HistoryMole Timeline: Michael Faraday (1791-1867) Michael Faraday (1791-1867) More : 27 Oct 1813 CEHumphrey Davy arrived in Paris with his wife and his assitant Michael Faraday. He received special dispensation from Napoleon to travel across France from 1813 to 1815 and with Faraday he travelled abroad investigating his theory of volcanic action. Note 1: Events described with text like this have been entered from one source but have not yet been verified against a subsequent source ( Explain ). Note 2: The events are sorted in semi-chronological order according to what is factually known about the date of the event ( Explain ). Note 3: Michael Faraday The English chemist and physicist Michael Faraday, b. Sept. 22, 1791, d. Aug. 25, 1867, is known for his pioneering experiments in electricity and magnetism. Many consider him the greatest experimentalist who ever lived. Several concepts that he derived directly from experiments, such as lines of magnetic force, have become common ideas in modern physics.

Faraday was born at Newington, Surrey, near London. He received little more than a primary education, and at the age of 14 he was apprenticed to a bookbinder. There he became interested in the physical and chemical works of the time. After hearing a lecture by the famous chemist Humphry Davy, he sent Davy the notes he had made of his lectures. As a result Faraday was appointed, at the age of 21, assistant to Davy in the laboratory of the Royal Institution in London. During the initial years of his scientific work, Faraday occupied himself mainly with chemical problems. He discovered two new chlorides of carbon and succeeded in liquefying chlorine and other gases. He isolated benzene in 1825, the year in which he was appointed director of the laboratory. Davy, who had the greatest influence on Faraday's thinking, had shown in 1807 that the metals sodium and potassium can be precipitated from their compounds by an electric current, a process known as electrolysis. Faraday's vigorous pursuit of these experiments led in 1834 to what became known as Faraday's laws of electrolysis.

Faraday's research into electricity and electrolysis was guided by the belief that electricity is only one of the many manifestations of the unified forces of nature, which included heat, light, magnetism, and chemical affinity. Although this idea was erroneous, it led him into the field of electromagnetism, which was still in its infancy. In 1785, Charles Coulomb had been the first to demonstrate the manner in which electric charges repel one another, and it was not until 1820 that Hans Christian Oersted and Andre Marie Ampere discovered that an electric current produces a magnetic field. Faraday's ideas about conservation of energy led him to believe that since an electric current could cause a magnetic field, a magnetic field should be able to produce an electric current. He demonstrated this principle of induction in 1831. Faraday expressed the electric current induced in the wire in terms of the number of lines of force that are cut by the wire. The principle of induction was a landmark in applied science, for it made possible the dynamo, or generator, which produces electricity by mechanical means.

Faraday's introduction of the concept of lines of force was rejected by most of the mathematical physicists of Europe, since they assumed that electric charges attract and repel one another, by action at a distance, making such lines unnecessary. Faraday had demonstrated the phenomenon of electromagnetism in a series of experiments, however. This experimental necessity probably led the physicist James Clerk Maxwell to accept the concept of lines of force and put Faraday's ideas into mathematical form, thus giving birth to modern field theory. Faraday's discovery (1845) that an intense magnetic field can rotate the plane of polarized light is known today as the Faraday effect. The phenomenon has been used to elucidate molecular structure and has yielded information about galactic magnetic fields. Faraday described his numerous experiments in electricity and electromagnetism in three volumes entitled Experimental Researches in Electricity (1839, 1844, 1855); his chemical work was chronicled in Experimental Researches in Chemistry and Physics (1858). Faraday ceased research work in 1855 because of declining mental powers, but he continued as a lecturer until 1861.

A series of six children's lectures published in 1860 as The Chemical History of a Candle, has become a classic of science literature. Who invented the electric generator? | Reference.com Who invented the electric generator? A: Quick Answer Michael Faraday invented the first electric generator in 1831. This British chemist and physicist did extensive work in the field of electricity that paved the way for the inventions of the electric motor and transformer. Full Answer Earlier in the same year that he made his first generator, Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction. He found that the electromagnetic effect a current has in one wire is able to generate electricity in another wire. Using this information, he learned how to produce a steady current. He connected two wires to a copper disc. He then maintained a steady current when he switched the disc back and forth between the two poles of a horseshoe magnet. Thus he made his first electric generator. Inventor Michael Faraday Michael Faraday Father of Electronics by Charles Ludwig / Paperback (May 1988) / Herald Pr Ludwig retells Michael Faraday's remarkable life story in fictionalized form, presenting the man who invented the electric motor, the dynamo, the transformer, and the generator.

by Michael Faraday, Peter Day (Compiler) / Paperback - 212 pages / Inst of Physics Pub (1999) An attractive collection that serves well as an introduction to this extraordinary man. Michael Faraday by Geoffrey Cantor, David Gooding / Paperback (October 1996) / Humanity Books This biography follows his early life and career, his role in the Royal Institution and in civic and military science, and his influence on science and engineering. by Michael Faraday / Paperback - 88 pages (May 1993) / Prometheus Books Certainly a true classic. This book will appeal to both the layman and the technically inclined. by James Clerk Maxwell / Paperback 3rd edition (January 1991) / Dover Pubns This volume covers magnetism and electromagnetism. ON THE WEB: A complete edition of Faraday's approximately 4800 extant letters is being published under the editorship of Frank James at the Royal Institution. Brief overviews of each volume are given. (URL: His discoveries have had an incalculable effect on subsequent scientific and technical development. He was a true pioneer of scientific discovery. Presented by the Institution of Electrical Engineers.

(URL: Earth begins to emit a noticeable glow! During the early 19th century, newspaper headlines across Europe cried out " Napoleon escapes from St. Elba... Continental armies on the march!! During the same period, these newspapers barely noted Michael Faraday's discovery of the kinetic flashlight. Fifty years later, Napoleon was gone, however due to Faraday's discovery, for the first time in it's five billion year history, the night side of the earth began to emit a noticeable glow! (URL: ANOTHER OPINION "I discovered the principle of electromagnetic induction, not Michael Faraday." Joseph Henry (1797-1878) is widely considered the foremost American scientist of the 19th century. Although Henry at an early age appeared to be headed for a career in the theater, a chance encounter with a book of lectures on scientific topics turned his interest to science. Henrys early investigations concerned electromagnetic phenomena, and his discovery of electromagnetic self-induction in 1831 established his reputation in America. Interestingly, Henry appears to have discovered the principle of electromagnetic induction independently of British scientist Michael Faraday, but because Faraday published his results before Henry, he is credited with the discovery.

In 1846 Henry was named first Secretary of the newly-established Smithsonian Institution, a position he held until his death. In 1868 he was elected President of the Academy; this position, too, he held until his death. This according to the National Academy of Sciences, an advisor board to the government in scientific matters. (URL: Electronic Text version of "Faraday as A Discoverer (Page removed from site.) By JOHN TYNDALL From the Fifth Edition, published Longmans, Green, and Co. London 1894 ( Gutenberg E-text Project) (URL: ftp://uiarchive.cso.uiuc.edu/pub/etext/gutenberg/etext98/fdayd10.txt) DID YOU KNOW?: To honor his accomplishments, a unit of electricity was named after Michael Faraday. The "farad" measures capacitance, an amount of electrical charge.

Reference Sources in BOLD Type This page revised Michael Faraday | British physicist and chemist | Britannica.com British physicist and chemist Michael Faraday, (born September 22, 1791, Newington , Surrey , England —died August 25, 1867, Hampton Court, Surrey), English physicist and chemist whose many experiments contributed greatly to the understanding of electromagnetism . Michael Faraday, oil on canvas by Thomas Phillips, 1841–42; in the National Portrait Gallery, … Courtesy of The National Portrait Gallery, London Faraday , who became one of the greatest scientists of the 19th century, began his career as a chemist. He wrote a manual of practical chemistry that reveals his mastery of the technical aspects of his art, discovered a number of new organic compounds , among them benzene , and was the first to liquefy a “permanent” gas (i.e., one that was believed to be incapable of liquefaction). His major contribution, however, was in the field of electricity and magnetism .

He was the first to produce an electric current from a magnetic field , invented the first electric motor and dynamo , demonstrated the relation between electricity and chemical bonding , discovered the effect of magnetism on light , and discovered and named diamagnetism , the peculiar behaviour of certain substances in strong magnetic fields. He provided the experimental, and a good deal of the theoretical, foundation upon which James Clerk Maxwell erected classical electromagnetic field theory. Early life Michael Faraday was born in the country village of Newington, Surrey, now a part of South London. His father was a blacksmith who had migrated from the north of England earlier in 1791 to look for work. His mother was a country woman of great calm and wisdom who supported her son emotionally through a difficult childhood. Faraday was one of four children, all of whom were hard put to get enough to eat, since their father was often ill and incapable of working steadily. Faraday later recalled being given one loaf of bread that had to last him for a week. The family belonged to a small Christian sect, called Sandemanians , that provided spiritual sustenance to Faraday throughout his life. It was the single most important influence upon him and strongly affected the way in which he approached and interpreted nature.

Michael Faraday. © iStockphoto/Thinkstock Faraday received only the rudiments of an education, learning to read, write, and cipher in a church Sunday school. At an early age he began to earn money by delivering newspapers for a book dealer and bookbinder, and at the age of 14 he was apprenticed to the man. Unlike the other apprentices, Faraday took the opportunity to read some of the books brought in for rebinding. The article on electricity in the third edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica particularly fascinated him. Using old bottles and lumber, he made a crude electrostatic generator and did simple experiments. He also built a weak voltaic pile with which he performed experiments in electrochemistry . Britannica Stories Cheetahs Face Extinction Risk Faraday’s great opportunity came when he was offered a ticket to attend chemical lectures by Sir Humphry Davy at the Royal Institution of Great Britain in London . Faraday went, sat absorbed with it all, recorded the lectures in his notes, and returned to bookbinding with the seemingly unrealizable hope of entering the temple of science . He sent a bound copy of his notes to Davy along with a letter asking for employment, but there was no opening.

Davy did not forget, however, and, when one of his laboratory assistants was dismissed for brawling, he offered Faraday a job. Faraday began as Davy’s laboratory assistant and learned chemistry at the elbow of one of the greatest practitioners of the day. It has been said, with some truth, that Faraday was Davy’s greatest discovery. When Faraday joined Davy in 1812, Davy was in the process of revolutionizing the chemistry of the day. Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier , the Frenchman generally credited with founding modern chemistry, had effected his rearrangement of chemical knowledge in the 1770s and 1780s by insisting upon a few simple principles. Among these was that oxygen was a unique element , in that it was the only supporter of combustion and was also the element that lay at the basis of all acids . Davy, after having discovered sodium and potassium by using a powerful current from a galvanic battery to decompose oxides of these elements, turned to the decomposition of muriatic (hydrochloric) acid , one of the strongest acids known.

The products of the decomposition were hydrogen and a green gas that supported combustion and that, when combined with water , produced an acid. Davy concluded that this gas was an element, to which he gave the name chlorine , and that there was no oxygen whatsoever in muriatic acid. Acidity, therefore, was not the result of the presence of an acid-forming element but of some other condition. What else could that condition be but the physical form of the acid molecule itself? Davy suggested, then, that chemical properties were determined not by specific elements alone but also by the ways in which these elements were arranged in molecules. In arriving at this view he was influenced by an atomic theory that was also to have important consequences for Faraday’s thought. This theory, proposed in the 18th century by Ruggero Giuseppe Boscovich , argued that atoms were mathematical points surrounded by alternating fields of attractive and repulsive forces. A true element comprised a single such point, and chemical elements were composed of a number of such points, about which the resultant force fields could be quite complicated.

Molecules, in turn, were built up of these elements, and the chemical qualities of both elements and compounds were the results of the final patterns of force surrounding clumps of point atoms. One property of such atoms and molecules should be specifically noted: they could be placed under considerable strain, or tension, before the “bonds” holding them together were broken. These strains were to be central to Faraday’s ideas about electricity . Britannica Lists & Quizzes Editor Picks: Exploring 10 Types of Basketball Movies Faraday’s second apprenticeship, under Davy, came to an end in 1820. By then he had learned chemistry as thoroughly as anyone alive. He had also had ample opportunity to practice chemical analyses and laboratory techniques to the point of complete mastery, and he had developed his theoretical views to the point that they could guide him in his researches. There followed a series of discoveries that astonished the scientific world. Ins and Outs of Chemistry Faraday achieved his early renown as a chemist. His reputation as an analytical chemist led to his being called as an expert witness in legal trials and to the building up of a clientele whose fees helped to support the Royal Institution.

In 1820 he produced the first known compounds of carbon and chlorine , C 2Cl6 and C2Cl4. These compounds were produced by substituting chlorine for hydrogen in “olefiant gas” ( ethylene ), the first substitution reactions induced. (Such reactions later would serve to challenge the dominant theory of chemical combination proposed by Jöns Jacob Berzelius .) In 1825, as a result of research on illuminating gases, Faraday isolated and described benzene . In the 1820s he also conducted investigations of steel alloys , helping to lay the foundations for scientific metallurgy and metallography . While completing an assignment from the Royal Society of London to improve the quality of optical glass for telescopes , he produced a glass of very high refractive index that was to lead him in 1845 to the discovery of diamagnetism . In 1821 he married Sarah Barnard, settled permanently at the Royal Institution, and began the series of researches on electricity and magnetism that were to revolutionize physics . Chemical chest belonging to Michael Faraday, 19th century.

Science Museum London Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest In 1820 Hans Christian Ørsted had announced the discovery that the flow of an electric current through a wire produced a magnetic field around the wire. André-Marie Ampère showed that the magnetic force apparently was a circular one, producing in effect a cylinder of magnetism around the wire. No such circular force had ever before been observed, and Faraday was the first to understand what it implied. If a magnetic pole could be isolated, it ought to move constantly in a circle around a current-carrying wire. Faraday’s ingenuity and laboratory skill enabled him to construct an apparatus that confirmed this conclusion. This device, which transformed electrical energy into mechanical energy, was the first electric motor . This discovery led Faraday to contemplate the nature of electricity. Unlike his contemporaries, he was not convinced that electricity was a material fluid that flowed through wires like water through a pipe. Instead, he thought of it as a vibration or force that was somehow transmitted as the result of tensions created in the conductor.

One of his first experiments after his discovery of electromagnetic rotation was to pass a ray of polarized light through a solution in which electrochemical decomposition was taking place in order to detect the intermolecular strains that he thought must be produced by the passage of an electric current. During the 1820s he kept coming back to this idea, but always without result. Trending Topics Srinivasa Ramanujan In the spring of 1831, Faraday began to work with Charles (later Sir Charles) Wheatstone on the theory of sound , another vibrational phenomenon. He was particularly fascinated by the patterns (known as Chladni figures) formed in light powder spread on iron plates when these plates were thrown into vibration by a violin bow. Here was demonstrated the ability of a dynamic cause to create a static effect, something he was convinced happened in a current-carrying wire. He was even more impressed by the fact that such patterns could be induced in one plate by bowing another nearby. Such acoustic induction is apparently what lay behind his most famous experiment. On August 29, 1831, Faraday wound a thick iron ring on one side with insulated wire that was connected to a battery.

He then wound the opposite side with wire connected to a galvanometer . What he expected was that a “wave” would be produced when the battery circuit was closed and that the wave would show up as a deflection of the galvanometer in the second circuit. He closed the primary circuit and, to his delight and satisfaction, saw the galvanometer needle jump. A current had been induced in the secondary coil by one in the primary. When he opened the circuit, however, he was astonished to see the galvanometer jump in the opposite direction. Somehow, turning off the current also created an induced current, equal and opposite to the original current, in the secondary circuit. This phenomenon led Faraday to propose what he called the “electrotonic” state of particles in the wire, which he considered a state of tension. A current thus appeared to be the setting up of such a state of tension or the collapse of such a state. Although he could not find experimental evidence for the electrotonic state, he never entirely abandoned the concept, and it shaped most of his later work. In the fall of 1831, Faraday attempted to determine just how an induced current was produced.

His original experiment had involved a powerful electromagnet created by the winding of the primary coil. He now tried to create a current by using a permanent magnet . He discovered that when a permanent magnet was moved in and out of a coil of wire, a current was induced in the coil. Magnets, he knew, were surrounded by forces that could be made visible by the simple expedient of sprinkling iron filings on a card held over them. Faraday saw the “lines of force” thus revealed as lines of tension in the medium, namely air, surrounding the magnet, and he soon discovered the law determining the production of electric currents by magnets: the magnitude of a current was dependent upon the number of lines of force cut by the conductor in unit time. He immediately realized that a continuous current could be produced by rotating a copper disk between the poles of a powerful magnet and taking leads off the disk’s rim and centre. The outside of the disk would cut more lines than would the inside, and there would thus be a continuous current produced in the circuit linking the rim to the centre. This was the first dynamo .

It was also the direct ancestor of electric motors , for it was only necessary to reverse the situation, to feed an electric current to the disk, to make it rotate. Theory of electrochemistry While Faraday was performing these experiments and presenting them to the scientific world, doubts were raised about the identity of the different manifestations of electricity that had been studied. Were the electric “fluid” that apparently was released by electric eels and other electric fishes, that produced by a static electricity generator, that of the voltaic battery , and that of the new electromagnetic generator all the same? Or were they different fluids following different laws? Faraday was convinced that they were not fluids at all but forms of the same force, yet he recognized that this identity had never been satisfactorily shown by experiment. For this reason he began, in 1832, what promised to be a rather tedious attempt to prove that all electricities had precisely the same properties and caused precisely the same effects. The key effect was electrochemical decomposition. Voltaic and electromagnetic electricity posed no problems, but static electricity did. As Faraday delved deeper into the problem, he made two startling discoveries.

First, electrical force did not, as had long been supposed, act at a distance upon chemical molecules to cause them to dissociate. It was the passage of electricity through a conducting liquid medium that caused the molecules to dissociate, even when the electricity merely discharged into the air and did not pass into a “pole” or “centre of action” in a voltaic cell. Second, the amount of the decomposition was found to be related in a simple manner to the amount of electricity that passed through the solution. These findings led Faraday to a new theory of electrochemistry . The electric force, he argued, threw the molecules of a solution into a state of tension (his electrotonic state). When the force was strong enough to distort the fields of forces that held the molecules together so as to permit the interaction of these fields with neighbouring particles, the tension was relieved by the migration of particles along the lines of tension, the different species of atoms migrating in opposite directions. The amount of electricity that passed, then, was clearly related to the chemical affinities of the substances in solution.

These experiments led directly to Faraday’s two laws of electrochemistry: (1) The amount of a substance deposited on each electrode of an electrolytic cell is directly proportional to the quantity of electricity passed through the cell. (2) The quantities of different elements deposited by a given amount of electricity are in the ratio of their chemical equivalent weights. Faraday’s work on electrochemistry provided him with an essential clue for the investigation of static electrical induction . Since the amount of electricity passed through the conducting medium of an electrolytic cell determined the amount of material deposited at the electrodes, why should not the amount of electricity induced in a nonconductor be dependent upon the material out of which it was made? In short, why should not every material have a specific inductive capacity ? Every material does, and Faraday was the discoverer of this fact. Michael Faraday (left) and John Frederic Daniell. © Photos.com/Thinkstock By 1839 Faraday was able to bring forth a new and general theory of electrical action. Electricity, whatever it was, caused tensions to be created in matter.

When these tensions were rapidly relieved (i.e., when bodies could not take much strain before “snapping” back), then what occurred was a rapid repetition of a cyclical buildup, breakdown, and buildup of tension that, like a wave, was passed along a substance. Such substances were called conductors . In electrochemical processes the rate of buildup and breakdown of the strain was proportional to the chemical affinities of the substances involved, but again the current was not a material flow but a wave pattern of tensions and their relief. Insulators were simply materials whose particles could take an extraordinary amount of strain before they snapped. Electrostatic charge in an isolated insulator was simply a measure of this accumulated strain. Thus, all electrical action was the result of forced strains in bodies. The strain on Faraday of eight years of sustained experimental and theoretical work was too much, and in 1839 his health broke down. For the next six years he did little creative science. Not until 1845 was he able to pick up the thread of his researches and extend his theoretical views. Later life Since the very beginning of his scientific work, Faraday had believed in what he called the unity of the forces of nature.

By this he meant that all the forces of nature were but manifestations of a single universal force and ought, therefore, to be convertible into one another. In 1846 he made public some of the speculations to which this view led him. A lecturer, scheduled to deliver one of the Friday evening discourses at the Royal Institution by which Faraday encouraged the popularization of science, panicked at the last minute and ran out, leaving Faraday with a packed lecture hall and no lecturer. On the spur of the moment, Faraday offered “ Thoughts on Ray Vibrations. ” Specifically referring to point atoms and their infinite fields of force, he suggested that the lines of electric and magnetic force associated with these atoms might, in fact, serve as the medium by which light waves were propagated . Many years later, Maxwell was to build his electromagnetic field theory upon this speculation. Michael Faraday, c. 1860. © Photos.com/Thinkstock When Faraday returned to active research in 1845, it was to tackle again a problem that had obsessed him for years, that of his hypothetical electrotonic state. He was still convinced that it must exist and that he simply had not yet discovered the means for detecting it.

Once again he tried to find signs of intermolecular strain in substances through which electrical lines of force passed, but again with no success. It was at this time that a young Scot, William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) , wrote Faraday that he had studied Faraday’s papers on electricity and magnetism and that he, too, was convinced that some kind of strain must exist. He suggested that Faraday experiment with magnetic lines of force, since these could be produced at much greater strengths than could electrostatic ones. Michael Faraday lecturing on electricity and magnetism, Royal Institution, London, Jan. 23, 1846. © Photos.com/Thinkstock Faraday took the suggestion, passed a beam of plane-polarized light through the optical glass of high refractive index that he had developed in the 1820s, and then turned on an electromagnet so that its lines of force ran parallel to the light ray. This time he was rewarded with success. The plane of polarization was rotated, indicating a strain in the molecules of the glass. But Faraday again noted an unexpected result.

When he changed the direction of the ray of light, the rotation remained in the same direction, a fact that Faraday correctly interpreted as meaning that the strain was not in the molecules of the glass but in the magnetic lines of force. The direction of rotation of the plane of polarization depended solely upon the polarity of the lines of force; the glass served merely to detect the effect. This discovery confirmed Faraday’s faith in the unity of forces, and he plunged onward, certain that all matter must exhibit some response to a magnetic field. To his surprise he found that this was in fact so, but in a peculiar way. Some substances, such as iron , nickel , cobalt , and oxygen , lined up in a magnetic field so that the long axes of their crystalline or molecular structures were parallel to the lines of force; others lined up perpendicular to the lines of force. Substances of the first class moved toward more intense magnetic fields; those of the second moved toward regions of less magnetic force. Faraday named the first group paramagnetics and the second diamagnetics . After further research he concluded that paramagnetics were bodies that conducted magnetic lines of force better than did the surrounding medium, whereas diamagnetics conducted them less well.

By 1850 Faraday had evolved a radically new view of space and force. Space was not “nothing,” the mere location of bodies and forces, but a medium capable of supporting the strains of electric and magnetic forces. The energies of the world were not localized in the particles from which these forces arose but rather were to be found in the space surrounding them. Thus was born field theory. As Maxwell later freely admitted, the basic ideas for his mathematical theory of electrical and magnetic fields came from Faraday; his contribution was to mathematize those ideas in the form of his classical field equations . About 1855, Faraday’s mind began to fail. He still did occasional experiments, one of which involved attempting to find an electrical effect of raising a heavy weight, since he felt that gravity , like magnetism, must be convertible into some other force, most likely electrical. This time he was disappointed in his expectations, and the Royal Society refused to publish his negative results. More and more, Faraday sank into senility. Queen Victoria rewarded his lifetime of devotion to science by granting him the use of a house at Hampton Court and even offered him the honour of a knighthood.

Faraday gratefully accepted the cottage but rejected the knighthood; he would, he said, remain plain Mr. Faraday to the end. He died in 1867 and was buried in Highgate Cemetery, London, leaving as his monument a new conception of physical reality. Michael Faraday, 1881. Energy and kids Faraday's inventions Magnetism Faraday's greatest work was with electricity. In 1821, soon after the Danish chemist, Hans Christian Orsted, discovered the phenomenon of magnetism, Humphry Davy and William Hyde Wollaston tried but failed to design an electric motor. Faraday, having discussed the problem with the two men, went on to build two devices to produce what he called electromagnetic rotation which is a continuous circular motion from the circular magnetic force around a wire. A wire extending into a pool of mercury with a magnet placed inside would rotate around the magnet if charged with electricity by a chemical battery. This device is known as a homopolar motor. These experiments and inventions form the foundation of modern electromagnetic technology.

Unwisely, Faraday published his results without acknowledging his debt to Wollaston and Davy, and the resulting controversy caused Faraday to withdraw from electromagnetic research for several years. * * * Faraday's first dynamo Ten years later, in 1831, he began his great series of experiments in which he discovered electromagnetic induction. He found that if he moved a magnet through a loop of wire, an electric current flowed in the wire. The current also flowed if the loop was moved over a stationary magnet. This was the first transformer (inductor), although Faraday used it only to demonstrate the principle of electromagnetic induction and did not realise what it would eventualybe used for. His experiments established that a changing magnetic field produces an electric field. This relation was mathematically modelled by faraday's law, which afterwards became one of the four Maxwell equations. These in turn evolved into the generalization known as field theory. Faraday then used this principle to construct the first dynamo (in the form of a copper disk rotated between the poles of a permanent magnet), the predecessor of modern dynamos and generators.

* * * Faradayï¿½s first electric generator In 1831-1832 Michael Faraday discovered that a potential difference is generated between the ends of an electrical conductor that moves perpendicular to a magnetic field. He also built the first electromagnetic generator called the 'Faraday disc', a type of homopolar generator, using a copper disc rotating between the poles of a horseshoe magnet. It produced a small DC voltage, and large amounts of current. This design was inefficient due to self-cancelling counterflows of current in regions not under the influence of the magnetic field. While current flow was induced directly underneath the magnet, the current would circulate backwards in regions outside the influence of the magnetic field. This counterflow limits the power output to the pickup wires, and induces waste heating of the copper disc. Later homopolar generators would solve this problem by using an array of magnets arranged around the disc perimeter to maintain a steady field effect in one current-flow direction. * * * Farady's disk This exemplar of Faraday's disk is currently in the Marischal museum in Aberdeen. It is approximately 75 centimeters long and 26 centimeters wide and measures 19 centimeter in the diameter.

This apparatus can be considered to be the first dynamo ever made, capable of producing electricity by making a copper disk spin between two magnets. It was made and used in several experiments by Michael Faraday around the 1850's. On this particular model, there is actually no magnet; the copper disk is so thin that the earths own magnetic field is sufficient to make the apparatus work. There was also some mercury on the contacts on the disk, but it is now absent. Michael Faraday had constructed Faraday's disk to demonstrate and visualise the theory about currents and magnetic fields he had discovered. Unfortunately, the disk was very inefficient in producing current and was never actually used as a practical power source, but only as a tool of demonstration. Other scientists, with Nikola Tesla amongst them as one of the earliest to take profit of Faraday's invention, later improved and changed Faraday's disk. Tesla patented a version of Faraday's disk which had less frictional losses and Hippolyte Pixii constructed the first efficient dynamo by adding a commutator to it. Sir Mark Oliphant was inspired by it to build what became the world's largest homopolar generator (producing 500 Megajoules).

Faraday's disk helped a wide range of scientists, such as Sir Joseph Larmour, to understand more phenomena. In Larmour's case, the newly found link between magnetic fields and current lead him to an explanation of several phenomena related to sunspots. Zï¿½nobe Gramme used the principle of Faraday's disk to design the first commercial power plants in Paris, discovering what is since then known as the basic concept of a spinning endless loop of wires. Later, Joseph Newmann invented the axletree dynamo, which was believed to be a perpetual motion dynamo but was never patented. * * * Faraday law of electrolysis In 1832, Michael Faraday reported that the quantity of elements separated by passing an electrical current through a molten or dissolved salt was proportional to the quantity of current passed through the circuit. This became the basis of the first law of electrolysis. He also popularized terminology such as anode, cathode, electrode, and ion. * * * Faraday effect In 1845 he discovered what is now called the Faraday effeact.

The plane of polarization of linearly polarized light propagated through a material medium can be rotated by the application of an external magnetic field aligned in the propagation direction. He wrote in his notebook, "I have at last succeeded in illuminating a magnetic curve or line of force and in magnetising a ray of light". This established that magnetic force and light were related. * * * Diamagnetism In 1845 he also discovered the phenomenon that he named Diamagnetism - a very weak form of magnetism that is only exhibited in the presence of an external magnetic field. This phenomenon can can be used for levitation. * * * Faraday cage In his work on static electricity, Faraday demonstrated that the charge only resided on the exterior of a charged conductor, and exterior charge had no influence on anything enclosed within a conductor. This is because the exterior charges redistribute such that the interior fields due to them cancel. This shielding effect is used in what is now known as a Faraday cage. The Faraday cage is a practical application of the effect demonstrated in school as the Faraday ice-pail experiment.

If an ice pail, or any other hollow conductor is given a charge on its inside, then the charge will spread all over the outside surface of the conductor in such a way as to produce no electric field inside. The Van de Graaff generator uses this effect to produce such a large potential on the outside surface of its dome. In large Van de Graaff generators it is possible to have a lab or office actually inside the dome, and even have people there, while the machine is on! The idea that a hollow metal conductor will protect the interior from electric fields can be used using Faraday screens, cans or cages. A Faraday can is nothing more complicated that a metal biscuit barrel for example. If an electronic watch is placed inside such a container, and then a spark is drawn to the container either from a Van de Graaff generator or induction coil, then after the demonstration, the watch will be unharmed. A more impressive demonstration of the Faraday cage effect is that of an aircraft being struck by lightning. This happens frequently, but does not harm the plane or passengers. The metal body of the aircraft protects the interior.

For the same reason, and if it were not for the highly flammable nature of petrol, a car would be a very safe place to be in a thunderstorm. Demonstration of the Faraday cage effect: A human-size Faraday cage has been constructed. Lets allow someone to stand inside while the discharge from a Tesla coil is directed towards it. To increase the dramatic content of the demonstration, the person inside is asked to hold a fluorescent tube, which does not light, while similar tubes balanced against the sides of the cage do light when the discharge is enabled. Our cage measures 1m square and is 2m tall. It is built from 1cm pitch steel mesh. The mesh is secured to a strong 'speedframe' framework, and riveted all round the frame except for the door section which is hinged on, and has two retainer catches to ensure the door stays shut while the demonstration is taking place. When the cage is charged, the pith balls move away from the outside of the cage, indicating the presence of an electric field, but the pith balls inside the cage are not repelled, indicating that there is no electric field inside the conductor.

* * * Benzene Faraday also dabbled in chemistry, discovering chemical substances such as benzene, inventing the system of oxidization numbers, and liquefying gases. Michael Faraday: Inventor of the Electric Motor Michael Faraday: Inventor of the Electric Motor Michael Faraday: Inventor of the Electric Motor By Tuan Nguyen By Tuan Nguyen Updated July 01, 2016. Michael Faraday was a British physicist and chemist, best known for his discoveries of electromagnetic induction and of the laws of electrolysis. His biggest breakthrough in electricity was his invention of the electric motor . Born in 1791 to a poor family in London, Michael Faraday was extremely curious, questioning everything. He felt an urgent need to know more. At age 13, he became an errand boy for a bookbinding shop in London. He read every book that he bound, and decided that one day he would write a book of his own. He became interested in the concept of energy, specifically force. Because of his early reading and experiments with the idea of force, he was able to make important discoveries in electricity later in life. He eventually became a chemist and physicist.

Michael Faraday built two devices to produce what he called electromagnetic rotation: that is a continuous circular motion from the circular magnetic force around a wire. continue reading below our video Profile of Isaac Newton Ten years later, in 1831, he began his great series of experiments in which he discovered electromagnetic induction. These experiments form the basis of modern electromagnetic technology. In 1831, using his "induction ring", Michael Faraday made one of his greatest discoveries - electromagnetic induction: the "induction" or generation of electricity in a wire by means of the electromagnetic effect of a current in another wire. The induction ring was the first electric transformer. In a second series of experiments in September he discovered magneto-electric induction: the production of a steady electric current. To do this, Faraday attached two wires through a sliding contact to a copper disc. By rotating the disc between the poles of a horseshoe magnet he obtained a continuous direct current. This was the first generator. From his experiments came devices that led to the modern electric motor, generator and transformer. Michael Faraday continued his electrical experiments.

In 1832, he proved that the electricity induced from a magnet, voltaic electricity produced by a battery, and static electricity were all the same. He also did significant work in electrochemistry, stating the First and Second Laws of Electrolysis. This laid the basis for electrochemistry, another great modern industry. Faraday passed away in his home in Hampton Court on August 25th, 1867 at the age of 75. He was buried at Highgate Cemetery in North London. A memorial plaque was set up in his honor at Westminster Abbey Church, near Isaac Newton's burial spot. Faraday's influence extended to a great many leading scientists. Albert Einstein was known to have had a portrait of Faraday on his wall in his study, where it hung alongside pictures of legendary physicists Sir Isaac Newton and James Clerk Maxwell. Among those who praised his achievements include Earnest Rutherford, the father of nuclear physics.

Of Faraday he once stated: "When we consider the magnitude and extent of his discoveries and their influence on the progress of science and of industry, there is no honour too great to pay to the memory of Faraday, one of the greatest scientific discoverers of all time." Who Discovered Electromagnetism? - Science and Inventions Science and Inventions Leave a comment Electromagnetism is one of the great powers that human use everyday in several uses. In the year 1812, Michael Faraday (1791-1867) the English chemist and physicist was able to reach for the fact of the electromagnetic field. In the year 1820, Hans Christian Ørsted (1777-1851) the Danish chemist and physicist was able to reach for a great discovery that the magnetic current are a result of the electric current. He reached that conclusion when he noticed that the compass needle get distracted when exposed to electric current. André-Marie Ampère (1775-1836) the French mathematician and physicist that was able to figure out the amper, the measuring unit of electricity.

In the year 1820, after few days from Hans Christian Ørsted discovery, Ampère had reached to the same relation between electricity and magnetism. In the year 1832, Hippolyte Pixii (1808-1835) a French machines maker used the concepts of Michael Faraday and was able to manufacture the Dynamo. The Dynamo convert mechanical rotation to electricity depending on the electromagnetic theory. In the year 1873, James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) the Scottish mathematician and physicist was able to combine electricity with magnetism along with the light in a theory. He reached that all of electric, magnetism and light fields travel through space in the form of waves. In the year 1886, Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857-1894) the German physicist, he explained and proved the electromagnetic waves that James Clerk Maxwell suggested. In the year 1905, Albert Einstein (1879-1955) the famous German-American physicist reached for the special theory of relativity.

100 Famous Bible-Believing Scientists Engineer, mathematician, architect, inventor, 'founder' of modern science. Nicholas Copernicus Astronomer, proposed the scientific theory of a sun-centred solar system. Tycho Brahe 1546-1601 Astronomer, produced the Rudolphine Tables (star chart), debunked the theory of heavenly spheres, proposed the Tychonic System of cosmology, introduced apparatus accuracy, record accuracy and multiple observations to astronomy, made the first complete study of a comet, proposed the extreme distance of stars, showed the non-fixity of the universe. Lord Francis Bacon Scientist, formulated the scientific method, Lord Chancellor of England. Galileo Galilei 1564-1642 Astronomer, physicist, popularised the sun-centred solar system, proved Kepler's Laws, advanced the design of telescopes, discovered sun-spots, the 4 moons of Jupiter & the phases of Venus, discovered that bodies fall with equal speed, the 'gal' geophysical unit named after him.

Johann Kepler 1571-1630 Astronomer, 'founder' of physical astronomy, discovered the laws of planetary motion, established the science of celestial mechanics, published the first ephemeris tables for tracking stars, contributed to the development of calculus. William Harvey Physician, discovered the circulation of the blood. Athanasius Kircher Inventor, studies anticipated the deciphering of Egyptian hieroglyphics & the germ theory of disease. John Wilkins Leading organizer of the scientific movement, his proteges formed the Royal Society. Walter Charleton Physician, member of the Royal Society, president of the Royal College of Physicians. Blaise Pascal 1623-1662 Mathematician, hydrostatics engineer, 'founder' of sciences of hydrostatics & hydrodynamics, laid the foundations for conic sections, differential calculus & probability theory, invented the barometer. Sir William Petty Physician, member of the Royal Society, helped found the science of statistics & also economics.

Robert Boyle 1627-1691 Chemist, 'father' of modern chemistry, one of the founders of the Royal Society, discovered the gas laws, co-discovered phosphorous, invented the match, measured the density of air, first to distinguish acids/bases/neutral substances, introduced the litmus test, actively opposed alchemy. John Ray 1627-1705 Biologist, 'father' of the sciences of biology and natural history, one of the founders of the Royal Society, greatest authority of his day on botany & zoology. Christian Huygens 1629-1695 Astronomer, mathematician, physicist, introduced the pendulum clock, developed the formula for pendulum periods, invented the telescope micrometer eye-piece, discovered the nature of Saturn's rings, proposed the wave theory of light, developed Huygen's Principle. Isaac Barrow Mathematician, Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge, taught maths to Isaac Newton. Nicholas Steno Geologist, developed the principles of stratigraphical interpretation.

Robert Hooke 1635-1703 Physicist, geologist, surveyor, propounded Hooke's Law of elasticity, popularized the microscope, coined the term 'cell', invented the universal-joint & the rolling drum recorder, one of the founders of the Royal Society. Thomas Burnet Geologists, one of the first geologists. Increase Mather Astronomer, comet expert, founder of the Philosophical Society, president of Harvard. Nehemiah Grew Physician, botanist, plant anatomy researcher, member of the Royal Society. Sir Isaac Newton 1642-1727 Physicist, discovered the laws of motion, discovered the law of gravity, invented the reflecting telescope, co-developed calculus, discovered the composition of white light, Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge, president of the Royal Society. Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibnitz 1646-1716 Mathematician, co-developer of calculus with Newton, invented the calculating machine, introduced the binary number system, anticipated the law of Conservation of Energy and Boolean logic.

John Flamsteed 1646-1719 Astronomer, produced the modern star map, founded the Greenwich Observatory, the first Astronomer Royal of England. William Derham Naturalist, Boyle lecturer, some consider him the 'father' of ecology. Cotton Mather 1662-1727 Physician, president of Harvard, investigated the germ cause of smallpox, helped rid the USA of smallpox. John Woodward 1665-1728 Physician, palaeontologist, a founding 'father' of geology, established the Cambridge Palaeontological Museum, Professor of Medicine at Gresham College (London). John Harris Mathematician, vice president of the Royal Society. William Whiston Mathematician, succeeded Sir Isaac Newton as Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge. John Hutchinson Palaeontologist, developed a strong system of natural philosophy.

Carl Linnaeus 1707-1778 Physician, biologist, Professor of Medicine and also Botany at Uppsala (Sweden), established the Royal Swedish Academy of Science and was its president, developed the Linnaean classification system, 'father' of biological taxonomy, developed a cure for venereal disease, introduced the symbols for male/female. Leonhard Euler 1707-1783 Mathematician, Professor of Physics at the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences, mathematical notation, developed calculus of partial differences, developed fluid flow equations, introduced conic sections, developed fluid network theory, developed ephemeris tables for celestial bodies, introduced p , i, S and many other mathematical symbols, improved sun/moon/earth/tide calculations. Gustavus Brander 1720-1787 Naturalist, palaeontologist, his fossil collection is in the British Museum, Fellow of the Royal Society, Trustee of the British Museum. Jean Deluc Naturalist, physicist, geologist, coined the word 'geology', invented the mercury thermometer & the hygrometer.

Richard Kirwan Chemist, mineralogist, president of the Royal Irish Academy, produced the first systematic study of minerals. Sir William Herschel Astronomer, unravelled nebulae, discovered Uranus, produced the Global Star Catalogue, built giant telescopes. James Parkinson Physician, geologist, described Parkinson's disease, first to show the plant origin of coal. William Kirby Entomologist, famous for "On the History, Habits and Instincts of Animals" (subtitle). Jedidiah Morse Geographer, the leading USA geographer of his time, wrote the first USA geography textbook. Benjamin Barton Physician, botanist, zoologist, professor at Pennsylvania university, wrote the first USA botany textbook. John Dalton 1766-1844 Chemist, meteorologist, 'father' of modern atomic theory, formulated the Law of Simple Multiple Proportions for compounds, formulated the gas Law of Partial Pressures, first to recognise and describe colour-blindness, founder of the British Association for the Advancement of Science.

Georges Cuvier 1769-1832 Anatomist, vertebrate palaeontologist, 'founder' of the sciences of comparative anatomy and palaeontology, introduced phyla to systematic classification, councillor to the Imperial University (Paris), member of the Royal Society. Charles Bell 1774-1842 Surgeon, anatomist, discovered the fundamentals of nerves, 'father' of neurophysiology, Professor of Comparative Anatomy at the Royal College of Surgeons. John Kidd 1775-1851 Physician, chemist, Professor of Chemistry at Oxford, pioneered the extraction of coal chemicals, his work led to the development of synthetics. Humphrey Davy 1778-1829 Physicist, mentor of Faraday, discovered sodium & potassium, developed the motion theory of heat (Thermokinetics), invented the mining safety lamp, developed the medical uses of laughing gas, lecturer at the Royal Institution.

Benjamin Silliman 1779-1864 Geologist, chemist, 'founded' the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale, 'founder' & editor of the American Journal of Science, president of the Association of American Geologists, member of the National Academy of Sciences. Peter Mark Roget Physician, Roget's thesaurus, Professor of Physiology at the Royal Institution, secretary of the Royal Society. Sir David Brewster 1781-1868 Mineralogist, astronomer, 'founder' of optical mineralogy, invented the kaleidoscope, helped found the British Association for the Advancement of Science. William Buckland Geologist, mineralogist, Oxford professor of geology & mineralogy. William Prout 1785-1850 Chemist, physiologist, professor, early leader in the sciences of nutrition & digestion, first to identify the major food groups, recognised that atomic weights could be a series of relative whole numbers. Adam Sedgwick Geologist, Professor of Geology at Cambridge, identified and named major rock systems.

Michael Faraday 1791-1867 Chemist, physicist, proposed electric field theory, discovered the laws of electrolysis, discovered the law of electromagnetic induction (Faraday's Law), invented the transformer, dynamo, electric motor & electric generator, discovered benzene, successor to Humphrey Davy at the Royal Institution. Charles Babbage 1791-1871 Mathematician, physicist, computer pioneer, operations researcher, developed actuarial tables, invented the first computer (calculating machine), invented skeleton keys, the speedometer, the ophthalmoscope, & cow catcher, founded the Cambridge Analytical Society, member of the Royal Society, founding member of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, helped found the Royal Astronomical Society & the Statistical Society, Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge. Samuel F. B. Morse 1791-1872 Inventor, artist, invented the telegraph & morse code, founder & president of the National Academy of Design, built the first camera in USA, made the first photographic portrait, arts professor at New York University.

Sir John Herschel 1792-1871 Astronomer, physicist, meteorologist, geophysicist, expanded the global star catalogue, planned Ross' geomagnetic survey of the Antarctic, invented the cyanotype process & 'hypo' fixing in photography, made the first glass plate photograph, coined the terms 'snapshot' & 'negative'. Edward Hitchcock 1793-1864 Geologist, contributed to glacial geology, Professor of Geology at Amherst College, 'founded' the science of ichnology, state geologist for both Vermont & Massachusetts. William Whewell 1794-1866 General scientist, coined the terms 'anode', 'cathode', 'ion', 'scientist', 'physicist', & 'geological catastrophism', invented the anemometer, contributed to the study of tides.

Joseph Henry 1797-1878 Physicist, discovered the principle of self-induction, invented the galvanometer & the electromagnetic motor, professor at Princeton University, director of the Smithsonian Institute, charter member of the national Academy of Sciences, 'founder' and president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Henry unit named after him. Sir Richard Owen 1804-1892 Zoologist, palaeontologist, comparative anatomist, coined the word 'dinosaur', discovered the parathyroid gland, first to described the giant Moas, discovered the trichinosis parasite. Matthew Maury 1806-1873 Hydrologist, oceanographer, 'founder' of the sciences of oceanography & hydrography, Professor of Meteorology at Virginia Military Institute, known as "the pathfinder of the seas". Louis Agassiz 1807-1873 Palaeontologist, ichthyologist, 'father' of glacial geology & glaciology, developed the concept of an Ice Age, coined the term 'Ice Age', established the museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard, biology lecturer at Harvard.

Henry Rogers 1808-1866 Geologist, Professor of Natural History at Glasgow University, conducted a detailed study of the Appalachians & the coal fields of UK & USA. James Glaisher 1809-1903 Meteorologist, Superintendent at the Greenwich Observatory, developed the dew-point tables, established the British Meteorological Society, & the Aeronautical Society. Phillip H. Gosse Ornithologist, zoologist, Fellow of the Royal Society. Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson 1810-1895 Archaeologist, Assyriologist, exposed & deciphered the Behistun inscriptions of King Darius, British minister in Persia, member of the Council of India. Sir James Simpson 1811-1870 Physician, gynaecologist, 'founder' of gynaecology & anaesthesiology, discovered the medicinal use for chloroform, Professor of Obstetric Medicine at Edinburgh.

James Dana 1813-1895 Geologist, mineralogist, succeeded Benjamin Silliman at Yale, editor of the American Journal of Science, president of the Geological Society of America, president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Sir Joseph Henry Gilbert 1817-1901 Agricultural chemist, Fellow of the Royal Society, developed nitrogen & superphosphate fertilizers, helped found the first agricultural research station, Professor of Rural Economy at Oxford. James Joule 1818-1889 Physicist, established the mechanical theory of heat, discovered reversible thermodynamics, discovered the law of conservation of energy, first to estimate the speed of molecules of gas, co-discoverer of the Joule-Thompson Effect, chief 'founder' of thermodynamics, member of the Royal Society, president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, the joule unit named after him. Thomas Anderson 1819-1874 Chemist, Regius Professor of Chemistry at Glasgow, Fellow of the Royal Society, discovered pyridine & other organic bases.

Charles Piazzi Smyth Sir George Stokes 1819-1903 Physicist, mathematician, developed Stoke's Law for viscosity, developed Stoke's Law for fluorescence, laid the foundation of fluid mechanics, Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge. Sir John William Dawson 1820-1899 Geologist, investigated & documented the geology of Canada, first president of the Royal Society of Canada, president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Gregor Mendel Botanist, discovered the genetic laws of inheritance, 'father' of genetics. Louis Pasteur 1822-1895 Physicist, chemist, bacteriologist, invented vaccination, pasteurization, sterilization & immunization, discovered the biological origin & control of fermentation, formulated the Law of Biogenesis, established the germ theory of disease, developed a vaccine for rabies, anthrax & diphtheria, 'father' of microbiology, Professor of Chemistry at Strasbourg, Director of Scientific Studies at École Normale (Paris), awarded the Legion of Honour, opposed spontaneous generation. Henri Fabre Entomologist, 'father' of modern entomology, opposed spontaneous generation.

Lord Kelvin (William Thomson) 1824-1907 Physicist, discovered Laws of Thermodynamics, invented the absolute temperature scale, supervised the design & laying of the trans-Atlantic cable, invented a tide predictor, ship's compass, & a depth-sounding gauge, Professor of Physics at Glasgow, Fellow of the Royal Society. Sir William Huggins Astronomer, discovered that stars are composed mostly of Hydrogen, identified the Doppler effect in astronomy. Bernhard Riemann 1826-1866 Mathematician, developed the concept of Non-Euclidean geometry, originated Riemannian geometry which was used by Einstein to develop his theory of General Relativity. Sir Joseph Lister (Lord Lister) 1827-1912 Physician, developed antiseptic surgery, invented dissolving stitches, fracture wiring, & surgical rubber drainage tubes, founded the Lister Institute of Preventative Medicine (London), Fellow of the Royal Society, Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Professor of Surgery at Glasgow.

Balfour Stewart 1828-1887 Physicist, his study of Earth's magnetic field & upper atmospheric electric currents led to the discovery of the ionosphere. James Clerk Maxwell 1831-1879 Physicist, mathematician, developed the Electromagnetic Field Theory and the electromagnetic field equations, 'father' of statistical thermodynamics, calculated the speed of electromagnetic waves, member of the Royal Society, Professor of Experimental Physics at Cambridge. Peter Guthrie (P. G.)Tait 1831-1901 Physicist, mathematician, laid the foundation for vector analysis, Professor of Natural Philosophy at Edinburgh, Professor of Mathematics at Belfast, colleague of Lord Kelvin. John Bell Pettigrew Anatomist, physiologist, president of the Royal Medical Society. Lord Rayleigh (John Strutt) 1842-1919 Physicist, developed model analysis/dimensional analysis, discovered the Rayleigh scattering of light, developed the Raleigh-Jeans formula for black-body radiation, co-discovered argon and the inert gases, succeeded Maxwell at Cambridge, won the Nobel Prize for Physics.

Sir William Abney 1843-1930 Astronomer, studied interstellar molecules, president of the Royal Astronomical Society, president of the Royal Physical Society. Alexander MacAlister Zoologist, physiologist, Professor of Anatomy at Cambridge. Archibald. H. Sayce Archaeologist, Professor of Assyriology at Oxford, expert on Hittites and Assyrians. Sir John Ambrose Fleming 1849-1945 Physicist, electrical engineer, 'father' of electronics, invented the thermionic valve (the electron tube), devised the Fleming Rules for electric currents, Professor of Electronic Engineering at London, president of the Television Society, Fellow of the Royal Society. Edward H. Maunder Astronomer, solar astronomer, president of the British Astronomical Association. Sir William Mitchell Ramsay 1852-1916 Isotopic chemist, co-discovered argon, discovered krypton, xenon, radon & neon, discovered terrestrial helium, first to demonstrate the transmutation of elements through radioactive decay, won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry. Howard A. Kelly Physician, surgeon, Professor of Gynaecology & Obstetrics at John Hopkins University.

George Washington Carver Agricultural chemist, developed uses for crops. Wilbur Wright Sir Cecil P. G. Wakeley 1892-1979 Physician, Professor of Surgery at London, president of the Royal College of Surgeons. Dr Wernher von Braun Rocket engineer, planned space exploration & lunar landings, director of NASA References A. Lamont (1995), "21 Great Scientists Who Believed the Bible", Creation Science Foundation Ltd: Brisbane (Aust) H. Morris (1997), "Men of Science, Men of God" (13th printing), Master Books: Colorado Springs (USA) H. Morris (1984), "The Biblical Basis for Modern Science", Baker House Books: Grand Rapids (USA) H. Morris & G.E. Parker (1982), "What is Creation Science?", Master Books: Green Forest (USA) D.T. Gish (1993), "Creation Scientists Answer their Critics", Institute for Creation research: El Cajon (USA) F. De Angelis (1995), "The Origin of Life by Evolution: An Obstacle to the Development of Science", (Translated by L.

Pennington), Fernando De Angelis: Camucia (Italy) S.M. Huse (1983), "The Collapse of Evolution", Baker Book House Co: Grand Rapids (USA) Webster Publishing (1998), "World Encyclopedia 1998" (CD-ROM), Webster Publishing: Frenchs Forest (Aust)

Question: Which famous English physicist and chemist invented the dynamo in 1831?
Answer: MICHAEL FARADAY