Malachite A mineral is a naturally occuring, homogeneous, solid with a crystalline atomic structure. Crystallinity implies that a mineral has a definite and limited range of composition, and that the composition is expressible as a chemical formula. Some definitions of minerals give them as inorganic materials, however both diamonds and graphite are considered minerals, and both are primarily comprised of carbon, which would make them organic. So this leads me, as an engineer, to believe that mineralogists do not have a good, precise definition of a mineral, but rather a loose definition. The definition above, is the most inclusive and would include all substances currently described as minerals. The key items that make something a mineral are occurring naturally, and the definite crystal structure, that is expressible as a chemical formula. Rocks that do not meet this criteria are referred to as amorphis - not having a definite structure or expressible as a chemical formula. Some elements that occur naturally and are minerals are arsenic, bismuth, platinum, gold, silver, copper, and sulphur.

THE DEFINITION OF ORGANIC: Organic chemistry is the study of those substances containing carbon in combination with hydrogen (H), and a few other non metals, namely oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S) and the halogens (F2, Cl2, Br2, and I2). Malachite is a copper bearing mineral, with as much as 58% copper content. The distinctive bright-green hydrous CARBONATE MINERAL malachite is a common but minor ore of copper. It is usually found in copper deposits associated with LIMESTONE, occurring with AZURITE as the weathering product of other copper ore minerals. Hardness is 3 1/2 to 4, streak is pale green, specific gravity is 3.9 to 4.1, and luster is adamantine to silky. Malachite forms needlelike prismatic crystals (monoclinic system) that are rarely distinct; it is usually found in granular, earthy, or fibrous masses and rounded, banded crusts. Malachite is used as a decorative stone when cut and polished, a semiprecious gem, and a green pigment.

Half of the world's copper deposits are in the form of chalcopyrite ore. All important copper-bearing ores fall into two main classes: oxidized ores and sulfide ores. Sulfide ores are more important commercially. Ores are removed either by open-pit or by underground mining. Ores containing as little as 0.4% copper can be mined profitably in open-pit mining, but underground mining is profitable only if an ore contains 0.7%-6% copper. The oxidized ores, such as cuprite and tenorite, can be reduced directly to metallic copper by heating with carbon in a furnace, but the sulfide ores, such as chalcopyrite and chalcocite, require a more complex treatment in which low-grade ores have to be enriched before smelting begins. This involves the ore-flotation process, in which the ore is crushed and powdered before it is agitated with water containing a foaming agent and an agent to make the copper-bearing particles water-repellent.

These particles accumulate in the froth on the surface of the flotation tank, and this froth is skimmed off and heated to about 800 deg C to remove some of the water as well as antimony, arsenic, and sulfur, which are also present. Malachite: Uses and properties of the mineral and gemstone Home » Minerals » Malachite Malachite Used as an ore of copper, a pigment, a gemstone, and a sculptural material for thousands of years. Malachite Gemstones: A malachite cabochon (30x40 millimeter) and a malachite puffed heart, both cut from rough mined in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. This oval cabochon shows the agate-like banding in various shades of green that is typical of malachite. The puffed heart shows concentric structures. What is Malachite? Malachite is a green copper carbonate hydroxide mineral with a chemical composition of Cu2(CO3)(OH)2. It was one of the first ores used to produce copper metal.

It is of minor importance today as an ore of copper because it is usually found in small quantities and can be sold for higher prices for other types of use. Malachite has been used as a gemstone and sculptural material for thousands of years and is still popular today. Today it is most often cut into cabochons or beads for jewelry use. Malachite has a green color that does not fade over time or when exposed to light. Those properties, along with its ability to be easily ground to a powder, made malachite a preferred pigment and coloring agent for thousands of years. Botryoidal Malachite: Close-up of botryoidal malachite in a seafoam green color from Bisbee, Arizona. This view spans an area of the specimen about 5 millimeters wide and high. Specimen and photo by Arkenstone / . Where Does Malachite Form? Malachite is a mineral that forms at shallow depths within the Earth, in the oxidizing zone above copper deposits. It precipitates from descending solutions in fractures, caverns, cavities, and the intergranular spaces of porous rock. It often forms within limestone where a subsurface chemical environment favorable for the formation of carbonate minerals can occur.

Associated minerals include azurite , bornite , calcite , chalcopyrite , copper , cuprite , and a variety of iron oxides. Some of the first malachite deposits to be exploited were located in Egypt and Israel. Over 4000 years ago, they were mined and used to produce copper. Material from these deposits was also used to produce gemstones, sculptures, and pigments. Several large deposits in the Ural Mountains of Russia were aggressively mined, and they supplied abundant gem and sculptural material in the 1800s. Very little is produced from these deposits today. Much of the malachite entering the lapidary market today is from deposits in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Smaller amounts are produced in Australia, France, and Arizona. Stalactitic malachite: A specimen of stalactitic malachite from the Kasompi Mine, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The specimen is approximately 21 x 16 x 12 centimeters in size. Specimen and photo by Arkenstone / . Physical Properties of Malachite A minor ore of copper. Gemstones, small sculptures, pigment.

Physical Properties of Malachite Malachite's most striking physical property is its green color. All specimens of the mineral are green and range from a pastel green, to a bright green, to an extremely dark green that is almost black. It is typically found as stalactites and botryoidal coatings on the surfaces of underground cavities - similar to the deposits of calcite found in caves. When these materials are cut into slabs and pieces, the sawn surfaces often exhibit banding and eyes that are similar to agate . Malachite is rarely found as a crystal, but when found, the crystals are usually acicular to tabular in shape. The crystals are bright green in color, translucent, with a vitreous to adamantine luster. Non-crystalline specimens are opaque, usually with a dull to earthy luster. Malachite is a copper mineral, and that gives malachite a high specific gravity that ranges from 3.6 to 4.0. This property is so striking for a green mineral that malachite is easy to identify. Malachite is one of a small number of green minerals that produces effervescence in contact with cold, dilute hydrochloric acid .

It is also a soft mineral with a Mohs hardness of 3.5 to 4.0. Painting with Malachite: Pietro Perugino (c. 1446-1523) used malachite pigment when painting the green garment colors in his Nativity (c. 1503). He used "Verona green earth" pigment for the grass. The deeper green color of malachite gave the garments a contrasting and more vivid appearance. The best way to learn about minerals is to study with a collection of small specimens that you can handle, examine, and observe their properties. Inexpensive mineral collections are available in the Geology.com Store . Malachite Pigment: A photograph looking down into a jar of malachite pigment. This pigment was produced from malachite mined near the city of Nizhniy Tagil, in the Ural Mountains of Russia. It has a particle size of 20 microns. We obtained this pigment from NaturalPigments.com. Malachite as a Pigment Malachite has been used as a pigment for thousands of years. It was one of the oldest known green pigments to be used in paintings.

The mineral malachite is an excellent material for producing a powdered pigment because it can easily be ground into a fine powder, it mixes easily with vehicles, and it retains its color well when exposed to light over time. Alternative names for malachite pigment include copper green, Bremen green, Olympian green, green verditer, green bice, Hungarian green, mountain green, and iris green. Malachite pigment is found in the paintings of Egyptian tombs and in paintings produced throughout Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries. Its use declined significantly in the 17th century as alternative green colors were developed. Today, malachite pigment is sold by a few manufacturers who specialize in providing materials to painters who practice historically accurate techniques. Azurmalachite: Cabochons of azurmalachite showing nice patterns of azurite (blue) and malachite (green). They were cut from material produced at the Morenci Mine in Arizona. These cabs were cut from thin vein material and have a natural wall-rock backing. Both cabs are about 25 millimeters tall.

Banded Malachite: Two views of a specimen of botryoidal malachite - one external and one internal polished surface. This photo pair shows how agate-like bands and eyes of malachite occur beneath a botryoidal structure. This specimen was collected near Katanga, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Photograph by Didier Descouens. Used here under a Creative Commons License . Malachite as a Gem Material The vivid green color, bright polished luster, banding and eyes of malachite make it very popular as a gemstone. It is cut into cabochons , used to produce beads, sliced into inlay material, sculpted into ornamental objects, and used to manufacture tumbled stones . Small boxes made from slices of malachite are attractive and popular. Some of the most spectacular gem-quality malachite involves intergrowths, inclusions, and admixtures of malachite with other copper minerals such as azurite ( azurmalachite ), chrysocolla, turquoise , and pseudomalachite (eilat stone). Malachite's use as gem and ornamental stone is limited by its properties.

It has perfect cleavage and a Mohs hardness of 3.5 to 4. These limit its use to items that will not suffer abrasion and impact. It is also sensitive to heat and reacts with weak acids. These properties further limit its use and require care during cleaning, repair, and maintenance. Malachite is sometimes treated with wax to fill small voids and improve its luster. Synthetic malachite has been produced and used to make jewelry and small sculptures. Poorly done synthetics are often recognized by their unnatural color. The better synthetics can usually be recognized because their banding and eyes do not have a natural geometry. An experienced person can identify most of the synthetic and imitation materials on sight. More Minerals extraction of copper from malachite - Feldspar Crusher Sales - XSM machinery Customer Service extraction of copper from malachite extraction of copper from malachite XSM excellent mining crushing machinery products or production line design, the company is committed to building the Chinese brand mine crushing and processing machinery, mainly crusher, mill, sand making our products (extraction of copper from malachite) in more than one hundred of the worldsales of countries and regions. Essay: Extraction of copper from ore Malachite.

Extraction of copper from ore Malachite. Words: 843 Submitted: Thu Sep 18 2003 METALLURGY OF COPPER-EXTRACTION OF … Copper pyrite or chalcopyrite (CuFeS2). Chalocite (Cu2S) or copper glance. Malachite green [CuCO3.Cu(OH)2]. Azurite blue [2CuCO3.Cu(OH)2]. Copper Extraction - DarylScience Home Page As with most copper ores, the malachite does not contain pure copper (native copper), and will contain other minerals besides the malachite. Malachite, one … Extraction of copper - Resources - TES - The TES - … Students carry out the extraction of copper from malachite using both reduction with charcoal and electrolysis of copper sulphate (they make the copper sulphate … Copper extraction techniques - Wikipedia, the free … Copper extraction techniques refers to the methods for obtaining copper from its ores. ...

Malachite: CuCO 3 •Cu(OH) 2: 57.3: Azurite: 2CuCO 3 ·Cu(OH) 2: 55.1: … Extracting copper from malachite ore.? - Yahoo! … Aug 12, 2009 · Best Answer: These are the procedures that you have to follow in extracting a metal from an ore. 1. You will need a small piece of malachite … Extracting a metal from its ore One of the common copper ores, malachite, which is composed of mainly copper carbonate, CuCO3xCu(OH)2, is heated to produce copper oxide with the release … Extracting Copper From Ore - Yenka.com Explanations in the extraction of copper from copper carbonate (commonly found in the mineral malachite) show how this is possibly how copper was discovered, … Malachite - Gemology Course Invariably associated with deposits of copper ores (and itself considered to be one of the minor copper ores at 58% copper content), malachite recovery is generally ...

Malachite - Mine Engineer.Com provides mining, gold, … The distinctive bright-green hydrous CARBONATE MINERAL malachite is a common but minor ore of copper. It is usually found in copper deposits associated with … Malachite - Mine Engineer.Com provides mining, gold, … The distinctive bright-green hydrous CARBONATE MINERAL malachite is a common but minor ore of copper. It is usually found in copper deposits associated with … Essay: Extracting copper from Malachite. - Essays … Extracting copper from Malachite Introduction Oxidation and reduction both occur together. ... the position of a metal in the Reactivity Series and the method of extraction ... Copper extraction - Hydrometallurgical Extraction There have been examples where froth flotation was used to concentrate malachite. ... mineral, the pyrometallurgical approach is the most common process for copper extraction. AUFBAU1 [METALS: EXTRACTION of COPPER] - Dr.

… METALS: EXTRACTION of COPPER Copper, which is relatively rare in the Earth's crust (0.006%), occurs mainly as a sulfide (e.g., the ore chalcopyrite contains … Copper Chemistry Examples are malachite, Cu 2 CO 3 (OH) 2, a bright green ore, and the red ore ... The Extraction of Copper Copper is extracted from its ore by two principal … Copper Extraction Copper is prepared for smelting in a number of different stages: ... from its oxide ores (e.g. cuprite) and its carbonate ores (e.g. malachite). Copper ... Producing a Sample of Metallic Copper Unsing … little has 0.1% copper- four this reason, leaching extraction is growing ... So 221g of malachite gives 127g of copper. Themfore 1g of malachite forever ... collinseducation.com Introduce the idea of large scale extraction of copper in blast furnaces.

(Note that the main ore of copper is no longer malachite, so the extraction is in fact … Electrolytic reduction : - IIT JEE-AIEEE 2012, … (i) Extraction of copper : Malachite ore is first roasted. CuCO 3 ·Cu(OH) 2 2CuO + H 2 O + CO 2. Copper oxide obtained is dissolved in sulphuric acid. How Is Malachite Extracted | ask.co.uk/how The extraction involves mining, milling, smelting and refining the stone ... From recent study, i know that the malachite from which the copper will be extracted … How Is Malachite Extracted | ask.co.uk/how The extraction involves mining, milling, smelting and refining the stone ... From recent study, i know that the malachite from which the copper will be extracted … Demo: Extracting Copper from an Ore As with most copper ores, the malachite does not contain pure copper (native copper), and will contain other minerals besides the malachite. Copper mining. From ore to copper.

it can be used on ores with as little as 0.1% copper - for this reason, leaching extraction is growing ... Picture 5 . Cuprite mineral and a close up of malachite. Copper extraction techniques - eNotes.com Reference Copper extraction techniques refers to the methods for obtaining copper from its ores. ... Malachite: CuCO 3 •Cu(OH) 2: 57.3: File:Azuritechessy.jpg Azurite: … gcse Extraction of copper by reduction of ores … Doc Brown's GCSE/IGCSE KS4 science-CHEMISTRY Revision Notes. Mining of Minerals and Methods of Extracting of Metals . 4. The extraction of copper from copper ... Our products (extraction of copper from malachite) can meet your needs, you are interested in our products or have any questions, you can contact and online customer service, she will answer you with any problems. Copper, Azurite, Malachite, Rhodocrosite, Chrysocolla Rhodocrosite Top My small collection of minerals contains five species, all of which were removed from the copper mines of Butte, Montanna during the 1950's.

Of these five species, native copper, the copper carbonates azurite and malachite, and the amorphous copper silicate chrysocolla are copper-bearing substances. Rhodocrosite ( MnCO2 ) is, like azurite and malachite, a carbonate mineral. However, rhodocrosite is an ore of manganese rather than copper. Copper ( Cu ) is a native metal which has long been utilized by humans as a natural resource. The crystalline lattice of this mineral contains only elemental copper and its structure is derived from metallic bonds. Like all metals, native copper is dense, soft, malleable, and ductile. It conducts well. It is opaque and demonstrates the shiny, highly reflective luster typical of metals. In color it is the familiar, rosy copper red; it possesses a red streak. Exposed surfaces may tarnish to black oxide or green carbonate. Native copper possesses a face-centered cubic lattice, which is the most dense and symmetric of all possible crystalline structures. It is of the isometric or cubic crystal system. Individual copper crystals may may be of cubic, dodecahedral, tetrahedral, and very rarely of octahedral shape.

Aggregates of crystals may be wiry in habit or form a dendritic, arborescent branching structure. Mineral specimens demonstrating whole individual crystals and well-formed crystal faces are relatively rare. The two minerals azurite ( ), and the copper cation ( Cu2+ ). Azurite is royal blue or brilliant blue in color while malachite may be bright to dark green. The coloration in both species is idiochromatic and is due to the presence of copper, which is a chromophore and possesses a strong pigmenting effect. Malachite's green results from the fact that the copper which it contains is more highly oxidized than that of azurite. Aggregates of crystals of both species are frequently botryoidal or mammillary in habit. Large individual crystals of malachite are rare. More commonly the mineral occurs in rings, bands, and concentric layers composed of varying shades of green. Both azurite and malachite occur as earthy, incrusted masses. Rhodocrosite ( MnCO3 ) is member of the carbonate class and an ore of manganese.

Its characteristic rose pink or red color is idiochromatic and is due to the presence of the chromophore manganese ( Mn ). Rhodocrosite is translucent and will transmit light diffusely; it possesses a vitreous or pearly luster. Like azurite and malachite, rhodocrosite is a member of the carbonate class. However, rhodocrosite contains neither water ( H2O ) nor the hydroxyl anion ( OH- ) and is therefore not a hydrous carbonate. Instead it is a member of the calcite group. Rhodocrosite is like all calcite minerals a member of the rhombohedral crystal system. Rhodocrosite's cleavage is perfect in three directions and provides external indication of its rhombohedral internal structure. Crystals are rare but may be rhombohedral in shape; more typically the mineral demonstrates botryoidal, encrusting habit. The hydrous silicate chrysocolla ( Cu2H2Si2O5(OH)4 ) is an ore of copper. Chrysocolla is a hydrous or basic copper silicate because it contains the hydroxyl anion ( OH- ).

This species is not a true mineral and does not possess a crystalline lattice. Instead, it is an amorphous 'silica gel' or gelatinous precipitate. It is, however, a copper-bearing solid substance which is commonly found in association with minerals such as azurite, malachite, and native copper. In color chrysocolla is green to sky-blue. This coloration is idiochromatic and is due to the presence of the chromophore copper ( Cu ). Chrysocolla is translucent; samples may be of vitreous or glassy luster or appear greasy, dull, or earthy. It is very brittle, sometimes fragile; it has no cleavage, and demonstrates uneven or conchoidal fracture. Specimens of chrysocolla are typically of massive or earthy habit. The substance may also display reniform or bulbous, botryoidal habit. It lacks macroscopic crystals. Azurite, malachite and chrysocolla are commonly found in the oxidized zones of copper veins and deposits. Rhodocrosite occurs in veins and hydrothermal replacement deposits in the company of manganese minerals as well as other metal ores such as copper.

Photos Native copper has been utilized by humans as a natural resource since perhaps 3,400 B.C. The word 'copper' is derived from the Latin cuprum, which was in turn a modification of the Greek name Kyprios. The word Kyprios indicated the island of Cyprus, where the metal was mined in ancient times. Copper is a member of the class of native elements. The minerals of this class either contain only the atoms of a single element or else are metal alloys. A metal alloy may contain two or more metallic elements in solid solution, but its constituent atoms must be bonded only by metallic bonds. Native copper is a metal and its lattice structure contains only elemental copper. Native copper gains its structure and many of its properties from metallic bonds. When metal atoms bond together into a crystal the valence electrons become delocalized and are free to roam throughout the lattice. The attraction of the positively charged atoms for the surrounding electrons bonds the atoms into an ordered structure. The positive ions surrounded by the negatively charged electron resevoir retain an almost perfectly spherical shape. In a pure metal, these atoms are all of one element and are therefore all of the same atomic radius.

Because the atoms are spherical, equally sized, equally charged, and surrounded by negative, delocalized electrons they pack closely together to form a dense and very ordered crystalline structure. Metals tend to be dense and to have a high degree of symmetry. Copper possesses a typically high density of 8.9 g/cm3 . Parallel planes of equally sized and charged atoms may glide across one another, resulting in the softness, malleability, ductility, and sectility which are characteristic of metals and are demonstrated by native copper. As expected, copper is soft, possessing a hardness of 2 1/2 to 3 on the Mohs scale. The many delocalized valence electrons present within a metallic lattice serve as conducting electrons and account for the high conductivity of metals. Copper, like all native metals, conducts well. Electromagnetic waves cannot propagate through a metal. Instead, they are absorbed and reflected. The absorption index of a metal is very high, and nearly all incident light is reflected. This renders the metal completely opaque and makes it appear shiny and brilliant. Copper is therefore opaque and will not transmit light in thin section; the mineral possesses a typical shiny, reflective metallic luster.

In color, native copper consistently demonstrates the familiar and distinctive copper red; its streak is also red in hue. The red of native copper is an example of idiochromatic coloration, or color which is derived directly from the presence of one of the main constituent elements of the mineral. Idiochromatic color is a property which is directly related to the chemical composition of a mineral species and is therefore possessed by all specimens of that species. This characteristic red of native copper is attributable to the presence of copper, which has strong pigmenting capabilities and is the only constituent of the crystal lattice. (For an introduction to idiochromatism please refer to Section 2 .) Exposed surfaces of native copper crystals may tarnish to black oxide or green carbonate according to the following reaction: 2Cu + O -----------> 2CuCO 3 Native copper has no cleavage and does not tend to break along regular planes. Its fracture is 'hackly', or jagged, containing many small irregularities. The lattice structure occupied by copper is that of cubic closest packing or face-centered cubic. This type of structure is based around a cube on which an atom occupies each of the eight corners.

Atoms are emplaced at the center of each of the six exterior faces as well. This is the most dense of all possible lattice structures. (Please refer to the discussion of crystalline lattices in Section 3 .) Native copper is of the isometric crystal system. Isometric crystals possess four three-fold axes of symmetry and are measured against three axes of equal length which occur at right angles to one another. (Please refer to the discussion of crystal system in Section 3 .) Individual copper crystals may may be of cubic, dodecahedral, tetrahedral, and very rarely of octahedral shape. Aggregates of crystals may be wiry in habit or form a dendritic, arborescent branching structure. (Please refer to the discussion of crystal habit in Section 2 .) Fine mineral specimens with whole individual crystals and well-formed crystal faces are quite rare. The mineral azurite ( Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 ) is an ore of copper, and provided human civilization with one of its earliest sources of this metal. Both azurite and its close relative malachite have been mined for thousands of years.

Because of its amazing blue color, azurite has long been used as a pigment in dyes and as a decorative gemstone. The species was named 'azurite' in honor of this distinctive azure blue. The mineral is also called 'chessylite', a name reminiscent of Chessy, France, where large quantities have been mined. Single crystals of azurite are a dark, royal blue; the mineral exhibits a brilliant azure blue color when it is of dull or earthy luster. Its streak is blue. This coloration is idiochromatic and is due to the presence of the chromophore copper, which grants a strong pigmenting effect, within the crystal lattice. (Please refer to Section 2 for a discussion of idiochromatism and the chromophores.) Azurite's characteristic blue color is useful in identification. Azurite produces some specimens of adamantine luster which are very sparkly and highly translucent with a high refractive index. It forms other samples of vitreous or glassy lustre and medium refractive index; its surface may also be rough, giving a dull, earthy and almost lustreless appearance.

Azurite possesses a density of 3.77 to 3.83 g/cm 3 and a Mohs scale hardness of 3 1/2 to 4. Its cleavage is good in two directions; its fracture is conchoidal, or shell-like, resulting in a series of concentric rings about the stressed point. The mineral is of brittle tenacity and is not malleable. Like other minerals of the carbonate class, azurite effervesces slightly in hydrochloric acid. This provides a useful means of identification in the field. In shape azurite crystals may be equidimensional; prismatic, or elongated in one dimension; or tabular, appearing in flat plates. Aggregates of crystals are frequently botryoidal in habit, having a globular form said to resemble a bunch of grapes. Azurite may also form radiating crusts or earthy masses. (Please refer to the description of crystal habit in Section 2 .) Photos The mineral malachite is a semi-precious stone and a common ore of copper. Its name is derived from the greek term malache, 'mallow', which refers to its leaf green color.

Like azurite, malachite has been used for centuries as a pigment in dyes and as a semi-precious stone. Malachite may vary from bright to dark green in color; its streak is consistently light green. The coloration of malachite is idiochromatic and due to the presence of copper within the chemical formula ( Cu2Co3(OH)2 ). Specimens may be of adamantine, silky, or dull lustre. Malachite possesses a density between 3.6 and 4.0 g/cm 3 and a hardness of 3 1/2 to 4 on the Mohs scale. It demonstrates perfect cleavage in one direction; however, this cleavage occurs rarely. More frequently observed is the conchoidal or splintery fracture. Large individual crystals of malachite are very rare, but may occur in prismatic form. Aggregates of crystals are frequently mammillary, forming smooth, bulbous masses. They may also be botryoidal and globular. They may occur in radial assemblages, forming layers and concentric rings in varying colors of green.

Malachite is likewise observed to produce fibrous threads and tufts, stalactitic formations, and earthy, incrusted masses. Distinctive concretionary banding patterns occur in many samples, particularly in botryoidal masses. These are caused by varying oxidation levels in the aqueous solution from which dissolved minerals exsolute. The mechanism by which this occurs is not fully understood. (For a discussion of terms such as 'mammillary', 'botryoidal' and 'concretionary' please refer to the description of crystal habit contained in Section 2 .) Classification and Association of Azurite and Malachite Both azurite and malachite are hydroxide-containing members of the copper carbonate class. Carbonate minerals compose a class in which ( CO3 ) 2- anions are linked by various cations within the unit cell. Copper carbonates in particular are hydrous carbonate minerals which contain both the copper cation ( Cu2+ ). Azurite possesses the chemical formula Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 ; the formula of malachite is Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 .

Azurite and malachite are commonly found together and in conjunction with native copper and other copper ores. Crystal System and Molecular Structure Both azurite and malachite belong to the monoclinic crystal system. Members of this crystal system possess three axes of unequal length, two of which are perpendicular to each other. The end faces are inclined relative to the side faces rather than being orthogonal to them. Such crystals are usually short, having the appearance of a distorted rectangle. (Please refer to the discussion of crystal structure found in Section 3 .) The molecular structure of azurite consists of square groups composed of two ( O2- while azurite possesses a ratio of 1:2 for the same substances. Since Cu(OH)2 is more highly oxidized than CuCO3 and malachite possesses the higher ratio of this cation, malachite thus occupies a later stage in the oxidation process than does azurite. The more prevalent oxidation of malachite is responsible for its bright green color as compared to the deep blue of azurite. Pseudomorphism in Azurite and Malachite Malachite is more stable than azurite; over time azurite will invert to malachite.

Sometimes the external form of the original azurite is preserved during this process. Malachite can thus form a pseudomorph of azurite as azurite unit cells are replaced over time by those of malachite. When a pseudomorph of a crystal forms, the unit cells of the original mineral are gradually replaced cell for cell by those of a new mineral. The original macroscopic crystal shape remains intact, but the chemical substance of which it is composed is now that of a different mineral. Although the external, macroscopic form has been preserved, the internal microscopic structure has changed. A pseudomorph thus possesses the chemical composition of the new mineral species while its external crystal form preserves the shape of the original, replaced species. A pseudomorph of malachite after azurite retains the same shape as the original azurite crystal but is composed of malachite rather than azurite. The pseudomorph is therefore malachite green in color rather than azurite blue. The chemical formula describing the inversion of azurite to malachite is: 2 Rhodocrosite ( MnCO3 ) is member of the carbonate class and an ore of manganese.

Its name is derived from the Greek words rhodon, meaning 'rose', and chros, color. The name was given in reference to the mineral's characteristic rose pink or red color. Rhodocrosite's distinctive pink color is an example of idiochromatism which is due to the presence of the chromophore manganese ( Mn ) in the chemical formula. (Please refer to Section 2 for a discussion of idiochromatism and the chromophores.) This characteristic pink color may darken upon exposure to the atmosphere. Rhodocrosite is known to alter to black manganese oxides or hydroxides. The mineral displays a white streak. It is translucent and will transmit light diffusely; it possesses a vitreous or pearly luster. Rhodocrosite has a density of 3.4 to 3.6 g/cm 3 and a hardness of 3 1/2 to 4 on the Mohs scale. It is brittle and displays uneven fracture. Like the hydrous copper carbonates azurite and malachite, rhodocrosite is a member of the carbonate class.

The carbonate minerals are compounds of a metal or semimetal with the carbonate anion ( CO3)2- . Rhodocrosite is not, however, a hydrous carbonate because it contains neither water ( H2O ) nor the hydroxyl anion ( OH- ). Instead it is a member of calcite group. The minerals of the calcite group possess a simple geometry in which layers of ( CO3)2- radicals alternate with layers of ( 2+ ) metallic cations. Ionic bonds join the carbonate anions to the metallic cations. Rhodocrosite and all calcite group minerals are of rhombohedral crystal system. Crystals of this system are measured against three vertical axes which intersect one another at 120° angles and one horizontal axis which is perpendicular to the other three. A rhombohedron may be envisioned as an equilateral parallelogram which has been turned up onto one corner. (For more information on crystal systems, please refer to Section 3 .) The cleavage of rhodocrosite is perfect in three directions. Like the cleavage of all minerals of the calcite group, it is rhombohedral.

Crystals are rare but may be rhombohedral; more typically the mineral demonstrates botryoidal, encrusting habit. Rhodocrosite is found in veins and hydrothermal replacement deposits in the company of manganese minerals as well as other metal ores. It may alter to manganese oxides or hydroxides. The hydrous silicate chrysocolla ( Cu2H2Si2O5(OH)4 ) is an ore of copper. The name of the species is derived from the Greek words chrysos, meaning gold, and kolla, 'glue'. It was given this name because it strongly resembled a similar material which was once used to solder gold. Chrysocolla is a hydrous or basic copper silicate because it contains the hydroxyl anion ( OH- ). Unlike true minerals it does not possess a crystalline lattice. Instead it is an amorphous 'silica gel' or gelatinous precipitate. Because it is amorphous and lacks a crystalline structure, chrysocolla is not a mineral in the strictest sense.

However, it is a copper-bearing solid substance which is found in the oxidized zones of copper veins and is associated with minerals such as azurite, malachite, cuprite, and native copper. In color chrysocolla is green to sky-blue. This coloration is idiochromatic and is due to the presence of the chromophore copper ( Cu ) within the material. The streak is very pale blue or green. Chrysocolla is translucent and is able to transmit light when sliced into thin sheets. Samples may be of vitreous or glassy luster; they may also appear greasy, dull, or earthy. Chrysocolla is quite soft, possessing a hardness of 2 - 4 on Mohs scale; it has a density of 2.0 - 2.4 g/cm 3 . It is very brittle, sometimes fragile. It has no cleavage and demonstrates the uneven or conchoidal fracture which is typical of glassy, amorphous materials. This type of fracture displays a series of rounded, concentric rings radiating away from the point of impact. Conchoidal fracture may sometimes be observed on a piece of thick broken glass such as the base of a glass bottle.

Specimens of chrysocolla are typically of massive or earthy habit. The substance may also display reniform or bulbous, lumpy botryoidal habit. It lacks macroscopic crystals. An amusing field test may aid in the identification of chrysocolla. When touched to the tongue a specimen of this substance will usually adhere lightly. It sometimes tastes bitter or basic. Ore minerals Short Courses IMPORTANT ORE MINERALS Most elements need to be concentrated into amounts that can be economically mined from ore deposits (usually hundreds to thousands of times their crustal abundance). This concentration is usually accomplished by dissolution of the element by hot water (hydrothermal ore deposits - gold, silver, lead), preferential crystallization from magmas (chromite deposits or pegmatites), surface weathering and leaching (aluminum, nickel, copper), or gravity separation of minerals during erosion (gold, diamonds, titanium). In the majority of cases there are only one or two minerals that provide all of a particular element for commercial uses. Some elements in low concentrations (substituting in minor amounts for the major elements) are associated with minerals that are mined for other elements, but the shear volumes of materials that are processed result in a valuable byproduct (i e.

elements associated with copper, lead, and zinc ores). Some elements are so valuable that almost any mineral containing that element in sufficient grades can be mined (gold, silver, platinum group). ELEMENTS Aluminum - The ore is mined from rocks that have been exposed to weathering in a tropical environment, bauxite. The main ore minerals in bauxite are gibbsite, bohmeite, and diaspore. Antimony - The primary ore of antimony is it's sulfide, stibnite. Arsenic - Recovered from other metal processing streams (primarily from the sulfosalts such as tennantite etc.). Arsenopyrite is the most common arsenic mineral. The relatively low demand for arsenic as compared to the amount of arsenic mined that is associated with other metals means it can be supplied from the waste streams of other ore processing. Barium - The chief source of barium is barite with minor production of witherite. Beryllium - The major ore mineral for beryllium in the U.S. is bertrandite while worldwide the major source is from pegmatites that contain beryl. Bismuth - Primarily a byproduct of lead processing.

Also found in a number of minerals such as bismuthinite and as a constituent in various sulfosalts. Boron - Chief source is playa lake deposits of borax, colemanite, kernite, ulexite. Bromine - Chief sources are brines from wells and Dead Sea. Cadmium - Unlike many other commodities cadmium is produced as a byproduct of zinc (sphalerite) mining. Cesium - The major ore mineral is pollucite, a pegmatite mineral. Production and use of this metal is extremely small (a few thousand kilograms per year). Chlorine - Produced from the mineral halite (rock salt). Chromium - The chief source is the mineral chromite which is found in large layered intrusives and serpentine bodies. Cobalt - The primary minerals for cobalt is cobaltite. Some cobalt is also produced from weathered tropical orebodies. Columbium (see Niobium) Copper - Most copper ore bodies are mined from minerals created by weathering of the primary copper ore mineral chalcopyrite. Minerals in the enriched zone include chalcocite, bornite, djurleite.

Minerals in the oxidized zones include malachite, azurite, chyrsocolla, cuprite, tenorite, native copper and brochantite. Gallium - A byproduct of zinc and alumina processing. Some primary "ore" may contain up to 200 ppm. Ga. Germanium - A byproduct of zinc ore processing. Also a deposit in China is associated with coal. Gold - The primary mineral of gold is the native metal and electrum (a gold-silver alloy). Some tellurides are also important ore minerals such as calaverite, sylvanite, and petzite. Hafnium - Primary ore mineral is zircon. Indium - Primarily is a byproduct of zinc processing. Iodine - Initial production was from seaweed. Iodine is extracted from natural gas field brines (up to 1200 ppm iodine in the brines). Iron - Two major minerals in the production of iron are it's oxides, hematite and magnetite. These are found in preCambrian iron formations. Historically there was also production from goethite and siderite.

The iron sulfides (pyrite and pyrrhotite) were not used as iron sources due to the difficulty of removing sulfur from the metals and the brittleness this sulfur caused in the metal. Lead - The primary ore mineral for lead is it's sulfide - galena. Some minor production from the past has come from secondary lead minerals - cerussite and anglesite. Lithium - The former primary ore minerals were pegmatite deposits of spodumene, lepidolite, and petalite, amblygonite. Currently the major U. S. production is from lithium carbonate brines. Magnesium - Although magnesium is found in many minerals, only dolomite, magnesite, brucite, carnallite, and olivine are of commercial importance. Magnesium and other magnesium compounds are also produced from seawater, well and lake brines and bitterns. Manganese - The primary ores are oxides/hydroxides of manganese which include minerals such as hausmannite, pyrolusite, braunite, manganite, etc. and the carbonate, rhodochrosite. A large potential source is the deep sea manganese nodules.

Mercury - The main ore is the sulfide, cinnabar. Molybdenum - The primary ore mineral is molybdenite. Nickel - The primary nickel ores are pentlandite, nickel bearing pyrrhotite and a weathering product, garnierite (a mixture of nÃ©pouite, pecoraite and willemseite). Niobium (Columbium) - The primary ore mineral is pyrochlore with minor columbite and tantalite-columbite. Phosphorus - Main ore minerals are in the apatite group of minerals (hydroxylapatite, fluorapatite, chlorapatite). Platinum group (Platinum, Osmium, Rhodium, Ruthenium, Palladium) - The primary ores are the native elements or alloys of the various elements or arsenides such as sperrylite. They tend to occur in layered intrusives associated with chromite deposits. Potassium (potash) - The primary ore minerals are sylvite (primarily), brines, and langbeinite.

Rare Earth elements (cerium, dysprosium, erbium, europium, gadolinium, holmium, lanthanium, lutetium, neodymium, praseodymium, samarium, scandium, terbium, thulium, ytterbium, yttrium) The major ore minerals containing rare earth elements are bastnasite, monazite, and loparite and the lateritic ion-adsorption clays. Major U.S. production of bastnesite is from Mountain Pass, California. Rhenium - Produced as a byproduct of molybdenite. Rubidium - Substitutes for potassium in lepidolite and pollucite. Production is small (a few thousand kilograms per year). Scandium (see Rare Earth) extracting copper from malachite - Feldspar Crusher Sales - XSM machinery Customer Service extracting copper from malachite extracting copper from malachite XSM excellent mining crushing machinery products or production line design, the company is committed to building the Chinese brand mine crushing and processing machinery, mainly crusher, mill, sand making our products (extracting copper from malachite) in more than one hundred of the worldsales of countries and regions.

Extracting copper from malachite ore.? - Yahoo! … Aug 12, 2009 · Best Answer: These are the procedures that you have to follow in extracting a metal from an ore. 1. You will need a small piece of malachite … Copper Extraction - DarylScience Home Page DEMO: Extracting Copper from an ore RODNEY’S HOMEPAGE for Earth Science ... As with most copper ores, the malachite does not contain pure copper (native copper… Demo: Extracting Copper from an Ore Demo: Extracting Copper from an Ore ... As with most copper ores, the malachite does not contain pure copper (native copper), and ... Essay: Extracting copper from Malachite. - Essays … Extracting copper from Malachite. Words: 1239 Submitted: Fri Mar 05 2004 Extracting Copper from Malachite - Get help with … Get GCSE Extracting Copper from Malachite Coursework, Essay & Homework assistance including assignments fully Marked by Teachers and Peers. Get the … Extracting Copper from Copper Ore Extracting Copper from Copper Ore . Objective.

In this lab you will extract copper from malachite, a copper ore. Ore- a material used as a source of metal Extracting a metal from its ore One of the common copper ores, malachite, which is composed of mainly copper carbonate ... Microsoft Word - Extracting a metal from its ore.doc Author: … Extracting copper. Where does copper come from? An ore is a rock that has enough metal in it to make it worth extracting the metal. The main ores of copper are: Chalcopyrite Bornite Malachite. Over 50% of the World's copper ... Extraction of copper - Resources - TES - The TES - … Students carry out the extraction of copper from malachite using both reduction with charcoal and electrolysis of copper sulphate (they make the copper sulphate … METALLURGY OF COPPER-EXTRACTION OF … Copper pyrite or chalcopyrite (CuFeS2). Chalocite (Cu2S) or copper glance. Malachite green [CuCO3.Cu(OH)2]. Azurite blue [2CuCO3.Cu(OH)2]. Essay: Extraction of copper from ore Malachite.

Extraction of copper from ore Malachite. Words: 843 Submitted: Thu Sep 18 2003 Extracting Copper From Ore - Yenka.com Explanations in the extraction of copper from copper carbonate (commonly found in the mineral malachite) show how this is possibly how copper was discovered, … How do I Extract Copper Metal From the Rock (Ore) … How do I Extract Copper Metal From the Rock (Ore) That it Comes From?. The ... Dispose of the filtered malachite copper ore by wrapping it in plastic and throwing … Copper extraction techniques - Wikipedia, the free … Copper extraction techniques refers to the methods for obtaining copper from its ores. ... Malachite: CuCO 3 •Cu(OH) 2: 57.3: Azurite: 2CuCO 3 ·Cu(OH) 2: 55.1: … Extracting metals from rocks | Nuffield Foundation Class practical Malachite is a copper ore consisting mainly of basic copper(II) carbonate, CuCO3.Cu(OH)2.

This experiment involves producing copper from copper… Extracting Copper from its Ores by REDOX Reactions To extract copper metal from its ore malachite (copper carbonate.) Method. Malachite contains the elements copper, carbon and oxygen joined together. How Is Malachite Extracted | ask.co.uk/how From recent study, i know that the malachite from which the copper will be extracted must be heated to a high temperature. The end product will be a fine … How is copper extracted from malachite - The Q&A wiki From recent study, i know that the malachite from which the copper will be extracted must be heated to a high temperature. The end product will be a fine … How do you extract malachite from copper? - Yahoo! … Sep 13, 2007 · Best Answer: Copper is an element. There's no extracting anything from an element. Copper Chemistry Examples are malachite, Cu 2 CO 3 (OH) 2, a bright green ore, and the red ore ...

The Extraction of Copper Copper is extracted from its ore by two principal … Copper Chemistry Examples are malachite, Cu 2 CO 3 (OH) 2, a bright green ore, and the red ore ... The Extraction of Copper Copper is extracted from its ore by two principal … collinseducation.com Introduce the idea of large scale extraction of copper in blast furnaces. (Note that the main ore of copper is no longer malachite, so the extraction is in fact … Copper Extraction Copper is prepared for smelting in a number of different stages: ... from its oxide ores (e.g. cuprite) and its carbonate ores (e.g. malachite). Copper ... Copper extraction - Academic Kids Chrysocolla CuSiO 3 (H2O) 2; Malachite Cu 2 CO 3 (OH) 2; Native Copper Cu Tenorite CuO ... The following is a process of copper extraction from chalcopyrite … Extracting Copper from Copper Ore - Docstoc – … Feb 26, 2010 · Extracting Copper from Copper OreObjective.

In this lab you will extract copper from malachite, a copper ore.Ore- a material used as a source … Our products (extracting copper from malachite) can meet your needs, you are interested in our products or have any questions, you can contact and online customer service, she will answer you with any problems. Demo: Extracting Copper from an Ore Demo: Extracting Copper from an Ore Introduction Hard-rock mining has been a considerable force in the West, influencing the history, politics, environment, and economy of the region. As I have included mining topics in my freshman Earth Science course, I have discovered that students have many misconceptions about how metals are removed from rock. For one, few realize that the metal is usually "locked up" in mineral compounds that are very different from the pure metal, just as sodium is very different from sodium chloride. Secondly, few understand the extent to which chemistry is involved in removing the metal from the compound. Purpose This is a convincing demonstration that will show students one way that chemistry is used to extract a metal from an ore. How to do the demonstration 1.

You will need a small piece of malachite (about 1 cubic inch), a greenish mineral whose formula can be written as Cu2CO3(OH)2 or CuCO3 . Cu(OH)2 . This can be purchased from science supply companies (10 pieces for under $10). As with most copper ores, the malachite does not contain pure copper (native copper), and will contain other minerals besides the malachite. Malachite, one of several minerals mined to obtain copper, is mined primarily in Arizona, the leading copper-producing state. 2. As with most real mines, the first thing you will need to do is crush the ore. One way to accomplish this is to take the lid cut from a coffee can, bend it in half like a taco shell, put the malachite inside, and then place it into a sandwich baggie. Lay the baggie onto some pavement, and gently pound with a hammer until the ore is crushed. Be sure to wear goggles. At an actual mine site the ore may be put into huge rotating cylinders containing steel balls that roll around , crushing the ore (called "ball mills"). 3.

At your demonstration site set up a ringstand with a funnel, containing a coffee filter, and then empty the crushed ore into the filter/funnel. 3. Next you will need two 250 ml. beakers, one containing 75-125 ml. of 1 molar H2SO4 . Position the empty beaker beneath the funnel, and then carefully pour the acid over the crushed ore. Be sure to wear goggles. Once it has leached through, switch the beakers and repeat the process one or two more times until the solution becomes sky-blue. The blue color is due to the presence of Cu2+ ions which were put into the solution as the acid reacted with the malachite (a neutralization reaction). Part of what happened is shown in this equation: Cu(OH)2 + H2 SO4 -----> 2H2O + CuSO4 4. Next, remove the solution from beneath the funnel and put the empty beaker in its place to catch the remaining drops. Finally, take several iron nails that have been cleaned with steel wool and place them into the leachate solution.

You will want your students to be close by as you do this so that they can observe the nails as they become coated with copper. Use forceps to lift them out of the solution and show the brilliant copper color. The mining industry uses scrap iron, such as discarded cars, for this process. Chemically, what is happening is that the copper ions are "stealing" electrons from the iron atoms as shown in this ionic equation: Fe + Cu2+ -----> Fe2+ + Cu 5. The demonstration leaves you with two waste products. . . the acidic copper sulfate solution and the crushed ore, or tailings. Ask your students how these mine wastes might be dealt with so that this does not become a future Superfund Site. Disposal Set the beaker of leachate beneath the funnel and pour 50 ml. of tapwater over the tailings to rinse the acid off somewhat. Then take .5 square foot of aluminum foil, wad it up, place it in the leachate solution, and let it set overnight. The copper ions will be reduced, forming copper metal, and the aluminum ions will go into the solution in their place. The next day, remove any undissolved foil.

Now what you have is a combination of aluminum sulfate and sulfuric acid, with a copper sludge. Your science department should have a copy of the Flinn Chemical Catalog/Reference Manual. Follow Flinn's guidelines for disposal of these materials. Remove the filter cone, containing the tailings, from the funnel, put it in a baggie, and then place it in the garbage. Etc. In Montana, most of the copper ores are "sulfide ores" containing compounds such as Cu2S (chalcocite) or CuFeS2 (chalcopyrite). Processing these ores requires additional steps to deal with SO2 emissions and concerns related to acid mine drainage. HOT LINKS Extracting metals from rocks- Learn Chemistry Home > Resources > Extracting metals from rocks Extracting metals from rocks Description This experiment involves producing copper from copper ore (malachite). The composition of malachite is mainly copper(II) carbonate CuCO3.Cu(OH)2. This experiment involves heating the copper(II) carbonate with carbon. This experiment involves producing copper from copper ore (malachite). The composition of malachite is mainly copper(II) carbonate CuCO3.Cu(OH)2.

This experiment involves heating the copper(II) carbonate with carbon. Subjects : Credits : This is an experiment from the Practical Chemistry project, developed by the Nuffield Foundation and the Royal Society of Chemistry. . Lesson organisation If possible, show the class a genuine sample of malachite ore and artefacts, such as paperweights or polished ‘eggs’ made from malachite, noting the green colour characteristic of many copper compounds. It contains copper , but how can copper metal be obtained from it? Heating will probably be suggested. This forms the first part of the experiment. While the copper(II) oxide produced by heating cools down, discuss how to get the oxygen out of the oxide, leaving the metal itself. The discussion can be worked around to the idea of providing some element, carbon , which is ‘better’ at combining with oxygen than copper is. The ‘competition’ idea is illustrated by the second part of the experiment. Explain that the green powder they start from is effectively powdered malachite, basic copper(II) carbonate . The experiment should take about 20 minutes.

Apparatus Crucible, preferably metal (Note 1) Crucible tongs Gauze or pipeclay triangle (Note 2) Beaker (250 cm3 or larger) Spatula Copper(II) carbonate (HARMFUL), about 1 g Wood charcoal, powdered, about 2 g Refer to Health & Safety and Technical notes section below for additional information. Copper(II) carbonate , CuCO3.Cu(OH)2(s), (HARMFUL) - see CLEAPSS Hazcard. Powdered wood charcoal - see CLEAPSS Hazcard. 1 A metal crucible is best for this experiment as it is less likely to crack than a porcelain crucible. 2 The gauze should preferably be one without a ceramic center. Such centers tend to prevent the crucible from getting hot enough. A pipeclay triangle may be used if the metal crucible fits snugly into it; pipeclay (or silica) triangles are intended for use with porcelain crucibles, metal crucibles tend to be larger and fit the triangles badly. Procedure Part 1 a Put one spatula measure of powdered malachite, copper(II) carbonate, into a crucible.

b Heat the crucible and contents, slowly at first, then strongly until there is no further change in appearance of the mixture. c Allow the crucible and contents to cool for a few minutes. Part 2 d Add two spatula measures of powdered charcoal (carbon) to the contents of the crucible. Mix with the spatula whilst holding the crucible with tongs. CARE: Grip the edge of the crucible with the tongs; do not attempt to grip around the body of the crucible because it is likely to slip out. Finally, add a thin layer of powdered charcoal over the surface of the mixture. e Heat the crucible and its contents strongly on the tripod and gauze for a few minutes. Beware of sparks. f Allow the mixture to cool for a couple of minutes. g Half fill the beaker with water and then use tongs to tip the powder from the crucible into the water. h Swirl the contents of the beaker around so that any copper falls to the bottom, and then pour off the water and charcoal suspension. i Add more water and keep on pouring and swirling so only the heavy material is left at the bottom of the beaker.

Teaching notes It should be clear from the outcome of Part 1 that heating alone brings about some change but does not produce copper metal: CuCO3(s) → CuO(s) + CO2(g) (This is a simplification as copper(II) carbonate is, as mentioned above, actually a basic carbonate: CuCO3.Cu(OH)2. On heating the copper(II) hydroxide also decomposes, losing water, and ending up as copper(II) oxide as well). Discussion of the nature of this change and the thinking behind the use of carbon also gives time for the crucible to cool somewhat so that manipulation at the beginning of Part 2 is safer. The purpose of the thin layer of charcoal on the surface of the mixture is to minimise the chance of the hot copper metal re-oxidising during the pouring-out process. Health & Safety checked, 2016 Credits

Question: Malachite is a principal ore of which metal?
Answer: Copper