Hives | definition of hives by Medical dictionary Hives | definition of hives by Medical dictionary Hives is an allergic skin reaction causing localized redness, swelling, and itching . Description Hives is a reaction of the body's immune system that causes areas of the skin to swell, itch, and become reddened (wheals). When the reaction is limited to small areas of the skin, it is called "urticaria." Involvement of larger areas, such as whole sections of a limb, is called "angioedema." Causes and symptoms Causes Hives is an allergic reaction. The body's immune system is normally responsible for protection from foreign invaders. When it becomes sensitized to normally harmless substances, the resulting reaction is called an allergy. An attack of hives is set off when such a substance, called an allergen, is ingested, inhaled, or otherwise contacted. It interacts with immune cells called mast cells, which reside in the skin, airways, and digestive system. When mast cells encounter an allergen, they release histamine and other chemicals, both locally and into the bloodstream.

These chemicals cause blood vessels to become more porous, allowing fluid to accumulate in tissue and leading to the swollen and reddish appearance of hives. Some of the chemicals released sensitize pain nerve endings, causing the affected area to become itchy and sensitive. A wide variety of substances may cause hives in sensitive people, including foods, drugs, and insect bites or stings. Common culprits include: nuts, especially peanuts, walnuts, and Brazil nuts fish, mollusks, and shellfish bee, wasp, and hornet stings bites of mosquitoes, fleas, and scabies Symptoms Urticaria is characterized by redness, swelling, and itching of small areas of the skin. These patches usually grow and recede in less than a day, but may be replaced by hives in other locations. Angioedema is characterized by more diffuse swelling. Swelling of the airways may cause wheezing and respiratory distress. In severe cases, airway obstruction may occur. Diagnosis Hives are easily diagnosed by visual inspection. The cause of hives is usually apparent, but may require a careful medical history in some cases.

Treatment Mild cases of hives are treated with antihistamines , such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl) or desloratadine (Clarinex). Clarinex is non-sedating, meaning it will not make patients drowsy. More severe cases may require oral corticosteroids , such as prednisone. Topical corticosteroids are not effective. Airway swelling may require emergency injection of epinephrine (adrenaline). Alternative treatment An alternative practitioner will try to determine what allergic substance is causing the reaction and help the patient eliminate or minimize its effects. To deal with the symptoms of hives, an oatmeal bath may help to relieve itching. Chickweed (Stellaria media), applied as a poultice (crushed or chopped herbs applied directly to the skin) or added to bath water, may also help relieve itching. Several homeopathic remedies, including Urtica urens and Apis (Apis mellifica), may help relieve the itch, redness, or swelling associated with hives. Prognosis Most cases of hives clear up within one to seven days without treatment, providing the cause (allergen) is found and avoided.

Prevention Preventing hives depends on avoiding the allergen causing them. Analysis of new items in the diet or new drugs taken may reveal the likely source of the reaction. Chronic hives may be aggravated by stress , caffeine, alcohol, or tobacco; avoiding these may reduce the frequency of reactions. Key terms Allergen — A substance capable of producing an immediate type of hypersensitivity, or allergy. Wheal — A smooth, slightly elevated area on the body surface, which is redder or paler than the surrounding skin. Resources n See urticaria. Patient discussion about hives Q. What caused my hives? I woke up this morning and saw that all my back and chest are covered in hives. How did this suddenly appear? What caused it? A. Urticaria (hives) is generally an allergic reaction, or an immune response to food or some other allergen, but can also appear for other reasons, notably emotional stress. Q. I was diagnosed with chronic urticaria. What is the reason for this condition?

I was diagnosed with chronic urticaria last week after more than two months of urticaria (I have more than twenty 1 dollar coin area no my trunk that are red swollen and itchy). when I was younger I had a similar reaction too a bee sting and I was treated with an adrenalin shoot. Since that one time I never suffered from this kind of symptoms till two months ago. What can be the reason for this condition? A. As was said before chronic urticaria is a symptom of many problems. I once took NSAIDs for knee pain and I started to itch myself. It took my doctor 3 weeks to understand that I was allergic to this specific drug. I also know that tomatoes can cause me an allergic reaction. Try to think is there anything new in your life? Tell it to the GP maybe he will be able to tell you if this is the reason for your symptoms. Q. hpv Can i get pregnant A. You can get pregnant you just need to tell your doctor whats going on so he can keep an eye on the issue.

Help for Hives - Singapore magazine | Health | Beauty | medical | Female | men | wellness | Article | News | Magazine Singapore - ezyhealth.com Help for Hives When urticaria flares up Have you ever had itchy bumps that appeared on your skin out of the blue? Were you clueless as to what caused them and how to get rid of them? You may have had a bout of urticaria, more commonly known as hives. So how serious is this condition, and how can it be controlled? Dr Pang Shiu Ming from the Department of Dermatology, Singapore General Hospital, answers our questions on urticaria. How is urticaria identified? Dr Pang: Urticaria is transient itchy weals that appear suddenly and usually disappear within a few hours. It is a dynamic process. While some weals disappear, new ones may develop. They resolve without any residual marks on the skin. Urticaria is arbitrarily divided into acute urticaria that lasts less than six weeks and chronic urticaria that lasts more than six weeks. What are the causes of urticaria? Dr Pang: In about half of the cases of acute urticaria, there may be an identifiable cause.

The cause may be an acute infection such as upper respiratory tract infection, a drug allergy such as to aspirin, or a food allergy. However, there may not be an identifiable cause in the rest. In chronic urticaria, most of the cases are idiopathic. This means there is no identifiable cause and it is called chronic idiopathic urticaria. Recent research shows that there are auto-antibodies in about half of the patients with idiopathic urticaria and it is known as chronic autoimmune urticaria. In the patients who have urticaria, it is important to rule out physical urticaria. Physical urticaria is caused by physical stimuli that cause the urticaria. Dermographism (skin writing) is the most common type of physical urticaria in which a linear weal is induced by stroking the skin with a firm object. Other types of physical urticaria include cholinergic urticaria (exercise induced urticaria), cold urticaria (cold induced urticaria), solar urticaria (light induced urticaria) and pressure urticaria (pressure induced urticaria). How can urticaria be treated?

Dr Pang: The weal in urticaria results from histamine that is released from mast cell, a type of cell in the skin. Urticaria is treated by antihistamines that antagonise the effect of histamine. Antihistamines include first generation antihistamines (such as chlorpheniramine) which are sedating, and newer second and third generation antihistamines which are less sedating or non-sedating (loratadine, cetirizine, desloratadine, levocetirizine and fexofenadine). If the episode of urticaria is not controlled with antihistamines, one to two weeks of oral prednisolone may be needed. In resistant chronic idiopathic and especially chronic autoimmune urticaria, the use of immunosuppressant may be required. Can urticaria lead to other medical conditions? Dr Pang: In some patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria, there may be an association with thyroid diseases or antithyroid antibodies. If the episode of urticaria is severe, there may be angioedema and hypotension due to a massive release of histamine into the body.

This is an emergency that requires immediate attention. Please share some tips for coping with urticaria daily. Dr Pang: In patients with physical urticaria, it is important to avoid the stimuli that trigger urticarial, such as avoiding scrubbing during showers in dermographism. It is recommended to take antihistamines regularly to have a good control of the urticarial, rather than take the antihistamine only when the urticaria comes on. Chronic idiopathic urticaria is not caused by food, thus food avoidance is not necessary. Dr Pang Shiu Ming is the Acting Head and Senior Consultant, Department of Dermatology, Singapore General Hospital. Posted by ezyhealth on Sep 3 2014. Filed under Health . You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 . Both comments and pings are currently closed. Urticaria, Physical - NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders) Urticaria, Physical Dermographism General Discussion Physical urticaria is a condition in which red (erythematous) allergic skin lesions and itching (pruritus) are produced by exposure to heat, cold, or contact with chemicals or plants.

These are called wheals by the medical community and may range in size from a couple of millimeters to a couple of centimeters. The center of the lesion may range in color from white to red, and it is usually surrounded by a flare of red skin. The disorder occurs most commonly in children. Signs & Symptoms The most common symptoms of physical urticaria are itching (pruritus) and hives consisting of red rings around white ridges (wheals). Sensitivity to cold is usually manifested by these eruptions on the skin, itching, and swelling under the skin (angioedema). These symptoms develop most typically after exposure to cold is terminated and during or after swimming or bathing. Contraction of the muscles around the bronchi (bronchospasm) and even histamine-mediated shock may occur in extreme cases. If this happens during swimming, drowning may present a danger. Sensitivity to cold can be passively transferred with serum that contains a specific immunoglobulin (IgE) antibody, suggesting an allergic reaction involving a physically altered skin protein as the cause of the allergic reaction.

The serum of a few patients with cold-induced symptoms of physical urticaria contains cryoglobulins or cryofibrinogen, these abnormal proteins can also be associated with a serious underlying disorder such as a malignancy, a collagen vascular disease, or chronic infection. Cold may aggravate asthma or vasomotor rhinitis, but cold urticaria is independent of any other known allergic tendencies. Dermatographia, dermographism, or autographism describes welts or wheels produced by scratching or firmly stroking the skin. According to some dermatologists, dermographism is the most common form of physical urticaria. This sign can appear quite suddenly and may become apparent in hot weather or after a hot shower or bath. Occasionally it is the first sign of an urticarial drug reaction. Physical urticaria has also occurred following persistent vibration of the skin, and even after exposure to water (aquagenic urticaria). Causes The underlying cause of physical urticaria is unknown in most cases. Some clinicians believe that an auto-immunological process is responsible. Affected Populations Cold urticaria occurs most often in infants, although it sometimes occurs in adults.

Related Disorders Cholinergic urticaria is a specific physical urticaria characterized by red spots on the skin, hives, itching and sometimes abdominal cramps, diarrhea, faintness, and weakness. Symptoms come about as a result of sweating from exposure to heat, sunlight, exercise, etc. Papular urticaria, more commonly known as hives, is characterized by local elevated ridges (wheals) and redness (erythema) of the skin, usually caused by allergic reactions to insect bites, sensitivity to drugs or other environmental causes. (For more information on this disorder, choose “physical urticaria” as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.) Aquagenic urticaria is an itching condition caused by exposure to water. It is another physical urticaria. Contact urticaria refers to the non-allergic stinging reaction to certain plants, animals or medicines. Contact dermatitis is an acute or chronic inflammation of the skin, often sharply demarcated, produced by substances in contact with the skin to which a person is allergic.

(For more information on this disorder, choose “Contact Dermatitis” as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.) Diagnosis The patient history and physical examination are the tools most often used to diagnose physical urticaria. If there is a history of reactions to physical triggers, the diagnosis may be confirmed with a challenge. The challenge is the application of the suspected agent, for example ice or light, to the skin, in hope of getting a response. Standard Therapies Treatment Protection from and avoidance of the physical cause of the reaction is necessary. Symptoms such as itching and swelling can usually be relieved with an oral antihistamine. The more powerful systematic (intravenous) corticosteroids should be avoided unless they are vital. Investigational Therapies Information on current clinical trials is posted on the Internet at All studies receiving U.S. government funding, and some supported by private industry, are posted on this government web site. For information about clinical trials being conducted at the NIH Clinical Center in Bethesda, MD, contact the NIH Patient Recruitment Office: Tollfree: (800) 411-1222 References TEXTBOOKS Beers MH, Berkow R., ed. The Merck Manual, 17th ed.

Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Laboratories; 1999:1054-57, 1057. Berkow R., ed. The Merck Manual-Home Edition.2nd ed. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Laboratories; 2003:1071-72. Champion RH, Burton JL, Ebling FJG. eds. Textbook of Dermatology. 5th ed. Blackwell Scientific Publications. London, UK; 1992:1873-76. REVIEW ARTICLES Kozel MM, Sabroe RA. Chronic urticaria: aetiology, management and current and future treatment options. Drugs. 2004;64:2515-36. Wanderer AA, Hoffman HM. The spectrum of acquired and familial cold-induced urticaria/urticaria-like syndromes. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2004;24:259-86, vii. Lawlor F, Black AK. Delayed pressure urticaria. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am.

2004;24:247-58, vi-vii. Dice JP. Physical urticaria. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2004;24:225-46, vi. Yashar SS, lim HW. Classification and evaluation of the photodermatoses. Dermatol Ther. 2003;16:1-7. Brooks C, Kujawska A, Patel D. Cutaneous allergic reactions induced by sporting activities. Sports Med. 2003;33:699-708. Muller BA. A comprehensive review of physical urticaria. Compr Ther. 2002;28:214-21. FROM THE INTERNET Years Published 1986, 1987, 1989, 1992, 1993, 2006 The information in NORD’s Rare Disease Database is for educational purposes only and is not intended to replace the advice of a physician or other qualified medical professional.

The content of the website and databases of the National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) is copyrighted and may not be reproduced, copied, downloaded or disseminated, in any way, for any commercial or public purpose, without prior written authorization and approval from NORD. Individuals may print one hard copy of an individual disease for personal use, provided that content is unmodified and includes NORD’s copyright. National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) 55 Kenosia Ave., Danbury CT 06810 • (203)744-0100 Report Index What are hives? What is urticaria? What causes hives? - Medical News Today What are hives? What is urticaria? What causes hives? Written by Christian Nordqvist 4 172 38 Hives are also known as urticaria, welts, wheals, or nettle rash. It is a red, raised, itchy skin rash that is sometimes triggered by something that produces an allergic reaction - an allergen. When there is an allergic reaction the body releases a protein called histamine. When histamine is released our capillaries (tiny blood vessels) leak fluid.

The fluid accumulates in the skin and causes a rash. Urticaria can be triggered by: Certain foods. Insect bites and stings. Contact with an irritant, such as nettles, chemicals or latex. Certain medications - such as NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), used to treat pain, ACE inhibitors, used to treat hypertension ( high blood pressure ). Extremes of temperatures. Sunlight. Water on the skin. Experts say that in about half of all cases of urticaria the cause is never found. According to the National Health Service (NHS), UK, about 1 in every 6 people will suffer from urticaria at some time in their life. Children and women are more commonly affected than adult men. Urticaria is not contagious - you cannot pass it on to another person. Acute urticaria or Acute hives When symptoms last less than 6 weeks it is called acute urticaria. This is by far the most common type. 25% of people with acute urticaria also have angioedema - swelling in the deeper layers of skin.

Chronic urticaria or Chronic hives If symptoms of urticaria continue for more than six weeks it is called chronic urticaria. Dermatologists say that about 1 in every 1,000 people suffers from chronic urticaria. Experts are not completely sure what the causes of chronic urticaria are. However, most agree that it is closely linked with our immune system. In some cases, chronic hives may be related to an underlying autoimmune disorder, such as thyroid disease or lupus . 50% of people with chronic urticaria also have angioedema. Angioedema is similar to urticaria, but occurs deeper inside the skin. The swelling causes a burning sensation and typically occurs on the face and neck, fingers, toes, and in the genitals of males. What are the symptoms of urticaria (hives)? Swellings, known as wheals, appear on the skin as a rash. They are usually pink or red and have an oval or round shape, and range from a few millimeters in diameter to a several inches. They can be extremely itchy. The wheals may be surrounded by a red flare.

The wheals usually occur in batches, and frequently appear on the face or the extremities (arms, hands, fingers, legs, feet, and toes). In most cases a welt will disappear after a few hours, but me be replaced by new ones. They can appear on just one part of the body, or several parts. In the majority of cases symptoms are present for no more than 8 to 12 hours, and rarely continue for more than 24 hours. However, with some patients the problems may continue for quite a few days, and even several months. Anaphylaxis Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction. The patient can have serious breathing difficulties, and can even lose consciousness and die if not treated quickly. The allergic reaction may involve the whole body. Anaphylaxis is a medical emergency. If somebody has urticaria it is important to be alert for further symptoms which could indicate an anaphylaxis reaction. Anybody who experiences the symptoms listed below should call the emergency services immediately: Nausea and vomiting. An unexpectedly abrupt feeling of intense anxiety . What are the causes of urticaria (hives)?

Experts say that urticaria occurs when the body releases histamine and other chemicals from under the surface of the skin. The histamine and chemicals cause inflammation and fluid to accumulate under the skin, causing wheals. In about 50% of all acute urticaria cases the trigger is unknown. The following are examples of some known triggers: Medications - including NSAIDs, such as aspirin and antibiotics . Foods - several different types of foods have been known to trigger urticaria. The most common ones are nuts, chocolate, some citrus fruits, shellfish, food additives, eggs, and wheat products. Some chemicals. Chronic illness - such as thyroid disease or lupus. Chronic urticaria (long term urticaria), on the other hand, is hardly ever caused by these triggers. Chronic urticaria generally starts as an autoimmune response in which certain cells (mast cells) cause the release of histamine and various chemicals to be released under the skin, causing tiny blood vessels to leak, which results in swelling and wheals. Experts do not know why this happens. How is urticaria diagnosed?

Acute urticaria diagnosis A GP (general practitioner, primary care physician) can easily diagnose acute urticaria by examining the rash on the skin. The doctor will attempt to find out what the trigger was, as this may help the patient prevent recurrences. Typically, the doctor will ask the patient the following questions: When the episode began. Where the episode began. Whether the patient lives or works in a place where potential triggers may exist, such as latex gloves, chemicals, or animals. What medications the patient has been taking, including herbal supplements. The patient's medical history. Whether the patient had been bitten by an insect. Whether any close relatives also have/had urticaria. In half of all cases the doctor and patient will never find out what the trigger was. However, most cases will resolve themselves within a few days and never recur. If a doctor believes there may be a trigger which is causing an allergic reaction the patient may be referred to an allergy clinic (UK). Allergy clinics test the patient's blood and skin to find out whether there is an allergy to specific substances, such as chemicals, dust mites, or some food.

Chronic urticaria diagnosis If the urticaria continues for more than six weeks the likelihood of there being some external trigger is extremely small; which is why allergy tests are not recommended. Nevertheless, the GP will be interested in factors which may exacerbate the existing urticaria, such as alcohol, caffeine intake, mental health (stress), etc. If there are any underlying causes for the chronic urticaria the doctor may order the following tests: A blood test to find out whether the patient is suffering from anemia . A stool sample to check for parasites. ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) test - this can identify problems with the patient's immune system. Thyroid function test - this identifies either hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) or hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). Liver function tests - these can identify whether the patient has any liver problems. What is the treatment for urticaria? Allergic skin disorders, such as urticaria and atopic dermatitis, can cause much discomfort, have an impact on quality of life, and can sometimes cause serious complications. Like other allergic conditions, these disorders can often be effectively treated , according to the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology.

Acute urticaria treatment Generally, no treatment is needed for acute urticaria because symptoms are usually mild and the condition is short-lived and rarely recurs. Antihistamines - However, if symptoms are more severe, or if the condition persists the patient may be given antihistamines. Antihistamines block the effects of histamines and reduce the rash and stop the itching. Current antihistamines do not make most patients drowsy. Unfortunately, some patients may be affected and should check how they react to the antihistamine before operating heavy machinery or driving a car. Antihistamines often cause drowsiness if the patient has alcohol in his/her system. Some patients may benefit from antihistamines that do cause drowsiness, especially if the itchiness is causing sleep problems. Pregnant women should not take antihistamines, unless the GP prescribes it. Very occasionally GPs may prescribe an antihistamine called chlorphenamine for pregnant women if it is felt the benefits are greater than the risks. In the UK thousands of pregnant women have taken chlorphenamine, and so far there have been no reports of any harmful effects to the unborn baby.

Corticosteroids - If symptoms are very severe the doctor may prescribe a short course of high-dose oral corticosteroids, which suppress the immune system which usually results in either eliminating or reducing the symptoms of urticaria. Corticosteroids should not be taken for more than 5 days. The longer a patient takes Corticosteroids the greater his risks are of getting an infection. Chronic urticaria treatment Patients with chronic urticaria will have treatment which is aimed at controlling symptoms and avoiding triggers that may make them worse. Patients who have chronic urticaria and angioedema should be referred to an immunologist, an allergist or a dermatologist (skin specialist doctor). Angioedema can cause breathing difficulties which can potentially cause serious problems. Patients who only have chronic urticaria and nothing else, but whose symptoms are still severe should also be referred to a specialist. Antihistamines - antihistamines can treat the symptoms of chronic urticaria. If symptoms are causing sleep problems the patient may benefit from also taking the antihistamines that cause drowsiness. Menthol cream - this has been shown to be a useful alternative or addition to antihistamines for patients with itchiness.

Corticosteroids - these may be prescribed for chronic urticaria patients whose symptoms are more severe. Avoiding triggers - as triggers can make the existing urticaria worse, it is important for the patient to identify these triggers and avoid them. Remember, that with chronic urticaria the triggers do not cause the condition, but they can make it worse. The patient may have to abstain from consuming alcohol, or cut down consumption. He/she may have to avoid certain medications as well. Avoiding stress may help - however, this may not be easy, especially if the symptoms are affecting the patient's quality of life. Some soaps may be making symptoms worse, as well as skin creams and detergents. Meditation or hypnosis - relaxation techniques, such as medication or hypnosis have been found to help reduce symptoms and levels of stress in severely affected patients. Diet - many patients swear that certain foods make their symptoms worse. This is a controversial subject in which experts seem to have different opinions. The following foods are known to trigger histamine production - spinach, fish, yoghurt, fish, tomato, processed, meats, chocolate, and strawberries. What are the complications of urticaria?

Acute urticaria complications Approximately one quarter of all patients with acute urticaria also develop acute angioedema, which should resolve itself within about three days. Patients who have breathing problems should call the emergency services immediately. Angioedema is treated with antihistamines and oral corticosteroids. Chronic urticaria complications About half of all chronic urticaria patients will get better within 3 to 5 years. One quarter of all patients will continue having symptoms for over 10 years. As with any chronic condition, the patient can become frustrated and distressed. Approximately 15% of chronic urticaria patients report feelings of depression . Patients with symptoms of depression should inform their doctor. Depression is treatable. Written by Christian Nordqvist Definition of Hives Our Hives (Urticaria & Angioedema) Main Article provides a comprehensive look at the who, what, when and how of Hives (Urticaria & Angioedema) Definition of Hives Nasal Allergy Relief Products Slideshow Hives: A raised, itchy area of skin that may be a sign of an allergic reaction. It can be rounded or flat-topped but is always elevated above the surrounding skin.

It reflects circumscribed dermal edema (local swelling of the skin). The hives are usually well circumscribed but may be coalescent and will blanch with pressure. A single spot is almost always gone by 24 hours but the process may stay for weeks to months. Approximately 20% of the population has experienced a bout of hives. The hives are also called urticaria. Last Editorial Review: 5/13/2016 Urticaria - Medical Disability Guidelines Overview | Risk and Causation | Diagnosis | Treatment | Prognosis | Differential Diagnosis | Specialists | Comorbid Conditions | Complications | Factors Influencing Duration | Length of Disability | Ability to Work | Failure to Recover | Medical Codes | References Sedentary Work Exerting up to 10 pounds (4.5 kg) of force occasionally and/or a negligible amount of force frequently or constantly to lift, carry, push, pull, or otherwise move objects, including the human body. Sedentary work involves sitting most of the time, but may involve walking or standing for brief periods of time. Jobs are sedentary if walking and standing are required only occasionally and other sedentary criteria are met.

Light Work Exerting up to 20 pounds (9.1 kg) of force occasionally and/or up to 10 pounds (4.5 kg) of force frequently, and/or negligible amount of force constantly to move objects. Physical demand requirements are in excess of those for Sedentary Work. Light Work usually requires walking or standing to a significant degree. However, if the use of the arm and/or leg controls requires exertion of forces greater than that for Sedentary Work and the worker sits most the time, the job is rated Light Work. Medium Work Exerting up to 50 (22.7 kg) pounds of force occasionally, and/or up to 25 pounds (11.3 kg) of force frequently, and/or up to 10 pounds (4.5 kg) of forces constantly to move objects. Heavy Work Exerting up to 100 pounds (45.4 kg) of force occasionally, and/or up to 50 pounds (22.7 kg) of force frequently, and/or in excess of 20 pounds (9.1 kg) of force constantly to move objects.

Very Heavy Work Exerting in excess of 100 pounds (45.4 kg) of force occasionally, and/or in excess of 50 pounds (22.7 kg) of force frequently, and/or in excess of 20 pounds (9.1 kg) of force constantly to move objects. Job Classification In most duration tables, five job classifications are displayed. These job classifications are based on the amount of physical effort required to perform the work. The classifications correspond to the Strength Factor classifications described in the United States Department of Labor's Dictionary of Occupational Titles. The following definitions are quoted directly from that publication. Sedentary Work Exerting up to 10 pounds (4.5 kg) of force occasionally and/or a negligible amount of force frequently or constantly to lift, carry, push, pull, or otherwise move objects, including the human body. Sedentary work involves sitting most of the time, but may involve walking or standing for brief periods of time. Jobs are sedentary if walking and standing are required only occasionally and other sedentary criteria are met.

Light Work Exerting up to 20 pounds (9.1 kg) of force occasionally and/or up to 10 pounds (4.5 kg) of force frequently, and/or negligible amount of force constantly to move objects. Physical demand requirements are in excess of those for Sedentary Work. Light Work usually requires walking or standing to a significant degree. However, if the use of the arm and/or leg controls requires exertion of forces greater than that for Sedentary Work and the worker sits most the time, the job is rated Light Work. Medium Work Exerting up to 50 (22.7 kg) pounds of force occasionally, and/or up to 25 pounds (11.3 kg) of force frequently, and/or up to 10 pounds (4.5 kg) of forces constantly to move objects. Heavy Work Exerting up to 100 pounds (45.4 kg) of force occasionally, and/or up to 50 pounds (22.7 kg) of force frequently, and/or in excess of 20 pounds (9.1 kg) of force constantly to move objects.

Very Heavy Work Exerting in excess of 100 pounds (45.4 kg) of force occasionally, and/or in excess of 50 pounds (22.7 kg) of force frequently, and/or in excess of 20 pounds (9.1 kg) of force constantly to move objects. Urticaria Source: Medical Disability Advisor Causation and Known Risk Factors Males and females are at equal risk to develop the condition. Females are more likely to develop chronic urticaria. It more commonly affects individuals in their forties and fifties. Source: Medical Disability Advisor Diagnosis History: The individual will relate that red or red with pale center wheals (welts) have suddenly erupted on the skin, usually on limbs or trunk. The welts will blanch to the touch and will itch. Sometimes new welts will develop when the skin is scratched. The welts enlarge, spread, or join together to form large flat raised areas; they can change shape, disappear, and then reappear within minutes or hours. Physical exam: The exam may reveal raised, red, batches of wheals on various parts of the body.

Pressing down on the wheals will cause blanching, clearly identifying the erythematous nature of hives. Tests: Baseline laboratory tests include CBC (complete blood count), erythrocyte sedimentation rate, multiphasic screening panel, and a RAST (radio allergosorbent) test for allergies. Other more specialized tests are done to diagnose specific types of urticaria, and may include skin tests (scratch and intradermal tests), skin biopsy , urinalysis, streptococcal throat culture, and tests for physical urticaria including warm water test, stroking test, and ice cube test. Other tests that may be helpful may include stool studies for fecal WBCs, ova, and parasites to rule out infection, antinuclear antibody (ANA) titer to rule out lupus, thyroid function tests, hepatitis B and C screen, prostate-specific antigens (PSA), and serum calcium. Source: Medical Disability Advisor Treatment There is currently no known permanent cure for chronic idiopathic urticaria; most cases are characterized by periodic flare-ups with symptom-free intervals in between.

Most of the time, the urticaria will eventually "burn out" and never return, although this may not happen for months or even years. Thus, symptomatic treatment is necessary. If the urticaria is an allergic reaction, the cause needs to be identified, removed, and avoided, if possible. Diet might need to be modified. Medications (plus their derivatives) need to be identified, avoided, and alternatives with similar therapeutic actions substituted. Factors that aggravate urticaria such as alcohol , aspirin, heat, exertion, and stress should be avoided. Cool compresses or soaks to irritated areas, soothing baths, and applying calamine lotion may calm the area, and reduce swelling and pain. Oral antihistamine medications often give quick relief, and are the most effective treatment, but frequently cause drowsiness. Epinephrine may be helpful when combined with antihistamines. A short course of systemic corticosteroid medication may be necessary in severe, resistant episodes of urticaria. The individual should avoiding inflaming the area, and avoid wearing tight clothing. Source: Medical Disability Advisor Prognosis Most cases of urticaria resolve completely without complications. The wheals can last for several hours.

Identifying and avoiding known trigger factors can help prevent allergic reactions in the future. Even if the trigger source cannot be identified, the allergic reactions can lessen in frequency and severity over time without treatment. In rare cases, a medical emergency may arise should severe anaphylaxis or severe respiratory tract angioedema develop; death is possible if that condition is not treated promptly. Even individuals with anaphylaxis, however, recover completely after treatment of the episode. Up to 20% of people with chronic urticaria can suffer with the disorder for longer than a decade (Sheikh). Source: Medical Disability Advisor Complications Anaphylaxis and life-threatening airway obstruction, should swelling occur in the throat, may be associated with urticaria and constitute medical emergencies. Source: Medical Disability Advisor Ability to Work (Return to Work Considerations) Antihistamines can cause drowsiness and sedation. Work that requires driving or operating heavy or dangerous equipment, or other situations where alertness is a safety issue may have to be restricted until treatment is completed. Also, if the urticaria results from exposure to a causative agent in the workplace, avoiding that agent will be necessary, and may require changing work areas.

Source: Medical Disability Advisor Failure to Recover If an individual fails to recover within the expected maximum duration period, the reader may wish to consider the following questions to better understand the specifics of an individual's medical case. Regarding diagnosis: Did individual present with a skin reaction characterized by raised, red, itchy bumps? Does individual have any known allergies? Did individual report a recent change in diet, medication, cosmetics, soap, etc? Was an underlying cause for the skin reaction determined with diagnostic tests, such as allergy testing, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), multiphasic screening panel? If the diagnosis is uncertain, were conditions such as erythema multiforme or erythema nodosum ruled out? Would individual benefit from consultation with a specialist (allergist, dermatologist, or immunologist)? Regarding treatment: Were antihistamines administered? Did the symptoms subside? Was individual instructed to avoid offending allergen(s)? Was diet counseling necessary? Have medications or conditions (stress, heat, exertion) that could be associated with skin reactions been eliminated? Has individual been compliant with the avoidance recommendations? If not, would additional counseling be beneficial? Regarding prognosis: Did the urticaria subside with treatment?

If not, was further investigation done to rule out other skin irritants or causes? Does individual have any underlying skin infections, connective tissue diseases, autoimmune disorders or other conditions that may impact recovery and prognosis? If so, are these conditions being addressed in the treatment plan? References Cited Crawford, Mary Beth. "Urticaria." eMedicine. Eds. Steven A. Conrad, et al. 19 Aug. 2004. Medscape. 26 Oct. 2004 < Habif, Thomas. Clinical Dermatology. 4th ed. New York: Mosby-Year Book, Inc., 2004. Sheikh, Javed. "Urticaria." eMedicine. Eds. Richard F. Lockey, et al. 19 Nov. 2004. Medscape. 26 Oct. 2004 < Source: Medical Disability Advisor Feedback Send us comments, suggestions, corrections, or anything you would like us to hear. If you are not logged in, you must include your email address, in order for us to respond. We cannot, unfortunately, respond to every comment. If you are seeking medical advice, please contact your physician. Thank you!

Send this comment to: Urticaria | definition of urticaria by Medical dictionary Urticaria | definition of urticaria by Medical dictionary Related to urticaria: atopic dermatitis urticaria [ur″tĭ-ka´re-ah] a vascular reaction of the skin marked by transient appearance of slightly elevated patches ( wheals ) that are redder or paler than the surrounding skin and often attended by severe itching; the cause may be certain foods, infection, or emotional stress. (See Atlas 2, Plate D.) Called also hives . adj., adj urtica´rial. cold urticaria urticaria precipitated by cold air, water, or objects, occurring in two forms: In the autosomal dominant form, which is associated with fever, arthralgias, and leukocytosis, the lesions occur as erythematous, burning papules and macules. The more common acquired form is usually idiopathic and self-limited. urticaria hemorrha´gica purpura with urticaria. urticaria medicamento´sa that due to use of a drug.

papular urticaria (urticaria papulo´sa) an allergic reaction to the bite of various insects, with appearance of lesions that evolve into inflammatory, increasingly hard, red or brownish, persistent papules. urticaria pigmento´sa the most common form of mastocytosis , occurring primarily in children, manifested as persistent pink to brown macules or soft plaques of various size; pruritus and urtication occur on stroking the lesions. urticaria pigmentosa, juvenile urticaria pigmentosa present at birth or in the first few weeks of life, usually disappearing before puberty, taking the form of a single nodule or tumor or of a disseminated eruption of yellowish brown to yellowish red macules, plaques, or bullae. solar urticaria a rare form produced by exposure to sunlight. ur·ti·car·i·a (ŭr'ti-kar'i-ă), An eruption of itching wheals, collquially called hives, usually of systemic origin; it may be due to a state of hypersensitivity to foods or drugs, foci of infection, physical agents (heat, cold, light, friction), or psychic stimuli.

Synonym(s): hives (1) , urtication (2) [L. urtica] urticaria /ur·ti·ca·ria/ (ur″tĭ-kar´e-ah) hives; a vascular reaction of the upper dermis marked by transient appearance of slightly elevated patches (wheals) which are redder or paler than the surrounding skin and often attended by severe itching; the exciting cause may be certain foods or drugs, infection, or emotional stress.urticar´ial urticaria bullo´sa , bullous urticaria that in which bullae are superimposed on the wheals. cold urticaria urticaria precipitated by cold air, water, or objects, occurring in a hereditary and an acquired form. giant urticaria angioedema . urticaria medicamento´sa that due to use of a drug. papular urticaria a hypersensitivity reaction to insect bites, manifested by crops of small papules and wheals, which may become infected or lichenified because of rubbing and excoriation.

urticaria pigmento´sa the most common form of mastocytosis, characterized by small, reddish brown macules or papules that occur mainly on the trunk and tend to urtication upon mild mechanical trauma or chemical irritation. urticaria ur′ti·car′i·al adj. urticaria [ur′tiker′ē·ə] Etymology: L, urtica, nettle a pruritic skin eruption characterized by transient wheals of varying shapes and sizes with well-defined erythematous margins and pale centers. It is caused by capillary dilation in the dermis that results from the release of vasoactive mediators, including histamine, kinin, and the slow reactive substance of anaphylaxis associated with antigen-antibody reaction. It may be a reaction to drugs, food, insect bites, inhalants, emotional stress, exposure to heat or cold, or exercise. Treatment includes antihistamines and removal of the stimulus or allergen. Also called hives . See also angioedema , cholinergic urticaria . urticarial, adj.

urticaria A condition characterised by pruritic, raised red welts on the skin (dermographism), associated with allergic reactions and histamine release or defects in the complement or kinin systems. Prior allergic reactions—e.g., hay fever and angioedema. Urticaria triggers - Food (e.g., berries, shellfish, fish, nuts, eggs, milk) - Immune—hereditary angiooedema - Infection—echinococcus infection (dog tapeworm) - Inflammation (e.g., mononucleosis, hepatitis) - Mechanical stimulants (e.g., water, sunlight, cold or heat) - Pollen • Autoimmune diseases, systemic lupus erythematosus • Henoch-Schönlein purpura • Leukaemia, etc.

urticaria Hives Dermatology A condition characterized by pruritic raised red welts on the skin, associated with allergic reactions and histamine release or defects in the complement or kinin systems Risk factors Prior allergic reactions–eg, hay fever and angioedema Triggers Medications; foods–eg, berries, shellfish, fish, nuts, eggs, milk; pollen; animal dander–especially cats; insect bites; mechanical stimulants–eg, water, sunlight, cold or heat; emotional stress; post-infection; linked to other disease–eg, autoimmune diseases SLE, leukemia, etc; may be partially hereditary, dermographism, cold urticaria, echinococcus infection–dog tapeworm, hereditary angioedema, Henoch-Scho¨nlein purpura, mononucleosis, hepatitis, mastocytosis ur·ti·car·i·a (ŭr'ti-kar'ē-ă) An eruption of itching wheals, usually of systemic origin; it may be due to a state of hypersensitivity to foods or drugs, foci of infection, physical agents (e.g., exercise, heat, cold, light, friction), or psychic stimuli.

Synonym(s): hives (1) , urtication (3) . [L. urtica] (urt?i-kar'e-a ) [L. urtica, nettle] URTICARIA An allergic reaction marked by multiple discrete swellings on the skin (wheals) that are intensely itchy and last up to 24 hr. The wheals appear primarily on the chest, back, extremities, face, or scalp. Synonym: hives See: illustration; allergy ; angioedema Etiology Urticaria is caused by vasodilation and increased permeability of capillaries of the skin due to the release by mast cells of vasoactive mediators. The mast cell degranulation is due to an immunoglobulin E–mediated reaction to allergens (e.g., foods, drugs, or drug additives), heat, cold, and, rarely, infections or emotions. Urticaria is a primary sign of local and systemic anaphylactic reactions. It affects people of all ages but is most common between the ages 20 and 40. Angioedema is frequently associated with urticaria.

Treatment Drugs that block histamine-1 (H1) receptors (antihistamines) are the primary treatment for urticaria. The use of both H1 and H2 receptor blockers has been recommended but has not been proven more effective. Patients should avoid identified allergens. Doxepin, calcium channel blockers, or immunosuppresive drugs may be needed for symptoms that are not well controlled with antihistamines. Known triggers of urticaria should be avoided. aquagenic urticaria Urticaria caused by exposure of the skin to water. urticaria bullosa Eruption of temporary vesicles with infusion of fluid under the epidermis. cholinergic urticaria Urticaria that develops after exposure to high ambient temperatures (e.g., after exercise, a warm shower or bath, or during a fever). The hives that develop are typically small (1 to 3 mm) and are often surrounded by erythema. Synonym: generalized heat urticaria chronic urticaria Urticaria that occurs frequently for 6 weeks or more. It is often associated with angioedema and/or autoimmune disease.

cold urticaria Cold-induced urticaria that may progress to angioedema. urticaria factitia Urticaria following slight irritation of the skin. generalized heat urticaria Urticaria with lesions infiltrated with blood. urticaria maculosa A chronic urticaria with red-colored lesions. urticaria medicamentosa Urticaria caused by an allergic reaction to a drug (e.g., a sulfa drug). papular urticaria Urticaria in which the wheal is followed by a lingering papule and considerable itching. It is most commonly observed in debilitated children. Synonym: prurigo simplex physical urticaria Urticaria due to the direct effects of physical forces on the skin. Cold temperature (cold urticaria), pressure (pressure urticaria), ultraviolet radiation (solar urticaria), and scratching (dermographism) are some causes of physical urticaria. urticaria pigmentosa Urticaria characterized by persistent, pigmented maculopapular lesions that urticate when stroked (Darier's sign). It typically occurs in childhood. Biopsy reveals infiltration by mast cells.

pressure urticaria Urticaria produced by pressure perpendicular to the surface of the skin. The persistent red swelling appears after a delay of 1 to 4 hr. solar urticaria Urticaria occurring in certain people after exposure to sunlight. urticaria An allergic skin condition featuring itchy, raised, pink areas surrounded by pale skin. These patches persist for periods of half an hour to several days and then resolve. Urticaria may result from sunlight, cold, food or drug allergy, insect bites, scabies, jelly fish stings or contact with plants. Treatment is with antihistamine drugs or corticosteroids. Also known popularly as nettle rash or hives. urticaria ; hives intensely itchy skin wheals; arise as hypersensitivity reaction, or on exposure to trigger substances (e.g.

in foods, plants, drugs or other agents), or due to uraemia; characteristic of anaphylaxis ur·ti·car·i·a (ŭr'ti-kar'ē-ă) An eruption of itching wheals, colloquially called hives, usually of systemic origin; may be due to a state of hypersensitivity to foods or drugs, foci of infection, physical agents (heat, cold, light, friction), or psychic stimuli. [L. urtica] urticaria (ur´tiker´ēə), n a vascular reaction pattern of the skin marked by the transient appearance of smooth, slightly elevated patches that are more red or more pale than the surrounding skin and are accompanied by severe itching. Also called hives. n a skin eruption in which the lesions are capped by blisters. urticaria, giant, n See edema, angioneurotic. urticaria a vascular reaction of the skin that is commonly immunologically based or may be due to direct exposure to a chemical. Marked by transient appearance of slightly elevated patches (wheals) which are redder or paler than the surrounding skin and often attended by severe itching; called also hives.

The wheals may be in very large numbers, mostly over the body, 0.5 to 2 inches in diameter and there is no discontinuity of the epithelium. Called also nettle rash. giant urticaria, urticaria gigantea that due to use of a drug. nasolacrimal urticaria conjunctivitis and rhinitis caused by hypersensitivity to inhaled allergens (atopy). papular urticaria, urticaria papulosa an allergic reaction to the bite of various insects, with appearance of lesions that evolve into inflammatory, increasingly hard, red or brownish, persistent papules. See also lichen . urticaria pigmentosa a proliferative disorder of mast cells in humans; a similar disease has been reported in young cats. There is erythema and hyperpigmentation of the mouth, chin, neck and eyes. Patient discussion about urticaria Q. What caused my hives? I woke up this morning and saw that all my back and chest are covered in hives. How did this suddenly appear? What caused it? A.

Urticaria (hives) is generally an allergic reaction, or an immune response to food or some other allergen, but can also appear for other reasons, notably emotional stress. Q. I was diagnosed with chronic urticaria. What is the reason for this condition? I was diagnosed with chronic urticaria last week after more than two months of urticaria (I have more than twenty 1 dollar coin area no my trunk that are red swollen and itchy). when I was younger I had a similar reaction too a bee sting and I was treated with an adrenalin shoot. Since that one time I never suffered from this kind of symptoms till two months ago. What can be the reason for this condition? A. As was said before chronic urticaria is a symptom of many problems. I once took NSAIDs for knee pain and I started to itch myself. It took my doctor 3 weeks to understand that I was allergic to this specific drug. I also know that tomatoes can cause me an allergic reaction. Try to think is there anything new in your life? Tell it to the GP maybe he will be able to tell you if this is the reason for your symptoms. Q. hpv Can i get pregnant A.

You can get pregnant you just need to tell your doctor whats going on so he can keep an eye on the issue. None General Discussion Urticaria pigmentosa is a rare skin disorder that is a localized (cutaneous) form of mastocytosis. Some clinicians suggest that urticaria pigmentosa is the childhood form of mastocytosis. Mast cells are specialized cells of connective tissue that release substances such as histamine (a chemical important in the inflammatory process) and heparin (an anti-clotting agent) when the body's alarm mechanism is set off. When mast cells cluster and multiply excessively (proliferate), histamine and heparin are released into the skin (mastocytosis). The characteristic skin lesions of urticaria pigmentosa appear in these areas. Urticaria pigmentosa is generally benign and is usually self-limited. The exact cause of the disease is not known, although some cases may be inherited. Symptoms The symptoms of urticaria pigmentosa include the appearance of reddish-brown itchy spots that look like freckles (pruritic macules) and/or bumps (papules) that appear on the skin.

In rare cases, lesions may also develop in bones and/or other organs of the body. When skin lesions are touched and/or exposed to heat, they become smooth, slightly elevated, and redder or paler than the surrounding skin (urticarial). This reaction is known as Darier's sign. These areas, which are called wheals or more commonly hives, are usually extremely itchy and may change in size and shape within hours. Sometimes these wheals may resemble fluid-filled blisters (bullous). Other uncommon symptoms of urticaria pigmentosa may include headache, a general feeling of ill health (malaise), flushing, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and/or an elevated heart rate (tachycardia). These symptoms are more characteristic of systemic mastocytosis. (For more information on mastocytosis, see the Related Disorders section of this report.) In most cases, the symptoms of urticaria pigmentosa last for a few years and then resolve. Some individuals may have areas of lightly pigmented skin that remain for many years. Causes The exact cause of urticaria pigmentosa is not fully understood.

Some cases occur for no apparent reason (sporadically), while others are thought to be inherited as an autosomal dominant genetic trait. However, not all children with the defective gene for urticaria pigmentosa will exhibit all of the characteristics of the gene (reduced penetrance). Genetic diseases are determined by the combination of genes for a particular trait that are on the chromosomes received from the father and the mother. Dominant genetic disorders occur when only a single copy of an abnormal gene is necessary for the appearance of the disease. The abnormal gene can be inherited from either parent, or can be the result of a new mutation (gene change) in the affected individual. The risk of passing the abnormal gene from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child. Affected Populations Urticaria pigmentosa is a rare disorder that affects males and females in equal numbers. The symptoms typically begin during the first year of life. Skin lesions generally disappear by adolescence. Urticaria pigmentosa occurs more frequently in children who also have allergies such as hay fever and/or asthma. Approximately 50 cases of the inherited form of urticaria pigmentosa have been reported in the medical literature.

Related Disorders Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of urticaria pigmentosa. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis: Mastocytosis is an inherited blood disorder characterized by the presence of abnormal numbers of mast cells in the skin, bone, bone marrow, lungs, liver, spleen, and/or membranes that line the brain (meninges). When the disease is localized to the skin in children, it is known as urticaria pigmentosa. In adults, symptoms may include a vague sense of ill health, weight loss, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and/or an irregular heart beat. The spleen, liver, and/or numerous lymph nodes may become swollen. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Mastocytosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.) Papular urticaria, more commonly known as hives, is characterized by local elevated ridges (wheals) and redness (erythema) of the skin. This condition is usually triggered by allergic reactions to insect bites, sensitivity to drugs, or other environmental causes.

The first symptom of papular urticaria is usually itching (pruritus), followed shortly by the appearance of wheals that may remain small or become large. The larger wheals tend to be clear in the center, and may be noticed first as large rings of erythema and swelling (edema). Ordinarily, crops of hives come and go. A lesion may remain for several hours, then disappear only to reappear elsewhere. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Papular Urticaria" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.) Diagnosis The diagnosis of Urticaria pigmentosa is confirmed by a clinical evaluation and the microscopic examination of skin tissue samples. In some cases, laboratory testing may reveal elevated levels of histamine and a particular enzyme (mast cell tryptase protein) in the blood of affected individuals. Affected patients exhibit persistent, rather than transitory, levels of blood histamine and tryptase. Standard Therapies Treatment Treatment of urticaria pigmentosa is symptomatic and supportive. Steroid creams applied to the skin (topical steroids) may be useful for some children with this disease. Antihistamine drugs may also be given by mouth to help relieve itching.

Investigational Therapies Information on current clinical trials is posted on the Internet at All studies receiving U.S. government funding, and some supported by private industry, are posted on this government web site. For information about clinical trials being conducted at the NIH Clinical Center in Bethesda, MD, contact the NIH Patient Recruitment Office: Tollfree: (800) 411-1222 For information about clinical trials sponsored by private sources, contact: People with urticaria pigmentosa have been treated experimentally with oral disodium cromoglycate, cimetidine (an H-2 antihistamine), or cimetidine/ketotifen combined with chlorpheniramine or propantheline. More study is needed to determine the long-term safety and effectiveness of these drugs and the various drug combinations for the treatment of urticaria pigmentosa. References TEXTBOOKS Akin C. Metcalfe DD. Mastocytosis. In: NORD Guide to Rare Disorders. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia, PA. 2003:402. Berkow R., ed. The Merck Manual-Home Edition.

Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Laboratories; 1997:831. Champion RH, Burton JL, Ebling FJG. Eds. Textbook of Dermatology. 5th ed. Blackwell Scientific Publications. London, UK; 1992:2067-71. REVIEW ARTICLES Escribano L, Akin C, Castells M, et al. Mastocytosis: current concepts in diagnosis and treatment. Ann Hematol. 2002;81:677-90. Gupta R, Bain BJ, Knight CL. Cytogenic and molecular genetic abnormalities in systemic mastocytosis. Acta Haematol. 2002;107:123-28. Valent P, Horny HP, Escribano L, et al. Diagnostic criteria and classification of mastocytosis: a consensus proposal. Leuk Res. 2001;25:603-25. Marone G, Spadaro G, Granata F, et al. Treatment of mastocytosis: pharmacologic basis and current concepts. Leuk Res.

2001;25:583-94. Li CY. Diagnosis of mastocytosis: value of cytochemistry and immunohistochemistry. Leuk Res. 2001;25:537-41. Wolff K, Komar M, Petzelbauer P. Clinical and histopathological aspects of cutaneous mastocytosis. Leuk Res. 2001;25:519-28. Bedlow AJ, Gharrie S, Harland CC. The treatment of urticaria pigmentosa with frequency-doubled Q-switch Nd:YAG laser. J Cutan Laser Ther. 2000;2:45-47. FROM THE INTERNET McKusick VA, Ed. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM). The Johns Hopkins University. Entry Number; 154800: Last Edit Date; 12/6/1999. Lehrer M. Urticaria pigmentosa. Medlineplus. Medical Encyclopedia. Update Date 8/7/2001. 3pp. Mastocytosis. NIAID Fact Sheet.

January 2002. 3pp. Soignee M. Urticaria Pigmentosa. nd. 2pp. Akin C. Mastocytosis in Children - The Basics for Parents. Mastocytosis Pediatric Information and Parent Support. Various dates, various lengths. Diagnosis and Treatment of Mastocytosis. What are mast cells? [Etc.] Urticaria pigmentosa (mastocytosis) - Information for Parents. nd. 3pp. Lehrer M. Urticaria Pigmentosa Information. Review Date: 8/7/2001. Various lengths. Website: // For a Complete Report This is an abstract of a report from the National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.® (NORD). Cigna members can access the complete report by logging into myCigna.com . For non-Cigna members, a copy of the complete report can be obtained for a small fee by visiting the NORD website. The complete report contains additional information including symptoms, causes, affected population, related disorders, standard and investigational treatments (if available), and references from medical literature. For a full-text version of this topic, see .

For additional information and assistance about rare disorders, please visit the National Organization for Rare Disorders web site at The information provided in this report is not intended for diagnostic purposes. It is provided for informational purposes only. It is possible that the title of this topic is not the name you selected. Please check the Synonyms listing to find the alternate name(s) and Disorder Subdivision(s) covered by this report. This disease entry is based upon medical information available through the date at the end of the topic. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current information about this disorder. Last Updated: 3/18/2008

Question: The medical condition Urticaria is more commonly known as?
Answer: Hives