3. GRAPE PRODUCTION IN AUSTRALIA 3. GRAPE PRODUCTION IN AUSTRALIA *Department of Primary Industries, Queensland Horticulture Institute, P.O. Box 501, Stanthorpe 4380, Queensland, Australia. 1. INTRODUCTION The first grapevine planting material arrived in Australia with white settlement in 1788. Today grapes are grown commercially in all States and Territories. Grape growing (wine, raisin, and table) is the largest fruit industry in Australia with production in a wide range of environments from temperate to tropical. Wine grape production and wine making is the largest and most predominant of the three viticulture industries. There has been considerable change in production in all three industries over the last 4 years, up to 1999. Wine grape production has almost doubled to 1,076,207 tonnes and dried grape production has fallen to 119,438 tonnes, largely in response to export markets plus increasing imports of dried grapes. Table grape production has increased by almost 60 percent to 69,891 tonnes fuelled by industry expansion in sub-tropical regions and increasing exports to Asia.

A feature of recent industry expansion has been the increased planting of varieties specific to the end use (wine, dried, table). Nevertheless, the multipurpose varieties such as Sultana, Muscat Gordo Blanco and Waltham Cross continue to account for 40 percent of white grape production in Australia. Grape growers redirect their fruit from drying to processing for wine or production of table grapes as the fortunes of each industry waxes and wanes. A comparison with other grape producing countries throughout the world shows that Australia was the 14th largest producer of grapes (tonnes) in 1997, when Australia was ranked 9th in the world for volume of wine produced. While 28 percent of production (170.6 ML) was exported, this amounted to only a very small percentage of world wine exports. Australia is a relatively small producer and exporter of table grapes and raisins by world standards. The viticulture industries in Australia are well developed, innovative and utilize the latest production practices. Australia is ranked among the top 10 countries in terms of average grape yield (t/ha). There is a high degree of mechanization in the vineyard, particularly in the wine grape and raisin industries.

A substantial research, development and extension effort continues to generate practices that improve production efficiency and grape quality. 2. CURRENT STATUS OF GRAPE PRODUCTION Grapes are grown in all States of Australia but most of the production is in the temperate zone. The three largest States by production are South Australia (Riverland), Victoria (Sunraysia) and New South Wales (Riverina) (Table 1). Wine grapes are grown in all States, table grapes in all States except Tasmania and raisins in Victoria, New South Wales, South Australia and Western Australia. Important grape production districts are shown in Figure 1. Over the last five years wine grape production has almost doubled, raisin production declined slightly and table grape production increased moderately (Table 2). Further substantial increases in wine grape production will occur during the next two to three years as non-bearing vines come into production and reach mature cropping levels. Most of the growth in the table grape industry has occurred in sub-tropical areas across northern Australia. Production volumes will increase over the next two years when these new vineyards come into bearing. New plantings of wine grapes are expected to slow down, while raisin grapes will remain static and table grapes show a slight increase. Table 1.

Production of Wine grapes, Raisins and Table grapes in Australia, 1998-99 (in tonnes). Wine making Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Catalogue No. 1329.0, 1999. 3. PRODUCTION OF PLANTING MATERIAL Production, supply and maintenance of healthy planting material are well organized and wholly undertaken by industry. There are three tiers involved, namely, the national, state and individual nursery operator levels. The Australian Vine Improvement Association (AVIA) is the national organization responsible for developing standards in vine health maintenance and product quality. Each state has a vine improvement organization (VIO) whose role is to produce healthy cuttings as specified by AVIA, for sale to nurseries. Privately owned nurseries propagate vines for sale to grapegrowers, preferably using cuttings from VIOs but also from commercial vineyards in times of short supply. In recent years a substantial effort has been made at all levels of the industry to improve the health status of grapevine planting material in Australia.

Virus indexing of government germplasm collections using more sensitive techniques is almost complete and indexing of the VIOs source area vineyards, from which cuttings are produced and sold to nurseries, is well advanced. These vines will now be indexed every 2 to 3 years. AVIA and the state VIOs have jointly developed sanitation protocols for use by nurseries, in particular a hot water treatment (50°C, 30mins) of cuttings for the control of crown gall and phytoplasmas. A quality assurance scheme has been developed by AVIA, which governs the health status and quality of planting material sold by participating nurseries. The types of planting material available are dormant cuttings, vines on own roots and vines grafted to rootstocks. Most planting material is purchased from nurseries and planted as vines with roots. Some growers continue to plant callused cuttings directly into the vineyard but this practice is dying out. Bench grafting using machines built for the purpose is the most widely used technique by nurseries. A small number of nurseries continue to graft in field nurseries. One specialized nursery has recently started green micro-grafting which enables the production of bench grafted vines all year round.

Throughout the 1990s there was a large increase in the number of vines grafted to rootstocks. More than 20 rootstocks (Table 4) are used in the Australian viticulture industries, primarily for salt tolerance, increased productivity and nematode tolerance. Rapid expansion of the grape industries, mostly wine grape and table grape, has seen large increases in the number of vines produced each year but demand exceeded supply which led to shortages of propagating material. It was estimated that in some years, up to 60 percent of the propagating material used by nurseries came from commercial vineyards and hence had a doubtful health status and quality. Table 4. Rootstock Cuttings Sold in Australia, 1998. Variety Source: Australian Vine Improvement Association. 4. ESTABLISHING VINEYARDS Site Assessment Long-term profitability and ease of management is greatly enhanced by detailed assessment of the proposed vineyard site. Firstly, the optimum district for producing the desired fruit (wine) quality or (table grape) harvest time is determined using long-term weather data. Once a vineyard site is chosen a detailed assessment of water and soil resources is undertaken.

The water survey will include assessment of on-farm water resources, access to off-farm water supplies and quality of the water. A water sample is then collected and analyzed. Grapevines are not highly sensitive to salt but water supplies with a total salinity exceeding 2000 microSiemens per centimetre, sodium content greater than 20 milliequivalents per litre or chloride content greater than 4 meq/L should be avoided. On-farm water resources are surveyed to determine the quantity of water available from dams or underground sources through bores, as well as the catchment area so that recharge rates can be calculated. Much of Australias viticulture is located in irrigable areas where water supply is reliable and well managed. Many of the new vineyard developments rely upon pumping water from rivers and streams, and this requires a licence issued by a statutory organization. The quantity and timing of rainfall in relation to the growing season, which varies considerably throughout Australia, is included in the assessment of water resources. The water survey is the major determining factor in the design of the vineyard irrigation systems. Soil surveys are increasingly used in vineyard planning.

They are the major determinant of vineyard layout and indicate what soil ameliorants and physical modifications are required before planting. A simple soil survey involves collecting soil samples for chemical analysis and nematode assay, whilst a detailed survey involves digging soil pits in a 100m grid across the vineyard site. Soil pits are used to determine variability across the site, presence of compaction or impermeable layers, and subsoil chemical status. Soil Preparation Soil preparation involves applications of lime or dolomite to adjust pH; superphosphate, as most Australian soils are low in phosphorous; and applications of magnesium, zinc and boron where these nutrients are locally deficient. Ripping along the vine row and sometimes of the entire site is used to break up compaction and impermeable layers and increase soil depth. Where nematodes are present tolerant rootstocks are chosen and ordered from commercial nurseries. Planting Immediately prior to planting the soil is cultivated. Planting is commonly carried out in late winter-early spring using dormant vines. Numerous mechanical devices are available to assist with planting of vines.

The recent introduction of container grown vines has enabled the planting season to continue through to mid-summer (Dec/Jan), even in sub-tropical areas. Vine Spacing Vine spacing varies slightly with grape type (wine, raisin, table), age of vineyard and district. Rows are mostly 3.0-3.6m wide with vines 1.5-2.4m apart. Spacings are commonly at the higher end of the range in more recent vineyards because of larger trellis designs, plus rootstocks and improved management practices contributing to greater vine vigour. A few medium density (2.0m x 1.0-1.5m) wine grape vineyards have been planted but these spacings are not suited to the climate of most grape production districts in Australia. The use of vine tubes to promote faster growth and establishment of young vines has become widespread over the last 5 years. A variety of tubes are available, differing in design, colour, length and material. Vine tubes are rarely used and considered unnecessary in northern Australia, as vines establish quickly and carry their first crop 18 months after planting. 5.

VINEYARD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES The discussion in this section focuses on table grape production in northern Australia (Queensland, Northern Territory, Western Australia). Notable variations in management practices in the wine or raisin grape industries will be highlighted. Trellis Systems The most common trellis used for table grapes is a 6 or 8-wire large Y shaped trellis. The 6-wire Sloping T trellis is far less popular. Both trellis designs have two cordon wires and vines are trained to a quadrilateral. Moveable foliage wires are not used nor hand positioning of shoots. Both trellis designs provide good separation of fruit and foliage. The Y trellis is preferred as it provides unobstructed access from both sides for harvesting and pre-harvest hand manipulation of bunches. The application of plastic vine covers is a little easier with the Sloping T trellis. Pruning Most varieties grown are spur pruned even in the tropical areas (Mareeba). Thompson Seedless and Menindee Seedless require cane pruning and there has been a recent shift to cane pruning of Red Globe for greater fruit yield. All pruning of table grapes is done by hand.

A large proportion of the wine grape area planted throughout Australia is machine pruned or not pruned at all. Hydrogen cyanamide (Dormex ®) is applied after pruning to enhance percent bud burst, promote uniform bud burst and advance bud burst time in the early season districts. The interval between application and bud burst increases with latitude from 10 days (Mareeba) to 25 days (St George). Notwithstanding the use of hydrogen cyanamide bud burst is more protracted and the percent bud burst is less than in temperate areas. Our understanding of vine dormancy, interaction with the environment and the manipulation of bud burst needs to be improved if vineyard productivity in sub-tropical areas is to be increased. Vine Nutrition Inorganic fertilizers are predominantly used for maintaining vine nutrition. Annual dry matter analysis of petiole samples is commonly used for determining the nutrient requirements of grapevines. Some growers also use soil analyses but generally only every second or third year. Most grape growers apply inorganic fertilizers through the irrigation system (fertigation) because it is easy, provides a high degree of flexibility and control, minimizes leaching losses in summer rainfall districts and ensures the nutrients are available when required by the plant.

Broadcasting of fertilizer for incorporation by rain is uncommon and generally used only for particular fertilizer products. Annual fertilizer application rates for table grapes in the sub-tropics range from 20 to 40 kg/ha N, 10 to 20 kg/ha P, and 60 to 100 kg/ha K. Dolomite or lime is regularly applied to adjust soil pH. Foliar fertilizers are increasingly being used for the application for micro-nutrients (Zn, B, Mg, Mn). Only a small number of growers use organic fertilizers but the interest in organic fertilizers is increasing sharply. Organic fertilizers are invariably expensive per kilogram of nutrient, not easily accessible and often in short supply. Vineyard Floor Management Standard practice is a weed free strip along the vine row and a permanent plant cover between rows. This minimizes soil erosion and facilitates vehicle access after rain, when the timely application of fungicides for disease control is important. The inter-row plant cover is usually self sown, although in vineyards in temperate southern Australia there is a shift towards the planting of specialist species. The inter-row plant cover is regularly slashed and the under-vine strip maintained weed free with herbicides.

Cultivation is generally not practiced. Irrigation Irrigation is essential for profitable table grape production. Drip irrigation is the standard technique used. Furrow irrigation or under-vine sprinklers are not used because of limited water supplies and both methods of irrigation are found only in irrigation districts in southern Australia. Scheduling of irrigation is increasingly used over the traditional practice of regular application of a prescribed amount. Scheduling methods vary from rather inexpensive and simple (crop factors, evaporation and rainfall data, tensiometers, gypsum blocks) to highly technical and more expensive techniques (neutron probes, capacitance probes). Irrigation scheduling provides flexibility of management for growers, leads to efficient use of water, avoids leaching, and maximizes vine performance. Pest Management Low chemical input is a characteristic of Australian viticulture and over the last 10 years there has been a shift to greater use of biological control agents. The viticulture industries are moving from routine to strategic spray programmes and this is most advanced in the wine grape industry where higher fruit damage levels are acceptable. The success of strategic spray programmes is the accurate prediction of pest outbreaks and disease infection periods. This requires monitoring in the vineyard for the presence and development stage of a pest and recording weather data.

The AusVit software package analyzes the weather data and vineyard observations to produce recommendations which assists grapegrowers to make spray management decisions. The list of insects is very similar throughout the grape production regions of Australia. The one notable exception is the occurrence of Queensland Fruit Fly in northern Australia only, which is a major pest of table grapes in this region, and its absence in southern areas. A biological insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis is available for control of light brown apple moth (LBAM) and grapevine moth caterpillar. The predatory wasp Trichogramma is also effective against LBAM. The pest mites (blister, bunch, rust) are controlled organically by applications of wettable sulphur and several predatory mite species endemic in Australian vineyards. Growers maintain predatory mite populations by the careful selection of safe pesticides. Queensland fruit fly and cadydids (grasshoppers) are the two significant pests of table grapes in northern Australia and require regular control to prevent serious damage. Diseases are of far greater concern and impact on grape production throughout Australia.

Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), Botrytis (Botrytis cinerea) and anthracnose (Elsinoe ampelina) are the most damaging diseases of table grapes in northern Australia. Under the high summer rainfall conditions common throughout northern Australia the damage to fruit and foliage can be extensive and severe. The standard spray programme for table grape production involves regular applications of protectant fungicides with the timing determined by growth stage, weather forecasts and disease incidence the previous season. Copper oxychloride and mancozeb are the major fungicides used for downy mildew control. The eradicant fungicides metalaxyl, phosphorous acid, benalaxyl and oxadixyl are important for the post-infection control of downy mildew, particularly in Queensland where storms and two to three days continuous rainfall are common during the growing season. The spray programme for Botrytis is very specific and consists of two sprays during flowering, one spray before bunch closure, and one to three sprays during pre-harvest. To avoid resistance developing, particular attention is paid to using a fungicide from a different chemical group at alternate applications.

Resistance to benomyl and procymidone exists in some grape districts, particularly Western Australia where resistance is extensive throughout the table grape industry. The biological fungicide Trichodex is available but is less effective under high disease pressures. Control of anthracnose is possible only with regular applications of the pre-infection dithiocarbomate fungicides or dithianon for woolly bud and whenever new growth is present during wet weather. Once an outbreak of anthracnose has occurred it can take three to five years of good control practices to clean the disease from the vineyard. Fungicides used for anthracnose will also control Phomopsis (Phomopsis viticola). Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator) is less important in the wet and humid climate throughout Queensland, but is the major disease of table grapes at Ti Tree (Northern Territory). A programme of three or four sprays at seven to fourteen day intervals from bud burst is very effective in preventing powdery mildew. Wettable sulphur is commonly used early in the season, then as the daytime temperatures exceed 30oC the demethylation inhibitor fungicides are used.

Table Grape Quality Gibberellic acid is routinely used with Thompson Seedless and Flame Seedless to thin flowers in the inflorescence and increase berry size. Gibberellic acid is not applied to Menindee Seedless because it reduces fruitfulness, or Marroo Seedless because it leads to a large number of green, shot berries in the bunch at harvest. Plastic rain covers to protect fruit from pre-harvest rain damage are a recent innovation within the table grape industry. The rain covers are spread over the canopy of the vine just after veraison (approximately four to six weeks before harvest). Their use has become widespread in the Sunraysia, is rare in Queensland and is standard practice at Ti Tree with Thompson Seedless. Trunk or cane girdling is not used in northern Australia because the effectiveness of the technique in sub-tropical environments is not known and growers generally have no experience. 6. HARVESTING AND YIELDS Table grapes are hand harvested, packed into cardboard cartons, cooled on farm and transported to market in refrigerated trucks.

Most growers in northern Australia pack in the vineyard as it is cheaper, the fruit is destined for the domestic market, and is easy to manage as only one line of fruit is being packed. Shed packing is used where there is some damage requiring extra work to clean the fruit, and when the fruit is destined for an export market, multiple lines are packed simultaneously, and for varieties sensitive to handling (e.g. Thompson Seedless). Polystyrene cartons are rarely used for table grapes since the major retail supermarket chains decided two years ago they would no longer accept produce in polystyrene, because of the waste disposal problems of this bulky material in the cities. This is despite the superior insulation properties and better protection of fruit during transport. Plastic bunch bags were introduced three years ago and their use has increased in response to demand by the retail supermarket chains. Sulphur dioxide pads are not used in northern Australia where fruit is consigned to the domestic market, but are included in cartons of table grapes exported from Sunraysia and Swan Valley.

Northern Australian table grape yields average 7 kg/vine (8.75 t/ha) and only 3 kg/vine (3.75 t/ha) for the major variety Menindee Seedless. In the Sunraysia the average yield is 12 kg/vine (18.5 t/ha) and can exceed 20 kg/vine (31.0 t/ha) for Red Globe. Low bud fruitfulness due to the growing conditions in the sub-tropics is the major reason for relatively low yields across northern Australia. Low percentage bud burst and hence fewer shoots per vine is a major factor. The short duration of each growth stage (bud burst to harvest) leads to smaller bunches and berry size, which contributes to low yields and impacts on fruit quality. Average yield of raisin grapes is 25 t/ha (fresh weight) and 6 t/ha of dried grapes to greater than 25 t/ha for wine grapes, largely due to the production system. A sizeable and increasing percentage of the wine grape crop is harvested mechanically. This provides cost savings and is beneficial for maintaining fruit quality.

In the modern raisin grape vineyards canes are cut to allow drying of the fruit on the vine and subsequent machine harvesting. Considerable development of mechanical harvesting techniques for wine grapes and raisins has occurred in Australia. 7. MARKETING Table grapes are sold by two methods in Australia. Firstly, the traditional practice of consigning fruit to a wholesale agent at the central market in each of the capital cities for sale on commission. More recently, an increasing amount of fruit is being sold directly to the retail supermarket chains under contract for an agreed price. There are no table grape exports from districts across northern Australia as this production is early season and commands a high price on the domestic market. Table grape exports are predominantly from the Sunraysia and Swan Valley. In 1998-99 table grape exports reached a record high of 31,017 tonnes valued at $69.1 million. The major markets were Hong Kong and Singapore accounting for 40 percent and 25 percent, respectively, for a value of $44.3 million. The major varieties exported are Thompson Seedless, Red Globe, Flame Seedless and Menindee Seedless.

Table grape imports have been permitted only from New Zealand and are less than 5 tonnes each year. The Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service announced on 14 January 2000, that table grape imports from California would be permitted. Fruit is expected to arrive from July/August and continue through to December. Export sales of Australian wine have grown dramatically from 21.3 million liters in 1986-87 to 215.5 million litres in 1998-99. The major markets are Europe, North America and New Zealand. Wine exports to countries throughout Asia have also increased significantly in recent years and this region has become the focus for further export growth. 8. INDUSTRY POTENTIAL The table grape industry has grown significantly in recent years, mostly in northern Australia and the potential exists for continued expansion in this region. Water and land resources are available and support infrastructure is now well established. The potential exists to greatly increase domestic per capita consumption during the October to December period, which will in turn stimulate industry growth. Several large growers in Queensland have established links with exporters in preparation for export.

Continued growth of table grape exports to Asia is likely to lead to industry growth in the Sunraysia and Swan Valley. Expansion in the wine grape industry will slow but wine exports will continue to grow. Recent expansion of the wine grape industry has been into non-traditional production districts, including more sub-tropical parts of Queensland. The raisin grape industry is likely to remain static under pressure from imports, loss of traditional export markets and as grape growers plant wine or table grapes in preference. The major strengths of the Australian viticulture industries are the extensive research and development efforts and high level of skill amongst grape growers. The research and development effort has led to the current production practices and technologies in Australian viticulture to become some of the most advanced in the world. Grape growers are continually improving their skills and knowledge and adopting the technologies arising from research and development. The geographic range of grape production districts spreads the risk of crop failure and reduces the likelihood of gaps in supply. The range of climates in which grapes are grown throughout Australia extends the supply time of fresh table grapes and enables a wide variety of wine products to be produced. There is the potential for further advances in low chemical use production practices and the development of additional biological control methods.

Scope exists for greater adoption by grape growers of currently available integrated pest management practices and low chemical input viticulture. Significant improvements in vineyard efficiency and productivity will occur as a result of continued advances in irrigation management, vine improvement and vineyard mechanization. 9. CONTRAINTS ON GRAPE PRODUCTION Increasing salinity and pressure on water resources in the major grape production districts of southern Australia is a major issue for the future viability and development of all grape industries. There are huge political and environmental implications surrounding both issues. The salinity problem will be expensive and take considerable time to correct and in the meantime could result in some water and land resources becoming unusable. There are several constraints to development in the table grape industry. Firstly, the lack of new varieties which satisfy domestic and export market preferences and which are suited to local growing conditions, particularly those across northern Australia. Secondly, limited knowledge of vine physiology and performance under sub-tropical conditions is a major limitation to productivity. Specific issues include floral initiation and factors controlling bud fruitfulness, inflorescence and berry growth, vine nutrition, dormancy, the mechanism controlling bud burst, and managing vegetative growth.

Major impediments to initiating and developing an export table grape trade from production districts in northern Australia are a lack of market intelligence, poor contacts in Australia and destination markets, and limited export experience amongst grape growers. Grape growers in Australia are highly skilled, continually updating their viticulture knowledge and have a high propensity to adopting new technologies and practices. There is a comprehensive education programme providing training at all levels. Several universities train viticulturists and oenologists, the extensive network of TAFE colleges across Australia train vineyard workers in the practical skills, Government agriculture agencies provide education and training in new practices and technologies arising from research and development, and numerous secondary schools now teach viticulture. Learning also occurs in the many grape grower discussion groups organized within industry. 10. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMITMENT The Government is the major funding source for the substantial research effort within Australia on behalf of the viticulture industries. All three grape industries jointly fund research and development through levies paid by grape growers and processors (wine and raisin). The majority of the viticulture research is on wine grapes.

Table grapes receive the least amount of research effort, almost all of which is undertaken in sub-tropical environments by the Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Northern Territory Department of Primary Industries, and Fisheries and Agriculture Western Australia. Research and development is undertaken by numerous organizations throughout Australia. The major organizations at the national level are the Cooperative Research Centre for Viticulture, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization and Australian Wine Research Institute. The Agriculture Department in each state is another major contributor to viticulture research and development, with the level of commitment varying depending on the size of the grape industries in the state. Several universities across Australia are also involved in grape research. The current research activities of each organization can be found in their annual report or web page. Each grape industry has a research and development corporation, which formulates research priorities, collects the levy money and then allocates it to research projects. The priorities of the wine grape industry are: a) Grapevine variety improvement, d) Resource and vineyard management, e) Economic prediction and assessment, f) Technology transfer. Research priorities of the raisin industry are available in the annual report of the Dried Fruit Research and Development Corporation.

The table grape industry is not organized at the national level, so priority issues are developed at the state or local level only. The important issues in Queensland are bud fruitfulness, vine nutrition, dormancy and bud burst management, environmentally suited new varieties, quality assurance management, and integrated pest management. Federal and State governments have policies focusing on expanding exports of food products into Asia. This encompasses wine and table grapes. To achieve this objective, government funds have been committed to strategic projects addressing grape production and farm gate issues. The Federal government also provides funds through several agencies (e.g. Australian Council for International Agricultural Research) for collaborative research and development projects between organizations in Australia and throughout Asia, designed to assist industry development. 11. CONCLUSIONS The grape industries in Australia are technically advanced with highly skilled operators and an extensive research, development and education programme. Sustained economic viability of the wine grape industry is dependent upon continued growth in wine exports. Asia is an emerging market for Australian vine exports and significant growth in sales in this market is important and will be a focus of export strategies. Enhanced trade links in countries throughout Asia could well benefit Australian wine and table grape exports to the region.

A greatly increased research and development effort in the sub-tropical environments of northern Australia is required, to improve vineyard productivity, achieve competitiveness with Californian imports and hence sustain the expansion of this growing sector of the Australian table grape industry. To enable more effective management practices to be developed, future research should focus on vine physiology and understanding the interaction between the plant and environment. Opportunities for collaboration in table grape research between Australia and countries in Asia should be explored and mutual benefits identified. There are opportunities for countries in Asia to utilize the vast array of education programmes in viticulture and oenology, as well as access the extensive information resources available in Australia. Countries throughout Asia could access the technology and skills in wine making in Australia, to assist the development of their emerging wine industries. Figure 1. Major Grape Growing Districts in Australia. Sustainably growing grapes | Sustainable Gardening Australia Sustainable Gardening Australia Feb 182013 There are a few contenders for the most popular variety of various fruits, but there is little competition about the most versatile. Grape vines provide us with fresh grapes, dried fruits, oils, juice and, best of all, wine! But the most exciting thing about grapes is how easy they are to grow at your place.

For summer shade, winter sun and a bounty of fruit from February onwards, these deciduous perennial vines are a perfect planting in your patch. Grape vines are fairly easy-going when it comes to soil types and seem to tolerate a range of sub-soils, from clay to more free-draining. Grapes grown in nutrient poor soils will need a bit of a supplementary feed, so look at compost and organic matter to give them a hand. Grapes prefer a neutral to slightly acid soil, so if possible do a pH check before planting your grape vine. Position them in a nice sunny spot with plenty of support in the form of a tough trellis or sturdy fence – grapes grow up to be big and strong, and are certainly capable of yanking down a dodgy dwelling or flimsy fence line! The best time of year to plant them is when they are dormant, you will find a large variety of vines available and below is a list of table and wine grapes. Some even have the ability to be both! Black Muscat: Table or wine grape. Round, dark reddish skin with bloom, compact bunches, strongMuscat flavour. Vigorous and reliable vine. Spur or cane prune.

Late Summer: Red table grape, drying for raisins & redMuscat type wine. Suitable for growing over a pergola. Self-fertile. Cabernet Sauvignon: Cool region, wine grape. Mid season. Makes an excellent red wine of good colour, tannin and varietal character. Suitable for growing over a pergola. Self-fertile. Cardinal: Popular table grape. Very sweet, large round red grapes. Bunches need thinning. Grapes may split with rain. Cane prune. Fruits very early in the season. Suitable to grow over a pergola. Self-fertile. Chardonnay: Wine grape with green skin. Spur prune. Medium vigour. Early season. High quality wine with distinctive character. Self-fertile. Italia: Table grape. Large, golden-skinned, seeded grapes with whiteMuscat flavour. Virus free. Reliable and heavy bearing. Tolerates wet conditions. Spur prune. Mid to late season maturity. May be grown over a pergola. Pinot Noir: Black wine grapes of relatively low vigour. Suits cool regions. Spur prune. Early season.

Makes an excellent red wine of varietal character. Suitable to grow over a pergola. Self-fertile. Rhine Riesling: Green-yellow, small wine grape of moderate vigour. Suits cool regions. Spur prune. Mid season. Produces an excellent white wine with varietal character. Suitable to grow over a pergola. Self-fertile. Sultana: Popular table grape. Long bunches of medium-sized, oval, seedless, yellow-green to copper skinned, sweetly flavoured grapes. Needs warm, dry conditions. Cane prune. Mid season. Can be dried as sultanas. Also used as a ‘filler’ in wines. Suitable to grow over a pergola. Self-fertile. Waltham Cross: Table grape. Loose, conical bunches of large, oval grapes. Yellow–green to golden skin. Crisp flesh with very good flavour and single seed. Vigorous vine. Spur prune. Late summer to early autumn. Can be dried as raisins. Suitable for growing over a pergola. Self-fertile. White Muscatel: Popular table grape. Large yellow-green, seeded grapes.

Firm, very sweet flesh and strong Muscat flavour. Not vigorous, but bears heavily. Requires warm climate. Spur or cane prune. Mid to late season. Can be dried as raisins or used to produce white Muscat wine. Now, here’s the exciting news, grapes LOVE much of our country’s climate! In order for them to be productive they require a cool winter, wet-ish spring and a long, dry summer which covers a great deal of this country. Grapes are currently grown successfully and productively in many areas, including the Sunraysia and the Murray Valley in Victoria, the Riverina in New South Wales and Stanthorpe in South-eastern Queensland. Other commercial growing regions include Carnarvon, the Swan Valley and South West of Western Australia, central New South Wales, the Riverland in South Australia and even central Northern Territory. If you live in an area that gets late frosts, you may want to consider covering your grapes’ new foliage to prevent them being bashed-about by the cold. White Seeded Grapes | Fruits | Fruit Producer & Exporter | South Africa Victoria This delicious seeded white grape has large, oval-shaped berries with a slight golden tint and compact bunches.

It is a cross between Waltham Cross and Cardinal, and originates from Romania. Victoria is relatively early and ripens in early January. Majestic This cultivar was developed locally at Nietvoorbij in South Africa, and originated from a cross between Bellevue and Waltham Cross. It was released to growers in 1985. Majestic is harvested in early February, and it has large, long elliptical berries, compact bunches. Waltham Cross The first reference to Waltham Cross was in 1871, when Mr. William Paul, of Waltham Cross, England, received a certificate from the Royal Horticultural Society for this cultivar. It is similar to Razaki or Rosaki, which originated south of the Caspian Sea, and is also grown under the name Dattier de Beyrouth in Central Europe. Waltham Cross was first planted in the Cape at the end of the nineteenth century. This seeded white variety has large oval-shaped berries with a golden tint and large, loose bunches. Sweet and juicy in taste, it ripens from February to March.

Dauphine Dauphine was developed at Dien Donnï¿½ in South Africa, and originated from open pollinated progeny of Almeria. It was released to growers in 1984. The name Dauphine is French for princess. This white grape has large, oval berries, with compact bunches. It is a late variety, which ripens towards the end of March and is usually the last grape to be harvested in the Hex River Valley. Grapes - Bulleen Art & Garden Grapes Aug 152009 Depending on who you ask, the grape may be one of the world’s most important fruit crops. These mighty fine vines provide us with fresh grapes, dried fruits, oils, juice and, best of all, wine! But the most exciting thing about grapes is how easy they are to grow at your place. For summer shade, winter sun and a bounty of fruit from February onwards, these deciduous perennial vines will be a perfect planting in your patch! Grapes are not only delicious but as a vigorous and attractive deciduous vine, can provide shade through the warmer months.

Grapes require some type of support to grow on, usually a wire is strung between two posts, although trellis, pergolas and tall posts are all suitable. Grapes require some maintenance including an annual prune. Planting your grape The best time to purchase grapes is during the winter months as bare root plants. This is when there is a larger range available and there is more moisture in the soil. Work the soil over and add lime and compost or manure to the soil. Mushroom compost is also suitable as it is more alkaline which grapes prefer. Dig a hole at least twice the width of the root ball at the base of the support and plant the vine. Backfill over the roots and firm down and water in well. Do not plant the vine too deeply or too shallow. Grapes need a full sun position for healthy growth and good fruit production. They also require good drainage. Pruning and training Grapes are produced on the current seasons growth. There are two types of pruning depending on which type of grape you have selected. 1. Sultana Grapes – These produce fruit on the current seasons growth produced on one year wood. The pruning technique used is called rod or cane pruning.

In the first year, simply let the vine grow and select one or two canes to train up the support you have selected. These are the framework canes. Prune back to a bud once these have reached the desired height. Four strong growing canes are then selected from the framework canes. Prune out all other canes and train the selected four canes horizontally along the wire or along the pergola. These canes will produce the fruit. Each year select four new canes and prune out all others, as these will produce fruit from the growth buds along the canes. 2. Black and White Muscat, Waltham Cross, and most of the wine grapes – These produce fruit on the current years growth from permanent spurs. The pruning technique used is called spur pruning. The first step is to develop the framework cane. Allow one cane to grow up the support to the desired height and prune back to a bud at this point. Select two canes and train horizontally over wires or another horizontal support. This will form the framework canes. Once these canes are trained horizontally, they should start to produce canes from the buds along the length of this cane. These will form the spurs.

It is important at this stage to select healthy growth that is spaced along the length of the framework cane, and usually buds are selected that face upwards. Keep the spacing at approximately 30cm apart. Shorten the selected spur canes to the second bud and prune off all other growth from the framework canes. These will now form your permanent spurs. Each year, all new growth from the spurs needs to be shortened to the second bud. Grape vines are fairly easy-going when it comes to soil types, and seem to tolerate our clayey Melbourne sub-soils pretty well. Check your pH before popping in a grape, as they prefer a neutral to slightly acid soil. Position them in a nice sunny spot with plenty of support in the form of a tough trellis or sturdy fence – grapes grow up to be big and strong, and are certainly capable of yanking down a dodgy dwelling or flimsy fence line! Now, here’s the exciting news; grapes LOVE our climate! In order for them to be super productive (and super tasty) they require a cool winter, wet-ish spring, and a long, dry summer… sounds like Melbourne and surrounds to me!

If you live in an area that gets late frosts, you may want to consider covering your grapes’ new foliage to prevent them being bashed-about by the cold. Keep an eye out for pest problems on your grape vines, in particular a flurry of fungal problems. This is generally more of an issue in humid areas, but if you do come up against a fungal problem, make sure the vine is well-mulched, avoid water on the foliage, spray the vine with a bit of seaweed solution (Seasol, Multicrop etc) and consider an anti-fungal spray like lime sulphur. Now, a serious word of warning with regards to grapes. Due to a nasty little pest of both edible and ornamental grape vines – Phylloxera – movement of grape vines is seriously restricted in Victoria. Before take your grape vine, vine cuttings, or ornamental grape vine for a ride in the car, make sure you are well aware of the Phylloxera exclusion zones that exist throughout Victoria. For more info, check Now, onto the fun stuff – picking a grape variety.

Here at BAAG we carry a bunch of different grape varities for most of the year, so whether is for gobbling or gulping we’ve got your grape! Autumn Royal A hybrid seedless black grape with crisp sweet flesh. The fruits are large and oval shaped with blue black thin to medium skin and delicious sweet translucent yellow-green flesh. Black Muscat: Table or wine grape. Round, dark reddish skin with bloom, compact bunches, strong muscat flavour. Vigorous and reliable vine. Spur or cane prune. Late Summer: Red table grape, drying for raisins & red muscat type wine. Suitable for growing over a pergola. Self-fertile. Cabernet Sauvignon: Wine grape. Cool region grape. Mid season. Makes an excellent red wine of good colour, tannin and varietal character. Suitable for growing over a pergola. Self-fertile. Cardinal: Popular table grape. Very sweet large round red grapes. Bunches need thinning. Grapes may split with rain. Cane prune. Very early in the season. Excellent table grape. Suitable to grow over a pergola. Self-fertile.

Chardonnay: Wine grape with green skin. Spur prune. Medium vigour. Early season. High quality wine with distinctive character. Self-fertile. Crimson Seedless A mid to late bright red seedless grape. Crisp firm sweetly tart, almost spicy fruit. Great fresh or in fruit salads. Can also be used to make raisins. Avoid excess Nitrogen fertiliser, as you will get too much leaf growth at the expense of the fruit. Cane pruned. Italia: Table grape. Large, golden skin, seeded grapes with white muscat flavour. Virus free. Reliable and heavy bearing. Tolerates wet conditions. Spur prune.Mid to late season maturity. White muscat flavoured table grape. May be grown over a pergola. Muscat Gordo Fabulous strong muscat flavour in a large fleshy white fruit. One of the earliest grapes used for wine making, now commonly used for drying or as a desert grape. Spur pruned. Pinot Noir: Wine grape. Black grapes of relatively low vigour. Suits cool regions. Spur prune. Early season. Makes an excellent red wine of varietal character.

Suitable to grow over a pergola. Self-fertile. Purple Cornichion: Large clusters of elongated to egg shaped berries, with thick purple skin and soft juicy flesh and seeds. Provides good summer shade when grown over a pergola. Avoid overhead watering which encourages fungal diseases. Self-fertile Red Globe A table variety developed in the late 1980s with very large appealing seeded dark ruby red round berries. A delicious delicate sweet fruity flavour. Popular for eating and decorating. Ripens late. Spur pruned. Rhine Riesling: Wine grape. Green-yellow small grape of moderate vigour. Suits cool regions. Spur prune. Mid season. Produces an excellent white wine with varietal character. Suitable to grow over a pergola. Self-fertile. Ruby Seedless This mid season variety has large clusters of small to medium crisp red seedless fruit. Bold textured foliage makes it ideal to train over an arbour or pergola. Very fast growing, will create a screen in a season. Prune to clear single node spurs. Sultana: Popular table grape.

Long bunches of medium sized, oval, seedless, yellow green to copper skinned, sweetly flavoured grapes. Needs warm, dry conditions. Cane prune. Mid season. White table grape and for drying as sultanas. Also used as a ‘filler’ in wines. Suitable to grow over a pergola. Self-fertile. Waltham Cross: Table grape. Loose, conical bunches of large, oval grapes. Yellow – green to gold skin, crisp flesh with very good flavour and one seed. Vigorous vine. Spur prune. Late summer to early autumn. Mainly used as a table grape due to its good flavour. Also used for drying (raisins). Suitable for growing over a pergola. Self-fertile. White Muscatel: Popular table grape. Large yellow-green, seeded grapes, firm, very sweet flesh and strong muscat flavour. Not vigorous, but bears heavily. Requires warm climate. Spur or cane prune. Mid to late season. Table grape, drying (raisins), white muscat wine.

AdamFforde White Grapes – African Trade Market 1 We have listed the white grape varieties which we specialise in below, please enquire about other varieties and we will see whether we can source the products for you. Enter the sizes that your specific market requires for white grapes and click on the "Add To Enquiry" link. Once you have added all the products that you are interested in click on Enquire Now and complete the required information in order for us to assist you with your request. See all the varieties which we have access to listed below. Please note that products are available during specific seasons as well as the current market demands. Pricing for our products work on an offer basis, in other words make us and offer and we will negotiate with our suppliers on your behalf. White Grape Packaging and Sizes Available Sizes Buy wine online | NakedWines.com × What do we mean by Fine Wine? At Naked Wines we define fine wines as wines that need more than one year from vine to table. This is a subject of very heated and earnest debate among wine enthusiasts, and every one of them seems to have their own definition. So we just picked the one that made the most sense to us!

In our humble opinion (and there are many who would disagree) fine wines are not NECESSARILY: From classic regions like Bordeaux and Burgundy. Other less well known regions are capable of producing wines that blind taste tests rate as equivalent or even better than the classic regions. Estate Wines. Many expensive wines source most of their grapes from independent growers. Click here to see all our fine wines Keen to see more fine wines on the site? In September 2013, we launched a Fine Wine Bond where we raised £5 million to invest in the 'top-end' stuff. So we're well armed to take on the fine wine market with a bang - and our range of fine wines will be increasing over the next few months / years! The bond offer is now closed, but we might run another issue in the future if there's enough interest… Smart move - you've found the Sweet Spot Here's a juicy little nugget of insider info… When it comes to wine, a small step in price = a HUGE leap in quality and taste By spending $11 - $15 for a bottle of wine, you're actually getting more than DOUBLE the quality of wine than a $8 - $10 bottle...

pretty impressive huh? Sound too good to be true? It's not. Here's how it works... The first several bucks you pay for a bottle covers basics that don't make the wine taste any better (glass bottle, bottling, labeling, closure, etc). As the price of a bottle increases, more of your money goes towards the delicious juice in the bottle rather than dry goods, taxes, and other boring stuff that adds nothing to the taste. So you get a LOT more bang for your buck These Sweet Spot wines have benefited from the very best fruit picked from immaculate vineyards, oodles of TLC, and a lil' extra Angel-funding at every step of the winemaking process. Pull yer socks up. Because if these Sweet Spot beauties don't blow 'em off I don't know what will I guarantee our Sweet Spot wines will blow you away. If they don't, then I'll give you every single penny back. So you've really got nothing to lose. Welcome to NakedWines.com Get exclusive access to world-class wines by supporting talented indie winemakers.

But first, our lawyer wants us to check that you're legal… Sorry we do not ship to your state, BUT you can browse or order a gift for someone by selecting a different state! Gardenarium :: Table Grapes & Wine Grapes Table Grapes & Wine Grapes Items in Cart (0) $0.00 View Cart Checkout Table Grapes We are proud to offer a huge range of white, red and rose eating grapes both Bare rooted in winter (dormant) and potted all year round as well the stunning Ornamental Grape Vine “Tinto”. We can include bare rooted stock in with bare rooted roses orders (subject to quarantine) and potted vines can be posted/ couriered all year round. We do get inundated with order due to our our great range, so ordering early in April/ May is always better but we try to have stock available all the year round. Wine Grapes Our selection of wine grapes is quite exceptional and we offer these both Bare rooted in winter (Dormant) and potted the all year round.

We can include bare rooted stock in with fruit tree, ornamental tree and grape orders as they don’t take up much room and potted stock can be posted/ couriered all year round. We do get inundated with orders because of our great range, so ordering early in April/ May will guarantee winter supply, but we do try to have the entire range available year round. Table Grapes Alden: Large firm, reddish-blue fruit with a mild muscat and labruska flavour, seeded and a heavy bearer. Early maturing. Aledo: Large oval yellow-white berries, seeded. The berries have a tough skin with a firm & juicy pulp. Pleasant tasty. Late matunng. Autumn Black: A mid-late maturing black seeded grape. The berries are large with pale yellow green flesh. The flavour is good with a sweet taste. Autumn Royal: Seedless, large, elongated purple-black berry with a crunchy skin, firm texture, and a pleasant, distinctive flavour. Late matunng. Barlinka: Huge berries on large bunches, seeded, purple-black with a sweet, crisp taste. Good mid season maturing market variety.

Beauty Seedless: Reddish black, sultana size berries that matures early-mid season. Black Hamburg: Large soft berries, with a muscat flavour. Early-mid season. Black Lady Finger: (Purple Cornichon) Clusters of elongated berries, with thick purple skin and soft, juicy flesh and seeds. Mid-late maturing. Black Malaga: Medium-sized black seeded berries. Good autumn foliage. Mid season. Black Muscat: Good muscat flavour, oval berries. Early season. Black Prince: Large open bunches, vigorous vine. Mid season. Black Sultana: Seedless reddish-black grape ripens two weeks later than White Sultana. Early-mid season. Blush Seedless: Red crisp grape, general characteristics of Emperor but a brighter red colour and also ripening early-mid season with a large well filled in compact bunch. Oval berries with good shipping qualities. Bunch thinning is recommended when over cropping. Brown Muscat: (Muscat Rouge) Good eating Frontignac style grape. Seeded, brownish red berries can be used in wine production. Calmeria: Good dessert variety, large white berries with solid skin. Similar to Ohanez. Matures late.

Canadian Muscat: Passion-fruit muscat flavour, white berries excellent for juice, mid season. Canadice: American bred flavoured red seedless. Early maturing. Canner: Seedless grape similar to sultana, large bunches. Very crisp marketing variety. Early maturing. Cannon Hall Muscat: Golden colour with large oval berries. Mild muscat flavour. Early-mid season. Cardinal: Excellent dessert variety, large fleshy red fruit. Mid season. Carina Currant: Small black seedless grape, suitable for drying into currants, larger than Zante Currant. Carolina Blackrose: Black medium oval berries firm & juicy flavour. Mildew resistant. Mid season. Centennial Seedless: White variety with large berries. Firm flesh, crack resistant and a mild muscat flavour. Well filled bunches up to 30cm long. Early maturing Champanya: Dessert grape, black berries with bright red juice, low growing with brilliant red autumn foliage. Early-mid season. Christmas Rose: Large bunches with large well coloured red seeded berries. Tear drop shape, very crisp, crack resistant berries with a high sugar content and a neutral flavour. Mid season.

Concord: Medium size round black, strawberry flavour, used widely for jams & juicing. Mid season. Crimson Seedless: Large red seedless berries on large bunches firm and crisp, with a neutral flavour. Mid season. Top supermarket variety. Dawn Seedless: Early maturing attractive white seedless with medium size oval berries ripening mid January in medium to warm climates. Berry flesh is firm and meaty and palatable at low sugar content. The vines are low to medium in vigour. Delaware: Pink small berries, small compact bunches with tender skin and juicy sweet flesh. Early maturing. Delight: White seedless sultana type, small compact bunches on a low growing vine. Matures early. Diamond Muscat: White seedless. The flavour is sweet, with a pleasant fruity, muscat flavour. The skin is medium thick and crunchy. Matures early, and maintains its muscat flavour when dried. Early Green: Sweet white. Early maturing. Early Muscat: Yellow green colour with medium size berries, strong muscat flavour. Matures early. Early season. Emerald Seedless: Large berries, heavy bearer, white seedless that resembles Sultana. Early season.

Exotic: Large crisp black berries with a mild flavour. Mid season. Fantasy Seedless: Jet black seedless grape which ripens along with Sultana. The bunches are medium in size, with large oval shaped berries. Berries are bluish black with a light white bloom. Flavour is good with a sweet taste. Prefers cane pruning for maximum yield. Early-mid season. Fiesta: Light yellow colour, medium round berries, distinct muscat flavour. Early seedless grape. Flame Seedless: Medium solid round red berries that hold very well. Top early market variety. In glasshouse production Flame Seedless will ripen before Christmas. Flame Tokay: Large red compact berries. Mid season. Fresno Seedless: Yellow-white medium size berries. Juicy with distinct flavour on a large bunch. Earlymid season. Fuji Muscat: Large yellow green berries. Mild muscat flavour, seeded. Mid season. Glenora: Black blue seedless, American flavoured. Early season. Gold: Large oval, very sweet yellow berries. Mid season. Gordo: (White Muscat) Multi purpose table/wine/drying use. Early-mid season.

Grand Turk: Large bunches, round black. Mid season. Henab Turki: Very large blush coloured berries which produces large bunches which have good keeping qualities. Matures mid-late in the season. Himrod: White seedless, pleasant spicy (nutmeg/clove) flavour. Early maturing Isabella: Black vigorous vine with strawberry flavour. Mid season. Italia: Large, seeded, white oval berries, heavy bearing with a pleasant muscat flavour. Mid season. Kishmishi: Very large red berries, firm and crisp, large bunches. Mid season. Kyoho: Large black passionfruit labruska flavour. Early-mid season. Lady Finger: Large tapered pink berries, heavy crop with seeds. Mid season. Malta Seedless: White oval seedless sultana type. Early to mid season. Marroo Seedless: This is the first really large oval seedless berried solid black table grape. Marroo has good flavour. Matures mid season. Menindee Seedless: White oval seedless sultana type berries. Matures early to mid season. Merbein Seedless: White oval berries, seedless and slightly larger than Sultana. Early maturing.

Moss Sultana: Seedless white oval berries. Early-mid season. Muscat of Alexandria: Large white coloured berries of a fine flavour. Mid season. New York Muscat: Muscat flavour, red-black seedless. Early season. Ohanez Almeria: Large berry, white heavy cropper, firm and fleshy. Late maturing. Continued Ohanez: Large white market variety. Mid season. Pannonia Gold: Very sweet large round golden berries. Seeded variety. Early-mid season. Perle de Csaba: Yellow medium round berries, with mild muscat flavour. Early maturing. Perlette: Sweet seedless white with a mild, aromatic flavour. Matures early. Pink Lady Finger: Large tapered pink berries, heavy crop with seeds. Mid season. Princess Black Muscat: Black oval shaped berries with superior muscat flavour. Mid season. Purple Cornichon: (Black Lady Finger) Clusters of elongated berries, with thick purple skin and soft, juicy flesh and seeds. Mid-late maturing. Queen of the Vineyard: Large round white berries on small open bunches. Mid season. Queen: Oval reddish black seeded grape with a slight muscat flavour.

Early-mid season. Red Emperor: Large solid round red berries, excellent keeping qualities. Very late. Red Globe: Produces very large bunches, bunch thinning needed for best quality fruit. Leaf removal around bunches 7-10 days before picking for a fuller bunch colour. Mid season. Red Labruska: American strawberry flavoured. Mid season. Red Malaga: Medium size, red seeded crisp berries. Neutral in flavour. Mid season. Red Muscat: (Woods) red form of White Muscat. Mid season. Red Prince: Large round solid berries. Early-mid season Ribier: Large, round, black seeded berries on large bunches. Mid season. Romulus: Seedless medium sized yellow green berries. Early season. Ruby Seedless: Ruby red berries the shape and size of Sultana. Heavy cropper, good keeping qualities. Mid season. Russian Seedless: Black seedless with large crisp oval berries. Early-mid season. Sabalkanskoi: Long oval red berries, firm and fleshy, very attractive. Early-mid season. Saturn Seedless: A seedless ruby coloured grape with pointed berries carried in small to medium bunches that bear heavily on medium vigour vines.

The flavour is very distinctive. Early season. Selma Pete: Selma Pete is an early white seedless grape. Berries are slightly larger than Thompson Seedless and ripen consistently with excellent sweetness. Siegerrebe: Small round pink berries, muscat flavour. Earliest of all table grapes. Suffolk Red: Large red berries on a loose bunch, seedless variety. Early season. Sultana M12: Clonal selection of Sultana. Early maturing. Sultana: Yellow-green oval seedless. Popular supermarket variety. Early maturing. Summer Muscat: Early seedless white, with a sweet, strong muscat flavour, with good skin texture. This grape is also suitable for drying into raisins. Thompson Seedless: Consistent heavy cropper, light yellow seedless berries with a soft berry skin and firm juicy pulp. Early maturing. Thomuscat: Seedless white crossing between White Muscat & Sultana. Early maturing. Urbana: Very attractive distinctive American flavoured red grape. Large seeded berries on tight bunches. Mid season. Venus: American strawberry flavoured black seedless. Early maturing.

Waltham Cross: Large solid white seeded grape with firm skin and a firm, juicy pulp. Mid season. White Crystal: Old white variety. Mid season. White Lady Finger: Large solid long white berries, keeps well on the vine. Mid to late season. White Muscat: Multipurpose table wine and drying use. Mid season. Zante Currant: Small seedless black berries used for drying. Early maturing. ORNAMENTAL GLORY VINE Vitis Vinifera Tinto: (Crimson Glory Vine) Ornamental common Glory Vine. (below) Wine grapes Alicante Bouschet: Boutique light red variety for Rose’ style wines. Barbera: Robust red wines with intense fruit and enhanced tannic content Cabernet Franc: Small black fruit maturing mid season. Premium red wine variety. Cabernet Sauvignon: Small black fruit maturing mid season. Excellent red wine variety. Carmenere: Used to produce deep red wines, rare Bordeaux variety. Chardonnay: Small white fruit maturing early. Colombard: Medium white fruit maturing mid season. European white wine vanety for dry white wines. Doradillo: Large white fleshy fruit maturing mid season.

Durif: Medium black fruit maturing mid season. European red variety. Frontignac Black: Black berries with muscat flavour. Early-mid maturing. Frontignac Red: Red berries with muscat flavour. Early maturing. Frontignac White: White muscat flavour. Early-mid maturing Grenache: Small black juicy fruit maturing mid season. lrsay Oliver: White grape with similar characteristics to Muscat. Malbec: Small black juicy fruit maturing early mid season. Red wine variety. Mataro: Medium sized black fruit maturing mid season. Red wine variety. Merlot: Small black seeded fruit maturing mid season. Montepulciano: Red Italian wine grape with full body and deep colour. Muscadelle: White wine variety. Small fruit maturing early mid season. Used for dessert wines. Orange Muscat: Sweet tasting dessert grape. Well suited to hot regions. Matures mid season. Palomino: (Sweetwater). White. Mid season. Pedro Ximenes: Sweet white wine variety, heavy bearer. Mid season. Petit Verdot: Small black fruit maturing mid season. Pinot Noir: Excellent red wine variety. Small black fruit maturing early.

Primitivo: Red grape. Also known as Zinfandel. Rhine Riesling: Small white fruit. Matures early to mid season. Roussanne: White wine grape. Sangiovese: Small black fruit maturing mid season. Saperavi: Deeply coloured and usually high in acidity. Sauvignon Blanc: Small white fruit maturing mid season. Semillon: Small white fruit maturing mid season. Shiraz: Popular small black seeded juicy fruit matunng mid season. Tempranillo: Black grape widely grown to make full-bodied red wines. Touriga Nacional: Portuguese red variety used to make port and also table wines. Verdeiho: White variety for Chablis style wine. Mid season. Vermentino: White grape variety.

Question: Almeria, Merlot, and Waltham Cross are which fruit?
Answer: Grapes