AIRPORTS OF ISTANBUL - Pierre Loti Hotel Istanbul AIRPORTS OF ISTANBUL Istanbul has two major airports, Ataturk and Sabiha Gokcen. Ataturk Airport in on European side of Istanbul and is only 17 km away from Sultanahmet, the old town. It was opened in 1924 and today it is the biggest airport in Turkey in terms of number of passengers, destinations served and aircraft movements. It is the main hub for Turkish Airlines, National Airline of Turkey. In 1980s, the airport was named after Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, the founder and first president of Turkish Republic, and called Istanbul Ataturk International Airport. International aviation sign of the airport is “IST”. In 2015 it served more than 60 million passengers and became 13th busiest airport in the world, in terms of total passengers, 9th busiest in the world in terms of international passengers, and 3rd busiest airport in Europe after London Heathrow and Paris Charles de Gaulle. It is very easy to reach to city from the airport via metro, shuttle buses and taxis.

If you are heading to Sultanahmet take the metro and change to tram at Zeytinburnu station. If you use shuttle bus , you need to get off at aksaray then take tram to go to Old town. Sabiha Gokcen Airport, is the second airport after Ataturk Airport and is on the Asian side of Istanbul. International aviation code is “SAW”. It is 55 km from Sultanahmet, the old town of Istanbul and mainly used by low cost airlines. It functions as main hub of Pegasus Airlines. The construction of the airport started in 1998 and finished in 2001. It was named after first female combat pilot in Turkey. In 2010 the airport served more than 11 million passengers and was awarded with World’s Best Airport at World Low Cost Airlines Congress in London. The airport was planning to serve 25 million passengers by 2023 however in 2015 already served 28 million passengers. Sabiha Gokcen Airport doesnot have railway connection. Nearest metro station is in Kartal, which is 22 km away and can be reached by a short bus or taxi ride.

The shuttle buses operate between Taksim & Airport and Kadikoy & Airport. If you heading to Sultanahmet you need to take shuttle bus to Taksim, then funicular to Kabatas and from there tram to old town. Airports - Turkey, travel guides Turkey Airports Need more information? Call 0208 185 0440 or click here to submit an enquiry Quick Enquiry Comment: Airports in Turkey We pride ourselves at Direct Traveller for being leading specialists in Turkey holidays . We therefore aim to make sure that in every aspect of your holiday you feel comfortable in the knowledge of where you are going and get the best experiences out of it. The fact we offer the widest range of arrival airports ensures we give you the most tailor made and convenient experience on your holidays We offer a good range of flights to all of the main Turkish airports and below is a list of these with further details on which resorts you can reach from each and a little about what the airport itself is like. Adana Airport - ADA Adana Airport is located as its name suggests in the Southern Turkish city of Adana, and is 3.5km from the city centre.

Adana has delicious restaurants, friendly locals and is one of the most agriculturally productive areas in the world! Its airport was first opened in 1937 for use as a civil-military airport and then became open to the public in 1956. There is quite a range of airlines that operate with Adana airport, including AtlasGlobal airlines and Pegasus airlines. You can also reach a variety of Turkish regions from here, including Istanbul, Izmir, Antalya, Ankara and Bodrum. It could be a good stop off point if you fancy exploring some extra Turkish culture and scenery Antalya Airport - AYT Located on the beautiful Mediterranean Coast, Antalya Airport is the second largest in Turkey, carrying over 20 million passengers every year. The large majority of flights coming in and out of Antalya are international due to the high popularity of this sun kissed area of the country, with fantastic access to Alanya, Side, Belek and Manavgat as well as some of the best golf courses in the world. Terminals one and two are for international flights, so when you're on your way home make sure you know which is yours.

A massive duty free store is available for a range of fantastically priced goods, great for those who couldn't find a gift whilst on holiday, and want to squeeze in a sneaky last minute bargain present. Antalya Airport flies to the following British airports; Birmingham, Bristol, Cardiff, East Midlands, Glasgow, Leeds Bradford, London Gatwick, London Luton, London Stansted and Manchester which offers you, our customer, a chance to fly from and to wherever you are around the country Ankara Airport - ESB Operating since 1955, Esenboga International Airport in Ankara helps millions of passengers get to their destination every year, and is ranked fifth in Turkey for total numbers of passenger traffic. Named after the village of Esenboga (which was in turn named after a Turkish warlord called Isen Buga), the name of the airport means literally wind flowing or serene bull. The airport is dedicated to environmental innovation and has a 25% energy saving stemmed from recycling exhaust gases. With direct bus services to and from the centre of Ankara the Esenboga International Airport has fantastic transport links and endeavours to get you right into the centre of the city without any unnecessary waiting times.

If you're looking to visit Ankara via the Esenboga Airport the following airlines are available; Pegasus, Turkish, Anadolu, Lufthansa and many more, offering a national service to Antalya, Bodrum, Dalaman, Istanbul Ataturk, Sabiha Gokcen and Izmir as well as a wide international service. So if you're planning on visiting Turkey this year, why not include Ankara, with the vast range of flights in and out of the rest of Turkey, there's no way you can miss the capital city of such a fantastic country! Bodrum Milas Airport - BJV This popular airport is located en-route to Bodrum town at approximately 10 miles away. It has 2 terminals, one of which was developed in 2000 caters for 2.5million passengers on international flights while the original terminal is used for domestic flights. Facilities in the Bodrum international airport terminal include a cafeteria, duty free shops, and currency exchange. Bodrum airport can be used for holidays to Bodrum, Bitez, Gumbet, Kusadasi and the surrounding peninsulas.

Dalaman Airport - DLM Dalaman airport is the main airport for arrivals to Fethiye, Oludeniz and the surrounding areas. Dalaman is the third largest airport in Turkey servicing the south west of the country. Popular with Holidaymakers, it has a domestic terminal and a new international flight terminal built with 12 boarding gates and 60 check-in desks to serve the demand for the area. The airport has a duty free area with traditional Turkish goods and also branded international labels to enjoy shopping tax free. Dalaman airport also offers facilities such as children’s play area, newspaper stands and Wi-Fi. Gazientep Airport - GZT Gazientep (also known as Antep) is the sixth most popular city in Turkey and one of the oldest continually habited cities in the world, and most certainly the oldest in the country. The best way to experience this Anatolian gem of an ancient city is via the airport, and from Gazientep Airport, flights depart and arrive to and from Ankara, Istanbul Ataturk, Sabiha Gokcen as well as Izmir airports.

This gives you a great range of options, for example if you would like to experience the history of the beautiful Gazientep whilst on holiday in Izmir, you can take a short flight and witness some of the further reaches of Turkey where the culture and history is even richer than the coastal regions. Flights also go to and from multiple German Airports and Ercan in Cyprus so that every passenger is able to extend their holiday to a second destination if they so chose. Airlines that visit Gazientep Airport include Pegasus and Turkish Airlines as well as Lufthansa and Anadolu Jet which ensures you are able to shop around for the lowest prices from the airline that suits you! Istanbul Sabiha Gokcen Airport - SAW The airport was named after Sabiha Gokcen who was adopted by Ataturk (the founder and first president of the Turkish Republic) as a young girl and went on to be an internationally renowned pilot, helping to promote Turkey and Turkish women in America and other countries around the world. Located on the asian side of Istanbul, Sabiha Gokcen Airport is not the main entrance into this fantastic city, but still brings a large number of passengers from around the world into Istanbul every day.

Inside the airport is a range of facilities and restaurants from traditional Turkish establishments to typical fast food places like McDonald’s, ensuring that even the fussiest eaters have some option to eat. There is also a wide range of shops and markets offering gifts, apparel and duty free items amongst other things which gives you the perfect last moment to buy a gift for a loved one. Unfortunately, only two British airports fly to Sabiha Gokcen Istanbul Airport; London’s Gatwick and Stansted, however both of these airports have an extensive range of flight days. Istanbul Ataturk Airport - IST Istanbul Ataturk airport is the main airport in Turkey and the 14th busiest airport in the world. Located in the European side of Istanbul , It opened in 1924 and was renamed Ataturk airport in 1980. Istanbul Ataturk airport's 3 terminals serve as an international and domestic hub for flights throughout Turkey with flights for over 51 million passengers each year. faciltieis in the airport include duty free stores, gift shops, restaurants, conference halls, VIP lounges, baggage wrapping, currency exchange, and Wi-Fi.

Izmir Airport - ADB Izmir is a major airport in the Aegean side of Turkey. As Izmir city itself serves well for trade and industry you will see that Izmir airport is also geared with modern facilities. Its name is derived from a former Turkish Prime Minister Adnan Menderes and officially known as Adnan Menderes Airport. It is a good access point for Izmir, Kusadasi, Bodrum, and their attractions such as Pamukkale and Ephesus. Izmir airport was rebuilt in 2006 offering modern facilities including duty free shops, food outlets, and VIP lounges serving 6 million passengers each year. Sign up to our travel newsletter Contact us for expert travel advise 0208 547 2857 Airports - All About Istanbul More News Airports of Istanbul It's very easy to come to Istanbul by air. There are two international airports in Istanbul: Ataturk Airport in Yesilkoy on the European side of the city and Sabiha Gokcen Airport in Kurtkoy on the Asian side.

The third international airport is under construction on the European side of the city and it's planned to be opened by the end of 2016, being the biggest airport in whole Europe. There are also a couple of military airports and some private airstrips within the province. Ataturk Airport The first aerodrome in Istanbul was opened in Yesilkoy neighborhood in 1912 for military purposes. The civilian international airport was built between 1949-1953 by the Westinghouse Electric International Company and the IG White Engineering Corporation. Yesilkoy Airport was officially opened in August 1st, 1953.This was the first International airport of Istanbul and named after Ataturk , the founder of the Republic. When single runway became insufficient with the development of international civil aviation, a new runway was built in 1972. By the end of 90's, the airport was not able to catch up with the increasing air traffic so there was a need of a new one.

In 1997 a consortium led by two leading Turkish construction groups, Tepe and Akfen, won the BOT (Build, Operate, Transfer) contract of the Government for the new Istanbul Ataturk Airport international terminal complex. The construction was completed in 22 months at a cost of 306 million US dollars. A third runway was also built. Today, Istanbul Ataturk Airport is operated by TAV Istanbul Terminal Operations Company under the terms of the DHMI (State Airports Authority). TAV commenced the Ataturk airport operation for 15.5 years at a cost of 3 billion USD, after which it will be transferred to the State at no cost. The airport is located 24 kilometers west of the city center ( Taksim Square ). It has a capacity of 20 million passengers per year.

Inside the Ataturk Airport terminals, there is a hotel with 85 rooms for overnight as well as hourly accommodation, several international and local restaurants , cafeterias and bars in the departure and arrival floors, a huge Duty Free area, several CIP - VIP and other lounges, a huge car park, several kiosks, conference halls, left baggage, hairdresser, photography service, shoe shiners, news stands, grocery, florist, medical services , pharmacy, rent-a-cars, travel agents, airline ticket offices, banking offices and ATM's etc. There are many taxis, shuttle bus service to the city center, and a light railway ( metro ) to the old city area, easily accessible from the arrival floor. International airport code is IST. Most of the international and local airline companies land at Ataturk airport. For flight schedule of Ataturk International Airport, please Click Here . Sabiha Gokcen Airport Sabiha Gokcen was the first woman pilot of Turkey and the first woman combat pilot in the World during the late 30's that the airport is named after. She was also one of the stepdaughters of Ataturk and lived between 1913-2001.

With the constant growth of arrivals and air traffic, there has been the need of a new airport for Istanbul. Because of the logistics and public demand, the Asian side of the city was chosen for this task. The construction was started in 1998 and finished in September 2000 with two runways. A private company, HEAS, is running the airport today under the regulations of DHMI (State Airports Authority). The airport is located on the Anatolian side of Istanbul at Kurtkoy in Pendik district , at a distance of 12 kilometers to Pendik, 40 kilometers to Kadikoy , and 50 kilometers to Taksim Square . It's also only 10 minutes away from Istanbul Park Formula 1 race circuit . With the new international terminal built on October 2009, the airport now has a capacity of 25 million passengers per year. Inside the terminals, there are CIP and VIP lounges, Duty Free shops, bars and cafeterias, pubs and restaurants , a hotel , post office, bank , emergency medical service, rent-a-car, car parks etc. There are many taxis and shuttle bus service to the city. International airport code is SAW.

Some of the international and few local airline companies land at Sabiha Gokcen airport. For flight schedule of Sabiha Gokcen International Airport, please Click Here . Hezarfen Airport Its name comes from Hezarfen Ahmet Celebi, the first flying Turk during the Ottoman Empire of the 17th century. He copied bird wings and studied air flows, than jumping from the Galata Tower he over flew the Bosphorus and landed at Uskudar district on the Asian side, around 6 kilometers in distance. Hezarfen Airport is located in Catalca area near Buyukcekmece Lake, at 20 kilometers west of Ataturk International Airport . The site has a single runway for full size motor aircrafts and small planes. The airport code is LTBW. There are some flight schools where trainees receive pilot licenses and these companies are also giving air taxi services. Besides flying, there are also a model plane club, model cars racing track, motocross dirt track, skateboard area, heliport, cafeteria and restaurant , and car parks. Several air shows and music concerts are also arranged on its grounds. Hope to see you soon in Istanbul.

Arrival/Departure Istanbul Airport | Istanbul Airport Istanbul Airport Istanbul Airport Istanbul Airport Istanbul Airport (IST) is the main airport servicing Istanbul. The airport is also know as ‘Ataturk airport’, as it is named after the founder and first president of The Republic of Turkey. Istanbul International Airport is situated in the Marmara region of Turkey, approximately 24 klms (15 miles) West of the City of Istanbul itself. The airport is regarded as one of the top 40 busiest airports in the world and has over 30 million passengers passing through it each year. The airport has seen quite a large amount of investment over the past few years and as a result, has had a vast amount of modernisation. The airport has 4 terminals that cater for International and domestic flights, as well as having a seperate terminal for cargo flights. The terminals offer passengers a wide range of facilities and have all the facilities you would expect from a major International airport. Many of the shop in the airport, are open 24 hours a day and passengers can enjoy a variety of gift shops selling traditional Turkish items and also a large Duty Free shop, with a very wide choice of goods.

Although the airport is very busy, it has a very modern and efficient system in place, that handles this capacity very well. Getting To and From Istanbul Airport Getting to and from Istanbul airport is very easy, due to the good ground support systems that are in operation at the airport. Passengers have a wide range of choice for transfers to and from the airport. There are all different kinds of transport that cater for al needs and requirements and which one you choose, is simply down to personal preference and budget. Bus, car hire, coach, taxi, light rail and sea bus are all available from forms of transfer to and from the airport or close by. Bus: There are several local bus services that operate to and from trhe airport to many of the local villages and towns close by. The local bus is a cheaper option for airport transfer but is a slower form of transport. Car Hire: Car hire is a popular choice with passengers as it offers many advantages. To read more about car hire and find the best deals, please visit the following page: Car Hire Istanbul Airport Coach: There are several coach servces that operate from the airport and they services are generally operated by Havas.

Havas is one of the largest ground handling companies in Turkey and they of coach services to many destinations from the airport including: Akmerkez Aksaray Bakırköy, Etiler Taksim Square, Kozyatağı (Anatolian side) Yenikapı. Taxi: There are many taxis that operate from outside the main arrivals area. It is always advisable to check how much the fare will be before you actually get in any taxi and start your journey. A very popular option with passengers is to pre-book their taxi in advance and there are several reasons why this is strongly recommended. Light Rail: Istanbul airport is connected to Istanbul itself by a light rail service. The service links passenger fro the airport to an area in Istanbul called Aksaray, which means “White Palace”. The journey time on the light rail is around 35 minutes and the cost of travel, is very cheap. Istanbul Airport Arrivals And Departures Access live up to date information on all flight arrivals and departures from the airport.

Istanbul attack on Ataturk Airport is this starting of war Turkey v IS v Syrian Kurds | bindiya20's Blog Istanbul attack on Ataturk Airport is this starting of war Turkey v IS v Syrian Kurds Bombers attack on last Tuesday Ataturk International Airport Attack on Istanbul ISTANBUL CITY IN TURKEY that connects Europe and Asia transversely to the Bosporus Strait. This Old City is the mirror of cultural influences of the many realms that once ruled here. Last Tuesday Suicide bombers attack on Istanbul’s Ataturk international airport these attackers opened fire and blew themselves up in Istanbul’s main airport. Ataturk International airport is the busiest airport in Turkey and renamed after Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, the founder and first president of republic of turkey .This is the biggest airport in Turkey report says that in 2015. Not only, 60 millions of passengers served in this airport but, it was ranked as a 11th bussiest airport in the world in terms of passenger traffic Also, till 2015 last updates says that it was Europe’s 3rd bussiest Airport after London Heathrow , Paris Charles de Gaulle and ahead of Frankfurt Airport in Turkey.

Bombers attack from outside and inside the terminal in which 36 was killed and more than 140 injured, official says. Prime minister said this is starting of war against IS (Islamic states) and Syrian Kurds this has been linked to either IS or Kurdish separately. Who are kurdians? Kurds are the largest ethnic minority in Syria, refers to people born in or residing in Syria from Kurdish origin. They are less in number only 10% country’s in population. According to CIA report from a decade Syrian Kurds have facing routine discrimination and harassment by the government. “Syrian” (Kurdistana Suriye) is an unauthorized name given by some of the Kurdish inhabitants in the regions of northern and northeastern Syria. Meanwhile Turkish President RecepTayyip Erdogan said this attack would be a turning point in the global fight against Kurdish militant groups. Some of the major attacks faced by Istanbul in 2016 7 June, Istanbul: Car bomb murders seven police officers and four civilians. Kurdish militant group TAK 19 March, Istanbul: Suicide bomb kills four people in shopping street. IS responsible. 13 March, Ankara: 34 killed in car bomb. Done by TAK.

17 February, Ankara: Again 29 murdered during attack on military buses. responsible TAK 12 January, Istanbul: 11 Germans killed by Syrian suicide bomber in tourist area WHO were behind these attack? After series of attacks in last months, country suspects two major cause area the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and Kurdish militants. ISIS has increasingly targeted Turkey from last passing year, including committing number of suicide bombings. This came into limelight when again ISIS attacked last October, 103 civilians were murdered in Ankara. Turkish Prime Minister Binali Yildirim mentioned in his statement recently on Tuesday that the early signs in this latest attack also pointed toward ISIS. The other possible suspect in Tuesday’s attack is the Kurdish Freedom Falcons or TAK, or Kurdish insurgent militant group the Kurdish Workers’ Party, or PKK, with which the Turkish state has been involved in a nasty war due to peace negotiations distorted in early 2015. Kurdish has apparently committed a number of attacks in Ankara and Istanbul on what it has claimed were “military” targets. Why targeted Istanbul?

People’s Protection Units (YPG), the military offshoot of the PKK-affiliated Democratic Union Party (PYD), since it is vigorously fighting ISIS in Syria laterally with the United States. United States and Turkey have been at odds over U.S. cooperation. United States desperately needs the Syrian Kurds, but Turkey is concerned with the PKK as it follows a marked earth policy in contradiction to PKK in the first and foremost Kurdish towns in the southeastern provinces of the country. In the upcoming hours and days there will be much speculation and plenty of allegations carried around. Like the mist of war, the mist of terrorism prevailing many questions. Whoever is taking claim, one thing is clear: Terrorism is a unsolved question, another war, we civilians would be paying an exceptionally high price for it. Share this: Turkey profile - Timeline - BBC News Turkey profile - Timeline A chronology of key events: Ottoman Empire 1453 - Sultan Mehmed II the Magnificent captures Constantinople, ending Byzantine Empire and consolidating Ottoman Empire in Asia Minor and Balkans. 15th-16th centuries - Expansion into Asia and Africa. 1683 - Ottoman advance into Europe halted at Battle of Vienna. Long decline begins.

19th century - Efforts at political and economic modernisation of Empire largely founder. 1908 - Young Turk Revolution establishes constitutional rule, but degenerates into military dictatorship during First World War, where Ottoman Empire fights in alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary. 1918-22 - Partition of defeated Ottoman Empire leads to eventual triumph of Turkish National Movement in war of independence against foreign occupation and rule of Sultan. Modern Turkey 1923 - Grand National Assembly declares Turkey a republic and Kemal Ataturk president. Istanbul Europe meets Asia in Turkey's largest city Former capital of Byzantine and Ottoman empires 1930: Constantinople officially renamed Istanbul Population: 9.4 million 1928 - Turkey becomes secular: clause retaining Islam as state religion removed from constitution. 1938 - President Ataturk dies, succeeded by Ismet Inonu. 1945 - Neutral for most of World War II, Turkey declares war on Germany and Japan, but does not take part in combat. Joins United Nations. 1950 - First free elections won by opposition Democratic Party.

Military coups 1952 - Turkey abandons Ataturk's neutralist policy and joins Nato. 1960 - Army coup against ruling Democratic Party. 1963 - Association agreement signed with European Economic Community (EEC). Ottoman Empire Multi-ethnic state lasted more than 600 years Developed in late 13th century Extended into south-east Europe, north Africa, Middle East Replaced by Turkish Republic in 1922 1965 - Suleyman Demirel becomes prime minister - a position he is to hold seven times. 1971 - Army forces Demirel's resignation after spiral of political violence. 1974 - Turkish troops invade northern Cyprus. 1978 - US trade embargo resulting from invasion lifted. 1980 - Military coup follows political deadlock and civil unrest. Imposition of martial law. 1982 - New constitution creates seven-year presidency, and reduces parliament to single chamber. 1983 - General election won by Turgut Ozal's Motherland Party.

Kurdish war 1984 - Turkey recognises "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus." Kurdistan Workers' Party launches separatist guerrilla war in southeast. Kemal Ataturk Founder of the Turkish republic Born in 1881 1987 - Turkey applies for full EEC membership. 1990 - Turkey allows US-led coalition against Iraq to launch air strikes from Turkish bases. 1992 - 20,000 Turkish troops enter Kurdish safe havens in Iraq in anti-PKK operation. 1993 - Tansu Ciller becomes Turkey's first woman prime minister, and Demirel elected president. 1995 - Major military offensive launched against the Kurds in northern Iraq, involving some 35,000 Turkish troops. Pro-Islamist Welfare Party wins elections but lacks support to form government - two major centre-right parties form anti-Islamist coalition. Turkey enters EU customs union. Rise of political Islam 1996 - Centre-right coalition falls. Welfare Party leader Necmettin Erbakan heads first pro-Islamic government since 1922.

1997 - Coalition resigns after campaign led by the military, replaced by a new coalition led by the centre-right Motherland Party of Prime Minister Mesut Yilmaz. Kurdish leader 1998 January - Welfare Party - the largest in parliament - banned. Yilmaz resigns amid corruption allegations, replaced by Bulent Ecevit. 1999 February - PKK leader Abdullah Ocalan captured in Kenya. 2001 June - Constitutional Court bans opposition pro-Islamic Virtue Party, saying it had become focus of anti-secular activities. 2002 January - Turkish men are no longer regarded in law as head of the family. The move gives women full legal equality with men, 66 years after women's rights were put on the statute books. 2002 August - Parliament approves reforms aimed at securing EU membership. Death sentence to be abolished except in times of war and bans on Kurdish education, broadcasting to be lifted. Islamist party victorious 2002 November - Islamist-based Justice and Development Party (AK) wins landslide election victory. Party promises to stick to secular principles of constitution. Deputy leader Abdullah Gul appointed premier.

2002 December - Constitutional changes allow head of ruling AK Party, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, to run for parliament, and so to become prime minister. He had been barred from public office because of previous criminal conviction. Kurdish rebels Image copyright Getty Images The PKK - Kurdistan Workers Party - is a rebel group fighting for an independent Kurdish state within Turkey Founded in 1974. Took up arms against Turkey in 1984 More than 40,000 people have been killed in conflict Listed as a terrorist organisation by Ankara, US and EU Since his capture, founder Abdullah Ocalan has encouraged quest for Kurdish rights via political rather than military means Government has lifted some restrictions on Kurdish cultural and political rights to try to end conflict Kurds say restrictions and mass arrests of Kurdish politicians have continued 2003 March - AK Party leader Recep Tayyip Erdogan wins seat in parliament. Within days Abdullah Gul resigns as prime minister and Erdogan takes over. Parliament decides not to allow deployment of US forces ahead of war in Iraq but allows US use of Turkish air space. It authorises dispatch of Turkish forces into Kurdish areas of northern Iraq.

2003 June-July - Eyeing future EU membership, parliament passes laws easing restrictions on freedom of speech, Kurdish language rights, and on reducing political role of military. Istanbul attacks 2003 November - 25 people are killed and more than 200 injured when two car bombs explode near Istanbul's main synagogue. Days later two co-ordinated suicide bombings at the British consulate and a British bank in the city kill 28 people. 2004 January - Turkey signs protocol banning death penalty in all circumstances, a move welcomed in EU circles. 2004 May - PKK says it plans to end a ceasefire because of what it calls annihilation operations against its forces. 2004 June - State TV broadcasts first Kurdish-language programme. 2004 September - Parliament approves penal reforms introducing tougher measures to prevent torture and violence against women. Controversial proposal on criminalising adultery dropped. EU talks 2004 December - EU leaders agree to open talks in 2005 on Turkey's EU accession. The decision, made at a summit in Brussels, follows a deal over an EU demand that Turkey recognise Cyprus as an EU member.

2005 January - New lira currency introduced as six zeroes are stripped from old lira, ending an era in which banknotes were denominated in millions. 2005 May - Parliament approves amendments to new penal code after complaints that the previous version restricted media freedom. The EU welcomes the move but says the code still fails to meet all its concerns on human rights. 2005 June - Parliament overturns veto by secularist President Sezer on government-backed amendment easing restrictions on teaching of Koran. 2005 October - EU membership negotiations officially launched after intense bargaining. 2005 November - Multi-billion-dollar Blue Stream pipeline carrying Russian gas under the Black Sea to Turkey opens in the port of Samsun. Hrant Dink Turkish-Armenian writer shunned silence 2006 May - Gunman opens fire in Turkey's highest court, killing a prominent judge and wounding four others. Thousands protest against what they perceive as an Islamic fundamentalist attack. 2006 June - Parliament passes new anti-terror law which worries the EU and which rights groups criticise as an invitation to torture. 2006 July - Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline opened at ceremony in Turkey.

2006 30 September - Kurdish separatist group, the PKK, declares a unilateral ceasefire in operations against the military. 2006 December - EU partially freezes Turkey's membership talks because of Ankara's failure to open its ports and airports to Cypriot traffic. 2007 January - Journalist and Armenian community leader Hrant Dink is assassinated. The murder provokes outrage in Turkey and Armenia. Prime Minister Erdogan says a bullet has been fired at democracy and freedom of expression. Secularist protests 2007 April - Tens of thousands of supporters of secularism rally in Ankara, aiming to pressure Prime Minister Erdogan not to run in presidential elections because of his Islamist background. Ruling AK Party puts forward Foreign Minister Abdullah Gul as its candidate after Mr Erdogan decides not to stand. He narrowly fails to win in the first round. 2007 May - Parliament gives initial approval to a constitutional change allowing the president to be elected by a popular vote, but the amendment is vetoed by President Sezer. Headscarf row Quiet end to Turkey's college headscarf ban 2007 July - AK Party wins parliamentary elections. Abdullah Gul elected president the following month.

2007 October - Voters in a referendum back plans to have future presidents elected by the people instead of by parliament. 2007 December - Turkey launches a series of air strikes on fighters from the Kurdish PKK movement inside Iraq. Headscarf dispute 2008 February - Thousands protest at plans to allow women to wear the Islamic headscarf to university. 2008 July - Petition to the constitutional court to have the governing AK Party banned for allegedly undermining the secular constitution fails by a narrow margin. 2008 October - Trial starts of 86 suspected members of shadowy ultra-nationalist Ergenekon group, which is accused of plotting a series of attacks and provoking a military coup against the government. 2009 July - President Abdullah Gul approves legislation proposed by the ruling AK Party giving civilian courts the power to try military personnel for threatening national security or involvement in organised crime. Rapprochement with Armenia Turkey, Armenia split on new ties 2009 October - The governments of Turkey and Armenia agree to normalise relations at a meeting in Switzerland. Both parliaments will need to ratify the accord.

Turkey says opening the border will depend on progress on resolving the Nagorno-Karabakh dispute between Armenia and Azerbaijan. 2009 December - The government introduces measures in parliament to increase Kurdish language rights and reduce the military presence in the mainly-Kurdish southeast as part of its "Kurdish initiative". Constitutional reform 2010 April - Parliament begins debating constitutional changes proposed by the government with the stated aim of making Turkey more democratic. The opposition Republican People's Party says the Islamist-leaning ruling AK Party is seeking more control over the secular judiciary. 2010 May - Relations with Israel come under severe strain after nine Turkish activists are killed in an Israeli commando raid on an aid flotilla attempting to reach Gaza. 2010 September - Referendum on constitutional reform backs amendments to increase parliamentary control over the army and judiciary. Coup 'plots' Image copyright AFP Hundreds of army officers have been tried in connection with alleged coup plots, in what is seen as a blow to the military's power 2010 November - The whistle-blowing website Wikileaks publishes confidential cables revealing that France and Austria have been deliberately blocking Turkey's EU membership negotiations.

2011 June - Ruling Justice and Development (AK) Party wins resounding victory in general election. PM Erdogan embarks on third term in office. Thousands of refugees fleeing unrest in Syria stream into Turkey. Ankara demands reform in Syria. 2011 August - President Gul appoints top military leaders after their predecessors resign en masse. This is the first time a civilian government has decided who commands the powerful armed forces. 2011 October - PKK rebels kill 24 Turkish troops near the Iraqi border, the deadliest attack against the military since the 1990s. 2012 June - Turkey permits schools to offer the Kurdish language as an optional course. 2012 October - Tension rises with Damascus. After Syrian mortar fire on a Turkish border town kills five civilians, parliament authorises military action inside Syria, and the armed forces respond with artillery fire into Syria. 2013 March - Following protracted talks between Turkish government and jailed PKK leader, Mr Ocalan announces end of armed struggle and ceasefire.

Summer of protest Image copyright AP Anger at plans to redevelop an Istanbul park spilled over into protests against perceived government authoritarianism in mid-2013 Protests 2013 May-June - Mass anti-government protests spread to several cities, sparked by plans to develop one of Istanbul's few green spaces. The police respond with violence, and two protestors die. Prime Minister Erdogan responds with defiance. 2013 December - Government sacks numerous police chiefs over arrests of pro-government public figures on corruption charges. Observers see this as part of power struggle with former AK Party ally and influential US-based Muslim cleric Fethullah Gulen. Image copyright AP Image caption Islamic preacher Fethullah Gulen - ally turned arch-rival to President Erdogan Erdogan presidency 2014 August - Prime Minister Erdogan wins the first direct popular election for president. 2015 March - The "Sledgehammer" coup plot trial collapses when a court clears 236 military officers accused of involvement in an alleged conspiracy to remove former Prime Minister Erdogan from power in 2003.

2015 June - The pro-Kurdish leftwing People's Democratic Party (HDP) enters parliament at elections, depriving the governing AK party of its majority and scuppering plans for a referendum on executive powers for President Erdogan. 2015 July - Turkey announces air strikes against Islamic State militant group after suspected IS suicide bomber kills 32 young activists at rally in Suruc, on the Syrian border. Ceasefire with the Kurdish rebel PKK - declared by jailed PKK leader Abdullah Ocalan in 2013 - finally crumbles under the weight of tensions aggravated by the Syrian civil war and the role of both Turkey and the Kurds in the war. Kurdish insurgency erupts once more. 2015 October - Turkey accuses Islamic State of twin suicide bomb attacks on Ankara peace rally by Kurds that kills 100 people. Spillover of Syria conflict Image copyright AFP Image caption The breakdown of the ceasefire between the government and Kurdish rebels prompted renewed fighting in the south-east 2015 November - Governing AKP party regains parliamentary majority in snap elections, but falls short of numbers needed for referendum to boost President Erdogan's powers. Turkey shoots down a Russian military jet on Syria bombing mission.

Russia, Turkey's second-largest trading partner, imposes economic sanctions. European Union strikes a deal whereby Turkey restricts flow of migrants into Europe, in return for €3bn ($3.17bn) and concessions on stalled EU accession talks. 2016 February - Bomb attack on military convoy in the capital Ankara kills at least 38 people. A hard-line breakaway PKK faction - the Kurdistan Freedom Hawks (TAK) - claims responsibility. Media crackdown 2016 March - Authorities put Turkey's biggest newspaper, Zaman - closely linked to Erdogan rival Fethullah Gulen - under state control. Suicide car-bomb attack in Ankara kills 37 people. TAK again claims responsibility. 2016 May - Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoglu resigns as prime minister after falling out with President Erdogan. President Erdogan says that deal on restriction of flow of migrants into Europe - largely negotiated by Mr Davutoglu - could collapse if Turks are not granted visa-free access to the EU. 2016 June - Turkey recalls its ambassador to Berlin after German parliament adopts resolution declaring as genocide the killing of Armenians by Ottoman Turkish forces during WW1.

A gun and suicide attack on Istanbul's Ataturk airport kills 42 people, including 13 foreign nationals. Turkish authorities believe the attack bears the hallmarks of so-called Islamic State. Coup attempt 2016 July - The authorities detain thousands of soldiers and judges on suspicion of involvement in a coup attempt that President Erdogan says was inspired by his exiled opponent Fethullah Gulen. The government also shuts down dozens of media outlets - including 16 TV channels - during a continuing crackdown in the wake of the failed coup attempt. 2016 August - President Erdogan visits St Petersburg for talks with Russian President Vladimir Putin. The two men pledge to restore the close economic ties that were badly affected after Turkey shot down a Russian bomber on the Syrian border in November 2015. 2016 December - Off-duty policeman kills Russian ambassador in apparent revenge for Russian air campaign in Syria. Russia and Turkey pledge to cooperate with Iran in fight against Islamic State in Syria. Atatürk International - Turkey Mounzer September 28, 2016 at 3:42 pm One of the best in the world. Great duty free for loads of shopping.

Best airport in Europe for the last 5 years Vic February 13, 2015 at 4:23 am The worst transit airport if you have a luggage. In this case airport staff passes you from one desk to the next, and over and over again. Nobody helps you. Nobody knows what to do. Nobody’s interested to know. Furthermore, if you dissatisfied, you reach real impudence. Better waste your suitcase in advance. Or select another route. John Jones February 4, 2015 at 8:03 pm The best airport! Sameep Kapoor November 5, 2014 at 10:01 am One of the worst luggage handling done by the airport authority. While sitting in the transit area I could see vehicles carrying luggage to the respective flights. I could see luggage falling from the carrier at least 4 times and twice luggage was left on the way as the carrier moved of without taking notice of that How those travelers must be feeling while reaching their respective destination and not finding their luggage. IST Darren Hulbert July 24, 2010 at 7:42 pm Istanbul Airport is a nice place to spend a few hours while changing planes.

The only issue I have is when flying THY from a location that is not online you need to go to the transfer desk, this process is a pain. The regular travellers all make a run for it from getting off the plane. You can queue for some time and the staff can be rude. Even if you are travelling business class its not nice. However when travelling with your second boarding card its a pleasant experience. Well Done IST Nice And Clean Airport Gaelle Wartel February 3, 2009 at 8:19 pm Excellent airport, one of the best I’ve experienced. Ground staff is friendly despite bad English. Toilettes are clean and well maintained. Very good duty free shops with very nice cafes. Prices are lower than most European airports. Worth spending a few hours. Ataturk Internationl Airport Vitor Roque Monteiro January 30, 2009 at 5:16 am Medium sized airport with good facilities. Nice resting, eating and shopping areas. The place to avoid is a transit desk; crowded with unqualified and rude attending people even if backed up by competent supervisors. This place can become a nightmare. Accommodation is efficient handled by Thy but just in Arrival Hall.

One of the worse baggage handling I’ve experienced in over 50 airports worldwide. Very Good! Serkan Erdogan December 19, 2008 at 9:20 am One of only airports left with free wireless. Very good duty free shopps with very nice cafes. Plenty of seats available. The Best Tour of Turkey | Turkey Vacation Packages | smarTours Rates are per person based on double occupancy. Single room supplement is $499. For more information on this tour, please contact us here or call us during business hours (Mon-Fri, 9:30-5:30 EST) at 800-337-7773. Visa is required for Turkey. Reservations and Payments Reservations for Turkey vacation packages can be made by phone (1-800-337-7773) and will be confirmed upon receipt of $300 per person non-refundable, non-transferable deposit (by check) which must be received within 7 days of reservation. Full payment is due 75 days prior to departure. Baggage fees may apply. Space and prices subject to availability.

For complete booking information and terms & conditions click here . Tour Itinerary Day 1 Depart USA. Your fascinating tour of Turkey, the “Crossroads of Civilizations” begins as you depart on overnight flights to Istanbul. Day 2 Arrive Istanbul (Turkey). Upon arrival when you visit Istanbul, you’ll be met and transferred to your centrally located hotel. This evening your tour director hosts a welcome dinner and orientation. TRYP by Wyndham Hotel (D) Day 3 Situated at the meeting point of Europe and Asia, Istanbul offers a fascinating blend of east and west. Your guided morning tour includes visits to St. Sophia, the great Byzantine Basilica built in the 6th century. Your tour ends with a visit to the vast and bustling Grand Bazaar, world famous labyrinth and passages housing numerous stores where you’ll have shopping opportunities galore. The balance of the day is at leisure and you may wish to join a leisurely cruise on the Bosphorous. (B) Day 4 Istanbul/Ankara. Depart for the Turkish capital, Ankara, the country’s second largest city. Upon arrival, visit the Mausoleum of Kemal Ataturk, founder and first president of the Turkish Republic.

Leading up to the Mausoleum, is a vast brick courtyard and monumental avenue lined with Neo Hittite stone statues and cenotaphs beneath its colonnades. You will also visit the fascinating Anatolian Civilization Museum. The balance of the day is at leisure to explore on your own. Swissotel Ankara (B) Day 5 Ankara/Cappadocia. Today, travel by road through the Turkish countryside to the world-renowned region of Cappadocia, a breathtaking landscape with striking and bizarre rock formations and underground cities. Dinler Hotel (B,D) Day 6 Cappadocia. On today’s guided excursion, visit the Open Air Museum in the Goreme Valley to view early Christian churches decorated with beautifulfrescoes depicting various scenes from the Bible. You’ll also visit the Kaymakli Underground City, which was hollowed out of volcanic rock and extends seven to nine floors deep into the earth. It is made up of a maze of corridors, chambers, storehouses, kitchens and churches. Finally, visit the village of Avanos, famous for its beautiful old houses as well as pottery and onyx workshops. (B,D) Day 7 Cappadocia/Konya/Antalya.

This morning visit the 13th century Sultan Han located at a secluded point on the ancient Silk Road between Aksaray and Konya. It was used as a caravanserai during the Seljuk period when trade flourished, requiring roads for caravan transport and inns for the traveling traders and their camels. Continue your journey by road via Konya, passing through lush forests, orchards and olive groves on the sloping hills downward to the splendid Mediterrannean Sea. Marmara Hotel (B,D) Day 8 Antalya. Full day at leisure to enjoy at your own pace. Your seaside resort hotel enjoys a choice location overlooking Turkey’s fabled Turquoise Coast. You may join an optional tour ($63) to ancient Perge, the most attractive and well-preserved Pamphylian city that reached its apex during the reign of Alexander the Great. Continue to Aspendos, founded by the colonists from Argos and best known for its huge theater. On this optional tour you’ll also visit the Antalya’s Archaeological Museum that houses artifacts and antiques from 2500 years of Anatolian culture. (B,D) Day 9 Pamukkale/Izmir.

Journey to Pamukkale and visit the Necropolis and the ancient city of Hieropolis (“Holy City”), situated atop the Pamukkale hot springs. These hot springs have served as a thermal bath since the 2nd century B.C. Later, arrive in Izmir, believed to be the birthplace of Homer. DoubleTree by Hilton Izmir Hotel (B,D) Day 10 Ephesus Excursion. Today, venture to explore Ephesus considered to be the world’s best-preserved classical city and famous throughout history for its Temple of Artemis, one of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world. Ephesus was undoubtedly one of the most important cultural centers of the ancient world and among its impressive structures you will marvel at the Library of Celcus, Temple of Hadrian, the Great Theater and the Odeon. Later, visit to the House of Virgin Mary, a shrine said to be the final home of the Virgin Mary near Ephesus. Return to Izmir. (B,D) Day 11 Pergamum/Canakkale.

Drive to Pergamum, a powerful kingdom during the ancient Hellenistic period, and visit the Acropolis, an impressive structure that houses the Temple of Trajan, the Heroon Shrine, the Sanctuary of Athena and the Altar of Zeus. You’ll also view the Theater and the Library of Pergamum, whose collection came second only to that of Egypt’s Alexandria. Arrive in Canakkale. Iris Hotel (B,D) Day 12 Troy/Istanbul. This morning, marvel at the classical city of Troy as you tour this 4000-year-old city and legendary center of the Trojan War, made immortal by Homer’s epic poem the Iliad. Cross by ferry the Dardanelles, a narrow strait connecting the Aegean and Black Sea and arrive in Istanbul. Upon your return to Istanbul, you may delight in a visit to the Spice Market, the exotic food market selling dried fruits and spices, the underground cistern, the water source of the Byzantine and Ottoman periods. This evening savor an included festive farewell dinner.

Renaissance Istanbul Polat Bosphorus Hotel (B,D) Day 13 On a guided morning tour, a local expert will introduce you to some of the highlights of the city, previously known as Constantinople and the seat of the Eastern Roman Empire. Visit the splendid Topkapi Palace, the residence of the Ottoman Sultans for almost 600 years and now a fascinating museum. Here, visit of the Treasury section with the crown jewels and the unique collection of Chinese porcelains. Continue to the ancient Hippodrome, the place chariot races and competitive athletic events took place during the Roman period and finally, explore the elegant Blue Mosque, a 17th century Ottoman Mosque famous for its six minarets and magnificent interior with blue tiles. The balance of the day is at leisure. (B) Day 14 Istanbul/USA. Today we bid our tour of Turkey farewell. Your exciting journey concludes as you arrive New York. (B) Featured Hotels Check out this video from a smarTours traveler on this trip of a lifetime! Optional Tours Optional Tours To enhance and make your visit to Turkey more complete and memorable, you tour director will offer several optional tours and cultural/dining evening activities. All rates are in US Dollars.

Payment should be made in cash (US dollars). Credit cards (Visa, Mastercard and American Express) are accepted with a minimum purchase of $200 and subject to a service fee of 3.5% imposed by the local touring company. Optional tours are subject to a minimum number of participants and may be cancelled if the minimum is not met. Istanbul Afternoon Bosphorus Cruise ($64 per person) No stay in Istanbul would be complete without a memorable cruise by a private boat along the Bosphorus, the winding straits separating Europe and Asia. Transfer from the hotel to the pier and embark your delightful cruise boat. Enjoy beautiful panoramic views of Rococo and Baroque style buildings, impressive Ottoman villas and marble palaces. You’ll also see humble fishing villages set against the dramatic outline of the Strait of Istanbul and the architectural wonder of the Bosphorus Suspension Bridges, exemplify the newest symbols of the link between East and West. At the conclusion of the cruise transfer back to your hotel. Cappadocia Whirling Dervishes Performance ($49 per person) The “Whirling Dervishes” performance is also called “the Sema ritual”.

The Sema ritual began with the inspiration of Mavlana Jalaleddin Rumi who is one of the greatest mystical poets of Islam. The Mevlevi Sufi order was founded to follow his teachings. The captivating dance of the whirling dervishes, which displays infinite spinning in perfect harmony, is part of Turkish custom, history, beliefs and culture. It’s a rare opportunity to experience a seven-century old ritual, featuring beautiful costumes, live music with flutes, string and percussion, and the amazing sight of the Dervishes whirling on the stage. Antalya Tour to Perge, Aspendos and Antalya Archeological Museum ($63 per person) Drive to Perge, a Pamphylian city founded between BC12-13. It is the most attractive and well-preserved Pamphylian city. View the highlights of this ancient city including the theatre, towers, Agora, Acropol and the Palaestra that was given to Imperial Claudius. Continue to Aspendos and view the well renowned Roman theatre that is still being used for contemporary concerts. Before returning to your hotel visit the Archeological Museum of Antalya later this afternoon.

Trip Prep Trip Preparation FLIGHT INFORMATION Your flights from New York’s JFK Airport to Turkey and back to JFK are on the following airlines with the corresponding schedules. We recommend that you arrive in JFK at least 3 ½ hours before the scheduled departure. Departure Date Delta Airlines ADVANCE SEAT ASSIGNMENT Please make sure to allow sufficient time for clearing immigration and customs if you are planning a connecting flight. We recommend at least 3 ½ hours. Please note that flight times are always subject to change. The airlines above do not assign seats in advance. Seat assignments can only be arranged at the airport upon check in. If you have a preferred seating choice, please make sure you check in for your flight as early as possible. These airlines do not offer any frequent flyer miles. PASSPORT AND VISA INFORMATION You must be in possession of a passport valid for at least 6 months after the date of travel. Visas are required to enter Turkey. American passport holders must obtain a Turkey e-visa online prior to entering Turkey at a cost of $20 per person (subject to change). To obtain an e-visa for Turkey, you can contact the Republic of Turkey Electronic Visa Application System by visiting their website by clicking here .

If you have questions, you may reach their call center at (888) 566-7656. Alternatively, we arranged a visa processing service “CIBT” to facilitate the Turkey e-visa for you for an additional handling fee. Please click here to download CIBT’s instructions. Non-U.S. citizens should check with the respective consulates as to the most current visa requirements to all their travel destinations. Please remember that it is your responsibility to obtain the necessary travel documents before the trip. TICKETS AND FINAL DOCUMENTS Your airline tickets along with final instruction and some additional travel tips will be sent to you 10 – 7 days before the scheduled departure of your tour. Please make sure to advise us in case your address changes. HEALTH REQUIREMENTS Immunizations are NOT currently required; however, you may wish to consult your personal physician or local public health authorities as to their suggestions. CLIMATE You may expect daytime high temperatures in the 50’s to 60’s in March & November, 60’s to 70’s in April & October and 70’s to 80’s May & September.

NON-INCLUDED MEALS AND SIGHTSEEING The hotels used on this tour have several dining choices from coffee shop to specialty restaurants. Average cost for dinner (excluding drinks) in the coffee shop is about $20 per meal per person. Optional sightseeing tours and evening activities will be offered. Your hotel will accept credit cards for your non-included meals. CREDIT CARDS AND LOCAL CURRENCY Hotels and some stores accept major credit cards. However, for “street shopping” you will need local currency or U.S. Dollars. Your hotels will be able to exchange for you cash to local currency. It is recommended that you bring along cash in small denominations. BAGGAGE Each passenger may bring one piece of checked-in luggage (suitcase) max. 44 pounds and one carry-on piece. Carry on must not exceed 18”x10”x8”. We recommend that you do not over-pack and that you take a variety of separates with climate and comfort in mind.

Reviews ISIS Is at War With Its 'Other' -- Turkey's Secular Democracy | The Huffington Post ISIS Is at War With Its 'Other' -- Turkey's Secular Democracy 07/01/2016 01:46 pm ET | Updated Jul 01, 2016 110 Behlül Özkan Assistant professor at Marmara University; Author ASSOCIATED PRESS ISTANBUL -- Tuesday's triple suicide bombing on Ataturk airport, which killed at least 44 people , now stands as a monument to the gravest national security crisis in the history of Turkey. With about 61 million passengers a year, Ataturk airport is the third busiest in Europe, exceeded only by London's Heathrow and Paris's Charles de Gaulle. Over the past three years, thousands of international jihadis have traveled down the "Jihadist Highway" through Turkey to join the array of radical groups fighting for supremacy in war-torn Syria -- especially the so-called Islamic State and the Nusra Front (al Qaeda's Syrian branch). For many of them, that journey has included traveling through Istanbul or Ankara airports. Turkish and U.S.

officials agree the massacre was likely the work of ISIS, though the group has not claimed responsibility as they have in other bombings. Until recently, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan was able to pursue two contradictory policies: first, safeguarding Turkey's $35 billion tourism revenue, which is the backbone of the country's economy, and second, maintaining his influence over Syria by controlling part of the flow of Syria-bound jihadis and weapons. All this changed over the past year, in which about 290 people have lost their lives in 15 major bomb attacks carried out at times by ISIS and at times by Kurdish militant groups. Since January, ISIS has begun to attack tourist areas in Istanbul, harming tourism in Turkey and potentially triggering a serious economic crisis. Erdogan attends the opening ceremony of Fethiye Hasan Gumusdag Mosque in Istanbul on July 1. (Onur Coban/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images) At present, Turkey is extremely isolated in its foreign policy. Having aspired to become the de facto leader of the Middle East after the Arab Uprisings of 2011, Erdogan ended up at odds with nearly every regional player: Egypt, Israel, Syria, Iraq, Libya and Russia.

A few years ago, this might have been termed " precious loneliness; " at present, Turkey's geopolitical loneliness is no longer sustainable. That much was clear from the forced resignation last month of Ahmet Davutoglu, the former prime minister and the chief architect of Turkey's disastrous Middle Eastern adventure. Davutoglu's post was filled by Binali Yildirim, who signaled this shift in Turkey's foreign policy with the words , "We will increase the number of our friends and reduce the number of our enemies." This week, Ankara has done a complete U-turn in its stance towards Israel and Russia. Ties with Israel -- which were nearly severed following its raid on a Turkish ship in 2010 -- have been normalized after Israel agreed to apologize for the raid and pay compensation to the families of the victims. Turkey, in turn, dropped its demand that Israel lift the embargo on Gaza. ISIS's aim is to destroy the secular republic, which is the 'other' to its caliphate. In November 2015, Turkey did something that no NATO country had done since the Korean War: it shot down a Russian fighter jet that crossed into its air space from Syria.

Turkey suffered greatly from the resulting sanctions imposed by Moscow, eventually compelling Erdogan to apologize to Russian President Vladimir Putin. Yet it is difficult to foresee any long-term improvement in Turkish-Russian relations as long as Turkey continues to support the jihadis in Syria who are intent on overthrowing Russia's ally, Syrian President Bashar Assad. While Turkey may be taking steps to "increase the number of its friends," there is one group that remains its implacable enemy: ISIS. At first, Turkey avoided serious confrontation with ISIS as the latter acquired large amounts of territory in Iraq and Syria in 2014. Ankara regarded the group as the "enemy of my enemies," given that ISIS was fighting against three forces opposed by Turkey: the Kurdistan Workers' Party (known as the PKK)'s Syrian branch, the PYD; the Shiite government in Baghdad; and Assad's regime in Damascus. During this period, Turkey turned a blind eye to the passage of thousands of militants through its territory on their way to join ISIS and permitted wounded ISIS fighters to be treated in Turkish hospitals. Photographs of victims were displayed as family members, colleagues and friends gather for a memorial ceremony at the Ataturk Airport on June 30.

(AP Photo/Emrah Gurel) When clashes re-ignited between Turkey and the PKK in 2015, ISIS began targeting Turkey's pro-Kurdish political party, the HDP, in its attacks. In October, ISIS carried out the bloodiest act of terrorism in Turkish history, killing more than 100 people at a gathering of Kurds and leftists in Ankara. Through such carnage, ISIS has hoped to increase its popular support by triggering Turkey's main fault lines: Kurds versus Turks, secularists versus Islamists. Erdogan's party, the ruling Justice and Development Party (known as the AKP), was careful not to portray ISIS - which made appeals to the Islamist AKP's own base -- as its main enemy. Instead, it assigned at least part of the blame for ISIS's attacks to the PKK and other radical leftist groups. According to figures provided by Turkey's Police Intelligence Department, more than 3,000 individuals from Turkey are on record as having joined ISIS, while the number of Salafis in Turkey is 20,000 and counting. Erdogan is intent on dismantling Turkey's democracy and setting up an authoritarian, Islamist, one-man regime.

ISIS's attack on Ataturk airport was unprecedented in several ways. Rather than targeting Kurds, leftists or tourists, this latest atrocity targeted people from all walks of life in Turkey. Having recently lost territory in Iraq and Syria, ISIS is becoming increasingly desperate. The group has long been firing rockets onto Turkish border towns in retaliation for Turkey's support for rival jihadi groups like the Nusra Front. But this new large-scale, highly coordinated attack shows ISIS to be a deadly menace to all of Turkey. It may strike again at tourist hubs or places of worship belonging to other religious groups and sects, attempting to destroy Turkey's already unstable social equilibrium. Turkey's back is against the wall when it comes to fighting ISIS. Over the past two years, Erdogan has dismissed hundreds of police and intelligence officers, whom he accuses of plotting a coup against him. Moreover, there is a serious lack of public trust in Turkey's police and intelligence forces, which, for the most part, have been put to work against Erdogan's opponents rather than ISIS members. Friends and relatives of Habibullah Sefer, who was killed in the attack at Istanbul airport, carry his coffin during his funeral in Istanbul on June 30.

(Reuters/Osman Orsal) Equally damning is Erdogan's backing of the al Qaeda-affiliated Nusra Front against ISIS. Just last week, Erdogan criticized the European Union's failure to classify the PYD as a "terror organization," saying, "The Nusra Front is fighting tooth-and-nail against ISIS: why do you call it a 'terror organization'?" (The Nusra Front's parent organization, al Qaeda, murdered 59 people in its 2003 bombings in Istanbul, to say nothing of the attacks of September 11, 2001.) It has long been clear that Turkey's Syria policy has come back to haunt it. ISIS is attacking Kurds, secular groups and leftists and using sectarian discourse. Its aim is to destroy the secular republic, which is the "other" to its caliphate. The only possible remedy is to revitalize Turkey's secular democracy; instead, Erdogan is intent on dismantling it and setting up an authoritarian, Islamist, one-man regime. ISIS's attack on the Ataturk airport, named after the founder of the secular Turkish republic, occurred on the second anniversary of its own self-proclaimed caliphate.

In declaring war on Turkish modernity, the benighted medieval ISIS has made it clear what is at stake. It is doubtful whether Erdogan can prevail in such a conflict. Follow Behlül Özkan on Twitter:

Question: Name Turkey's major 'Istanbul (Who?) Airport' after the founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey?
Answer: Atatürk