What does metastasis mean? Definitions for metastasisməˈtæs tə sɪs; -ˌsiz This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word metastasis Princeton's WordNet(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: metastasis(noun) the spreading of a disease (especially cancer) to another part of the body GCIDE(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Metastasis(n.) Especially: The migration of cancerous or malignant cells from the site of their origin to other parts of the body. Such cells may migrate to multiple new locations, making therapy more difficult and often leading to death. Origin: [L., transition, fr. Gr. , fr. to place in another way; after + to place.] Wiktionary(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: metastasis(Noun) The transference of a bodily function or disease to another part of the body, specifically the development of a secondary area of disease remote from the original site, as with some cancers. metastasis(Noun) Denying adversaries' arguments and turning the arguments back on them.

Webster Dictionary(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Metastasis(noun) a change in the location of a disease, as from one part to another Metastasis(noun) the act or process by which matter is taken up by cells or tissues and is transformed into other matter; in plants, the act or process by which are produced all of those chemical changes in the constituents of the plant which are not accompanied by a production of organic matter; metabolism Origin: [L., transition, fr. Gr. , fr. to place in another way; after + to place.] Freebase(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Metastasis Metastasis, or metastatic disease, is the spread of a cancer from one organ or part to another non-adjacent organ or part. The new occurrences of disease thus generated are referred to as metastases It was previously thought that only malignant tumor cells and infections have the capacity to metastasize; however, this is being reconsidered due to new research. In origin metastasis is a Greek word meaning "displacement", from μετά, meta, "next", and στάσις, stasis, "placement".

The plural is metastases. Cancer occurs after a single cell in a tissue is progressively genetically damaged to produce cells with uncontrolled proliferation. This uncontrolled proliferation, mitosis, produces a primary tumor. The cells which constitute the tumour eventually undergo metaplasia, followed by dysplasia then anaplasia, resulting in a malignant phenotype. This malignant phenotype allows for intravasation into the circulation, followed by extravasation to a second site for tumorigenesis. Some cancer cells acquire the ability to penetrate the walls of lymphatic and/or blood vessels, after which they are able to circulate through the bloodstream to other sites and tissues in the body. This process is known as lymphatic or hematogeneous spread. Chambers 20th Century Dictionary(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Metastasis me-tas′ta-zis, n. a change in nature, form, or quality; a change from one part to another, as a disease: (bot.) metabolism.—adj. Metastat′ic.

[Gr.,—methistēmi, I change place.] Numerology The numerical value of metastasis in Chaldean Numerology is: 2 Pythagorean Numerology Metastasis | definition of metastasis by Medical dictionary Metastasis | definition of metastasis by Medical dictionary Related to metastasis: bone metastasis metastasis [mĕ-tas´tah-sis] 1. the transfer of disease from one organ or part to another not directly connected with it. It may be due either to the transfer of pathogenic microorganisms (e.g., tubercle bacilli) or to the transfer of cells, as in malignant tumors. See also cancer . 2. a growth of pathogenic microorganisms or of abnormal cells distant from the site primarily involved by the morbid process. adj., adj metastat´ic. Metastasis: A metastatic cascade occurs in several steps, marked 1 through 7. From Damjanov, 2000. me·tas·ta·sis me·tas·ta·ses (mĕ-tas'tă-sis, -sēz), 1.

The shifting of a disease or its local manifestations, from one part of the body to another, as in mumps when the symptoms referable to the parotid gland subside and the testis becomes affected. 2. The spread of a disease process from one part of the body to another, as in the appearance of neoplasms in parts of the body remote from the site of the primary tumor; results from dissemination of tumor cells by the lymphatics or blood vessels or by direct extension through serous cavities or subarachnoid or other spaces. 3. Transportation of bacteria from one part of the body to another, through the bloodstream ( hematogenous metastasis ) or through lymph channels ( lymphogenous metastasis ). [G. a removing, fr. meta, in the midst of, + stasis, a placing] metastasis /me·tas·ta·sis/ (mĕ-tas´tah-sis) pl. metas´tases 1. transfer of disease from one organ or part of the body to another not directly connected with it, due either to transfer of pathogenic microorganisms or to transfer of cells; all malignant tumors are capable of metastasizing. 2.

a growth of pathogenic microorganisms or of abnormal cells distant from the site primarily involved by the morbid process.metastat´ic metastasis (mĭ-tăs′tə-sĭs) n. pl. metasta·ses (-sēz′) Medicine 1. Transmission of pathogenic microorganisms or cancerous cells from an original site to one or more sites elsewhere in the body, usually by way of the blood vessels or lymphatics. 2. A secondary cancerous growth formed by transmission of cancerous cells from a primary growth located elsewhere in the body. met′a·stat′ic (mĕt′ə-stăt′ĭk) adj. met′a·stat′i·cal·ly adv. metastasis [mətas′təsis] pl. metastases Etymology: Gk, meta + stasis, standing 1 an active process by which tumor cells move from the primary location of a cancer by severing connections from the original cell group and establishing remote colonies. Because malignant tumors have no enclosing capsule, cells may escape, become emboli, and be transported by the lymphatic circulation or the bloodstream to implant in lymph nodes and other organs far from the primary tumor.

2 a tumor that develops away from the site of origin. Compare anaplasia . metastasize, v., metastatic, adj. Modes of metastasis of cancer metastasis Plural, metastases Oncology The distal spread of a malignancy, either by penetration of a blood or lymphatic vessel or by spread along a serosal membrane with later development into a 2nd focus of malignancy. See Blow-out metastasis, Cannonball metastasis, Micrometastasis , Skip metastasis. me·tas·ta·sis , pl. metastases (mĕ-tas'tă-sis, -sēz) 1. The shifting of a disease or its local manifestations, from one part of the body to another, as in mumps when the symptoms referable to the parotid gland subside and the testis becomes affected. 2. The spread of a disease process from one part of the body to another, as in the appearance of neoplasms in parts of the body remote from the site of the primary tumor; results from dissemination of tumor cells by the lymphatics or blood vessels or by direct extension through serous cavities or subarachnoid or other spaces. 3.

Transportation of bacteria from one part of the body to another, through the bloodstream (hematogenous metastasis) or through lymph channels (lymphogenous metastasis). metastasis (mĕ-tăs′tă-sis) plural.metastases [″ + stasis, stand] 1. Movement of bacteria or body cells (esp. cancer cells) from one part of the body to another. METASTASES: CT scan of liver (upper left) with round metastatic tumors (Courtesy of Harvey Hatch, MD, Curry General Hospital) 2. Change in location of a disease or of its manifestations or transfer from one organ or part to another not directly connected. See: illustration The usual application is to the manifestation of a malignancy as a secondary growth arising from the primary growth in a new location. The malignant cells may spread through the lymphatic circulation, the bloodstream, or avenues such as the cerebrospinal fluid. metastatic (mĕt″ă-stăt′ĭk), adjective metastasis 1. The spread or transfer of any disease, but especially cancer, from its original site to another place in the body where the disease process starts up.

Metastasis usually occurs by way of the bloodstream or the lymphatic system or, in the case of lung disease by coughing and re-inhalation of particles to other parts of the lung. 2. The new focus of disease, so produced. metastasis the process of cancerous tissue spreading to various parts of the body. Metastasis (plural, metastases) The spread of disease from one part of the body to another, as when cancer cells appear in parts of the body remote from the site of the primary tumor. n growth and movement of cancer cells from one area of the body to another. me·tas·ta·sis , pl. metastases (mĕ-tas'tă-sis, -sēz) 1. Spread of a disease process from one part of the body to another, as in the appearance of neoplasms in parts of the body remote from the site of the primary tumor; results from dissemination of tumor cells by the lymphatics or blood vessels or by direct extension through serous cavities or subarachnoid or other spaces. 2. Transportation of bacteria from one part of the body to another, through the bloodstream or through lymph channels.

metastasis (mətas´təsis), n the transfer of a disease by blood vessels, lymph vessels, or the respiratory tract (through aspiration) from one organ or region to another not directly contiguous with it. Usually used in reference to malignant tumor cells, but bacteria can also metastasize (e.g., in focal infection). metastasis pl. metastases [Gr.] 1. the transfer of disease from one organ or part to another not directly connected with it. It may be due either to the transfer of pathogenic microorganisms (e.g. tubercle bacilli) or to the transfer of cells, as in malignant tumors. 2. metastases, growths of pathogenic microorganisms or of abnormal cells distant from the site primarily involved by the morbid process. Stages of cancer | Cancer Research UK What cancer staging is Staging is a way of describing the size of a cancer and how far it has grown. When doctors first diagnose a cancer, they carry out tests to check how big the cancer is and whether it has spread into surrounding tissues. They also check to see whether it has spread to another part of the body.

Cancer staging systems may sometimes include grading of the cancer, which describes how similar a cancer cell is to a normal cell. Why staging is important Staging is important because it helps your treatment team to know which treatments you need. If a cancer is just in one place, then a local treatment such as surgery or radiotherapy could be enough to get rid of it completely. A local treatment treats only one area of the body. If a cancer has spread, then local treatment alone will not be enough. You will need a treatment that circulates throughout the whole body. These are called systemic treatments. Chemotherapy, hormone therapy and biological therapies are systemic treatments because they circulate in the bloodstream. Sometimes doctors aren't sure if a cancer has spread to another part of the body or not. They look at the lymph nodes near to the cancer. If there are cancer cells in these nodes, it is a sign that the cancer has begun to spread. Cancer doctors call this having positive lymph nodes. The cells have broken away from the original cancer and got trapped in the lymph nodes. But it is not always possible to tell if they have gone anywhere else. If cancer cells are found in the lymph nodes, doctors usually suggest adjuvant treatment.

This means treatment alongside the treatment for the main primary tumour (chemotherapy after surgery, for example). The aim is to kill any cancer cells that have broken away from the primary tumour. Types of staging systems There are two main types of staging systems for cancer. These are the TNM system and the number system. The systems mean that Doctors have a common language to describe the size and spread of cancers Treatment results can be accurately compared between research studies Guidelines for treatment can be standardised between different treatment hospitals and clinics Some blood cancers or lymph system cancers have their own staging systems. The TNM staging system TNM stands for Tumour, Node, Metastasis. This system describes the size of the initial cancer (the primary tumour), whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, and whether it has spread to a different part of the body (metastasised). The system uses numbers to describe the cancer.

T refers to the size of the cancer and how far it has spread into nearby tissue – it can be 1, 2, 3 or 4, with 1 being small and 4 large N refers to whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes – it can be between 0 (no lymph nodes containing cancer cells) and 3 (lots of lymph nodes containing cancer cells) M refers to whether the cancer has spread to another part of the body – it can either be 0 (the cancer hasn't spread) or 1 (the cancer has spread) So for example, a small cancer that has spread to the lymph nodes but not to anywhere else in the body may be T2 N1 M0. Or a more advanced cancer that has spread may be T4 N3 M1. Sometimes the letters a, b or c are used to further divide the categories. For example, stage M1a lung cancer (the cancer has spread to the other lung) and stage M1b lung cancer (the cancer has spread to other parts of the body). The letter p is sometimes used before the letters TNM – for example, pT4. This stands for pathological stage.

It means that the stage is based on examining cancer cells in the lab after surgery to remove a cancer. The letter c is sometimes used before the letters TNM – for example, cT2. This stands for clinical stage. It means the stage is based on what the doctor knows about the cancer before surgery. The stage is based on clinical information from examining you and looking at your test results. Number staging systems Number staging systems usually use the TNM system to divide cancers into stages. Most types of cancer have 4 stages, numbered from 1 to 4. Often doctors write the stage down in Roman numerals. So you may see stage 4 written down as stage IV. Here is a brief summary of what the stages mean for most types of cancer. Stage 1 usually means that a cancer is relatively small and contained within the organ it started in. Stage 2 usually means the cancer has not started to spread into surrounding tissue but the tumour is larger than in stage 1. Sometimes stage 2 means that cancer cells have spread into lymph nodes close to the tumour. This depends on the particular type of cancer. Stage 3 usually means the cancer is larger.

It may have started to spread into surrounding tissues and there are cancer cells in the lymph nodes in the area. Stage 4 means the cancer has spread from where it started to another body organ. This is also called secondary or metastatic cancer. Sometimes doctors use the letters A, B or C to further divide the number categories – for example, stage 3B cervical cancer. Carcinoma in situ Carcinoma in situ is sometimes called stage 0 cancer or 'in situ neoplasm'. It means that there is a group of abnormal cells in an area of the body. The cells may develop into cancer at some time in the future. The changes in the cells are called dysplasia. The number of abnormal cells is too small to form a tumour. Some doctors and researchers call these cell changes 'precancerous changes' or 'non invasive cancer'. But many areas of carcinoma in situ will never develop into cancer. So some doctors feel that these terms are inaccurate and they don't use them. Because these areas of abnormal cells are still so small they are usually not found unless they are somewhere easy to spot, for example in the skin. A carcinoma in situ in an internal organ is usually too small to show up on a scan.

But tests used in cancer screening programmes can pick up carcinomas in situ in the breast or the neck of the womb (cervix). Related information Metastatic disease | definition of Metastatic disease by Medical dictionary Metastatic disease | definition of Metastatic disease by Medical dictionary Related to Metastatic disease: multiple myeloma , myeloma , metastases metastasis [mĕ-tas´tah-sis] 1. the transfer of disease from one organ or part to another not directly connected with it. It may be due either to the transfer of pathogenic microorganisms (e.g., tubercle bacilli) or to the transfer of cells, as in malignant tumors. See also cancer . 2. a growth of pathogenic microorganisms or of abnormal cells distant from the site primarily involved by the morbid process. adj., adj metastat´ic. Metastasis: A metastatic cascade occurs in several steps, marked 1 through 7. From Damjanov, 2000. me·tas·ta·sis me·tas·ta·ses (mĕ-tas'tă-sis, -sēz), 1.

The shifting of a disease or its local manifestations, from one part of the body to another, as in mumps when the symptoms referable to the parotid gland subside and the testis becomes affected. 2. The spread of a disease process from one part of the body to another, as in the appearance of neoplasms in parts of the body remote from the site of the primary tumor; results from dissemination of tumor cells by the lymphatics or blood vessels or by direct extension through serous cavities or subarachnoid or other spaces. 3. Transportation of bacteria from one part of the body to another, through the bloodstream ( hematogenous metastasis ) or through lymph channels ( lymphogenous metastasis ). [G. a removing, fr. meta, in the midst of, + stasis, a placing] metastasis /me·tas·ta·sis/ (mĕ-tas´tah-sis) pl. metas´tases 1. transfer of disease from one organ or part of the body to another not directly connected with it, due either to transfer of pathogenic microorganisms or to transfer of cells; all malignant tumors are capable of metastasizing. 2.

a growth of pathogenic microorganisms or of abnormal cells distant from the site primarily involved by the morbid process.metastat´ic metastasis (mĭ-tăs′tə-sĭs) n. pl. metasta·ses (-sēz′) Medicine 1. Transmission of pathogenic microorganisms or cancerous cells from an original site to one or more sites elsewhere in the body, usually by way of the blood vessels or lymphatics. 2. A secondary cancerous growth formed by transmission of cancerous cells from a primary growth located elsewhere in the body. met′a·stat′ic (mĕt′ə-stăt′ĭk) adj. met′a·stat′i·cal·ly adv. metastasis [mətas′təsis] pl. metastases Etymology: Gk, meta + stasis, standing 1 an active process by which tumor cells move from the primary location of a cancer by severing connections from the original cell group and establishing remote colonies. Because malignant tumors have no enclosing capsule, cells may escape, become emboli, and be transported by the lymphatic circulation or the bloodstream to implant in lymph nodes and other organs far from the primary tumor.

2 a tumor that develops away from the site of origin. Compare anaplasia . metastasize, v., metastatic, adj. Modes of metastasis of cancer metastasis Plural, metastases Oncology The distal spread of a malignancy, either by penetration of a blood or lymphatic vessel or by spread along a serosal membrane with later development into a 2nd focus of malignancy. See Blow-out metastasis, Cannonball metastasis, Micrometastasis , Skip metastasis. me·tas·ta·sis , pl. metastases (mĕ-tas'tă-sis, -sēz) 1. The shifting of a disease or its local manifestations, from one part of the body to another, as in mumps when the symptoms referable to the parotid gland subside and the testis becomes affected. 2. The spread of a disease process from one part of the body to another, as in the appearance of neoplasms in parts of the body remote from the site of the primary tumor; results from dissemination of tumor cells by the lymphatics or blood vessels or by direct extension through serous cavities or subarachnoid or other spaces. 3.

Transportation of bacteria from one part of the body to another, through the bloodstream (hematogenous metastasis) or through lymph channels (lymphogenous metastasis). metastasis (mĕ-tăs′tă-sis) plural.metastases [″ + stasis, stand] 1. Movement of bacteria or body cells (esp. cancer cells) from one part of the body to another. METASTASES: CT scan of liver (upper left) with round metastatic tumors (Courtesy of Harvey Hatch, MD, Curry General Hospital) 2. Change in location of a disease or of its manifestations or transfer from one organ or part to another not directly connected. See: illustration The usual application is to the manifestation of a malignancy as a secondary growth arising from the primary growth in a new location. The malignant cells may spread through the lymphatic circulation, the bloodstream, or avenues such as the cerebrospinal fluid. metastatic (mĕt″ă-stăt′ĭk), adjective metastasis 1. The spread or transfer of any disease, but especially cancer, from its original site to another place in the body where the disease process starts up.

Metastasis usually occurs by way of the bloodstream or the lymphatic system or, in the case of lung disease by coughing and re-inhalation of particles to other parts of the lung. 2. The new focus of disease, so produced. metastasis the process of cancerous tissue spreading to various parts of the body. Metastasis (plural, metastases) The spread of disease from one part of the body to another, as when cancer cells appear in parts of the body remote from the site of the primary tumor. n growth and movement of cancer cells from one area of the body to another. me·tas·ta·sis , pl. metastases (mĕ-tas'tă-sis, -sēz) 1. Spread of a disease process from one part of the body to another, as in the appearance of neoplasms in parts of the body remote from the site of the primary tumor; results from dissemination of tumor cells by the lymphatics or blood vessels or by direct extension through serous cavities or subarachnoid or other spaces. 2. Transportation of bacteria from one part of the body to another, through the bloodstream or through lymph channels.

metastasis (mətas´təsis), n the transfer of a disease by blood vessels, lymph vessels, or the respiratory tract (through aspiration) from one organ or region to another not directly contiguous with it. Usually used in reference to malignant tumor cells, but bacteria can also metastasize (e.g., in focal infection). metastasis pl. metastases [Gr.] 1. the transfer of disease from one organ or part to another not directly connected with it. It may be due either to the transfer of pathogenic microorganisms (e.g. tubercle bacilli) or to the transfer of cells, as in malignant tumors. 2. metastases, growths of pathogenic microorganisms or of abnormal cells distant from the site primarily involved by the morbid process. How cancer can spread | Cancer Research UK How cancer can spread Related information Primary and secondary cancer The place where a cancer starts in the body is called the primary cancer or primary site. If cancer cells spread to another part of the body the new area of cancer is called a secondary cancer or a metastasis.

Some cancers may spread to more than one area of the body to form multiple secondaries or metastases (pronounced met-as-tah-seez). How cancer can spread to other areas of the body Cancer cells can be carried in the bloodstream or lymphatic system to other parts of the body. There they can start to grow into new tumours. The diagram shows a primary bowel cancer that has spread to the liver. diagram-showing-a-primary-and-secondary-cancer.jpg In order to spread, some cells from the primary cancer must break away, travel to another part of the body and start growing there. Cancer cells don't stick together as well as normal cells do. They may also produce substances that stimulate them to move. The diagram shows a tumour appearing in cells lining a body structure such as the bowel wall. The tumour grows through the layer holding the cells in place (the basement membrane). Some cells can then go into small lymph vessels or blood vessels called capillaries in the area. Spread through the blood circulation If the cancer cells go into small blood vessels they can then get into the bloodstream. They are called circulating tumour cells.

Researchers are currently looking at using blood tests to find circulating tumour cells to diagnose cancer and avoid the need for tests such as biopsies. They are also looking at whether they can test circulating cancer cells to predict which treatments will work best for each patient. The circulating blood sweeps the cancer cells along until they get stuck somewhere. Usually they get stuck in a very small blood vessel called a capillary. diagram-showing-a-cancer-cell-stuck-in-a-small-blood-vessel-capillary.jpg Then the cell must move through the wall of the capillary and into the tissue of the organ close by. The cell can multiply to form a new tumour if the conditions are right for it to grow and it has the nutrients that it needs. diagram-showing-how-cancer-cells-get-into-the-bloodstream.jpg This is quite a complicated journey and most cancer cells don't survive it. Probably, out of many thousands of cancer cells that reach the blood circulation only a few will survive to form a secondary cancer (metastasis). Some cancer cells are probably killed off by the white blood cells in our immune system. Others cancer cells may die because they are battered around by the fast flowing blood.

Cancer cells in the circulation may try to stick to platelets to form clumps to give themselves some protection. Platelets are blood cells that help the blood to clot. This may also help the cancer cells to be filtered out in the next capillary network they come across so they can then move into the surrounding tissues. Spread through the lymphatic system The lymphatic system is a network of tubes and glands in the body that filters body fluid and fights infection. It also traps damaged or harmful cells such as cancer cells. If cancer cells go into the small lymph vessels close to the primary tumour they can be carried into nearby lymph glands. The cancer cells may get stuck there. In the lymph glands they may be destroyed but some may survive and grow to form tumours in one or more lymph nodes. Doctors call this lymph node spread. Micrometastases Micrometastases are areas of cancer spread (metastases) that are too small to see. Some areas of cancer cells are too small to show up on any type of scan. For a few types of cancer, blood tests can detect certain proteins released by the cancer cells. These may give a sign that there are metastases in the body that are too small to show up on a scan.

But for most cancers, there is no blood test that can say whether a cancer has spread or not. For most cancers the doctor can only say whether it is likely or not that a patient has micrometastases. This may be based on the following factors. Previous experience of many other patients treated in the same way. Doctors collect and publish this information to help each other Whether cancer cells are found in the blood vessels in the tumour removed during surgery (for example in testicular cancer). If cancer cells are found then cancer cells are more likely to have reached the bloodstream and spread to somewhere else in the body The grade of the cancer (how abnormal the cells are) – the higher the grade, the more quickly the cancer is growing and the more likely that cells have spread Whether lymph nodes removed during an operation contained cancer cells (for example in breast cancer or bowel cancer). If the lymph nodes contained cancer cells this shows that cancer cells have broken away from the original cancer. But there is no way of knowing whether the cells have spread to any other areas of the body This information is important in treating cancer.

If the doctor thinks it is likely that micrometastases are present, they may offer extra treatment, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, biological therapy or hormone therapy. The aim is to kill any areas of cancer cells before they grow big enough to be seen on a scan. So the extra treatments may increase the chance of curing the cancer. Related information What is metastatic cancer? What is metastatic cancer? Advanced Cancer What is metastatic cancer? Metastatic cancer is a cancer that has spread from the part of the body where it started (the primary site) to other parts of the body. When cancer cells break away from a tumor, they can travel to other areas of the body through the bloodstream or the lymph system (which contains a collection of vessels that carry fluid and immune system cells). This image shows some parts of the lymph system, like lymph nodes and lymph vessels, as well as organs and tissues that contain many lymphocytes (immune cells) If the cells travel through the lymph system, they may end up in nearby lymph nodes (small, bean-sized collections of immune cells) or they may spread to other organs. More often, cancer cells that break off from the main tumor travel through the bloodstream.

Once in the blood, they can go to any part of the body. Many of these cells die, but some may settle in a new area, begin to grow, and form new tumors. This spread of cancer to a new part of the body is called metastasis. Cancer cells have to go through several steps to spread to new parts of the body:. They have to be able to break away from the original tumor and enter the bloodstream or lymph system, which can carry them to another part of the body. They need to attach to the wall of a blood or lymph vessel and move through it into a new organ. They need to be able to grow and thrive in their new location. They need to be able to avoid attacks from the body’s immune system. Going through all these steps means the cells that start new tumors may no longer be exactly the same as the ones in the tumor they started in. This may make them harder to treat. Even when cancer has spread to a new area, it’s still named after the part of the body where it started. Treatment is also based on where the cancer started.

For example, if prostate cancer spreads to the bones, it’s still prostate cancer (not bone cancer), and the doctor will recommend treatments that have been shown to help against metastatic prostate cancer. Likewise, breast cancer that has spread to the lungs is still breast cancer, not lung cancer, and is treated as metastatic breast cancer. Sometimes the metastatic tumors have already begun to grow when the cancer is first found and diagnosed. And in some cases, a metastasis may be found before the original (primary) tumor is found. If a cancer has already spread to many places when it’s found, it may be very hard to figure out where it started. If this happens the cancer is called cancer of unknown primary. This is discussed in a separate document, Cancer - Unknown Primary . Why cancer cells tend to spread to certain parts of the body Where a cancer starts often plays a role in where it will spread. Most cancer cells that break free from the original tumor are carried in the blood or lymph until they get trapped in the next “downstream” organ or set of lymph nodes. Once the cells are there, they can start new tumors. This explains why breast cancer often spreads to underarm lymph nodes, but rarely to lymph nodes in the groin.

Likewise, there are many cancers that commonly spread to the lungs. This is because the heart pumps blood from the rest of the body through the lungs’ blood vessels before sending it elsewhere. The liver is a common site of spread for cancer cells that start in the colon because blood from the intestines flows into the liver. Cancer cells often break away from the main (primary) tumor and travel through the blood and/or lymph system, but they don’t always settle in and start new tumors. Most of the time, the cells that broke away die. When cancer does spread to other organs and start to form new tumors, it’s because of certain genetic changes in the cells that scientists are now starting to understand. Someday, doctors may be able to tell if a person’s cancer is the type that will spread to other organs by looking for these genetic changes. Research is also focusing on treatments that block or target these genetic changes so the cancer cells can’t spread and grow. Sometimes the patterns of spread cannot be explained by where things are in the body. Some cancer cells are able to find and invade certain sites far away from where they started. For example, advanced prostate cancer often moves into the bones before spreading to other organs.

This “homing” pattern may be caused by substances on the cancer cell surfaces that stick to cells in certain organs. Which cancers spread where? This is a brief description of where certain cancers are most likely to spread. It’s not a list of every place where a cancer could spread. For more details on these cancers, see our information on the specific cancer site. Bladder Bladder cancer tends to stay in the same area (the pelvis) and grow into nearby tissues such as the pelvic wall. It can also spread to the lungs, liver, and bone. Brain Brain tumors rarely spread outside the brain. They mainly grow within the brain and sometimes into the spinal cord. Breast Breast cancer most commonly spreads to the bones, but also can spread to the liver, lungs, and brain. As the cancer progresses, it may affect any organ. It can also spread to the skin of the chest (near where the cancer started). Cervix Cancer of the cervix tends to grow near where it started, into the vagina and uterus and then other parts of the pelvis, such as the rectum and bladder. It can also grow into the bones and nerves of the spine, and spread to the liver, lungs, and bones.

Colon and rectum The most common sites for colon or rectal cancer spread are the liver and lungs. These cancers may also spread to nearly any other organ, including the bones and brain. Rectal cancer can also spread within in the pelvis, where the cancer started. This can be painful because it often grows into nerves and bones in this area. Esophagus Esophageal cancer mostly grows near where it started (in the chest and belly). As it progresses, it may grow into nearby organs or major blood vessels, which can make it hard to treat. Kidney Kidney (renal) cancer can grow where it started and invade nearby tissues. It can grow from the kidney into the large vein that drains the blood from the kidney (the renal vein). From there it can grow into a large vein that empties into the heart (the inferior vena cava). It can also grow from the kidney into the adrenal gland, which sits on top of the kidney. When it spreads, the lungs and bones are the most common sites. Leukemia Because they are already in the blood, leukemias can be considered to have spread throughout the body when they are diagnosed. They can progress by filling the bone marrow with leukemia cells.

The normal bone marrow is replaced and cannot make new blood cells. Some leukemias may spread outside the blood and into the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. Tumors made up of leukemia cells can also occur in the skin or in other parts of the body, but this is not common. In some types of leukemia, the cancer cells collect in the spleen, causing it to become large. Less often, leukemia cells settle in the liver, causing it to enlarge. In one type of leukemia, the cells deposit in the gums, so that they become red and swollen. Liver Liver cancer doesn’t often spread outside the liver. It tends to grow throughout the liver as it becomes advanced. If it does spread, it’s most often to the lungs or bones. Lung Lung cancer can spread to almost any organ of the body, but most often it will spread to the adrenal glands, liver, bones, or brain. It can also spread to the other lung. Lymphoma Lymphoma can affect any part of the body. While most start in the lymph nodes, spleen, and/or bone marrow, some start in lymph tissue in the stomach, intestines, or even the eye socket.

Lymphomas can spread within the lymph system to distant parts of the body. Less often, they spread outside the lymph system to other organs, such as the lungs, liver, or bone. Lymphomas can affect the brain and spinal cord, either initially (called primary central nervous system lymphoma) or as spread to the fluid and tissues (the meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. This is called lymphomatous meningitis. Melanoma Melanoma can spread anywhere in the body. It first tends to go to lymph nodes near where it started, but then can spread to the brain, lungs, liver, and bones. It can also spread to other areas of skin. Mouth and throat Cancers of the mouth , throat , or nasal passages tend to stay in the same area. When they spread, it’s usually to the lungs. Less often they may spread to the liver or bones. Multiple myeloma Multiple myeloma can cause tumors called plasmacytomas. These tumors can spread to the bones anywhere in the body, but they rarely spread to other organs.

Ovary Ovarian cancer most often spreads to the lining of the abdomen (belly) and pelvis (this lining is called the peritoneum), the omentum (a layer of connective tissue that drapes the abdominal cavity like an apron), and organs in the pelvis and belly. It can cause a build-up of fluid and swelling in the abdomen. It can also spread to the outer lining of the lungs and cause fluid to build up there. As it becomes more advanced, it may spread to the lung and liver, or, rarely, to the brain or skin. Pancreas Pancreatic cancer mainly stays in the abdomen (belly). It tends to grow into nearby tissues and may spread to the liver or other nearby organs. It can also spread to the lungs. Prostate Advanced prostate cancer most often goes to the bones. Much less often, it will spread to other organs, including the lungs and liver. Stomach Stomach (gastric) cancer tends to spread to nearby tissues and stay within the abdomen (belly). It may also spread to the liver or distant lymph nodes. Spread to the lungs, bones, and brain is less common.

Uterus Cancer that starts in the uterus can grow into the vagina as well as nearby tissues in the pelvis. It also commonly spreads to the peritoneum (the lining of the abdominal cavity and pelvis) and the omentum (a layer of connective tissue that drapes the abdominal cavity like an apron). Other sites of cancer spread include the liver, lungs, and, less often, bones. Cancer | Define Cancer at Dictionary.com cancer 1. Pathology. a malignant and invasive growth or tumor, especially one originating in epithelium, tending to recur after excision and to metastasize to other sites. any disease characterized by such growths. 2. any evil condition or thing that spreads destructively; blight. 3. genitive Cancri [kang-kree] /ˈkæŋ kri/ (Show IPA). (initial capital letter) Astronomy. the Crab, a zodiacal constellation between Gemini and Leo. 4. the fourth sign of the zodiac: the cardinal water sign. a person born under this sign, usually between June 21 and July 22. 5. (initial capital letter) tropic of. See under tropic (def 1a).

Origin of cancer Latin 1350-1400 1350-1400; Middle English < Latin: literally, crab; Latin stem cancr-, dissimilated from *carcr-, with *carc-r- akin to Greek karkínos, Sanskrit karkata crab; see canker Related forms 2. sickness, evil, plague, scourge. Dictionary.com Unabridged Examples from the Web for cancer Expand Contemporary Examples In the old days, a few generations back, cancer was the Voldemort of illnesses, as in, “he whose name shall not be spoken.” Jobs’s Unorthodox Treatment Sharon Begley October 5, 2011 Historical Examples A lady came to the Consumptive's Home with a cancer in the cheek, which had attained the size of a filbert. British Dictionary definitions for cancer Expand noun 1. any type of malignant growth or tumour, caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division: it may spread through the lymphatic system or blood stream to other parts of the body 2. the condition resulting from this 3.

an evil influence that spreads dangerously related C14: from Latin: crab, a creeping tumour; related to Greek karkinos crab, Sanskrit karkata Cancer noun (Latin genitive) Cancri (ˈkæŋkriː) 1. (astronomy) a small faint zodiacal constellation in the N hemisphere, lying between Gemini and Leo on the ecliptic and containing the star cluster Praesepe 2. (astrology) Also called the Crab. the fourth sign of the zodiac, symbol ♋, having a cardinal water classification and ruled by the moon. The sun is in this sign between about June 21 and July 22 Also called Moonchild. a person born during a period when the sun is in this sign 3. tropic of Cancer, See tropic (sense 1) adjective (astrology) born under or characteristic of Cancer Also (for senses 2b, 4) Cancerian (kænˈsɪərɪən) Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd.

1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for cancer Expand n. Old English cancer "spreading sore, cancer" (also canceradl), from Latin cancer "a crab," later, "malignant tumor," from Greek karkinos, which, like the Modern English word, has three meanings: crab, tumor, and the zodiac constellation (late Old English), from PIE root *qarq- "to be hard" (like the shell of a crab); cf. Sanskrit karkatah "crab," karkarah "hard;" and perhaps cognate with PIE root *qar-tu- "hard, strong," source of English hard . Greek physicians Hippocrates and Galen, among others, noted similarity of crabs to some tumors with swollen veins. Meaning "person born under the zodiac sign of Cancer" is from 1894.

The sun being in Cancer at the summer solstice, the constellation had association in Latin writers with the south and with summer heat. Cancer stick "cigarette" is from 1959. Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper cancer (kān'sər) A disease characterized by any of various malignant neoplasms composed of abnormal cells that tend to proliferate rapidly and invade surrounding tissue. Without treatment such as chemotherapy or radiation, cancer cells can metastasize to other body sites and cause organ failure and death. A malignant tumor. Our Living Language : The human immune system often fights off stray cancer cells just as it does bacteria and viruses. However, when cancer cells establish themselves in the body with their own blood supply and begin replicating out of control, cancer becomes a threatening neoplasm, or tumor. It takes a minimum of one billion cancer cells for a neoplasm to be detectable by conventional radiology and physical examinations. Cancer, which represents more than 100 separate diseases, destroys tissues and organs through invasive growth in a particular part of the body and by metastasizing to distant tissues and organs through the bloodstream or lymph system.

Heredity, lifestyle habits (such as smoking), and a person's exposure to certain viruses, toxic chemicals, and excessive radiation can trigger genetic changes that affect cell growth. The altered genes, or oncogenes, direct cells to multiply abnormally, thereby taking on the aggressive and destructive characteristics of cancer. Treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation are effective with many cancers, but they also end up killing healthy cells. Gene therapy attempts to correct the faulty DNA that causes the uncontrolled growth of cancer cells. Researchers are investigating other treatments, such as immunotherapy (the stimulation of the body's natural defenses), vectorization (aiming chemicals specifically at cancer cells), and nanotechnology (targeting cancer cells with minute objects the size of atoms). Cancer A faint constellation in the Northern Hemisphere near Leo and Gemini. Cancer (the Crab) is the fourth sign of the zodiac. The American Heritage® Science Dictionary Copyright © 2002. Published by Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved. Expand cancer definition A disease characterized by rapid growth of cells in the body, often in the form of a tumor . Cancer is invasive — that is, it can spread to surrounding tissues.

Although this disease is a leading cause of death in the United States, research has provided considerable insight into its many causes (which may include diet, viruses , or environmental factors) and options for treatment (which include radiation , chemotherapy , surgery, and possibly gene therapy ). Note: The term cancer is often used to describe a nonmedical condition that is undesirable, destructive, and invasive: “ Watergate was a cancer on the presidency.” The American Heritage® New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Glossary | Genomic Health, Inc. Anaplastic A term used to describe cancer cells that divide rapidly and have little or no resemblance to normal cells. Anastomosis The joining together of two ends of healthy bowel after diseased bowel has been cut out (resected) by the surgeon. This may be contrasted to a colostomy, when the bowel ends may be permanently diverted, or anastamosed at a later surgery. Antigen A substance that is recognized by the body as being foreign and, as such, can trigger an immune response.

Archived Tumor Sample A tumor sample that has been routinely preserved and stored. Tumor tissue is commonly preserved for storage by being treated with a preservative called formalin and then embedded in paraffin (wax). Aromatase Inhibitor A medication that reduces the amount of estrogen in the body. Aromatase inhibitors may be used to treat women with estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer. Barium enema A barium enema is a series of x-rays of the lower gastrointestinal tract. The barium enema procedure consists of the insertion of barium (a radiolucent solution) to coat the lower gastrointestinal tract. The barium coats the lower gastrointestinal tract and x-rays are taken. On X-ray, areas in which the barium “lights up” may indicate abnormal cell proliferation. This procedure is also called a lower GI series. Biopsy A procedure where tumor tissue is removed from the body for laboratory examination to determine whether or not cancer is present. A biopsy can be performed using a needle to extract a small piece of tissue or as a surgical procedure to remove a larger piece of tissue. BRCA1 and BRCA2 Genes that normally help control cell growth.

A person who inherits an altered version of the BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 gene(s) has a higher risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer. Cancer A condition in which abnormal cells divide without control or fail to die as part of a normal cell's lifecycle. Cancer cells can also invade nearby tissues and can spread through the bloodstream and lymphatic system to other parts of the body. Cancer staging The process of assigning a descriptor (usually numbers I to IV) of how much a cancer has spread in the body. Criteria for staging include: size of tumor, amount of tissue penetration, whether it has invaded adjacent organs, how many lymph Carcinoma Any malignant cancer that comes from epithelial cells. Carcinomas will invade surrounding tissue, and have the propensity to metastasize to the lymph nodes and beyond. Clinical Laboratory Services The biological, microbiological, serological, chemical, immuno-hematological, hematological, biophysical, cytological, pathological or other examination of materials derived from the human body for the purpose of providing information for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of any disease or impairment of—or the assessment of the health of—human beings.

Clinical Trial A research study to test drugs, procedures or testing technologies to determine whether these are effective and/or safe. Clinically Validated Determination that a test is accurate in determining the presence of, or predicting the risk for, a health condition or phenotype, including determination of sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values. Hand Foot Syndrome (Palmar-Plantar Erythrodysesthesia) Also called hand-foot syndrome or hand-to-foot syndrome, Palmar-Plantar Erythrodysesthesia is a side effect, which can occur with several types of chemotherapy or biologic therapy drugs used to treat cancer. Leakage of the drug through the capillaries of the skin of the hands and feet can cause redness, tenderness, and peeling of the skin of the palms and soles. Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colon Cancer (HNPCC) An inherited cancer syndrome. Individuals with HNPCC have an increased risk of developing colon and rectal cancer, as well as other types of cancer. Hormonal Treatment (Hormone Therapy) Medications used to reduce the effect of hormones in the body. In many cases of breast cancer, hormones can fuel the growth of breast cancer.

Common hormonal therapies include tamoxifen and a newer class of drugs called aromatase inhibitors. Hormonal therapies are used to treat women with estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer. Hormone Receptor A protein on the surface of a tumor cell that binds to a certain hormone, activating tumor growth. Human Genome Project An international research and technology-development effort aimed at mapping and sequencing the entire genome of human beings. Stage IIA Breast Cancer The tumor is up to 2 centimeters and has spread to the axillary lymph nodes under the arm, or the tumor is between 2 and 5 centimeters and has not spread to the lymph nodes. Stage IIB Breast Cancer The tumor is between 2 and 5 centimeters and has spread to the lymph nodes under the arm, or the tumor is larger than 5 centimeters in diameter and has not spread to the lymph nodes. Stage IIIA Breast Cancer The tumor is larger than 5 centimeters in diameter and has spread to the lymph nodes under the arm, or the tumor is any size and has spread more extensively in the lymph nodes. Stage IIIB Breast Cancer The tumor is any size and has extended to other tissues near the breast; the tumor may or may not have spread to the lymph nodes.

Stage IV Breast Cancer Cancer that has spread (metastasized) to other locations in the body, such as the lungs, liver, bones or brain. Staging A classification system for breast cancer based on the size of the tumor, whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, and whether the cancer has spread to other sites in the body (metastasis). Surveillance/Follow-Up An ongoing assessment by a patient´s medical team, once treatment has been completed, to assess the cancer´s remission and to look for any evidence of a cancer´s return. TAILORx Although the Oncotype DX test has already been approved for use, research involving the test is ongoing. The Oncotype DX test plays a key role in a current clinical trial, the Trial Assigning IndividuaLized Options for Treatment (Rx), known as TAILORx. Participants will be divided into different treatment groups depending on their Recurrence Score® results. Patients with Recurrence Score results of less than 11, who are at low risk for recurrence and for whom chemotherapy is expected to provide little benefit, will receive hormone therapy alone.

Patients with Recurrence Score results greater than 25, who are at higher risk for recurrence and for whom chemotherapy is expected to provide substantial benefit, will receive hormonal therapy and chemotherapy. Patients with Recurrence Score results between 11 and 25, whose risk for recurrence is moderate and for whom the benefit of chemotherapy is unclear, will be randomized to treatment with hormonal therapy plus chemotherapy versus hormonal therapy alone. The primary objective of the trial is to determine whether hormonal therapy alone offers no less benefit than chemotherapy plus hormonal therapy in women whose Recurrence Score results range from 11 to 25. For more information, please visit the ECOG website. Tamoxifen A medication that interferes with the activity of the hormone estrogen to prevent it from fueling the growth of breast cancer. Tamoxifen is used to treat women with estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer. TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors (TNM) A cancer staging system that describes the extent of cancer in a patient´s body. TNM literally describes Tumor/Nodes/Metastasis.

T describes the size of the tumor and whether it has invaded nearby tissue, N describes the number of regional lymph nodes that are involved, and M describes the presence of other metastases. This system is jointly maintained by the International Union Against Cancer (UICC), and the American Joint Committee on Cancer. Treatment Monitoring An ongoing and frequent assessment by the medical team, during the time of treatment, to monitor how the patient is tolerating the treatment and how the cancer is responding. Tumor Tissue growth where the cells that make up the tissue have multiplied uncontrollably. A tumor can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Tumor Grade The characterization of a tumor based on how similar in appearance the cancer cells are to normal cells, and on how many of those tumor cells are dividing. Tumor grade is one of many factors that, when used in combination, can indicate how aggressive a patient’s cancer is. Tumor Stage This is a number that refers to the size of the tumor and whether the cancer has spread. Tumor stage, expressed as the tumor T score, is one of many factors that, when used in combination, can indicate how aggressive a patient’s cancer is.

Cancer Terms: Cancer Basics | Cancer.Net Cancer Basics Approved by the Cancer.Net Editorial Board , 08/2015 Acute: Refers to symptoms that start and worsen quickly but do not last over a long time. Benign: Refers to a tumor that is not cancerous. The tumor does not usually invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. Biopsy: The removal of a small amount of tissue for examination under a microscope. Other tests can suggest that cancer is present, but only a biopsy can make a definite diagnosis. Learn more about biopsy . Bone marrow: The soft, spongy tissue found in the center of large bones where blood cells are formed. Cancer: A group of more than 100 different diseases that can begin almost anywhere in the body, characterized by abnormal cell growth and the ability to invade nearby tissues. Learn more about the basics of cancer . Carcinoma: Cancer that starts in skin or tissues that line the inside or cover the outside of internal organs. Cells: The basic units that make up the human body.

Chemoprevention: The use of natural, synthetic (made in a laboratory), or biologic (from a living source) substances to reverse, slow down, or prevent the development of cancer. Learn more about chemoprevention . Chemotherapy: The use of drugs to kill cancer cells. Learn more about chemotherapy. Chronic: Refers to a disease or condition that persists, often slowly, over a long time. Imaging test: A procedure that creates pictures of internal body parts, tissues, or organs to make a diagnosis, plan treatment, find out whether treatment is working, or observe a disease over time. In situ: In place. Refers to cancer that has not spread to nearby tissue, also called non-invasive cancer. Invasive cancer: Cancer that has spread outside the layer of tissue in which it started and has the potential to grow into other tissues or parts of the body, also called infiltrating cancer. Laboratory test: A procedure that evaluates a sample of blood, urine, or other substance from the body to make a diagnosis, plan treatment, check whether treatment is working, or observe a disease over time. Leukemia: A cancer of the blood.

Leukemia begins when normal white blood cells change and grow uncontrollably. Localized cancer: Cancer that is confined to the area where it started and has not spread to other parts of the body. Lymph nodes: Tiny, bean-shaped organs that help fight infection. Part of the lymphatic system. Lymphatic system: A network of small vessels, ducts, and organs that carry fluid to and from the bloodstream and body tissues. Through the lymphatic system, cancer can spread to other parts of the body. Lymphoma: A cancer of the lymphatic system. Lymphoma begins when cells in the lymph system change and grow uncontrollably. Sometimes a tumor is formed. Malignant: Refers to a tumor that is cancerous. It may invade nearby healthy tissue or spread to other parts of the body. Mass: A lump in the body. Metastasis: The spread of cancer from the place where the cancer began to another part of the body. Cancer cells can break away from the primary tumor and travel through the blood or the lymphatic system to the lymph nodes, brain, lungs, bones, liver, or other organs. Oncologist: A doctor who specializes in treating people with cancer.

The five main types of oncologists are medical, surgical, radiation, gynecologic, and pediatric oncologists. Learn more about the types of oncologists . Oncology: The study of cancer. Pathologist: A doctor who specializes in interpreting laboratory tests and evaluating cells, tissues, and organs to diagnose disease. Polyp: A growth of normal tissue that usually sticks out from the lining of an organ, such as the colon. Precancerous: Refers to cells that have the potential to become cancerous. Also called pre-malignant. Predisposition: A tendency to develop a disease that can be triggered under certain conditions. For example, although a genetic predisposition to cancer increases a person's risk of developing cancer, it is not certain that the person will develop it. Learn more about genetics . Primary cancer: Describes the original cancer. Prognosis: Chance of recovery; a prediction of the outcome of a disease. Learn more about survival statistics used to estimate a patient’s prognosis. Sarcoma: A cancer that develops in the tissues that support and connect the body, such as fat and muscle. Learn more about sarcoma .

Screening: The process of checking whether a person has a disease or has an increased chance of developing a disease when the person has no symptoms. Secondary cancer: Describes either a new primary cancer (a different type of cancer) that develops after treatment for the first type of cancer, or cancer that has spread to other parts of the body from the place where it started (see metastasis, above). Stage: A way of describing cancer, such as where it is located, whether or where it has spread, and whether it is affecting the functions of other organs in the body. Learn more about stages of cancer . Tumor: A mass formed when normal cells begin to change and grow uncontrollably. A tumor can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous, meaning it can spread to other parts of the body). Also called a nodule or mass. More Information

Question: What word means the spread of a cancer from one organ or part to another non-adjacent organ or part?
Answer: Metastasis