Le Tour de France: cycling tactics and glossary | France zone at abelard.org cycling tactics and glossary [also applies to the Giro and the Vuelta] end notes This page provides helpful information for following road cycle races. Here is adescription of major tactics, discussed, and illustrated as needed. There are also definitions of the more obscure terms used by the riders and race commentators. The first two sections mostly refer to the Tour de France, though other extended road races have similar prizes, while much of the glossary contents is, in general terms, universal. Often there is just a change in detail, such as a jersey colour. There are three major tours, which vie for publicity, star entrants and money. These events also jockey for position in the annual calendar. Currently, in order through the season, comes the Giro d’Italia in May, the supremely dominant French Tour de France in July, and the Vuelta a España in September. Much to the annoyance of the Italians, top riders will use the Giro as a training run for the Tour de France.

They will drop out of the Giro, rather than disturb their training schedule, as they aim to reach peak fitness to coincide exactly with the TDF. Previously, the Vuelta was early in the season and suffered the same annoyances. Nowadays, the Vuelta being at the end of the season, the stars will treat the Vuelta as winding down and demand high appearance fees. But the Vuelta now tends to be dominated by Spanish riders, often famed for their climbing ability . Another irritation is the sprint specialist who will go for stage wins early in a Tour, and drop out as soon as they hit the mountains - Mario Cipollini was famous for this. Cipollini was a wild man and one of the greatest sprinters of all time. He was constantly being fined for breaches of Tour rules such as riding in fancy clothes, such as a lion suit (he being known as the Lion King), or other imaginative cycling kits.

Mario Cipollini [Note that this example gives prizes for the Tour de France.] The winner of a day’s stage wins 8,000 euro The yellow jersey winner - fastest time overall in the general time classification: 450,000 euro The green jersey winner - winning the most points. Points are given to winners of intermediate and final sprint on each stage: 25,000 euro The spotted jersey winner - best mountain climber, winning mountain points when going over summits and intermediate difficulties: 25,000 euro The white jersey winner - best under 25 y.o. in the general time classification: 20,000 euro. Combativity prize - chosen by a specialist cycling jury: 20,000 euro Best team by time - lowest time after adding together the times of the three best members of each team at each stage: 50,000 euro.] For the mountain stages, if the last climb is classed as 2nd or 1st difficulty, or out of classification [hors catégorie] the points for that last ascent are doubled.

For every stage except the individual against-the-clocks, the three first riders of the intermediary sprints gain 6,4 and 2 seconds respectively, while the first three arrivals for each stage gain 20,12 and 8 seconds respectively. [There are three intermediate sprints on flat stages, 2 sprints on other stages.] For details of all prizes, see the 2009 Tour de France regulations [27-page .pdf], from section 1:13 to 1:28. how to become a serious nut Jerseys of the Tour de France, and other Grand Tours the yellow jersey [le maillot jaune] worn by the overall leader. The colour yellow was chosen because the sports newspaper, L'Auto ) that first sponsored the Tour de France was printed on yellow paper. the spotty jersey [le maillot blanc à pois rouges] worn by the climber ahead on points ( there are sprints during the day to reach the top of rises and the first three get the points) the green jersey [le maillot vert] similar to the spotty jersey, but for sprints the white jersey [le maillot blanc] the under-25 y.o.

currently leading. This is no teenager’s game. It takes a long time to build up the strength and stamina to become a top rider. Roman Kreuziger, 2009 Tour de France winner of best young rider (maillot blanc) holding his Skoda yeti peluche . Notice that the bouquet is composed of white flowers, this is also done with the other coloured jerseys. the pink jersey [il maglia rosa] The race leader’s pink jersey in the Giro d’Italia . [So named because La Gazzetta , the Italian sports paper that runs the Giro, is printed on pink paper.] The colour of leader’s jersey for the Spanish Vuelta has varied, and is currently red. coming last lanterne rouge [Tour de France] the competitor who actually finished the Tour last; named after the red lamp at the back of a train (no lantern for dropping out). maglia nera [black jersey] In the late 1940s, in the Italian Giro , Italy's grand tour, a prize was instigated for coming last, equivalent to the red lantern in the Tour de France. This is not so easy as might be imagined.

There was a time limit after which riders are eliminated from the race, a time which was related to the time of the stage leader. (A similar rule still applies today.) There was prize money for the maglia nera and Italy was exceedingly poor, so this prize became of serious interest. The prize had been started to stop fans from pushing off as soon as the leaders had finished. There were no radio communications, so riders had to rely on fans and supporters to make the timing right. The main challengers would hide by the roadside in order to fool rivals into thinking they were still ahead. The winner/loser would wear a black jersey. The black jersey had recently associated with the Fascists . There was much interest in who was black jersey, as well as the maglia rosa . Eventually, the organisers got fed up with waiting for hours for the last cyclist, and interest waned as the war and poverty gradually receded when the '40s gave way to the '50s.

[Summarised from , p.147-151] the sweep car (or sweeper van) right at the back of each stage, you will see an anonymous car of shame that picks up the fallen soldiers who could ride no more [le balai = the broom] race regulations These originate from the Union de Cyxlisme International (International Cycling Union, UCI), with a new set produced for every race. However, they are usually pretty similar, particualarly the second section, the "technical sports regulation handbook". This part gives information, with diagrams on how car and motor bike drivers, reporters, photographers and other support technicians must proceed at the start of, during and at the end of each stage. In this linked Race regulations from the 2016 Vuelta d'Espagna, the technical section starts from page 53. Full race rules for the 2016 Vuelta, in 22-page pdf form. Fascinating reading. domestiques [from the French: un/une domestique - a servant] These are ordinary team members supporting their star rider.

Their job is to put him into the best position to win, and to protect him from being worn down. (The teams also vie for a category win). The peloton is regularly moving at about 30 mph/48 kmph, which sets up considerable wind resistance, even on a still day. It is the job of the domestiques to lead out and protect their leader. In among the peleton, various teams are jockeying to make opposing teams do the hard work up front. Nor do you want your leader right in the middle of the peloton, risking domino crashes. So you keep him up near the front, surrounded by his guards. And pace your leader until you run out of energy, in order that he can use his greater strength to finish ahead. You will often see this on flatter stages, where the specialist riders (sprinters) are being led out until the last hundred metres or so. You don’t want your leader burning energy and going back to the supply cars, or dealing with the feeding stations with the attendant possibility of accidents in the melée. If your leader has already built up an individual lead in the Tour, then why go to the front? Let the others do the work.

On the other hand, your leader has a chance of taking some of the stuffing out of the recent leaders, and maybe you can break away and carry him over the line, so altering the situation. Naturally, domestiques are not also-rans, but are vital to the success of the leader and the team so, of course, they share in the prize money. If your leader is fortunate enough to win an extra [Crédit Lyonnais] lion or two, he may give you one as a valued souvenir. Credit Agricole peluche lion just a cyclist? Not all cyclists have the same skill set, but no real contender can be a slouch in any department. You just about cannot win the Grand Tour unless you are a top climber or time trialist, and damn good at both. Among the ever-present discussions, more like arguments, about whether this year’s Tour, or last year’s, or next year’s, is ‘fair’. There will be claims that the hills are too steep and too many of them, in order to attract and favour a great climber, or perhaps the great home climbers among the Basques.

Or the reverse: the climbs are too easy but the time trials are so highly represented that the climbers cannot win. Be aware that modern Tours, despite thousands of kilometres, are usually won or lost by a very few minutes. Remember, in the Grand Tours, the cyclists ride in teams of about ten riders. sprinters [Fr.: sprinteur] Sprinters will tend to win flat stages with a final burst of incredible speed on the final two or three hundred metres, in the midst of bumping and barging in a dangerous melee. These are often big riders with big muscles. time trialers Much of this is about style and technique. It is essentially flat out riding for an hour, or fifty plus kilometres with highest of high-tech equipment and clothing. It costs millions to put a major cycling team on the road. Team trial space invaders There are two categories of time trial : team trials, as illustrated here, and individual time trials. climbers [Fr.: grimpeur] These are often light and all muscle and with tremendous, everlasting stamina, to drive their weight up the mountain sides. They gradually wear down the big boys to a state of despair.

You may also see the following terms: rouleur - a fellow with stamina who can keep going all day polyvalent - all-rounder puncheur - strong man able to turn up the amps leader - top star around whom the teams are built directeur sportif - team manager training Sports training is becoming ever more complicated and scientific. Sports cycling training includes mileage, intervals, nutrition and post-ride recovery. Fatigue is also a significant factor in race cycling, and may be one of four types: The bonk , hitting the wall, resulting from muscle glycogen depletion. Developing one or two hours into a ride, i t is more likely to occur if glucose supplements are not taken during the ride to reinforce internal glycogen stores. Post-ride fatigue, the tiredness after several hours of vigorous riding. A sign of approaching training limits, it can lead to better performance on the next outing. Over-reaching is tiredness after a week of hard training. Recovery may lead to increased speed and strength. Overtraining - this is not good, and can take weeks, or even months of recovery. Training often includes participating in lesser competitions in preparation for a more important one.

Thus, riders will cycle in the Italian Giro (and/or the Spanish Vuelta when it used to be scheduled earlier in the year) to prepare for the premium race of the Tour de France . This has caused annoyance to the organisers of the Giro and the Vuelta , when big names participate for enough days to tune their bodies, then drop out so as not to overtrain before the Tour de France. echelon Typical echelon formation. Image: rutrainingtoday.co.uk You will see this behaviour during the big, flat stages with side winds blowing across the plains. It also occurs when the peloton is riding along the seaside. Of course, the number of steps in an echelon is limited by the width of the road. This can result in breaking up a peloton. If you cannot get on the first echelon, you are stuck with having to form or join a second or third one. With a group of strong riders in the first echelon, peloton break-ups are quite likely. Rotating: the cyclists peel off the front and drift to the back of the peloton, giving the next in line a turn at withstanding the brunt of the wind.

Shielding yourself behind another rider can save up to 20 to 30% of energy on the flat. This varies by cycling speed, wind speed and wind direction. Obviously, this does not apply to a following wind, and is much reduced in uphill sections. Do you want to be right at the front of the peleton, or the race? If you are, you will be breaking the oncoming wind for the riders behind. If you are not, and someone crashes in front of you, you risk going down like nine-pins, or should that be 20-30 pins? Your browser does not support the video tag. Tour de France 2015, stage 3 mass crash. Source: NBCSN [continuously repeating clip] And, as part of the team, you may be guarding your leader, almost as a discardable shield, to be sacrificed so he can reach the final sprint and the stage finish in safety, having conserved sufficient energy. But being near the front, but not the actual front runner, can enable a rider to keep out of trouble, from being jostled in the peleton, or clipping a wheel (as in the video above).

Thus, the better riders will position themselves near the front of the race, or the peleton, with team mates to protect them from the oncoming wind and from being blocked by members of other teams. the breakaway (This section applies mainly to non-mountain stages.) There is always a lot of camaraderie on the road with this roughest and hardest of all sports. It’s very difficult for individual riders, or even half a dozen, to break away from the main peloton, for the main peloton can move considerably faster, with its wind-breaking advantages as the leaders change and change about. So why do you so often see breakaways? Well, what’s wrong with a bit of ambition? More seriously, it means your sponsors will have a lot of camera time, which is, after all, for what they are paying. It is also a good way of upping your personal visibility and reputation. Who will be involved in breakaways? It won’t be the top stars. After all, this is a risky gambit. Furthermore, all the top riders watch each other like hawks, and there is no way that they are going to allow a serious rival to gain several minutes on the road.

This is so much the case that riders trying to establish a breakaway and finding a serious contender amongst their numbers will tell him to get lost and go back to the main peleton. Why? Because they know full well that the big guns will chase him down, whereas without him, the big guns are much less likely to make the effort. Remember there are team prizes, and a top team will not want to let a seriously competing team escape without inserting one of their own riders in the breakaway. They may even try to sneak in a second rider. If a strong team has managed to get one of its riders away, thereafter it will steadfastly refuse to work at the head of the peloton and chase down the breakaway. There will be other riders going for more minor prizes, such as those for sprint or hill climbing, who will jump out of the peleton to make a dash for a sprint point or a hill crest to grab extra points. Again, they will not be chased down with so much determination as long as they are not treatening the serious contenders. Who else will break away?

It’s the fellow who isn’t very high up in the rankings but it’s his birthday, or the race is about to go through, or finish at, his home town; and then there’s always a bit of extra prize money. But do you really want to win a stage? After all, it can make you a target for rival teams. Thus a hot favourite may well prefer to hang back a little for the first few days of a Grand Tour race. How to break away Sometimes the peleton becomes stretched out at the front end, with one or several riders cycling faster, the riders becoming strung out in a line. But it is as if they are attached by an invisible elastic line to the main grouping of the peleton. The front cyclists move ahead, and then are 'pulled' back towards the main pack. In due course, the elastic can be stretched so much, the riders are so far ahead, that the elastic breaks and they have become a breakaway. some cycling slang/dictionary - a glossary bidon : [French, un bidon, for a container for liquid - a can, tin, flask for water, milk, petrol.] [See sticky bottle ] The highly decorated plastic water bottles used by cycle race riders.

The empty bidons are discarded by being thrown to the side of the road, where they are eagerly picked up as souvenirs by spectators or fans. Domestiques returning to their team car at the back of the peloton will load up with eight or more bidons shoved down and up their maillots . They may use a bidon gilet [waistcoat] instead, that has rows of pockets on the back into which to easily slot and remove bidons. However, the gilets do hold less than the traditional method. The bidons are distributed amongst team members when the domestique returns towards the top of the peloton. A bibon contains about 50 cl (½ litre). On a long, hot stage of about five hours, a rider can consume 20 bidons, or ten litres! big or small ring : The front cogs on the pedal shaft. New, asymmetric or elliptical front rings are coming into practice as an alternative to the traditional, circular variety. Asymmetric/elliptical rings are intended to minimise the 'dead spot' as a pedal rises, a rider's thrust on the pedals being strongest when the foot is pressing down.

There are dubious claims made that these asymmetric/elliptical rings can increase energy transmission. While it is likely that they may reduce fatigue by smoother transmission, increasing energy is another matter. you may find all manner of technical sites discussing these topics. Electronic gear changing is also spreading for its greater speed and efficiency. Hitting the wall, resulting from muscle glycogen depletion. Developing one or two hours into a ride, it is more likely to occur if glucose supplements are not taken during the ride to reinforce internal glycogen stores. Some times called the 'hunger knock'. bunny-hop : When a rider jumps his bike as he is going forward, in order to surmount a small obstacle in the road such as a ledge or a kerb. capitaine de route : Typically an an older, wiser rider within the team who acts as manager on the road, ensuring all his team's riders are working for their stated goal that day, and setting an example to the younger ones. They will be there in the finishing kilometres of the race. category climbs : It is unreliably said that, originally, the difficulty of a climb up a slope/hill/mountain was determined by which gear was needed when driving a 35 h.p.

car (possibly a 2 CV ) up that slope. If it could be driven up the slope in 4th gear, the climb was fourth category; if the car could only go up in 3rd gear, it was a 3rd category climb; second gear made a climb 2nd category, while only being able to climb in 1st gear was categrised as a first category climb. Hors catégorie was used for slopes unaccessible by the car (hors means outside in French). Even today the categorisation of climbs is pretty subjective, as much an art as a science. Gradient still has some bearing on the classification, while if a climb is near near the stage's end, the climb's category may be increased to add more excitement.

As a very general rule, climbs are classified as follows: 4th category / catégorie 4 : the lowest category - typically less than 2 km long with about 5% gradient, or up to 5 km at a 2-3% gradient, the climb rising 100 to 200 m 3rd category / catégorie 3 : a climb as short as 1.6 km with a very steep gradient, perhaps 10%, or as long as 10 km with a gradient less than 5%, giving an overall rise of 300 to 500 m 2nd category / catégorie 2: a climb as short as 5 km at 8%, or as long as 15 km at 4%, overall rising from 400 to 1100 m 1st category / catégorie 1: originally the highest category, a hard climb that ranges from 8 km at 8% to 20 km at 5%, rising overall from 1000 to 1500 m hors catégorie [HC] : the hardest climbs, which could be a 1st category climb where the stage finish is at its summit, or a

 climb more than 10 km long with an average gradient of at least 7.5%, or up to 25 km miles long at 6% or steeper.

The climb rises at least 1500 m. col : A mountain pass (from the French) départ fictif : Before the actual start of the day's race, the riders can ride without racing to the actual starting point. This ride is called a processional start. The first stage of the 2014 TDF had a départ fictif in York, with a processional start until the real start, officiated by younger members of the Royal family at Harewood House. dig : A sudden acceleration to put pressure on rivals, often several times. directeur sportif (DS) : French for sporting director. A sporting director manages a sports team, while being the link between the management structure (president, vice-presidents, treasurers), coaches, and practitioners, as well as the race organisers and sponsors. The cycling regulations of the International Cycling Union (UCI) provides that "each team, with the exception of regional teams and club teams must designate a single official appointed sporting director." This designation is a prerequisite to a team registered with the UCI and its participation in competitions on the international calendar.

The sporting director is "responsible for the organization of sport riders as well as social and human conditions in which they practice the sport in the team," and establishes the "division of labor" within the management team. L'Equipe : French daily sports paper, with four plus pages containing more statistics and comment on the Tours than you could possibly take in, costing a little over a euro. étape : From the French for ‘stage’: race stage flamme rouge : The flamme rouge is the red pennant at the centre of the archway (l'arche) marking the start of the final kilometre of a stage. (It is also known as the red kite.) In Italy; it is known as l'ultimo chilometro. The flamme rouge has probably been included in the TDF since early days, the 1906 Tour being quoted. The flamme rouge suspended from inflatable arch In modern, fairly flat stages, because of the melée with its common crashes, the three-kilometre mark is also used as a marker.

After the 3 km marker, if there is a crash, any part of a group that is held up by the crash is allocated the same time as the part of the group that was not held up. This rule does not apply for high climb finishes. gear, bigger or smaller : A bigger gear is obtained by either or both a larger front cog ( ring ), or a smaller back cog ( sprocket ). grand départ : French for the Big Start - the celebratory start as the circus gets under way on the eve of the first day and the first day itself of the race. This is a big deal for the town and the country concerned, who do as much as they can to encourage enthusiasm, spectators, associated visitors and tourism, as well as revenue. groupetto : [Italian] a small group of riders. handsling: When one rider helps another rider to speed up by holding hands, pulling the helped rider forward. This is against cycling race rules. It used to be common, even a pushing a leader up a hill. However, such assistance is increasingly frowned upon.

A minor infraction may draw a small fine, bigger ones like Nibali hanging onto a car for 150 metres can get the rider disqualified (Nibali: 2015 Vuelta d'España ). This manoeuvre was developed, at the end of the 19th century in the United States, as part of the 6-day races called Madisons. Thus, in France, a handsling is often called an American. hot dog turn : Australian term for a U-turn, or a very tight turn. lead out : The chap or chaps pacing a team leader, especially on a sprint, protecting his fastest sprinter to the last possible moment. line out : Extended line as the pace is increased. long cage and Deraillier : Personal list of racing sucesses, such as stage wins, 1st on La Vuelta, 1988. parcours : is the day’s route pedalling squares : The sensation a rider feels when he is so tired that he loses pedalling rhythm, he can no longer pedal smoothly and each downstroke jerks. This can also occur when cycling on too small a gear - for instance, when going downhill.

peluche : Literally, plush, as in a textile having a similar touch to down or fur, such as used for the ‘fur’ of soft toys. In French, a soft toy such as a teddy bear, or a yeti, is known generally as une peluche. (A teddy bear is un ours en peluche.) peloton : The main, often compact, group of riders, sometimes written as ‘peloton’ in English. Derived from pelote - a small, compact ball of silk, wool or rubber, also an army platoon. (The Basque game of pelote uses a small rubber ball.) Also related to the English word ‘pellet’. processional start : Riding without racing from the nominal stage start, the départ fictif , to the definitive start of the day's race. put the hammer down : Italian word, describing a group of fans or supporters. transponder : From 2015, each rider has a GPS transponder allocated to them, attached behind the saddle. These 'fox tails' are used by every rider, during every stage of the Tour.

Data recorded is streamed live to the organisers and TV companies, and is used to determine, amongst other stats, the stage winner’s top speed, average speed, and time per kilometre the fastest riders up key climbs the speed of the winner at the finish line the top speed achieved by a rider on the day average speed across all riders. If a rider changes bike during a stage, the team must notify the organisers because the transponder probably will not be transferred to a replacement as that would take too much time. Previously, a boxed magnetic timing chip (placed exactly 1.2m behind the lead edge of the front tyre) enabled the verification and scoring of each rider's arrival at a stage's finish. However, the box could cause problems when changing a rear wheel. wheel sucker : BikeRaceInfo Cycling Glossary Sign up for our Email Newsletter BikeRaceInfo's Cycling Glossary All fields have their own jargon, and bicycle racing is no exception. We've put together a glossary of bicycle racing terms, but it is a work in progress, and there are certainly terms we've left out.

If there's one you need to know the meaning of, and it isn't here, drop us an e-mail (see the "contact" button on the left column) and we'll tell you what it means, and probably add it to this glossary. List of riders' nicknames | List of pro team sponsors and their businesses | Bicycle Quotes | @: In English language race results, an asperand (or "at" sign) is used to denote the amount of time or number of points behind the winner. In the example below Luis Ocana won the race, taking 6 hours, 51 minutes, 15 seconds to complete the course. Joop Zoetemelk was behind him and crossed the finish line 15 seconds later. Pollentier was still further behind and crossed the line 3 minutes and 34 seconds after Ocana. Van Impe and Thévenet were with Pollentier but slightly behind him. The "s.t." means that they were given the same time as Pollentier. If a rider finishes close enough to a rider who is in front of him so that there is no real gap, he will be given the same time as the first rider of that group.

French or Spanish results will use often use "m.t." to denote same time. If no time is given, same time is assumed. 1. Luis Ocana: 6 hr 51 min 50 sec 2. Joop Zoetemelk @ 15 sec 3. Michael Pollentier @ 3 min 34 sec 4. Lucien van Impe s.t. 5. Bernard Thévenet s.t. a: In Italian race results "a" is the same as @ à : French for @ in race results Aankomst: Flemish for finish line Abandon: To quit a race. See also Broom Wagon Abbuono: Italian for time bonus. See bonification. Achtervolger: Flemish. A group chasing a breakaway. We first learned this word watching the Dutch television feed of the Tour of Flanders, and it was on-screen whenever they showed the chasing peloton. Looking at the word for a while, it occurred to us that they weren't showing us a racer named "Achtervolgers", but rather the "after-followers". Amiraglia: Italian for a team follow car.

Arc-en-ciel: French for rainbow. See Rainbow Jersey Arcobaleno: Italian for Rainbow. See Rainbow jersey Arrivée: French for the finish line Arrivée en altitude: French for hilltop finish. Arrivo: Italian for the finish line Arrivo in salita: Italian for hilltop finish Attack: Generally a sudden acceleration in an attempt to break free of the peloton. On flat roads it is usually done by riding up along the side of the pack so that by the time the attacker passes the peloton's front rider he is traveling too fast for the pack to easily react. In the mountains it is usually enough to accelerate from the front. Autobus: French. In the mountains the riders with poor climbing skills ride together hoping to finish in time to beat the time limit cutoff. By staying together in a group they hope that if they don't finish in time they can persuade the officials to let them stay in the race because so many riders would otherwise be eliminated. It doesn't always work. Often the group lets a particular experienced racer who knows how to pace the Autobus lead them in order to just get in under the wire. This risky strategy minimizes the energy the riders have to expend.

Synonyms include Grupetto (Italian) and Laughing Group. See Time Limit. Azzurri: Italian for the Men in Blue. The Italian National team wears blue jerseys, hence the name. Bell Lap: If the riders are racing the final meters of a race on a velodrome or on a circuit in a town, a bell is rung at the start of the final lap. Bidon: Water bottle. Now made of plastic, early ones were metal with cork stoppers. Until 1950 they were carried on the handlebars, sometimes in pairs. Around 1950 riders started mounting bottle cages on the downtube. The trend to dispensing with the bar-mount cages started in the early 1960s and by 1970 they were a thing of the past. In the early 1980s, as a result of the sport of Triathlon, builders started brazing bosses on the seat tube allowing mechanics to attach a second cage so that riders could again carry 2 bottles. Bonification: Time bonus (actually time subtracted) awarded to a rider. Stage races vary and the Tour is always tinkering with its rules.

Bonifications can be earned several ways: winning or placing in a stage, winning or placing in an intermediate sprint, being among the first riders over a rated climb. The rules have changed over the years. At one time in the early 1930's the Tour awarded a 4-minute time bonus for winning a stage. In 2005 the bonification was 20 seconds. Bonk: To completely run out of energy. Sometimes a rider will forget to eat or think he has enough food to make it to the finish without stopping to get food. The result can be catastrophic as the rider's body runs out of glycogen, the stored chemical the muscles burn for energy. Famously José-Manuel Fuente didn't eat during the long stage 14 in the 1974 Giro. He slowed to a near halt as his body's ability to produce energy came to a crashing halt. Merckx sped on and took the Pink Jersey from the Spaniard who had shown such terrible judgment. It's happened to many great riders including Indurain and Armstrong but not always with such catastrophic results.

The French term is défaillance but that term can also mean exhaustion or mental failure, such as when Gaul attacked in the Cevannes in the 1958 Tour. Bobet was unable to respond, mostly because he suffered a loss of confidence. This also would be a défaillance. Break: Short for breakaway. Breakaway: One or more riders escaping from the front of peloton, usually as the result of a sudden acceleration called an "attack". Riders will work together sharing the effort of breaking the wind hoping to improve their chances of winning by arriving at the finish in a smaller group. This can also be called a "break". Some riders do not possess the necessary speed to contest mass sprints and therefore try very hard to escape the clutches of the peloton well before the end of the race. Franco Bitossi was a master of the lone break even though he posssessed a fearsome sprint. Hennie Kuiper won many famous victories this way as well. Sometimes a break will escape during a Tour stage and no team will take responsibility to chase it down. Sometimes the gap results in an unexpected winner as in the case of Roger Walkowiak in 1956.

See Chapatte's Law. Bridge: Short for bridge a gap. To go from one group of cyclists to a break up the road. Broom Wagon: When Desgrange added high Pyrenean climbs to his 1910 Tour he thought it would be necessary to have a rescue wagon follow the riders in case the mountain roads were beyond their ability to ascend, hence the Broom Wagon to sweep up the exhausted racers. It is still in use, following the last rider in a stage. Today when a rider abandons he usually prefers to get into one of his team cars. Years ago the Broom Wagon had an actual broom bolted to it but today this wonderful bit of symbolism is gone. In the 1910 Tour if a rider could not finish a mountain stage he could restart the next day and compete for stage wins but he was out of the General Classification competition. Today an abandonment sticks. The rider is out of the Tour for that year. Before a rider enters the broom wagon an official removes the dossard or back number on the rider's jersey. In French the Broom Wagon is called the Voiture Balai.

Bunch: When preceded by "the", usually the peloton. Far less often a group of riders can be "a bunch" Cadence: The speed at which the rider turns the pedals. Caravan: The long line of vehicles that precede and follow the racers. Caravan publicitaire: The line of cars and trucks that precedes the race, promoting various company's goods and services. When Henri Desgrange switched the Tour to using National instead of trade teams, he became responsible for the racers' transport, food and lodging. By charging companies money for the privilege of advertising their goods to the millions of Tour spectators along the route he was able to help pay the new expenses. When the Tour reverted to trade teams the publicity caravan remained. Category: In European stage racing it is a desgination of the difficulty of a mountain climb. This is a subjective judgment of the difficulty of the ascent, based upon its length, gradient and how late in the stage the climb is to be ridden. A medium difficulty climb that comes after several hard ascents will get a higher rating because the riders will already be tired.

The numbering system starts with "4" for the easiest that still rate being called a climb and then with increasing severity they are 3, 2, 1. The most challenging are above categorization, or in the Tour nomenclature, "Hors catégorie", HC. In the Giro the hardest climbs are rated a Category 1. Chairman Bill McGann: A man mad about bikes. A harmless drudge. Chapatte's Law: Formulated by former racer and Tour commentator Robert Chapatte, it states that in the closing stages of a race a determined peloton will chase down a break and close in at the rate of 1 minute per 10 kilometers traveled. If a break is 3 minutes up the road the peloton will need to work hard for 30 kilometers to catch it. TV race commentator Paul Sherwen regularly uses Chapatte's Law to come up with his often surprisingly accurate predictions of when a break will be caught. It's now calculated by computer on French television. Children's Heads: kinderkopje, Dutch for cobblestones. See Pavé Cima Coppi : The highest point in the Giro.

Circle of Death: In 1910 Desgrange introduced high mountains into the Tour. The big stage with the Peyresourde , Aspin , Tourmalet and Aubisque was called the "Circle of Death" by the press who doubted that the riders could perform the inhuman task that was asked of them. Now the hardest mountain Tour stage is still occasionally called the Circle of Death. Classic: One of seven one-day races whose history and prestige will make the career of its winner. They are: MilanSan Remo, Tour of Flanders, GentWevelgem, ParisRoubaix, Flèche Wallonne, LiègeBastogneLiège and the Tour of Lombardy. Gent-Wevelgem is traditionally held mid-week between Flanders and ParisRoubaix. Only Rik Van Looy and Eddy Merckx have won them all.

Some writers include a few other races in their list of Classics: Omloop Het Volk, Amstel Gold Race, Rund um den Hernniger Turm, San Sebastian Classic, Championship of Zurich (also called "Züri Metzgete"), ParisBrussels and ParisTours. Classifiche Generali: Italian for General Classification C.L.M.: French abbreviation for contre-la-montre or time trial. CLM par équipes: French for team time trial. Col: French for mountain pass. Colle: Italian for a small climb. Combine: The Tour has had a competiton that uses an aggregate of General Classification, Mountains and Points competitions to arrive at the winner of the Combine category. Commissaire: A race official with the authority to impose penalties on the riders for infractions of the rules. A common problem is dangerous or irregular sprinting. The commissaire will usually relegate the offending rider to a lower placing. CONI: Italian. An acronym for Comitato Olimpico Nazionale Italiano, the Italian Olympic Commitee. It is responsible for the development and management of sports in Italy.

Contre-la-montre: French for time trial Coup de bordure: French. Roughly means a blow or stab in the gutter. When the riders are in an echelon fighting a side wind, an attack, or un coup de bordure, can be devastating to the riders who have been unable to find shelter in the draft of another rider and are hanging on for dear life in the gutter. In the 2007 Tour de France Alexandre Vinokourov and his Astana team mounted a classic coup de bordure which ruined the classification hopes of French champion Christophe Moreau. Criterium: A bike race around and around a short road road course, often a city block. Good criterium riders have excellent bike handling skills and usually possess lots of power to enable them to constantly accelerate out of the corners. The Dutch and the Belgians are the masters of the event. Crono: Short for time-trial. See Cronometro, Time Trial. Cronometro: Italian for time trial. Cronometro individuale is individual time trial and Cronometro a squadre is team time trial.

Cronoscatala: Italian for an individual timed hill climb Cyclamen Jersey: The purple jersey of the points leader in the Giro. Départ: French for the start line of a race. Défaillance: French for a total mental or body collapse. See Bonk for more. Directeur Sportif: The on-the-road manager of a bike team. Although French, it is the term used in English as well. Direttore Sportivo: Italian for Directeur Sportif. DNF: Did not finish. Used in results to denote that the racer started but did not complete the race. DNS: Did not start. Used in results to denote a racer who was entered in a race but failed to start. Often seen in results in stage races where the rider abandons after the completion of a stage. Domestique: French. Because bicycle racing is a sport contested by teams and won by individuals a man designated to be the team leader has his teammates work for him. These men have been called domestiques since Tour founder Henri Desgrange used it as a term of contempt for Maurice Brocco whom he believed was selling his services to aid other riders in the 1911 Tour.

Today the term has lost its bad connotation and serves as an acknowledgement of the true nature of racing tactics. Domestiques will chase down competitors and try to neutralize their efforts, they will protect their team leader from the wind by surrounding him. When a leader has to get a repair or stop to answer nature his domestiques will stay with him and pace him back up to the peloton. They are sometimes called "water carriers" because they are the ones designated to go back to the team car and pick up water bottles and bring them back up to the leader. In Italian the term is "gregario". Dossard: French for the rider's race number on the back of his jersey. Drafting: At racing speed a rider who is only a few inches behind another bike does about 30 percent less work. Riding behind another rider in his aerodynamic slipstream is called drafting. This is the basic fact of bike racing tactics and why a rider will not just leave the peloton and ride away from the others, no matter how strong he is. Only in the rarest of cases can a racer escape a determined chasing peloton.

To make an escape work he needs the pack to be disinterested in chasing for some length of time so that he can gain a large enough time gap. Then, when the sleeping pack is aroused they do not have enough time to catch him no matter how fast they chase. Hugo Koblet's wonderful solo escape in the 1951 Tour is one of the rare instances when a solo rider outdid a determined group of elite chasers. A rider who drafts others and refuses to go to the front and do his share of the work is said to be "sitting on." There are a number of pejorative terms for a rider who does this, the best known is "wheelsucker". Drop: When a rider cannot keep up with his fellow riders and comes out of their aerodynamic slipsteam, whether in a break or in the peloton, he is said to be dropped. Échappée: French for breakaway Echelon: When the riders are hit with a side wind they must ride slightly to the right or left of the rider in front in order to remain in that rider's slipstream, instead of riding nose to tail in a straight line.

This staggered line puts those riders further back in the pace line in the gutter. Because they can't edge further to the side, they have to take more of the brunt of both the wind and the wind drag of their forward motion. Good riders then form a series of echelons so that all the racers can contribute and receive shelter. Italian is ventaglio. Équipe: French for team Escape: When used as a noun it is a breakaway. When used as a verb it is the act of breaking away. Ètape: French for stage. Feed zone: The specific point along a race route where the riders pick up food and drink. Racing etiquette generally keeps racers from attacking at this point, but there have been some famous initiatives that have started while the riders were having musettes (bags) of food handed up. In 1987 a carefully crafted plot to attack Jean-Francois Bernard who was then in Yellow was executed by Charly Mottet and his Système U team. They informed Stephen Roche and Pedro Delgado of their plans so that there would be enough horsepower to carry it through, which they did.

Field: See Peloton Field Sprint: The race at the finish for the best placing among those in the peloton. The term is usually used when a breakaway has successfully escaped and won the stage and the peloton is reduced to fighting for the remaining lesser places. Fixed gear: A direct drive between the rear wheel and the cranks. The rear cog is locked onto the rear hub so that the rider cannot coast. When the rear wheel turns, the crank turns. Because this is the most efficient of all possible drive trains riders in the early days of cycle racing preferred fixed gears to freewheels. When the Tour added mountains in 1905 the riders had to mount freewheels so that they could coast down the descents; otherwise their velocity was limited by their leg speed. Track bikes use fixed gears. Flahute: French slang for tough-guy bike racer, usually Belgian. A Flahute thrives on the cold-weather, rain, winds, slippery cobbles and sustained high speeds that characterize the Belgian Classics. A Flahute should expect to taste wet cow dung thrown up by the other riders' wheels as they race across barely usable farm country roads.

Examples: Marcel Kint, Walter Godefroot, Roger De Vlaeminck , Rik van Looy and Rik Van Steenbergen. Flamme Rouge: French. A red banner placed at the beginning of the final kilometer of a race. Flyer: Usually a solo breakaway near the end of a race. Foratura: Italian for flat tire. Fuga: Italian for breakaway. Fuga Bidone: Italian for a particular kind of successful break. A Fuga Bidone generally escapes early in a stage and is initially innocent-look but because of inaction on the part of the peloton a large time gap occurs that becomes dangerous to the main General Classification contenders. Often hidden in a Fuga Bidone is a quality rider who, as a result of the succesful break, has risen high enough in the standings to contend for the overall victory. Stage 11 of the 2010 Giro d'Italia which finished in l'Aquila was a classic Fuga-Bidone. 54 men escaped at kilometer 20 and by the end of the stage were over 12 minutes ahead of the main field.

In that break was journeyman Spanish rider David Arroyo who then took the lead when the race hit the Dolomites and put up a tremendous, but ultimately unsuccessful fight for the Pink Jersey for the rest of the race. Fugue: French for breakaway GC: General Classification General Classification: The ranking of the accumulated time or placings, whichever basis the race uses to determine its winner. The Tour (since 1913) and the Giro use time. Lance Armstrong was the winner in the General Classification for all Tours between 1999 and 2005. See Stage Race. Giro d'Italia: A 3-week stage race, like the Tour de France. It is held in Italy, traditionally in May. It was first run in 1909. Giudice di Gara: Italian for commissaire Glass cranking: A rider who is trying to look like he is working very hard but is in fact taking it easy is said to be glass cranking. Often a rider in a break who wants to save his energy for later attacks will try to glass crank to keep from angering his fellow breakaway riders.

Glow time: The time right after a racer takes a drug when its concentration in his body is high enough to trigger a postive test. GPM: Italian, for Gran Premio della Montagna. This is the Italian equivalent of the King of the Mountains. Gran Premio della Montagna: Italian, see GPM. La Grande Boucle: Literally the big loop, meaning the Tour de France Grand Tour: There are three Grand Tours, all lasting 3 weeks: the Tour de France, the Giro d'Italia and the Vuelta a España. Green Jersey: In the Tour, awarded to the leader of the Points Competiti on (except 1968 when the Points Jersey was red). In the Giro, the leading climber wears a green jersey. Gregario: Italian, see Domestique. Gregario di lusso: A domestique of such high quality that he could might be the captain of his own team. When Herman Van Springel, who nearly won the 1968 Tour de France, raced for Eddy Merckx , he was surely a gregario di lusso. Giornata no: Italian. A day in which a racer has no strength or energy.

French is un jour sans (a day without). Grimpeur: French for a rider who climbs well. Italian is Scalatore. Gruppetto: Italian, see Autobus Gruppo: Italian, literally, "group". In road racing it is the peloton. When they are all together without any active breakaways, it is "gruppo compatto". When referring to the bicycle "gruppo" means the core set of components made by a single manufacturer, such as a Campagnolo Gruppo. HD: 1. The intials of Henri Desgrange , the father of the Tour de France. For years the Yellow Jersey had a stylized "HD" to commemorate Desgrange's memory. Sadly, to make room for commercial sponsors Desgrange's intitals were removed from the Yellow Jersey. They were replaced in 2003 to celebrate the Tour's Centennary 2. Hors délais or finishing outside the time limit. See time limit. Hilltop finish: When a race ends at the top of a mountain, the rider with the greater climbing skills has the advantage.

It used to be that the finish line was far from the last climb, allowing the bigger, more powerful riders to use their weight and strength to close the gap to the climbers on the descents and flats. The Tour introduced hilltop finishes in 1952 and did it with a vengeance ending stages at the top of L'Alpe d'Huez , Sestrieres and Puy de Dôme. In order to reduce Anquetil's advantage in the time trials and flatter stages the 1963 Tour moved the finish lines closer to the last climbs of the day, further helping the purer climbers. Hook: To extend an elbow or thigh in the way of another rider, usually during a sprint, to impede his progress while he is attempting to pass. Often it is said that a rider "threw a hook". Means the same thing. Hors-délais: French. See time limit Hot Spot: See intermediate sprint Individuel: French. Independent rider in the Tour. See Touriste-Routier Intermediate sprint: To keep the race active there may be points along the race course where the riders will sprint for time bonuses or other prizes (premiums, or "preems").

Sometimes called "Hot Spots". Isolés: A class of independent rider in the Tour. See Touriste-Routier ITT: Individual time trial Jour sans: French. See giornata no. Jump: A rider with the ability to quickly accelerate his bike is said to have a good "jump". Kermesse: A lap road race much like a criterium but the course is longer, as long as 10 kilometers. Kinderkopje: Chidren's heads. Flemish slang for cobblestones. see pavé. King of the Mountains: Winner of the Grand Prix de la Montagne. In 1933 the Tour de France started awarding points for the first riders over certain hard climbs, the winner of the competition being the King of the Mountains. In 1975 the Tour started awarding the distinctive polka-dot jersey or maillot a pois to the leader of the classification. The first rider to wear the dots was the Dutch racer Joop Zoetemelk. The classification has lost some of its magic in recent years because of the tactics riders use to win it. Today a rider wishing to win the KOM intentionally loses a large amount of time in the General Classification.

Then when the high mountains are climbed the aspiring King can take off on long breakaways to be first over the mountains without triggering a panicked chase by the Tour GC contenders. KOM: King of the Mountains Lanterne Rouge: French for the last man in the General Classification. Some years riders will actually compete to be the Lanterne Rouge because of the fame it brings and therefore better appearance fees at races. Laughing Group: See Autobus Lead out: In a sprint to the line, a rider trying to win will often ride behind a teammate, in his wind shelter. Sometimes, several riders will form a "train". After the front rider has exhausted himself, the riders behind him will take over, one by one, often faster and faster, until finally the fastest sprinter dashes for the line. Providing that aerodynamic shelter is called giving a "lead-out". Loi Chapatte: See Chapatte's Law. Maglia Rosa: Italian, see Pink Jersey. Maillot a Pois: French for Polka Dot jersey awarded to the King of the Mountains. More correctly, Maillot blanc a pois rouges Maillot Blanc: White Jersey. Currently worn by the best rider under 25.

In the 1970's white was worn by the Combine leader. Maillot Jaune: See Yellow Jersey. Maillot Vert: French for Green Jersey. In the Tour de France it is worn by the leader of the points competition. Massaggiatore: Italian for Soigneur Massed Start Road Race: All the riders start at the same time. This is different from a time trial where the riders are set off individually at specific time intervals. Mechanical: A problem with the function of a racer's bicycle, usually not a flat tire. Because rules have sometimes been in place that prevent rider's changing bikes unless a mechanical problem is present mechanics have manufactured mechanicals. In the 1963 Tour de France Anquetil's manager Géminiani cut one of Anquetil's gear cables so that he could give him a lighter bike to ascend the Forclaz. Minute Man: In a time trial the rider who starts a minute ahead. It's always a goal in a time trial to try to catch one's minute-man. Musette: A cloth bag containing food and drinks handed up to the rider in the feed zone.

It has a long strap so the rider can slip his arm through it easily on the fly, then put the strap over his shoulder to carry it while he transfers the food to his jersey pockets. M.T.: French for même temps or same time; Spanish for mismo tiempo. See "@" National Team: From 1930 to 1961, and 1967 and 1968 the Tour was organized under a National Team format. The riders rode for their country or region. See Trade Teams. Natural or nature break: Because races can take over 7 hours the riders must occasionally dismount to urinate. If the riders are flagrant and take no care to be discreet while they answer the call of nature they can be penalized. Charly Gaul lost the 1957 Giro when he was attacked while taking such a break so he later learned to urinate on the fly. Off the back: To be dropped. On the rivet: Going all out. In days past, bikes had leather saddles. The leather was riveted to a steel frame, including a rivet at the saddle's nose.

A rider giving it all he had would pull himself to the front of the saddle, sitting on that front rivet. Paceline: Riders riding nose to tail saving energy by riding in each others slipstream. Usually the front rider does the hard work for a short while, breaking the wind for the others, and then peels off to go to the back so that another rider can take a short stint at the front. The faster the riders go the greater the energy saving gained by riding in the slipstream of the rider in front. When the action is hot and the group wants to move fast the front man will take a short, high-speed "pull" at the front before dropping off. At lower speeds the time at the front is usually longer. See echelon Palmarès: French for an athlete's list of accomplishments. Paniagua: Bread and water. To race paniagua means racing without performance-enhancing drugs. Parcours: The race course. Partenza: Italian for race start. Passista: Italian for Rouleur Passista-Scalatore: A Rouleur who can climb well, an all-rounder.

Generally this is the type of rider who can win a stage race because he can do well on the flats and time trials and not lose time (or even gain time) in the mountains. Examples: Fausto Coppi , Bernard Hinault , Lance Armstrong, Eddy Merckx , Giovanni Battaglin Passo: Italian for mountain pass. Plural is Passi. Pavé: French for a cobblestone road. Riding the pavé requires skill and power. Some riders such as the legendary Roger de Vlaeminck can seem to almost glide over the stones knowing exactly what line to take to avoid trouble. De Vlaeminck, who won the ParisRoubaix 4 times, rarely flatted in this race famous for its terrible cobbles because of his extraordinary ability to pick his way over the tough course while riding at high speed. Flemish riders call the cobblestones "children's heads" (kinderkopje). Peloton: The main group of riders traveling together in a race. Breaks leave the front of it, dropped riders exit its rear. Synonyms: bunch, group, field, pack. Piano: Italian for soft. It can mean slow or easy when riding.

The Giro often has "piano" stages where the riders intentionally take it easy until the final kilometers leading up to the sprint. Piazza: Italian. See Podium. Pink Jersey: Worn by the rider who is currently leading in the General Classification in the Giro d'Italia. It was chosen because the sponsoring newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport is printed on pink paper. Plotone: Italian for peloton. Podium: The top three places, first, second and third. Many racers know that they cannot win a race and thus their ambition is limited to getting on the podium. In major races such as the Tour and the Giro, attaining the podium is such a high accomplishment that it almost makes a racer's career. Italian is piazza Poinçonnées: Riders in early Tours who had their bikes hallmarked or stamped so that the officials could know that the competitors started and finished with the same bike. Point Chaud: French for Hot Spot, a now disused term for intermediate sprint. Points: The usual meaning is the accumulation of placings in each stage. Today the Tour gives more points to the flatter stages so the the winner of the points competition is a more likely to be sprinter.

See General Classification. In the Tour the Points leader wears a green jersey, in the Giro he dons a purple jersey. Polka-Dot Jersey: Awarded to the King of the Mountains Prologue: French. An introductory stage in a stage race that is usually a short individual time trial, normally under 10 kilometers. The Tour has also used a team time trial format in the Prologue. Pull: A stint at the front of a paceline. Queen Stage: The hardest, most demanding stage of a stage race and is always in the high mountains. Italian is Il Tappone. Purple Jersey: In the Giro a purple, or more specificlly cyclamen, jersey is awarded to the leader of the points competition. Rainbow Jersey: The reigning world champion in a particular cycling event gets to wear a white jersey with rainbow stripes. The championships for most important events are held in the Fall. A former World Champion gets to wear a jersey with rainbow trim on his sleeves and collar. If a World Champion becomes the leader of the Tour, Giro or Vuelta he will trade his Rainbow Jersey for the Leader's Jersey.

In the 1975 Tour after Thevenet defeated Merckx on the climb to Pra Loup, Merckx gave up his Yellow Jersey to Thevenet and wore his Rainbow Jersey the rest of the Tour. Relegate: Italian and English (pronounced differently, of course) for a judge's decision to assign a lower place to a rider after a rule infraction. Sprinters who fail to hold their line in the final meters and endanger the other racers are generally given the last place of their group. Revitaillement: French for taking on food and drink, usually in the feed zone. Contrôl de revitaillement is French for the Feed Zone. Rifornimento: Italian for taking on food and drink. Zona Rifornimento is Italian for the Feed Zone. Ritiro: Italian for Abandon Road furniture: Concrete medians and barriers put in roads to slow traffic. The roads of northern Europe, in particular, are filled with road furniture and it can make bicycle racing there dangerous. Rouleur: French for a rider who can turn a big gear with ease over flat roads. Rouleurs are usually bigger riders who suffer in the mountains. Routier: French for road racer.

Same time: See "@" Scalatore: Italian for one who climbs well. Scattista: Italian for a climber who can explode in the mountains with a devastating acceleration. The most famous and extraordinary of these pure climbers were Charly Gaul and Marco Pantani . Soigneur: Today a job with many duties involving the care of the riders: massage, preparing food, handing up musettes in the feed zone and sadly, doping. Usually when a doping scandal erupts the soigneurs are deeply involved. Sortie d'hôtel: French, an attack from the race's start. Souvenir Henri Desgrange : A prize to the first rider of the highest summit of the Tour. In 2005 the Tour awarded Alexandre Vinokourov a 5,000 Euro purse when he was first over that year's highest point, the 2,645-meter high Galibier . In 1974 it was also the Galibier and the prize of 2,000 Francs was won by Spanish climbing ace Vicente Lopez-Carril.

Sprint: At the end of a race the speeds get ever higher until in the last couple of hundred meters the fastest riders jump out from the peloton in an all-out scramble for the finish line. Teams with very fine sprinting specialists will employ a "lead-out train". With about 5 kilometers to go these teams will try to take control of the race by going to the front and stepping up the speed of the race in order to discourage last-minute flyers. Sometimes 2 or 3 competing teams will set up parallel pace lines. Usually the team's train will be a pace line organized in ascending speed of the riders. As the team's riders take a pull and peel off the next remaining rider will be a quicker rider who can keep increasing the speed. Usually the last man before the team's designated sprinter is a fine sprinter who will end up with a good placing by virtue of being at the front of the race in the final meters and having a good turn of speed himself. Squadra: Italian for team Squalificato: Italian for disqualification. When Marco Pantani was found to have a high hematocrit near the end of the 1999 Giro he was tossed from the race.

He suffered a "squalificato." S.T.: Same time. See "@" Stage race: A cycling competition involving 2 or more separate races involving the same riders with the results added up to determine the winner. Today the victor is usually determined by adding up the accumulated time each rider took to complete each race, called a "stage". The one with the lowest aggregate time is the winner. Alternatively the winner can be selected by adding up the rider's placings, giving 1 point for first, 2 points for second, etc. The rider with the lowest total is the winner. The Tour de France used a points system between 1905 and 1912 because the judging was simpler and cheating could be reduced. Because points systems tend to cause dull racing during most of the stage with a furious sprint at the end they are rarely used in determining the overall winner. Because points systems favor sprinters most important stage races have a points competition along with the elapsed time category. In the Tour de France the leader in time wears the Yellow Jersey and the Points leader wears green. In the Giro the time leader wears pink and the man ahead in points wear purple or more accurately "cyclamen".

The race's ranking of its leaders for the overall prize is called the General Classification, or GC. It is possible, though rare, for a rider to win the overall race without ever winning an individual stage. Stagiaire: An amateur athlete hired by a pro team during the season. Stayer: A rouleur Switchback: In order to reduce the gradient of a mountain ascent the road engineer has the road go back and forth across the hill. The Stelvio climb is famous for its 48 switchbacks as is L'Alpe d'Huez for its 21. In Italian the term is Tornante. Tappa: Italian for stage Il Tappone: Italian for the Queen stage of stage race. It is the hardest, most demanding stage and is always in the high mountains Team time trial: See time trial. Instead of an individual rider, whole teams set off along a specific distance at intervals. It is a spectacular event because the teams go all out on the most advanced aerodynamic equipment and clothing available. To maximize the slipstream advantage the riders ride nose to tail as close to each other as possible. Sometimes a smaller front wheel is used on the bikes to get the riders a few valuable centimeters closer together.

With the riders so close together, going so fast and at their physical limits, crashes are common. Some teams targeting an overall win practice this event with rigor and the result is a beautifully precise fast-moving team that operates almost as if they were 1 rider. Sometimes a team with a very powerful leader who is overly ambitious will shatter his team by making his turns at the front too fast for the others. Skilled experienced leaders take longer rather than faster pulls so that their teammates can rest. Technical: Usually refers to a difficult mountain descent or time trial course on winding city streets, meaning that the road will challenge the rider's bike handling skills. Tempo: Usually means riding at a fast but not all-out pace. Teams defending a leader in a stage race will often go to the front of the peloton and ride tempo for days on end in order to discourage breakaways. It is very tiring work and usually leaves the domestiques of a winning team exhausted at the end of a Grand Tour. Tifosi: Italian sports fans, sometimes fanatical in their devotion to an athlete or team. The term is said to be derived from the delirium of Typhus patients.

Time Bonus: see Bonification Time Limit: To encourage vigorous riding the Tour imposes a cutoff time limit. If a racer does not finish a stage by that time limit, he is eliminated from the race. This prevents a racer's resting by riding leisurely one day and winning the next. The time limit is a percentage of the stage winner's time. Because it is the intention of the Tour to be fair, the rules are complex. On flat stages where the riders have less trouble staying with the peloton and the time gaps are smaller, the percentage added to the winners' time is smaller. On a flat stage it can be as little as 5% of the winner's time if the speed is less than 34 kilometers an hour. In the mountain stages it can be as high as 17% of the winner's time. The faster the race is run, the higher the percentage of the winner's time allowed the slower riders. The Tour has 6 sets of percentage time limits, each a sliding scale according to the type of stage (flat, rolling, mountain, time trial, etc.) and the stage's speed. If 20 percent of the peloton fails to finish within the time limit the rule can be suspended.

Also riders who have unusual trouble can appeal to the commissaires for clemency. More than once Paul Sherwen, now a television racing commentator, was given special dispensation for riding courageously when he had suffered misfortune but bravely continued and yet finished outside the time limit. Time trial: A race in which either an individual or team rides over a specific distance against the clock. It is intended to be an unpaced ride in which either the individual or team is not allowed to draft a competitor. The riders are started at specific intervals, usually 2 minutes. In the Tour the riders are started in reverse order of their standing in the General Classification, the leader going last. Usually the last 20 riders are set off at 3-minute intervals. If a rider catches a racer who started ahead of him the rules say that he must not get into his slipstream but must instead pass well to the slower rider's side. This is one of the more often ignored rules in cycling. The Tour's first time trial was in 1934. Tornante: Italian for switchbacks.

Touriste-Routier: A class of riders in early Tours who did not ride on a team and were entirely responsible for their own lodging, food and equipment. Various classes of independent or "individuel" and "isolé" riders persisted through 1937. As with all aspects of the Tour, the rules and designations regarding the riders constantly changed. Generally the best riders rode on teams. The best independent performance was Mario Vicini's second place in the 1937 Tour. Track: See Velodrome Trade team: A team sponsored by a commercial entity. Until the mid-1950s, cycle team sponsorship was limited to companies within the bicycle industry. That changed in 1954 when Fiorenzo Magni's bicycle manufacturer fell into financial difficulty. Magni was able to supplement the shortfall by getting the Nivea cosmetic company to sponsor his team. The move was initially resisted but it is now the standard. Bicycle companies do not have the monetary resources to finance big-time racing teams. Because the Tour organization suspected collusion between the various trade teams the Tour banished them from 1930 to 1961, and 1967 and 1968.

During those years the teams were organized under a national and regional team format. Riders rode for their country, such as France or Italy, or if need be to fill out the race's roster, regions such as Ile de France. TTT: Team time trial Transfer: Usually a Tour stage will end in a city one afternoon and start the next morning from the same city. When a stage ends in one city and the next stage starts in another, the riders must be transferred by bus, plane or train to the next day's starting city. This schedule is normally done so that both the finish and start city can pay the Tour organization for the privilege of hosting the Tour. The racers loathe transfers because this delays their massages, eating and resting. UCI: The governing world body of cycling, the Union Cycliste Internationale. Ultimo Kilometro: Italian for the final kilometer, the same as Flamme Rouge in French. Velodrome: An oval bicycle racing track with banked curves. They can be sited either indoors or outdoors. Olympic tracks are usually 333 1/3 meters around but indoor ones are smaller and have correspondingly steeper banking.

Some road races like Paris-Roubaix have the riders ride onto the velodrome and finish after a couple of laps on the track. In the past the Tour would regularly do this, often with the rider's time being clocked as he entered the velodrome. With a 200-man field in modern Tours this is impractical. The disappearance of velodromes is also a major factor in this trend. Ventaglio: Italian, literally a fan but in cycling slang it means echelon. Vertrek: Flemish for start Virtual Yellow Jersey: Not the leader of the Tour in fact. When a rider has a large enough lead on the Tour leader, so that if the race were to be ended at that very moment he would assume the leadership, he then is called the Virtual Yellow Jersey. Virtuel Maillot Jaune: French for Virtual Yellow Jersey Voiture Balai: French. See Broom Wagon. Washboard: A rough riding surface with small bumps or irregularities. Like the pavé, riding on washboard requires a lot of power and puts the smaller riders with less absolute power at their disposal at a disadvantage.

White Jersey: See Maillot Blanc Yellow Jersey: Worn by the rider who is leading in the General Classification in the Tour de France. Traditional history says that Eugène Christophe was awarded the first Yellow Jersey on the rest day between stages 10 and 11 during the 1919. It is further believed that Yellow was chosen because the pages of the sponsoring newspaper L'Auto was printed on yellow paper. Both may not be true. Philippe Thys says that he was given a Yellow Jersey by Tour founder Desgrange during the 1913 Tour. And Yellow may have been chosen because jerseys of that color were unpopular and therefore cheap and easy to get.

Question: What two-word French term is given to the last competitor during each stage of the Tour de France?
Answer: LANTERNE ROUGE