Bournville: the town that chocolate built | Business | The Guardian Cadbury Bournville: the town that chocolate built James Robinson's family lived and worked in the shadow of the Cadbury factory. This week he went back to Bournville, and asked what Kraft's takeover will mean for this quiet corner of middle England Bournville locals fear the Cadbury factory will close, taking 5,000 jobs with it. Photograph: Christopher Furlong/Getty Images Friday 22 January 2010 19.06 EST First published on Friday 22 January 2010 19.06 EST Share on Messenger Close It's easy to feel nostalgic about places that evoke happy childhood memories, but with its pristine village green, cricket pavilion and neat row of shops, the leafy Birmingham suburb of Bournville looks idyllic, even on a rainy January day. I was raised a few miles down the road from the village founded by George Cadbury , who moved his chocolate factory out of the Birmingham slums in 1879, and my family still live in the area.

Now that Kraft, an American food giant with a voracious appetite, looks set to gobble up the company, Cadbury has become a cause celebre for those who argue the proposed sale symbolises Britain's declining manufacturing clout. When I returned to Bournville this week, pulling into the familiar railway station – now painted a Dairy Milk purple – beside the sprawling factory, I found despondent workers and angry locals. The immediate fear is that the factory will eventually be closed with the loss of about 5,000 jobs, but there is also concern that the social fabric of the area could tear without the focal point the factory seems to provide for its 30,000 or so inhabitants. The Cadbury factory permeates every aspect of life in Bournville, and the prospect of the company loosening its historic ties with the area is unwelcome. Nearly everyone has worked at Cadbury or knows someone who has. I am the only member of my immediate family who hasn't clocked on at some point. In the late 60s, my mother, the confectionery buyer's PA, used to meet my father for a cigarette outside the toilets when my dad worked in accounts.

Decades later my sister donned Victorian overalls at Cadbury World , showing tourists and bored schoolchildren how chocolate used to be made, while my brother briefly pushed trollies loaded with ingredients around the factory floor. Bournville was a model village created to house Cadbury workers, although most of the houses are now owned by the Bournville Village Trust rather than the company itself. My maternal grandparents' house on Bournville Lane, a few hundred yards from the site, is owned by the trust, set up by George Cadbury in 1900 to manage much of the land and property surrounding the factory. My own childhood home two miles away was built at the turn of the last century, and like most of my family I attended the school built by Cadbury so that his workforce could give their children a good education. Once a week we would march through the imposing steel factory gates on our way to the Cadbury swimming pool. When the wind changed direction, the smell of chocolate wafted over the playground.

My mother, who also attended the school, remembers trooping with her classmates to a concert hall once a year to sing to the Cadbury family, and some of the clan's members were still being wheeled out to address pupils when I was there in the 1970s and early 80s. The Cadbury family's involvement with the company ended long ago, but the paternalism practised by George Cadbury endured long after his death. Even now there are facilities in Bournville that can't be found in neighbouring areas, including the beautiful old cricket pavilion that overlooks the Cadbury playing fields – and the company still pays for their upkeep. The playing fields host a Mayflower festival ever year, and on Christmas Eve the 48-bell carillon in the school bell tower plays O Come All Ye Faithful as 7,000 people crowd around a huge decorated tree on the green to sing carols. Such community rituals are unusual in a city that has taken a generation to recover from the deindustrialisation of the 1980s.

Quiet and relatively crime-free, Bournville is too tranquil to host an insurrection, but there is a revolutionary mood afoot in the wake of Cadbury's decision to accept Kraft's £11.9bn offer. The local BBC radio station hasn't played an American song all week and although Cadbury employees are reluctant to talk, it is impossible to find anyone who is in favour of the deal. How long before the walls of the "rest house" in the centre of the village green, where mods in parkas used to gather when I was a 10-year-old, is daubed with "Yanks Out" graffiti? Paul Clarke, a manager at Cadbury for most of his working life until he left in 2004, says he fears political pressure may not be enough to keep the company in Bournville. "How does a community talk to a company that has no roots?" he says. The Cadburys were Quakers, and there are still no pubs in Bournville – with the exception of the Cadbury social club. There are already rumours it will close.

If the company had fought off the Kraft proposal, the club – cavernous enough to host boxing bouts when I was a teenager – might have been sold, with the money raised handed to City shareholders as a sweetener in exchange for rejecting the bid. Now that Kraft has upped its offer – and borrowed much of the money to finance it – it is likely that it too will be looking for assets to sell. The loss is felt more acutely locally because of the rollcall of well-known brands that have already closed or moved away, including Dunlop, HP Sauce and MG Rover, whose Longbridge base was just three miles away. "Many of the people who worked at Rover now work at Cadbury," Clarke says. The area is predominantly white, although the mixed workforce includes Polish workers. The trust, which handles a huge waiting list for its affordable homes where rents are low, hands out a significant number to single mothers and families on low incomes. There is no poverty, but there are few signs of ostentatious wealth in a place that comes close to capturing the essence of that elusive phrase, "middle England". Some might find it dull, but for most people it is simply a good place to bring up a family.

For me, its a pity Cadbury is likely to fall into foreign hands, although in some ways it hardly matters whether the company is owned by shareholders on Wall Street or in the City of London. The bell tower and the cricket square will survive if the factory disappears and so too, I suspect, will the very English ambience. The History of Chocolate More about the range 1847The business moves to Bridge Street In 1847, the Cadbury brothers' booming business moved into a new, larger factory in Bridge Street in the centre of Birmingham. The new site had its own private canal spur, which linked the factory to the Birmingham Navigation Canal and from there to all the major ports in Britain. More about the new factory 1847Fry's Produce the First Chocolate Bar 18th century France produced pastilles (tablets) and bars. But it wasn’t until Bristol company Fry & Son made a ‘chocolate delicieux a manger’ in 1847 that the first bar of chocolate appeared, as we know it today. The first ever chocolate bar was made from a mixture of cocoa powder and sugar with a little of the melted cocoa butter that had been extracted from the beans.

The result was a bar that could be moulded. It might have been coarse and bitter by today’s standards, but it was still a revolution. Shaped into blocks and bars, and poured over fruit-flavoured centres, this plain chocolate was a real breakthrough. But there were many more treats in store... More about the brothers 1866An innovative processing technique is introduced The turning point for the Cadbury business was the introduction of a new processing technique, resulting in the 1866 launch of 'Cadbury Cocoa Essence', the UK's first unadulterated cocoa. Before Cocoa Essence, the cocoa Cadbury produced, like that of many other manufacturers, contained high levels of cocoa butter. They had to add starches to mask its taste and texture. But George Cadbury had heard about an innovative cocoa press being used by a Dutch manufacturer called Coenraad Johannes van Houten. The press squeezed out much of the cocoa butter from the beans, so it wasn’t necessary to add starches. Could this be the way forward? Buying the press was a massive gamble. It was expensive and the brothers had little money.

It had to be used for mass production and no one knew if there’d be enough demand for the product. But the Cadbury brothers decided to go for it - the first British manufacturer to go down this route. It was a momentous step, one that changed the British cocoa business and led to the future prosperity of Cadbury. The press was installed in their factory in Bridge Street, Cadbury Brothers’ new product appeared. Cocoa Essence was extensively advertised as 'Absolutely Pure. Therefore Best’, alongside medical testimonials. The marketing of Cocoa Essence helped increase sales dramatically and transformed a small business into the worldwide company that Cadbury is today. More about Cocoa Essence 1875First Milk Chocolate Bar In 1875, a Swiss manufacturer called Daniel Peter added milk to his recipe to make the first milk chocolate bar. This wasn’t a completely new idea; Cadbury produced their milk chocolate drink based on Sir Hans Sloane’s recipe between 1849 and 1875. And Cadbury added their own milk chocolate bars in 1897. But Daniel Peter was still way ahead of them – using condensed milk rather than powdered milk to produce a chocolate with a superior taste and texture.

Another Swiss manufacturer invented the conching machine in 1879. This refined chocolate, giving it the smooth texture we know today. Swiss milk chocolate dominated the British market – a situation the Cadbury family set out to challenge in the 20th Century. More about milk chocolate 1875Cadbury makes their first Easter egg The first Cadbury Easter egg was made in 1875. The earliest eggs were made with dark chocolate and had a smooth, plain surface. They were filled with sugar-coated chocolate drops known as 'dragees’. Later Easter eggs were decorated and had their plain shells enhanced with chocolate piping and marzipan flowers. 1878The Cadbury Brothers are inspired by their vision When the Bridge Street factory became too small, George Cadbury had a new vision of the future. 'Why should an industrial area be squalid and depressing?’ he asked. His vision was shared by his brother Richard, and they began searching for a very special site for their new factory. In 1878 the brothers found their new home.

They chose a 14½ acre greenfield site between the villages of Stirchley, King's Norton and Selly Oak, about four miles south of central Birmingham. The site comprised a meadow with a cottage and a trout stream - the Bourn. The cottage isn’t there any more, but the pear tree from its garden still stands outside the main Cadbury reception at the Bournville factory. The factory was initially going to be called, Bournbrook, after the cottage and Bournbrook Hall which stood nearby. But instead, 'Bournville' was chosen - combining the name of the stream with 'ville', the French word for town. At Bournville, workers lived in far better conditions than they'd experienced in the crowded slums of the city. The new site had canal, train and road links and a good water supply. There was lots of room to expand, which was lucky, because George’s plans for the future were ambitious. He wanted to build a place full of green spaces, where industrial workers could thrive away from city pollution. 'No man ought to be condemned to live in a place where a rose cannot grow.’ George Cadbury.

More about the search for a site 1879Bournville 'The Factory in a Garden' is born Birmingham architect, George H. Gadd worked closely with George Cadbury to draw up plans for the factory. The first bricks were laid in January 1879 and 16 houses for foremen and senior employees were built on the site. These mostly semi-detached houses were well-built and spaced out with ample gardens. Production began at the Cadbury Brothers' 'Bournville factory in a garden' in September 1879. When the workers arrived they found facilities that were simply unknown in Victorian times. There was a field next to the factory where men were encouraged to play cricket and football; a garden and playground for the girls; a kitchen where workers could heat up their meals, and properly heated dressing rooms where they could get changed. As George said, 'If the country is a good place to live in, why not to work in?’ Keen sportsmen, Richard and George encouraged sports and recreations, often playing cricket themselves. Sports facilities grew to include football, hockey and cricket pitches, tennis and squash racquet courts and a bowling green.

Gradually women's and men's swimming pools were built and every young boy and girl joining the company was encouraged to become a good swimmer. Work outings to the country were organised together with summer camps for the young boys. Morning prayers and daily bible readings, first started in 1866, helped preserve the family atmosphere and continued for another 50 years, until the workforce grew too large for such an assembly. For workers who still needed to travel to the new factory from their homes in Birmingham, the Cadbury brothers negotiated special workmen's train fares to Bournville’s Stirchley Station with the local railway company. Cadbury duly became famous not just for its prosperity, but also for the advances in conditions and social benefits for its workforce. More about the new buildings at Bournville 1895George Cadbury Builds a Further 143 Cottages in Bournville George Cadbury decided not to go for tunnel-backs because it limited the amount of light in the houses. Instead he chose rectangular cottages, each one with a large garden. In 1895, 143 cottages were built on the land he had bought privately, a total of 140 acres.

When building started at Bournville, the basic house type built in the Midlands was the 'tunnel-back'. It was cheap, large-scale housing complying with the Public Health Acts that had condemned 'back-to-back' housing. They were built in long rows with entrances to the back through common passages, built over on upper floors. Though they were an improvement on the previous houses, they didn’t look that attractive - lots of tunnel-backs meant endless rows of dreary monotonous housing. George Cadbury decided not to go for tunnel-backs because it limited the amount of light in the houses. Instead he chose rectangular cottages, each one with a large garden. In 1895, 143 cottages were built on the land he had bought privately, a total of 140 acres. The first houses were built in straight rows with no more than four houses in a terrace, but this soon gave way to more interesting layouts. Bournville was developed to be a 'garden village' and these were the guiding principles... Cottages grouped in pairs, threes or sometimes fours. Groups were set back from tree-lined roads, each house with its own front garden and vegetable garden with fruit trees at the back.

All cottages were well built with light airy rooms and good sanitation. A typical cottage had a parlour, living room and kitchen downstairs and three bedrooms upstairs. Some early houses didn’t have bathrooms, but it was easy to add them later on. Houses should cost at least £150 to build: they were to house 'honest, sober, thrifty workmen, rather than the destitute or very poor'. Building was restricted on each plot to prevent gardens being overshadowed and keep the rural feel. The first houses were sold on leases of 999 years to keep the rural appearance of the district: mortgages were available for would-be purchasers. Bournville’s green environment reflected the aim of George Cadbury that one-tenth of the Estate should be 'laid out and used as parks, recreation grounds and open space.’ It attracted great interest from housing reformers, including the Garden City Association. In fact George Cadbury was instrumental in developing the Garden City Movement along with other reformers, including Sir Ebenezer Howard, who founded the Association in 1900 and was the father of modern town planning. He once said that Bournville gave him the drive to carry out his ideas.

The first Garden City, Letchworth, was begun in 1902. Bournville became included within the boundary of the city of Birmingham in 1911, so it’s now a 'garden suburb', like Hampstead Garden Suburb in London. More about building Bournville village 1897Cadbury Milk Chocolate is Launched When Cadbury started making Cocoa Essence they had lots of cocoa butter left over, so they used it to make bars of chocolate! Cadbury milk chocolate hit the shelves in 1897, but it probably wouldn’t be much to our taste now. Made of milk powder paste, cocoa mass, cocoa butter and sugar, the first Cadbury milk chocolate bar was coarse and dry and not sweet or milky enough to be a big hit. More about Dairy Milk 1905First Cadbury logo commissioned In 1905 William Cadbury commissioned the first Cadbury logo. He was in Paris at the time and chose Georges Auriol to create the design - Auriol also designed the signs for the Paris Metro. The logo was an image of a stylised cocoa tree interwoven with the Cadbury name.

Registered in 1911, it was used on presentation boxes, catalogues, tableware and promotional items, and imprinted onto the aluminium foil that was used to wrap moulded chocolate bars. Although we might not recognise it today, it was used consistently from 1911-1939 and again after the Second World War. More about Bournville chocolate 1914Fry's Turkish Delight is Launched J.S. Fry & Sons merged with Cadbury in 1919 but the name of the bar remains. Fry’s Turkish Delight - rose-flavoured Turkish delight draped in milk chocolate - is a long-standing favourite. This luxurious treat was flavoured with genuine Otto of Roses, and moulded without starch for a smoother finish. The slogan 'Full of Eastern Promise’ has been used since the end of the 1950s. It was particularly well known in the 1970s and 1980s through popular TV advertising, which tended to involve mysterious ladies in exotic desert settings.

More about Fry's Turkish Delight 1915Milk Tray is launched Boxes of chocolates had been produced at Cadbury since the 1860s. But they were expensive, sold in small quantities and would only have been bought for very special occasions. Milk Tray was different: a chocolate assortment, affordable enough to be an everyday treat. To start with, the chocolates were sold in 5 1/2 lb boxes, which would be put out in trays to sell to customers, which is where the name originated from. One was Milk Tray and one was Plain Tray. Then, in 1916, Cadbury produced a half-pound box of chocolates, followed by a 1Ib box in 1924. By the mid 1930s it was outselling all its competitors. Later, in 1961, it was made more sophisticated, while in 1971 a William Morris-style pack was introduced. In 1978 it changed again, to an elegant pack with a white orchid on the purple background.

Milk Tray of course became hugely famous for its 'Milk Tray Man' TV commercials, featuring a daring, dark and handsome action hero who dives off cliffs, pilots helicopters through storms and speed boats over waterfalls, 'All because the lady loves Milk Tray’. Today, over eight million boxes are sold every year. More about the history of Flake 1921Cadbury script logo first appears The Cadbury script logo, based on the signature of William Cadbury, appeared first on the transport fleet in 1921. It was quite fussy to start with and has been simplified over the years. It wasn’t until 1952 that it was used across major brands. 1928The 'Glass and a Half' symbol is introduced It was originally used in 1928 on press and posters, but since then it’s been in TV ads and on wrapper designs, where you can still see it to this day. First of all it was just on Cadbury Dairy Milk, but it’s become the face of the company in recent years. 1928Investment Begins in Cadbury Dairy Milk Ads A huge success from day one, Cadbury Dairy Milk first hit the shelves in 1905.

But surprisingly, little money was put into advertising it until 1928. No one knew quite what to say about it - some ads talked about its 'rich nutty flavour’ others said 'rich in cream’. It didn’t matter though - by 1928 it was the biggest selling chocolate product in Britain. At this point Cadbury ploughed investment into advertising, stressing its high milk content. From 1928 a series of poster campaigns using the iconic 'glass and a half’ measure of milk established Cadbury Dairy Milk as one of the first truly recognisable brands on the high street. The 'glass and a half’s simple message of food value combined with enjoyable eating has found its way on to TV ads and wrappers. And it’s still there today - becoming synonymous with Cadbury Dairy Milk worldwide. More about the Dairy Milk ads 1929Crunchie is Launched A Fry’s product, Crunchie was launched to rival an Australian bar called the Violet Crumble, which first appeared in 1913. It’s a bar with literary credentials - well, sort of.

It was mentioned in Enid Bagnold’s book 'National Velvet’ in 1935, as the Brown sisters’ candy of choice for the year. It used to be smaller than it is now - the size was increased in 1982. Over a million bars are produced a day. More about Crunchie 1938Cadbury Roses are Launched Cadbury Roses were introduced to compete in the twist wrapped assortment market. Early designs incorporated a sampler or embroidery rose design which was later replaced by a simpler rose. Bournville - where the chocolates were conceived and produced - was renowned as 'a factory in a garden’. Roses were one of the most popular flowers at the time - hence the name for this popular assortment. The early 1lb drum was described as a 'wonderful lot’ of chocolates for two shillings (10p). More about Cadbury Roses 1939King George VI and Queen Elizabeth visit Bournville Bournville welcomes King George VI and Queen Elizabeth on a tour that formed part of the programme of their visit to Birmingham on March 1st 1939. 10,000 employees lined the route to welcome the King and Queen.

1939Second World War Begins During the War, rationing was enforced and raw materials were in short supply so it was a question of making do and concentrating on those products they were still able to produce. Cadbury Dairy Milk came off the shelves in 1941 when the government banned manufacturers from using fresh milk. Instead there was Ration Chocolate, made with dried skimmed milk powder. More about Curly Wurly 1970Old Jamaica is Launched Old Jamaica was a special blend of milk and plain chocolate with rum flavoured raisins. This Cadbury Classic Selection bar is no longer made for the UK market, but you can still stock up on Old Jamaica if you look around on the Internet. 1971Creme Egg is Launched Cream-filled eggs first appeared back in 1923. But the Cadbury Creme Egg we know and love today didn’t hit the shelves until 1971. Sales really took off in 1975, when Cadbury Creme Egg became a cult through the power of TV advertising. The eggs are delivered to the trade for sale between January and Easter every year.

About 1.5 million Cadbury Creme Egg eggs can be made every day at the Bournville factory. They’re made in two halves, both filled with white and one additionally filled with yellow fondant. The two halves are closed together quickly and there it is - a Cadbury Creme Egg. With its milk chocolate shell, creme fondant and yellow 'yolk’ Cadbury Creme Egg is absolutely unique in the market, and over 200 million of them are sold in the UK every year. More about Cadbury buying Adams 2007The Gorilla Advert Premiers 'Gorilla’ showed the eponymous primate enthusiastically playing the drums on the Phil Collins record 'In the Air Tonight’. It proved hugely popular and cleaned up at advertising awards ceremonies, winning many prizes including the prestigious Grand Prix Lion at Cannes in 2008. 2008Cadbury and Schweppes Demerge The two companies demerged to allow each to concentrate on its area of expertise. 2008Cadbury Cocoa Partnership Launched In January 2008, Cadbury launched the Cadbury Cocoa Partnership.

£45 million was put aside to put into cocoa farms in Ghana, India, Indonesia and the Caribbean over a decade. Today’s cocoa farmers face big problems - average production has dropped and it can be hard to make a living. The Cadbury Cocoa Partnership has been set up to help them. It’s a groundbreaking initiative, now funded by Mondelēz International, which is carried out in partnership with the United Nations Development Programme and others, and marking 100 years since the Cadbury brothers first began trading in Ghana. 70% of the Partnership funds will be invested into small farms and farming villages in Ghana, which provide the cocoa beans for Cadbury's UK chocolate, giving it its unique and much loved taste. So what will the Partnership do? Help farmers increase their yields and produce top quality beans; Help start new rural businesses; Improve life in cocoa communities by supporting education, the environment and building wells for clean and safe water; Develop a pioneering way for cocoa farmers to work together with governments, NGOs, local organisations and international agencies. All in all, around a million people - cocoa farmers and the communities they live in - will benefit.

More about the Cocoa Partnership 2009Cadbury Dairy Milk Becomes Fairtrade The move to Fairtrade has the impact of tripling the sales for cocoa farmers in Ghana under Fairtrade terms, both increasing Fairtrade cocoa sales for existing certified farming groups, as well as opening up new opportunities for thousands more farmers to benefit from the Fairtrade system. This move, which also includes Cadbury’s hot chocolate beverage, marked the first anniversary of the Cadbury Cocoa Partnership. 2010Cadbury becomes part of Mondelēz International Cadbury became part of Mondelēz International family on the 2nd of February 2010. 2010A piece of Bournville heritage is restored Cadbury invested £1 million in restoring the Men’s Pavilion in Bournville to provide employees with a new gym and fitness centre. 2012Chocolate centre of excellence opens in Bournville A new global research and development centre opens in Bournville as part of a £17 million investment in R&D in the UK. The 'Centre of Excellence' includes brand new innovation labs, a test plant facility and a collaboration kitchen to put new ideas to the test.

This investment created knowledge, jobs and increased the number of Bournville based inventors from 25 to 250 in just five years! Now every new chocolate product we create starts life at Bournville. The Story of Cadbury The Story of Cadbury Early Days - A One Man Business Birmingham 1824 John Cadbury was one of ten children of Richard Tapper Cadbury, a prominent Quaker who had moved to Birmingham, England from the West Country in 1794. In 1824, 22-year-old John Cadbury opened his first shop at 93 Bull Street, next to his father's drapery and silk business in the then fashionable part of Birmingham. Apart from selling tea and coffee, John Cadbury sold hops, mustard and a new sideline - cocoa and drinking chocolate, which he prepared using a mortar and pestle. Cocoa and drinking chocolate had been introduced into England in the 1650s but remained a luxury enjoyed by the elite of English society. Customers at John Cadbury's shop were amongst the most prosperous Birmingham families, the only ones who could afford the delicacy. Cocoa beans were imported from South and Central America and the West Indies.

Experimenting with his mortar and pestle, John Cadbury produced a range of cocoa and chocolate drinks, the latter with added sugar. The products were sold in blocks: customers scraped a little off into a cup or saucepan and added hot milk or water. John Cadbury had a considerable flair for advertising and promotion. "John Cadbury is desirous of introducing to particular notice 'Cocoa Nibs', prepared by himself, an article affording a most nutritious beverage for breakfast," announced his first advertisement in the Birmingham Gazette in March 1824. He soon established himself as one of the leading cocoa and drinking chocolate traders in Birmingham. The popularity and growing sales of John Cadbury's cocoa and drinking chocolate of 'superior quality' determined the future direction of the business. In 1831, John Cadbury rented a small factory in Crooked Lane not far from his shop. He became a manufacturer of drinking chocolate and cocoa, laying the foundation for the Cadbury chocolate business. These early cocoa and drinking chocolates were balanced with potato starch and sago flour to counter the high cocoa butter content, while other ingredients were added to give healthy properties.

By 1842, John Cadbury was selling sixteen lines of drinking chocolate and cocoa in cake and powder forms. The Quaker Influence The Cadbury family were prominent members of the Society of Friends or Quakers, one of the many nonconformist religious groups formed in the 17th century. Their strong beliefs carried into campaigns aimed at ending poverty and deprivation and many prominent Quaker-run businesses were part of reforms of social and industrial society in Victorian Britain. John Cadbury's lifelong involvement with the Temperance Society influenced the direction of his business enterprise. By providing tea, coffee, cocoa and chocolate as an alternative to alcohol he felt he was helping to alleviate some of the alcolohol-related causes of poverty and deprivation amongst working people. He also incorporated some of these principles in his industrial relations philosophy. (See A Progressive Workplace ) Cadbury Brothers of Birmingham John Cadbury As the enterprise prospered, in 1847 John Cadbury rented a larger factory in Bridge Street, off Broad Street, in the centre of Birmingham and went into partnership with his brother Benjamin - trading as Cadbury Brothers of Birmingham. The retail side of the business in Bull Street was passed to a nephew, Richard Cadbury Barrow in 1849.

Barrow Stores, as it became, traded in Central Birmingham until the 1960s. A major turning point for the cocoa and chocolate industry came in the mid-1850s, when taxes on imported cocoa beans were reduced by Prime Minister William Gladstone. The previously prohibitive chocolate products were now within the reach of the wider population. Cadbury Brothers received their first Royal Warrant on February 4, 1854 as 'manufacturers of cocoa and chocolate to Queen Victoria.' The company continues to hold royal warrants of appointment. During the 1850s business began to decline. The partnership between the first Cadbury brothers was dissolved in 1860, a difficult time in the company's history. John Cadbury's sons Richard and George, who had joined the company in the 1850s, became the second Cadbury brothers to run the business when their father retired due to failing health in 1861. John Cadbury devoted the rest of his life to civic and social work in Birmingham until his death in 1889. Although they had worked in their father's business for some years, the prospects for Richard.

25, and George, 21, were daunting. Their first five years were a period of unremitting toil with few customers, long hours and very frugal living. Both seriously considered taking up other vocations - Richard as a surveyor in England and George as a tea planter in India. George was focused on manufacturing, and Richard with sales, but in the early days both brothers went out and promoted their goods. Due to their dedication, sheer hard work and improvements in the quality of Cadbury cocoa products, the business survived and prospered. Technological Advancements Historic packaging Dissatisfied with the quality of cocoa products, including their own, the Cadbury brothers took a momentous step in 1866 that not only had a bearing on their business but revolutionised the whole of the British cocoa business. Until that time English cocoa had been heavily adulterated with starch substances like potato flour or sago to mask the excess cocoa butter. The cocoa drink, as described by George Cadbury himself, was a "comforting gruel". Following a visit to the Van Houten factory in Holland to see their new cocoa press, the brothers introduced this new process to their Bridge Street factory.

The press removed some of the cocoa butter from the beans, producing a less rich and more palatable cocoa essence - the forerunner of the cocoa we know today. There was no need to add flour and Cadbury's new cocoa essence was advertised as 'Absolutely pure...therefore Best' At that time there was much concern in Parliament about the adulteration of food, including cocoa. The new unadulterated Cadbury's cocoa essence was heralded as a major breakthrough and resulted in the passing of the Adulteration of Food Acts in 1872 and 1875. Cadbury received a remarkable amount of free publicity during this period and sales increased dramatically. The marketing of this cocoa essence helped turn a small business into a vast worldwide company. The introduction of cocoa essence was not the only innovation that improved the Cadbury Brothers' trade. The plentiful supply of cocoa butter remaining after the cocoa was pressed made it possible to produce a wide variety of new kinds of 'eating chocolate,' leading to the development of the smooth creamy chocolate produced today.

The quality of the chocolates made by the company following the introduction of the cocoa press was such that in the 1870s, Cadbury broke the monopoly which French producers had previously enjoyed in the British Market. Cadbury's Chocolate Box A chocolate for eating had been produced at the Cadbury factory since 1849 but it was not, by today's standards, a very palatable product. With the availability of cocoa butter a new chocolate recipe produced chocolate similar to that which we enjoy today. Refined plain chocolate was made for moulding into blocks or making bars and chocolate creams that with chocolate-covered fruit-flavoured centres. Cadbury's "fancy chocolates"- or assortments as they are now called - were sold in decorated boxes, with small pictures that children could cut out to stick into scrapbooks. Richard Cadbury applied his considerable artistic talents to introduce more ambitious and attractive box designs from his own paintings, using his own children as models or depicting flowers and scenes from his travels. They were the first British-made fancy chocolate boxes and were very popular. Some of his original boxes still exist. Elaborate chocolate boxes were much prized as special gifts by the late Victorians as they could later be used as trinket or button boxes.

Chocolate box designs ranged from superb velvet covered caskets with bevelled mirrors and silk lined jewel boxes to pretty boxes with pictures on the lid. The popularity of these splendid Cadbury boxes continued until their disappearance during the Second World War. Victorian and Edwardian chocolate boxes are now collector's items. Cadbury Brothers Ltd The business became a private limited company - Cadbury Brothers Limited - in 1899 following Richard Cadbury's sudden death at the age of 63. George Cadbury became chairman of the new board and his fellow directors were Barrow and William A. Cadbury, sons of Richard and two of his own sons, Edward and George Cadbury Junior. By 1899, the Bournville factory had trebled in size with more than 2,600 employees. With the formation of the limited company, Bournville entered a new era as the younger members of the Board introduced new ideas - analytical laboratories, advertising and cost offices, a sales department, works committee, medical department, pension funds, education and training for employees.

The Bournville factory site became a series of factories within a factory, as everything needed for the business was produced on site, including tin box pressing plants, carton making units, a design studio and printing plant. This policy continued until well after the Second World War when the rationalisation of the business to mainstream activity - production and marketing of chocolate confectionery- led to the use of outside specialised suppliers for ancillary items. BBC - Birmingham - History - Birmingham - stuff you should know! Birmingham - stuff you should know! By Sarah Loat Birmingham is an amazing city, and there are probably a few interesting and quirky facts here that you never knew about. Birmingham means home (ham) of the people (ing) of the tribal leader Birm or Beorma. Birmingham's first canal was opened in 1769 and linked Birmingham to Wednesbury. There are many locks on the canals including the famous Guillotine Lock in Kings Norton, which was used to control the flow of water between canals owned by different companies. Birmingham is home to Cadbury's Chocolate. George and his brother Richard Cadbury moved their successful chocolate manufacturing business from Bull Street, Birmingham to Bournville in 1879.

Built as part of The ICC in 1991, Symphony Hall is the home of the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra. 'Floozie in the Jacuzzi' Victoria Square hosts one of the largest fountains in Europe, with a flow of 3,000 gallons per minute, it is known as "The River" but has been nicknamed "The Floozie in the Jacuzzi". Bingley Hall, the world's first exhibition hall, opened in 1850 on the site now occupied by The ICC. John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, author of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, spent his childhood in Sarehole, Birmingham. The tiny village of Sarehole is said to have been the model for the Shire, home of Bilbo in the book The Hobbit. Home to JRR Tolkien Alec Issigonis was one of the most colourful car designers of modern times. He went on to design the world famous, Birmingham- made 'Mini', which started production in 1959 at Longbridge, Birmingham and is still in production today. Birmingham is home to the historic Bull Ring - site of a market for more than 800 years.

Within the complex are five retail markets attracting around 20 million customers a year. The Mini in 1967 Two miles from Birmingham city centre is one of the biggest motorway junctions in Europe:Gravelly Hill Interchange, known as 'Spaghetti Junction' to millions of motorists. Soho House is the elegant home of industrial pioneer Matthew Boulton, who lived their from 1766 to 1809. Boulton in partnership with James Watt developed and patented the steam engine at the nearby but now demolished Soho Factory. William Murdock, who worked for Boulton and Watt at Soho, Handsworth, invented gas lighting. His cottage at Soho Foundary was the first domestic building to be lit by gas (1798). James Watt, who lived in Birmingham 1775-1819, developed the steam engine. Through it, the firm Boulton and Watt sold the industrial revolution to the world. Watt also invented the letter copying machine, forerunner of the photocopier. His name stays in our vocabulary through the lightbulb measurement- 60 Watts, 40 Watts, etc.

The first x-ray was taken in Birmingham X-Ray photography for medical purposes was pioneered by Major John Hall Edwards; he took the first x-ray in Birmingham in 1896. Curzon Street Station, Digbeth, was the terminus of the London and Birmingham railway, with a station built by Philip Hardwick in 1838, who designed the original Euston Station too. Birmingham's international Partner Cities include Chicago (USA), Frankfurt (Germany), Johannesburg (South Africa), Leipzig (Germany), Lyon (France) and Milan (Italy). Birmingham's basketball team are the "Bullets" and there are three professional soccer teams; the "Blues", the "Villains" and the "Baggies". Birmingham's Centenary Square is made up of more than half a million individual bricks - all hand laid! Other big cities are green with envy when you mention Brum's 6 million trees, more parks than any other European city, a record-breaking 14 consecutive gold medals form the Chelsea Flower Show and our National Britain in Bloom awards. Birmingham's Central Library is the city's busiest building, Europe's largest public library and lends 8 million books each year.

The population of Birmingham is approximately 1 million people; 6 million people live within 50 miles of the City. There are 3 universities and over 450 schools in the City. Black Sabbath's Ozzy Osbourne Birmingham is home to many past and present rock bands including Ocean Colour Scene, Duran Duran, ELO, Dodgy, UB40 and Black Sabbath. There are 30 other Birminghams around the world and one crater on the moon called Birmingham! The history of the founding de Birmingham family is difficult to follow as there were seven Williams in a row. Celluloid was invented in 1862, by Alexander Parkes; the first plastic was known as Parkensine. Birmingham is also on the moon The first of the famous Odeon chain of cinemas first opened in Perry Barr, Birmingham in 1930. Place names in Birmingham include California, Hollywood and Broadway! Nigel Mansell, Indy and Formula One Champion was born, lived and worked in Birmingham. John Wyatt invented a machine for spinning wool - the spinning jenny. Henry Clay invented a new form of papier mache using sheets of paper (1772).

Joseph Sampson Gamgee (1828-80), a Birmingham doctor, invented the surgical dressing known as cotton wool. Joseph Priestley, a Birmingham minister (1780-91), discovered oxygen. Villa and Blues BBC - Cadbury: The legacy in Birmingham Cadbury: The legacy in Birmingham Jill Ella BBC Birmingham Bournville village was built by the Cadbury family along with the factory Cadbury chocolate is renowned worldwide, but the Cadbury legacy is more than just a chocolate factory. The Cadbury family, with their Quaker beliefs that - all human beings should be treated equally and should live in peace, believed in social responsibility and social reform. They improved working and social conditions for their employees and the community. This was made possible by the success of their business. The Cadbury story began in 1824 when John Cadbury, a young Quaker, opened a shop in Birmingham. He sold coffee, tea, drinking chocolate and cocoa amongst other things. John believed alcohol was a main cause of poverty and hoped his products would serve as an alternative. He started manufacturing on a commercial scale in 1831 and his brother Benjamin joined the company in the 1840s to form Cadbury Brothers.

Royal approval 1918 Cadbury opened first overseas factory in Tasmania 1919 Cadbury merged with J.S. Fry & Sons Limited 1969 Cadbury merged with Schweppes 2008 Cadbury Schweppes split The brothers opened an office in London and received a Royal Warrant as manufacturers of chocolate and cocoa to Queen Victoria in 1854. John's sons George and Richard took over the business in 1861 and set about expanding it. Richard looked after sales and marketing and George took care of production and buying. In the late 1870s the growing business needed a larger site, so they purchased land 4 miles out of Birmingham. This was in the countryside at the time. George Cadbury's vision A new factory, planned by George, was built on the site, and the area became known as Bournville, after the small stream that runs through the site. George Cadbury believed human beings should be treated equally George was driven by a passion for social reform and wanted to provide good quality low cost homes for his workers in a healthy environment - giving an alternative to grimy city life. So he set about building a village where his workers could live.

George said of his plans: "If each man could have his own house, a large garden to cultivate and healthy surroundings - then, I thought, there will be for them a better opportunity of a happy family life." His aim was that one-tenth of the Bournville estate should be "laid out and used as parks, recreation grounds and open space." The brothers set new standards for working and living conditions in Victorian Britain and the Cadbury plant in Bournville became known as "the factory in a garden". Building a legacy Richard died unexpectedly in March 1899 of diphtheria whilst in Jerusalem. George continued to provided better working conditions for employees, setting up workers committees and providing facilities. Over the years George invested a lot of his money in businesses which placed a high priority on the welfare of the workers and despite running a large company he also dedicated a lot of time to helping those less privileged in his local community. George gave the Bournville estate to the Bournville Village Trust in 1901. The trust was founded, to administer and develop the village and its surroundings.

George Cadbury gave the estate to the Bournville Village Trust in 1901 One of George Cadbury's former homes, Woodbrooke, a Georgian style mansion built by Josiah Mason, has retained a Quaker connection and is Europe's only Quaker Study Centre. Since 1903 it has provided education for people from around the world. George's second wife Elizabeth, was also heavily involved in philanthropy. Together they opened Woodlands Hospital in Northfield and built The Beeches, where children from the city slums could holiday. George also donated the Lickey Hills Country Park to the people of Birmingham. He was one of the founders of The Birmingham Civic Society in 1918 and died at his home, Manor House, Northfield, in 1922. Subsequent generations of the Cabury family also took on the responsibility of their workers, from ensuring pensions were set up to founding colleges in the local community. The Cadbury family still has close ties with the area, though it has not owned the company since the 1960s.

Bookmark with: The history of Birmingham - Heritage - Things to Do, Attractions and Hotspots, Visit Birmingham UK The history of Birmingham Print this page PDF of this page Email this page Share: Once famous as a 'City of a Thousand Trades', Birmingham was a world leader in the production of pens, buckles, buttons, jewellery and guns. The ideas of The Lunar Society , a group of genius industrialists, philosophers and intellectuals not only changed Birmingham's history, but the history of the world. The beginning Birmingham’s fascinating history goes back as far as 10,500 years ago, when Stone Age hunters roamed the grasslands and forests along the River Rea valley. The Romans also left their mark on the city’s landscape, with a major fort near Harborne and many roads that cross the area. Although evidence is scant, it is believed a small Anglo-Saxon settlement existed close to the River Rea in Digbeth. The name of this settlement was Birmingham. The original meaning of the name is the settlement (ham) of the followers (ing) of Beorma, who is believed to have been a Saxon warrior or nobleman.

In July 2009 incredible Anglo-Saxon artefacts were unearthed in the Birmingham region. The 3,500 pieces of gold and silver items date back to the 7th century Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Mercia and amount to the most valuable treasure hoard ever discovered in the UK. A selection of this now famous Staffordshire Hoard is currently displayed in the Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery and has been the subject of international attention from as far as the Smithsonian in Washington and the Louvre in Paris. Birmingham’s early history as a major settlement dates back to the early 12th century when Peter de Bermingham, holder of the manor of Birmingham, gained the right to hold a weekly market. In the Doomsday Book of 1086, Birmingham was valued at the modest sum of £1 with a total of 9 houses! The 1166 market charter helped Peter de Bermingham to lay the foundations for Birmingham to develop as a market town, and transformed the prospects of the small settlement forever. The central heart of Birmingham’s geographical expansion was St Martin’s church , one of Birmingham’s oldest buildings.

The earliest record of a church dates back to 1290, but an earlier place of worship was likely to have been here. Birmingham’s markets were located around the church, and still exist in the same location 850 years later! Today, St Martin’s Church contains a number of historical treasures and offers an enlightening perspective on the city’s exciting history . From the 16th century Birmingham was transformed from a market-orientated town to an industrial centre. Blade-making industries such as cutlery, weapons and ultimately guns were drawn to Birmingham owing to its central location, good transport links and natural resources. Birmingham or Brummagem? Find out more about the name of the city. 'City of a Thousand Trades' By the 18th century, the city had become the main European producer of buckles, buttons and a range of small boxes, jewellery and accessories often called “Brummagem toys”. The ‘Toy Industry’ was dominated by the manufacturers John Taylor and Matthew Boulton . Boulton, together with James Watt and Erasmus Darwin were co-founders of the Lunar Society which gained worldwide recognition for innovative, pioneering ideas in science, arts, philosophy and commerce.

The Lunar Society met during the full moon at Soho House which is today converted into a museum and open to visitors from April to October. During this period, the canal network was extended to Birmingham and provided an essential link to the global export markets. Raw materials could be quickly brought in to the town and finished goods could be sent back out, helping to give Birmingham a competitive edge on other rival manufacturing centres. Birmingham gained a worldwide reputation as a powerhouse of manufacturing and invention, gaining the reputation as a “City of a Thousand Trades’ and the “Toyshop of Europe”. From the production of medals and coins at the Birmingham Mint to the production of steel pen nibs by the million, Birmingham could claim with pride that 75% of everything written in the world at the time was written with a ‘Birmingham’ pen. Original machinery, pens and collections are exhibited at the critically-acclaimed Pen Museum in the historic Jewellery Quarter . To this day, over 40% of all the UK’s handmade jewellery is produced in Birmingham’s Jewellery Quarter, with its award winning Museum of the Jewellery Quarter . Rapid economic growth led to a boom in the city’s population.

The construction of Back to Back housing was a response to the rapidly increasing population by the mid-19th century. The courtyard houses were not the sole-preserve of the working-classes, but many middle-classes too. Whilst economic growth brought prosperity to some, not everyone in society benefited. Housing conditions worsened as population density increased, with poor health and education worsening during the Industrial Revolution. In Birmingham, there were reformers who believed this was unacceptable and set out to make changes. Reform had already begun by 1779 when the first free hospital in Birmingham was opened by Dr John Ash and was funded by wealthy individuals like Matthew Boulton. Later under the leadership of Joseph Chamberlain , Birmingham became an international model for “municipal socialism”. During his tenure, clean water and gas was supplied to more people, public board schools were built and slum clearances were carried out. At the end of the 19th century chocolate maker George and Richard Cadbury opened their chocolate factory at Bournville and built houses and amenities for the factory workers. Visitors can find out more about Cadbury's history at Cadbury World .

Post-war boom At the beginning of the 20th century Birmingham adapted to the new way of life as electrical engineering and car manufacturers became the dominant industries in the city. Some of the great old vehicles and machines are displayed at the Motor Heritage Centre , Coventry Transport Museum , National Motorcycle Museum , ThinkTank Birmingham Science Museum and the Museum Collections Centre. The First and Second World War resulted in the increased production of munitions in the West Midlands, particularly in Birmingham and Coventry. Being an important manufacturing centre, Birmingham was a major target during the Second World War, and suffered heavily from bombing raids. Targets included the Castle Bromwich aerodrome plant where the Spitfire and Lancaster planes were made and the Austin factory at Longbridge which was producing military vehicles and airplanes. After London and Liverpool, Birmingham received the most damage from air raids and 2,241 people in the city died. Their names are commemorated on the Tree of Life Memorial near to St. Martin’s Church. The ‘Post-war boom’ in the 1950's caused a growth of employment in the engineering and motor vehicle industry in the West Midlands, as Birmingham’s population grew and new communities from the Indian sub-continent and Caribbean made Birmingham their new home.

Today The economic changes of the 1970s had a significant impact on Birmingham’s economy. Over the last 30 years however, the city’s focus has shifted from being predominantly a manufacturing industry to a service economy. Former industrial properties such as the Custard Factory have been transformed into some of Birmingham's most exciting art and nightlife venues. Birmingham has experienced a healthy level of economic growth over the last two decades, benefiting from being the regional capital and centre for employment and commerce. Innovative new industries are rapidly making Birmingham their home, from graphic designers to computer game programmers, and are supported by our world-renowned universities and colleges. The Birmingham spirit of innovation, improvement and renewal is encapsulated in the city’s motto: Forward! Videos & pictures Bournville Retirement Village Proposals Announced | Extracare.org.uk Bournville Retirement Village Proposals Announced Bournville Retirement Village Proposals Announced 28th December, 2011 A £35m retirement village in Bournville offering 200 affordable homes for local older people, pioneering health and leisure facilities and award-winning care, has been proposed for the site of the former College in Bristol Road, Birmingham.

Subject to the outcome of a successful planning submission in 2012, The ExtraCare Charitable Trust, The Bournville Village Trust, and Birmingham City Council are expecting to push ahead with the new development by Spring 2013, providing over 200 jobs during construction. The Village could open by 2015 with 30 locally-recruited staff working within the new community. The announcement follows the relocation of Bournville College to its new Longbridge Campus earlier this year, and the recent acquisition of the disused site by The Bournville Village Trust. Partners believe the proposed six-acre Village represents an ideal regeneration opportunity for the Bristol Road site, following the demolition of the existing college buildings this month. It would provide a state-of-the-art, sustainable community that could benefit over 300 older people, particularly those who are frail and with limited means, and would welcome social and active participation amongst all age groups within the local neighbourhood. At its heart, a vibrant 18-facility Village Centre would include a restaurant, gym, well-being centre, IT facilities, shop, café and landscaped gardens.

Residents would have the opportunity to take part in a variety of activities including choir singing, Tai Chi, writing, drama, wheelchair aerobics and woodwork, all designed to support independence and improved social opportunities, especially for those at risk of isolation. Qualified staff would provide care for up to a third of residents within their own Village home. This would include an award-winning well-being service, specialist nursing care and dementia support. The proposals have been carefully considered to ensure that residency would be affordable for all. A wide choice of purchase, shared ownership and rental homes would be offered with an on-site benefits team providing specialist advice to ensure that all applicants, even those with an existing tenancy and minimum state pension, would be able to move in. No resident would need to relinquish their home to pay for their care - an issue currently facing some 70,000 UK householders each year. The Bournville Village Trust is already developing Lightmoor Village near Telford and believes the Bristol Road development offers the Trust an ideal opportunity to broaden its provision in this sector. Peter Roach, Chief Executive of the Trust, said: "This gives us a once in a generation opportunity to do something very special, responding to the needs of our older community.

Our new project will cater for the needs of people who remain relatively active right through to those who need specialist nursing or dementia care. This is a 5-year project which will sit in a lovely landscaped setting and the Trust is genuinely excited to have this opportunity". For Birmingham City Council and The ExtraCare Charitable Trust, the Bournville project represents one of at least five planned villages across the City as part of a £200m development programme which will provide over 1,000 affordable homes for local older people. The first Village, New Oscott (developed with Midland Heart), opened in 2010 and is already over-subscribed. Birmingham City Council's Cabinet member for housing, Cllr John Lines, said: "This is our fifth retirement village and working with Bournville Village Trust and ExtraCare is a wonderful opportunity for our retired people in the south west of the city. "I made a commitment to the people of Birmingham that I would build five retirement villages and I am honouring that promise." The ExtraCare Charitable Trust currently operates 11 retirement villages across the Midlands and North.

In September 2011, results from a year-long study undertaken by The International Longevity Centre (ILC-UK) showed that ExtraCare residents experience a 24% reduction in social care needs within five years and are 50% less likely to enter institutional accommodation when compared with older people living in the community who are in receipt of domiciliary care. Commenting on the Bournville proposals, ExtraCare's Chief Executive Nick Abbey said: "The Bournville Village Trust, ExtraCare and The City Council have a common ambition to provide good-quality homes within inspirational communities that are affordable especially for those in need. Together, we are in a strong position to regenerate this site, providing a Village that transforms older peoples' lives and is actively involved with its surrounding community." Picture: An artist's impression of the new Bournville retirement village. - Ends- - Notes to Editors- The ExtraCare Charitable Trust - Founded in 1988, The ExtraCare Charitable Trust is a registered charity based in Coventry. The Charity operates over 3,000 homes within 11 retirement villages and 17 smaller housing developments across the Midlands and the North.

Each housing scheme or village has 5 to 18 social, health and leisure facilities that are accessible to over 3,700 residents and up to 5,000 older people living in surrounding communities. The Charity's vision is for older people to enjoy a healthier, active and more independent lifestyle in a network of inspirational communities, as a 21st century alternative to nursing homes. The current timetable for the Charity's five-village programme in Birmingham is as follows: New Oscott Village, Erdington (opened 2010) Pannel Croft Village, Newtown (opens 2013) Hagley Road Village, Harborne (opens 2014) Bournville Village, Bristol Road, Bournville (opens 2015) Shaftmoor Lane Village, Acocks Green (opens 2015-16) Bournville Village Trust - Bournville Village Trust was established in 1900 by George Cadbury to provide a balanced community of decent homes for men and women from a wide range of backgrounds.

Bournville, in South Birmingham, covers one thousand acres, contains nearly 8,000 dwellings and is managed by the Trust. The Trust has also developed and is managing two new urban villages in inner city Birmingham at Bordesley and Bloomsbury, Nechells. A third is underway at Lightmoor in Telford, Shropshire. The Trust owns and manages housing schemes in Redditch, as well as over 500 properties in Shropshire. Bournville Village Trust is a registered charity which puts quality of life for its residents at the heart of its mission for the future. - Media Contacts- A QUAKER EXPERIMENT IN TOWN PLANNING: GEORGE CADBURY AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF BOURNVILLE MODEL VILLAGE A QUAKER EXPERIMENT IN TOWN PLANNING: GEORGE CADBURY AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF BOURNVILLE MODEL VILLAGE AUTHOR(S) Bailey, Adrian R.; Bryson, John R. PUB. DATE Quaker Studies (Quaker Studies Research Association);Sep2006, Vol.

11 Issue 1, p89 SOURCE TYPE Article ABSTRACT In 1893, George Cadbury initiated the construction of Bournville Model Village, Birmingham (UK). This was the first model settlement to provide low-density housing not restricted to factory employees. This paper examines the relationship between Cadbury's Quaker faith, the growth of his business and the development of a model community. The focus is on exploring the ways in which Cadbury departed from traditional Quaker practices, with respect to visual artistic display and religious intervention in social relations. The article, first, reviews the contribution of Quakerism to the building of George Cadbury's business empire. Second, it examines the relationship between Cadbury's religiously informed brand of benign capitalism and the choice of a particular architectural aesthetic for Bournville. Third, the article shows how evangelical Quaker faith and practice were important in shaping the social development of the Bournville community. ACCESSION # Related Articles BOURNVILLE. // Dictionary of Alternatives;2007, p31 A definition of the term "Bournville" is presented. It refers to the model community established by George and Richard Cadbury in 1878.

The Cadburys were members of the Society of Friends or Quakers, a non conformist groups known for their commitment to social reform. Moreover, the name... THE AESTHETICS OF FRIENDS' MEETING HOUSES. Homan, Roger // Quaker Studies (Quaker Studies Research Association);Sep2006, Vol. 11 Issue 1, p115 In an attempt to identify a Quaker aesthetic as it applies to English meeting houses, this article draws upon the physical evidence of English Meetings past and present, upon the records of discussions preceding the design and construction of meeting houses, upon interviews with Friends at some... Pour on the Cottage Charm. KOPF, JENNIFER; styling; JOSEPH, ANNETTE; PRODUCED; PASTOR, MOLLY POWER // Southern Living;Sep2012, p20 The article discusses improvements to an Atlanta cottage designed with a Cape Cod aesthetic including a copper roof at the cottage's entry, board-and-batten shutters, and French doors on the Juliet balcony. Religion; the Forerunner of Organisational Culture: The Case of Quakerism in the Employment/Industrial Relations Practice of John and George Cadbury.

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84 Issue 2, p188 Supporters of Residential Community Associations (RCA) argue that one of the advantages of living in an RCA is an increase in property values. Using a unique dataset comprised of 124,878 home sales spanning ten years, this paper, in one of the first empirical studies of RCAs, finds that the... timber frames for the masses. // Timber Home Living;Jun2014, Vol. 24 Issue 3, p10 The article discusses the importance of using timber as a basic frame work material for building houses. Dwight Smith, president and founder of Hamill Creek Timber Frame Homes in British Columbia, states that timbers durability has been the reason for its use. Topics discussed include the use of... Living the Dream. Samson, Sara // Avenue: Calgary;Sep2013, p111 The article offers the author's insights on the urban planning and development in Calgary, Alberta based on four factors including sustainability, aesthetics, and affordability. The author thinks that mixed-use communities are more sustainable since they provide opportunities for people at all...

Pictures: Bournville Village Trust opens archives to show town planning masterpiece - Birmingham Post Birmingham Post Pictures: Bournville Village Trust opens archives to show town planning masterpiece 10:00, 19 Oct 2014 Updated 10:41, 20 Oct 2014 The photographs show Bournville as it was as far back as 1879, painting a picture of the estate, which was the vision of George Cadbury, in its formative years Share VIEW GALLERY Designed to be totally different to the typical ‘tunnel-back’ terraced housing which populated large swathes of Birmingham in the 1890s, Bournville was to become a model village like no other . Today, the estate, which covers 1,000 acres and has been credited as laying the foundations for the development of garden cities, is managed by Bournville Village Trust and is home to approximately 25,000 people. The Trust not only maintains the village’s many homes, buildings and a significant number of its open spaces, but also continues to build new and affordable homes to meet people’s needs now and in the future.

Among these new homes is a brand new care village, which is being built in Bournville in partnership with the ExtraCare Charitable Trust, Birmingham City Council and a range of other health and social care partners. A large village green area will be an integral element of this multi-million pound care complex and will complement the other attractive and well-used open spaces that make up around 10 per cent of Bournville. Open spaces and well-designed and quality built homes are what gives Bournville its distinctive look and feel, and the Trust has opened up its archives to the Birmingham Post to reveal photographs which are believed to have never been published in the press before. The photographs show Bournville as it was as far back as 1879, painting a picture of the estate, which was the vision of George Cadbury, in its formative years. Gillian Ellis, Heritage Manager at Bournville Village Trust, explains more about this insightful and captivating collection of images. George Cadbury Amongst this fascinating collection of images is a photograph dating back to circa 1879 featuring the first cottages to be built in Bournville Lane.

The cottages were built for key workers from the Cadbury factory which George Cadbury and his brother Richard moved from Birmingham city centre to its present site in 1879. Houses in the Bournville estate were planned in groups of two or four with large gardens, as demonstrated in the photographs of Acacia Road, Holly Grove and Hay Green Lane. A young unknown architect, William Alexander Harvey, was appointed to design the homes on the Bournville estate and for inspiration he looked to the local traditions of rural villages. Many of Bournville’s iconic buildings were designed by Harvey and his influence can be seen in several of the estate’s more recent buildings. In 1897, Richard Cadbury established Bournville Almshouse Trust, a Quadrangle of 33 bungalows for retired workers of the Cadbury factory. The Quadrangle still stands today and is managed by Bournville Village Trust, providing sheltered housing for the elderly with help and support on hand if needed. One of the houses in Bournville with great architectural merit is known as the Bath House and is situated in Laurel Grove. Its history was revealed by the Birmingham Central Library three years ago.

Constructed in 1897, it was paid for entirely by George Cadbury and, as its name indicates, was intended to allow members of the public to take a bath, costing three old pence per bath. However, very soon after its opening, George insisted that each home should have its own bath. In the early designs, these took the form of a sunken bath in the kitchen or the famous ‘tip-up’ bath in a kitchen cupboard. A few years later, the houses built in Bournville had their own separate bathrooms meaning that the local demand for public bathing reduced significantly and subsequently, the Bath House closed in 1912. VIEW GALLERY The building is now a residential property and one of the 8,000 homes managed by Bournville Village Trust across Birmingham and in Shropshire, where the Trust is developing a new village which reflects the aims of Bournville in a 21st century setting. Also amongst the collection of photographs are images of Bournville Infants and Bournville Junior Schools.

Opened in 1906 and 1910 respectively, the schools were part paid for by George and his wife Elizabeth Cadbury, and to this day the Trust continues to maintain the external fabric of these buildings. Within the schools’ distinctive tower, lays a relatively hidden gem that can still be heard ringing out across the estate today. The Bournville carillon, which is a musical instrument made up of a set of bells and played from a keyboard, is considered to be one of the finest and largest in Britain. George Cadbury ordered the bells after being inspired by the famous carillon in Bruges during a visit to Belgium and they were installed in 1906. The visitor centre for the carillon is housed in the Rest House on the Green Flag award-winning Village Green, which is also home to the Day Continuation School. Dating from 1925, the School was used by workers from the Cadbury factory who were encouraged by George Cadbury to take time out from work to improve their general education. Today it forms part of the Birmingham City University International College.

George also encouraged the construction of local facilities that would help communities to thrive, which is why Bournville is populated by attractive open spaces, shops and community halls amongst other facilities such as bowls, cricket and tennis clubs, playgrounds and parks.

Question: What is the name of the village near Birmingham, UK, established by George and Richard Cadbury?
Answer: Bournville