrowing Duong Van Minh .........Military coup in South Vietnam by General Nguyen Khanh 1965 Military coup in Congo by General Mobutu.

President Kasavubu is overthrown .........Military Coup in Indonesia by Lieutenant Colonel Untung however it failed .........Military coup in Algeria by Col Houari Boumedienne President Ben Bella fired .........Military coup in the Dominican Republic by Donald Reid Cabral .........Military coup in Central African Republic 1966 Coup in Burundi overthrows the monarchy and a republic is declared .........Coup in Nigerian as chief of staff Jakubu Gowon takes over .........Military coup in Indonesian by General Suharto .........Military in Syrian by Hafiz al-Assad .........Military coup in Ghana ousts President Kwame Nkrumah .........Military coup in Syria ends Bitar government .........Military coup in Central African Republic by Col Jean-Bedel Bokassa .........Military coup in Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso) .........Bloodless coup in Abu Dhabi Shakhbut Bin-Sultan Al Nahyan was deposed by his brother .........Military coup in Argentina Arturo Illia is overthrown by General Juan Carlos Onganía 1967 Unsuccessful coup against Greek King Constantine II .........Military coup in Greece Konstantinos Kollias becomes premier for the Military junta .........Coup

 in Togo leads to thirty-eight year rule of Gnassingbé Eyadéma .........Failed Military coup in Ghana in opperation Guitar-Boy (17th April) by junior officers 1968 Military coup in Mali as President Modibo Keita flees the country .........Military coup in Peru by General Velasco Alvarado - Fernando Belaunde Terry fled ..........Coup in Panama by General Omar Torrijos against President Arnulfo Arias Madrid 1969 Bloodless coup in Somalia (National Day) .........Military coup in Bolivia by General Ovando Candia .........Military coup in Sudan .........Military coup in Syria by General Hafez al-Assad .........Military coup in Somalia .........Coup in libya Colonel Qadhafi overthrows the monarchy .........Military coup in Pakistan by Gen.

Yahya Khan takes power from Ayub Khan .........Military coup in Brazil Pres Artur da Costa e Silva has stroke replaced by a Military Junta 1970 Military coup in Syria by Lieutenant General Hafez al-Assad .........Military coup in Cambodia by General Lon Nol, as prince Sihanuk flees .........Coup in Bolivia with U.S.

support later followed by a leftist countercoup .........Coup in Oman, Qaboos bin Said ousts his father Said bin Taimur to become Sultan .........Coup attempt in Italy by fascist groups.(Golpe Borghese) 1971 Military coup in Bolivian by Col Hugo Banzer, as President Torres is driven out .........Military coup in the Sudan under Major Hashem al-Atta, Numeiry flees (Short lived) .........Military counter coup in the Sudan under premier Numeiry .........Military coup in Uganda by General Idi Amin Dada .........Military coup in Turkey .........Self-coup by Prime Minister Thanom Kittikachorn to end his own government 1972 Death of Ntare V, deposed King of Burundi, killed in an abortive coup .........Military coup in Ghana by Col Ignatius Kutu Acheampong takes over on 13th Jan 1973 Bloodless military coup ousts Greek President George Papadopoulos .........Military coup in Chile President Salvador Allende is deposed .........Military coup in Afghanistan King Mohammad Zahir Shah flees .........Military coup in Rwanda by General-major Habyal

imana ........

Failed Coup in Chile by Roberto Souper against President Salvador Allende during June .........Coup in Chile with US support installing a military dictatorship led by Augusto Pinochet .........Coup in Uruguay when the President dissolves Parliament and heads the coup .........Coup in Greece Brigadier Dimitrios Ioannidis overthrow the leader of the Greek junta 1974 Coup in Ethiopia overthrows Emperor Haile Selassie (National Day) Communist backed .........Coup in East-Timor under UDT .........Military coup on Cyprus Archbishop/President Makarios flees .........Military coup in Niger President Diori Hamani is deposed 1975 Military coup in Bangladesh by Khondakar Moustaque Ahmed made head of state .........Military coup in Pakistan Mujibur Rahiman Pakistani sheik killed at 53 .........Military coup in Pakistan against president Mujib ur-Rahman .........Military coup in Nigeria by General Mohammed, Pres Jakubu Gowon is fired .........Military coup in Chad by General Odingar President François Tombalbaye is killed .........Failed Military coup in Portugal under General Spinola 2nd Military coup in Portugal deposed P/M Marcelo Caetano (ex

iled to Brazil) and Pres..Almirante Americo Thomas.

All the colonies Angola, Mozambique, Guine and Timor.given independence .........Military coup in Cyprus by Greek Colonels overthrows Makarios and invasion by Turkey 1975 Military coup in Bangladesh led by Brigadier Khaled Mosharraf deposes Ziaur Rahman .........Military coup in Bangladesh by Abu Taher - Khaled Mosharraf is killed 1976 China Mao Tse-Tung's widow Jiang Qing charged with plotting a coup .........Coup in Nigeria Failed .........Failed Military coup in Nigeria ends with the death of General Murtala Ramat Mohammed .........Military coup in Ecuador President Guillermo Lara leaves .........Coup in Seychelles lead by Bob Denard (National Day) .........Military coup in Thailand ......... Military coup in Argentina overthrows Isabel Martínez de Perón 1977 Military coup in Pakistan by Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq with U.S. support.

Hangs P/ Minister .........Coup in Seychelles by Bob Denard, James Mancham out, France Albert René in 1978 Military coup in Bolivia by General Juan Pereda, President Hugo Banzer flees .........Bloodless military coup in Mauritania President Moktar flees .........Military coup (pro-Russian) in Afghanistan (National Day) 1979 Bolivia Military coup in Bolivia by General Busch President Guevara flees .........Military coup in El Salvador President/General Carlos Romero flees .........Coup in Central African Rep David Dacko overthrows emperor Bokassa I .........Coup in Afghanistan under Hafizullah Amin .........Coup in Suriname failed under Sergeant-Major Wilfred Hawker .........Failed coup in Spain by Lt-colonel Antonio Tejero Molina .........Coup in South Korea Chun Doo-hwan established presidentship .........Failed coup in Iran US backed to overthrow Interim government after the Iranian Revolution .........Coup in Ghana by Jerry John Rawlings removes Gen.

FWK Akuffo from power 1980 Coup in Burkina abolishes constitution .........Military coup in Upper-Volta by Col Saye Zerbo President Lamizana flees .........Military coup in Turkey by General Kenan Evren ......... .........Military coup in Bolivian General Garcia Meza becomes President the 'Cocaine Coup' .........Coup in Liberia by Samuel K. Doe, President William R Tolbert Jr and 27 others killed .........Miltary coup in Suriname by Desi Bouterse .........Coup in Suriname led by Dési Bouterse & military officers ousts Prime Minister Henck Arron .........Military coup in Guinea Bissau 1981 Failed coup in Seychelles by Mike Hoare South African and mercenaries An attempted coup in Dominica called "Operation Red Dog" which the media dubbed "Bayou of Pigs".

.Military coup in Central African Republic by General Kolingba Pres Dacko flees .........Failed Coup in Spain by Antonio Tejero .........Failed coup in Gambia by Kukoi Sanyang suppressed by Dawda Jawara with Senegalese aid .........Failed Military coup attempt in Bangladesh Ziaur Rahman killed .........Failed coup in Suriname led by Wilfred Hawker ........ Military coup in Central African Pres David Dacko is overthrown by General André Kolingba .........Military coup in Ghana Jerry John Rawlings stages 2nd coup overthrowing Dr. Hilla Limann .........Military coup in Poland led by Wojciech Jaruzelski.

1982 Military coup in Guatemala by General Rios Montt President Romeo Lucas flees .........Military coup in Suriname by Rambocus/Hawker .........Military coup in Bangladesh by General Hossain Mohammad Ershad overthrows Abdus Sattar .........Failed coup in Kenya by some members of the Kenya Air Force .........Failed coup in Suriname led by Surendre Rambocus 1983 Military coup in Nigeria and National Assembly dissolved .........Military coup in Grenada by Hudson Austin and counter-coup and invasion with U.S. support .........Coup (left wing) in Grenada by vice-premier Coard .........Military coup in Guatemala President Rios Montt flees .........Military coup in Nigeria President Shagari overthrown as Muhammadu Buhari takes power..

1984 Palace coup in Mauritania .........Military coup in Mauretania by Col Maawiya Ould Sid'ahmed Taya .........Failed coup in Bolivia by cocaine growers .........Coup in Guinea brings Lansana Conte to power and he suspends the constitution 1985 Military coup in Uganda led by Bazilio Olara-Okello and Tito Okell they suspend constitution .........Coup in the Sudan by General Swarreddahab suspends constitution .........Military coup in Nigeria led by Ibrahim Babangida who replaces Muhammadu Buhari 1986 Failed coup in Philippines by Juan Ponce Enrile and Gregorio Honasan .........Military coup in Lesotho by Gen-major Lekhanya and Premier Leabua Jonathan 1987 Coup in Burkina Faso and President Sankara dies .........Military coup Fiji by Major-General Sitiveni Rabuka .........2nd coup on Fiji led by Major General Sitiveni Rabuka who declares a republic .........Coup in Burundi suspends constitution .........Failed military coup attempt in Argentina against President Raúl Alfons led by Aldo .........Failed coup attempt in the Philippines led by Col.

Gregorio Honasan .........Bloodless coup in Tunisia by Zine El Abidine Ben Ali overthrows President Habib Bourguiba 1988 Coup in Haiti .........Military coup in Haiti Lieutenant General Avril takes control Henri Namphy flees .........Failed coup in Bophuthatswana by Rocky Malebane-Metsing .........Military coup in Burma crushing the 'Four Eights' uprising .........Failed military coup attempt in Argentina by Aldo Rico against President Raúl Alfonsín .........Failed military coup attempt in Argentina by Mohamed Alí Seineldín against Raúl Alfonsín 1989 Coup in the Comores by Bob Benard .........Failed Military coup in Panama by Panamanian Defense Force .........Coup in Sudan suspends interim constitution .........Military coup in Paraguay overthrows dictator Alfredo Stroessner .........Military coup in Gambia President Dawda Jawara flees .........Failed coup attempt in the Philippines by Col. Gregorio Honasan .........Failed coup attempt in Ethiopia by senior army officers against Col.

Mengistu Haile Mariam .........Successful coup in Paraguay against Alfredo Stroessner led by Andres Rodriguez .........Failed coup attempt in Panama against Manuel Noriega led by Moises Giroldi 1990 Failed coup attempt in Nigeria led by Col. Gideon Orkar .........Failed coup attempt in Trinidad & Tobago led by Jamaat al Muslimeen leader Yasin Abu Bakr .........Failed coup attempt in Argentina by Mohamed Alí Seineldín against Carlos Saúl Menem .........Failed coup attempt in Panama against President Guillermo Endara 1991 Communist coup is crushed in U.S.S.R. in 2 days .........KGB coup in Russia deposes of Mikhail Gorbachev .........Failed Military coup in Mali .........Military coup in Thailand Premier Choonhaven arrested .........Failed coup attempt (the so-called August Putsch) in the Soviet Union .........Military coup in Haiti by FRAPH a U.S.

backed armed group oust Jean-Bertrand Aristide .........Military coup in Thailand results in infamous incident Black May .........Military coup in Georgia removes President Zviad Gamsakhurdia from office 1992 Military coup in Algeria cancels elections and forces President to resign .........Coup in Peru self launched by President Alberto Fujimori .........Failed coup attempt in Venezuela by Hugo Chávez against President Carlos Andrés Pérez .........Coup in Sierra Leone by Valentine Strasser who takes power 1993 Military coup in Burundi by President Ndadaye many Hutu's flee the country .........Coup in Russia by President Boris Yeltsin who then dissolving the Russian parliament .........Self Coup in Guatemala by President Jorge Serrano Elias then dissolving the Parliament 1994 Military coup in Gambia 1997 Military coup in Turkey by top ranking Generals Prime Minister's resigns. 1998 Coup in Albania after funeral of Azem Hajdari. P.M. Fatos Nano flees but party stays in power 1999 Military coup in Pakistan Gen. Pervez Musharraf becomes President, Nawaz Sharif' exiled .........

Military coup in Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast), the first coup since the independence 2000 Failed Coup in Ecuador V.Pres Gustavo Noboa regained control with help from protestors .........Attempted Coup in Fiji by George Speight against the Prime Minister Mahendra Chaudhry 2002 Failed coup in Venezuela President Hugo Chávez was detained Pedro Carmona takes over 2003 Military coup in Central African Republic against Ange-Félix Patassé .........Attempted coup in Mauritania .........Military coup in São Tomé and Príncipe against Fradique de Menezes .........Military coup in Guinea-Bissau against Kumba Ialá .........Failed mutiny and coup attempt in the Philippines led by right-wing junior officers 2004 Attempted coup in the Democratic Republic of Congo .........Attempted coup in Haiti interim government installed U.S. flys out Jean-Bertrand Aristide .........

Failed coup d'état in Chad against President Idriss Déby .........Second attempted coup in the Democratic Republic of Congo .........Attempted coup in Equatorial Guinea 2005 Coup in Togo legalised by parliamentary vote but unrecognised by international community .........Self coup in Nepal by King Gyanendra overthrows the government leaving him in charge ......... Military coup in Mauritania overthrows President Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya 2006 Attempted a military coup in the Philippines targeting President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo .........Attempted military coup in Chad to overthrow President Idriss Déby .........Military coup in Thailand by the Royal Thai Army over throws P/Minister while out of country .........Failed Military coup in Madagascar against President Marc Ravalomanana .........Military bloodless coup in Fiji overthrows both the President and Prime Minister .........Coup in Côte d'Ivoire targeting President Laurent Gbagbo foiled by the military 2007 Failed coup in Laos by Gen. l Vang Pao and others in the US to overthrow the government .........Failed coup in Philippines by Sen.

Antonio Trillanes who storms the Peninsula hotel .........Failed attempted military coup in Turkey to block the election of Abdullah Gül as President 2008 Failed attempted coup in East Timor as President José Ramos-Horta is shot and injured .........Attempted military coup in Mauritania .........Military coup in Guinea after the death of President Lansana Conté 2009 Attempted coup in Madagascar by the Army President Marc Ravalomanana resigns .........Attempted coup in Honduras as the army kidnapped president Manuel Zelaya Rosales 2010 Coup in Niger by soldiers as they kidnapped the President .........Failed Coup in Guinea-Bissau by the Army as Prime Minister is briefly arrested Terry Aspinall ............II .....If I have missed any out please get in touch Source September 19, 1955 : Peron deposed in Argentina Introduction After a decade of rule, Argentine President Juan Domingo Peron is deposed in a military coup. Peron, a demagogue who came to power in 1946 with the backing of the working classes, became increasingly authoritarian as Argentina’s economy declined in the early 1950s.

His greatest political resource was his charismatic wife, Eva “Evita” Peron, but she died in 1952, signaling the collapse of the national coalition that had backed him. Having antagonized the church, students, and others, he was forced into exile by the military in September 1955. He settled in Spain, where he served as leader-in-exile to the “Peronists”–a powerful faction of Argentines who remained loyal to him and his system. Born into a lower middle class family in 1895, Juan Domingo Peron built a career in the army, eventually rising to the rank of colonel. In 1943, he was a leader of a group of military conspirators that overthrew Argentina’s ineffectual civilian government. Requesting for himself the seemingly minor cabinet post of secretary of labor and social welfare, he began building a political empire based in the labor unions. By 1945, he was also vice president and minister of war in the military regime. In 1945, Peron oversaw the return of political freedoms in the country, but this led to unrest and mass demonstrations by opposition groups.

Peron’s enemies in the navy seized the opportunity and had him arrested on October 9. Labor unions organized strikes and rallies in protest of his imprisonment, and Peron’s beautiful paramour, the radio actress Eva Duarte, was highly effective in enlisting the public to the cause. On October 17, Peron was released, and that night he addressed a crowd of some 300,000 people from the balcony of the presidential palace. He vowed to lead the people to victory in the coming presidential election. Four days later, Peron, a widower, married Eva Duarte, or Evita, as she became affectionately known. In the subsequent presidential campaign, Peron suppressed the liberal opposition, and his Labor Party won a narrow, but complete, election victory. President Peron removed political opponents from their positions in the government, courts, and schools, nationalized public services, and improved wages and working conditions.

Although he restricted constitutional liberties, he won overwhelming support from the masses of poor workers, whom Evita Peron called los descamisados, or the “shirtless ones.” Evita served an important role in the government, unofficially leading the Department of Social Welfare and taking over her husband’s role as caretaker of the working classes. She was called the “First Worker of Argentina” and “Lady of Hope,” and was instrumental in securing passage of a woman suffrage law. In 1950, Argentina’s postwar export boom tapered off, and inflation and corruption grew. After being reelected in 1951, Peron became more conservative and repressive and seized control of the press to control criticism of his regime. In July 1952, Evita died of cancer, and support for President Peron among the working classes became decidedly less pronounced. His attempt to force the separation of church and state was met with considerable controversy. In June 1955, church leaders excommunicated him, encouraging a clique of military officers to plot his overthrow. On September 19, 1955, the army and navy revolted, and Peron was forced to flee to Paraguay.

In 1960, he settled in Spain. Meanwhile, a string of civilian and military governments failed to resolve Argentina’s economic troubles. The memory of Peron’s regime improved with time, and Peronismo became the most powerful political force in the country. In 1971, the military regime of General Alejandro Lanusse announced his intention to restore constitutional democracy in 1973, and Peron was allowed to visit Argentina in 1972. In March 1973, Peronists won control of the government in national elections, and Peron returned in June amid great public excitement and fighting among Peronist factions. In October 1973, Peron was elected president in a special election. His wife, Isabel Peron, an Argentine dancer he married in 1961, was elected vice president. She was much resented by millions still devoted to the memory of Evita Peron. Economic troubles continued in Peron’s second presidency and were made worse by the Arab oil embargo of 1973 and an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease that devastated Argentina’s beef industry.

When Peron died on July 1, 1974, his wife became president of a nation suffering from inflation, political violence, and labor unrest. In March 1976, she was deposed in an air-force-led coup, and a right-wing military junta took power that brutally ruled Argentina until 1982. Article Details: September 19, 1955 : Peron deposed in Argentina Author September 19, 1955 : Peron deposed in Argentina URL Juan Domingo Perón Facts LINK / CITE ADD TO WORD LIST Juan Domingo Perón Facts Juan Domingo Perón (1895-1974) was one of modern Argentina's most important political figures. Although his government was removed from power in a military/civilian uprising, he continued to wield enormous influence on national affairs for many years and was eventually returned to the nation's highest office. Juan Domingo Perón was born in Lobos in the province of Buenos Aires on October 8, 1895. There is no evidence that his parents were married at the time of his birth.

In a status-conscience country, the fact of his illegitimate birth may have been, in later life, a source of resentment. In 1899 his father, Mario Thomás Perón, left the family to search for better economic opportunities in Patagonia. Once settled on a ranch near Rio Gallegos, the family was reunited. It was here that Perón came to appreciate the "terrible differences" between the middle-class existence of his own family and those of the ranch hands (peones), who slept "in the shed, without sheets, with only one or two blankets, sometimes even without a bed." There were a lack of schools in southern Patagonia, so in 1904 Perón's parents sent him and his brother to elementary school in Buenos Aires, the capital city. Far from his family and home, Perón learned to live by his wits. By the age of 15, Perón participated in sports while barely making passing grades in academics. It was at this age that he decided against a university education in medicine and passed the entrance exam for the Colegio Militar, the Argentine military academy.

It was in the closeness of the military barracks that Perón found the camaraderie that he had not had a chance to enjoy as a child. He entered the army upon graduation in 1913 as a second lieutenant in the infantry, but his career was not outstanding. He was a champion fencer, had a good reputation as an instructor in various military schools, and had experience abroad as military attaché in Chile. He was promoted to the more respected rank of lieutenant in 1915, but it was not until 1919 that he showed signs as a leader and teacher. It was in that same year, when Perón was 24-years-old, that Eva (or Evita) Duarte was born near the village of Los Toldos in Buenos Aires province. Eva's unwed mother, Juana Ibarguren, was assisted in the birth by an Indian midwife. The baby was denied the surname of her father, a respected landowner. Eva was also plagued by the stigma of her illegitimate birth. In 1931 her family moved to the small town of Junin. Three years later they moved to Buenos Aires.

The hard working and charismatic Perón was promoted to captain in 1924 and in 1926 was assigned to the Escuela de Guerra (Superior War College) where he trained intensely for three years. In 1929 he married his girlfriend of three years, Aurelia Tizón. Argentina suffered a coup in September of 1930 brought on by the spreading world depression. Perón was a minor participant in the coup, but it taught him a valuable lesson. He felt that the massive mobilization of civilians in favor of the coup had helped the military victory. This was a lesson he would use to his advantage in the future. In 1931 Perón was assigned to teach at the Superior War College where he spent five years teaching, writing several books, and developing talents critical to his later political career. Perón's wife died in 1938 from uterine cancer and he was extremely distraught. He was sent to Italy for 22 months, where he witnessed both the fascism of Benito Mussolini and the Nazism of Adolph Hitler. Some historians state that Perón's "fascist" inclinations can be traced to this period.

Perón returned to Buenos Aires and was assigned to mountain troops in the province of Mendoza. In 1942 he was promoted to the rank of a full colonel. Perón found the Argentine military to be divided and ill at ease. They were split between those who sympathized with the Axis powers, those who favored the Allied powers, and those who wanted to remain neutral during World War II. There were also worries concerning the United States sale of military hardware to Brazil, threatening to tip the balance of power in southern Latin America. His career took an upswing after the military coup d'etat of June 4, 1943. The coup, which put General Pedro Pablo Ramirez in the presidency, was highly unpopular among the civilian population. As a result, Perón and other younger officers realized that the soldiers had to rally civilian support if they were to remain in power. After some hesitation, they turned to the organized labor movement for such support. Perón became secretary of labor and between 1943 and 1945 built up a wide constituency among the country's urban and rural working classes.

He did so by supporting strongly those unions which would cooperate with him and by enacting by decree a large body of labor and social legislation. It was in the Ramirez administration that Perón met Eva in January of 1944. It was as secretary of labor that she first gained his attention. She soon became his mistress, but Perón did not keep the 24-year-old hidden away. Instead he treated her as if she were his wife. The relationship produced volumes of gossip, but Perón did not seem to mind. As a result of supporting the unions, the working classes, and his affair with Eva, Perón became very popular. When he was overthrown by rival military men on October 17, 1945, he was not concerned and married Eva four days later. He was returned to power largely by the influence of his labor supporters. Thereafter, he became a presidential candidate in the elections of February 1946, which he won by a 54 percent majority. Perón remained president for more than nine years. During this time he continued to picture himself as the paladin of the workers and of the country's lower classes in general, while bringing the labor movement under iron government control.

During much of the period, he followed a very nationalistic economic policy, nationalizing the railroads and some public utilities. He used the new Industrial Bank, as well as tariff protection, to sponsor industrialization. He also tried to expand Argentine international influence, not only in Latin America and the Western Hemisphere, but also is Europe and the Middle East. His intellectual advisors developed and propagated a supposed philosophy of justicialismo, which he pictured as being something between capitalism and communism. During his years in power, Perón continually increased pressure on the opposition: seizing or closing its press, gerrymandering districts to reduce its representation in Congress, and persecuting its leaders by placing them in jail or forcing them into exile. In 1954 he sought to reduce the power of the Roman Catholic Church which, until a few years before, had been one of his important supporters. At the same time, Perón took steps toward setting up a cooperative state. He sought to force virtually all interest groups into government-dominated organizations of workers, entrepreneurs, professionals, and students. In two provinces which adopted new constitutions, citizens were given direct representation in the legislatures. The death of Eva from cancer in 1952 dealt a crushing blow to Perón.

She was accorded cult status. There were even attempts to have her canonized as "Santa Evita." In September 1955 Perón was overthrown by a military-civilian uprising. He went into exile, first in Paraguay and subsequently Venezuela, Panama, and the Dominican Republic, finally settling in Spain. He still maintained direct contact with his supporters, who represented about 25 percent of the electorate and continued to dominate the labor movement. The new government tried to make the citizens forget Juan Perón. But giving in to public pressure, Perónists were gradually tolerated and eventually allowed to run for elected office. In the election of 1973, labor, youth, and those disenchanted with military rule voted for the Perónistticket. That ticket won a victory, but the Perónist president, Hector Cámpora, proved to be a disaster. He resigned later that year, setting the stage for the return to power of Perón. A new election was held in September of 1973 and Perón won, but he was plagued by age, illness, and fatigue. The country drifted as inflation increased and the economy went out of control.

Perón died of a heart attack on July 1, 1974, passing control of the nation to his vice president and third wife, the politically inexperienced Maria Estela ("Isabel") Martinez de Perón. She ruled Argentina another year and a half, but the country was quickly coming apart. She was removed from power by a military coup in July of 1976. The memory and popularity of the Peróns, (especially Eva), remained long after their deaths. In the presidential election of 1989, a Perónist candidate, Carlos Saul Menem, won. In January of 1997, Eva's life story was told in Evita, a motion picture featuring an international cast portraying the life of Eva and Juan Perón. Evita featured American actress, Madonna as Eva Perón and British actor, Jonathan Pryce as Juan Perón. Further Reading on Juan Domingo Perón A good deal has been written about Perón and his regime. Two general studies are Robert J. Alexander The Perón Era (1951) and George I. Blanksten Perón's Argentina (1953). Also very useful is Arthur P.

Whitaker The United States and Argentina (1954). Whitaker's Argentine Upheaval: Perón's Fall and the New Regime (1956) is a good description of the circumstances leading up to and surrounding Perón's overthrow. James Bruce Those Perplexing Argentines (1953), written by a former U.S. ambassador, contains insights into the early years of the Perón regime. A fine study of Perón's relations with labor during and after his period in power is Samuel L. Baily Labor, Nationalism and Politics in Argentina (1967). Joseph R. Barager, ed., Why Perón Came To Power: The Background to Perónism in Argentina (1967), provides interpretive essays by American and Argentine historians and statesmen. Much has been written posthumously on Perón. Biographical information can be gleaned from Joseph A. Page Perón, A Biography (1983); Frederick C.

Turner and José; Enrique Miguens Juan Perón and the Reshaping of Argentina (1983); and Joel Horowitz Argentine Unions: the State and the Rise of Perón, 1930-1945 (1990). A brief biography of Perón appears on-line at the A&E Network Biography site located at . Argentina History | Populism and Peron | Argentina Travel Guide Argentina Travel Guide > Background > History >Populism and Peron Populism and Perón (1930-1955) Support for the new military regime turned to disgust when it proved to be not only ineffective, but corrupt and heavy handed. Elections continued to be held during this infamous decade, as it came to be known, but were clearly rigged by the junta even as power passed back to civilian hands in 1938. Against a backdrop of economic stagnation, government repression, and a striking workforce, a renegade faction of military officers conspired to overthrow the government—which they did in 1943. The military coup of 1943 met with public ambivalence.

10,000 troops stormed through the city to the Plaza de Mayo, but despite this impressive display the civilian population stayed home. No one knew quite what to think of the new regime, headed by General Edelmiro Farrell. Nobody expected that it would launch the career of the most remarkable politician Argentina had ever seen. Colonel Juan Domingo Perón, one of the coup's organizers, got his first taste of real power as the head of President Farrell's labor department. An industrial workforce had emerged in Buenos Aires and other large cities across Argentina in the 1930s, working for long hours under abusive conditions and for little pay. These workers formed unions but had yet to gain representation in government. Perón's genius lay in cultivating the new urban working class as a power base, while maintaining his influence in the military and even making inroads into the middle class. As minister of labor, Perón managed to improve the lives of workers, and in return gained their devotion. When Perón's rivals had him arrested and imprisoned 1945, hundreds of thousands of workers marched for his freedom in Buenos Aires and in other major industrial cities.

Perón emerged that night on the balcony of the Casa Rosada, overlooking an enormous crowd of his roaring followers. He was a free man and more powerful than ever. Perón won the election of 1946, the arguably cleanest since the 1920s, and embarked upon his program of "national unity". Famously saying that "we are all descamisados (shirtless ones)", he gave workers both symbolic dignity and some of the material benefits they craved, while at the same time bringing their unions under government control. He nationalized the railroads and other industries, strengthened the military, and spoke of a "third way"—neither communist or capitalist, simply Argentine. Perón's hugely successful public relations campaign was buoyed by an economic boom during his first term, and by the efforts of his wife, who was soon to become a national legend. Eva Perón (also known as Evita) ignited crowds with her passionate speeches about poverty, women's rights, the evils of the ruling class, and the wonders of Perón. Her highly publicized acts of generosity, while benefiting only the lucky few, became a potent symbol of Perón's commitment to the working class and poor in general.

Perón granted women the right to vote in 1947 and their support helped assure his re-election in 1951, but the president would have a tough time of his second term. Tragically, Evita died of cancer in 1952 at age 33; many wanted to make her a saint, but the Pope refused. Meanwhile, the ugly underside of Perón's first term was coming back to haunt him: deficit spending had caused inflation to rise, the nationalized industries were running poorly, and a culture of corruption had permeated a rapidly expanding bureaucracy. At the same time, Perón's progressive instincts and growing power were starting to get him into trouble with the church and the military, twin pillars of conservative Argentine power. He had legalized prostitution and challenged the church in countless other ways; when he tried to secularize the government in 1955 with a constitutional amendment, middle class Catholics hit the streets in revolt. Counter-protests by Peronist workers were strafed by rebel pilots sympathetic to the church, leaving over a hundred dead. In response, the Peronists looted several churches. Several weeks later, a military coup ousted Perón and forced him into exile abroad.

Question: In which country did a military coup overthrow president Juan Peron in 1955?
Answer: Argentina