James Carter | whitehouse.gov Air Force One James Carter Jimmy Carter served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981. He was awarded the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize for work to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development. Jimmy Carter aspired to make Government "competent and compassionate," responsive to the American people and their expectations. His achievements were notable, but in an era of rising energy costs, mounting inflation, and continuing tensions, it was impossible for his administration to meet these high expectations. Carter, who has rarely used his full name--James Earl Carter, Jr.--was born October 1, 1924, in Plains, Georgia. Peanut farming, talk of politics, and devotion to the Baptist faith were mainstays of his upbringing. Upon graduation in 1946 from the Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, Carter married Rosalynn Smith. The Carters have three sons, John William (Jack), James Earl III (Chip), Donnel Jeffrey (Jeff), and a daughter, Amy Lynn.

After seven years' service as a naval officer, Carter returned to Plains. In 1962 he entered state politics, and eight years later he was elected Governor of Georgia. Among the new young southern governors, he attracted attention by emphasizing ecology, efficiency in government, and the removal of racial barriers. Carter announced his candidacy for President in December 1974 and began a two-year campaign that gradually gained momentum. At the Democratic Convention, he was nominated on the first ballot. He chose Senator Walter F. Mondale of Minnesota as his running mate. Carter campaigned hard against President Gerald R. Ford, debating with him three times. Carter won by 297 electoral votes to 241 for Ford. Carter worked hard to combat the continuing economic woes of inflation and unemployment. By the end of his administration, he could claim an increase of nearly eight million jobs and a decrease in the budget deficit, measured in percentage of the gross national product. Unfortunately, inflation and interest rates were at near record highs, and efforts to reduce them caused a short recession. Carter could point to a number of achievements in domestic affairs.

He dealt with the energy shortage by establishing a national energy policy and by decontrolling domestic petroleum prices to stimulate production. He prompted Government efficiency through civil service reform and proceeded with deregulation of the trucking and airline industries. He sought to improve the environment. His expansion of the national park system included protection of 103 million acres of Alaskan lands. To increase human and social services, he created the Department of Education, bolstered the Social Security system, and appointed record numbers of women, blacks, and Hispanics to Government jobs. In foreign affairs, Carter set his own style. His championing of human rights was coldly received by the Soviet Union and some other nations. In the Middle East, through the Camp David agreement of 1978, he helped bring amity between Egypt and Israel. He succeeded in obtaining ratification of the Panama Canal treaties. Building upon the work of predecessors, he established full diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China and completed negotiation of the SALT II nuclear limitation treaty with the Soviet Union. There were serious setbacks, however. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan caused the suspension of plans for ratification of the SALT II pact. The seizure as hostages of the U. S.

embassy staff in Iran dominated the news during the last 14 months of the administration. The consequences of Iran's holding Americans captive, together with continuing inflation at home, contributed to Carter's defeat in 1980. Even then, he continued the difficult negotiations over the hostages. Iran finally released the 52 Americans the same day Carter left office. The Presidential biographies on WhiteHouse.gov are from “The Presidents of the United States of America,” by Frank Freidel and Hugh Sidey. Copyright 2006 by the White House Historical Association. For more information about President Carter, please visit Jimmy Carter biography | birthday, trivia | Georgian American U.S. President | Who2 Name at birth: James Earl Carter, Jr. Jimmy Carter defeated incumbent Gerald Ford in 1976 to become president of the United States. He served one term, from 1977-81, and was succeeded by President Ronald Reagan . Jimmy Carter grew up on a farm in Georgia and graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1946. After working with the nuclear submarine program, he resigned his commission after his father’s death in 1953 and returned to the family farm.

He entered local politics in 1962 and was so successful that by 1971 he was elected governor of Georgia. In the presidential election of 1976 Carter, a dark horse candidate of the Democratic party, won the nomination and then defeated the Republican Gerald Ford, who had replaced Richard M. Nixon after Nixon’s resignation. As president, Jimmy Carter championed human rights and responsible government, but his term was dogged by high inflation, high unemployment and an energy crisis. The last 14 months of his term were dominated by an ongoing hostage situation at the U.S. Embassy in Iran. Carter and Vice President Walter Mondale ran for a second term in 1980, but they were defeated by Republicans Ronald Reagan and George Bush . Since leaving office, Carter has worked internationally for the poor and disenfranchised, fighting hunger and poverty and working for fair elections through a variety of non-profit organizations.

His many books include Negotiation: The Alternative to Hostility (1984), the Middle East study Blood of Abraham (1985), Living Faith (1996), the controversial Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid (2006), and the memoirs Keeping Faith (1983) and Hours Before Daylight (2001). He has been seven times nominated for Grammy Awards for best spoken word album, winning once in 2007 for narrating the audio version of his book Our Endangered Values: America’s Moral Crisis. Jimmy Carter was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002 for his years of humanitarian work. Extra credit Jimmy Carter married his wife Rosalynn in 1946. They have four children: John (born in 1947, known as Jack), James (b. 1950, known as Chip), Donnel (b. 1952, known as Jeff), and Amy (b. 1967).

Yes, that’s quite a spread: Carter turned 23 the year Jack was born, and turned 43 the year Amy was born… Jimmy Carter announced in August of 2015 that during surgery to remove melanoma from his liver, doctors had discovered that the cancer had spread to his brain. However, in December of the 2015, he announced that after radiation and treatments with the drug pembrolizumab, a new MRI showed that the melanoma in his brain had disappeared and no new spots had appeared… Jimmy Carter’s best-known achievement as president was the peace treaty he negotiated between Egyptian President Anwar al-Sadat and Israeli Premier Menachem Begin . The treaty is known as the Camp David Accords for the presidential retreat where the trio negotiated for 13 days before reaching the agreement. Sadat and Begin shared the 1978 Nobel Peace Prize… For many years, Jimmy Carter has taught Sunday school at the Maranatha Baptist Church in Plains, Georgia. Jimmy Carter - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com Google Jimmy Carter’s Early Life and Start in Politics Born in Plains, Georgia , on October 1, 1924, James Earle Carter Jr.

attended the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis, graduating in 1946. Shortly thereafter he married Rosalynn Smith, a fellow native of Plains; the couple would have four children. Carter’s seven-year career in the Navy included five years on submarine duty. In 1953, he was preparing to serve as an engineering officer on the submarine Seawolf when his father died. Carter returned home and was able to rebuild his family’s struggling peanut warehouse business after a crippling drought. Did You Know? Iran finally released the hostages on January 21, 1981, the day after Ronald Reagan's inauguration. Reagan invited former President Carter to greet the freed hostages in Germany. Active in community affairs and a deacon at the Plains Baptist Church, Carter launched his political career with a seat on his local board of education. In 1962, he won election to the Georgia State Senate as a Democrat; he was reelected in 1964. Two years later, he ran for the governor’s office, finishing a disappointing third. The loss sent Carter into a period of depression, which he overcame by finding renewed faith as a born-again Christian.

He ran again for the governorship in 1970 and won. A year later, Carter was featured on the cover of Time magazine as one of a new breed of young political leaders in the South, known for their moderate racial views and progressive economic and social policies. Carter and the Presidential Election of 1976 Carter announced his candidacy for president in 1974, just before his gubernatorial term was up. For the next two years, he traveled around the country making speeches and meeting as many people as possible. His core message was one of values: He called for a return to honesty and an elimination of secrecy in government, and repeatedly told voters, “I’ll never tell a lie.” At a time when Americans were disillusioned with the executive branch of government in the wake of the Watergate scandal, Carter managed to build a constituency by marketing himself as an outsider to Washington politics. He won the Democratic nomination in July 1976 and chose Senator Walter F. Mondale of Minnesota as his running mate. In the general election, Carter faced Republican incumbent Gerald R. Ford, who had succeeded to the presidency after Nixon’s resignation.

In November, Carter won a narrow victory, capturing 51 percent of the popular vote and 297 electoral votes (compared with Ford’s 240). “Outsider” in Washington As president, Carter sought to portray himself as a man of the people, dressing informally and adopting a folksy speaking style. He introduced a number of ambitious programs for social and economic reform, and included a relatively large number of women and minorities in his cabinet. Despite Democratic majorities in the House and Senate, Congress blocked Carter’s proposal for welfare reform, as well as his proposal for a long-range energy program, a central focus of his administration. This difficult relationship with Congress meant that Carter was unable to convert his plans into legislation, despite his initial popularity. Carter’s relationship with the public suffered in 1977, when Bert Lance–a close friend of the president whom he had named as director of the Office of Management and Budget–was accused of financial misdealings in his pre-Washington career as a Georgia banker. Carter initially defended Lance, but was later driven to ask for his resignation. Though Lance was later cleared of all charges, the scandal marred the president’s much-vaunted reputation for honesty.

Jimmy Carter’s Leadership Abroad and at Home In 1977, Carter brokered two U.S. treaties with Panama; the following year, he presided over a tough round of meetings between Egypt’s President Anwar el-Sadat and Israel’s Prime Minister Menachem Begin at Camp David. The resulting Camp David Accords ended the state of war between the two nations that had existed since Israel was founded in 1948. Carter also reopened diplomatic relations between the United States and China while breaking ties with Taiwan, and signed a bilateral strategic arms limitation treaty (SALT II) with the Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev. Throughout his presidency, Carter struggled to combat the nation’s economic woes, including high unemployment, rising inflation and the effects of an energy crisis that began in the early 1970s. Though he claimed an increase of 8 million jobs and a reduction in the budget deficit by the end of his term, many business leaders as well as the public blamed Carter for the nation’s continuing struggles, saying he didn’t have a coherent or effective policy to address them. In July 1979, Carter called a special summit with national leaders at Camp David.

His televised speech after the meeting diagnosed a “crisis of confidence” occurring in the country, a mood that he later referred to as a “national malaise.” Hostage Crisis and Carter’s Defeat In November 1979, a mob of Iranian students stormed the U.S. embassy in Tehran and took its diplomatic staff hostage as a protest against the arrival in the United States of the deposed Iranian shah, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, in order to receive medical treatment. The students had the support of Iran’s revolutionary government, led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. Carter stood firm in the tense standoff that followed, but his failure to free the hostages led his government to be perceived as inept and inefficient; this perception increased after the failure of a secret U.S. military mission in April 1980. Despite sagging approval ratings, Carter was able to defeat a challenge by Senator Edward Kennedy to win the Democratic nomination in 1980.

He was defeated by a large margin in the general election that year by Ronald Reagan , a former actor and governor of California who argued during his campaign that the problem facing the country was not a lack of public confidence, but a need for new leadership. Jimmy Carter’s Post-Presidency Career With his wife Rosalynn, Carter established the nonprofit, nonpartisan Carter Presidential Center in Atlanta in 1982. In the decades that followed, he continued his diplomatic activities in many conflict-ridden countries around the globe. In 1994 alone, Carter negotiated with North Korea to end their nuclear weapons program, worked in Haiti to ensure a peaceful transfer of government and brokered a (temporary) ceasefire between Bosnian Serbs and Muslims. Carter has also built homes for the poor with the organization Habitat for Humanity and worked as a professor at Emory University. He is the author of numerous books, the topics of which range from his views on the Middle East to memories of his childhood; they also include a historical novel and a collection of poetry. In 2002, Carter was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

The prize committee cited his role in helping forge the Camp David accord between Israel and Egypt during his presidency, as well as his ongoing work with the Carter Center. Access hundreds of hours of historical video, commercial free, with HISTORY Vault . Start your free trial today. Tags Jimmy Carter As President - Carter As President - Pictures - CBS News Next Jimmy Carter As President This is the official White House portrait of President James Earl "Jimmy" Carter (1977-81). He was the 39th U.S. president. Credit: AP This is the official White House portrait of Mrs. Rosalynn Carter, President Carter's wife. Credit: AP Amy Carter, 9-year-old daughter of U.S. President-elect Jimmy Carter and Rosalynn Carter, scratches her nose as she poses for a picture with her parents in Plains, Ga., Sunday, Dec. 6, 1976. Credit: AP Here is the official White House portrait of President-elect Jimmy Carter, Rosalynn, and Amy. Credit: AP Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter pose with President and Mrs. Ford after the final presidential debate, October 22, 1976, in Williamsburg, Va. In the background are Mr.

and Mrs. Jeff Carter, the Carters' son and daughter-in-law. Credit: AP President-elect Carter waves to supporters as he is surrounded by family members at a hotel in Atlanta, Ga., on Nov. 3, 1976. Carter won the presidential election by 297 electoral votes to 241 for Ford. Credit: AP President Carter takes the oath of office, as Rosalynn holds the family bible, in January 1977. Administrating the oath is Chief Justice of the U.S. Warren Burger. Looking on, from left, are: outgoing President Gerald Ford, and at right, Vice President Walter Mondale, and former Vice President Nelson Rockefeller. Credit: AP Amy Carter yawns as she sits on President Carter's lap as they view the Inaugural Parade from the viewing stand near the White House, January 20, 1977. Rosalynn Carter waves, left, along with Vice President Walter Mondale.

Credit: AP President Jimmy Carter and his wife Rosalynn use the center of the dance floor in front of the bandstand as they dance at the Inaugural Ball held at the Sheraton Park Hotel in Washington, January 20, 1977. Vice President and Mrs. Walter Mondale are dancing to the left of the Carters. Credit: AP President Carter laughs with Israel's foreign minister Moshe Dayan Oct. 4, 1977. Earlier, in a speech before the United Nations General Assembly, President Carter publicly supported the legitimate rights of Palestinians for the first time. But he also assured a worried Israel that U.S. support for its security is unquestioned. Credit: AP Bob Hope and President Carter share a laugh at a White House reception May 24, 1978, honoring the United Service Organizations at which Hope was guest of honor. Credit: AP Egyptian President Anwar Sadat, left, President Carter, center, and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin clasp hands after signing the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel on March 26, 1979.

Credit: AP President Carter waves as he, Rosalynn, Israeli Prime Minister Begin and his wife, at left, and Egyptian President Sadat and his wife, pause before being seated at a White House state dinner, March 26, 1979, celebrating the signing of the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel. Credit: AP Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev, right, kisses President Carter June 19, 1979, after the two leaders signed the SALT II agreement at the Imperial Hofburg Palace in Vienna. Credit: AP President Carter jogs with a Secret Service agent at the Prairie Du Chien (Wis.) High School football field in August 1979. The run took place during a stop on his Mississippi River boat trip. Credit: AP With balloons rising behind him, President Jimmy Carter acknowledges the cheers of campaign supporters at a rally in Texarkana, Texas on Oct. 23, 1980. Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton is at right. Texarkana was the last of three cities in Carter's one-day campaign swing through Texas. Credit: AP President Carter, accompanied by Rosalynn, daughter Amy, and grandson Jason, tells supporters at a Washington hotel Nov.

4, 1980 that he has conceded the election to challenger Ronald Reagan. Credit: AP President Carter and his wife Rosalynn pose with President-elect Ronald Reagan and his wife Nancy at the White House, November 20, 1980. Credit: AP Four former U.S. Presidents and current U.S. President George Bush pose together at the dedication ceremonies for the dedication for the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, Calif on Monday, Nov. 5, 1991. From left are former presidents George Bush, Ronald Reagan, Jimmy Carter, Gerald Ford and Richard Nixon. Credit: AP Jimmy Carter - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Your continued donations keep Wikipedia running! Jimmy Carter For other persons named Jimmy Carter, see Jimmy Carter (disambiguation) . James Earl Carter, Jr. Baptist Signature James Earl Carter, Jr. (born October 1 , 1924 ) was the 39th President of the United States (1977–1981) and the Nobel Peace laureate in 2002. Previously, he was the Governor of Georgia (1971–1975).

Carter won the Democratic nomination as a dark horse candidate, and went on to defeat incumbent Gerald Ford in the 1976 presidential election . As President his major initiatives included the consolidation of numerous governmental agencies into the newly formed Department of Energy , a cabinet level department. He enacted strong environmental legislation; deregulated the trucking, airline, rail, finance, communications, and oil industries; bolstered the social security system; and appointed record numbers of women and minorities to significant government and judicial posts. In foreign affairs, Carter's major initiatives included the Camp David Accords , the Panama Canal Treaties , the creation of full diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China , and the negotiation of the SALT II Treaty . In addition, he's a champion of human rights throughout the world and used human rights as the center of his administration's foreign policy. The Iranian hostage crisis was seen by critics as a devastating blow to national prestige; Carter struggled for 444 days to effect the release of the hostages. A failed rescue attempt led to the resignation, in protest, of his Secretary of State Cyrus Vance . The hostages were finally released the day Carter left office.

The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan marked the end of détente , and Carter moved to the right, boycotted the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, and began to rebuild American military power. He beat off a primary challenge from Senator Ted Kennedy but was unable to effectively reduce soaring interest rates and inflation rates, or to lower unemployment. The " Misery Index ", his favored measure of economic well-being, rose 50% in four years. He feuded with the Democratic leaders who controlled Congress and, as a result, was unable to reform the tax system or to implement a national health plan. He was defeated by Republican Ronald Reagan in 1980 . After leaving office, Carter assumed the role of an elder statesman and international mediator, using his prestige as a former president to further many causes. He founded the Carter Center as a forum for issues related to democracy and human rights . He has also traveled extensively to monitor elections, conduct peace negotiations, and establish relief efforts.

In 2002, Carter won the Nobel Peace Prize for his "efforts to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development." Carter has continued his decades-long active involvement with the charity Habitat for Humanity , which builds houses for the needy. Contents 13 References Early years Carter descended from a family that had resided in Georgia for several generations. His great-grandfather, Private L. B. Walker Carter (1832–1874) served in the Confederate States Army in the Sumter Flying Artillery, seeing considerable action at the Battle of Gettysburg . Jimmy Carter, the first President born in a hospital , was the oldest of four children of James Earl and Lillian Gordy Carter . He was born in the southwest Georgia town of Plains and grew up in nearby Archery, Georgia. Carter was a gifted student from an early age who always had a fondness for reading. By the time he attended Plains High School, he was also a star in basketball and football. He was greatly influenced by one of his high school teachers , Julia Coleman. Ms. Coleman was handicapped by polio .

She had encouraged young Jimmy to read War and Peace ; he was disappointed to find that there were no cowboys or Indians in the book. Carter mentioned his beloved teacher in his inaugural address as an example of someone who beat overwhelming odds. Carter had three younger siblings. His brother, Billy (1937–1988), caused some political problems for him during his administration. His sister, Gloria (1926–1990), was low-key and was famous for collecting and riding Harley-Davidson motorcycles. His other sister, Ruth (1929–1983), became a well-known Christian evangelist . He attended Georgia Southwestern College and Georgia Institute of Technology and received a Bachelor of Science degree from the United States Naval Academy in 1946. Carter was a gifted student and finished 59th out of his Academy class of 820. Carter served on submarines in the Atlantic and Pacific fleets. He was later selected by Captain (later Admiral) Hyman G. Rickover for the U.S. Navy's fledgling nuclear submarine program, where he became a qualified command officer.

[1] Rickover was a demanding officer, and Carter was greatly influenced by him. Carter later said that next to his parents, Admiral Rickover had the greatest influence on him. There was a story he often told of being interviewed by the Admiral. He was asked about his rank in his class at the Naval Academy. Carter said "Sir, I graduated 59th out of a class of 820". Rickover only asked "Did you always do your best?" Carter was forced to admit he had not, and the Admiral asked why. Carter later used this as the theme of his presidential campaign, and as the title of his first book, "Why Not The Best?" Carter loved the Navy, and had planned to make it his career. His ultimate goal was to become Chief of Naval Operations. Carter did some post-graduate work, studying nuclear physics and reactor technology for several months at Union College starting in March 1953. He married Rosalynn Smith in 1946.

They had three sons, ( John William "Jack" Carter , born in 1947; James Earl "Chip" Carter III, born in 1950; and Donnel Jeffrey "Jeff" Carter, born in 1952), and a daughter ( Amy Lynn Carter , in 1967). Upon the death of his father in July 1953, however, LT. Carter immediately resigned his commission and was discharged from the Navy on October 9, 1953. This cut short his nuclear power training school and unfortunately he was never able to command a nuclear submarine, as the first of the fleet was launched January 17, 1955, over a year after his discharge from the Navy. [2] He then took over and expanded his family's peanut farming business in Plains. There he was involved in a farming accident which left him with a permanently bent finger. From a young age, Carter showed a deep commitment to Christianity , serving as a Sunday School teacher throughout his political career. Even as President, Carter prayed several times a day, and professed that Jesus Christ was the driving force in his life.

Carter had been greatly influenced by a sermon he had heard as a young man, called, "If you were arrested for being a Christian, would there be enough evidence to convict you?" [3] Early political career State Senate Carter started his career by serving on various local boards, governing such entities as the schools, hospital, and library, among others. In the 1960s, he served two terms in the Georgia Senate from the fourteenth district of Georgia. His 1962 election to the state Senate, which followed the end of Georgia's County Unit System (per the Supreme Court case of Gray v. Sanders ), was chronicled in his book Turning Point: A Candidate, a State, and a Nation Come of Age. The election involved corruption led by Joe Hurst, the sheriff of Quitman County . This included people voting in alphabetical order and dead people voting. It took a challenge of the fraudulent results for Carter to win the election. Carter was reelected in 1964, to serve a second two-year term. Campaign for governor In 1966, at the end of his career as a state senator, he flirted with the idea of running for the United States House of Representatives .

His Republican opponent dropped out and decided to run for Governor of Georgia. Carter did not want to see a Republican as the governor of his state and in turn dropped out of the race for Congress and joined the race to become governor. Carter lost the Democratic primary, but drew enough votes as a third place candidate to force the favourite, Ellis Arnall , into a run-off, setting off a chain of events which resulted in the election of Lester Maddox . For the next four years, Carter returned to his agriculture business and carefully planned for his next campaign for governor in 1970, making over 1,800 speeches throughout the state. During his 1970 campaign, he ran an uphill populist campaign in the Democratic primary against former Governor Carl Sanders , labeling his opponent "Cufflinks Carl". Although Carter had never been a segregationist—he had refused to join the segregationist White Citizens' Council, prompting a boycott of his peanut warehouse; and he had been one of only two families which voted to admit blacks to the Plains Baptist Church [4] —he "said things the segregationists wanted to hear," according to historian E. Stanly Godbold.

Carter did not condemn Alabama firebrand George Wallace , and Carter's campaign aides handed out photographs of his opponent, showing Sanders associating with black basketball players. [5] He also chastised Sanders for not inviting Wallace to address the State Assembly during his tenure as Governor. Following his close victory over Sanders in the primary, he was elected governor over Republican Hal Suit. Governor of Georgia Baptist After having run a campaign in which he promoted himself as a traditional southern conservative, Carter surprised the state and gained national attention by declaring in his inaugural speech that the time of racial segregation was over, and that racial discrimination had no place in the future of the state. He was the first statewide office holder in the Deep South to say this in public. Following this speech, Carter appointed many blacks to statewide boards and offices. Carter made government efficient by merging about 300 state agencies into 30 agencies. One of his aides recalled that Governor Carter "was right there with us, working just as hard, digging just as deep into every little problem.

It was his program and he worked on it as hard as anybody, and the final product was distinctly his." He also pushed reforms through the legislature, providing equal state aid to schools in the wealthy and poor areas of Georgia, set up community centers for mentally handicapped children, and increased educational programs for convicts. Carter took pride in a program he introduced for the appointment of judges and state government officials. Under this program, all such appointments were based on merit, rather than political influence. In 1972, as U.S. Senator George McGovern of South Dakota was marching toward the Democratic nomination for President, Carter called a news conference in Atlanta to warn that McGovern was unelectable. Carter criticized McGovern as too liberal on both foreign and domestic policy. The remarks attracted little national attention, and after McGovern's huge loss in the general election, Carter's attitude was not held against him within the Democratic Party. After the U.S. Supreme Court overturned Georgia's death penalty law in 1972, Carter signed new legislation to authorize the death penalty for murder, rape and other offenses and to implement trial procedures which would conform to the newly-announced constitutional requirements.

This law was upheld by the Supreme Court in 1976. In 1974, Carter was chairman of the Democratic National Committee's congressional and gubernatorial campaigns. 1976 presidential campaign Main article: U.S. presidential election, 1976 The electoral map of the 1976 election Carter began running for President in 1975, almost immediately upon leaving office as governor of Georgia. When Carter entered the Democratic Party presidential primaries in 1976, he was considered to have little chance against nationally better-known politicians. When he told his family of his intention to run for President, he was asked by his mother, "President of what?" However, Nixon's Watergate scandal was still fresh in the voters' minds, and so his position as an outsider, distant from Washington, DC , became an asset. The centerpiece of his campaign platform was government reorganization. Carter became the front-runner early on by winning the Iowa caucuses and the New Hampshire primary. He used a two-prong strategy. In the South, which most had tacitly conceded to Alabama's George Wallace, Carter ran as a moderate favorite son.

When Wallace proved to be a spent force, Carter swept the region. In the North, Carter appealed largely to conservative Christian and rural voters and had little chance of winning a majority in most states. But in a field crowded with liberals, he managed to win several Northern states by building the largest single bloc. Initially dismissed as a regional candidate, Carter proved to be the only Democrat with a truly national strategy, and he eventually clinched the nomination. The media discovered and promoted Carter. As Lawrence Shoup noted in his 1980 book The Carter Presidency And Beyond: "What Carter had that his opponents did not was the acceptance and support of elite sectors of the mass communications media. It was their favorable coverage of Carter and his campaign that gave him an edge, propelling him rocket-like to the top of the opinion polls. This helped Carter win key primary election victories, enabling him to rise from an obscure public figure to President-elect in the short space of 9 months." As late as January 26 , 1976 , Carter was the first choice of only 4% of Democratic voters, according to the Gallup Poll.

Yet "by mid-March 1976 Carter was not only far ahead of the active contenders for the Democratic presidential nomination, he also led President Ford by a few percentage points," according to Shoup. Carter began the race with a sizeable lead over Ford, who was able to narrow the gap over the course of the campaign, but was unable to prevent Carter from narrowly defeating him on November 2nd, 1976. Carter won the popular vote by 50.1% to 48.0% for Ford and received 297 electoral votes to Ford's 240. This made him the first Democrat to win a majority of the popular vote since 1964. He became the first contender from the Deep South to be elected President since 1848 . Presidency (1977–1981) President Carter - October 1980 Economic situation The 1970s are described as a period of stagflation , meaning economic stagnation coupled with price inflation , as well as higher interest rates. Price inflation (a rise in the general level of prices) creates uncertainty in budgeting and planning and makes labor strikes for pay raises more likely.

In 1973, during the Nixon Administration, OPEC (The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) agreed to reduce supplies of oil available to the world market. This sparked an oil crisis and forced oil prices to rise sharply, spurring price inflation throughout the economy, and slowing growth. Significant government borrowing for items such as the Vietnam War and the nuclear weapons stockpile helped keep interest rates high relative to inflation. The Nixon Administration policies of trying to talk price inflation down (known as jawboning) and price freezes were ineffective. Energy crisis When the energy market exploded—an occurrence Carter desperately tried to avoid during his term—he was planning on delivering his fifth major speech on energy. However, he felt that the American people were no longer listening. Instead, he went to Camp David and for ten days met with governors, mayors, religious leaders, scientists, economists, and general citizens. He sat on the floor and took notes of their comments and especially wanted to hear criticism. His pollster told him that the American people simply faced a crisis of confidence because of the assassination of John F. Kennedy , the Vietnam War , and Watergate .

On July 15 , 1979 , Carter gave a nationally-televised address in which he identified what he believed to be a "crisis of confidence" among the American people. This has come to be known by critics as his "malaise" speech, even though he did not use the word "malaise" anywhere in the text: I want to talk to you right now about a fundamental threat to American democracy.... I do not refer to the outward strength of America, a nation that is at peace tonight everywhere in the world, with unmatched economic power and military might. The threat is nearly invisible in ordinary ways. It is a crisis of confidence. It is a crisis that strikes at the very heart and soul and spirit of our national will. We can see this crisis in the growing doubt about the meaning of our own lives and in the loss of a unity of purpose for our nation. [6] Carter's speech, written by Chris Matthews , was well-received. [7] But the country was in the midst of a weak economy dominated by OPEC-influenced double-digit inflation, and many citizens were directly affected by this, causing concern about the federal government's response.

Three days after the speech, Carter asked for the resignations of all of his Cabinet officers, and ultimately accepted five. Carter later admitted in his memoirs that he should have simply asked only those five members for their resignation. By asking the entire Cabinet, it gave the appearance that the White House was falling apart. The economy suffered double-digit inflation , coupled with very high interest rates, oil shortages, high unemployment, and slow economic growth. As a result, he convinced Congress to create the United States Department of Energy . Following its recommendations to conserve energy, Carter wore sweaters, installed solar power panels on the roof of the White House, installed a wood stove in the living quarters, ordered the General Services Administration to turn off hot water in some facilities and requested that Christmas decorations remain dark in 1979 and 1980. Nationwide controls were put on thermostats in government and commercial buildings to prevent people from raising temperatures in the winter or lowering them in summer. Price inflation caused interest rates to rise to unprecedented levels (above 12% per year). The prime rate hit 21.5% in December 1980, the highest rate in U.S. history.

[8] Investments in fixed income (both bonds and pensions being paid to retired people) were becoming less valuable. With the markets for U.S. government debt coming under pressure, Carter appointed Paul Volcker as Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board ; Volcker replaced G. William Miller who left to become Secretary of the Treasury . Volcker pursued a tight monetary policy to bring down inflation, which he considered his mandate. He succeeded, but only by first going through an unpleasant phase during which the economy slowed and unemployment rose, prior to any relief from inflation. Domestic policies Jimmy Carter's reorganization efforts separated the Department of Health, Education and Welfare into the Department of Education and the Department of Health and Human Services . Efforts were also made to reduce the number of government departments and employees as Carter had done when he was governor of Georgia. He signed into law a major Civil Service Reform, the first in over a hundred years. Despite calling for a reform of the tax system in his presidential campaign, once in office he did very little to change it.

[9] Initially, Carter was fairly successful in getting legislation through Congress, such as pardoning Vietnam-era draft-dodgers, and cancelling the B-1 Bomber program, but then he met with opposition from the leadership of the Democratic Party when he characterized a rivers and harbors bill as "pork barrel" spending. In apparent retaliation, Congress responded by refusing to pass major provisions of his consumer protection bill and his labor reform package. Carter then vetoed a public works package calling it "inflationary", as it contained what he considered to be wasteful spending. Congressional leaders sensed that public support for his legislation was weak, and took advantage of it. After gutting his consumer protection bill, they transformed his tax plan into nothing more than spending for special interests, after which Carter referred to the congressional tax committees as "ravenous wolves." On a more successful note, Carter signed legislation bolstering the Social Security system through a staggered increase in the payroll tax and appointed record numbers of women, blacks, and Hispanics to government and judiciary jobs. He also initiated a comprehensive urban policy. Carter enacted strong legislation for environmental protection.

His Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act created 103 million acres (417,000 km²) of national park land in Alaska . He was also successful in deregulating the trucking, rail, airline, communications, oil, and finance industries. Foreign Policies Celebrating the signing of the Camp David Accords (1978) : Menachem Begin , Jimmy Carter, Anwar Sadat South Korea One of Carter's first acts in office was to order the unilateral removal of all nuclear weapons from South Korea. He also announced his intention to remove all US troops from South Korea. During his first month in office he cut the defense budget by $6 Billion. Initial Response to Arab-Israeli Conflict Carter's Secretary of State Cyrus Vance and National Security Adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski paid close attention to the Arab-Israeli conflict . Diplomatic relations between both Israel and Egypt were significantly increased after the Yom Kippur War and the Carter administration felt that the time was right for comprehensive solution to the conflict.

Rapid Deployment Forces On October 1 , 1979 , President Carter announced before a television audience the existence of the Rapid Deployment Forces (RDF), a mobile fighting force capable of responding to worldwide trouble spots, without drawing on forces committed to NATO . The RDF was the forerunner of CENTCOM . Human Rights President Carter initially departed from the long-held policy of containment toward the Soviet Union . In its place Carter promoted a foreign policy that placed human rights at the forefront. This was a break from the policies of several predecessors, in which human rights abuses were often overlooked if they were committed by a nation that was allied with the United States. The Carter Administration ended support to the historically U.S.-backed Somoza dictatorship in Nicaragua , and gave millions of dollars in aid to the nation's new Sandinista regime after it rose to power by a revolution. Carter continued his predecessors' policies of imposing sanctions on Rhodesia , and, after Bishop Abel Muzorewa was elected Prime Minister, protested that the Marxists Robert Mugabe and Joshua Nkomo were excluded from the elections. Strong pressure from the United States and the United Kingdom prompted new elections in what was then called Zimbabwe Rhodesia .

Carter was also known for his criticism of Alfredo Stroessner , Augusto Pinochet , the apartheid government of South Africa , and other traditional allies. People's Republic of China Carter continued the policy of Richard Nixon to "normalize" relations with the People's Republic of China by granting full diplomatic and trade relations, thus ending official relations with the Republic of China (though the two nations continued to trade and the U.S. unofficially recognized Taiwan through the Taiwan Relations Act ). Panama Canal Treaties One of the most controversial moves of President Carter's presidency was the final negotiation and signature of the Panama Canal Treaties in September 1977. Those treaties, which essentially would transfer control of the American-built Panama Canal to the nation of Panama , were bitterly opposed by a segment of the American public and by the Republican Party. A common argument against the treaties was that the United States was transferring an American asset of great strategic value to an unstable and corrupt country led by a brutal military dictator ( Omar Torrijos ). After the signature of the Canal treaties, in June 1978, Jimmy Carter visited Panama with his wife and twelve U. S. Senators, amid widespread student disturbances against the Torrijos dictatorship.

Carter then began urging the Torrijos regime to soften its policies and move Panama towards gradual democratization. This treaty ultimately helped relations with Panama and Latin America. Camp David Accords Anwar Sadat, Jimmy Carter, and Menachem Begin meet on the Aspen Lodge patio on September 6 , 1978 . One of Carter's most important accomplishments as President was the Camp David Accords . The Camp David Accords were a peace agreement between Israel and Egypt , which were negotiated by President Carter, following up on earlier negotiations which had been conducted in the Middle East. In these negotiations King Hassan II of Morocco acted as a negotiator between Arab interests and Israel, and Nicolae Ceauşescu of Romania acted as go-between for Israel and the PLO . Once initial negotiations had been completed Egyptian President Anwar Sadat approached Carter for assistance. Carter then invited Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin and Sadat to Camp David to continue the negotiations. The Camp David accords produced peace between Egypt and Israel that has lasted to the present. (2006) Strategic Arms Limitations Talks A key foreign policy issue Carter worked laboriously on was the SALT II Treaty.

SALT stood for the Strategic Arms Limitations Talks and were negotiations being conducted between the United States and the Soviet Union. The work of Gerald Ford and Richard Nixon brought about the SALT I treaty, but Carter wished to further the reduction of nuclear arms. It was his main goal, as was stated in his Inaugural Address, that nuclear weaponry be completely banished from the face of the Earth. Carter and Leonid Brezhnev , the leader of the Soviet Union, reached an agreement and held a signing ceremony. There was much opposition in Congress to ratifying the treaty, as many thought that it weakened US defenses. Following the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan late in 1979, Carter withdrew the treaty from consideration by Congress and the treaty was never ratified. Even so, both sides honored their commitments laid out in the negotiations. President Jimmy Carter and Soviet General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev sign the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT II) treaty, June 18 , 1979 , in Vienna Intervention in Afghanistan In December 1979, USSR invaded Afghanistan , after the pro- Moscow Afghanistan government placed by a 1978 coup was overthrown.

Some believed the Soviets were attempting to expand their borders southward in order to gain a foothold in the region. The Soviet Union had long lacked a warm water port , and their movement south seemed to position them for further expansion toward Pakistan and India in the East, and Iran to the West. American politicians, including Republicans and Democrats alike, feared that the Soviets were positioning themselves for a takeover of Middle Eastern oil. Others believed that the Soviet Union was fearful that the Muslim uprising would spread from Iran and Afghanistan to the millions of Muslims in the USSR. In a 1998 interview with Le Nouvel Observateur, Carter's National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski admitted that the United States began sending aid to anti-Soviet Afghan Islamist factions on July 3, 1979, nearly six months before the Soviet invasion. Brezezinski told Le Nouvel Observateur that this secretly provoked war gave America "the opportunity of giving to the USSR its Vietnam war". Full Text of Interview After the invasion, Carter announced the Carter Doctrine : that the US would not allow any outside force to gain control of the Persian Gulf . Carter terminated the Russian Wheat Deal to establish trade with USSR and lessen Cold War tensions.

The grain exports had been beneficial to people employed in agriculture, and the Carter embargo marked the beginning of hardship for American farmers. He also prohibited Americans from participating in the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow , and reinstated registration for the draft for young males. Carter and Zbigniew Brzezinski started a $40 billion covert program of training Islamic fundamentalists in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Reagan would later expand this program greatly to combat Cold War concerns presented by Russia at the time. In retrospect, this contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Union. Critics of this policy blame Carter and Reagan for the resulting instability of post-Soviet Afghani governments, which led to the rise of Islamic theocracy in the region, and also created much of the current problems with Islamic fundamentalism. The Iranian Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi meeting with Arthur Atherton, William H. Sullivan , Cyrus Vance , President Jimmy Carter, and Zbigniew Brzezinski , 1977 Hostage Crisis The main conflict between human rights and U.S. interests came in Carter's dealings with the Shah of Iran .

The Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , had been a strong ally of America since World War II and was one of the "twin pillars" upon which U.S. strategic policy in the Middle East was built. However, his rule was strongly autocratic, and he went along with the plan of the Eisenhower Administration to depose Mohammed Mossadegh in 1953. Though Carter praised the Shah as a wise and valuable leader, when the Iranian Revolution broke out in Iran, which led to the overthrow of the monarchy, the U.S. did not intervene. The Shah was subsequently deposed and exiled. Despite having previously denied the Shah entry into the United States for medical treatment, on October 22 , 1979, Carter finally granted him entry and temporary asylum for the duration of his cancer treatment; the Shah left for Panama on December 15 , 1979 . In response to the Shah's entry into the U.S., Iranian militants seized the American embassy in Tehran , taking 52 Americans hostage.

The Iranians demanded (1) the return of the Shah to Iran for trial, (2) the return of the Shah's wealth to the Iranian people, (3) an admission of guilt by the United States for its past actions in Iran, plus an apology, and (4) a promise from the United States not to interfere in Iran's affairs in the future. Though later that year the Shah left the U.S. and died in Egypt , the hostage crisis continued and dominated the last year of Carter's presidency, even though almost half of the hostages were released. The subsequent responses to the crisis—from a " Rose Garden strategy" of staying inside the White House , to the unsuccessful attempt to rescue the hostages—were largely seen as contributing to defeat in the 1980 election. In 1982, a small book by James B. Stewart, esquire, appeared that gave insight into the timing of these events. The Partners: Inside America’s Most Powerful Law Firms begins with Stewart’s insider description of the negotiation process for the release of the hostages. Though short, the chapter laid out clearly what had happened behind the scenes.

After the hostages were taken, President Carter issued, on November 14 , 1979 , Executive Order 12170 - Blocking Iranian Government property, [10] which was used to freeze the bank accounts of the Iranian government in US banks, totaling about $8 billion US at the time. This was to be used as a bargaining chip for the release of the hostages. The Iranians then changed their demand to return of the Shah and the release of the Iranian money. Through informal channels the Iranian government started negotiations with the banks holding the money. The banks took over negotiations for the release of the hostages, not the U.S. State Department. When the Shah died of cancer in the summer of 1980, the Iranians wanted no more to do with the hostages and changed their demands to just the release of the hostages in exchange for the return of their money. Why the deal was not struck at that point is never explained, since it was the same deal that the Iranians received in January 1981.

The hostages were finally released with the signing of Executive Orders 12277 through 12285, releasing all assets belonging to the Iranian government and all assets belonging to the Shah found within the United States and the guarantee that the hostages would have no legal claim against the Iranian government that would be heard in U.S. courts. [11] Shortly after the publication of The Partners, accusations of an " October Surprise " were leveled against the Reagan Administration. No witnesses were ever found who had anything to report, but Congress investigated the matter and showed the story was based on a hoax. (The hoax depended on William Casey being in Madrid on a day he was in London , so the entire set of allegations fell apart.) Administration and Cabinet Charles W. Duncan 1979–1981 Amongst Presidents who served at least one full term, Carter is the only one who never made an appointment to the Supreme Court . 1980 election Main article: U.S. presidential election, 1980 The electoral map of the 1980 election Carter lost the presidency by a landslide to Ronald Reagan in the 1980 election .

The popular vote went approximately 51% for Reagan and 41% for Carter. However, because Carter's support was not concentrated in any geographic region, Reagan won 91% of the electoral vote, leaving Carter with only six states and the District of Columbia. Independent candidate John Bayard Anderson won seven percent of the vote and prevented Carter from taking traditionally Democratic states, like New York , Wisconsin , and Massachusetts . A turning point came when the journalist George Will used Carters stolen debate notes to brief candidate Reagan for the matchup. Jimmy Carter standing with Zbigniew Brzezinski A public perception that the Carter Administration had been ineffectual in addressing the Iranian hostage crisis may have contributed to his defeat. Although the Carter team had successfully negotiated with the hostage takers for release of the hostages, an agreement trusting the hostage takers to abide by their word was not signed until January 19 , 1981 , after the election of Ronald Reagan. The hostages had been held captive for 444 days, and their release happened just minutes after Carter left office. However, Reagan asked Carter to go to Germany to greet the hostages.

Carter shooing away the rabbit, at far right During his campaign, Carter was mocked for an encounter with a rabbit while fishing on a farm pond. A swimming swamp rabbit , perhaps ill or fleeing from a predator, attempted to board the President's small boat. Carter shooed the creature away with his paddle. Several months later, Carter's Press Secretary Jody Powell mentioned what he viewed as a "mildly amusing incident" to reporter Brooks Jackson over tea. Shortly thereafter, the story appeared on the front page of The Washington Post and was reported on the evening news of all the major television networks. Post-presidency Former Presidents Gerald Ford , Richard Nixon , then-President George H. W. Bush , former Presidents Ronald Reagan and Jimmy Carter at the dedication of the Reagan Presidential Library Since leaving the presidency, Carter has written 20 books. Jimmy Carter and Walter Mondale are the longest-living post-presidential team in American history. On May 23 , 2006 , they had been out of office for 25 years and 123 days, surpassing the record established by President John Adams and Vice President Thomas Jefferson .

Adams and Jefferson died on the same day— July 4 , 1826 . In ten surveys of historians which ranked US presidents , which included over 1000 scholars, the ranking of Carter's presidency ranged from #19 to #34. These rankings are similar to those of Gerald Ford , Chester Arthur , and Herbert Hoover . While at the time he left office Carter's presidency was viewed by many as a failure, his activities since leaving office, especially his many peacekeeping and humanitarian efforts, have led to a more favorable view of him. [12] Diplomacy In 1994, Carter went to North Korea at the behest of President Clinton . North Korea had expelled investigators from the International Atomic Energy Agency and was threatening to begin processing spent nuclear fuel. Carter met with North Korean President Kim Il Sung resulting in the signing of the Agreed Framework , under which North Korea agreed to stop processing nuclear fuel, in exchange for a return to normalized relations, oil deliveries and two light water reactors to replace its graphite reactors.

Though the Agreed Framework negotiated by Jimmy Carter was widely hailed at the time as a diplomatic achievement, in 2005 North Korea announced that it had nuclear weapons and proved this assertion with the detonation of a small nuclear bomb in an underground test on October 9, 2006. Carter's supporters attributed the failure of the agreement to ongoing American sanctions (contrary to the agreement) due to opposition from a Republican-controlled Congress, while critics questioned whether the North Korean government ever intended to give up its nuclear weapons program. Carter visited Cuba in May 2002 and met with Fidel Castro . He was allowed to address the Cuban public on national television with a speech that he wrote and presented in Spanish. This made Carter the first President of the United States, in or out of office, to visit the island since the Cuban revolution of 1959. In June 2005, Carter urged the closing of the Guantanamo Bay Prison in Cuba, which has been the center point for recent claims of prisoner abuse. Not all Carter's efforts have gained him favor in Washington; President Clinton and both Presidents George H.W. and George W.

Bush were said to have been less than pleased with Carter's "freelance" diplomacy in Iraq and elsewhere. Carter has also in recent years become a frequent critic of Israel and the US foreign policy in support of Israel. [13] Jimmy Carter addresses the 2004 Democratic National Convention . Humanitarian work Carter has been involved in a variety of national and international public policy , conflict resolution , human rights and charitable causes through the Carter Center. He established the Carter Center the year following his term and currently chairs the center with his wife Rosalynn. The center also focuses on world-wide health care including the campaign to eliminate guinea worm disease . He and members of the center are sometimes involved in the monitoring of the electoral process in support of free and fair elections. This includes acting as election observers, particularly in Latin America and Africa . He and his wife are also well-known for their work with Habitat for Humanity , a program that helps poor people to afford their first home. Carter was the third U.S. President, after Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson , to receive the Nobel Peace Prize award. In his Nobel Lecture, Carter told the European audience that U.S.

actions after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, and the 1991 Gulf War , like NATO itself, was a continuation of President Wilson's doctrine of collective security . [14] He is also a recipient of the Albert Schweitzer Prize for Humanitarianism . American politics In 2001, Carter criticized President Clinton's controversial pardon of Marc Rich , calling it "disgraceful" and suggesting that Rich's financial contributions to the Democratic Party was a factor in Clinton's action. In March 2004, Carter condemned George W. Bush and Tony Blair for waging an unnecessary war "based upon lies and misinterpretations" in order to oust Saddam Hussein. He claimed that Blair had allowed his better judgment to be swayed by Bush's desire to finish a war that George H. W. Bush (his father) had started.

In August 2006, Carter made remarks controversial with many Jewish Americans and Democratic supporters of Israel when he said on the 15th of that month "I don't think Israel has any legal or moral justification for their massive bombing of the entire nation of Lebanon," and on the same topic, "I represent the vast majority of Democrats." His remarks were in response to the Israel-Hezbollah war of that summer. [15] In September 2006, Carter was interviewed on the BBC 's Newsnight current affairs programme, voicing his concern at the alleged increasing influence of the Religious Right on U.S. politics. He also criticised Tony Blair and the British Government for being "subservient" to the Bush administration and accused Blair of giving unquestioning support to any "radical or ill-advised" policy adopted by Bush. Additional accolades In 2000, Carter received the James A. Van Fleet Award from The Korea Society . President Carter holding up a model of the submarine that will carry his name On November 22 , 2004 , New York Republican Governor George Pataki named Carter and the other living former Presidents (Gerald Ford, George H. W.

Bush, and Bill Clinton) as honorary members of the board rebuilding the World Trade Center . Because he had served as a submariner (the only President to have done so), a submarine was named for him. The USS Jimmy Carter (SSN-23) was named on April 27 , 1998 , making it one of the very few U.S. Navy vessels to be named for a person still alive at the time of the naming. In February 2005, Jimmy and Rosalyn Carter both spoke at the commissioning ceremony for this submarine. Carter is a University Distinguished Professor at Emory University and teaches occasional classes there. He also teaches a Sunday School class at Maranatha Baptist Church in Plains, Georgia. Being an accomplished amateur woodworker, he has occasionally been featured in the pages of Fine Wood Working magazine, which is published by Taunton Press. Carter has also participated in many ceremonial events such as the opening of his own presidential library and those of Presidents Ronald Reagan , George H.W. Bush , and Bill Clinton . He has also participated in many forums, lectures, panels, funerals and other events. Carter delivered a eulogy at the funeral of Coretta Scott King .

Trivia President George W. Bush (second from left), walks with, from left, former President George H.W. Bush , former President Bill Clinton and former President Jimmy Carter during the dedication of the William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park in Little Rock, Arkansas , November 18 , 2004 Jimmy Carter was the first former Governor of Georgia to serve as president. Jimmy Carter was born on the same day as the late Chief Justice , William H. Rehnquist , on October 1, 1924. Jimmy Carter was the first president born in a hospital. In sequence, Jimmy Carter was the 39th president to serve, but the 41st to be born. George H.W. Bush was the 40th born and George W. Bush was the 42nd born. Jimmy Carter is 5 feet 8 inches tall. Jimmy Carter's original legal name was James Earl Carter, but he eventually changed his legal name to Jimmy Carter. Jimmy Carter once greeted Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother of the United Kingdom with a kiss on the lips.

Angered, she reprimanded him by saying: "No man has done that since my husband died." [16] Bibliography Carter has been a prolific author. He has written the following: Why Not the Best?

(1975 and 1996) A Government as Good as Its People (1977 and 1996) Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President (1982 and 1995) ISBN 1557283303 Negotiation: The Alternative to Hostility (1984) ISBN 086554137X The Blood of Abraham: Insights into the Middle East (1985 and 1993) ISBN 1557282935 Everything to Gain: Making the Most of the Rest of Your Life (1987 and 1995), with Rosalynn Carter, ISBN 1557283885 An Outdoor Journal (1988 and 1994) ISBN 1557283540 Turning Point: A Candidate, a State, and a Nation Come of Age (1992) ISBN 0812922999 Talking Peace: A Vision for the Next Generation (1993 and 1995) ISBN 0140374

40X Always a Reckoning (1995) ISBN 0812924347 , a collection of poetry, illustrated by his granddaughter The Little Baby Snoogle-Fleejer (1995), a children's book, illustrated by his daughter Memoirs Califano, Joseph A., Jr.

Governing America: An insider's report from the White House and the Cabinet 1981 Jordan, Hamilton. Crisis: The Last Year of the Carter Presidency. 1982 Lance, Bert. The Truth of the Matter: My Life in and out of Politics. 1991 Further reading Harris, David (2004). The Crisis: the President, the Prophet, and the Shah—1979 and the Coming of Militant Islam. Little,Brown. Academic studies Bourne, Peter G. (1997). Jimmy Carter: A Comprehensive Biography From Plains to Post-Presidency. New York: Scribner. ISBN 0-684-19543-7 . Brinkley, Douglas (Fall 1996). "The rising stock of Jimmy Carter: The 'hands on' legacy of our thirty-ninth president". Diplomatic History 20 (4): 505-530. ISSN 0145-2096 . Dumbrell, John (1995). The Carter Presidency: A Re-evaluation, 2nd ed., Manchester: Manchester University Press.

ISBN 0-7190-4693-9 . Fink, Gary M., and Hugh Davis Graham (eds.) (1998). The Carter Presidency: Policy Choices in the Post-New Deal Era. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0895-8 . Flint, Andrew R., and Joy Porter (March 2005). "Jimmy Carter: The re-emergence of faith-based politics and the abortion rights issue". Presidential Studies Quarterly 35 (1): 28-51. DOI : 10.1111/j.1741-5705.2004.00234.x . Gillon, Steven M. (1992). The Democrats' Dilemma: Walter F. Mondale and the Liberal Legacy. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-07630-4 . Glad, Betty (1980). Jimmy Carter: In Search of the Great White House. New York: W. W. Norton.

ISBN 0-393-07527-3 . Hahn, Dan F. (1992). “The rhetoric of Jimmy Carter, 1976-1980”, in Theodore Windt and Beth Ingold: Essays in Presidential Rhetoric, 3rd ed., Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt, pp. 331-365. ISBN 0-8403-7568-9 . Hargrove, Erwin C. (1988). Jimmy Carter as President: Leadership and the Politics of the Public Good. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-1499-5 . Jones, Charles O. (1988). The Trusteeship Presidency: Jimmy Carter and the United States Congress. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-1426-X . Jorden, William J. (1984). Panama Odyssey. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-76469-3 . Kaufman, Burton I. (1993).

The Presidency of James Earl Carter, Jr. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0572-X . Kucharsky, David (1976). The Man From Plains: The Mind and Spirit of Jimmy Carter. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-064891-0 . Ribuffo, Leo P. (1989). “God and Jimmy Carter”, in M. L. Bradbury and James B. Gilbert: Transforming Faith: The Sacred and Secular in Modern American History. New York: Greenwood Press, pp. 141-159. ISBN 0-313-25707-8 . Ribuffo, Leo P. (1997). “'Malaise' revisited: Jimmy Carter and the crisis of confidence”, in John Patrick Diggins (ed.): The Liberal Persuasion: Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. and the Challenge of the American Past. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 164-185. ISBN 0-691-04829-0 .

Rosenbaum, Herbert D., and Alexej Ugrinsky (eds.) (1994). The Presidency and Domestic Policies of Jimmy Carter. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, pp. 83-116. ISBN 0-313-28845-3 . Schram, Martin (1977). Running for President, 1976: The Carter Campaign. New York: Stein and Day. ISBN 0-8128-2245-5 . Strong, Robert A. (Fall 1986). "Recapturing leadership: The Carter administration and the crisis of confidence". Presidential Studies Quarterly 16 (3): 636-650. ISSN 0360-4918 . Strong, Robert A. (2000). Working in the World: Jimmy Carter and the Making of American Foreign Policy. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-2445-1 . White, Theodore H. (1982).

America in Search of Itself: The Making of the President, 1956-1980. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-039007-7 . Witcover, Jules (1977). Marathon: The Pursuit of the Presidency, 1972-1976. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 0-670-45461-3 . Honors President Carter proudly displaying his Nobel Peace Prize President Carter has been fortunate to receive many honors throughout his life. Among the most significant honors were the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1999 and the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002. Others include: Former Vice President Walter Mondale Released From Hospital - NBC News Mar 7 2015, 12:54 pm ET Former Vice President Walter Mondale Released From Hospital Share advertisement Former Vice President Walter Mondale, 87, is "doing well" and is going home after a brief hospitalization for influenza, a hospital spokeswoman said Saturday.

During a speech in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on Friday, former President Jimmy Carter said he had spoken to Mondale, his former vice president, who was being treated at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. "He went there for just a regular physical examination but had a fever, and they finally said that he has influenza," Carter told the crowd. "He is in bed right this moment, but looking forward to come back home." Kelley Luckstein, a spokeswoman for the Mayo Clinic, told NBC News on Saturday that "Vice President Mondale is doing well. He was treated for flu and cold systems, and is headed home." The hospital treated Mondale when he underwent heart surgery in February 2014.

Question: Who was Vice-President to US President Jimmy Carter?
Answer: Walter Mondale