Abolition of monarchy - Wikipedia, Photos and Videos Abolition of monarchy NEXT GO TO RESULTS [51 .. 100] WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE Jump to: navigation , search 1908 postcard depicting nineteen reigning monarchs; twelve of their thrones were abolished during the twentieth century, although the Spanish monarchy was later restored. The abolition of monarchy has occurred throughout history, either through revolutions , coups d'état , wars, or legislative reforms (such as abdications ). The founding of the Roman Republic is a noteworthy example and became part of the nation's traditions including as justification for the assassination of Julius Caesar . The twentieth century saw a major acceleration of this process, with many monarchies violently overthrown by revolution or war, or else abolished as part of the process of decolonisation . By contrast, the restoration of monarchies is rare in modern times, with only two major examples, Spain and Cambodia . Contents e One of the earliest examples in modern times is the overthrow in 1649 of the English monarchy by the Parliament of England , led by Oliver Cromwell . The monarchy was restored in 1660 although in a more limited form moderated by an independent Parliament.

Anti-monarchism in the United States developed out of the gradual process of revolution that began as early as 1765, as colonists resisted the Stamp Act through boycott and the expulsion and condemnation of royal officials. While subjects of the United Kingdom, a unification of the limited King of England with the King of Scotland, colonists enjoyed a level of autonomy which increasingly clashed with royal and Parliamentary authority which did not consult colonial needs. With the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the most violent wave of anti-monarchical protest began, with the systematic destruction of the relics and symbols of monarchy. Examples can be found in the toppling of the equestrian statue of George III on Bowling Green in New York City. Monarchic loyalists were particularly affected with partisan attacks or harassment, with tens of thousands leaving for Canada, Britain, and other colonies. [1] Wealth or property which remained was typically confiscated. Thomas Paine, the famous author of the revolutionary pamphlet "Common Sense," extolled the colonists to finance the revolutionary war through this means. Even today, very few artifacts depicting the British monarchy from the colonial period can be found in the United States.

However, the most famous abolition of monarchy in history[ citation needed ] is that of the French monarchy in 1792, during the French Revolution . The French monarchy was later restored several times with differing levels of authority. Napoleon , initially a hero of the Republican revolution, crowned himself emperor in 1804 only to be replaced by the Bourbon Restoration in 1815 which in turn was replaced by the more liberal July Monarchy in 1830. The 1848 Revolution was a more clear anti-monarchic uprising that replaced the succession of royal leaders with the short-lived Second French Republic . Napoleon III 's Second French Empire from 1852 to 1870 retained republican aspects while placing himself in the center of the state until the losses in the Franco-Prussian War precipitated his fall resulting in the French Third Republic and the end of monarchy for good. 19th century[ edit ] In 1858 the Mughal Empire came to an end after losing a war against Britain, and its Emperor, Bahadur Shah II , lost his throne.

Between 1859 and 1861, four monarchies in Southern Europe ceased to exist: Parma , Modena , Tuscany and the Two Sicilies , when they all became part of the new Kingdom of Italy . The Second Mexican Empire collapsed in 1867, and its Emperor, Maximilian I of Mexico , was executed. The Second French Empire came to an end in 1870 after it had lost the war against Prussia, causing Emperor Napoleon III to lose his throne. He was the last monarch of France. In Spain monarchy was abolished from 1873 to 1874 by the First Spanish Republic , but then restored until 1931. The monarchy of Tahiti came to an end in 1880 when France made it a colony and overthrew King Pōmare V . That of Burma was abolished in 1885, when the last king, Thibaw Min , lost his throne and the country was annexed by Britain.

In Brazil, the monarchy was abolished in 1889, when Emperor Pedro II was overthrown by a republican military coup (the status of the republic was fully confirmed by a plebiscite in 1993 that resulted in 86.6% of the votes to the republican government ). In 1893 foreign business leaders overthrew Queen Liliʻuokalani of the Kingdom of Hawaii . They established a republic , which joined the United States in 1898. The monarchy of Madagascar, known as the Merina Kingdom , came to an end in 1897 when France made it a colony and overthrew Queen Ranavalona III . Monarchies (12) Republics (32) In 1910 the last emperor of Korea, Sunjong , lost his throne when the country was annexed by Japan. However, the Korean royal family was mediatised as a puppet family within the Japanese imperial family. Many of the Korean royals were forcibly re-educated in Japan and forced to marry Japanese royalty and aristocrats to meld the ruling families of the two empires.

With the abolition of the Japanese aristocracy and cadet branches of the imperial family, the Korean royals officially lost their remaining status. The monarchy of Portugal was also overthrown in 1910 ( 5 October ), two years after the assassination of King Carlos I , ending the reign of Manuel II , who died in exile in England (1932), without issue. The ancient monarchy of China ceased to exist in 1912 after the revolution of Sun Yat-sen overthrew Emperor Puyi . General Yuan Shikai , then provisional president, unsuccessfully tried to make himself a monarch in 1915. World War I led to perhaps the greatest spate of abolition of monarchies in history. The conditions inside Russia and the poor performance in the war gave rise to a revolution which toppled the entire institution of the monarchy, followed by a second revolution against that government in October of the same year that executed Emperor Nicholas II and implemented a Marxist-Leninist government. The defeated German , Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires saw the abolition of their monarchies in the close aftermath of the war, ending the reigns of Wilhelm II , Charles I and Mehmed VI respectively.

The monarchs of the constituent states within the German Empire, most importantly Ludwig III of Bavaria , Frederick Augustus III of Saxony and Wilhelm II of Württemberg , soon abdicated. During the war, monarchies were planned for the Grand Duchy of Finland (to have a Finnish King ), and for Lithuania ( Mindaugas II of Lithuania ), with a protectorate -like dependency of Germany. Both intended kings renounced their thrones after Germany's defeat in November 1918. King Nicholas I of Montenegro lost his throne when the country became a part of Yugoslavia in 1918. e After the death of the last Emperor, Bogd Khan , in 1924, Mongolia became a republic. In Spain the monarchy was again abolished in 1931 by the Second Spanish Republic (1931–1936/39). In 1947, General Franco declared Spain a realm , and appointed Juan Carlos of Bourbon his successor in 1969. The Prince of Spain became king at Franco's death in 1975, and constitutional monarchy was restored in 1978 under him.

World War II saw another spate of abolitions. In 1939 Italy invaded Albania and removed the reigning self-proclaimed King Zog and instated their own King Victor Emmanuel III as its new monarch. Italy, along with the eastern European monarchies of Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania joined with Germany in World War II against the Kingdom of Yugoslavia , the Western allies and the Soviet Union . As the Axis powers came to a defeat in the war, communist partisans in occupied Yugoslavia and occupied Albania seized power and ended the monarchies. Communists in Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania removed their monarchies with strong backing by the Soviet Union, which had many troops and supporters placed there during the course of the war. Through this, Peter II of Yugoslavia , Simeon II of Bulgaria and Michael I of Romania all lost their thrones. King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy had switched sides during the war in favour of the western allies, but a referendum in 1946 ended the short reign of his son King Umberto II and the Italian monarchy ceased to exist.

A unique result of the war was that Emperor Hirohito of Japan, who had held a debated but important role in Japan's warfare against the Allied powers, was reduced in stature from a divine monarch to a figurehead by the occupying United States, instead of losing his throne altogether. Throughout Greece 's eventful modern history, the monarchy was toppled and restored several times between and after the two World Wars. The last king, Constantine II , was forced into exile after a coup in 1967 and the republic was proclaimed in 1973 by the then ruling military dictatorship . Final abolition of the monarchy was confirmed overwhelmingly after constitutional legality was restored, by free referendum in 1974 . The independence of the Indian subcontinent from direct British rule in 1947 posed a unique problem. From 1858, when the British government had assumed direct rule over the subcontinent, it had been governed as a quasi-federation, with most of the subcontinent (known as British India), under the direct rule of the British sovereign.

The remainder of the subcontinent, however, was under a form of indirect rule through its division and subdivision into over 500 subnational monarchies , known as princely states ; each was ruled by a prince in a subsidiary alliance with the British government. The princely states ranged from powerful and largely independent principalities such as Hyderabad or Mysore, with a high level of autonomy, to tiny fiefdoms a few dozen acres in size. The resulting imperial structure was broadly similar to that of the German Empire before the First World War. In 1947, it was agreed the Indian subcontinent would be partitioned into the independent British dominions of India and Pakistan , with the princely states acceding to one nation or the other. The accession process proceeded smoothly, with the notable exception of four of the most influential principalities. The Muslim ruler of the Hindu-majority state of Junagadh ruler acceded to Pakistan, but his decision was overruled by the Indian government, while Hyderabad chose to be independent, but was forcibly annexed to India in 1948.

The Hindu ruler of Jammu and Kashmir, among the largest and most powerful of the principalities, but with a Muslim-majority population, initially held off on a decision. In the autumn of 1947, an invading force from Pakistan frightened the ruler into acceding to India. The ruler of Kalat, in Baluchistan, declared his independence in 1947, after which the state was forcibly merged with Pakistan, resulting in an insurgency persisting to this day. With the promulgation of the Indian constitution in 1950, India abolished its monarchy under the British crown and became a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations, followed by Pakistan in 1956; as a result of both developments, the majority of the princes formally lost their sovereign rights. A few remaining principalities in Pakistan retained their autonomy until 1969, when they finally acceded to Pakistan. The Indian government formally derecognised its princely families in 1971, followed by Pakistan in 1972. Many monarchies were abolished in the middle of the 20th century or later as part of the process of decolonisation.

The monarchies of India, Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya, Tanganyika, Uganda, Guyana, and Malawi were abolished shortly after they became independent of the United Kingdom, while remaining within the Commonwealth . That of Ireland was not abolished when Ireland became independent of the United Kingdom in the 1920s, but by the Republic of Ireland Act of 1948, which came into force in 1949. Some Commonwealth realms waited a little longer before abolishing their monarchies: Pakistan became a republic in 1956 and South Africa in 1961. Gambia abolished its monarchy in 1970, while Sierra Leone became a republic in 1971, as did Sri Lanka in 1972, Malta in 1974, Trinidad and Tobago in 1976, and Fiji in 1987. The latest country to become a Commonwealth republic was Mauritius in 1992. That of Egypt was abolished in 1953, after the revolution of 1952, which caused King Farouk I to abdicate in favour of his infant son Fuad II .

The monarchy of Tunisia ended in 1957 when Muhammad VIII al-Amin lost his throne and that of Iraq when King Faisal II was killed and a republic proclaimed . The monarchy of Yemen was abolished in 1962 when King Muhammad al-Shami was overthrown in a coup, although he continued to resist his opponents until 1970. King Idris of Libya was overthrown by a military coup led by Muammar Gaddafi in 1969. The monarchy of Afghanistan was abolished in 1973 after a coup d'état overthrew King Mohammed Zahir Shah . That of Iran was abolished by the Islamic revolution of 1979 overthrowing Mohammad Reza Pahlavi . In Ethiopia, Emperor Haile Selassie I was overthrown in 1974 as a result of a leftist coup . King Palden Thondup Namgyal of Sikkim lost his throne in 1975 when the country became a state of India following a referendum .

Political upheaval and Communist insurrection put an end to the monarchies of Indochina after World War II: a short-lived attempt to leave a monarchical form of government in post-colonial South Vietnam came to naught in 1955, a military coup overthrew the kingless monarchy in Cambodia in 1970 and a Communist takeover ended the monarchy in Laos in 1975. Cambodia's monarchy later saw an unexpected rebirth under an internationally mediated peace settlement with former king Norodom Sihanouk being restored as a figurehead in 1993. Brazil rejected an attempt to restore its monarchy in the 1990s. Unsuccessful efforts to restore the monarchies of some of the Balkan states in the former Eastern Bloc continue. Former King Michael of Romania and Prince Alexander of Serbia have been allowed to return, gained some popularity, played largely apolitical public roles, but never came close to being restored to their ancestral thrones.

However, in Bulgaria, Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha , who was deposed from the Bulgarian throne in 1946, was elected and recently served as the Prime Minister of his country from 2001 to 2005. The only formerly socialist country to have held a referendum on the monarchy was Albania where the claimant to his father's throne, the self-styled Leka I , lost by a huge margin . In a 1999 referendum , the voters of Australia rejected a proposal to abolish their monarchy in favour of a specific republican model. The proposal was rejected in all states, with only the Australian Capital Territory voting in favour. 21st century[ edit ] On 24 December 2007, the Nepalese government decided in an accord to abolish the monarchy after the elections to be held in April 2008. [4] The Nepalese monarchy was formally abolished on 28 May 2008, causing King Gyanendra to lose his throne.

Monarchies abolished in the 20th–21st centuries[ edit ] Country Manuel II of Portugal (Elder) - Pics, Videos, Dating, & News Manuel II of Portugal King of Portugal Male Manuel II was the last King of Portugal, "the Patriot" or "the Wretched", ascending the throne after the assassination of his father, King Carlos I of Portugal, and his elder brother, LuÃ­s Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal. Before ascending the throne he was Duke of Beja. His reign would see the dissolution of the monarchy in Portugal with the October 5, 1910 revolution.

He would live the rest of his life in an exile enforced by the new Portuguese First Republic.… Read More related links Exportadores De Manufactura Expusieron Agenda A Produce Agencia Orbita Google News - Aug 29, 2011 'En la reuniÃ³n tambiÃ©n participÃ³ el gerente central de Exportaciones de ADEX, Manuel Portugal; la gerente de Manufacturas, Ysabel Segura; el gerente de PYMEADEX, Roberto Molero y el ex presidente de PYMEADEX, Hugo Yallico' EvalÃºan Ordenamiento De Paraderos Para Transporte Urbano En Ayacucho Diario Correo Google News - Aug 07, 2011 'El gerente de Transportes de la Municipalidad Provincial de Huamanga (MPH), Manuel Portugal Arce, indicÃ³ que en las prÃ³ximas semanas se iniciarÃ¡ con el reordenamiento del transporte urbano en la ciudad.

SegÃºn dijo, la medida se iniciÃ³ con la' / Novo ServiÃ§o / AssociaÃ§Ã£o Comercial De AraxÃ¡ Cria Biblioteca Empresarial Jornal AraxÃ¡ Google News - Jul 08, 2011 'Os primeiros exemplares jÃ¡ estÃ£o Ã disposiÃ§Ã£o como, por exemplo, os seguintes tÃ­tulos: NegÃ³cios Internacionais - Manuel Portugal, Nuno Rosa e Fernando Serra; Vantagem Competitiva - Michael Porter; O outro lado da inovaÃ§Ã£o - Vijav Govindarajan e Chris' Tiran Ã¡rboles En La Arbide A.M. Google News - Jun 09, 2011 'Da coraje e impotenciaâ, seÃ±alÃ³ Juan Manuel Portugal, vecino.

âEste consumado hecho de deforestaciÃ³n se suma a la gran tala que se ha desatado impunemente en la ciudad y se ha perdido una gran cantidad de masa verdeâ, dijo Franz Espejel MuÃ±oz,' Learn about the memorable moments in the evolution of Manuel II of Portugal. CHILDHOOD 1889 Birth Born on November 15, 1889. TEENAGE 1902 12 Years Old As a child, Manuel played with the children of Count of FigueirÃ³, the children of Count of Galveias and with the rest of the families of the Court. In 1902, he was taught by Franz Kerausch (Latin and German), later by Father JoÃ£o Damasceno Fiadeiro (Portuguese history); MarquÃªs LeitÃ£o (Mathematics); M. BoeyÃ© (French and French literature); Alfredo King (English and English literature), Father Domingos Fructuoso (Religion and Morals) and Alexandre Rey ColaÃ§o (piano).

1903 13 Years Old In 1903 he traveled with his mother and his brother to Egypt, on board the royal yacht AmÃ©lia, to expand his understanding of ancient civilizations. 1907 17 Years Old In 1907, he prepared to enter the Portuguese Naval Academy, to follow a naval career. Show Less His future in the Navy was abruptly shelved on 1 February 1908. … Read More On that day, the royal family returned from the palace of Vila ViÃ§osa to Lisbon. On their way to the royal palace, the carriage carrying King Carlos and his family passed through the Terreiro do PaÃ§o where shots were fired by at least two men: Alfredo Costa and Manuel BuiÃ§a. It is unclear whether the assassins were attempting to kill the King, the Prince Royal or the prime minister, JoÃ£o Franco. The murderers were shot on the spot by the royal bodyguard and were later recognized as members of the Portuguese Republican Party. The King was killed; Prince LuÃ­s Filipe was mortally wounded; Manuel was hit in the arm; Queen AmÃ©lie of Orleans was unharmed.

It was AmÃ©lie's quick thinking that saved her youngest son. About twenty minutes later, Prince Luis Filipe died, and Manuel became King of Portugal. Read Less The young King, who had not been groomed to rule, sought to save the fragile position of the Braganza dynasty by dismissing JoÃ£o Franco and his entire cabinet in 1908. … Read More The ambitions of various political parties made Manuel's short reign a turbulent one. But, even so, in free elections held on 28 August 1910, the republicans won only 14 seats in the legislature.<br /><br /> His first act was to meet with his Council of State and request the resignation of JoÃ£o Franco, whose policies may have been responsible for the tragedy. He appointed a government of national unity, presided over by Admiral Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral. This quieted the republicans, but in retrospect was seen as weakness. Read Less He opened the Royal Court Assembly on 6 May 1908 in the presence of national representatives, and affirmed his support of the constitution. … Read More The King received general public sympathy, due to the deaths of his father and older brother.

He was protected by his mother, AmÃ©lia, and sought out the support of the experienced politician JosÃ© Luciano de Castro. Read Less Judging that the intervention of King Carlos was a reason for the events of 1908, he declared that he would reign, but not govern. … Read More For his part, the new King tried to increase the monarchy's connection with its subjects. The King visited several areas of the country. His trips included stops in Oporto, Braga, Viana do Castelo, Oliveira de AzemÃ©is, Santo Tirso, Vila Nova de Gaia, Aveiro, GuimarÃ£es, Coimbra and Barcelos. During these visits, his subjects were captivated by the young king, and was received warmly. On 23 November he travelled to Espinho in open the Vale do Vouga Railway. On his journeys, he ingratiated himself with the people with his candour and pious character. However, he was not popular with republicans.

One of them, JoÃ£o Chagas, the anti-monarchist journalist and propagandist of the Republican Party, warned the King of the problems that would develop when he declared: <br /><br /> During the 19th century, many intellectuals and politicians were preoccupied with the growth of the urban proletariat as a consequence of the Industrial Revolution. In Portugal, owing to lower levels of industrialisation, this was not an important question, but it was exacerbated by an economic crisis and the Republican Party, who believed a republic would resolve the problems. This was the QuestÃ£o Social (social question) of the times. Read Less Show Less … The Socialist Party had existed since 1875, but it never had representation in Parliament. This was not only because it was not popular, but also because the Republican Party was the principal channel of radical discontent within the political system. The King made some moves that did not infringe his constitutional restrictions, but which created incentives for the Socialist Party to lessen their support for the Republican Party. In 1909, Manuel invited the French sociologist, LÃ©on Poinsard, to examine the social environment and report back to him.

Poinsard wrote that the only way to combat clientelism, created by the system of rotational governments, would be a reorganisation of the local administrations. Enthusiastically, the King wrote to the President of the Council of Ministers Wenceslau de Sousa Pereira de Lima, to make him aware of the reorganisation of the Socialist Party (under Alfredo Aquiles Monteverde) and to remind him of the importance of working with the Socialists, " so that, we will empty their supporters from the Republican Party, and orient them into a useful and productive force." Notwithstanding the contacts made by the government of Artur Alberto de Campos Henriques with the Socialist Azedo Gneco, Venceslau de Lima considered this difficult after the Congresso Nacional OperÃ¡rio, which was boycotted by anarchists and republicans. For their part, the Socialists were enthusiastic about Royal support between Manuel and Aquiles Monteverde. Read Less Monteverde would later inform the King of the failure of the October 1909 trade union congress, but little was formalised between the socialists and the government, although they supported the work of Poinsard.

… Read More During the government of AntÃ³nio Teixeira de Sousa, in July 1910, that the government created a commission to study the establishment of an Instituto de Trabalho Nacional ("Institute of National Work"), that had three socialists and included Azedo Gneco. However, Aquiles Monteverde would complain that the commission lacked the resources to be effective: specifically that permanent members and unlimited transport, in order for the Socialists to promote their propaganda. Manuel II informed the government, through the Minister of Public Works, that he agreed with the establishment of the Instituto de Trabalho Nacional, but by September, it was too late for the constitutional monarchy. Read Less During his reign he visited many parts of northern Portugal, in addition to Spain, France, and the United Kingdom, where he was appointed Knight of the Order of the Garter, in November 1909. … Read More He cultivated a foreign policy that was close to Great Britain, which was not only the geo-political strategy that his father maintained, but it also reinforced his position on the throne by having a strong ally.

The court also considered the marriage of a King of the House of Braganza to a British princess would secure the protection of the United Kingdom in any impending conflict. But, the country's instability, the assassination of the King and Prince Royal, and the drawn-out negotiations that were ended with the death of Edward VII, ended these pretensions. The old British monarch, a personal friend of Carlos, would have been the great protector of the House of Braganza, and without him, the liberal government of Britain had no interest in maintaining the Portuguese monarchy.<br /><br /> The stability of the government deteriorated; seven governments were established and fell in a period of 24 months. The monarchist parties continued to fragment, while the Republican Party continued to gain ground. Read Less During a visit to Paris in July 1909, the King met Gaby Deslys, an actress and dancer, and immediately began a relationship that would last until the end of Manuel II's reign. … Read More It was thought that after this first meeting the King sent Deslys a pearl necklace worth $70,000: more gifts soon followed, including a diamond necklace with black and white pearl drops set in a platinum band.

Their relationship was anything but discreet (she would arrive before night at the PalÃ¡cio das Necessidades and would pass through Portugal unnoticed); abroad, meanwhile, they were on the front pages of newspapers in Europe and North America, especially after he was deposed. In public interviews, usually on trips, Gaby Deslys never negated the obvious, but always refused to comment on her relationship with the King. After his exile, they would continue to meet, especially while she had stage engagements in London. Read Less TWENTIES 1910 - 1912 3 More Events 1910 20 Years Old The legislative elections on 28 August 1910 had elected 14 new representatives (resulting in an assembly that was divided: 9% Republican, 58% Government and 33% Opposition) which helped the revolutionary cause, but which made little importance since the Setubal Congress (on 24â25 April 1909) had determined that the Republicans would take power by force.

… Read More The murder of a prominent republican precipitated the coup d'etat that had been so long in coming.<br /><br /> Between 4 and 5 October 1910, the Republican Revolution erupted in the streets of Lisbon. What started as a military coup commenced by soldiers, was joined by some civilians and municipal guards attacking the loyal garrisons and the royal palace, while the guns from a warship added to the cannonade. The Palace of Necessidades (then official residence of the young King) was bombarded, forcing Manuel to move to the Mafra National Palace, where he rendezvoused with his mother, Queen AmÃ©lia, and his grandmother, the Queen Mother Maria Pia of Savoy. There was little apparent popular reaction to these events: pictures from the square in front of the City Hall in Lisbon, where the declaration of the Republic occurred, did not show an overwhelming multitude, and even some in the military were fearful that their actions would not be successful. One republican commander, Admiral CÃ¢ndido dos Reis, even committed suicide when he believed that the events had not succeeded.

Read Less 1911 21 Years Old When Gaby moved to New York, in the summer of 1911, their relationship broke off. 1912 22 Years Old In the spring of 1912, Manuel visited Switzerland, where he met Augusta Victoria of Hohenzollern, Princess of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1890â1966) and was deeply impressed by her. 1913 23 Years Old In the following year, on 4 September 1913, Manuel married Princess Augusta Victoria, his cousin (she was the granddaughter of the Infanta AntÃ³nia of Braganza) and daughter of Prince William, Prince of Hohenzollern. … Read More During the mass, which was celebrated in the Chapel of Sigmaringen Castle, Manuel, wearing his Order of the Garter medallion and the sash of the Three Portuguese Orders, stood on a crate containing soil brought from Portugal.

The ceremony was conducted by Cardinal JosÃ© Neto, Patriarch of Lisbon, then exiled in Seville, who had baptized Manuel as a young prince; Manuel was also assisted by the Prince of Wales (Edward VIII) and King Alfonso XIII of Spain, as well as representatives of the royal houses of Europe (including Spain, Germany, Italy, France and Romania, in addition to the principalities and German kingdoms). After festivities which lasted two days, the couple went on their honeymoon to Munich, where the Princess fell ill and withdrew from the public. The marriage, a calm and serene union, lasted until the death of the former King; the couple had no children. Read Less 1915 25 Years Old … His influence is also recalled by a number of toponymic references in the area: Manuel Road, Lisbon Avenue and Portugal Gardens. He followed political events in Portugal, and was concerned with the anarchy of the First Republic, fearing that it could provoke a Spanish intervention and risk the country's independence. <br /><br />While in exile, there was one case where the former King's direct intervention had an effect.

After the overthrow of the government of Gomes da Costa, by General Ãscar Fragoso Carmona, in 1926, Costa was appointed Ambassador to London. Given the rapid succession of ambassadors during this period, the British government refused to recognize the new official's credentials. As the ambassador was to negotiate the liquidation of the Portuguese debt to the United Kingdom, the Minister of Foreign Affairs asked Manuel to straighten out the situation. The former monarch was delighted by the opportunity to help his homeland and communicated with many of his British contacts (including, probably, King George V) in order to resolve the dispute. Read Less Even in exile Manuel continued to be a patriot, going as far as declaring in his 1915 testament his intention to transfer his possessions to the Portuguese State for the creation of a museum, and showing his interest in being buried in Portugal. … Read More Being an Anglophile and admirer of the British spirit, Manuel defended the entry of Portugal into the First World War and its active participation. He asked monarchists to desist from restoration efforts as long as the war continued. He even met with republicans, and at one time, solicited his involvement in the Portuguese army.

But, contrary to his hopes, a majority of the monarchists did not follow his pleas for cooperation. Many of them backed the aspirations of Germany, and had hoped to see the victory of the Kaiser as another channel to restore the monarchy. Manuel believed that supporting Great Britain would guarantee the retention of overseas colonies, which would have been lost to German aggression even if the Germans were supported in the conflict. Of his close subordinates who offered their support to the Republic, none were accepted. Read Less Show Less … Manuel attempted to make himself available to the Allies, wherever they saw use, but was disappointed when he was assigned a post in the British Red Cross. He characteristically put all his efforts into the role, participating in conferences, fund drives, visits to hospitals and the wounded soldiers on the front, which ultimately gave him a lot of gratification. The visits to the front were difficult on the French government, but his friendship with George V was sufficient enough to alleviate their concerns. Regardless, most of his efforts were not credited; years later, in an interview with AntÃ³nio Ferro, he lamented, "The operating room in the Portuguese Hospital in Paris, during the War, was constructed by me. Do you know what they put on the plaque?

'From a Portuguese in London'." The King was also responsible for the creation of the Orthopedic Department at Shepherd's Bush Hospital which, at his insistence continued to function until 1925, in order to continue to treat the disfiguring affects of the war. Read Less A proof of his recognition by the British was by his friend George V, who invited him to be with the King during the victory celebrations during the parade of soldiers in 1919. … Read More Since 1911, the Portuguese monarchists-in-exile concentrated in Galicia, Spain in order to enter Portugal and restore the monarchy but without the tacit approval of the Spanish government. The monarchists were led by the charismatic Henrique Mitchell de Paiva Couceiro, a veteran of the African colonial campaigns. The Paladin, as the Portuguese newspapers called him, believed that demonstrating a show of force would force the rural people to rise-up and support the restoration. But he was wrong; poorly prepared and badly financed, his forces encountered apathy from the rural population and the incursions ended with retreats into Galicia. For his part, Manuel supported these incursions the best way he could, but his financial resources were limited.

He also faced a group of monarchists who were not clear supporters of his claim to the throne: one attack was made under a blue and white flag, but without the crown, while Paiva Couceiro himself declared at one time that his movement was "neutral" and wanted a plebiscite on the form of the new regime. It was only after he traded correspondence with Couceiro that the King was able to support the Galician monarchists, who had promised to support the 1826 Constitution. The second incursion, in 1912, although better prepared did not succeed because the Spanish government was forced to cede to Republican diplomats the illegality of monarchist encampments in Galicia and disarmed the remaining combatants within its territory. Manuel was never able to restore his kingdom by force and always defended that the monarchists should organize internally in order to reach power legally (by elections). Read Less … Integralists disagreed because in their view the agreement failed to make reference to the reestablishment of a traditional monarchy, which was fundamental to their assertions.

Integralismo Lusitano withheld their support, and on September 1925, Aldegundes in a letter to Manuel, repudiated the agreement owing the continue operation of the Constitutional Newspaper (the Integralist paper was closed as part of the accord) and the lack of Integralist participation. <br /><br />Manuel was always an avid reader and, during his exile, dedicated himself to the study of literature, penning treatises on Medieval and Renaissance literature in Portugal. Following the First World War and with more free time, apart from his contacts with monarchist organizations, he dedicated himself to these studies (a tradition that was instilled in him by his father). Initially, he was interested in writing a biography, and began research on a biography of Manuel I of Portugal, whom he believed was badly treated by other historians. Read Less He contracted the services of the bibliographer Maurice Ettinghausen in 1919, to find older books for his project, and was helped by the dissolution of many private collections after the implementation of the Republic.

THIRTIES 1922 32 Years Old In 1922, with cooling of relations between monarchists, Integralismo Lusitano and the King, and mindful that his marriage to Augusta VictÃ³ria had not produced heirs, Manuel, in a Paris meeting in April 1922, represented by his adjunct Aires de Ornelas, and Miguelist representatives Infanta Adelgundes, who was by now calling herself Duchess of GuimarÃ£es, and tutor to Duarte Nuno, agreed that owing to an heir, the rights of succession would pass to Duarte Nuno. 1926 36 Years Old By 1926, Manuel had abandoned the idea of a biography and concentrated on descriptions of older books in his library (itself, a complete library of older works). … Read More More than a simple list, the work allowed Manuel to write of the glories of Portugal, writing not just a bibliography but also an examination of the authors and the context of their writings. His interpretation was scientifically rigorous, and resulted in a final work that was marked by a nationalism and the exaltation of ancestral valor.

His examples were limited and illustrated by facsimiled copies of the works, both written in English and Portuguese. The first volume of the work Livros Antigos Portuguezes 1489â1600, da Bibliotheca de Sua Magestade FidelÃ­ssima Descriptos por S. M. El-Rey D. Manuel em TrÃªs volumes was published in 1929. Manuel delivered, by hand, a copy of his work to his friend George V at Windsor Castle. The work was received well by critics, and the King dedicated himself to the second volume, which covered the period 1540 to 1569. Read Less FORTIES Monarchy Today - Disclaimer MONARCHY TODAY Monarchy, is a form of government in which a monarch, usually a single person, is the head of state. Monarchy is when a king, queen, or emperor that rule the country. Monarchy is one of the oldest types of government and has been in continuous existence for most of recorded history. In most monarchies, the monarch holds their position for life and passes the responsibilities and power of the position to their children or family when they die.

In a few republics the head of state, often styled president, might remain in office for life, but most are elected for a term of office, after which he or she must step down, and any successors must then also be elected. There are currently 31 monarchs reigning over 45 extant sovereign monarchies in the world; the disconnect in numbers between monarchs and countries is explained by the fact that the sixteen Commonwealth realms - vast geographic areas including the trans-continental realms of Canada and Australia - are separate realms of one Sovereign in personal union; and one other monarchy, Andorra, has two non-resident foreign (French and Spanish) co-monarchs, one of which is part of the government of a republic (the French one). The term monarchy is also used to refer to the people (especially the dynasty, also known as royalty) and institutions that make up the royal or imperial establishment, or to the realm over which the monarch reigns. Monarchs serve as symbols of continuity and statehood. Today, the extent of a monarch's actual powers varies from monarchy to monarchy.

In constitutional monarchies, wherein sovereignty rests formally with the crown but politically with 'the people' (usually the electorate, as represented by a parliament), the monarch now usually serves largely ceremonial functions, except in times of crisis. Many monarchies are constituted by tradition or by codified law, so that the monarch has little real political power; in others the monarch holds some power but is limited from exercising it by popular opinion or precedent; in still others the monarch holds substantial power and may exercise it without limit. However, the majority of monarchs today are bound by rule of law rather than rule of human will. Monarchy is one of the oldest forms of government, with echoes in the leadership of tribal chiefs. Many monarchs once claimed to rule by divine right, or at least by divine grace, ruling either by the will of the god(s) or even claiming to be (incarnated) gods themselves (see theocracy). Monarchs have also been selected by election (either in a broad popular assembly, as in Germanic tribal states; or by a small body, such as in the Holy Roman Empire, and as in Malaysia and the UAE today; or by dynastic succession; or by conquest; or a combination of any number of ways).

In some early systems the monarch was overthrown or sacrificed when it became apparent that divine sanction had been withdrawn. Since 1800, most of the world's monarchies have been abolished by dismemberment or annexation, or have been transformed into republics; most current countries that are monarchies are constitutional ones. Among the few states that retain aspects of absolute monarchy are Brunei, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Swaziland and the Vatican City (the papal city-state, an electoral theocracy). In Jordan and Morocco, the monarch also retains considerable power. There are also recent (2003) developments in Liechtenstein, wherein the regnant prince was given the constitutional power to dismiss the government at will. Nepal had several swings between constitutional rule and direct rule related to the Maoist rebel movement and killings by a suicidal crown prince. In December 2007 the Nepalese government agreed to abolish the country's monarchy after the Constituent Assembly elections in 2008. Monarchy Today Over the past centuries, monarchies have had an unwritten rule that required the monarch and those in the line of succession to marry a spouse from a royal or at least noble family.

In most cases, royal families arranged marriages to strengthen the power or influence of the royal house by making strategic alliances, and they did not take an individual's personal feelings or preferences into consideration. This attitude started to change a few decades ago, with more and more monarchs deciding to marry for love regardless of the status of their spouse, and allowing their heirs to do the same. As a result, commoners joined the royal circle and had to become familiar with the arcane rites and mystique that have always surrounded kings and queens, as well as the stress of living their lives in public and being the subject of relentless attention from the media. While many of the current kings and queens fell in love with a royal or noble spouse, some decided to marry a commoner despite the prevailing royal preference for equal marriages. Some of the commoners who married into the current generation of rulers - Grand Duchess Maria Teresa of Luxembourg, Queen Sonja of Norway, and Empress Michiko of Japan. Other commoners - Queen Silvia of Sweden, Queen Rania of Jordan, and Lalla Salma of Morocco.

To look at the example of women who married into royal houses as commoners, we can see clearly that, regardless of their origins, the right person must be at the right place at the right time. Success or failure depends very much on the present circumstances of the monarchy, the monarchy's background and history, the attitude of the royal house and the public, and the traits of the future spouse. He or she needs to learn fast, handle the scrutiny of the media, and win the acceptance of the public, the key for the monarchy to survive. OCTOBER 05 - 2011 THE ROYAL HOUSE OF GEORGIA His Royal Highness Crown Prince Nugzar of Georgia Heir and successor to the Throne of Georgia. (Batonishvili/Tsarevich. Nugzar Bagration-Gruzinsky (Georgian: ბატონიშვილი ნუგზარი), born August 25, 1950, in Tbilisi , Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic , is the head of the deposed royal House of Gruzinsky and represents its claim to the former crown of Georgia.

Prince Nugzar is the son of Prince Petre Bagration-Gruzinsky of Georgia (1920–1984), a prominent poet and claimant to the headship of the Georgian dynasty from 1939 until his death, and his second wife Liya Mgeladze (b. 8 August 1926). Prince Nugzar is the director of the Tbilisi theatre of cinema artists. On 18 December 2007, Nugzar met with Kristiina Ojuland , the Vice-President of the Riigikogu (Parliament of Estonia) at the Mariott-Tbilisi Hotel in which Ojuland "paid homage to the Bagrationi dynasty, which has made an extraordinary contribution in support of Georgia". Prince Nugzar is the senior descendant by primogeniture in the male line of George XII , the last King of Georgia (Kartli and Kakheti) to reign . Nugzar married actress Leila Kipiani (b. Tbilisi July 16, 1947) on February 10, 1971, and they have two daughters: HRH Princess Anna Bagration-Gruzinsky , b.

Tbilisi November 1, 1976. Married firstly to Grigoriy Malania and had two daughters with him, Irina and Miriam, and secondly, to Prince David Bagration of Mukhrani with whom she has a son, Prince Giorgi Bagrationi (born 2011) HRH Princess Maia Bagration-Gruzinsky, b. Tbilisi January 2, 1978. She married Nikolai Chichinadze and has two children with him, Themour and Anna Chichinadze. As Nugzar has no male issue, Evgeny Petrovich Gruzinsky (born 1947), the great-great grandson of Bagrat's younger brother Ilia (1791–1854), who lives in the Russian Federation , is considered to be an heir presumptive within primogeniture principle. Nugzar himself argues in favor of having his eldest daughter, Anna, designated as his heir in accordance with the Georgian dynastic law of "Zedsidzeoba" by which every child born from Princess Anna will inherit the royal dignity from mother's side thus will continue the royal line.

Nugzar's daughter, Princess Anna, a divorced teacher and journalist with two daughters, married Prince David Bagration of Mukhrani, on 8 February 2009 at the Tbilisi Sameba Cathedral . The marriage united the Gruzinsky and Mukhrani branches of the Georgian royal family, and drew a crowd of 3,000 spectators, officials, and foreign diplomats, as well as extensive coverage by the Georgian media. The dynastic significance of the wedding lay in the fact that, amidst the turmoil in political partisanship that has roiled Georgia since its independence in 1991, Patriarch Ilia II of Georgia publicly called for restoration of the monarchy as a path toward national unity in October 2007. Although this led some politicians and parties to entertain the notion of a Georgian constitutional monarchy , competition arose among the old dynasty's princes and supporters, as historians and jurists debated which Bagrationi has the strongest hereditary right to a throne that has been vacant for two centuries. Prince Giorgi, the son of prince David and HRH Princess Anna of Georgia, was born on September 27, 2011 in Madrid, Spain.

Currently Nugzar does not officially recognize his grandson as heir to the Georgian throne. He continues to demand that David sign a written agreement in which he would recognize Nugzar and the Gruzinsky branch as the sole rightful heir to the Georgian throne and to the legacy of the Georgian kings. Prince Giorgi's royal christening was held on 3 November 2013 by Patriarch Ilia II of Georgia in Svetitskhoveli Cathedral in Mtskheta . His godfathers are the patriarch himself (due to as the boy is being the third child of HRH Princess Anna and by the will of the Patriarch every third child in Georgia becomes godchild of His Holiness.

Almost up to 10.000 new born children in Georgia already are as godchildren of Patriarch), his uncles Irakli and Ugo , Levan Vasadze, said to be closely associated with Prime Minister Bidzina Ivanishvili and the new President Giorgi Margvelashvili , and Mikheil Akhvlediani, the honorary consul of Spain and seneschal , Government ministers Irakli Alasania and Nodar Khaduri were also present in the ceremony as well as guests from Russia, Serbia, Spain, Portugal, Italy, United States and Romania.

Prince Nugzar Bagration-Gruzinsky after the christening of his grandson said: "Prince Giorgi is the direct descendant of the last king of united Georgia, George VIII of Georgia and the last king of Kartli-Kakheti George XII of Georgia through his mother 's side and we have a big hope that he will get the royal dignity from his mother in the future" HH the Patriarch at first said that the child is a heir from her royal mother as of Kings Erekle II and Giorgi XII and only then he mentioned that from fathers side he is Prince Mukhranbatoni: Today is a happy day, today is a historical day. Prince Giorgi was christened in this Holy Temple, where are his ancestors. Such royal christening has not been since 1801 and thanks to the Lord, the Lord gave the power to his people for this".

Heir: HRH Princess Anna Bagrationi-Gruzinski daughter of HRH Crown Prince Nuzgar of Georgia HRH Anna Nugzaris Asuli Bagration-Gruzinsky (Georgian: ანა ნუგზარის ასული ბაგრატიონი გრუზინსკი) (born November 1, 1976, in Tbilisi ) is a royal princess of the Gruzinsky branch of the Bagrationi dynasty of Georgia. HRH Princess Anna is the eldest child of the head of the Gruzinsky branch of the House of Bagrationi, Prince Nugzar Bagration-Gruzinsky , spouse of Prince David Bagration of Mukhrani and mother of Prince Giorgi Bagration (born 2011). Princess Anna first married to Grigol Malania, who descends matrilineally from the last king George XII of Georgia , and has two daughters by that marriage which was implemented in full compliance with the Georgian Dynastic Law. Thus these children have the royal name of Bagrationi-Gruzinskis and who are the dynasts of the royal house of Georgia.

HRH Princess Irina Gruzinsky (born in 2003) HRH Princess Mariam Gruzinsky (born in 2007) The second marriage of H.R.H. Princess Anna of Georgia with Prince David Mukhranskion on 8 February of 2009 should also be recognized to be in accordance with the Georgian dynastic law of “Zedsidzeoba”. It is important to mention that under the Georgian Dynastic Law this marriage does not give Prince David any sovereignty. Under this law, Prince David would be recognized solely as the Prince consort for H.R.H. Princess Anna of Georgia. Accordingly, the born child from this marriage would inherit royal rights from the line of his mother. It is important to note that by Georgian Dynastic Law a male descendent of the Royal House has priority over any females in the line of succession. Representatives of the two families, Bagrationi-Gruzinski and Bagration Mukhranski, collaborated on a post-marriage dynastic succession agreement, and the outline of the agreement was sent to His Holiness, the Patriarch of Georgia, Ilia II (This agreement acknowledged H.R.H.

Prince Nugzar’s line as the true royal line with his dynastic rights passing to the children of Prince David and H.R.H. Princess Anna). Unfortunately, Prince Davit left the country without completing the request and signing this important document. Thus, if above mentioned marriage will fit the Dynastic Law then Prince Giorgi will surpass his older sisters in the line of succession - Were Prince Giorgi to become a dynast, he would be the heir apparent to the throne after his mother. Renewal of Family Dispute in the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies THE HOUSE OF BOURBON - TWO SICILIES May 23, 2016 Family feuds seem to be part of the social fabric of Italian life, and some distance generations. Only hardly are they resolved amicably. The unpleasant effects of this one reached the governments of Italy, Spain, and the Vatican. The family reconciliation in the house of Bourbon-Two Sicilies seems to be short-lived. In 2014 the two rivalling branches – both of which are claiming the headship of the family which until 1861 ruled over the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies – signed an agreement recognizing each other’s titles.

The decision of the duke of Castro to change the succession laws so he could be succeeded by his eldest daughter apparently brought the reconciliation to an end. The Duke of Calabria (Prince Pedro of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Duke of Calabria) – 2nd cousin of King Felipe VI of Spain- is having none of it. On May 21st the duke of Calabria issued a statement in which he states that the duke of Castro has no power to change the succession laws of the House of the Two Sicilies. He also states that the unilateral decision of the Duke of Castro contradicts the Naples agreement of 2014 and makes it difficult to preserve peace and harmony in the family. In Naples, on 25 January 2014, on the occasion of the beatification of Maria Cristina of Savoy, first consort of King Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies and mother of Francesco II, last King of the Two Sicilies, Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro, and Prince Pedro, Duke of Noto, second cousins once-removed, signed a dynastic agreement of reconciliation ending over a half-century of bitter acrimony between rival branches of the dynasty that ruled southern Italy until 1861.

The agreement establishes mutual recognition of the cousins' dynastic positions and titles, and a promise by each to work toward common objectives in the future. Duke of Castro Abolishes Salic Law The Duke of Castro , one of the claimants of the defunct throne of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, announced that he had changed the succession laws of his family. He abolished the Salic law and made the succession gender neutral. The duke only has two daughters: princesses Maria Carolina and Maria Chiara. The duke announced the change yesterday, the day that both daughters received their Holy confirmation in Rome, under the watchful eye of over 1000 knights and dames of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George. The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Italian: il Regno delle Due Sicilie) resulted from the unification of the Kingdom of Sicily with the Kingdom of Naples, by King Alfonso V of Aragon in 1442. The two had been separated since the Sicilian Vespers of 1282.

At the death of King Alfonso in 1458, the kingdom became divided between his brother John II of Aragon , who kept Sicily, and his natural son Ferdinand , who became King of Naples. Since 1861, and similarly to members of the House of Bourbon-Parma, the style Prince (ss) of Bourbon-Two Sicilies has been used for and by members of this family to highlight their membership in the House of Bourbon. The title of princess is also born by the wives of the princes of the house provided the marriage is approved. Like the House of Savoy and many other non-reigning royal families, the House of the Two Sicilies finds its headship contested - in this case by one of Infante Carlo's cousins who was a member of the Royal House of Spain. As the Savoy’s, the last dynasty to reign in Italy, have not sat on a throne since Italy became a republic in June 1946, and the chance of Italy becoming a monarchy could be said not to even transpire.

The Italian Republic's recognition for cultural purposes of royal dynasties other than the House of Savoy served to bolster a return of adherence to nobiliary laws as these had existed before 1860. The dynasties of the Two Sicilies and Tuscany naturally recognize their own heraldic norms, rather than those of the House of Savoy. The two orders of knighthood (Order of Malta and Constantinian Order of St. George of the Two Sicilies) that recognize ancestral nobility for certain knights employ their own nobiliary standards, which in a few respects differ from those employed in the Savoy dominions in recent centuries. The dispute The current headship of this family is in dispute. Though complicated arguments have been made supporting both sides of the current dispute, essentially it comes down to whether Prince Carlo (1870-1949), validly renounced his rights to the throne of the Two Sicilies in 1900. His descendants argue that the renunciation clearly applied only in the case that he or his descendants should succeed to the Spanish throne. Various interpretations have been made of the acts and statutes involved, and the dispute seems to be without a definitive resolution.

Certainly the partisans of the two claimants make their arguments with great passion. If the renunciation is valid, the head is Prince Charles, Duca di Calabria (b.1963). If not, the head is Prince Carlos, Duca di Calabria (b.1938). In 2014 the two contending branches entered into a mutual agreement whereby they recognize each other's titles and present themselves as a united family. However, the issue of succession to headship of the family was not addressed. Origin of the Two Sicilies Before the French invasions of the Napoleonic Era, the Bourbon dynasty ruled over the same lands, but they were formally divided into the "Kingdom of Naples" and the "Kingdom of Sicily". Charles VII inherited the Spanish Crown as Charles III of Spain on 10 August 1759. By article II of the Treaty of Naples of 3 October of that year, he was required to establish the Infante Don Ferdinando, his third son (fourth-born since the exclusion of the eldest ( Prince Philip, Duke of Calabria) was severely retarded) as King of the Two Sicilies.

The new Sovereign received the Two Sicilies Crown, as Ferdinando IV of Naples and III of Sicily, by the Pragmatic Decree of 6 October 1759. This ordained that the succession should pass by male primogeniture among the descendants of King Ferdinand, and failing them of his younger brothers, unless the Crown of Spain was united with the Sovereignty of the Two Sicilies, in which case the latter had to be ceded to a son, grandson or great-grandson of the prince who so combined both successions. In the event of the male heirs of King Carlos III becoming extinct, the Two Sicilies Crown would pass to the nearest female heiress of the last King. After the change in the name of the kingdom, Infante Ferdinand became known as King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies. Heads of the Royal House of the Two Sicilies, 1861-present Upon Ferdinando Pio 's death in 1960, there was a dispute about who inherited the headship of the house.

He was head of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies and pretender to the throne of the extinct Kingdom of the Two Sicilies from 1934 to 1960.

Ferdinando's next brother Carlo had, in anticipation of his marriage to the eldest sister and heiress presumptive of King Alfonso XIII of Spain, signed the so-called Act of Cannes on 14 December 1900: “...Here present is His Royal Highness Prince Don Carlo our dearest loved Son and he has declared that he shall be entering into marriage with Her Royal Highness the Infanta Doña Maria Mercedes, Princess of the Asturias, and assuming by that marriage the nationality and quality of Spanish Prince, intends to renounce, and by this present act solemnly renounces for Himself and for his Heirs and Successors to any right and rights to the eventual succession to the Crown of the Two Sicilies and to all the Properties of the Royal House found in Italy and elsewhere and this according to our laws, constitutions and customs of the Family and in execution of the Pragmatic Decree of King Charles III, Our August ancestor, of the 6th October 1759, to whose prescriptions he declares freely and explicitly to subscribe to and obey”.

The laws of the deposed Sicilian dynasty and Spain's Pragmatic Decree, however, required a renunciation only in very limited circumstances: the actual union of the Crown of the Two Sicilies in the person of the King of Spain or his heir apparent, which had not happened in 1900 nor did it occur subsequently. Furthermore, this act was signed subsequent to the agreement by marriage contract between the Count of Caserta (the father of Prince Carlo, then in exile), and the Queen Regent of Spain, which specifically excluded the need for a dynastic renunciation to the non-existent throne. Prince Carlo was created an Infante of Spain, a title held by several other princes of the Two Sicilies in the past, but with his wife's death and the birth of a Prince of Asturias (and three other sons) to the King and Queen of Spain, the possibility of him becoming king consort and his son becoming both King of Spain and pretender to the Two Sicilies, receded.

All the descendants of King Francis I of the Two Sicilies by his wife, Infanta Isabel, already enjoyed a right to the Spanish throne by virtue of the royal constitutions of 1837, 1845 and 1876. Even if, supportive of the claim of Infante Carlos de Bourbon assert, the Act of Cannes were not actually necessary based on dynastic law as it was understood in 1900, the renunciation thus effected could no more be annulled or refuted in 1960. Calabria line Prince Carlo's son, Infante Don Alfonso, became the senior male of the house on the death of his uncle, Ferdinando Pio, Duke of Calabria, in 1960 and was proclaimed Head of the Royal House of the Two Sicilies, with the recognition of the Heads of the royal houses of Spain, Parma and Portugal, and the senior line (Bourbon) pretender to the throne of France.

Prince Carlo and his descendants continued to be included as Princes of the Two Sicilies in the Almanach de Gotha from 1901-1944, and in the Libro d'Oro of the Italian Nobility from the first edition in 1907 until 1964, at which time the editor came out in support of the cadet line claimant. Infante Don Alfonso took the title of Duke of Calabria, considering that the title of Duke of Castro (a Farnese inheritance) had been lost with the sale of the last portions of the duchy to the Italian government in 1941 (a sale from which Prince Carlo received his portion of the proceeds, along with his brothers and sisters, although if the alleged renunciation of 1900 had been valid he would not have been entitled to do so).

Prince Carlo married as his second wife, in 1907, Princess Louise of Orléans, and by her had a son (Carlos, killed in the Spanish Civil War) and three daughters (of whom Princess Maria Mercedes married Juan, Count of Barcelona and was the mother of King Juan Carlos I of Spain, and Princess Esperanza married Prince Pedro Gastão of Orléans-Braganza). The latter's immediate heir is Pedro, Duke of Noto, married to D. Sofia de Landaluce y Melgarejo (a descendant through her mother of the Dukes of San Fernando de Quiroga). Most of the rest of the Bourbon-Two Sicilies family rejected Alfonso's claims, however, and recognized Ranieri, the next surviving brother of Ferdinando Pio, as head of the house. Ranieri took the style of "Duke of Castro" as his title of pretense. They also claim the office of the Grand Master of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George.

Current lines of succession HRH Princess Maria-Carolina Chantal Edoarda Beatrice Januaria of Bourbon-Two Sicilies , Duchess of Palermo (23 June 2003) born in Rome HRH Princess Maria Chiara Amalia Carola Louise Carmen of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Duchess of Capri (1 January 2005) born in Rome On 14 April 2011, the Duke and Duchess of Castro attended the joint christening of Crown Prince Frederik and Crown Princess Mary of Denmark's twin children, Prince Vincent and Princess Josephine at the chapel of the Church of Holmen in Copenhagen, Denmark. Carlo is one of six godparents to Princess Josephine . The Duke of Castro is also a godfather of Prince Gaston of Orléans . THE KINGDOM OF BUNYORO-KITARA

Question: The king of which country lived in London from 1910 when the monarchy was abolished until his death in 1932?
Answer: A PORTUGAL