fourth estate - 必应 Sign in Fourth Estate The Fourth Estate (or fourth power) is a societal or political force or institution whose influence is not consistently or officially recognized. "Fourth Estate" most commonly refers to the news media, especially print journalism or "the press". Thomas Carlyle attributed the origin of the term to Edmund Burke, who used it in a parliamentary debate in 1787 on the opening up of press reporting of the House of Commons of Great Britain. Earlier writers have applied the term to lawyers, to the British queens consort (acting as a free agent, independent of the king) ... (展开) , and to the proletariat. The term makes implicit reference to the earlier division of the three Estates of the Realm.

The “fourth estate” is in danger of being overwhelmed by the “fifth estate”, the growing number 是什么意思。。 答 Fourth Estate The press In current use the term is applied to the press, with the earliest use in this sense described by Thomas Carlyle in his book On Heroes and Hero Worship: "Burke said there were Three Estates in Parliament; but, in the Reporters' Gallery yonder, there sat a Fourth Estate more important far than they all." In Burke's 1787 coining he would have been making reference to the traditional three estates of Parliament: The Lords Spiritual, the Lords Temporal and the Commons. If, indeed, Burke did make the statement Carlyle attributes to him, the remark may have been in the back of Carlyle's mind when he wrote in his French Revolution (1837) that "A Fourth Estate, of Able Editors, springs up; increases and multiplies, irrepressible, incalculable." In this context, the other three estates are those of the French States-General: the church, the nobility and the townsmen.

Carlyle, however, may have mistaken his attribution: Thomas Macknight, writing in 1858, observes that Burke was merely a teller at the "illustrious nativity of the Fourth Estate". If Burke is excluded, other candidates for coining the term are Henry Brougham speaking in Parliament in 1823 or 1824 and Thomas Macaulay in an essay of 1828 reviewing Hallam's Constitutional History: "The gallery in which the reporters sit has become a fourth estate of the realm." In 1821, William Hazlitt (whose son, also named William Hazlitt, was another editor of Michel de Montaigne—see below) had applied the term to an individual journalist, William Cobbett, and the phrase soon became well established. Oscar Wilde wrote: In old days men had the rack. Now they have the Press. That is an improvement certainly. But still it is very bad, and wrong, and demoralizing. Somebody — was it Burke? — called journalism the fourth estate. That was true at the time no doubt. But at the present moment it is the only estate. It has eaten up the other three.

The Lords Temporal say nothing, the Lords Spiritual have nothing to say, and the House of Commons has nothing to say and says it. We are dominated by Journalism. In United States English, the phrase "fourth estate" is contrasted with the "fourth branch of government", a term that originated because no direct equivalents to the estates of the realm exist in the United States. The "fourth estate" is used to emphasize the independence of the press, while the "fourth branch" suggests that the press is not independent of the government. The networked Fourth Estate Yochai Benkler, author of the 2006 book The Wealth of Networks, described the "Networked Fourth Estate" in a May 2011 paper published in the Harvard Civil Liberties Review. His explains the growth of non-traditional journalistic media on the Internet and how it affects the traditional press using Wikileaks as an example. When Benkler was asked to testify in the United States vs. PFC Bradley E.

Manning trial, in his statement to the morning 10 July 2013 session of the trial he described the Networked Fourth Estate as the set of practices, organizing models, and technologies that are associated with the free press and provide a public check on the branches of government.:28–29 It differs from the traditional press and the traditional fourth estate in that it has a diverse set of actors instead of a small number of major presses. These actors include small for-profit media organizations, non-profit media organizations, academic centers, and distributed networks of individuals participating in the media process with the larger traditional organizations.:99–100 In European law In 1580 Montaigne proposed that governments should hold in check a fourth estate of lawyers selling justice to the rich and denying it to rightful litigants who do not bribe their way to a verdict: What is more barbarous than to see a nation [...] where justice is lawfully denied him, that hath not wherewithall [sic] to pay for it; and that this merchandize hath so great credit, that in a politicall government there should be set up a fourth estate [tr.

Latin: quatriesme estat] of Lawyers, breathsellers and pettifoggers [...]. — Michel de Montaigne, in the translation by John Florio, 1603 The proletariat An early citation for this is Henry Fielding in The Covent Garden Journal (1752): None of our political writers ... take notice of any more than three estates, namely, Kings, Lords, and Commons ... passing by in silence that very large and powerful body which form the fourth estate in this community ... The Mob. (This is an early use of "mob" to mean the mobile vulgus, the common masses.) This sense has prevailed in other countries: In Italy, for example, striking workers in 1890s Turin were depicted as Il quarto stato—The Fourth Estate—in a painting by Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo. A political journal of the left, Quarto Stato, published in Milan, Italy, in 1926, also reflected this meaning.

Far-right theorist Julius Evola saw the Fourth Estate as the final point of his historical cycle theory, the regression of the castes: [T]here are four stages: in the first stage, the elite has a purely spiritual character, embodying what may be generally called "divine right." This elite expresses an ideal of immaterial virility. In the second stage, the elite has the character of warrior nobility; at the third stage we find the advent of oligarchies of a plutocratic and capitalistic nature, such as they arise in democracies; the fourth and last elite is that of the collectivist and revolutionary leaders of the Fourth Estate. — Julius Evola, Men Among The Ruins, p. 164 ^ Schultz, Julianne (1998). Reviving the fourth estate. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p.49. ISBN978-0-521-62970-6. ^ "estate, n, 7b". Oxford English Dictionary (2 ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 1989. ^ Carlyle, Thomas (19 May 1840).

"Lecture V: The Hero as Man of Letters. Johnson, Rousseau, Burns". On Heroes, Hero-Worship, & the Heroic in History. Six Lectures. Reported with emendations and additions (Dent, 1908 ed.). London: James Fraser. p.392. OCLC2158602. ^ a b OED: "estate, n, 6a" ^ "The French Revolution". London: Griffith Farrane Browne. pp.146–148. Retrieved 12 November 2009. |chapter= ignored (help) ^ Macknight, Thomas (1858). History of the life and times of Edmund Burke 1. London: Chapman and Hall. p.462. OCLC3565018. ^ Ross, Charles (9 June 1855). "Replies to Minor Queries". Notes and Queries (London: William Thoms) 11 (294): 452. Ross (October 1800–6 December 1884) was chief parliamentary reporter for The Times.

^ Macaulay, Thomas (September 1828). "Hallam's constitutional history". The Edinburgh Review (London: Longmans) 48: 165. ^ Hazlitt, William (1835). Character of W. Cobbett M. P. Finsbury, London: J Watson. p.3. OCLC4451746. He is too much for any single newspaper antagonist...He is a kind of fourth estate in the politics of the country. ^ de Montaigne, Michel; Cotton, Charles (1680). Hazlitt, William, ed. The Complete Works of Michael de Montaigne (1842 ed.). London: J Templeman. ^ Wilde, Oscar (February 1891). "The Soul of Man under Socialism". Fortnightly Review 49 (290): 292–319. ^ Martin A. Lee and Norman Solomon. Unreliable Sources (New York, NY: Lyle Stuart, 1990) ISBN 0-8184-0521-X ^ Benkler, Yochai (2011).

"Free Irresponsible Press: Wikileaks and the Battle over the Soul of the Networked Fourth Estate" (PDF). Harv. CR-CLL Rev. 46: 311. Retrieved 11 July 2013. ^ a b "US vs Bradley Manning, Volume 17 July 10, 2013 Afternoon Session" (PDF). Freedom of the Press Foundation: Transcripts from Bradley Manning's Trial. 10 July 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2014. ^ "US vs Bradley Manning, Volume 17 July 10, 2013 Morning Session" (PDF). Freedom of the Press Foundation: Transcripts from Bradley Manning's Trial. 10 July 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-07-12. Retrieved 18 June 2014.

^ John Florio (tr.) (1603), Michel de Montaigne 1, Folio Society (published 2006), p.104 ^ For a more recent translation, see Hazlitt's edition of 1842:"What can be more outrageous than to see a nation where, by lawful custom, the office of a Judge is to be bought and sold, where judgments are paid for with ready money, and where justice may be legally denied him that has not the wherewithal [sic] to pay...a fourth estate of wrangling lawyers to add to the three ancient ones of the church, nobility and people, which fourth estate, having the laws in their hands, and sovereign power over men's lives and fortunes, make a body separate from the nobility." (Hazlitt 1842: 45) ^ Fielding, Henry (13 June 1752). Covent Garden Journal (London) (47). Missing or empty |title= (help), Quoted in OED "estate, n, 7b". ^ Paulicelli, Eugenia (2001).

Barański, Zygmunt G.; West, Rebecca J., ed. The Cambridge companion to modern Italian culture. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p.248. ISBN978-0-521-55982-9. For his painting, Pellizza transferred the action to his home village of Volpedo. ^ Pugliese, Stanislao G. (1999). Carlo Rosselli: Socialist Heretic and Antifascist Exile. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp.67–69. ISBN978-0-674-00053-7. ^ Edmund Burke, ed. (1792). Dodsley's Annual Register for 1789 31. London: J Dodsley. p.112. The Whigs in parliament supported the transfer of power to the Regent, rather than the sick king's consort, Queen Charlotte. The Fourth Estate (or fourth power) is a societal or political force or institution whose influence is not consistently or officially recognized.

如要轻松整理及新增数码媒体收藏，iTunes 是全世界最简单的工具。 我们在您的电脑上找不到 iTunes。 要下载和订阅2SER的Fourth Estate，请现在获得 iTunes。 the fourth estate 下等社会;第四等级 fourth estate 新闻界 the fourth 七月四号的“美国独立纪念日” THE FOURTH WORLD 第四世界 go to the fourth phr. 上厕所 to the fourth … The Fourth Estate电影简介和剧情介绍,The Fourth Estate影评、图片、预告片、影讯、论坛、在线购票 ... 我要写影评 The Fourth Estate的影评 · · · · · · (全部 0 条) > 去 ... Fourth Estate Fourth Estate For other uses, see Fourth Estate (disambiguation) . The Fourth Estate is a term referring to the press . In this sense the term goes back at least to Thomas Carlyle , who attributed it, possibly erroneously, to a coining by Edmund Burke during a parliamentary debate in 1787 on the opening up of press reporting of the House of Commons .

[1] Earlier writers have applied the term to lawyers, to the queen of England, acting on her own account distinct from the power of the king, and to "the mob ". Contents 6 External links [ edit ] History of the primary meaning The term in current use is now appropriated to the Press, [2] with the earliest use in this sense described by Thomas Carlyle in his book On Heroes and Hero Worship: Burke said there were Three Estates in Parliament; but, in the Reporters' Gallery yonder, there sat a Fourth Estate more important far than they all. [3] In Burke's 1787 coining he would have been making reference to the traditional three estates of Parliament : The Lords Spiritual , the Lords Temporal and the Commons.

[4] If, indeed, Burke did make the statement Carlyle attributes to him, the remark may have been in the back of Carlyle's mind when he wrote in his French Revolution (1837), "A Fourth Estate, of Able Editors, springs up; increases and multiplies, irrepressible, incalculable." [5] In this context, the other three estates are those of the French States-General : the church , the nobility and the townsmen . [4] Carlyle, however, may have mistaken his attribution: Thomas Macknight, writing in 1858, observes that Burke was merely a teller at the "illustrious nativity of the Fourth Estate". [6] If Burke is excluded, other candidates for coining the term are Henry Brougham speaking in Parliament in 1823 or 1824 and Thomas Macaulay in an essay of 1828 reviewing Hallam's Constitutional History : "The gallery in which the reporters sit has become a fourth estate of the realm." [2] [7] Author Oscar Wilde wrote: In old days men had the rack. Now they have the press. That is an improvement certainly.

But still it is very bad, and wrong, and demoralizing. Somebody âï¿½ï¿½ was it Burke? âï¿½ï¿½ called journalism the fourth estate. That was true at the time no doubt. But at the present moment it is the only estate. It has eaten up the other three. The Lords Temporal say nothing, the Lords Spiritual have nothing to say, and the House of Commons has nothing to say and says it. We are dominated by Journalism. [8] In American usage, the phrase "fourth estate" is contrasted with the " fourth branch of government ", with "fourth estate" used to emphasize the independence of the press, while "fourth branch" suggests that the press is not independent of the government.

[9] [ edit ] The law In 1580 Montaigne proposed that governments should hold in check a fourth estate of lawyers selling justice to the rich and denying it to rightful litigants who do not bribe their way to a verdict: [10] What is more barbarous than to see a nation [...] where justice is lawfully denied him, that hath not wherewithall to pay for it; and that this merchandize hath so great credit, that in a politicall government there should be set up a fourth estate [tr. Latin : quatriesme estat] of Lawyers, breathsellers and pettifoggers [...]. âï¿½ï¿½Michel de Montaigne, in the translation by John Florio , 1603 An early citation for this is Henry Fielding in The Covent Garden Journal (1752): None of our political writers...take notice of any more than three estates, namely, Kings, Lords, and Commons..passing by in silence that very large and powerful body which form the fourth estate in this community...The Mob.

[11] (This is an early use of "mob" to mean the mobile vulgus , the common masses .) This sense has prevailed in other countries: In Italy, for example, striking workers in 1890s Turin were depicted as Il quarto statoâï¿½ï¿½The Fourth Estateâï¿½ï¿½in a painting by Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo. [12] A political journal of the left, Quarto Stato , published in Milan, Italy, in 1926, also reflected this meaning. [13] [ edit ] The English queen In a parliamentary debate of 1789 M.P. Thomas Powys demanded of minister William Pitt that he should not allow powers of regency to "a fourth estate: the queen". This account comes to us in the journalism of Burke who, as noted above, apparently was the first to use the phrase in its later meaning of "press". [14] [ edit ] Fiction In his novel The Fourth Estate Jeffrey Archer made the observation: "In May 1789, Louis XVI summoned to Versailles a full meeting of the ' Estates General '. The First Estate consisted of three hundred clergy.

The Second Estate, three hundred nobles. The Third Estate, six hundred commoners." The book is a fictionalization from episodes in the lives of two real-life press barons: Robert Maxwell and Rupert Murdoch . MIKIPEDIA LAW BLOG: ESTATES OF THE REALM Wednesday, February 27, 2013 ESTATES OF THE REALM Estates of the realm were the broad divisions of a hierarchically conceived society, usually distinguishing nobility , clergy , and commoners recognized in the Middle Ages and in Early Modern Europe. While various realms inverted the order of the first two, commoners were universally tertiary, and often further divided into burghers (also known as bourgeoisie ) and peasants ; in some regions, there also was a population outside the estates. An estate was usually inherited and based on occupation, similar to a caste . Legislative bodies or advisory bodies to a monarch were traditionally grouped along lines of these estates, with the monarch above all three estates. Meetings of the estates of the realm became early legislative and judicial parliaments (see The States). Monarchs often sought to legitimize their power by requiring oaths of fealty from the estates.

Estates in the Kingdom of France Main article: Ancien Régime in France France under the Ancien Régime (before the French Revolution ) divided society into three estates: the First Estate ( clergy ); the Second Estate ( nobility ); and the Third Estate ( commoners ). The king was considered part of no estate. The First Estate (Fr. premier état) was the clergy . First Estate The First Estate comprised the entire clergy, traditionally divided into "higher" and "lower" clergy. Although there was no formal demarcation between the two categories, the upper clergy were, effectively, clerical nobility, from the families of the Second Estate. In the time of Louis XVI, every bishop in France was a nobleman, a situation that had not existed before the 18th century.[1] At the other extreme, the "lower clergy" ( about equally divided between parish priests and monks and nuns) constituted about 90 percent of the First Estate, which in 1789 numbered around 130,000 (about 0.5% of the population). Second Estate The Second Estate (Fr.

deuxieme état) was the French nobility and (technically, though not in common use) royalty , other than the monarch himself who, stood outside of the system of estates. The Second Estate is traditionally divided into "noblesse de robe" ("nobility of the robe"), the magisterial class that administered royal justice and civil government, and "noblesse d'épée" ("nobility of the sword"). The Second Estate constituted approximately 1.5% of France's population.[citation needed] Under the ancien régime, the Second Estate were exempt from the corvée royale (forced labour on the roads) and from most other forms of taxation such as the gabelle (salt tax) and most important, the taille (the oldest form of direct taxation). This exemption from paying taxes led to their reluctance to reform. Third Estate The Third Estate was the generality (or the statement) of people which were not part of the other estates. The Third Estate comprised all those not members of the above and can be divided into two groups, urban and rural. The urban included the bourgeoisie 8% of France's population, as well as wage-laborers (such as craftsmen).

The rural includes the peasantry, or the farming class (about 90% of the population). The Third Estate includes some of what would now be considered middle class —e.g., the budding town bourgeoisie. What united the Third Estate is that most had little or no wealth and yet were forced to pay disproportionately high taxes to the other Estates. The French Estates General See main articles French Estates General, Estates General of 1789 The first Estates General (not to be confused with a "class of citizen") was actually a general citizen assembly that was called by Philip IV in 1302. In the period leading up to the Estates General of 1789, France was in the grip of an unmanageable public debt and terrible inflation and food scarcity. This led to widespread popular discontent and produced a group of third estate representatives pressing a comparatively radical set of reforms - much of it in alignment with the goals of finance minister Jacques Necker but very much against the wishes of Louis XVI 's court and many of the hereditary nobles forming the second estate. Louis sought to dissolve the estates general after they refused to accept his agenda, but the third estate held out for their right to representation.

The lower clergy (and some nobles and upper clergy) eventually sided with the third estate, and the king was forced to yield. The States-General was reconstituted first as the National Assembly (June 17, 1789) and then as the National Constituent Assembly (July 9, 1789), a unitary body composed of the former representatives of the three estates. Britain England The canonical three estates of France were never more than theoretically applied in England, where they never had the force of law, facilitating the climb from a low estate to a high position in the king's service and a noble title. Huizinga detected the common conception of divine institution that linked the idea of estates: There are, first of all, the estates of the realm, but there are also the trades, the state of matrimony and that of virginity, the state of sin. At court there are the 'four estates of the body and mouth': bread-masters, cup-bearers, carvers, and cooks. In the Church there are sacerdotal orders and monastic orders. Finally there are the different orders of chivalry.

Scotland The members of the parliament of Scotland were collectively referred to as the Three Estates (Older Scots: Thre Estaitis), also known as the community of the realm, and until 1690 composed of: the first estate of prelates ( bishops and abbots) the second estate of lairds ( dukes , earls , parliamentary peers (after 1437) and lay tenants-in-chief) the third estate of burgh commissioners (representatives chosen by the royal burghs) The First Estate was overthrown during the Glorious Revolution and the accession of William II . [1] The Second Estate was then split into two to retain the division into three. From the 16th century, the second estate was reorganised by the selection of Shire Commissioners: this has been argued to have created a fourth estate. During the 17th century, after the Union of the Crowns , a fifth estate of royal office holders (see Lord High Commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland ) has been identified as well. These latter identifications remain highly controversial among parliamentary historians. Regardless, the term used for the assembled members continued to be 'the Three Estates'.

A Shire Commissioner was the closest equivalent of the English office of Member of Parliament , namely a commoner or member of the lower nobility. Because the parliament of Scotland was unicameral, all members sat in the same chamber , as opposed to the separate English House of Lords and House of Commons . The Parliament also had University constituencies (see Ancient universities of Scotland). The system was also adopted by the Parliament of England when James VI ascended to the English throne. It was believed that the universities were affected by the decisions of Parliament and ought therefore to have representation in it. This continued in the Parliament of Great Britain after 1707 and the Parliament of the United Kingdom until 1950. In Sweden and Finland The Estates in Sweden (including Finland ) and later also the Finland were the two higher estates nobility , clergy and the two lower estates burghers and land-owning peasants. Each were free men, and had specific rights and responsibilities, and the right to send representatives to the governing assembly, the Riksdag of the Estates in Sweden and Diet of Finland (after being conquered by Russia in 1809), respectively.

Also, there was a population outside the estates; unlike in other areas, people had no "default" estate, and were not peasants unless they came from a land-owner's family. A summary of this division is: Nobility (see Finnish nobility and Swedish nobility ) was exempt from tax, had an inherited rank and the right to keep a fief, and had a tradition of military service and government. Nobility was established in 1279 with the Swedish king granted tax-free status (frälse) to peasants who could equip a cavalryman (or be one themselves) in the king's army. Initially, exemption from tax was not inherited, but it became hereditary in 1544. Following Axel Oxenstierna 's reform, government positions were open only to nobles. However, the nobility still owned only their own property, not the peasants or their land as in much of Europe . Heads of the noble houses were hereditary members of the assembly of nobles. The Nobility is divided into titled nobility ( counts and barons ) and lower nobility .

Until the 18th century the lower nobility was in turn was divided into Knights and Esquires such that each of the three classes would first vote internally, giving one vote per class in the assembly. This resulted in great political influence for the higher nobility. Clergy, or priests, were exempt from tax, and collected tithes for the church. After the Reformation , the church became Lutheran. In later centuries, the estate included teachers of universities and certain state schools. The estate was governed by the state church which consecrated its ministers and appointed them to positions with a vote in choosing diet representatives. Burghers are city-dwellers, tradesmen and craftsmen. Trade was allowed only in the cities when the mercantilistic ideology had got the upper hand, and the burghers had the exclusive right to conduct commerce. Entry to this Estate is controlled by the autonomy of the towns themselves. Peasants were allowed to sell their produce within the city limits, but any further trade, particularly foreign trade, was allowed only for burghers. In order for a settlement to become a city, a royal charter granting market right was required, and foreign trade required royally chartered staple port rights.

After the annexation of Finland into Imperial Russia in 1809, mill-owners and other proto-industrialists would gradually be included in this estate. Peasants are land-owners of land-taxed farms and their families, which represented the majority in medieval times. Since most of the population were independent farmer families until 19th century, not serfs nor villeins, there is a remarkable difference in tradition compared to other European countries. Entry was controlled by ownership of farmland, which was not generally for sale but a hereditary property. After 1809, tenants renting a large enough farm (ten times larger than what was required of peasants owning their own farm) were included as well as non-nobility owning tax-exempt land. To no estate belonged propertyless cottagers , villeins, tenants of farms owned by others, farmhands, servants, some lower administrative workers, rural craftsmen, travelling salesmen, vagrants, and propertyless and unemployed people (who sometimes lived in strangers' houses). To reflect how the people belonging to the estates saw them, the Finnish word for "obscene", säädytön, has the literal meaning "estateless".

In Sweden, the Riksdag of the Estates existed until it was replaced with a bicameral Riksdag in 1866, which gave political rights to anyone with a certain income or property. Nevertheless, many of the leading politicians of the 19th century continued to be drawn from the old estates, in that they were either noblemen themselves, or represented agricultural and urban interests. Ennoblements continued even after the estates had lost their political importance, with the last ennoblement of explorer( Sven Hedin ) taking place in 1902; this practice was formally abolished with the adoption of the new Constitution 1.1.1975, while the status of the House of Nobility continued to be regulated in law until 2003. In Finland, this legal division existed until the modern age. However, at the start of the 20th century, most of the population did not belong to any Estate and had no political representation. A particularly large class were the rent farmers, who did not own the land they cultivated, but had to work in the land-owner's farm to pay their rent.

(Unlike Russia, there were no slaves or serfs.) Furthermore, the industrial workers living in the city were not represented by the four-estate system. The political system was reformed, and the last Diet was dissolved in 1905, to create the modern parliamentary system, ending the political privileges of the estates. The constitution of 1919 forbade giving new noble ranks, and all tax privileges were abolished in 1920. The privileges of the estates were officially and finally abolished in 1995, [2] although in legal practice, the privileges had long been unenforceable. However, the nobility has never been officially abolished and records of nobility are still voluntarily maintained by the Finnish House of Nobility . Nevertheless, the old traditions and in particular ownership of property changed slowly, and the rent-farmer problem became so severe that it was a major cause to the Finnish Civil War .

Although the division became irrelevant following the establishment of a parliamentary democracy and political parties, industrialization and urbanization , it might be possible to claim that their traditions live on in the political parties of Sweden and Finland, in the sense that there are parties that have traditionally represented upper-class and business interests ( Moderate Party and Coalition Party) and farmers (the Centre Parties of Sweden and Finland ).[citation needed] In Finland, it is still illegal and punishable by jail time (up to one year) to defraud into marriage by declaring a false name or estate (Rikoslaki 18 luku § 1/Strafflagen 18 kap. § 1). In the Holy Roman Empire Main article: Imperial State The Holy Roman Empire had the Imperial Diet (Reichstag). The clergy was represented by the independent prince-bishops, prince-archbishops and prince-abbots of the many monasteries. The nobility consisted of independent aristocratic rulers: secular prince-electors , kings, dukes, margraves, counts and others. Burghers consisted of representatives of the independent imperial cities.

Many peoples whose territories within the Holy Roman Empire had been independent for centuries had no representatives in the Imperial Diet, and this included the Imperial Knights and independent villages. The power of the Imperial Diet was limited, despite efforts of centralization. Large realms of the nobility or clergy had estates of their own that could wield great power in local affairs. Power struggles between ruler and estates were comparable to similar events in the history of the British and French parliaments. The Swabian League , a significant regional power in its part of Germany during the 15th Century, also had its own kind of Estates, a governing Federal Council comprising three Colleges: those of Princes, Cities, and Knights. In the Russian Empire Main article: Social estates in the Russian Empire In late Russian Empire the estates were called sosloviyes. The four major estates were: nobility (dvoryanstvo), clergy , rural dwellers, and urban dwellers, with a more detailed stratification therein. The division in estates was of mixed nature: traditional, occupational, as well as formal: for example, voting in Duma was carried out by estates. Russian Empire Census recorded the reported estate of a person.

In Catalonia Main article: Catalan Parliament The Parliament of Catalonia (Corts Catalanes) was established in 1283, according to American historian Thomas Bisson , and it has been considered by several historians as a model of medieval parliament . For instance, English historian of constitutionalism Charles Howard McIlwain wrote that the Parliament of Catalonia, during the 14th century, had a more defined organization and met more regularly than the parliaments of England or France. [3] The roots of the parliament institution in Catalonia stem from the Sanctuary and Truce Assemblies (assemblees de pau i treva) that started on the 11th century. The members of the parliament of Catalonia were organized in the Three Estates (Catalan: Tres Braços): the "military estate" (braç militar) with representatives of the feudal nobility the "ecclesiastical estate" (braç eclesiàstic) with representatives of the religious hierarchy the "royal estate" (braç reial) with representatives of the free municipalities under royal privilege The parliament institution was abolished in 1716, together with the rest of institutions of Catalonia, after the War of the Spanish Succession .

ETHICAL DONATORS AND COMMUNITY MEMBERS REQUIRED, TO FILL THIS SPACE WITH YOUR POLITICAL SLOGANS, ADVERTISING OFFERS, WEBSITE DETAILS, CHARITY REQUESTS, LECTURE OPPORTUNITIES, EDUCATIONAL WORKSHOPS, SPIRITUAL AND/OR HEALTH ENLIGHTENMENT COURSES. AS AN IMPORTANT MEMBER OF THE GLOBAL INDEPENDENT MEDIA COMMUNITY, MIKIVERSE LAW HONOURABLY REQUESTS YOUR HELP TO KEEP YOUR NEWS, DIVERSE,AND FREE OF CORPORATE, GOVERNMENT SPIN AND CONTROL. FOR MORE INFO ON HOW YOU MAY ASSIST, PLEASE CONTACT:themikiverse@gmail.com Posted by Tetractys Merkaba at Bytes: The Fourth Estate Monday, August 9, 2010 The Fourth Estate With all the fuss as to whether Mark Latham is or is not a journalist, I started wondering why journos are referred to (amongst other things) as “the Fourth Estate”.

Following is an explanation and some comments: - Although the term “Fourth Estate” was at various early times used to refer to lawyers, to the Queen of England acting on her own account separate from the King, and to “the mob”, today the term is used to refer to the Press. - Prior to the development of the concept of the Fourth Estate, there were three traditional estates, or groups/classes, in society: the clergy (the First Estate), the nobility (the Second Estate) and the commoners (the Third Estate). The First Estate, also known as The Lords Spiritual comprised those members of the clergy, mostly bishops, who sat in the House of Lords. The Second Estate, also known as the Lords Temporal, comprised those members of the House of Lords who were hereditary peers, Law Lords, or Lords appointed for life. The Third Estate is the House of Commons, the lower house, or "people's house" of the British Parliament, now the seat of government. - The notion that the Press is the fourth estate rests on the idea that the media's function is to act as a guardian of the public interest and as a watchdog on the activities of government.

Not everyone shares this view of journos, certainly Laurie Oakes does not see Mark Latham in this light. - Although it is believed that the term was coined by Edmund Burke, the earliest recorded use of the term Fourth Estate to refer to the Press is in 1787 when Thomas Carlyle in his book On Heroes and Hero Worship wrote: Burke said there were Three Estates in Parliament; but, in the Reporters' Gallery yonder, there sat a Fourth Estate more important far than they all. - In 1828 Thomas Macauley, in reviewing Hallam’s Constitutional History, wrote: “The gallery in which the reporters sit has become a fourth estate of the realm." - Oscar Wilde was not impressed with journos: "In old days men had the rack. Now they have the press. That is an improvement certainly. But still it is very bad, and wrong, and demoralizing. Somebody — was it Burke? — called journalism the fourth estate. That was true at the time no doubt. But at the present moment it is the only estate. It has eaten up the other three.

The Lords Temporal say nothing, the Lords Spiritual have nothing to say, and the House of Commons has nothing to say and says it. We are dominated by Journalism." Posted by What does Estate mean? This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word Estate Princeton's WordNet(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: estate(noun) everything you own; all of your assets (whether real property or personal property) and liabilities estate, land, landed estate, acres, demesne(noun) extensive landed property (especially in the country) retained by the owner for his own use "the family owned a large estate on Long Island" estate of the realm, estate, the three estates(noun) a major social class or order of persons regarded collectively as part of the body politic of the country (especially in the United Kingdom) and formerly possessing distinct political rights Wiktionary(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: estate(Noun) tom settle as a fortune Estate(verb) to endow with an estate Origin: [OF. estat, F. tat, L. status, fr. stare to stand. See Stand, and cf.

State.] Freebase(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Estate An estate comprises the houses and outbuildings and supporting farmland and woods that surround the gardens and grounds of a very large property, such as a country house or mansion. It is the modern term for a manor, but lacks the latter's now abolished jurisdictional authority. It is an "estate" because the profits from its produce and rents are sufficient to support the household in the house at its center, formerly known as the manor house. Thus "the estate" may refer to all other cottages and villages in the same ownership as the mansion itself, covering more than one former manor. An example of such great estates are Woburn Abbey in Bedfordshire, England, and Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire built to replace the former manor house of Woodstock. "Estate", with its "stately home" connotations, has been a natural candidate for inflationary usage during the 20th century. An estate properly so-called should comprise several farms, and is not well used to describe a single farm.

Chambers 20th Century Dictionary(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Estate es-tāt′, n. condition or rank: position: property, esp. landed property: fortune: an order or class of men in the body-politic: (pl.) dominions: possessions.—v.t. to give an estate to: (arch.) to bestow upon.—n. Estates′man, statesman.—Man's estate, the state of manhood; The estates of the realm are three—Lords Spiritual, Lords Temporal, and Commons; but often misused for the legislature—king, lords, and commons.—The ancient parliament of Scotland consisted of the king and the Three Estates—viz.: (1) archbishops, bishops, abbots, and mitred priors; (2) the barons and the commissioners of shires and stewartries; (3) the commissioners from the royal burghs;—in France, the nobles, clergy, and Third Estate (tiers état) remained separate down to 1789; The fourth estate, often used humorously for the press. [O. Fr. estat (Fr.

état)—L. status, a state.] British National Corpus Rank popularity for the word 'Estate' in Spoken Corpus Frequency: #1983 Written Corpus Frequency Rank popularity for the word 'Estate' in Written Corpus Frequency: #1656 Nouns Frequency The numerical value of Estate in Chaldean Numerology is: 4 Pythagorean Numerology Estates of the realm - The Full Wiki The Full Wiki More info on Estates of the realm Wikis Estates of the realm: Wikis Advertisements Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . Related top topics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia "Cleric, Knight, and Workman": the three estates in medieval illumination Estates of the realm were the broad divisions of society, usually distinguishing nobility , clergy , and commoners recognized in the Middle Ages and later, in some parts of Europe .

While various realms inverted the order of the first two, commoners were universally tertiary, and often further divided into burghers (also known as bourgeoisie ) and peasants ; in some regions, there also was a population outside the estates. An estate was usually inherited and based on occupation, similar to a caste . Legislative bodies or advisory bodies to a monarch were traditionally grouped along lines of these estates, with the monarch above all three estates. Meetings of the estates of the realm became early legislative and judicial parliaments (see The States ). Two medieval parliaments derived their name from the estates of the realm: the primarily tricameral Estates-General ( French : États-Généraux) of the Kingdom of France (the analogue to the bicameral Parliament of England but with no constitutional tradition of vested powers, the French monarchy remaining absolute ); and the unicameral Estates of Parliament , also known as the Three Estates ( Scots : Thrie Estaitis), the parliament of the Kingdom of Scotland (which had more power over the monarch than the French assembly, but less than the English one), and its sister institution the Convention of Estates of Scotland .

Monarchs often sought to legitimize their power by requiring oaths of fealty from the estates. Contents France under the Ancien Régime (before the French Revolution ) divided society into three estates: the First Estate ( clergy ); the Second Estate ( nobility ); and the Third Estate ( commoners ). The king was considered part of no estate. The First Estate (Fr. premier état) was the clergy . Advertisements First Estate The First Estate comprised the entire clergy, traditionally divided into "higher" and "lower" clergy. Although there was no formal demarcation between the two categories, the upper clergy were, effectively, clerical nobility, from the families of the Second Estate. In the time of Louis XVI , every bishop in France was a nobleman, a situation that had not existed before the 18th century. [1] At the other extreme, the "lower clergy" ( about equally divided between parish priests and monks and nuns ) constituted about 90 percent of the First Estate, which in 1789 numbered around 130,000 (about 0.5% of the population).

In principle, the responsibilities of the First Estate included the registration of births, marriages and deaths. They collected the tithe (dîme, usually 10 percent); served as moral guides; operated schools and hospitals; and distributed relief to the poor. They also owned 10 percent of all the land in France, which was exempt from property tax . [1] The church did however pay the state a so-called "free gift" known as a don gratuit, which was collected via the décime, a tax on ecclesiastic offices. The French inheritance system of primogeniture meant that nearly all French fortunes would pass largely in a single line, through the eldest son. Hence, it became very common for second sons to join the clergy. Although some dedicated churchmen came out of this system, much of the higher clergy continued to live the lives of aristocrats, enjoying the wealth derived from church lands and tithes and, in some cases, paying little or no attention to their pastoral duties.

The ostentatious wealth of the higher clergy was, no doubt, partly responsible for the widespread anticlericalism in France, dating back as far as the Middle Ages , and was certainly responsible for the element of class resentment within the anticlericalism of many peasants and wage-earners. The first estates had to pay no taxes to the second and third estates. Similar class resentments existed within the First Estate. During the latter years of the Ancien Régime, the Catholic Church in France (the Gallican Church ) was a separate entity within the realm of Papal control, both a State within a State and Church within a Church. The King had the right to make appointments to the bishoprics, abbeys, and priories and the right to regulate the clergy. [2] Second Estate The Second Estate (Fr. deuxieme état) was the French nobility (or any man who owned land) and (technically, though not in common use) royalty , other than the monarch himself, who stood outside of the system of estates.

The Second Estate is traditionally divided into " noblesse de robe " ("nobility of the robe"), the magisterial class that administered royal justice and civil government, and " noblesse d'épée " ("nobility of the sword"). The Second Estate constituted approximately 1.5% of France's population.[citation needed] Under the ancien régime, the Second Estate were exempt from the corvée royale (forced labour on the roads) and from most other forms of taxation such as the gabelle (salt tax) and most important, the taille (the oldest form of direct taxation). This exemption from paying taxes led to their reluctance to reform. Third Estate The Third Estate was the generality of people which were not part of the other estates. The Third Estate comprised all those not members of the above and can be divided into two groups, urban and rural. The urban included the bourgeoisie , as well as wage-labor (such as craftsmen). The rural includes the peasantry, or the farming class. The Third Estate includes some of what would now be considered middle class - e.g. the budding town bourgeoisie.

What united the third estate is that most had little or no wealth and yet were forced to pay disproportionately high taxes to the other estates. The French Estates General See main articles French Estates General , Estates General of 1789 The first Estates General (not to be confused with a "class of citizen") was actually a general citizen assembly that was called by Philip IV in 1302. In the period leading up to the Estates General of 1789 , France was in the grip of an unmanageable public debt and terrible inflation and food scarcity. This led to widespread popular discontent and produced a group of third estate representatives pressing a comparatively radical set of reforms - much of it in alignment with the goals of finance minister Jacques Necker but very much against the wishes of Louis XVI 's court and many of the hereditary nobles forming the second estate. Louis sought to dissolve the estates general after they refused to accept his agenda, but the third estate held out for their right to representation. The lower clergy (and some nobles and upper clergy) eventually sided with the third estate, and the king was forced to yield.

The States-General was reconstituted first as the National Assembly (June 17, 1789) and then as the National Constituent Assembly (July 9, 1789), a unitary body composed of the former representatives of the three estates. In Scotland the second estate of lairds ( dukes , earls , parliamentary peers (after 1437) and lay tenants-in-chief ) the third estate of burgh commissioners (representatives chosen by the royal burghs ) From the 16th century, the second estate was reorganised by the selection of Shire Commissioners : this has been argued to have created a fourth estate. During the 17th century, after the Union of the Crowns , a fifth estate of royal office holders (see Lord High Commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland ) has been identified as well. These latter identifications remain highly controversial among parliamentary historians. Regardless, the term used for the assembled members continued to be 'the Three Estates'. A Shire Commissioner was the closest equivalent of the English office of Member of Parliament , namely a commoner or member of the lower nobility.

Because the parliament of Scotland was unicameral, all members sat in the same chamber , as opposed to the separate English House of Lords and House of Commons . The Parliament also had University constituencies (see Ancient universities of Scotland ). The system was also adopted by the Parliament of England when James VI ascended to the English throne . It was believed that the universities were affected by the decisions of Parliament and ought therefore to have representation in it. This continued in the Parliament of Great Britain after 1707 and the Parliament of the United Kingdom until 1950. In Sweden and Finland The Estates in Sweden and Finland were the two higher estates nobility , clergy and the two lower estates burghers and land-owning peasants . Each were free men, and had specific rights and responsibilities, and the right to send representatives to the governing assembly, the Riksdag of the Estates in Sweden and the Diet of Finland (only after 1809), respectively. Also, there was a population outside the estates; unlike in other areas, people had no "default" estate, and were not peasants unless they came from a land-owner's family.

A summary of this division is: Nobility (see Finnish nobility and Swedish nobility ) is exempt from tax, has an inherited rank and the right to keep a fief , and has a tradition of military service and government. Nobility was established in 1279 with the Swedish king granted tax-free status (frälse) to peasants who could equip a cavalryman (or be one themselves) in the king's army. Initially, exemption from tax was not inherited, but it became hereditary in 1544. Following Axel Oxenstierna 's reform, government positions were open only to nobles. However, the nobility still owned only their own property, not the peasants or their land as in much of Europe . Heads of the noble houses were hereditary members of the assembly of nobles. Clergy, or priests, were exempt from tax, and collected tithes for the church. After the Reformation , the church became Lutheran . In later centuries, the estate included teachers of universities and certain state schools. The estate was governed by the state church which consecrated its ministers and appointed them to positions with a vote in choosing diet representatives.

Burghers are city-dwellers, tradesmen and craftsmen. Trade was allowed only in the cities when the mercantilistic ideology had got the upper hand, and the burghers had the exclusive right to conduct commerce. Entry to this Estate is controlled by the autonomy of the towns themselves. Peasants were allowed to sell their produce within the city limits, but any further trade, particularly foreign trade, was allowed only for burghers. In order for a settlement to become a city, a royal charter granting market right was required, and foreign trade required royally chartered staple port rights. After the annexation of Finland into Imperial Russia in 1809, mill-owners and other proto-industrialists would gradually be included in this estate. Peasants are land-owners of land-taxed farms and their families, which represented the majority in medieval times. Since most of the population were independent farmer families until 19th century, not serfs nor villeins, there is a remarkable difference in tradition compared to other European countries. Entry was controlled by ownership of farmland, which was not generally for sale but a hereditary property.

After 1809, tenants renting a large enough farm (ten times larger than what was required of peasants owning their own farm) were included as well as non-nobility owning tax-exempt land. To no estate belonged propertyless cottagers , villeins , tenants of farms owned by others, farmhands, servants, some lower administrative workers, rural craftsmen, travelling salesmen, vagrants, and propertyless and unemployed people (who sometimes lived in strangers' houses). To reflect how the people belonging to the estates saw them, the Finnish word for "obscene", säädytön, has the literal meaning "estateless". In Sweden, the Riksdag of the Estates existed until it was replaced with a bicameral Riksdag in 1866, which gave political rights to anyone with a certain income or property. Nevertheless, many of the leading politicians of the 19th century continued to be drawn from the old estates, in that they were either noblemen themselves, or represented agricultural and urban interests. Ennoblements continued even after the estates had lost their political importance, with the last ennoblement ( Sven Hedin ) in 1902.

This practice was discontinued with the adoption of the new Constitution in 1974, while the status of the House of Lords continued to be regulated in law until 2003. In Finland, this legal division existed until the modern age. However, at the start of the 20th century, most of the population did not belong to any Estate and had no political representation. A particularly large class were the rent farmers, who did not own the land they cultivated, but had to work in the land-owner's farm to pay their rent. (Unlike Russia, there were no slaves or serfs .) Furthermore, the industrial workers living in the city were not represented by the four-estate system. The political system was reformed, and the last Diet was dissolved in 1905, to create the modern parliamentary system , ending the political privileges of the estates. The constitution of 1919 forbade giving new noble ranks, and all tax privileges were abolished in 1920. The privileges of the estates were officially and finally abolished in 1995, [2] although in legal practice, the privileges had long been unenforceable.

However, the nobility has never been officially abolished and records of nobility are still voluntarily maintained by the Finnish House of Nobility . Nevertheless, the old traditions and in particular ownership of property changed slowly, and the rent-farmer problem became so severe that it was a major cause to the Finnish Civil War . Although the division became irrelevant following the establishment of a parliamentary democracy and political parties, industrialization and urbanization , it might be possible to claim that their traditions live on in the political parties of Sweden and Finland, in the sense that there are parties that have traditionally represented upper-class and business interests ( Moderate Party and Coalition Party ) and farmers (the Centre Parties of Sweden and Finland ).[citation needed] In Finland, it is still illegal and punishable by jail time (up to one year) to defraud into marriage by declaring a false name or estate (Rikoslaki 18 luku § 1/Strafflagen 18 kap. § 1). In the Holy Roman Empire The Holy Roman Empire had the Imperial Diet . The clergy was represented by the independent prince-bishops, prince-archbishops and abbots of the many monasteries.

The nobility consisted of independent aristocratic rulers: secular electors, kings, dukes, margraves, counts and others. Burghers consisted of representatives of the independent imperial cities. Many peoples whose territories within the Holy Roman Empire had been independent for centuries had no representatives in the Imperial Diet, and this included the imperial knights and independent villages. The power of the Imperial Diet was limited, despite efforts of centralization. Large realms of the nobility or clergy had estates of their own that could wield great power in local affairs. Power struggles between ruler and estates were comparable to similar events in the history of the British and French parliaments. The Swabian League , a significant regional power in its part of Germany during the 15th Century, also had its own kind of Estates, a governing Federal Council comprising three Colleges: those of Princes, Cities, and Knights. In the Russian Empire Main article: Social estates in the Russian Empire In late Russian Empire the estates were called sosloviyes . The four major estates were: nobility ( dvoryanstvo ), clergy , rural dwellers, and urban dwellers, with a more detailed stratification therein.

The division in estates was of mixed nature: traditional, occupational, as well as formal: for example, voting in Duma was carried out by estates. Russian Empire Census recorded the reported estate of a person. In Catalonia Main article: Catalan Parliament The Parliament of Catalonia (Corts Catalanes) was established in 1283, according to American historian Thomas Bisson, and it has been considered by several historians as a model of medieval parliament . For instance, English historian of constitutionalism Charles Howard McIlwain wrote that the Parliament of Catalonia, during the XIV century, had a more defined organization and met more regularly than the parliaments of England or France. [3] . The roots of the parliament institution in Catalonia stem from the Sanctuary and Truce Assemblies (assemblees de pau i treva) that started on the XI century.

The members of the parliament of Catalonia were organized in the Three Estates (Catalan: Tres Braços): the "military estate" (braç militar) with representatives of the feudal nobility the "ecclesiastical estate" (braç eclesiàstic) with representatives of the religious hierarchy the "royal estate" (braç reial) with representatives of the free municipalities under royal privilege The parliament institution was abolished in 1716 after the invasion and annexation of Catalonia by the Kingdom of Castille , together with the rest of institutions of Catalonia, after the War of the Spanish Succession . See also estate management definition | English definition dictionary | Reverso n 1 a large piece of landed property, esp. in the country 2 (Chiefly Brit) a large area of property development, esp. of new houses or (trading estate) of factories 3 (Property law) a property or possessions b the nature of interest that a person has in land or other property, esp.

in relation to the right of others c the total extent of the real and personal property of a deceased person or bankrupt 4 (Also called) estate of the realm an order or class of persons in a political community, regarded collectively as a part of the body politic: usually regarded as being the lords temporal (peers), lords spiritual and commons See also → States General → fourth estate 5 state, period, or position in life, esp. with regard to wealth or social standing youth's estate, a poor man's estate (C13: from Old French estat, from Latin status condition, state) estate agent n 1 (Brit) an agent concerned with the valuation, management, lease, and sale of property, (Usual U.S. and Canadian name) real-estate agent 2 the administrator of a large landed property, acting on behalf of its owner; estate manager estate car n (Brit) a car with a comparatively long body containing a large carrying space, reached through a rear door: usually the back seats can be folded forward to increase the carrying space, (Also called (esp.

U.S., Canadian, Austral., and N.Z.)) station wagon estate duty n another name for → death duty first estate n the first of the three estates of the realm, such as the Lords Spiritual in England or the clergy in France until the revolution fourth estate n sometimes caps journalists or their profession; the press See → estate → 4 n a planned area of housing, often with its own shops and other amenities industrial estate n (Brit) another name for → trading estate (U.S. equivalent) industrial park life estate n property that may be held only for the extent of the holder's lifetime real estate n another term for → real property second estate estate of the realm definition | English definition dictionary | Reverso n 1 a large piece of landed property, esp. in the country 2 (Chiefly Brit) a large area of property development, esp. of new houses or (trading estate) of factories 3 (Property law) a property or possessions b the nature of interest that a person has in land or other property, esp.

in relation to the right of others c the total extent of the real and personal property of a deceased person or bankrupt 4 (Also called) estate of the realm an order or class of persons in a political community, regarded collectively as a part of the body politic: usually regarded as being the lords temporal (peers), lords spiritual and commons See also → States General → fourth estate 5 state, period, or position in life, esp. with regard to wealth or social standing youth's estate, a poor man's estate (C13: from Old French estat, from Latin status condition, state) estate agent n 1 (Brit) an agent concerned with the valuation, management, lease, and sale of property, (Usual U.S. and Canadian name) real-estate agent 2 the administrator of a large landed property, acting on behalf of its owner; estate manager estate car n (Brit) a car with a comparatively long body containing a large carrying space, reached through a rear door: usually the back seats can be folded forward to increase the carrying space, (Also called (esp.

U.S., Canadian, Austral., and N.Z.)) station wagon estate duty n another name for → death duty first estate n the first of the three estates of the realm, such as the Lords Spiritual in England or the clergy in France until the revolution fourth estate n sometimes caps journalists or their profession; the press See → estate → 4 n a planned area of housing, often with its own shops and other amenities industrial estate n (Brit) another name for → trading estate (U.S. equivalent) industrial park life estate n property that may be held only for the extent of the holder's lifetime real estate n another term for → real property second estate

Question: In England, the Estates of the Realm are the Clergy, the Lords and the Commons. What is known as the "Fourth Estate"?
Answer: The press