Nobel Prize - 3 | Britannica.com Nobel Prize any of the prizes (five in number until 1969, when a sixth was added) that are awarded annually from a fund bequeathed for that purpose by the Swedish inventor and industrialist Alfred Bernhard Nobel.... Browse Subcategories: (210) Displaying 101 - 200 of 800 results Burnet, Sir Macfarlane Australian physician, immunologist, and virologist who, with Sir Peter Medawar, was awarded the 1960 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of acquired immunological tolerance, the concept on which tissue transplantation is founded.... Butenandt, Adolf Friedrich Johann German biochemist who, with Leopold Ruzicka, was awarded the 1939 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his work on sex hormones. Although forced by the Nazi government to refuse the prize, he was able to accept the honour in 1949. Butenandt studied at the universities...

Butler, Nicholas Murray American educator, publicist, and political figure who (with Jane Addams) shared the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1931 and served as president of Columbia University from 1901 to 1945. Butler was educated at Columbia College, which became his intellectual... Calvin, Melvin American biochemist who received the 1961 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his discovery of the chemical pathways of photosynthesis. Calvin was the son of immigrant parents. His father was from Kalvaria, Lithuania, so the Ellis Island immigration authorities... Campbell, William Irish-born American parasitologist known for his contribution to the discovery of the anthelmintic compounds avermectin and ivermectin, which proved vital to the control of certain parasitic infections in humans and other animals. For his discoveries,... Camus, Albert French novelist, essayist, and playwright, best known for such novels as L’Étranger (1942; The Stranger), La Peste (1947; The Plague), and La Chute (1956; The Fall) and for his work in leftist causes.

He received the 1957 Nobel Prize for Literature.... Canetti, Elias German-language novelist and playwright whose works explore the emotions of crowds, the psychopathology of power, and the position of the individual at odds with the society around him. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1981. Canetti was... Capecchi, Mario R. Italian-born American scientist who shared, with Sir Martin J. Evans and Oliver Smithies, the 2007 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his work on targeted gene modification. During World War II, Capecchi lived on the streets after his mother... Carducci, Giosuè Italian poet, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1906, and one of the most influential literary figures of his age. The son of a republican country doctor, Carducci spent his childhood in the wild Maremma region of southern Tuscany. He studied... Carlsson, Arvid Swedish pharmacologist who, along with Paul Greengard and Eric Kandel, was awarded the 2000 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his research establishing dopamine as an important neurotransmitter in the brain. Carlsson received a medical degree...

Carrel, Alexis French surgeon who received the 1912 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for developing a method of suturing blood vessels. Carrel received an M.D. (1900) from the University of Lyon. Soon after graduating, he became interested in the repair of blood... Carter, Jimmy 39th president of the United States (1977–81), who served as the nation’s chief executive during a time of serious problems at home and abroad. His perceived inability to deal successfully with those problems led to an overwhelming defeat in his bid... Cassin, René French jurist and president of the European Court of Human Rights. He won the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1968 for his involvement in the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The son of a Jewish merchant, Cassin studied law before entering... Cech, Thomas Robert American biochemist and molecular biologist who, with Sidney Altman, was awarded the 1989 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for their discoveries concerning RNA (ribonucleic acid). Cech attended Grinnell College in Grinnell, Iowa (B.A., 1970), and the University...

Cecil, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 1st Viscount British statesman and winner of the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1937. He was one of the principal draftsmen of the League of Nations Covenant in 1919 and one of the most loyal workers for the League until its supersession by the United Nations in 1945.... Cela, Camilo José Spanish writer who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1989. He is perhaps best known for his novel La familia de Pascual Duarte (1942; The Family of Pascual Duarte) and is considered to have given new life to Spanish literature. His literary production—primarily... Chadwick, James English physicist who received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1935 for the discovery of the neutron. Chadwick was educated at the University of Manchester, where he worked under Ernest Rutherford and earned a master’s degree in 1913. He then studied...

Chain, Sir Ernst Boris German-born British biochemist who, with pathologist Howard Walter Florey (later Baron Florey), isolated and purified penicillin (which had been discovered in 1928 by Sir Alexander Fleming) and performed the first clinical trials of the antibiotic. For... Chalfie, Martin American chemist who was a corecipient, with Osamu Shimomura and Roger Y. Tsien, of the 2008 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. Chalfie received a Ph.D. in neurobiology from Harvard University in 1977. In 1982 he became a professor of biological sciences at... Chamberlain, Sir Austen British foreign secretary from 1924 to 1929, who helped bring about the Locarno Pact (1925), a group of treaties intended to secure peace in western Europe by eliminating the possibility of border disputes involving Germany. The pact gained for Chamberlain... Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan Indian-born American astrophysicist who, with William A.

Fowler, won the 1983 Nobel Prize for Physics for key discoveries that led to the currently accepted theory on the later evolutionary stages of massive stars. Chandrasekhar was the nephew of Sir... Charpak, Georges Polish-born French physicist, winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1992 for his invention of subatomic particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber. Charpak’s family moved from Poland to Paris when he was seven years old.... Chauvin, Yves French chemist who was corecipient, with Robert H. Grubbs and Richard R. Schrock, of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2005 for developing metathesis, an important chemical reaction used in organic chemistry. Chauvin offered a detailed explanation of... Chu, Steven American physicist who, with Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and William D. Phillips, was awarded the 1997 Nobel Prize for Physics for their independent pioneering research in cooling and trapping atoms using laser light. He later served as secretary of energy...

Churchill, Sir Winston British statesman, orator, and author who as prime minister (1940–45, 1951–55) rallied the British people during World War II and led his country from the brink of defeat to victory. After a sensational rise to prominence in national politics before... Ciechanover, Aaron J. Israeli biochemist who shared the 2004 Nobel Prize for Chemistry with Avram Hershko and Irwin Rose for their joint discovery of the mechanism by which the cells of most living organisms cull unwanted proteins. Ciechanover received an M.D. (1974) from... Claude, Albert Belgian-American cytologist who developed the principal methods of separating and analyzing components of the living cell. For this work, on which modern cell biology is partly based, Claude, his student George Palade, and Christian de Duve shared the... Coase, Ronald British-born American economist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1991. The field known as new institutional economics, which attempts to explain political, legal, and social institutions in economic terms and to understand the role of...

Cockcroft, Sir John Douglas British physicist, joint winner, with Ernest T.S. Walton of Ireland, of the 1951 Nobel Prize for Physics for pioneering the use of particle accelerators in studying the atomic nucleus. Educated at the University of Manchester and St. John’s College,... Cohen, Stanley American biochemist who, with Rita Levi-Montalcini, shared the 1986 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his researches on substances produced in the body that influence the development of nerve and skin tissues. Cohen was educated at Brooklyn... Cohen-Tannoudji, Claude French physicist who shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1997 with Steven Chu and William D. Phillips. They received the award for their development of techniques that use laser light to cool atoms to extremely low temperatures. At such temperatures... Compton, Arthur Holly American physicist and joint winner, with C.T.R. Wilson of England, of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1927 for his discovery and explanation of the change in the wavelength of X rays when they collide with electrons in metals. This so-called Compton...

Corey, Elias James American chemist, director of a research group that developed syntheses of scores of complicated organic molecules and winner of the 1990 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his original contributions to the theory and methods of organic synthesis. Early life... Cormack, Allan MacLeod South African-born American physicist who, with Godfrey Hounsfield, was awarded the 1979 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his work in developing the powerful new diagnostic technique of computerized axial tomography (CAT). Cormack was unusual... Cornell, Eric A. American physicist who, with Carl E. Wieman and Wolfgang Ketterle, won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2001 for creating a new ultracold state of matter, the so-called Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). After studying at Stanford University (B.S., 1985),... Cornforth, Sir John Australian-born British chemist who was corecipient, with Vladimir Prelog, of the 1975 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his research on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Stereochemistry is the study of how the properties of a chemical compound... Cournand, André F.

French-American physician and physiologist who in 1956 shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with Dickinson W. Richards and Werner Forssmann for discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes. His medical studies interrupted... Cram, Donald J. American chemist who, along with Charles J. Pedersen and Jean-Marie Lehn, was awarded the 1987 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his creation of molecules that mimic the chemical behaviour of molecules found in living systems. Cram was educated at Rollins... Crick, Francis Harry Compton British biophysicist, who, with James Watson and Maurice Wilkins, received the 1962 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for their determination of the molecular structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the chemical substance ultimately responsible... Cronin, James Watson American particle physicist, corecipient with Val Logsdon Fitch of the 1980 Nobel Prize for Physics for an experiment that implied that reversing the direction of time would not precisely reverse the course of certain reactions of subatomic particles.... Curie, Marie Polish-born French physicist, famous for her work on radioactivity and twice a winner of the Nobel Prize.

With Henri Becquerel and her husband, Pierre Curie, she was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics. She was the sole winner of the 1911 Nobel... Curie, Pierre French physical chemist, cowinner with his wife Marie Curie of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903. He and Marie discovered radium and polonium in their investigation of radioactivity. An exceptional physicist, he was one of the main founders of modern... Curl, Robert F., Jr. American chemist who with Richard E. Smalley and Sir Harold W. Kroto discovered buckminsterfullerene, a spherical form of carbon comprising 60 atoms, in 1985. The discovery opened a new branch of chemistry, and all three men were awarded the 1996 Nobel... Dalai Lama XIV title of the Tibetan Buddhist monk Bstan-’dzin-rgya-mtsho (Tenzin Gyatso), the 14th Dalai Lama but the first to become a global figure, largely for his advocacy of Buddhism and of the rights of the people of Tibet. Despite his fame, he dispensed with...

Dale, Sir Henry English physiologist who in 1936 shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with the German pharmacologist Otto Loewi for their discoveries in the chemical transmission of nerve impulses. After receiving his bachelor’s degree (1903) from the University... Dausset, Jean French hematologist and immunologist whose studies of the genetic basis of the immunological reaction earned him a share (with George Snell and Baruj Benacerraf) of the 1980 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. After serving with the Free French forces... Davis, Raymond, Jr. American physicist who, with Koshiba Masatoshi, won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2002 for detecting neutrino s. Riccardo Giacconi also won a share of the award for his work on X-rays. Davis received a Ph.D. from Yale University in 1942. After military... Dawes, Charles G. 30th vice president of the United States (1925–29) in the Republican administration of President Calvin Coolidge.

An ambassador and author of the “Dawes Plan” for managing Germany’s reparations payments after World War I, he was awarded the Nobel Prize... de Klerk, F. W. politician who as president of South Africa (1989–94) brought the apartheid system of racial segregation to an end and negotiated a transition to majority rule in his country. He and Nelson Mandela jointly received the 1993 Nobel Prize for Peace for... Deaton, Angus S. British American economist who received the 2015 Nobel Prize for Economics. His fundamental contributions to the theory of consumption, savings, and the measurement of economic well-being transformed the field of applied and development economics. Deaton... Debreu, Gerard French-born American economist, who won the 1983 Nobel Prize in Economics for his fundamental contribution to the theory of general equilibrium. In 1950 Debreu joined the Cowles Commission for Research in Economics (now the Cowles Foundation for Research... Debye, Peter physical chemist whose investigations of dipole moments, X-rays, and light scattering in gases brought him the 1936 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. After receiving a Ph.D.

in physics from the University of Munich (1908), Debye taught physics at the universities... Dehmelt, Hans Georg German-born American physicist who shared one-half of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1989 with the German physicist Wolfgang Paul. (The other half of the prize was awarded to the American physicist Norman Foster Ramsey.) Dehmelt received his share of... Delbrück, Max German-born U.S. biologist, a pioneer in the study of molecular genetics. With Alfred Day Hershey and Salvador Luria, he was awarded the 1969 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for work on bacteriophages —viruses that infect bacteria. Delbrück received... Deledda, Grazia novelist who was influenced by the verismo (“realism”) school in Italian literature. She was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1926. Deledda married very young and moved to Rome, where she lived quietly, frequently visiting her native Sardinia.... Diamond, Peter A. American economist who was a corecipient, with Dale T. Mortensen and Christopher A.

Pissarides, of the 2010 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences “for their analysis of markets with search frictions.” The theoretical framework collectively developed by the... Diels, Otto Paul Hermann German organic chemist who with Kurt Alder was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1950 for their joint work in developing a method of preparing cyclic organic compounds. Diels studied chemistry at the University of Berlin under Emil Fischer and... Dirac, P. A. M. English theoretical physicist who was one of the founders of quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics. Dirac is most famous for his 1928 relativistic quantum theory of the electron and his prediction of the existence of antiparticles. In 1933 he... Doctors Without Borders international humanitarian group dedicated to providing medical care to people in distress, including victims of political violence and natural disasters. The populations the group assists typically lack access to or adequate resources for medical treatment.... Doherty, Peter C.

Australian immunologist and pathologist who, with Rolf Zinkernagel of Switzerland, received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1996 for their discovery of how the body’s immune system distinguishes virus-infected cells from normal cells. Doherty... Domagk, Gerhard German bacteriologist and pathologist who was awarded the 1939 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his discovery (announced in 1932) of the antibacterial effects of Prontosil, the first of the sulfonamide drugs. Domagk earned a medical degree... du Vigneaud, Vincent American biochemist and winner of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1955 for the isolation and synthesis of two pituitary hormones: vasopressin, which acts on the muscles of the blood vessels to cause elevation of blood pressure; and oxytocin, the principal... Dulbecco, Renato Italian American virologist who shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1975 with Howard M. Temin and David Baltimore, both of whom had studied under him. Dulbecco obtained an M.D.

from the University of Turin in 1936 and remained there... Dunant, Henri Swiss humanitarian, founder of the Red Cross (now Red Cross and Red Crescent) and the World’s Young Men’s Christian Association. He was cowinner (with Frédéric Passy) of the first Nobel Prize for Peace in 1901. An eyewitness of the Battle of Solferino... Duve, Christian René de Belgian cytologist and biochemist who discovered lysosomes (the digestive organelles of the cell) and peroxisomes (organelles that are the site of metabolic processes involving hydrogen peroxide). For this work he shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology... Dylan, Bob American folksinger who moved from folk to rock music in the 1960s, infusing the lyrics of rock and roll, theretofore concerned mostly with boy-girl romantic innuendo, with the intellectualism of classic literature and poetry. Hailed as the Shakespeare... Ebadi, Shirin Iranian lawyer, writer, and teacher, who received the Nobel Prize for Peace in 2003 for her efforts to promote democracy and human rights, especially those of women and children in Iran.

She was the first Muslim woman and the first Iranian to receive... Eccles, Sir John Carew Australian research physiologist who received (with Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley) the 1963 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of the chemical means by which impulses are communicated or repressed by nerve cells (neurons). After... Echegaray y Eizaguirre, José mathematician, statesman, and the leading Spanish dramatist of the last quarter of the 19th century. Along with the Provençal poet Frédéric Mistral, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1904. A professor of mathematics in his early life,... Edelman, Gerald Maurice American physician and physical chemist who elucidated the structure of antibodies —proteins that are produced by the body in response to infection. For that work, he shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1972 with British biochemist Rodney... Egas Moniz, António Portuguese neurologist and statesman who was the founder of modern psychosurgery.

With Walter Hess he was awarded the 1949 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for the development of prefrontal leucotomy (lobotomy) as a radical therapy for certain... Ehrlich, Paul German medical scientist known for his pioneering work in hematology, immunology, and chemotherapy and for his discovery of the first effective treatment for syphilis. He received jointly with Élie Metchnikoff the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine... Eijkman, Christiaan Dutch physician and pathologist whose demonstration that beriberi is caused by poor diet led to the discovery of vitamins. Together with Sir Frederick Hopkins, he was awarded the 1929 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. Eijkman received a medical... Einstein, Albert German-born physicist who developed the special and general theories of relativity and won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921 for his explanation of the photoelectric effect. Einstein is generally considered the most influential physicist of the 20th...

Einthoven, Willem Dutch physiologist who was awarded the 1924 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of the electrical properties of the heart through the electrocardiograph, which he developed as a practical clinical instrument and an important tool... ElBaradei, Mohamed Egyptian lawyer and government official who was director general (1997–2009) of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and briefly served as the interim vice president of Egypt (2013). In 2005 ElBaradei and the IAEA were jointly awarded the Nobel... Elion, Gertrude B. American pharmacologist who, along with George H. Hitchings and Sir James W. Black, received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1988 for their development of drugs used to treat several major diseases. Elion was the daughter of immigrants.... Eliot, T. S. American-English poet, playwright, literary critic, and editor, a leader of the modernist movement in poetry in such works as The Waste Land (1922) and Four Quartets (1943).

Eliot exercised a strong influence on Anglo-American culture from the 1920s... Elytis, Odysseus Greek poet and winner of the 1979 Nobel Prize for Literature. Born the scion of a prosperous family from Lesbos, he abandoned the family name as a young man in order to dissociate his writing from the family soap business. Elytis studied law at Athens... Enders, John Franklin American virologist and microbiologist who, with Frederick C. Robbins and Thomas H. Weller, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for 1954 for his part in cultivating the poliomyelitis virus in nonnervous-tissue cultures, a preliminary... Engle, Robert F. American economist, corecipient of the Nobel Prize for Economics in 2003 for his development of methods for analyzing time series data with time-varying volatility. He shared the award with Clive W.J. Granger. Engle received an M.S. (1966) and Ph.D....

Englert, François Belgian physicist who was awarded the 2013 Nobel Prize for Physics for proposing the existence of the Higgs field, which endows all elementary particles with mass through its interactions with them. He shared the prize with British physicist Peter Higgs,... Erlanger, Joseph American physiologist, who received (with Herbert Gasser) the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1944 for discovering that fibres within the same nerve cord possess different functions. Erlanger’s research into nerve function was the product of... Ernst, Richard R. Swiss researcher and teacher who in 1991 won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his development of techniques for high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Ernst’s refinements made NMR techniques a basic and indispensable tool in... Ertl, Gerhard German chemist, who received the 2007 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his pioneering work in the discipline of surface chemistry. Ertl studied at the Technical University of Stuttgart (now Stuttgart University; M.A., 1961), the University of Paris, and...

Esaki, Leo Japanese solid-state physicist and researcher in superconductivity who shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1973 with Ivar Giaever and Brian Josephson. Esaki was a 1947 graduate in physics from Tokyo University and immediately joined the Kobe Kogyo... Estournelles de Constant, Paul-H.-B. d’ French diplomat and parliamentarian who devoted most of his life to the cause of international cooperation and in 1909 was cowinner (with Auguste-Marie-François Beernaert) of the Nobel Prize for Peace. In the French diplomatic service he reached the... Eucken, Rudolf Christoph German Idealist philosopher, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature (1908), interpreter of Aristotle, and author of works in ethics and religion. Eucken studied at the University of Göttingen under the German thinker Rudolf Hermann Lotze, a teleological... Euler, Ulf von Swedish physiologist who, with British biophysicist Sir Bernard Katz and American biochemist Julius Axelrod, received the 1970 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. All three were honoured for their independent study of the mechanics of nerve impulses....

Euler-Chelpin, Hans von Swedish biochemist who shared the 1929 Nobel Prize for Chemistry with Sir Arthur Harden for work on the role of enzymes in the fermentation of sugar. After graduating from the University of Berlin (1895), Euler-Chelpin worked with Walther Nernst and... European Union EU international organization comprising 28 European countries and governing common economic, social, and security policies. Originally confined to western Europe, the EU undertook a robust expansion into central and eastern Europe in the early 21st... Evans, Sir Martin J. British scientist who, with Mario R. Capecchi and Oliver Smithies, won the 2007 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for developing gene targeting, a technology used to create animal models of human diseases in mice. Evans studied at the University... Fama, Eugene F. American economist who, with Lars P. Hansen and Robert J. Shiller, was awarded the 2013 Nobel Prize for Economics for his contributions to the development of the efficient-market hypothesis and the empirical analysis of asset prices. Fama showed that...

Faulkner, William American novelist ffand short-story writer who was awarded the 1949 Nobel Prize for Literature. Youth and early writings As the eldest of the four sons of Murry Cuthbert and Maud Butler Falkner, William Faulkner (as he later spelled his name) was well... Fenn, John B. American scientist who, with Tanaka Koichi and Kurt Wüthrich, won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2002 for developing techniques to identify and analyze proteins and other large biological molecules. Fenn received a Ph.D. in chemistry from Yale University... Feringa, Bernard Dutch chemist who was awarded the 2016 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work with molecular machines. He shared the prize with French chemist Jean-Pierre Sauvage and Scottish-American chemist Sir J. Fraser Stoddart. Feringa received his doctorate in... Fermi, Enrico Italian-born American scientist who was one of the chief architects of the nuclear age. He developed the mathematical statistics required to clarify a large class of subatomic phenomena, explored nuclear transformations caused by neutrons, and directed...

Feynman, Richard American theoretical physicist who was widely regarded as the most brilliant, influential, and iconoclastic figure in his field in the post-World War II era. Feynman remade quantum electrodynamics —the theory of the interaction between light and matter... Fibiger, Johannes Danish pathologist who received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1926 for achieving the first controlled induction of cancer in laboratory animals, a development of profound importance to cancer research. A student of the bacteriologists... Finsen, Niels Ryberg Danish physician, founder of modern phototherapy (the treatment of disease by the influence of light), who received the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for the application of light in the treatment of skin diseases. Finsen was born into a... Subramanyan Chandrasekhar - Biographical Subramanyan Chandrasekhar The Nobel Prize in Physics 1983 Subramanyan Chandrasekhar, William A.

Fowler Share this: Subramanyan Chandrasekhar - Biographical I was born in Lahore (then a part of British India) on the 19th of October 1910, as the first son and the third child of a family of four sons and six daughters. My father, Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar, an officer in Government Service in the Indian Audits and Accounts Department, was then in Lahore as the Deputy Auditor General of the Northwestern Railways. My mother, Sita (neé Balakrishnan) was a woman of high intellectual attainments (she translated into Tamil, for example, Henrik Ibsen's A Doll House), was passionately devoted to her children, and was intensely ambitious for them. My early education, till I was twelve, was at home by my parents and by private tuition. In 1918, my father was transferred to Madras where the family was permanently established at that time. In Madras, I attended the Hindu High School, Triplicane, during the years 1922-25. My university education (1925-30) was at the Presidency College.

I took my bachelor's degree, B.Sc. (Hon.), in physics in June 1930. In July of that year, I was awarded a Government of India scholarship for graduate studies in Cambridge, England. In Cambridge, I became a research student under the supervision of Professor R.H. Fowler (who was also responsible for my admission to Trinity College). On the advice of Professor P.A.M. Dirac , I spent the third of my three undergraduate years at the Institut för Teoretisk Fysik in Copenhagen. I took my Ph.D. degree at Cambridge in the summer of 1933. In the following October, I was elected to a Prize Fellowship at Trinity College for the period 1933-37. During my Fellowship years at Trinity, I formed lasting friendships with several, including Sir Arthur Eddington and Professor E.A. Milne. While on a short visit to Harvard University (in Cambridge, Massachusetts), at the invitation of the then Director, Dr. Harlow Shapley, during the winter months (January-March) of 1936, I was offered a position as a Research Associate at the University of Chicago by Dr.

Otto Struve and President Robert Maynard Hutchins. I joined the faculty of the University of Chicago in January 1937. And I have remained at this University ever since. During my last two years (1928-30) at the Presidency College in Madras, I formed a friendship with Lalitha Doraiswamy, one year my junior. This friendship matured; and we were married (in India) in September 1936 prior to my joining the University of Chicago. In the sharing of our lives during the past forty-seven years, Lalitha's patient understanding, support, and encouragement have been the central facts of my life. After the early preparatory years, my scientific work has followed a certain pattern motivated, principally, by a quest after perspectives. In practise, this quest has consisted in my choosing (after some trials and tribulations) a certain area which appears amenable to cultivation and compatible with my taste, abilities, and temperament.

And when after some years of study, I feel that I have accumulated a sufficient body of knowledge and achieved a view of my own, I have the urge to present my point of view, ab initio, in a coherent account with order, form, and structure. There have been seven such periods in my life: stellar structure, including the theory of white dwarfs (1929-1939); stellar dynamics, including the theory of Brownian motion (1938-1943); the theory of radiative transfer, including the theory of stellar atmospheres and the quantum theory of the negative ion of hydrogen and the theory of planetary atmospheres, including the theory of the illumination and the polarization of the sunlit sky (1943-1950); hydrodynamic and hydromagnetic stability, including the theory of the Rayleigh-Bénard convection (1952-1961); the equilibrium and the stability of ellipsoidal figures of equilibrium, partly in collaboration with Norman R.

Lebovitz (1961-1968); the general theory of relativity and relativistic astrophysics (1962-1971); and the mathematical theory of black holes (1974- 1983). The monographs which resulted from these several periods are: 1. An Introduction to the Study of Stellar Structure (1939, University of Chicago Press; reprinted by Dover Publications, Inc., 1967). 2a. Principles of Stellar Dynamics (1943, University of Chicago Press; reprinted by Dover Publications, Inc., 1960). 2b. 'Stochastic Problems in Physics and Astronomy', Reviews of Modern Physics, 15, 1 - 89 (1943); reprinted in Selected Papers on Noise and Stochastic Processes by Nelson Wax, Dover Publications, Inc., 1954. 3. Radiative Transfer (1950, Clarendon Press, Oxford; reprinted by Dover Publications, Inc., 1960). 4.

Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Stability (1961, Clarendon Press, Oxford; reprinted by Dover Publications, Inc., 1981). 5. Ellipsoidal Figures of Equilibrium (1968; Yale University Press). 6. The Mathematical Theory of Black Holes (1983, Clarendon Press, Oxford). However, the work which appears to be singled out in the citation for the award of the Nobel Prize is included in the following papers: 'The highly collapsed configurations of a stellar mass', Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc., 91, 456-66 (1931). 'The maximum mass of ideal white dwarfs', Astrophys. J., 74, 81 - 2 (1931). 'The density of white dwarfstars', Phil. Mag., 11, 592 - 96 (1931). 'Some remarks on the state of matter in the interior of stars', Z. f. Astrophysik, 5, 321-27 (1932).

'The physical state of matter in the interior of stars', Observatory, 57, 93 - 9 (1934) 'Stellar configurations with degenerate cores', Observatory, 57, 373 - 77 (1934). 'The highly collapsed configurations of a stellar mass' (second paper), Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc., 95, 207 - 25 (1935). 'Stellar configurations with degenerate cores', Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc., 95, 226-60 (1935). 'Stellar configurations with degenerate cores' (second paper), Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc., 95, 676 - 93 (1935). 'The pressure in the interior of a star', Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc., 96, 644 - 47 (1936).

'On the maximum possible central radiation pressure in a star of a given mass', Observatory, 59, 47 - 8 (1936). 'Dynamical instability of gaseous masses approaching the Schwarzschild limit in general relativity', Phys. Rev. Lett., 12, 114 - 16 (1964); Erratum, Phys. Rev. Lett., 12, 437 - 38 (1964). 'The dynamical instability of the white-dwarf configurations approaching the limiting mass' (with Robert F. Tooper), Astrophys. J., 139, 1396 - 98 (1964). 'The dynamical instability of gaseous masses approaching the Schwarzschild limit in general relativity', Astrophys. J., 140, 417 - 33 (1964). 'Solutions of two problems in the theory of gravitational radiation', Phys. Rev. Lett., 24, 611 - 15 (1970); Erratum, Phys. Rev.

Lett., 24, 762 (1970). 'The effect of graviational radiation on the secular stability of the Maclaurin spheroid', Astrophys. J., 161, 561 - 69 From Les Prix Nobel . The Nobel Prizes 1983, Editor Wilhelm Odelberg, [Nobel Foundation], Stockholm, 1984 This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and later published in the book series Les Prix Nobel/ Nobel Lectures / The Nobel Prizes . The information is sometimes updated with an addendum submitted by the Laureate. Subramanyan Chandrasekhar died on August 21, 1995. Awards and Honours - 3 | Britannica.com Awards and Honours This general category includes a selection of more specific topics. Browse Subcategories: (58) Displaying 101 - 200 of 800 results Brown, Herbert Charles one of the leading American chemists of the 20th century.

His seminal work on customized reducing agents and organoborane compounds in synthetic organic chemistry had a major impact on both academic and industrial chemical practice and led to his sharing... Brown, Michael S. American molecular geneticist who, along with Joseph L. Goldstein, was awarded the 1985 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for their elucidation of a key link in the metabolism of cholesterol in the human body. Brown graduated from the University... Buchanan, James M. American economist and educator who received the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1986 for his development of the “ public-choice theory,” a unique method of analyzing economic and political decision making. Buchanan attended Middle Tennessee State College... Büchner Prize prestigious German prize established in 1923 by the government of Volksstaat Hessen (state of Hesse, now in Hessen Land [state]) to honour native son Georg Büchner, a noted dramatist. From its inception to 1950 the prize was awarded to a range of Hessian... Buck, Linda B. American scientist and corecipient, with Richard Axel, of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 2004 for discoveries concerning the olfactory system.

Buck received a B.S. (1975) in both microbiology and psychology from the University of Washington... Bunche, Ralph U.S. diplomat, a key member of the United Nations for more than two decades, and winner of the 1950 Nobel Prize for Peace for his successful negotiation of an Arab-Israeli truce in Palestine the previous year. Bunche worked his way through the University... Bunin, Ivan Alekseyevich poet and novelist, the first Russian to receive the Nobel Prize for Literature (1933), and one of the finest of Russian stylists. Bunin, the descendant of an old noble family, spent his childhood and youth in the Russian provinces. He attended secondary... Burnet, Sir Macfarlane Australian physician, immunologist, and virologist who, with Sir Peter Medawar, was awarded the 1960 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of acquired immunological tolerance, the concept on which tissue transplantation is founded.... Butenandt, Adolf Friedrich Johann German biochemist who, with Leopold Ruzicka, was awarded the 1939 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his work on sex hormones.

Although forced by the Nazi government to refuse the prize, he was able to accept the honour in 1949. Butenandt studied at the universities... Butler, Nicholas Murray American educator, publicist, and political figure who (with Jane Addams) shared the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1931 and served as president of Columbia University from 1901 to 1945. Butler was educated at Columbia College, which became his intellectual... Caine Prize annual short-story prize, first awarded in 2000, available to Africans writing in English or whose work was published in English translation. Named in honour of Sir Michael Harris Caine—former chairman of food distributor Booker PLC and longtime chair... Caldecott Medal annual prize awarded “to the artist of the most distinguished American picture book for children.” It was established in 1938 by Frederic G. Melcher, chairman of the board of the R.R. Bowker Publishing Company, and named for the 19th-century English... Calvin, Melvin American biochemist who received the 1961 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his discovery of the chemical pathways of photosynthesis. Calvin was the son of immigrant parents.

His father was from Kalvaria, Lithuania, so the Ellis Island immigration authorities... Campbell, William Irish-born American parasitologist known for his contribution to the discovery of the anthelmintic compounds avermectin and ivermectin, which proved vital to the control of certain parasitic infections in humans and other animals. For his discoveries,... Camus, Albert French novelist, essayist, and playwright, best known for such novels as L’Étranger (1942; The Stranger), La Peste (1947; The Plague), and La Chute (1956; The Fall) and for his work in leftist causes. He received the 1957 Nobel Prize for Literature.... Canada second largest country in the world in area (after Russia), occupying roughly the northern two-fifths of the continent of North America. Despite Canada’s great size, it is one of the world’s most sparsely populated countries. This fact, coupled with... Canadian-American Challenge Cup trophy of a series of automobile races that took place annually from 1966 to 1975 and from 1977 to 1986.

It was sponsored jointly by the Sports Car Club of America (SCCA) and the Canadian Automobile Sports Committee (CASC). Entries were two-seater sports... Canetti, Elias German-language novelist and playwright whose works explore the emotions of crowds, the psychopathology of power, and the position of the individual at odds with the society around him. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1981. Canetti was... Capra, Frank American motion-picture director who was the most prominent filmmaker of the 1930s, during which he won three Academy Awards as best director. His most-beloved films, many of which were made during the Great Depression, were patriotic, sentimental celebrations... Carducci, Giosuè Italian poet, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1906, and one of the most influential literary figures of his age. The son of a republican country doctor, Carducci spent his childhood in the wild Maremma region of southern Tuscany. He studied... Carter, Jimmy 39th president of the United States (1977–81), who served as the nation’s chief executive during a time of serious problems at home and abroad.

His perceived inability to deal successfully with those problems led to an overwhelming defeat in his bid... Cassin, René French jurist and president of the European Court of Human Rights. He won the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1968 for his involvement in the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The son of a Jewish merchant, Cassin studied law before entering... Cech, Thomas Robert American biochemist and molecular biologist who, with Sidney Altman, was awarded the 1989 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for their discoveries concerning RNA (ribonucleic acid). Cech attended Grinnell College in Grinnell, Iowa (B.A., 1970), and the University... Cecil, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 1st Viscount British statesman and winner of the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1937. He was one of the principal draftsmen of the League of Nations Covenant in 1919 and one of the most loyal workers for the League until its supersession by the United Nations in 1945.... Cervantes Prize literary award established in 1975 by the Spanish Ministry of Culture; the prize was first awarded the following year.

It is the most prestigious and remunerative award given for Spanish-language literature. The Cervantes Prize is presented to an author... Chadwick, James English physicist who received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1935 for the discovery of the neutron. Chadwick was educated at the University of Manchester, where he worked under Ernest Rutherford and earned a master’s degree in 1913. He then studied... Chalfie, Martin American chemist who was a corecipient, with Osamu Shimomura and Roger Y. Tsien, of the 2008 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. Chalfie received a Ph.D. in neurobiology from Harvard University in 1977. In 1982 he became a professor of biological sciences at... Chamberlain, Sir Austen British foreign secretary from 1924 to 1929, who helped bring about the Locarno Pact (1925), a group of treaties intended to secure peace in western Europe by eliminating the possibility of border disputes involving Germany. The pact gained for Chamberlain... Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan Indian-born American astrophysicist who, with William A.

Fowler, won the 1983 Nobel Prize for Physics for key discoveries that led to the currently accepted theory on the later evolutionary stages of massive stars. Chandrasekhar was the nephew of Sir... Chaplin, Charlie British comedian, producer, writer, director, and composer who is widely regarded as the greatest comic artist of the screen and one of the most important figures in motion-picture history. Early life and career Chaplin was named after his father, a... Charpak, Georges Polish-born French physicist, winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1992 for his invention of subatomic particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber. Charpak’s family moved from Poland to Paris when he was seven years old.... Chauvin, Yves French chemist who was corecipient, with Robert H. Grubbs and Richard R. Schrock, of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2005 for developing metathesis, an important chemical reaction used in organic chemistry. Chauvin offered a detailed explanation of...

Chrysanthemum, Order of the Japan’s highest and most exclusive order, established in 1877 by the Meiji emperor, awarded mainly to members of Japan’s royal family and to foreign royalty or heads of state. The order has only one class and is exclusively for men. The badge consists... Chu, Steven American physicist who, with Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and William D. Phillips, was awarded the 1997 Nobel Prize for Physics for their independent pioneering research in cooling and trapping atoms using laser light. He later served as secretary of energy... Churchill, Sir Winston British statesman, orator, and author who as prime minister (1940–45, 1951–55) rallied the British people during World War II and led his country from the brink of defeat to victory. After a sensational rise to prominence in national politics before... Ciechanover, Aaron J. Israeli biochemist who shared the 2004 Nobel Prize for Chemistry with Avram Hershko and Irwin Rose for their joint discovery of the mechanism by which the cells of most living organisms cull unwanted proteins. Ciechanover received an M.D.

(1974) from... Claude, Albert Belgian-American cytologist who developed the principal methods of separating and analyzing components of the living cell. For this work, on which modern cell biology is partly based, Claude, his student George Palade, and Christian de Duve shared the... Clinton, Bill 42nd president of the United States (1993–2001), who oversaw the country’s longest peacetime economic expansion. In 1998 he became the second U.S. president to be impeached; he was acquitted by the Senate in 1999. (For a discussion of the history and... Clinton, Hillary American lawyer and politician who served as a U.S. senator (2001–09) and secretary of state (2009–13) in the administration of Pres. Barack Obama. She also served as first lady (1993–2001) during the administration of her husband, Bill Clinton, 42nd... Coase, Ronald British-born American economist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1991.

The field known as new institutional economics, which attempts to explain political, legal, and social institutions in economic terms and to understand the role of... Cohen, Stanley American biochemist who, with Rita Levi-Montalcini, shared the 1986 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his researches on substances produced in the body that influence the development of nerve and skin tissues. Cohen was educated at Brooklyn... Commonwealth Book Prize any of the annual literary prizes awarded from 1987 to 2013 by the Commonwealth Foundation, an organization comprising most member countries of the Commonwealth. The awards were established in 1987 as the Commonwealth Writers’ Prize. Initially two honours,... Companions of Honour, Order of the British honorary institution founded in 1917 by King George V. The only rank is that of Companion, awarded to men and women who have rendered conspicuous national service, especially in the advancement of culture. Membership of the Order is limited to... Compton, Arthur Holly American physicist and joint winner, with C.T.R.

Wilson of England, of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1927 for his discovery and explanation of the change in the wavelength of X rays when they collide with electrons in metals. This so-called Compton... Condorcet, Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, marquis de French philosopher of the Enlightenment and advocate of educational reform and women’s rights. He was one of the major Revolutionary formulators of the ideas of progress, or the indefinite perfectibility of humankind. He was descended from the ancient... Conrart, Valentin man of letters and authority on grammar and style, known as the practical inaugurator of Classicism in French literature through his leading role in the founding of the Académie Française. The son of a Huguenot merchant from Valenciennes, Conrart was... Copley Medal the most prestigious scientific award in the United Kingdom, given annually by the Royal Society of London “for outstanding achievements in research in any branch of science.” The Copley Medal is named for Sir Godfrey Copley, 2nd Baronet (c. 1653–1709),...

Coppola, Francis Ford American motion-picture director, writer, and producer whose films range from sweeping epics to small-scale character studies. As the director of films such as The Godfather (1972), The Conversation (1974), and Apocalypse Now (1979), he enjoyed his greatest... Corey, Elias James American chemist, director of a research group that developed syntheses of scores of complicated organic molecules and winner of the 1990 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his original contributions to the theory and methods of organic synthesis. Early life... Cormack, Allan MacLeod South African-born American physicist who, with Godfrey Hounsfield, was awarded the 1979 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his work in developing the powerful new diagnostic technique of computerized axial tomography (CAT). Cormack was unusual... Corneille, Pierre French poet and dramatist, considered the creator of French classical tragedy. His chief works include Le Cid (1637), Horace (1640), Cinna (1641), and Polyeucte (1643). Early life and career.

Pierre Corneille was born into a well-to-do, middle-class... Cornforth, Sir John Australian-born British chemist who was corecipient, with Vladimir Prelog, of the 1975 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his research on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Stereochemistry is the study of how the properties of a chemical compound... Costa Book Award any of a series of literary awards given to writers resident in the United Kingdom and Ireland for books published there in the previous year. Established in 1971 and initially sponsored by the British corporation Whitbread PLC, the awards are given... Crick, Francis Harry Compton British biophysicist, who, with James Watson and Maurice Wilkins, received the 1962 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for their determination of the molecular structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the chemical substance ultimately responsible... Cricket World Cup international cricket championship held at four-year intervals that is the premier contest in one-day cricket and one of the most-watched sporting events in the world. In 1975 the first Cricket World Cup was contested in England as a series of one-day...

Cronin, James Watson American particle physicist, corecipient with Val Logsdon Fitch of the 1980 Nobel Prize for Physics for an experiment that implied that reversing the direction of time would not precisely reverse the course of certain reactions of subatomic particles.... Crossword Book Awards any of a series of Indian literary awards established in 1998 by Indian book retailer Crossword, its stated aim being to create a prize equivalent to Western literary accolades such as the Booker Prize and the Pulitzer Prize. The Crossword was initially... Cukor, George American motion-picture director who produced films of high quality for 50 years, combining his skill in working with actors, especially actresses, and his careful attention to details. Early life and work Cukor was born in Manhattan to a family of Hungarian... Curie, Marie Polish-born French physicist, famous for her work on radioactivity and twice a winner of the Nobel Prize. With Henri Becquerel and her husband, Pierre Curie, she was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics. She was the sole winner of the 1911 Nobel...

Curie, Pierre French physical chemist, cowinner with his wife Marie Curie of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903. He and Marie discovered radium and polonium in their investigation of radioactivity. An exceptional physicist, he was one of the main founders of modern... Curl, Robert F., Jr. American chemist who with Richard E. Smalley and Sir Harold W. Kroto discovered buckminsterfullerene, a spherical form of carbon comprising 60 atoms, in 1985. The discovery opened a new branch of chemistry, and all three men were awarded the 1996 Nobel... Curtis Cup golf trophy awarded since 1932 to the winner of a biennial amateur women’s match played between teams from Great Britain and the United States. The cup was donated by Harriot and Margaret Curtis, both winners of the U.S. women’s amateur championship... Curtiz, Michael Hungarian-born American motion-picture director whose prolific output as a contract director for Warner Brothers was composed of many solid but run-of-the-mill genre films along with a string of motion picture classics that included Angels with Dirty...

Dalai Lama XIV title of the Tibetan Buddhist monk Bstan-’dzin-rgya-mtsho (Tenzin Gyatso), the 14th Dalai Lama but the first to become a global figure, largely for his advocacy of Buddhism and of the rights of the people of Tibet. Despite his fame, he dispensed with... Darwin, Charles English naturalist whose scientific theory of evolution by natural selection became the foundation of modern evolutionary studies. An affable country gentleman, Darwin at first shocked religious Victorian society by suggesting that animals and humans... Dausset, Jean French hematologist and immunologist whose studies of the genetic basis of the immunological reaction earned him a share (with George Snell and Baruj Benacerraf) of the 1980 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. After serving with the Free French forces... David, Jacques-Louis the most celebrated French artist of his day and a principal exponent of the late 18th-century Neoclassical reaction against the Rococo style. David won wide acclaim with his huge canvases on classical themes (e.g., Oath of the Horatii, 1784). When the...

Davis Cup trophy awarded to the winner of an annual international lawn- tennis tournament originally for amateur men’s teams. The official name is the International Lawn Tennis Challenge Trophy. The trophy was donated in 1900 by American Dwight F. Davis for a... Davis, Raymond, Jr. American physicist who, with Koshiba Masatoshi, won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2002 for detecting neutrino s. Riccardo Giacconi also won a share of the award for his work on X-rays. Davis received a Ph.D. from Yale University in 1942. After military... Dawes, Charles G. 30th vice president of the United States (1925–29) in the Republican administration of President Calvin Coolidge. An ambassador and author of the “Dawes Plan” for managing Germany’s reparations payments after World War I, he was awarded the Nobel Prize... de Klerk, F. W. politician who as president of South Africa (1989–94) brought the apartheid system of racial segregation to an end and negotiated a transition to majority rule in his country.

He and Nelson Mandela jointly received the 1993 Nobel Prize for Peace for... De Niro, Robert American actor famous for his uncompromising portrayals of violent and abrasive characters and, later in his career, for his comic depictions of cranky old men. The son of two Greenwich Village artists, De Niro dropped out of school at age 16 to study... Deaton, Angus S. British American economist who received the 2015 Nobel Prize for Economics. His fundamental contributions to the theory of consumption, savings, and the measurement of economic well-being transformed the field of applied and development economics. Deaton... Debussy, Claude French composer whose works were a seminal force in the music of the 20th century. He developed a highly original system of harmony and musical structure that expressed in many respects the ideals to which the Impressionist and Symbolist painters and... Dehmelt, Hans Georg German-born American physicist who shared one-half of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1989 with the German physicist Wolfgang Paul. (The other half of the prize was awarded to the American physicist Norman Foster Ramsey.) Dehmelt received his share of... DeMille, Cecil B.

American motion-picture producer-director whose use of spectacle attracted vast audiences and made him a dominant figure in Hollywood for almost five decades. Long before he made his first sound picture, DeMille had become a cinema legend for his efforts... Diamond, Peter A. American economist who was a corecipient, with Dale T. Mortensen and Christopher A. Pissarides, of the 2010 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences “for their analysis of markets with search frictions.” The theoretical framework collectively developed by the... Dirac, P. A. M. English theoretical physicist who was one of the founders of quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics. Dirac is most famous for his 1928 relativistic quantum theory of the electron and his prediction of the existence of antiparticles. In 1933 he... Disney, Walt American motion-picture and television producer and showman, famous as a pioneer of animated cartoon films and as the creator of such cartoon characters as Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck. He also planned and built Disneyland, a huge amusement park that... Doctors Without Borders international humanitarian group dedicated to providing medical care to people in distress, including victims of political violence and natural disasters.

The populations the group assists typically lack access to or adequate resources for medical treatment.... Doherty, Peter C. Australian immunologist and pathologist who, with Rolf Zinkernagel of Switzerland, received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1996 for their discovery of how the body’s immune system distinguishes virus-infected cells from normal cells. Doherty... Draper Prize award given by the U.S. National Academy of Engineering (NAE) for specific engineering achievements that have significantly affected modern society “by improving the quality of life, providing the ability to live freely and comfortably, and/or permitting... du Vigneaud, Vincent American biochemist and winner of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1955 for the isolation and synthesis of two pituitary hormones: vasopressin, which acts on the muscles of the blood vessels to cause elevation of blood pressure; and oxytocin, the principal... Dulbecco, Renato Italian American virologist who shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1975 with Howard M. Temin and David Baltimore, both of whom had studied under him. Dulbecco obtained an M.D.

from the University of Turin in 1936 and remained there... Duve, Christian René de Belgian cytologist and biochemist who discovered lysosomes (the digestive organelles of the cell) and peroxisomes (organelles that are the site of metabolic processes involving hydrogen peroxide). For this work he shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology... Dylan, Bob American folksinger who moved from folk to rock music in the 1960s, infusing the lyrics of rock and roll, theretofore concerned mostly with boy-girl romantic innuendo, with the intellectualism of classic literature and poetry. Hailed as the Shakespeare... Eastwood, Clint American motion-picture actor who emerged as one of the most popular Hollywood stars in the 1970s and went on to become a prolific and respected director-producer. Early life and career Growing up during the Great Depression, Eastwood moved from town... Ebadi, Shirin Iranian lawyer, writer, and teacher, who received the Nobel Prize for Peace in 2003 for her efforts to promote democracy and human rights, especially those of women and children in Iran. She was the first Muslim woman and the first Iranian to receive...

Eccles, Sir John Carew Australian research physiologist who received (with Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley) the 1963 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of the chemical means by which impulses are communicated or repressed by nerve cells (neurons). After... Edelman, Gerald Maurice American physician and physical chemist who elucidated the structure of antibodies —proteins that are produced by the body in response to infection. For that work, he shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1972 with British biochemist Rodney... Egas Moniz, António Portuguese neurologist and statesman who was the founder of modern psychosurgery. With Walter Hess he was awarded the 1949 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for the development of prefrontal leucotomy (lobotomy) as a radical therapy for certain... Ehrlich, Paul German medical scientist known for his pioneering work in hematology, immunology, and chemotherapy and for his discovery of the first effective treatment for syphilis. He received jointly with Élie Metchnikoff the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine...

Einstein, Albert German-born physicist who developed the special and general theories of relativity and won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921 for his explanation of the photoelectric effect. Einstein is generally considered the most influential physicist of the 20th... ElBaradei, Mohamed Egyptian lawyer and government official who was director general (1997–2009) of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and briefly served as the interim vice president of Egypt (2013). In 2005 ElBaradei and the IAEA were jointly awarded the Nobel... Elion, Gertrude B. American pharmacologist who, along with George H. Hitchings and Sir James W. Black, received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1988 for their development of drugs used to treat several major diseases. Elion was the daughter of immigrants.... Eliot, T. S. American-English poet, playwright, literary critic, and editor, a leader of the modernist movement in poetry in such works as The Waste Land (1922) and Four Quartets (1943).

Eliot exercised a strong influence on Anglo-American culture from the 1920s... Elytis, Odysseus Greek poet and winner of the 1979 Nobel Prize for Literature. Born the scion of a prosperous family from Lesbos, he abandoned the family name as a young man in order to dissociate his writing from the family soap business. Elytis studied law at Athens... Emmy Award any of the annual presentations made for outstanding achievement in television in the United States. The name Emmy derives from Immy, a nickname for image orthicon, a camera tube used in television. The Emmy Award statuette consists of a winged woman... Enders, John Franklin American virologist and microbiologist who, with Frederick C. Robbins and Thomas H. Weller, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for 1954 for his part in cultivating the poliomyelitis virus in nonnervous-tissue cultures, a preliminary... Engle, Robert F. American economist, corecipient of the Nobel Prize for Economics in 2003 for his development of methods for analyzing time series data with time-varying volatility.

He shared the award with Clive W.J. Granger. Engle received an M.S. (1966) and Ph.D.... Notable Chemists & Physicists Posters & Prints "Ca...-Ch...-" for Classrooms & Homeschoolers b. 10-19-1910 ; Lahore , Punjab, India d. 8-21-1995; Chicago, IL Astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, with William A. Fowler, won the 1983 Nobel Prize for Physics “for his key discoveries that led to the currently accepted theory on the later evolutionary stages of massive stars”. The Chandrasekhar limit, named after him, describes the maximum mass of a “white dwarf star, ~1.44 solar masses, or equivalently, the minimum mass which must be exceeded for a star to ultimately collapse into a neutron star or black hole (following a supernova)”. NASA also named one of its four Great Observatories (satellites) after Chandrasekhar, the Chandra X-ray Observatory ( Hubble Telescope, Compton Gamma Ray Observatory and the Spitzer Space Telescope).

FYI - “Chandra” means “moon” in Sanskrit; Chandrasekhar was the nephew of C. V. Raman , winner of the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics. | f | g | h | i-j-k | l | m | n-o | p | q-r | s | t | u-z I have searched the web for visual, text, and manipulative curriculum support materials - teaching posters, art prints, maps, charts, calendars, books and educational toys featuring famous people, places and events - to help teachers optimize their valuable time and budget. Browsing the subject areas at NetPosterWorks.com is a learning experience where educators can plan context rich environments while comparing prices, special discounts, framing options and shipping from educational resources. Thank you for starting your search for inspirational, motivational, and educational posters and learning materials at NetPosterWorks.com. If you need help please contact us.

Question: Who was the co-winner of the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physics, for key discoveries that led to the currently accepted theory on the later evolutionary stages of massive stars, and nephew of the 1930 Nobel Prize winner in Physics?
Answer: Subramanyan Chandrasekhar