Luke Howard and Cloud Names | Royal Meteorological Society Royal Meteorological Society Luke Howard and Cloud Names Cumulus Clouds by Luke Howard The cloud classification now used is based on that originally proposed by pharmacist Luke Howard in December 1802, in his paper "On the modification of clouds" ('modification' meaning 'classification'). Howard introduced three basic cloud types: Cirrus (Latin for a curl of hair), which he described as "parallel, flexuous, or diverging fibres, extensible in any or all directions" Cumulus (meaning heap), which he described as "convex or conical heaps, increasing upward from a horizontal base" Stratus (meaning something spread), which he described as "a widely extended, continuous, horizontal sheet, increasing from below".

He combined these names to form four more cloud types: Cirro-cumulus, which he described as "small, well-defined roundish masses, in close horizontal arrangement"; Cirro-stratus, which he described as "horizontal or slightly inclined masses, attenuated towards a part or the whole of their circumference, bent downward, or undulated, separate, or in groups consisting of small clouds having these characters"; Cumulostratus, which he described as "the cirrostratus blended with the cumulus, and either appearing intermixed with the heaps of the latter, or super-adding a widespread structure to its base" Cumulo-cirro-stratus or Nimbus, which he called the rain cloud, "a cloud or system of clouds from which rain is falling". He described it as "a horizontal sheet, above which the cirrus spreads, while the cumulus enters it laterally and from beneath". Luke Howard's Biography Luke Howard was born in London on 28 November 1772, the first child of successful businessman Robert Howard and his wife Elizabeth. He was educated at a Quaker school at Burford in Oxfordshire and was then apprenticed to a retail chemist in Stockport.

He became, like his father, a businessman, developing a firm that manufactured pharmaceutical chemicals. His real interest was, though, in meteorology, and he made a number of significant contributions to the subject besides his cloud classification. He published The Climate of London (first edition 1818, second edition 1830), Seven lectures on meteorology (1837), A cycle of eighteen years in the seasons of Britain (1842) and Barometrographia (1847). a sketch by Luke Howard He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on 8 March 1821 and joined the British (now Royal) Meteorological Society on 7 May 1850, only a month after the society was founded. He died in London on 21 March 1864.

For more infromation on how we now classify clouds please go to this page Current Cloud Classification Howard's sketch of cumulus with anvil h2g2 - Luke Howard, the Namer of Clouds - Edited Entry Luke Howard, the Namer of Clouds Content from the guide to life, the universe and everything Luke Howard, the Namer of Clouds Created Do you see yonder cloud that's almost in shape of a camel? Polonius: By the mass, and 'tis like a camel, indeed. Hamlet: Methinks it is like a weasel. Polonius: It is backed like a weasel. Hamlet: - Hamlet, Act iii Scene 2. Clouds in the sky change their shape constantly. Sometimes this is too slow to be noticeable and at others a cloud can morph twice within a few lines of Shakespearean dialogue. Due to this ephemeral character, clouds had not been formally categorised before the beginning of the 19th Century. Nowadays there is an internationally-recognised nomenclature used by meteorologists. This system was devised by a man fascinated with weather: Luke Howard. What's In A Name?

Prior to the systems described below, clouds had not been ignored for their weather-predicting abilities, but the wisdom was not scientific. With few exceptions, no cloud types were even named; they were just described by their colour and form: white or black, mare's tails or mackerel skies. Clouds are used in a few instances as forecast tools in weather proverbs , but the folklore is often related to the place where the observer lives and works. So, while proverbs (often summarising observations over many years) may be locally true, they are not always universally applicable. Red sky at night sailor's delight, but red sky in the morning, sailor's warning 1 . This appears to be true for all of the British Isles, reflecting whether a weather front is coming from the Atlantic or the Continent. Soon after 1800 two natural philosophers turned their minds to defining what types of cloud there were. It is generally accepted that both were inspired by the Linnaean system of classification of living things devised by the Swedish taxonomist Linnaeus 2 . One was the French naturalist Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744 - 1829), more famous for his attempt to describe a mechanism for evolution .

The other was Luke Howard (1772 - 1864), a Quaker businessman and one of the founder members of a philosophical group, the Askesian 3 Society. The 'Essay on Modifications of Clouds' he wrote for the society named the cloud types still used today. Lamarck's System It is not in the least amiss for those who are involved in meteorological research to give some attention to the form of clouds; for, besides the individual and accidental forms of each cloud, it is clear that clouds have certain general forms which are not all dependent on chance but on a state of affairs which it would be useful to recognise and determine. - Jean Baptiste Lamarck, Annuaire Méteorologique volume 3 Lamarck in his Annuaire Méteorologique of 1802 initially proposed five main types of clouds 'related to general causes which are easily ascertained.' They were: Hazy clouds (en forme de voile) Massed clouds (attroupés) Broom-like clouds (en balayeurs) Grouped clouds (groupés) Three years later, Lamarck devised a more detailed classification scheme, which comprised twelve forms.

Unfortunately, his classification system did not make an impression on the scientists and naturalists of the day, not even his own countrymen, and does not seem to have been used by anyone except himself. This was possibly due to his use of French names for his cloud types (which would not be easily adopted in other countries), or to the fact he published his essay in the same publication as forecasts based on astrological data (the Annuaire Méteorologique), which may have cast some doubts on its credibility. These are suggestions made in the International Cloud Atlas 4 . Nevertheless, it goes on to say: Four out of Lamarck's five principal types appear under different names in Howard's nomenclature. It is remarkable that these two men, of different scientific cultures, and never having come in contact with each other, should have arrived independently at such compatible results. Luke Howard Luke was the born in London in November 1778, first child of Quaker parents, and was sent to a Quaker school near Burford in Oxfordshire. He was a lifelong member of the Society of Friends (the more formal name of the Quakers) and devoted much energy and time to their good works.

As an adult he became a businessman, developing a firm that manufactured pharmaceutical chemicals: Howards and Sons Ltd. It has been suggested that his lifelong fascination with weather was heavily influenced by the unusual weather of 1783. In this year there was the 'Great Fog', due to the masses of debris in the sky from two huge volcanic eruptions - one in Iceland and the other in Japan - the combined effect of which was felt worldwide. In Europe, the particles high in the atmosphere caused months of cold dull haze, and a series of spectacular sunsets. Trying to understand what was happening in the sky was of lifelong interest to Howard from then on. This research led to the lectures Howard gave at the Askesian Society. Howard's interest in atmospheric phenomena was first established by a paper to the Askesians on Causes of Rain (23 February 1802). He wrote of the society that it: ...met every fortnight during the winter, each member being required by the rules to bring in an essay, in turn, for discussion, or pay a fine. It was the obligation thus contracted, which occasioned me to present to that society the Essay on Clouds. He was a prolific writer and editor.

His seven lectures in meteorology made up the first textbook on weather. His Climate of London was the first book on urban climatology. He noted in this the effect that large urban areas can create, where the temperature is notably (and consistently) warmer than in adjacent rural areas. His many contributions to the emerging science of meteorology resulted in him being made a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1821. The key idea set forth by Howard in the Essay on Clouds is that it is possible to identify, from within the complexity of changing skies, a number of simple categories. The basic categories he described are: Cumulus (Latin for 'heap') 'Convex or conical heaps, increasing upward from a horizontal base.' Stratus (Latin for 'layer') 'Widely extended horizontal sheets.' Cirrus (Latin for 'curl') 'Flexuous fibres extensible by increase in any or all directions' - could also be described as 'wispy.' Nimbus (Latin for 'rain') 'Systems of clouds from which rain falls.' (usually appear dark grey) There are also intermediate categories: cirro-cumulus, cirro-stratus, cumulo-stratus and so on. In all there are about ten categories generally used nowadays.

Not all clouds bring rain - some are signs of fine weather, which explains why the fourth type is needed. 'Nimbus' can be added to the beginning or end of a cloud type, eg, cumulo-nimbus or nimbo-stratus. Generally cumulo-nimbus clouds are the most dangerous, associated with hail, lightning, tornadoes, downdraughts, downbursts and flash flooding. In his paper, Howard presents a lengthy description of, and rationale for, these various forms of cloud. How To Predict the Weather via Cloud Formations looks at how these different types of cloud can be used to predict the weather. There are many unusual types of clouds. Some of the less common descriptive terms are as follows: Altus (alto) meaning 'high' Fractus meaning 'broken, irregular or ragged' Humilis meaning 'flattened' Luke Howard facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Luke Howard (b. Cripplegate, London, United Kingdom, 28 November 1772; d. Tottenham, London, United Kingdom, 21 March 1864), meteorology, pharmacy.

Howard was a pharmacist by profession, but a meteorologist by inclination, whose amateur (and very British) fascination with the weather led him to devise the classification and nomenclature of clouds that remains in international use today. He also became a pioneer in the study of urban climate, and his twenty-year statistical record of London’s weather formed the heart of his landmark publication The Climate of London (1818–1820), for which he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1821. The son of a devout and commercially successful Quaker tinsmith, Robert Howard (1738–1812) and his wife Elizabeth Leatham (1742–1816), Luke Howard was dispatched at the age of eight to a strict Quaker boarding school in Burford, Oxfordshire, where the rote learning of Latin grammar dominated the curriculum to the exclusion of science and mathematics.

“My pretensions as a man of science are consequently but slender,” as he wrote in an autobiographical essay in 1822, but his lifelong habit of keeping daily weather notes was already in place by the time he left school in 1787 to begin a seven-year apprenticeship with a Quaker pharmacist in Stockport, Lancashire (Scott, 1976, p. 2). It was during this formative period that Howard began to spend his evenings studying French, chemistry, and the natural sciences, describing the impact of the works of Antoine Lavoisier as “like the Sun’s rising after a night of moonshine” (Scott, 1976, p. 2). Upon his return to London in 1794 Howard intensified his autodidactic regime, attending regular lectures and evening classes, as well as joining a small scientific debating club, the Aske-sian Society, which was founded in 1796 by William Allen, a fellow Quaker pharmacist with whom Howard had gone into business.

In 1797 Howard, now married to Mariabella Eliot (1769–1852), took charge of Allen & Howard’s research and manufacturing laboratories at Plaistow, Essex, 8 miles east of the City. At Plaistow, Howard began to work up some of his meteorological notes, framing them in the light of recent atmospheric theories, particularly those advanced by John Dalton in his Meteorological Observations (1793). Dalton’s contention that cloud droplets do not “float,” but fall continually under the influence of gravity, was instrumental in shaping Howard’s conviction that clouds, far from being “airy nothings,” were subject to “the same fixed Laws which pervade every other department of Nature” (Howard, 1854, p. 85). At a meeting of the Askesian Society in December 1802 Howard delivered a paper, “On the Modifications of Clouds,” in which he proposed that every cloud belonged to one of three principal families, to which he had given the Latin names: cirrus (meaning “fiber” or “hair”), cumulus (“heap” or “pile”), and stratus (“layer” or “sheet”).

In recognition of the essential instability of clouds, Howard also introduced a sequence of intermediate and compound modifications, such as cirrostratus and stratocumulus, in order to accommodate the regular transitions occurring between the cloud types. Howard was not the first to attempt a classification of clouds—only the previous year Jean-Baptiste Lamarck had proposed a list of descriptive terms in French—but the success of Howard’s system was due to his use of universal Latin, as well as to his emphasis on the mutability of clouds. By adopting Linnaean principles of natural history classification—in which objects are grouped into families according to shared external characteristics—and applying them to phenomena as short-lived and changeable as clouds, Howard had arrived at an elegant solution to the problem of naming transitional forms in nature. Once published, the cloud classification was soon in use around the world, and in 1896 it was officially adopted (with minor amendments) by the World Meteorological Organization. Howard’s scientific reputation was secured, and although he remained a full-time pharmacist, establishing his own firm, Howard & Co., in 1807, he continued his meteorological activities, contributing weather columns to a variety of journals, while continuing to keep a daily meteorological register.

In 1818, Howard published the first volume of The Climate of London, a pioneering work of urban climatology (the second volume appeared in 1820), for which he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. In this work, the first to suggest that built environments have a noticeable impact on weather and climate, Howard made the first identification of a now familiar effect—the Urban Heat Island, in which a city’s nighttime temperature remains higher than that of the surrounding areas, a phenomenon that he ascribed to the burning of fossil fuels. In 1822, a German translation of his essay on clouds led to a brief correspondence with the poet Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, who wrote a series of cloud poems in Howard’s honor, and at whose request Howard wrote the autobiographical essay cited above. In 1823 he became a founding member of the Meteorological Society of London, but the following year Howard and his wife moved to Ackworth, Yorkshire, leaving the flourishing pharmaceutical business in the hands of their two eldest sons, one of whom, John Eliot Howard, (1807– 1883) went on to become a celebrated expert on quinine.

Although Howard continued with his meteorological research, his life in Yorkshire became increasingly devoted to charitable and educational work as well as to a series of doctrinal controversies within the Quaker movement, which culminated in his defection to the Plymouth Brethren in 1836. In 1842 he published an unconvincing treatise identifying an eighteen-year cycle in British weather, comprised of a seven-year rise followed by a ten-year fall in average temperature and rainfall; this was followed by his Barometrographia (1847), a visually impressive folio volume in which annual fluctuations of the weather were plotted against the phases of the Moon, using large circular diagrams traced by a self-recording barograph, in an attempt to determine the extent of lunar influence on climate. Following the death of his wife Mariabella in 1852, Howard returned to London to live with his eldest son Robert, at 7 Bruce Grove, Tottenham, where he died, aged ninety-one, in 1864. He was buried in the grounds of the Quaker meetinghouse at nearby Winchmore Hill, the earlier disputes apparently resolved.

Howard lived just long enough to see the advent of the professionalization of modern meteorology, while being one of the last of the amateur observers to make a major contribution to the field. “Never, probably, was Science wooed more entirely for her own sake,” as his obituary in the Friend (1864) concluded, “never was there a more thorough ‘labour of love’ than that which he bestowed.” BIBLIOGRAPHY Luke Howard manuscript collections can be found at: London Metropolitan Archives (business/family papers); Library of the Religious Society of Friends in Britain (family papers); Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine (personal/scientific letters); and Science Museum, London (personal letters). A collection of Howard’s cloud watercolors can be found at the Science Museum, London. WORKS BY HOWARD On the Modifications of Clouds. London: J. Taylor, 1804. “The Natural History of Clouds.” Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and the Arts 30 (1812): 35–62. The Climate of London, Deduced from Meteorological Observations, Made at Different Places in the Neighbourhood of the Metropolis. 2 vols.

London: W. Phillips, 1818–1820. Rev. ed., 1833. Seven Lectures on Meteorology. Pontefract, U.K.: James Lucas, 1837. “Luke Howard’s Autobiography; with His Own Additions and Corrections down to an Unascertained Date. Probably circ. 1840.” MS. Box 5.2. Unpublished manuscript in The Library of the Religious Society of Friends in Britain, Friends House, Euston Road, London. A Cycle of Eighteen Years in the Seasons of Britain; Deduced from Meteorological Observations Made at Ackworth, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, from 1824 to 1841. London: J. Ridgway, 1842. Barometrographia: Twenty Years’ Variation of the Barometer in the Climate of Britain, Exhibited in Autographic Curves, with the Attendant Winds and Weather. London: R. and J. Taylor, 1847. Papers on Meteorology, Relating Especially to the Climate of Britain, and to the Variations of the Barometer.

London: Taylor and Francis, 1854. My Ledger; or, A Compromise with Prudence. Written in 1808. London: Taylor and Francis, 1856. OTHER SOURCES Dalton, John. Meteorological Observations and Essays. London: J. Phillips, 1793. Day, John A., and Frank H. Ludlam. “Luke Howard and His Clouds: A Contribution to the Early History of Cloud Physics.” Weather 27 (1972): 448–461. Hamblyn, Richard. The Invention of Clouds: How an Amateur Meteorologist Forged the Language of the Skies. London: Picador, 2001. Howard, Bernard. “A Luke Howard Miscellany: Compiled by his Great Grandson.” Unpublished typescript. 1959. The Library of the Religious Society of Friends in Britain, Friends House, Euston Road, London. Kington, J. A. “A Century of Cloud Classification.” Weather 24 (1969): 84–89.

Obituary in The Friend: A Religious, Literary and Miscellaneous Journal 4 (1864): 100. Scott, D. F. S. Luke Howard (1772–1864): His Correspondence with Goethe and His Continental Journey of 1816. York, U.K.: William Sessions, 1976. Slater, A. W. “Luke Howard, F.R.S. (1772–1864) and His Relations with Goethe.” Notes and Records of the Royal Society 27 (1972): 119–140. Webb, Nicholas. “Representations of the Seasons in Early-Nineteenth-Century England.” PhD diss., University of York, 1998. Richard Hamblyn Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography.

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���܃��[��}\��� D� 1 ; Luke Howard – Tottenham Clouds Search for: Luke Howard Luke Howard, the Namer of Clouds, is commemorated with the only English Heritage Blue Plaque in Tottenham.

Luke Howard is also known as the Father of meteorology for his detailed observations over many years of the weather and cloud formations in Tottenham. He was sent to boarding school in Burford, Oxfordshire and used to say that ‘he learnt too much of Latin grammar and too little of anything else.‘ But even then he had an observing eye and began to notice the appearances of the sky and forms of clouds. He was fascinated by the violent volcanic eruptions at Laki in Iceland which resulted in sunsets blazing through clouds, and overcast skies which led to unusually cold winters in Britain from 1783-1785. He would have been aware of the summer hailstorm in 1788 which destroyed crops throughout the countryside resulting in serious food shortages which brought the population into the streets when the price of bread rose sharply the following spring. Luke Howard: From a Painting by John Opie. Wikimedia Commons As a young man Luke Howard was one of a circle who in March, 1796, formed themselves into an Association called the Askesian Society, for the discussion of scientific questions. Among the Members were William Allen, William Phillips, Alexander Tilloch, and H. Pepys.

The Society was merged into the Geological Society in 1806. It was in a short essay read in December 1802 to the Society, and published as On the Modification of Clouds in 1803, that Luke Howard, proposed his classification and nomenclature of the clouds; the system he outlined is still in use today. And it is from their home on Tottenham Green that Luke Howard, with the support of Mariabella, made daily recordings of the weather. Using the data obtained from the instruments in their garden in 1818 – 1820 he published The Climate of London in two volumes updating it with a revised edition in 1833. His daily barometric pressure readings are among the earliest consistent scientific observations recorded. He possessed a registering clock by which the variations of the barometer were recorded on the outer portion of the dial, which made one revolution in the twelve months. These diagrams were afterwards published, at great expense, under the name of Barometrographia.

In Barometrographia, he noted down the atmospheric pressure readings from 1815 to 1834 at his homes in Tottenham, London, and Ackworth, Yorkshire, alongside accounts of the weather. Barometrographia 1815 Credit: Beautiful Science/British Library Barometrographia: Twenty Years’ Variation of the Barometer in the Climate of Britain… by Luke Howard; London, 1847). In 1821 Luke Howard was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society for his contributions to meteorology and he joined the Royal Meteorology Society in 1850. Howard’s contributions to meteorology over half a century were profound. He had not limited himself to clouds but had looked at radiation, urban heat islands and wind flow. Fifty years before, at a lecture in Tottenham, he had even suggested that the rotation of the earth might deflect winds off course. He had explained to an audience that as the air travels north or south the earth is forever ‘slipping away under it’.

Peter Moore, The Weather Experiment, Chatto and Windus, 2015 Source: The Eliot papers 1895, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. XX, 1894 Share this:

Question: Luke Howard proposed which type of weather nomenclature in 1802?
Answer: Cloud Types