The Livestock Conservancy Cattle domesticated mammals of the genus Bos. Bull is an in-tact male bovine. Bull calf is a male calf. Calf is a young bovine. This term is used from the time of birth up until about 6 to 10 months of age when the animal is weaned. Cow is a female bovine that has had a calf. (This term may also be used for other species) Heifer is a female bovine that has not had a calf. Heifer calf is a female calf. Steer is a castrated male bovine or can be a future ox that is less than 4 years old. Ox is castrated bull that has been trained to work and is at least 4 years of age. Oxen is the plural of ox. Goat the domesticated form of capra hircus. Buck is a male goat over 1 year of age. Buckling is a young male goat less than a year old. Doe is a female goat over 1 year of age. Doeling is a young female goat less than a year old. Flock is a group of goats.

(The term may be used in reference to other livestock.) Kid is a baby goat of either sex. Wether is a castrated male goat (or sheep). Horse is a domesticated large single hoofed mammal (Equus caballus) with a short-haired coat, a long mane, and a long tail used for riding, pulling, or carrying loads. Colt is a male horse under 3 years of age. Filly is a female horse under 3 years of age. Foal is a young equine under 1 year of age. Gelding is a castrated male horse. Mare is a female horse after her 4th birthday. Stallion is an intact male horse. Rabbit is a mammal of the family Leporidae or the domesticated Old World species Oryctolagus cuniculus. Buck is a male rabbit. Doe is a female rabbit. Fryer or “young rabbit” is a rabbit that is 2 months old and weighs 3 ¾ lbs to 4 ½ lbs. Kit is a baby rabbit. Rabbitry is where owners keep their herd of rabbits in separate cages.

Stewer or “mature rabbit” is a rabbit 3 months of age or older averaging 6 pounds or more. Warren is where owners keep their herd of rabbits as a group in a large cage or enclosure. Sheep the domesticated species ovis aries. Ewe is a female sheep at least 1 year of age. Ewe lamb is a female sheep under 1 year of age. Flock is a group of sheep. (The term may be used in reference to other livestock.) Lamb is a young sheep. When referring to meat, lamb is meat from a sheep that is 12-14 months old or less. Lambkin or lambling is a newly born lamb. Ram is an in-tact male sheep that is at least one year of age. Ram lamb is a male sheep that is under 1 year of age. Sheep is a mature ovine at least one year of age and may also refer to the ovine species. Wether is a castrated male sheep (or goat). Swine are even-toed ungulates of the family Suidae, including pigs, hogs, and boars. Barrow is a castrated (before sexual maturity) male swine.

Boar is an adult male swine. Gilt is a female swine that has not given birth. Drove is a group of swine. Feeder pig is a young pig, most often between 40-70lbs that is produced by one farmer and sold to another for growing out to market weight. Hog is a mature swine with an adult weight above 150 pounds. Lard types of pig were developed to have large deposits of fat that could be more easily butchered from the animal in large chunks. This makes rendering easier and results in less loss of good meat. Market hog is a hog that weighs from 220-260 pounds and is 5-7 months of age when it is sent to market. Meat types of pig (also known as Bacon types) were developed to have more lean meat with moderate marbling of fat. Pig is a young swine that is not sexually mature or a mature swine with an adult weight under 150 pounds. Piglet or baby pig refers to a young pig in its first 14-21 days of life and is still nursing.

Shoat is a young hog (not sexually mature) that has been weaned and is ready for market weighing 150-260 pounds Sow is an adult female swine. Stag is a castrated (after sexual maturity) male swine. Poultry are domesticated birds that are kept for meat or eggs including birds of the order Galliformes: chicken, turkey, natatorial (swimming) birds: duck and goose. Flock is a group comprised of one species of poultry. Trio is typically a group of poultry with one male and two females Chicken is a common domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). Broiler is a meat chicken processed at the age of 7-12 weeks when it reaches 2 ½ to 3 ½ pounds live weight. Fryer is a meat chicken usually marketed at 12-20 weeks. Capon are male chickens that have been castrated and they are harvested at 4-8 months old. They weigh 5-9 pounds and produce more white meat and have higher fat content than other chickens. Chick is a newly hatched or a very young chicken.

Cock is a male chicken at least one year of age or older. Cockerel is a male chicken less than one year old. Cornish game hens are a cross between a Cornish and Plymouth Rock chicken (although originally they were pure Cornish), 4-5 weeks old, weighing about 2 pounds. They may be of either sex. Hen is a female chicken at least one year of age. Poussin or “spring chicken” is a young chicken, 3-4 weeks old, weighing about 1 pound that is prepared as a single serving. Pullet is a female chicken less than one year of age. A pullet is, in industry, a young female that has yet to start laying eggs Roasters are chickens that are 6-12 months of age weighing 4-7 pounds. Rooster is a male chicken over one year of age. Stewing fowl is a mature male or female chicken over one year of age. Ducks are any wild or domesticated swimming birds of the family Anatidae, typically having a broad, flat bill, short legs, and webbed feet. Drake is an adult male duck. Duck can refer to a female of the duck family.

Ducklings are baby ducks. Old drake is a male duck over 1 year of age. Old duck is a female duck over 1 year of age. Young drake is a male duck under 1 year of age. Young duck is a female duck under 1 year of age. Geese are wild or domesticated water birds of the family Anatidae and of the genera Anser and Branta that typically have a shorter neck than a swan and a shorter, more pointed bill than a duck. Gander is a male goose over 1 year of age. (Also referred to as old gander.) Goose is the singular of geese or a female goose. Gosling is a young goose up until feathers have replaced all of their down. Old goose is a female goose over 1 year of age. Young gander is a male goose under 1 year of age. Young goose is a female goose under 1 year of age. Turkey is a large North American bird (Meleagris gallopavo) that is widely domesticated for food and comes in many varieties. Hen is a female turkey over one year of age. Old hen is a female turkey over one year of age.

Old tom is a male turkey over 1 year of age. Poult is a young domestic (not wild) turkey. Tom is a male turkey. Young hen is a female turkey under 1 year of age. Young tom is a male turkey under 1 year of age. Small Ruminants: Ovine / Sheep & Caprine / Goat | Thermo Fisher Scientific Small Ruminants: Ovine / Sheep & Caprine / Goat Small Ruminants: Ovine/Sheep & Caprine/Goat Bluetongue virus (BTV) Epidemiology Bluetongue, or catarrhal fever, is caused by a double-stranded RNA virus of the genus Orbivirus and family Reoviridae. It is a noncontagious disease transmitted by insects to wild and domesticated ruminants, especially sheep. Signs Seven or eight days after infection, sheep develop acute signs—high temperature, lethargy, and self-isolation from the herd. Shortly after the rise in temperature, the buccal mucosa becomes red and swollen, and large volumes of foamy saliva are produced. The tongue swells up and in some cases turns blue (hence the name of the disease).

The crown of the unguis becomes red and painful. Affected animals can limp and ewes may abort. In most cases, growth is retarded and there is coat loss. Severely affected sheep may die eight to 10 days into the infection. In cattle and goats, the infection is usually asymptomatic. When there are signs in cattle, the most common are hyperthermia, abortion towards the end of gestation (in the eighth month), edema (of the udders, teats, vulva, and hocks), and erythema (mucosa, teats, and udders). The spread of BTV Bluetongue was first reported in 1876 in South Africa. While it used to be believed that is was confined to Africa, over the last 10 years the disease has spread to Asia, the southern United States, Australia, and southern Europe. A total of 24 different serotypes of the bluetongue virus are known, of which eight have been reported in Europe (serotypes 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, and 16).

Regulatory requirements vary by country; products may not be available in your geographic area. BVDV4ALL,BTVEUG,BTVM,BTVM50,BTVNS3,BTVNS350,TBTV1G,TBTV1G50,TBTV8G,TBTV8G50,BTV11GIAH50,BTV16GIAH50,BTV1GIAH50,BTV2GIAH50,BTV4GIAH50,BTV6GIAH50,BTV8GIAH50,BTV9GIAH50 Border disease (BD) Top Epidemiology The BVD virus is a small, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the genus Pestivirus. Two other animal viruses belong to this genus, namely the viruses that cause border disease (BD) in sheep and classical swine fever (CSF) in pigs.The virus that causes bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) was first identified in 1946. The disease is found throughout the world and its prevalence among animals exposed to the virus ranges from 30–80% in different countries and regions.

BVD impacts fertility in the herd The infection compromises the herd's fertility and induces the return of heat following death of the embryo when the cow is infected between the first and second months of gestation. Abortion and birth defects are possible throughout gestation. BVD-PI animals serve as a reservoir of infection A common consequence of prenatal infection by members of this viral genus is the birth of infected offspring that are permanently immunotolerant (BVD-persistent infection (BVD-PI)), which disseminate the virus throughout the herd. BVD-PI animals (i.e., those infected between the second and the fourth months of gestation) carry the virus throughout their lifetime and constantly secrete large numbers of viral particles. This group therefore constitutes a major source of infection for the rest of the herd. In addition, BVD-PI animals sooner or later develop the fatal form of BVD called mucosal disease (MD). The number of BVD-PI animals in an infected herd is of the order of 1% (although the percentage can be as high as 27%) and detecting them is primordial in the control of Pestivirus disease. Regulatory requirements vary by country; products may not be available in your geographic area.

BVDV4ALL,BVDAL5,BVDI1,BVDI5,BVDIL5,BVDILA5,BVDSET,RBDG,RBVD,RILA,VETBVDAG1,VETBVDAG5,VETBVDAG1 Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) Top Epidemiology The BVD virus is a small, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the genus Pestivirus. Two other animal viruses belong to this genus, namely the viruses that cause border disease (BD) in sheep and classical swine fever (CSF) in pigs.The virus that causes bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) was first identified in 1946. The disease is found throughout the world and its prevalence among animals exposed to the virus ranges from 30–80% in different countries and regions. BVD impacts fertility in the herd The infection compromises the herd's fertility and induces the return of heat following death of the embryo when the cow is infected between the first and second months of gestation. Abortion and birth defects are possible throughout gestation.

BVD-PI animals serve as a reservoir of infection A common consequence of prenatal infection by members of this viral genus is the birth of infected offspring that are permanently immunotolerant (BVD-persistent infection (BVD-PI)), which disseminate the virus throughout the herd. BVD-PI animals (i.e., those infected between the second and the fourth months of gestation) carry the virus throughout their lifetime and constantly secrete large numbers of viral particles. This group therefore constitutes a major source of infection for the rest of the herd. In addition, BVD-PI animals sooner or later develop the fatal form of BVD called mucosal disease (MD). The number of BVD-PI animals in an infected herd is of the order of 1% (although the percentage can be as high as 27%) and detecting them is primordial in the control of Pestivirus disease. Regulatory requirements vary by country; products may not be available in your geographic area.

BVDAL5,BVDI1,BVDI5,BVDIL5,BVDILA5,BVDSET,RBDG,RBVD,RILA,VETBVDAG1,VETBVDAG5,VETBVDAG1 Brucellosis Top Overview Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by Brucella bacteria. Brucella species of major concern are B. abortus, primarily affecting cattle; B. melitensis, primarily affecting sheep and goats; and B. suis, primarily affecting pigs. All these Brucella species are non–host-specific and may be transmitted to other animal species or humans under appropriate conditions. Brucellosis is commonly transmitted to susceptible animals by direct contact with infected animals or in an environment that has been contaminated with discharges from infected animals. Brucellosis is thus a herd or flock problem. Brucellosis is a notifiable disease, and any occurrence of it has to be reported to the local health authority. Depending on the species and the infection rate, different eradication programs are effective. Where incidence rates are high, vaccination programs are necessary to lower the infection rate. Once this has been achieved, surveillance programs linked to slaughter of infected animals are introduced.

These programs lead to “Brucellosis-Free” and “Officially Brucellosis-Free” status for specified regions or whole countries. In Europe, surveillance is regulated in the EU directive 2003/99/EC on Monitoring of Zoonoses. Signs Common symptoms of Brucella infection are decreased milk production, weight loss, abortions, infertility, and lameness. Brucella uptake occurs orally, or via skin wounds or mucous membranes. Brucella bacteria are mainly excreted with aborted placentas and fetuses, and with semen and milk. Occasionally, animals may recover after a period of time. More commonly, however, the symptoms disappear but the disease prevails. Such asymptomatic animals are dangerous sources of infection. Human health risk Raw milk and unpasteurized cheeses represent the most frequent sources of human infection. Farmers and veterinary staff run an increased risk of infection due to direct exposure to aborted infected materials. In humans the disease is usually not fatal, but if untreated it can last for many years. The incubation period is usually 1 to 3 weeks but can sometimes be as long as several months.

Patients show nonspecific symptoms such as undulating fever, chills, malaise, and headache. Economic impact Brucellosis is a major public and animal health problem in many regions of the world. Although it rarely kills infected animals, considering the economic damage the disease can cause, brucellosis is one of the most serious livestock diseases worldwide. This zoonosis has been or is close to being eradicated from a number of countries, but it is still prevalent in the Mediterranean region, Africa, Asia, and South America. Regulatory requirements vary by country; products may not be available in your geographic area. 7610400,7610700,7620300,7620400,7620500,7620301 Caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) Top Epidemiology CAE and maedi-visna are persistent viral infections caused by closely related lentiviruses belonging to the Retroviridae family. Although there are only a few documented cases of interspecific transmission, CAEV can infect sheep and maedi-visna can infect goats.

The infection is transmitted very early to the lamb or kid via the dam in colostrum or milk, or via the respiratory secretions of infected animals. Now a permanent carrier, the lamb or kid can transmit the virus to the rest of the flock throughout its life. Signs CAE is a disease that affects caprines, causing arthritis and mastitis in adults and encephalitis in younger animals. Maedi-visna is a disease of sheep, causing shortness of breath or respiratory distress, arthritis, and weight loss. In addition, some ovines develop lesions of variable severity in the lungs and on the udders. CAEV and maedi-visna are closely related viruses. Prevalence Although ovine lentiviruses have been identified in most countries where sheep are raised (apart from Australia and New Zealand), CAEV is more widespread in industrialized countries. Disease-free status requires serological testing Serological screening for both viruses is required for the certification of caprine and ovine breeding units. Symptoms only manifest in a fraction of seropositive animals (9%–38%, depending on the study). Regulatory requirements vary by country; products may not be available in your geographic area.

VETCAEV2,VETCAEV2I,VETCAEV5,VETCAEV5I Chlamydiosis Top In ruminants, chlamydiosis is a contagious disease caused by a bacterium that also infects birds and humans. It can cause abortion, premature delivery, pneumonia, conjunctivitis, and arthritis in ruminants. The infection can be transmitted to the newborn, young, or adult ruminant by the large numbers of bacteria excreted in fetal envelopes and fluids, feces, urine, and milk, although the main route of infection is via the inhalation of contaminated aerosols. Chlamydia taxonomy was revised by Everett in 1999. In the new classification, the species are divided between two main genera: The genus Chlamydia, which includes C. trachomatis (humans), C. suis (pigs), and C. muridarum (mice and hamsters) The genus Chlamydophila, which consists of six species, namely Cp. abortus (mammals), Cp. psittaci (birds), Cp. felis (cats), Cp. caviae (guinea pigs), Cp.

pecorum (mammals), and Cp. pneumoniae (humans) In ruminants, two species have been identified: Cp. abortus (which causes abortion) and Cp. pecorum (which causes asymptomatic gut infection, pneumonia, conjunctivitis, arthritis, abortion, and infertility). In pregnant women, C. abortus can also induce abortion with serious complications. Regulatory requirements vary by country; products may not be available in your geographic area. ELISACHLAM2 Clostridium perfringens Top Overview A spore-forming, anaerobic bacterium, Clostridium perfringens is commonly found in the soil and digestive tracts of various domestic animals and is categorized into six unique types (A, B, C, D, E, and F), with Type-B, -C, and -D being the most common forms of the disease. It is not uncommon for small amounts of C. perfringens to inhabit and pass through the digestive tract of an animal without causing disease. But in instances where an animal is exposed to a sudden increase in carbohydrates (milk, supplementary concentrates, etc.) C.

perfringens can rapidly increase in numbers, producing large amounts of toxin that often cause rapid death. Type-B, also known as lamb dysentery, presents a high mortality rate in young lambs and is also linked to disease in young calves. Type-C typically affects cattle, small ruminants, and swine, where it can contribute to hemorrhagic and necrotic enteritis. Type-D, also known as “pulpy kidney disease” or "overeating disease,” is associated with small ruminants and cattle. C. perfringens Type-A and -C can also cause enterocolitis (swelling of the small and large intestines) in foals, where stock-horse breeds such as quarter horses are more susceptible. Signs Because of the aggressive nature of the disease and rapid onset of death, it can be challenging to observe clinical signs in an infected animal. Upon closer examination of an animal prior to death, C. perfringens may present a variety of signs such as excitement, circling, headpressing, convulsions, listlessness, diarrhea, colic, or a disinterest in nursing.

Human health risk Cryptosporidiosis Top Overview Cryptosporidiosis is caused by microscopic intestinal parasites that are excreted in the feces of an infected animal. Found throughout the world, the parasites commonly interact with other enteropathogens to produce diarrhea and intestinal injury in neonatal farm animals such as piglets, kids, lambs, and foals. Studies have shown that concurrent infections with other pathogens such as coronavirus and rotavirus can result in more severe diarrhea. While mortality rates in cryptosporidiosis are usually low, fatalities can occur when complicated by other factors such as an animal experiencing energy deficit as a result of low colostrum/milk intake, concurrent infections, or chilling caused by adverse weather conditions. Transmission of the disease may occur directly from animal to animal, or indirectly from environmental contamination, fecal contamination (water or feed supply), or human transmission. Infection in calves can be detected at as early as 5 days of age, with diarrhea occurring between 5–15 days of age. In small ruminants, infection can be associated with severe outbreaks of diarrhea, resulting in high mortality rates in lambs 4–10 days of age, and goat kids 5–21 days of age.

Although cryptosporidiosis is not generally regarded as an important enteric pathogen in swine, infections can be seen over a broader age range (1 week of age up to market age), and can contribute to post-weaning malabsorptive diarrhea in infected swine. Cryptosporidiosis is less prevalent in foals, but when infection does occur it is typically at 5–8 weeks of age. Signs Signs of cryptosporidiosis can include diarrhea that persists for several days, significant weight loss, emaciation, apathy, anorexia, and dehydration. Human health risk Cryptosporidium can be a common nonviral cause of diarrhea in immunocompetent persons (e.g., children) and can have a severe health impact on immunocompromised persons. Infected animals can transmit the disease directly to humans, and there is also a risk of the cryptosporidiosis being transmitted through surface and drinking water that has been contaminated with the feces of an infected animal.

Fasciola hepatica Top Overview Fasciola hepatica is seen in a broad range of hosts worldwide, including cattle and sheep, where the infection will present itself in one of three forms: chronic, which contributes to a high mortality rate in sheep but few fatalities in cattle; acute, which is often fatal in sheep; and in combination with a secondary infection such as infectious necrotic hepatitis that yields frequent fatalities in sheep. The disease is transmitted through the ingestion of aquatic vegetation containing encysted cercariae that have emerged from infected lymnaeid snails. After ingestion, young flukes are released into the animal’s duodenum, travel to the liver, and eventually reside in the parenchyma for several weeks, where they grow and destroy tissue. While most flukes are shed by cattle in <6 months, adult flukes can live within the bile ducts of sheep for several years. Signs In cases of acute fasciolosis, signs can include distended abdomen, anemia, and sudden death, usually within 6 weeks of infection. Subacute signs of the disease are typically anemia and hemorrhage, and result in death 7–10 weeks after infection.

Chronic fasciolosis signs may involve anemia, edema, and reduced milk secretion. Human health risk Fasciolosis can be transmitted to humans through the ingestion of contaminated drinking water and freshwater plants in endemic areas, or the consumption of poorly cooked sheep liver. After infected material has been ingested, cercariae encyst in the duodenum, develop into larvae, and eventually penetrate through liver tissue into the biliary tract. Economic impact Liver fluke can cause significant economic consequences by greatly impairing feed efficiency, growth, and fertility in both cattle and sheep. Foot and mouth disease (FMD) Top Overview Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease that affects all cloven-hoofed animals, and is widespread throughout the world. FMD cannot be differentiated clinically from other vesicular diseases such as swine vesicular disease (SVD). The virus is a member of the genus Apthovirus and the family Picornaviridae. There are seven serotypes of FMD virus: O, A, C, SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3, and Asia 1. Infection with any one serotype does not confer immunity against one of the other serotypes.

Of the domesticated species, cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats are susceptible to FMD. Signs Clinical signs of FMD are the appearance of vesicles (small blisters) on the feet, in and around the oral cavity, and on the mammary glands of females. Vesicles can also occur inside the nostrils and at pressure points on the limbs, especially in pigs. Transmission generally occurs through contact between infected and susceptible animals. The virus can be excreted into the air during the acute phase of infection. Human health risk It does not appear that FMD presents a zoonotic risk. Economic impact The presence of FMD is a very important economic threat to the livestock industry, due to the culling of herds and the restriction on meat exports from affected areas. Regulatory requirements vary by country; products may not be available in your geographic area.

7610420,7610870,7610850,7610760,7610440,7610770,7610430 Maedi-visna Top Overview Maedi-visna (MV), ovine progressive pneumonia (OPP), and caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) are chronic diseases of sheep and goats that are typically grouped together as small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs). Maedi-visna is an Icelandic name that describes two of the syndromes associated with the MV virus. “Maedi” translates to “labored breathing” and refers to the interstitial pneumonitis aspect of the disease; and “visna” translates to “wasting”, which is a sign associated with paralyzing meningoencephalitis. Ovine lentiviruses have been identified in sheep-rearing countries throughout the world, with the exception of New Zealand and Australia, and CAEV is primarily found within industrialized countries, coinciding with the international transport of dairy goats (European breeds).

The virus affects all breeds of sheep and goats, but studies have shown that some breeds may have a greater resistance to the lentivirus infection. Transmission of MV and CAEV primarily occurs via the oral route by ingestion of infected colostrum or milk, or by inhalation of infected aerosol droplets. Signs The predominant signs in clinically affected sheep are emaciation and respiratory distress, whereas polyarthritis is the primary sign displayed in goats. Fever, coughing, and bronchial exudates are potential but seldom seen signs, unless secondary bacterial infection occurs. Circling, muscle tremors, and paralysis are typically associated with the encephalitic form of the virus. Human health risk It does not appear that MV presents a zoonotic risk. Economic impact Control programs have helped to decrease MV incidence in some countries, but the disease is still widespread in various parts of the world. For example, within the US infection rates of sheep can exceed 50% in some areas, with midwestern and western states reporting some of the highest rates. Infections are typically asymptomatic, but once clinical signs emerge MV is typically progressive and fatal. Regulatory requirements vary by country; products may not be available in your geographic area.

VETCAEV2,VETCAEV2I,VETCAEV5,VETCAEV5I Q fever Top Epidemiology Q (Query) fever is an ubiquitous zoonosis that is found throughout the world (apart from New Zealand). It is caused by Coxiella burnetii, an obligate intracellular bacterium that can infect many different animal species, including ruminants, dogs, cats, birds, and arthropods as well as humans. In ruminants (which are believed to be the main reservoir for human infection), the disease is mainly associated with reproductive dysfunction. It usually remains asymptomatic and is not usually screened for unless an animal has aborted several times or shows reproductive problems. Coxiella burnetii colonizes the placenta and causes premature delivery, low birth weight, and abortion. Impact of Q fever on humans The main route of infection in humans is through the inhalation of contaminated aerosols, but pregnant women should not drink unpasteurized milk or consume dairy products made with untreated milk. Q fever often goes unnoticed because it can be mistaken for an influenza-like syndrome.

The consequences can be dramatic in pregnant women (abortion or premature delivery) and in immunodeficient subjects or patients with valvular heart disease. Regulatory requirements vary by country; products may not be available in your geographic area. ELISACOXLS2,ELISACOXLS5,RFQS Neosporosis Top Epidemiology Neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite first observed in dogs, in which it causes myositis and encephalitis. However, in the 1990s it was observed that Neospora was a major cause of abortion in cows, usually between the fourth and seventh months of gestation. Depending on the number of infected cows in the herd, the abortion rate ranges from 5–30%; the higher rates are characterized by serial abortions occurring in less than a month. Transmission It is not fully understood how the parasite is transmitted, but the main route seems to be from mother to offspring, with at least 80% of the calves born to seropositive cows infected. In addition, it has been suggested that dogs may be involved in the transmission of Neospora to bovines.

This infection is known on all continents and is the leading cause of bovine abortion in some countries (ahead of BVD and IBR). Regulatory requirements vary by country; products may not be available in your geographic area. NEOP50 Paratuberculosis (MAP/Johne’s disease) Top Overview Paratuberculosis, also known as Johne ’s disease, is caused by the presence of the Myobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in the small intestine of ruminants. It is a worldwide animal health problem, especially affecting beef and dairy herds. Paratuberculosis is a chronic debilitating enteritis, and its presence in an animal herd can have serious effects on production. Diagnosis of clinical infection is usually confirmed by the demonstration of the causal organism, M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, in feces or intestinal tissues post-mortem. The identification of subclinical disease in animals, which can shed the organism over long periods and thus be the source of infection for other members of a herd, is more difficult. The prevalence of bovine paratuberculosis in Europe varies from country to country, ranging from 7% to 55%.

Signs The signs—chronic inflammation of the intestine, mesenteric lymph node lesions, diarrhea, weight loss, and edema—usually appear in animals of over 2 years of age with an advanced stage of the disease. Human health risk The causative bacterium of paratuberculosis, M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, is known to survive pasteurization of milk and other dairy products, and therefore could be a risk to human health. Increasing scientific evidence indicates that there is a link between paratuberculosis in dairy herds and Crohn’s disease in humans. Crohn’s disease is an incurable, chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Economic impact Paratuberculosis in domestic livestock may entail significant economic losses due to several factors, such as reduced production, premature culling, and veterinary costs. In the United States, paratuberculosis is of growing concern to the cattle industry because the presence of the disease impacts international marketing of cattle and cattle products, causing economic losses to producers. Consequently, a voluntary Johne's Disease Herd Status Program for Cattle (VJDHSP) has been established.

In April of 2002, USDA-APHIS-Veterinary Service incorporated parts of this program into its national program standards. Within the European Union, there are no official programs in place; however, country-specific policies apply. Australia has a National Johne’s Disease Control Program (NJDCP) that aims to reduce the spread and impact of Johne’s disease. It is a cooperative program involving the Australian livestock industries, government, and veterinary profession. Animal Health Australia manages the program on behalf of these key stakeholders. Regulatory requirements vary by country; products may not be available in your geographic area. VETPTRS2,VETPTRS5,63307,63308,63328,63325 Neonatal gastroenteritis Top Epidemiology Diarrhea is a major cause of death in calves and other young ruminants. This form of neonatal gastroenteritis is caused by ingested microorganisms that reach the gut.

Many different microorganisms can cause neonatal diarrhea, including viruses (rotavirus, coronavirus), bacteria (Salmonella, enterotoxinogenic Escherichia coli K99), and protozoa (Cryptosporidium parvum, coccidia). Signs Viral infection often paves the way for bacterial superinfection, which exacerbates the problem and prejudices the outcome. The first signs of diarrhea are loss of appetite, abdominal retraction and tightness, and lethargy. In animals, diarrhea can quickly lead to dehydration followed by paralysis, circulatory failure, and death. Laboratory testing needed for diagnosis The causative agent of calf diarrhea cannot be identified on the basis of the symptoms alone; laboratory testing is required. The best prophylaxis against neonatal diarrhea is to ensure that the calf is given an adequate dose of colostrum as soon as possible after delivery. Regulatory requirements vary by country; products may not be available in your geographic area. LSIDTT1 Ovine herpesvirus type 2 (gangrenous coryza) Top Epidemiology Gangrenous coryza is a disease of large ruminants and pigs, characterized by high fever and usually fatal.

Gangrenous coryza is caused by a virus belonging to the genus Rhadinovirus (of the Herpesviridae family), specifically, one of two different gamma-herpesviruses. The natural host of Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AIHV-1) is the wildebeest, in which the infection is silent. The disease appears in various parts of Africa and in a wide variety of ruminant species in zoological parks. Ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) is prevalent in all races of domesticated sheep, in which it causes a subclinical infection. Signs Found in most parts of the world, the disease's clinical manifestations can vary enormously, from an acute form with mild symptoms to a more typical form with high fever, erosive ulceration of the gastrointestinal mucosa, keratoconjunctivitis with corneal opacity, and copious ocular and nasal discharge. Regulatory requirements vary by country; products may not be available in your geographic area.

OHV250 Rift Valley fever (RVF) Top Overview Rift Valley fever (RVF) is categorized as a bunyavirus and is an acute zoonotic disease that affects ruminants throughout the Arabian Peninsula, Africa, and Madagascar. During periods of epidemic, high abortion and mortality rates can occur among young animals, and humans will often experience an influenza-like disease. RVF may be transmitted by the movement of animals infected with the virus or by various species of wind-borne mosquitoes. Instances of RVF generally reach their peak during summer, and at the sign of first frost, insect vectors and the disease will typically disappear. In warmer regions, the disease and vectors may be present year-round. Signs Common signs of RVF may include lethargy, fever, unwillingness to feed, abdominal pains, jaundice, and diarrhea. In some cases, abortion may be the only sign of infection that an animal displays. Human health risk It is possible for humans to be infected with RVF via contact with infected animal tissue or aborted fetuses, mosquito bites, or blood aerosols generated during the slaughter of an infected animal.

Rotavirus Top Overview Bovine rotavirus is categorized within the Reoviridae viral family, and along with coronavirus, contributes to >50% of the diarrhea problems in calves. While rotavirus is common in cattle herds, other animals such as pigs, chickens, sheep, horses, and rabbits are also susceptible to the disease. The virus enters through the small intestine, attacking villi and making it difficult for material to be effectively absorbed into the animal’s body. This condition leads to water loss from the epithelial cells and body, causing dehydration and potentially death if there is significant dehydration and emaciation. Transmission generally occurs when an unaffected animal has oral contact with infected feces and contaminated feed, or if they are exposed to living quarters with poor hygiene characteristics. Cows displaying signs and symptoms may shed the virus for as long as a week, while some cows can become reinfected and shed the virus throughout their life and remain asymptomatic. Signs The primary sign of rotavirus is a runny, often yellow diarrhea that contains mucous, blood, or both. Additionally, the animal may become lethargic and have a disinterest in drinking or feeding, which could result in mild to severe dehydration, depending on the animal and the circumstances.

Human health risk Bovine and human rotavirus strains are specific to their hosts and are not considered a transmission risk from one species to another. Economic impact Significant economic loss may occur due to increased morbidity and mortality in neonatal ruminants, treatment costs, and reduced growth rates. Toxoplasmosis Top Overview Toxoplasmosis is caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, which belongs to the family Sarcocystiidae. Toxoplasma infections are widespread in humans and many other species of warm-blooded animals, including pigs, sheep, and goats. Occurrence is worldwide; however, the prevalence in human and animal populations varies greatly among countries. Infections occur as a result of consuming raw or undercooked meat that contains tissue cysts, and tachyzoites, or by food or water contaminated with oocysts. Toxoplasma-infected meat and meat products are considered to be an important source for human infection. Signs The clinical signs include fever, diarrhea, cough, dyspnea, icterus, seizures, and death.

T gondii is also an important cause of abortion and stillbirth in sheep and goats, and sometimes in pigs. After infection of a pregnant ewe, tachyzoites spread via the bloodstream to placental cotyledons, causing necrosis. Tachyzoites may also spread to the fetus, causing necrosis in multiple organs. Human health risk In humans, toxoplasma infections are also mostly asymptomatic. Clinical signs are mostly known to appear in immunosuppressed individuals, where an infection can cause severe neurological disease. Recent studies have shown, however, that immunocompetent people may develop clinical toxoplasmosis more frequently than previously thought. The Panel of Biological Hazards considers toxoplasmosis to be an under-detected and under-reported disease in the European Union (The EFSA Journal 2007; 583: 1-64), and has recently ranked “Toxoplasma gondii and pathogenic verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) as the most relevant biological hazards for meat inspection of sheep and goats” (The EFSA Journal 2013; 11(6): 3265).

The Emerging Pathogens Institute of the University of Florida ranks toxoplasmosis as the number 2 public health burden among food-borne infections, in its publication “Ranking the Risks: The 10 Pathogen-Food Combinations with the Greatest Burden on Public Health.” Economic impact Because of the risk of human infection, the meat production industry can be severely affected when a toxoplasma infection occurs. Surveillance and diagnosis of infected pig, sheep, and goat herds can be easily achieved by testing for Toxoplasma antibodies in the animals’ serum, plasma, or meat juice. Toxoplasma in small ruminants causes losses to herds due to abortions, stillbirths, or the birth of weak lambs. The implementation of appropriate measures—based on the test results—can significantly improve the health status of a herd. Regulatory requirements vary by country; products may not be available in your geographic area.

7610240 Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy Top Overview Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are infectious diseases of the brain that affect animal species in various forms, such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (cattle), scrapie (goat and sheep), and chronic wasting disease (deer). The diseases are caused by altered prion proteins that are resistant to chemicals and heat and that do not easily decompose biologically, often surviving in soil for several years. The diseases are reported worldwide, with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) found most frequently in Europe, and chronic wasting disease (CWD) being most prevalent in North America. TSEs cause a slow degeneration of the central nervous system that ultimately leads to the death of an animal, and there is often a significant lapse of time between an animal becoming infected with the disease and displaying the first symptoms. As an example, at the point of infection, cattle may not show clinical symptoms for up to 6 years, and sheep may not show signs for up to 4 years. Transmission of BSE in cattle occurs through ingestion of feed containing contaminated bone and meat meal.

Transmission does not appear to occur naturally between cattle, though some evidence suggests there may be a maternally associated risk for calves born to infected cows. While pathogenesis details are unknown, studies have shown that after the agent enters the animal through oral exposure, it replicates in the Peyer’s patches of the ileum and migrates to the central nervous system via peripheral nerves. Signs Clinical signs of TSEs are often subtle and may include nervousness, aggression, low head carriage, ataxia, tremors, and increased sensitivity to touch (hyperesthesia). Animals may also have a reluctance to be milked and experience weight loss and diminished milk production. Human health risk Humans can develop a form of TSE known as Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) by consuming food products that have been contaminated with bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Initiatives are in place to remove high-risk bovine tissue from the human food chain, and for products containing bovine proteins (cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, etc.), measures have been instituted to help ensure that raw materials are sourced from BSE-free geographies.

Economic impact TSEs can contribute to significant economic losses, whether it be culling of animals linked to BSE or scrapie cases, the destruction of specified risk material (SRM) derived from ruminants (cattle, sheep, and goat), or the impact that export restrictions in affected areas may have on the meat industry as a whole. Regulatory requirements vary by country; products may not be available in your geographic area. 3010012,3010013,30100 Ovine / Sheep | Thermo Fisher Scientific Bluetounge Virus (BTV) Epidemiology Bluetongue, or catarrhal fever, is caused by a double-stranded RNA virus of the genus Orbivirus and family Reoviridae. It is a noncontagious disease transmitted by insects to wild and domesticated ruminants, especially sheep. Signs Seven or eight days after infection, sheep develop acute signs—high temperature, lethargy, and self-isolation from the herd. Shortly after the rise in temperature, the buccal mucosa becomes red and swollen, and large volumes of foamy saliva are produced.

The tongue swells up and in some cases turns blue (hence the name of the disease). The crown of the unguis becomes red and painful. Affected animals can limp and ewes may abort. In most cases, growth is retarded and there is coat loss. Severely affected sheep may die eight to 10 days into the infection. In cattle and goats, the infection is usually asymptomatic. When there are signs in cattle, the most common are hyperthermia, abortion towards the end of gestation (in the eighth month), edema (of the udders, teats, vulva, and hocks), and erythema (mucosa, teats, and udders). The spread of BTV Bluetongue was first reported in 1876 in South Africa. While it used to be believed that is was confined to Africa, over the last 10 years the disease has spread to Asia, the southern United States, Australia, and southern Europe.

A total of 24 different serotypes of the bluetongue virus are known, of which eight have been reported in Europe (serotypes 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, and 16). Regulatory requirements vary by country; products may not be available in your geographic area. VETBTAII5,VETBTAII2 Border Disease (BD) Top Epidemiology The BVD virus is a small, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the genus Pestivirus. Two other animal viruses belong to this genus, namely the viruses that cause border disease (BD) in sheep and classical swine fever (CSF) in pigs.The virus that causes bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) was first identified in 1946. The disease is found throughout the world and its prevalence among animals exposed to the virus ranges from 30–80% in different countries and regions. BVD impacts fertility in the herd The infection compromises the herd's fertility and induces the return of heat following death of the embryo when the cow is infected between the first and second months of gestation. Abortion and birth defects are possible throughout gestation.

BVD-PI animals serve as a reservoir of infection A common consequence of prenatal infection by members of this viral genus is the birth of infected offspring that are permanently immunotolerant (BVD-persistent infection (BVD-PI)), which disseminate the virus throughout the herd. BVD-PI animals (i.e., those infected between the second and the fourth months of gestation) carry the virus throughout their lifetime and constantly secrete large numbers of viral particles. This group therefore constitutes a major source of infection for the rest of the herd. In addition, BVD-PI animals sooner or later develop the fatal form of BVD called mucosal disease (MD). The number of BVD-PI animals in an infected herd is of the order of 1% (although the percentage can be as high as 27%) and detecting them is primordial in the control of Pestivirus disease. Regulatory requirements vary by country; products may not be available in your geographic area.

BVDAL5,BVDI1,BVDI5,BVDIL5,BVDILA5,BVDSET,RBDG,RBVD,RILA,VETBVDAG1,VETBVDAG5,VETBVDAG1 Chlamydiosis Top In ruminants, chlamydiosis is a contagious disease caused by a bacterium that also infects birds and humans. It can cause abortion, premature delivery, pneumonia, conjunctivitis, and arthritis in ruminants. The infection can be transmitted to the newborn, young, or adult ruminant by the large numbers of bacteria excreted in fetal envelopes and fluids, feces, urine, and milk, although the main route of infection is via the inhalation of contaminated aerosols. Chlamydia taxonomy was revised by Everett in 1999. In the new classification, the species are divided between two main genera: The genus Chlamydia, which includes C. trachomatis (humans), C. suis (pigs), and C. muridarum (mice and hamsters) The genus Chlamydophila, which consists of six species, namely Cp. abortus (mammals), Cp.

psittaci (birds), Cp. felis (cats), Cp. caviae (guinea pigs), Cp. pecorum (mammals), and Cp. pneumoniae (humans) In ruminants, two species have been identified: Cp. abortus (which causes abortion) and Cp. pecorum (which causes asymptomatic gut infection, pneumonia, conjunctivitis, arthritis, abortion, and infertility). In pregnant women, C. abortus can also induce abortion with serious complications. Regulatory requirements vary by country; products may not be available in your geographic area. ELISACHLAM2 Q fever Top Epidemiology Q (Query) fever is an ubiquitous zoonosis that is found throughout the world (apart from New Zealand). It is caused by Coxiella burnetii, an obligate intracellular bacterium that can infect many different animal species, including ruminants, dogs, cats, birds, and arthropods as well as humans. In ruminants (which are believed to be the main reservoir for human infection), the disease is mainly associated with reproductive dysfunction. It usually remains asymptomatic and is not usually screened for unless an animal has aborted several times or shows reproductive problems.

Coxiella burnetii colonizes the placenta and causes premature delivery, low birth weight, and abortion. Impact of Q fever on humans The main route of infection in humans is through the inhalation of contaminated aerosols, but pregnant women should not drink unpasteurized milk or consume dairy products made with untreated milk. Q fever often goes unnoticed because it can be mistaken for an influenza-like syndrome. The consequences can be dramatic in pregnant women (abortion or premature delivery) and in immunodeficient subjects or patients with valvular heart disease. Regulatory requirements vary by country; products may not be available in your geographic area. ELISACOXLS2,ELISACOXLS5,RFQS Neosporosis Top Epidemiology Neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite first observed in dogs, in which it causes myositis and encephalitis. However, in the 1990s it was observed that Neospora was a major cause of abortion in cows, usually between the fourth and seventh months of gestation.

Depending on the number of infected cows in the herd, the abortion rate ranges from 5–30%; the higher rates are characterized by serial abortions occurring in less than a month. Transmission It is not fully understood how the parasite is transmitted, but the main route seems to be from mother to offspring, with at least 80% of the calves born to seropositive cows infected. In addition, it has been suggested that dogs may be involved in the transmission of Neospora to bovines. This infection is known on all continents and is the leading cause of bovine abortion in some countries (ahead of BVD and IBR). Regulatory requirements vary by country; products may not be available in your geographic area. LSINEOASL2,LSINEOASL5 Paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease) Top Epidemiology Paratuberculosis (paraTB) is a chronic, contagious infection caused by Mycobacterium avium sub. paratuberculosis (MAP), which belongs to the same family as the causative agent of tuberculosis. This incurable disease affects bovines, caprines, and other wild and domesticated ruminants.

Mycobacterium paratuberculosis is particularly hardy and is excreted in great numbers in the feces of infected animals. Infection occurs early in life through the ingestion of feed, water, or maternal milk contaminated with fecal material. The disease is highly complex and depends on many factors. How the disease will progress depends on the resistance of the bacillus, the rate of its excretion into the environment, latent phases, and antibody responses (which are sometimes delayed). Signs The signs—chronic inflammation of the intestine, mesenteric lymph node lesions, diarrhea, weight loss, and edema—usually appear in animals of over two years of age with an advanced stage of the disease. Removing infected animals is key to controlling the spread Control of paraTB depends on identifying and removing infected animals: the main diagnostic tools are PCR and ELISA tests, as well as stool culture. Regulatory requirements vary by country; products may not be available in your geographic area. VETPTRS2,VETPTRS5 Maedi-visna Virus Top Epidemiology Caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) and maedi-visna are lentiviruses belonging to the Retroviridae family.

These viruses lead to persistent infections. CAEV and maedi-visna are closely related viruses. Although documented cases of interspecies transmission are rare, CAEV can infect sheep and maedi-visna–infected goats. Young animals (lambs or kids) become infected at a very early age, through colostrum or milk during suckling, and respiratory secretions from infected animals. As permanent carriers, they are then capable of transmitting the virus to the rest of the flock or herd throughout their lives. Signs CAEV is a disease of goats and is associated with the following clinical signs: arthritis and mastitis in adults, and encephalitis in young animals. Maedi-visna is a disease of sheep associated with the following clinical signs: respiratory difficulties or dyspnea, arthritis, and emaciation. In addition, some sheep develop lesions of varying severity in the lungs and udder. Prevalence Whereas ovine lentiviruses have been identified in the majority of sheep-farming countries in the world (with the exception of Australia and New Zealand), CAEV is more widespread in industrialized countries.

Disease-free status requires serological testing Clinical signs are expressed in only a proportion of the animals testing seropositive (9–38%, according to published studies).To certify sheep and goat farms are free of these diseases, confirmation by serological testing is necessary. Regulatory requirements vary by country; products may not be available in your geographic area. VETCAEV2,VETCAEV2I,VETCAEV5,VETCAEV5I Neonatal Gastroenteritis Top Epidemiology Diarrhea is a major cause of death in calves and other young ruminants. This form of neonatal gastroenteritis is caused by ingested microorganisms that reach the gut. Many different microorganisms can cause neonatal diarrhea, including viruses (rotavirus, coronavirus), bacteria (Salmonella, enterotoxinogenic Escherichia coli K99), and protozoa (Cryptosporidium parvum, coccidia). Signs Viral infection often paves the way for bacterial superinfection, which exacerbates the problem and prejudices the outcome. The first signs of diarrhea are loss of appetite, abdominal retraction and tightness, and lethargy.

In animals, diarrhea can quickly lead to dehydration followed by paralysis, circulatory failure, and death. Laboratory testing needed for diagnosis The causative agent of calf diarrhea cannot be identified on the basis of the symptoms alone; laboratory testing is required. The best prophylaxis against neonatal diarrhea is to ensure that the calf is given an adequate dose of colostrum as soon as possible after delivery. Regulatory requirements vary by country; products may not be available in your geographic area. LSIDTT1 Ovine Herpesvirus Type 2 (Gangrenous Coryza) Top Epidemiology Gangrenous coryza is a disease of large ruminants and pigs, characterized by high fever and usually fatal. Gangrenous coryza is caused by a virus belonging to the genus Rhadinovirus (of the Herpesviridae family), specifically, one of two different gamma-herpesviruses. The natural host of Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AIHV-1) is the wildebeest, in which the infection is silent. The disease appears in various parts of Africa and in a wide variety of ruminant species in zoological parks.

Ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) is prevalent in all races of domesticated sheep, in which it causes a subclinical infection. Signs Found in most parts of the world, the disease's clinical manifestations can vary enormously, from an acute form with mild symptoms to a more typical form with high fever, erosive ulceration of the gastrointestinal mucosa, keratoconjunctivitis with corneal opacity, and copious ocular and nasal discharge. Regulatory requirements vary by country; products may not be available in your geographic area. OHV250 Bovine - definition of bovine by The Free Dictionary Bovine - definition of bovine by The Free Dictionary (bō′vīn′, -vēn′) adj. 1. Of, relating to, or resembling a ruminant mammal of the bovid subfamily Bovinae, such as a cow, ox, or buffalo, especially one in the genus Bos. 2. Sluggish, dull, and stolid. n. An animal of the subfamily Bovinae, especially one of the genus Bos.

[Late Latin bovīnus, from Latin bōs, bov-, cow; see gwou- in the Appendix of Indo-European roots.] bovine (ˈbəʊvaɪn) adj 1. (Animals) of, relating to, or belonging to the Bovini (cattle), a bovid tribe including domestic cattle 2. (of people) dull; sluggish; stolid n (Animals) any animal belonging to the Bovini [C19: from Late Latin bovīnus concerning oxen or cows, from Latin bōs ox, cow] ˈbovinely adv 1. of or pertaining to the subfamily Bovinae, which includes cattle, buffalo, and kudus. 2. oxlike; cowlike. [1810–20; < Late Latin bovīnus= Latin bov- (s. of bōs) ox] bo′vine•ly, adv. bo•vin′i•ty (-ˈvɪn ɪ ti) n. bo·vine Relating to a cow or cattle.

Noun An animal belonging to the genus (Bos) of ruminant mammals that includes the cow, wild ox, and yak. ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: bovid - hollow-horned ruminants Bos , genus Bos - wild and domestic cattle; in some classifications placed in the subfamily Bovinae or tribe Bovini wild ox , ox - any of various wild bovines especially of the genera Bos or closely related Bibos Bos taurus , cattle , cows , kine , oxen - domesticated bovine animals as a group regardless of sex or age; "so many head of cattle"; "wait till the cows come home"; "seven thin and ill-favored kine"- Bible; "a team of oxen" Bos indicus , Brahma , Brahman , Brahmin - any of several breeds of Indian cattle; especially a large American heat and tick resistant greyish humped breed evolved in the Gulf States by interbreeding Indian cattle and now used chiefly for crossbreeding Adj. 2.

bovine - dull and slow-moving and stolid; like an ox; "showed a bovine apathy" dull - lacking in liveliness or animation; "he was so dull at parties"; "a dull political campaign"; "a large dull impassive man"; "dull days with nothing to do"; "how dull and dreary the world is"; "fell back into one of her dull moods" bovine adjective 1. cow-like, taurine , calf-like , cattle-like an expression half bovine and half sheep-like [ˈbəʊvaɪn] ADJ → bovino (fig) → lerdo , estúpido bovine [ˈbəʊvaɪn] adj (also) (fig) (pej) → bovino/a bo·vine n. bovino, referente al ganado. bovine adj bovino Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: Bos banteng References in classic literature ?

Now and then there was a new arrival; perhaps a slouching labourer, who, having eaten his supper, came out to look at the unusual scene with a slow bovine gaze, willing to hear what any one had to say in explanation of it, but by no means excited enough to ask a question. View in context Their psychology is bovine, their outlook crude and rare; They abandon vital matters to be tickled with a straw; But the straw that they were tickled with--the chaff that they were fed with-- They convert into a weaver's beam to break their foeman's head with. View in context Had gloom but rested, no matter how lightly, on his brow, or had his bovine countenance grown long and serious and less like the moon, or had he removed that smile but once from off his face, I am sure I could have forgiven him for existing. View in context with my own hand, which, as you will gather, was not very badly wounded; it was simply this third finger that was split and in splints; and next morning the doctor packed me off on a bovine beast that would have done for an ambulance.

View in context The ox--we may venture to assert it on the authority of a great classic--is not given to use his teeth as an instrument of attack, and Tom was an excellent bovine lad, who ran at questionable objects in a truly ingenious bovine manner; but he had blundered on Philip's tenderest point, and had caused him as much acute pain as if he had studied the means with the nicest precision and the most envenomed spite. View in context Bovine oocyte cytoplasm supports nuclear remodeling but not reprogramming of murine fibroblast cells. Ovine - definition of ovine by The Free Dictionary Ovine - definition of ovine by The Free Dictionary Of, relating to, or characteristic of sheep; sheeplike. n. [Late Latin ovīnus, from Latin ovis, sheep; see owi- in the Appendix of Indo-European roots.] ovine (Zoology) of, relating to, or resembling a sheep [C19: from Late Latin ovīnus, from Latin ovis sheep] o•vine of, pertaining to, or resembling a sheep.

[1820–30; < Late Latin ovīnus= Latin ov(is) sheep + -īnus -ine 1] ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Adj. 1. ovine - of or pertaining to or of the nature of or characteristic of a sheep or sheep Translations Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: sheep References in classic literature ? The Satyr was a gleam of classical memory on the part of Moreau,--his face ovine in expression, like the coarser Hebrew type; his voice a harsh bleat, his nether extremities Satanic.

View in context Vaccine Market (Human Vaccines: Hepatitis, Influenza, Meningococcal, Pneumococcal, HPV, Combination Vaccines; Animal Vaccines: Canine, Feline, Porcine, Bovine, Ovine, Poultry and Equine) - Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends and Forecast 2014 - 2020 " and forecasts expansion of the market at a humble 4.

DVD & Blu-ray Services for surveillance, prevention, control and eradication of animal diseases, those transmitted from animals to humans, animal protection and environmental protection, the identification and registration of bovine animals, swine, ovine, equine and goats, their movement and correcting any errors or nonconformities arising from failure to observe the recording or recording errors: CSVA Pojejena; CSVA Otelu Red; CSVA Teregova; CSVA Cornereva; CSVA Bozovici; CSVA Brebu; CSVA Zorlentu Mare; CSVA Goruia; CSVA Caransebes; CSVA Paltinis; CSVA Sacu; CSVA Berzasca; CSVA Moldova Noua; CSVA Slatina Timis; CSVA Copacele.

Livestock Terminology | State Fair of Texas Flock – a grouping of a species of livestock (sheep, poultry) Herd – a group of a single species of animal (cattle, horses, swine, goats) Livestock – domestic farm animals kept for productive purposes (meat, milk, work, wool) Market animal – livestock bred and raised for food consumption Polled – a naturally hornless animal Sire – a male parent Litter – multiple offspring produced at one birth by a multi-parous mammal. Also called brood.

Chickens Chick – a newly hatched or a very young chicken Broilers – a chicken that is six to 13 weeks of age used for meat production Pullet – a young domestic hen, usually one that is less than one year old Hen – an adult female chicken Cockerel – an adult male chicken Rooster – all domestic chickens Popular Products – eggs and chicken Cattle Bovine – the scientific name for cattle Calf – a sexually immature young bovine Heifer – a young female bovine which has not yet had a calf Cow – a mature female bovine Steer – a castrated male bovine Bull – a sexually mature male bovine Popular Products – milk, beef and leather Goats Caprine – refers to animals in the goat family Kid – a young goat Wether – a castrated male goat Doe – (aka. nanny) a female goat Buck – (aka. billy) a sexually mature male goat Popular Products – milk,* cabrito,** mohair and cashmere. *Goats are the number one producer of milk in the world. ** Goat meat has many different names that depend on the goat’s geographic location and age of animal.

Pigs Swine – a refers to animals in the pig family Barrow – a young, castrated male swine Boar – a sexually mature male swine Gilt – a young female pig Hog – a mature swine (usually weighing more than 120 pounds) Pig – (aka.

piglet) a young swine (usually weighing less than 120 lbs.) Sow – a mature female swine Sheep Ovine – the scientific name for sheep Ewe – a female sheep Lamb – a sheep less than one year in age Ram – a male sheep Wether – a castrated male sheep Popular Products – lamb,* mutton,* hogget,* and wool Turkeys Poult – is a young domestic turkey Hen – an adult female turkey Tom – is a male turkey Horse Equine – name of the family that includes horses, donkeys and zebras Foal – an animal in the equine family, of either sex, that is one year old or younger Colt – a male horse under the age of four Filly – a female horse under the age of four Gelding – a castrated animal of the equine family Pony – a mature horse that measures less than 14.2hands Mare – an adult female horse Stallion – an adult male horse Draft Horse – a large horse bred for hard, heavy tasks such as ploughing and farm labor Hand – a non-SI unit of measurement that equals four inches Donkey & Mule Foal – an animal in the equine family, of either sex, that is

 one year old or younger Jenny – a female donkey Mule – is the offspring of a male donkey and a female horse Donkey – a domesticated animal of the equine family primarily used as a working animal Rabbit Sheep and Goats | Minnesota Board of Animal Health Sheep and Goats Scrapie Eradication Program Scrapie is a fatal, degenerative disease that affects the brain, muscles, and central nervous system of sheep and goats.

The disease is believed to be caused by an abnormal protein, known as a prion, which acts as the infectious and contagious agent. Scrapie is likely spread from mother to offspring and/or other herd/flock members through contact with afterbirth. Sheep or goats infected with the disease may exhibit behavioral changes due to damaged nerve cells. These signs progress until the animal dies. There is currently no cure or treatment for scrapie. Minnesota is part of a nationwide program to eliminate scrapie across the United States. As part of the scrapie Eradication Program, anyone who buys or sells sheep or goats in Minnesota is required to register with the Board. In addition, all sheep and goats must be officially identified when they leave the farm and before they are commingled with sheep or goats from other flocks or herds. Official identification is important because it makes it possible to trace a diseased or exposed animal to its flock of origin where disease control strategies can be implemented.

The Scrapie Eradication Program consists of the following components: Identification of infected sheep or goats through nationwide slaughter surveillance Tracing of infected animals to their flock or herd of origin Quarantine and testing of exposed animals sold from an infected or source flock or herd Voluntary genetic testing of sheep to determine susceptibility to scrapie Producers may register their herd/flock by contacting the Board at (651) 201-6809. General Requirements for Owning Sheep and Goats Official Identification All sheep and goats, including wethers, must be officially identified upon movement from one flock to another and before they are commingled with sheep and goats from other flocks and herds. Minnesota producers can obtain free official scrapie ear tags by filling out the online order form or calling Kelly Neisen (USDA) at 651-260-4570. Producers should never allow other producers to use their official scrapie ID tags. If an animal loses an ear tag, it can be replaced with an official scrapie tag assigned to the producer as long as records indicate the animal’s origin. When the animals’ origin is unknown, producers should not use their assigned scrapie tags to replace the lost ID.

For more information regarding lost ear tags, contact the Board at 651-201-6809. Record Requirements Anyone who applies official identification that has been assigned to a producer must maintain the following records: date the identification was applied; number of sheep and goats identified; identification numbers applied; and name and address of the flock of birth, if different from the current flock. Anyone who applies official identification that is not assigned directly to the producer must maintain the following records: date the identification was applied; number of sheep and goats identified; serial tag numbers applied; and name and address of the flock where the animal currently or most recently resided. All records pertaining to the movement of sheep and goats must be maintained for at least five years after the sale or disposition of the animal. Records must be available for inspection and copying at any reasonable time by an authorized agent of the Board. Sheep | OVAM Sheep helper_species_sheep Additional External Resources: The Sheep Brain Atlas - an atlas comprised of coronal sections, each one 35 micrometers thick, in addition to side, top or bottom views of the whole brain.

Sheep Rumen (external aspect) ID: 8881 Sheep rumen - air-dried, right external aspect. Original specimen DIG:O:2a housed in the Murdoch University Veterinary Anatomy Museum, Perth Western Australia. last » The Online Veterinary Anatomy Museum (OVAM) project was funded by JISC as part of the Content Programme 2011-2013 . It aims to provide access to veterinary anatomical resources in the form of a virtual museum. For more information about the background of the project or how to get involved please visit | Privacy Except where otherwise noted content is available under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No-Derivatives 3.0 License Sheep Breeds — Breeds of Livestock, Department of Animal Science Breeds of Livestock - Sheep Breeds Sheep: (Ovis aries) There are a number of different theories regarding the origins of domestic sheep. However, most sources agree that they originated from mouflon.

There are two wild populations of mouflons still in existence: the Asiatic mouflon which is still found in the mountains of Asia Minor and southern Iran and the European mouflon of which the only existing members are on the islands of Sardinia and Corsica. These two species are closely related with the only difference being the redder coloration and different horn configuration of the Asiatic mouflon. Some sources even hypothesize that the European mouflon actually developed from the first domestic sheep in European being allowed to become feral and that all sheep are actually descendants of the Asiatic mouflon. Sheep were among the first animals domesticated. An archeological site in Iran produced a statuette of a wooled sheep which suggests that selection for woolly sheep had begun to occur over 6000 years ago. The common features of today's sheep were already appearing in Mesopotamian and Babylonian art and books by 3000 B.C. Another indication of the early domestication is the fact that they are the only species of livestock unable to return to a feral or wild state.

Selection for wool type, flocking instinct and other economically important traits over the centuries has resulted in more than 200 distinct breeds of sheep occurring worldwide. Modern breeding schemes have also resulted in an increasing number of composite or synthetic breeds which are the result of a crossing of two or more established breeds.

Question: Which animals are termed ovine?
Answer: Sheep