Kerosene K Kerosene Kerosene, sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage, also known as paraffin, is a combustible hydrocarbon liquid. The name is derived from Greek keros (κηρός wax ). The word Kerosene was registered as a trademark by Abraham Gesner in 1854 and for several years only the North American Gas Light Company and the Downer Company (to which Gesner had granted the right) were allowed to call their lamp oil kerosene. It eventually became a genericized trademark. It is usually called paraffin (sometimes paraffin oil) in the UK, South East Asia and South Africa (not to be confused with the waxy solid also called paraffin wax or just paraffin , or the much more viscous paraffin oil used as a laxative); the term kerosene is usual in much of Canada, the United States, Australia (where it is usually referred to colloquially as kero) and New Zealand . Kerosene is widely used to power jet-engined aircraft (jet fuel) and some rockets, but is also commonly used as a heating fuel and for fire toys such as poi.

The heat of combustion of Kerosene is similar to that of diesel : its lower heating value is around 18,500 Btu /lb, or 43.1 MJ/ kg , and its higher heating value is 46.2MJ/kg. Properties Kerosene is a thin, clear liquid formed from hydrocarbons, with density of 0.78-0.81g/cm3. Kerosene is obtained from the fractional distillation of petroleum between 150 ° C and 275 °C, resulting in a mixture of carbon chains that typically contain between 6 and 16 carbon atoms per molecule . The flash point of kerosene is between 37 and 65 °C (100–150 °F) and its autoignition temperature is 220 °C (428 °F). Kerosene is insoluble in water (cold or hot), but miscible in petroleum solvents.

History Around the year 850 the Abbasid Caliphate introduced a refined lamp oil, or kerosene, manufactured from crude oil by distillation, named naft abyad ("white naphtha"), which was made using an apparatus called al-inbiq, the origin of the English word alembic . In his Kitab al-Asrar (Book of Secrets), the physician and chemist al-Razi (Rhazes) described two methods for the production of kerosene. One method involved using clay as an absorbent, whereas the other method involved using ammonium chloride (sal ammoniac). The distillation process was to be repeated until the final product was perfectly clear and "safe to light," i.e. volatile hydrocarbon fractions had been mostly removed. Kerosene was also produced during the same period from oil shale and bitumen by heating the rock to extract the oil, which was then distilled. In 1846 Canadian geologist Abraham Gesner gave a public demonstration in Charlottetown , Prince Edward Island of a new process he had discovered. He heated coal in a retort and distilled from it a clear, thin fluid which he showed made an excellent lamp fuel.

He coined the name "Kerosene" for his fuel, a contraction of keroselaion, meaning wax-oil. The cost of extracting kerosene from coal was, however, high. Fortunately, Gesner recalled from his extensive knowledge of New Brunswick's geology a naturally-occurring asphaltum called Albertite. He was however blocked from using it by the New Brunswick coal conglomerate because they had coal extraction rights for the province and he lost a court case when their experts claimed that Albertite was in fact a form of coal. Gesner subsequently moved to Newton Creek, Long Island , USA, in 1854, where he secured the backing of a group of businessmen. They formed the North American Gas Light Company, to which he assigned his patents. Despite clear priority of discovery, Gesner did not obtain his first kerosene patent until 1854, two years after James Young's US patent. Gesner's method of purifying the distillation products appears to have been superior to Young's, resulting in a cleaner and better smelling fuel.

Manufacture of kerosene under the Gesner patents began in New York in 1854 and later in Boston , being distilled from bituminous coal and oil shale. In 1848 Scottish chemist James Young experimented with oil discovered seeping in a coal mine as a source of lubricating oil and illuminating fuel. When the seep became exhausted he experimented with the dry distillation of coal, especially the resinous "Boghead coal" (Torbanite). He extracted a number of useful liquids from it, one of which he named "paraffine oil" because at low temperatures it congealed into a substance resembling paraffin wax. Young took out a patent on his process and the resulting products in 1850, and built the first truly commercial oil-works in the world at Bathgate in 1851, using oil extracted from locally-mined Torbanite, shale, and bituminous coal. In 1852 he took out a US patent for the same invention. These patents were subsequently upheld in both countries in a series of lawsuits and other producers were obliged to pay him royalties. See also coal oil .

In 1851 Samuel Martin Kier began selling kerosene to local miners, under the name "Carbon Oil". He distilled this by a process of his own invention from crude oil . He also invented a new lamp to burn his product. He has been dubbed the Grandfather of the American Oil Industry by historians. Since the 1840s, Kier's salt wells were becoming fouled with petroleum. At first, Kier simply dumped the useless oil into the nearby Pennsylvania Main Line Canal, but later he began experimenting with several distillates of the crude oil along with a chemist from eastern Pennsylvania. Ignacy Lukasiewicz, a Polish pharmacist residing in Lvov had been experimenting with different kerosene distillation techniques, trying to improve on Gesner's process, using local seep oil. Many people knew of his work but paid little attention to it. On the night of July 31 1853, doctors at the local hospital needed to perform an emergency operation, virtually impossible by candlelight. They therefore sent a messenger for Lukasiewicz and his new lamps. The lamp burned so brightly and cleanly that the hospital officials ordered several examples plus a large supply of fuel.

Lukasiewicz realized the potential of his work and quit the pharmacy to find a business partner and then travelled to Vienna to register his technique with the government. Lukasiewicz moved to the Gorlice region of Poland in 1854 and sank several wells across southern Poland over the following decade, setting up a refinery near Jasło in 1859. The widespread availability of cheaper kerosene was the principal factor in the precipitous decline in the whaling industry in the mid-to-late 19th century, as the leading product of whaling was oil for lamps. Uses As a fuel Heating and Lighting At one time the fuel was widely used in kerosene lamps and lanterns. Although it replaced whale oil , it was considered as "explosive as gunpowder ." - the 1873 edition of Elements of Chemistry notes that "The vapor of this substance [kerosene] mixed with air is as explosive as gunpowder." This may have been due to the common practice of adulterating kerosene with other, more volatile hydrocarbons, such as the cheaper benzene .

Kerosene was also a fire risk; in 1880, 39% of New York City fires were caused by defective kerosene lamps. These were superseded by the electric light bulb and flashlights powered by dry cell batteries, which are still used to this day. Its use as a cooking fuel is mostly restricted to some portable stoves for backpackers and to less developed countries , where it is usually less refined and contains impurities and even debris. As a heating fuel, it is often used in portable stoves, and is sold in some filling stations . It is sometimes used as a heat source during power failures. The use of portable kerosene heaters is not recommended for closed indoor areas without a chimney due to the danger of build-up of carbon monoxide gas. Kerosene is widely used in Japan as a home heating fuel for portable and installed kerosene heaters. In Japan, kerosene can be readily bought at any filling station or be delivered to homes. In the United Kingdom and Ireland kerosene is often used as a heating fuel in areas that are unconnected to a gas pipeline network.

It is used less for cooking, which has more commonly been LPG for some decades now, owing to its easier lighting. The Amish , who forbid use of electric appliances for religious reasons, rely on kerosene for lighting at night. More ubiquitous in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, kerosene space heaters were often built into kitchen ranges and kept many farm and fishing families warm and dry through the winter. At one time citrus growers used a smudge pot fueled by kerosene to create a pall of thick smoke over a grove in an effort to prevent freezing temperatures from damaging crops. Salamanders are kerosene space heaters used on construction sites to dry out building materials and to warm workers. Before the days of blinking electrically lighted road barriers, highway construction zones were marked at night by kerosene fired pot-bellied torches. Most of these uses of kerosene created thick black smoke because of the low temperature of combustion. A notable exception, discovered in the early 19th century, is the use of a gas mantle above the wick on a kerosene lamp.

Looking like a delicate woven bag above the woven cotton wick, the mantle was a residue of mineral material ( thorium dioxide ) which glowed white hot as it burned the volatile gases emanating from the blue flame at the base of the wick. These types of lamps are still in use today in areas of the world without electricity. One of the most commonly available types of kerosene mantle lamps is the "Aladdin Lamp." It is available in many of the hardware stores or camping outfitters of North America. Transportation In the mid-20th century, kerosene or TVO (Tractor Vaporising Oil) was used as a cheap fuel for tractors. The engine would start on gasoline, then switch over to kerosene once the engine warmed up. A heat valve on the manifold would route the exhaust gases around the intake pipe, heating the kerosene to the point where it can be ignited by an electrical spark. During the fuel crisis of the 1970s Saab-Valmet developed and series-produced the Saab 99 Petro that ran on kerosene, turpentine or gasoline.

The project codenamed "Project Lapponia" was headed by Simo Vuorinen, and towards the end of the 1970s a working prototype was produced based on the Saab 99GL. The car was designed to run on two fuels. Gasoline was used for cold starts and when extra power was needed, but normally it ran on kerosene or turpentine. The idea was that the gasoline could be made from peat using the Fischer-Tropsch process. Between 1980 and 1984, 3756 Saab 99 Petros and 2385 Talbot Horizons (a version of the Chrysler Horizon that integrated many Saab components) were made. Today kerosene is mainly used in fuel for jet engines (more technically Avtur, Jet A, Jet A-1, Jet B, JP-4, JP-5, JP-7 or JP-8). One form of the fuel known as RP-1 is burned with liquid oxygen as rocket fuel. These fuel grade kerosenes meet specifications for smoke points and freeze points.

The combustion reaction can be approximated as follows, with the molecular formula C12H26: C12H26(l) + 37/2 O2(g) → 12 CO2(g) + 13 H2O(g); ∆H˚ = -7513 kJ In the initial phase of liftoff the Saturn V launch vehicle was powered by the reaction of liquid oxygen with RP-1. For the five ~6.4 million newton sea-level thrust F-1 rocket engines of the Saturn V, burning together, the reaction generated roughly 1.62 x 1011 watts (J/s) or 217 million horsepower. Kerosene is sometimes used as an additive in diesel fuel to prevent gelling or waxing in cold temperatures. Ultra-low sulfur kerosene is a custom-blended fuel used by the New York City Transit to power its bus fleet. The transit agency started using this fuel in 2004, prior to the widespread adoption of ultra-low sulfur diesel, which has since become the standard.

In 2008, the suppliers of the custom fuel failed to tender for a renewal of the transit agency's contract, leading to a negotiated contract at a significantly increased cost. Cooking In countries such as India, kerosene is the main fuel used for cooking, especially by the poor. Kerosene stoves have replaced traditional wood-based cooking appliances. The price of kerosene can be a major political and environmental issue; the Indian government subsidizes the fuel to keep the price very low (around 15 cents/liter as of Feb. 2007). Lower prices discourage dismantling of forests for cooking fuel. Cultural/Performance Art Kerosene is often used in the entertainment industry for fire performances such as poi, fire breathing, and fire dancing , because of its low flame temperature when burnt in free air, reducing the risk, should the performer come in contact with the flame. Kerosene is not usually used as a fuel for indoor fire-dancing as it produces an unpleasant odour which becomes poisonous in sufficient concentration. Methanol is often used instead, but it also produces less impressive flames, and it can be a more dangerous fuel because of its lower flash point.

Other Uses Liquid pesticides have traditionally used kerosene or some other petroleum distillate as a carrier, though water has recently begun to replace kerosene Kerosene has also been found effective in killing bed bugs upon direct spray. Kerosene has been used to treat pools of standing water to prevent mosquitoes from breeding, notably in the yellow fever outbreak of 1905 in New Orleans . It can be used to remove lice from hair, but this practice is painful and potentially very dangerous. Also, this practice removes all natural oils and fats from the scalp. Since kerosene is chemically stable, it is used to store substances with redox tendencies within to prevent unwanted reactions, such as alkali metals . It is used in the packaging and storing of white phosphorus to prevent contact with oxygen, which would lead to immediate combustion. Kerosene can be used to store crystals. When a hydrated crystal is left in air, dehydration may occur slowly. This makes the colour of the crystal become dull. Kerosene can keep air from the crystal. It is used as a solvent . Kerosene can be applied topically to hard-to-remove mucilage or adhesive left by stickers on a glass surface (such as in show windows of stores).

Kerosene can be used to remove candle wax that has dripped onto a glass surface; it is recommended that the excess wax be scraped off prior to applying kerosene via a soaked cloth or tissue paper. Kerosene can be used to clean bicycle and motorcycle chains of old lubricant before relubrication. It can be used in conjunction with cutting oil as a thread cutting and reaming lubricant . When machining aluminium and its alloys, kerosene on its own is an excellent cutting lubricant. Military Applications—used to make "napalm-like" incendiary devices—as reported by the San Diego Union-Tribune [ Kerosene-based diluent is commonly used as a component of the organic solvent in SX/EW copper refining. Hydrotreated kerosene can be used as a starting material to produce high purity linear paraffins which are subsequently dehydrogenated to linear olefins, and when the latter are reacted with benzene in the presence of a catalyst result in the production of linear alkyl benzene. Kerosene is used as a lubricant for the cutting of glass.

It prevents chipping of the glass as the cutting tool is drawn along the surface and it prevents the surface of the glass from resealing along the scored line which would cause an even and jagged cut. Kerosene: Amazon.es: Frederic P. Miller, Agnes F. Vandome, John McBrewster: Libros en idiomas extranjeros Libros en idiomas extranjeros AÃ±adir a la Lista de deseos Â¿Tienes uno para vender? Volver atrÃ¡s Ir adelante Escuchar Reproduciendo... Interrumpido EstÃ¡s escuchando una muestra de la ediciÃ³n de audio Audible. Tapa blanda, 16 sep 2010 "Vuelva a intentarlo" DescripciÃ³n del producto Reseña del editor Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Kerosene, sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage,also known as paraffin, is a combustible hydrocarbon liquid. The name is derived fromGreek keros .

The word Kerosene was registered as a trademark by Abraham Gesner in 1854 and for several years only the North American Gas Light Company and the Downer Company were allowed to call their lamp oil kerosene.It eventually became a genericized trademark. It is usually called paraffin in the UK, South East Asia and South Africa the term kerosene is usual in much of Canada, the United States, Australia.Kerosene is widely used to power jet- engined aircraft and some rockets, but is also commonly used as a heating fuel and for fire toys such as poi No es necesario ningÃºn dispositivo Kindle. DescÃ¡rgate una de las apps de Kindle gratuitas para comenzar a leer libros Kindle en tu smartphone, tablet u ordenador. Apple kerosene - definition - What is ? What is ? kerosene definition : kerosene Kerosene, also known as lamp oil, is a combustible hydrocarbon liquid widely used as a fuel in industry and households. Its name derives from (keros) meaning wax, and was registered as a trademark by Abraham Gesner in 1854 before evolving into a genericized trademark. It is sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage.

The term "kerosene" is common in much of India, Canada, the United States, Argentina, Australia and New Zealand. Kerosene is usually called paraffin in the United Kingdom, Southeast Asia, East Africa and South Africa. A more viscous paraffin oil is used as a laxative. A waxy solid extracted from petroleum is called paraffin wax. Kerosene is widely used to power jet engines of aircraft (jet fuel) and some rocket engines, and is also commonly used as a cooking and lighting fuel and for fire toys such as poi. In parts of Asia, where the price of kerosene is subsidized, it fuels outboard motors on small fishing boats. World total kerosene consumption for all purposes is equivalent to about 1.2 million barrels per day. To prevent confusion between kerosene and the much more flammable and volatile gasoline, some jurisdictions regulate markings or colorings for containers used to store or dispense kerosene. For example, in the United States, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania requires that portable containers used at retail service stations be colored blue, as opposed to red (for gasoline) or yellow (for Diesel fuel).

== Properties == Kerosene is a thin, clear liquid formed from hydrocarbons obtained from the fractional distillation of petroleum between 150 °C and 275 °C, resulting in a mixture with a density of 0.78–0.81 g/cm3 composed of carbon chains that typically contain between 6 and 16 carbon atoms per molecule. It is miscible in petroleum solvents but immiscible in water. The American Society for Testing and Materials standard specification D-3699-78 recognizes two grades of kerosene: grades 1-K (less than 0.04% sulfur by weight) and 2-K (0.3% sulfur by weight). 1-K grade kerosene burns cleaner with fewer deposits, fewer toxins, and less frequent maintenance than 2-K grade kerosene, and is the preferred grade of kerosene for indoor kerosene heaters and stoves. Regardless of crude oil source or processing history, kerosene's major components are branched and straight chain alkanes and naphthenes (cycloalkanes), which normally account for at least 70% by volume.

Aromatic hydrocarbons in this boiling range, such as alkylbenzenes (single ring) and alkylnaphthalenes (double ring), do not normally exceed 25% by volume of kerosene streams. Olefins are usually not present at more than 5% by volume. The flash point of kerosene is between 37 and 65 °C (100 and 150 °F), and its autoignition temperature is . The pour point of kerosene depends on grade, with commercial aviation fuel standardized at . 1-K grade kerosene freezes around -40 °C (-40 °F, 233 K). Heat of combustion of kerosene is similar to that of diesel fuel; its lower heating value is 43.1 MJ/kg (around 18,500 Btu/lb), and its higher heating value is 46.2 MJ/kg. In the United Kingdom, two grades of heating oil are defined.

BS 2869 Class C1 is the lightest grade used for lanterns, camping stoves, wick heaters, and mixed with gasoline in some vintage combustion engines as a substitute for tractor vaporising oil. BS 2869 Class C2 is a heavier distillate, which is used as domestic heating oil. Premium kerosene is usually sold in 5 or 20 liter containers from hardware, camping and garden stores and is often dyed purple. Standard kerosene is usually dispensed in bulk by a tanker and is undyed. National and international standards define the properties of several grades of kerosene used for jet fuel. Flash point and freezing point properties are of particular interest for operation and safety; the standards also define additives for control of static electricity and other purposes. == History == The process of distilling crude oil/petroleum into kerosene, as well as other hydrocarbon compounds, was first written about in the 9th century by the Persian scholar Rāzi (or Rhazes).

In his Kitab al-Asrar (Book of Secrets), the physician and chemist Razi described two methods for the production of kerosene, termed naft abyad ("white naphtha"), using an apparatus called an alembic. One method used clay as an absorbent, whereas the other method used ammonium chloride (sal ammoniac). The distillation process was repeated until the final product was perfectly clear and safe to light, i.e., volatile hydrocarbon fractions had been mostly removed. Kerosene was also produced during the same period from oil shale and bitumen by heating the rock to extract the oil, which was then distilled. ===Illuminating oil from coal and oil shale=== Although “coal oil” was well known by industrial chemists at least as early as the 1700s as a byproduct of making coal gas and coal tar, it burned with a smoky flame that prevented its use for indoor illumination. In cities, much indoor illumination was provided by piped-in coal gas, but outside the cities, and for spot lighting within the cities, the lucrative market for fueling indoor lamps was supplied by whale oil, specifically that from sperm whales, which burned brighter and cleaner.

In 1846, Canadian geologist Abraham Gesner gave a public demonstration in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island of a new process he had discovered. He heated coal in a retort, and distilled from it a clear, thin fluid that he showed made an excellent lamp fuel. He coined the name "Kerosene" for his fuel, a contraction of keroselaion, meaning wax-oil. The cost of extracting kerosene from coal was high. Fortunately, Gesner recalled from his extensive knowledge of New Brunswick's geology a naturally occurring asphaltum called albertite. He was blocked from using it by the New Brunswick coal conglomerate because they had coal extraction rights for the province, and he lost a court case when their experts claimed albertite was a form of coal. In 1854, Gesner moved to Newtown Creek, Long Island, New York. There, he secured backing from a group of businessmen. They formed the North American Gas Light Company, to which he assigned his patents. Despite clear priority of discovery, Gesner did not obtain his first kerosene patent until 1854, two years after James Young's United States patent.

Gesner's method of purifying the distillation products appears to have been superior to Young's, resulting in a cleaner and better-smelling fuel. Manufacture of kerosene under the Gesner patents began in New York in 1854 and later in Boston—being distilled from bituminous coal and oil shale. In 1848, Scottish chemist James Young experimented with oil discovered seeping in a coal mine as a source of lubricating oil and illuminating fuel. When the seep became exhausted, he experimented with the dry distillation of coal, especially the resinous "boghead coal" (torbanite). He extracted a number of useful liquids from it, one of which he named paraffine oil because at low temperatures, it congealed into a substance that resembled paraffin wax. Young took out a patent on his process and the resulting products in 1850, and built the first truly commercial oil-works in the world at Bathgate in 1851, using oil extracted from locally mined torbanite, shale, and bituminous coal. In 1852, he took out a United States patent for the same invention.

These patents were subsequently upheld in both countries in a series of lawsuits, and other producers were obliged to pay him royalties. He has been dubbed the Grandfather of the American Oil Industry by historians. Since the 1840s, Kier's salt wells were becoming fouled with petroleum. At first, Kier simply dumped the useless oil into the nearby Pennsylvania Main Line Canal, but later he began experimenting with several distillates of the crude oil, along with a chemist from eastern Pennsylvania. Ignacy Łukasiewicz, a Polish pharmacist residing in Lviv, and his Hungarian partner Jan Zeh had been experimenting with different distillation techniques, trying to improve on Gesner's Kerosene process, but using oil from a local petroleum seep. Many people knew of his work, but paid little attention to it. On the night of 31 July 1853, doctors at the local hospital needed to perform an emergency operation, virtually impossible by candlelight. They therefore sent a messenger for Łukasiewicz and his new lamps. The lamp burned so brightly and cleanly that the hospital officials ordered several lamps plus a large supply of fuel.

Łukasiewicz realized the potential of his work and quit the pharmacy to find a business partner, and then travelled to Vienna to register his technique with the government. Łukasiewicz moved to the Gorlice region of Poland in 1854, and sank several wells across southern Poland over the following decade, setting up a refinery near Jasło in 1859. The petroleum discovery at the Drake Well in western Pennsylvania in 1859 caused a great deal of public excitement and investment drilling in new wells, not only in Pennsylvania, but also in Canada, where petroleum had been discovered at Oil Springs, Ontario in 1858, and southern Poland, where Ignacy Łukasiewicz had been distilling lamp oil from petroleum seeps since 1852. The increased supply of petroleum allowed oil refiners to entirely side-step the oil-from-coal patents of both Young and Gesner, and produce illuminating oil from petroleum without paying royalties to anyone. As a result, the illuminating oil industry in the United States completely switched over to petroleum in the 1860s.

The petroleum-based illuminating oil was widely sold as Kerosene, and the trade name soon lost its proprietary status, and became the lower-case generic product “kerosene”. Because Gesner’s original Kerosene had been also known as “coal oil,” generic kerosene from petroleum was commonly called “coal oil” in some parts of the United States well into the 20th century. In the United Kingdom, manufacturing oil from coal (or oil shale) continued into the early 20th century, although increasingly overshadowed by petroleum oils. As kerosene production increased, whaling declined. The American whaling fleet, which had been steadily growing for 50 years, reached its all-time peak of 199 ships in 1858. By 1860, just two years later, the fleet had dropped to 167 ships. The Civil War cut into American whaling temporarily, but only 105 whaling ships returned to sea in 1866, the first full year of peace, and that number dwindled until only 39 American ships set out to hunt whales in 1876.

Kerosene, made first from coal and oil shale, then from petroleum, had largely taken over whaling’s lucrative market in lamp oil. Electric lighting started displacing kerosene as an illuminant in the late 19th century, especially in urban areas. However, kerosene remained the predominant commercial end-use for petroleum refined in the United States until 1909, when it was exceeded by motor fuels. The rise of the gasoline-powered automobile in the early 20th century created a demand for the lighter hydrocarbon fractions, and refiners invented methods to increase the output of gasoline, while decreasing the output of kerosene. In addition, some of the heavier hydrocarbons that previously went into kerosene were incorporated into diesel fuel. Kerosene kept some market share by being increasingly used in stoves and portable heaters. In 2013, kerosene made up about 0.1 percent by volume of petroleum refinery output in the United States. ==Use== ===As fuel=== ====Heating and lighting==== At one time the fuel, also known as heating oil in the UK and Ireland, was widely used in kerosene lamps and lanterns.

Although it replaced whale oil, the 1873 edition of Elements of Chemistry said, "The vapor of this substance [kerosene] mixed with air is as explosive as gunpowder." This may have been due to the common practice of adulterating kerosene with cheaper but more volatile hydrocarbon mixtures, such as naphtha. Kerosene was a significant fire risk; in 1880, nearly two of every five New York City fires were caused by defective kerosene lamps. In less-developed countries kerosene is an important source of energy for cooking and lighting. It is used as a cooking fuel in portable stoves for backpackers. As a heating fuel, it is often used in portable stoves, and is sold in some filling stations. It is sometimes used as a heat source during power failures. Kerosene is widely used in Japan as a home heating fuel for portable and installed kerosene heaters. In Japan, kerosene can be readily bought at any filling station or be delivered to homes. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, kerosene is often used as a heating fuel in areas not connected to a gas pipeline network.

It is used less for cooking where LPG is preferred owing to its (LPG's) easier lighting. Kerosene is still often the fuel of choice for range cookers such as Rayburn. Additives can be added to kerosene to improve the burning efficiency. Most range cookers require an additive such as RangeKlene. The Amish, who generally abstain from the use of electricity, rely on kerosene for lighting at night. More ubiquitous in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, kerosene space heaters were often built into kitchen ranges, and kept many farm and fishing families warm and dry through the winter. At one time, citrus growers used a smudge pot fueled by kerosene to create a pall of thick smoke over a grove in an effort to prevent freezing temperatures from damaging crops. "Salamanders" are kerosene space heaters used on construction sites to dry out building materials and to warm workers. Before the days of electrically lighted road barriers, highway construction zones were marked at night by kerosene fired, pot-bellied torches. Most of these uses of kerosene created thick black smoke because of the low temperature of combustion.

A notable exception, discovered in the early 19th century, is the use of a gas mantle mounted above the wick on a kerosene lamp. Looking like a delicate woven bag above the woven cotton wick, the mantle is a residue of mineral materials (mostly thorium dioxide), heated to incandescence by the flame from the wick. The thorium and cerium oxide combination produces both a whiter light and a greater fraction of the energy in the form of visible light than a black body at the same temperature would. These types of lamps are still in use today in areas of the world without electricity, because they give a much better light than a simple wick-type lamp does. Recently, a multipurpose lantern that doubles as a cook stove has been introduced in India in areas with no electricity. ====Cooking==== In countries such as India and Nigeria, kerosene is the main fuel used for cooking, especially by the poor, and kerosene stoves have replaced traditional wood-based cooking appliances. As such, increase in the price of kerosene can have a major political and environmental consequence. The Indian government subsidizes the fuel to keep the price very low, to around 15 U.S.

cents per liter as of February 2007, as lower prices discourage dismantling of forests for cooking fuel. In Nigeria an attempt by the government to remove a fuel subsidy that includes kerosene met with strong opposition. Kerosene is used as a fuel in portable stoves, especially in Primus stoves invented in 1892. Portable kerosene stoves earn a reputation of reliable and durable stove in everyday use, and perform especially well under adverse conditions. In outdoor activities and mountaineering, a decisive advantage of pressurized kerosene stoves over gas cartridge stoves is their particularly high thermal output and their ability to operate at very low temperature in winter or at high altitude. Wick stoves like Perfection's or wickless like Boss continue to be used by the Amish and off grid living and in natural disasters where there is no power available. ====Transportation==== In the mid-20th century, kerosene or tractor vaporising oil (TVO) was used as a cheap fuel for tractors. The engine would start on gasoline, then switch over to kerosene once the engine warmed up.

A heat valve on the manifold would route the exhaust gases around the intake pipe, heating the kerosene to the point where it was vaporized and could be ignited by an electric spark. In Europe following the Second World War, automobiles were modified similarly to run on kerosene rather than gasoline, which they would have to import and pay heavy taxes on. Besides additional piping and the switch between fuels, the head gasket was replaced by a much thicker one to diminish the compression ratio (making the engine less powerful and less efficient, but able to run on kerosene). The necessary equipment was sold under the trademark "Econom". During the fuel crisis of the 1970s, Saab-Valmet developed and series-produced the Saab 99 Petro that ran on kerosene, turpentine or gasoline. The project, codenamed "Project Lapponia", was headed by Simo Vuorio, and towards the end of the 1970s, a working prototype was produced based on the Saab 99 GL. The car was designed to run on two fuels. Gasoline was used for cold starts and when extra power was needed, but normally it ran on kerosene or turpentine.

The idea was that the gasoline could be made from peat using the Fischer–Tropsch process. Between 1980 and 1984, 3,756 Saab 99 Petros and 2,385 Talbot Horizons (a version of the Chrysler Horizon that integrated many Saab components) were made. One reason to manufacture kerosene-fueled cars was that in Finland kerosene was less heavily taxed than gasoline. Kerosene is used to fuel smaller-horsepower outboard motors built by Yamaha Motors, Suzuki Marine, and Tohatsu. Primarily used on small fishing craft, these are dual-fuel engines that start on gasoline and then transition to kerosene once the engine reaches optimum operating temperature. Multiple fuel Evinrude and Mercury Racing engines also burn kerosene, as well as jet fuel. Today, kerosene is mainly used in fuel for jet engines in several grades. One highly refined form of the fuel is known as RP-1, and is often burned with liquid oxygen as rocket fuel. These fuel grade kerosenes meet specifications for smoke points and freeze points.

The combustion reaction can be approximated as follows, with the molecular formula C12H26 (dodecane): 2 C12H26(l) + 37 O2(g) → 24 CO2(g) + 26 H2O(g); ∆H˚ = -7513 kJ In the initial phase of liftoff, the Saturn V launch vehicle was powered by the reaction of liquid oxygen with RP-1. For the five 6.4 meganewton sea-level thrust F-1 rocket engines of the Saturn V, burning together, the reaction generated roughly 1.62 × 1011 watts (J/s) (162 gigawatt) or 217 million horsepower. Ultra-low sulfur kerosene is a custom-blended fuel used by the New York City Transit Authority to power its bus fleet. The transit agency started using this fuel in 2004, prior to the widespread adoption of ultra-low-sulfur diesel, which has since become the standard.

In 2008, the suppliers of the custom fuel failed to tender for a renewal of the transit agency's contract, leading to a negotiated contract at a significantly increased cost. JP-8, (for "Jet Propellant 8") a kerosene-based fuel, is used by the United States military as a replacement in diesel fueled vehicles and for powering aircraft. JP-8 is also by the U.S. military and its NATO allies as a fuel for heaters, stoves, tanks and as a replacement for diesel fuel in the engines of nearly all tactical ground vehicles and electrical generators. ===In chemistry=== Kerosene is used as a diluent in the PUREX extraction process, but it is increasingly being supplanted by dodecane. In X-ray crystallography, kerosene can be used to store crystals. When a hydrated crystal is left in air, dehydration may occur slowly. This makes the color of the crystal become dull. Kerosene can keep air from the crystal. It can be also used to prevent air from re-dissolving in a boiled liquid, In the petroleum industry, kerosene is often used as a synthetic hydrocarbon for corrosion experiments to simulate crude oil in field conditions.

Kerosene is an effective pesticide, killing a large variety of insects, notably bed bugs and head lice. It can also be applied to standing pools of water to kill mosquito larvae. It covers the insects' respiratory spiracles with a thin film of oil, which prevents the exchange of oxygen, smothering the insects. ===Other=== Kerosene can be applied topically to hard-to-remove mucilage or adhesive left by stickers on a glass surface (such as in show windows of stores). It can be used to remove candle wax that has dripped onto a glass surface; it is recommended that the excess wax be scraped off prior to applying kerosene via a soaked cloth or tissue paper. People can be exposed to kerosene in the workplace by breathing it in, swallowing it, skin contact, and eye contact. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a Recommended exposure limit (REL) of 100 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday.

== See also == *Aviation fuel *Gasoline gallon equivalent *List of CO2 emitted per million Btu of energy from various fuels *Tractor vaporising oil == References== == External links == *[ "Kerosene"], Webster Online Dictionary *[ Article on Gesner] *[ Kerosene Fuel Primer] *[ San Diego Union-Tribune Article] *[ Material Safety Data Sheet] *[ CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards] Category:Alkanes Category:Aviation fuels Category:Coolants Category:Fuels Category:Hydrocarbon solvents Category:Lubricants Category:Petroleum products About: Kerosene About: Kerosene An Entity of Type : Thing , from Named Graph : , within Data Space : dbpedia.org Kerosene, also known as lamp oil, is a combustible hydrocarbon liquid widely used as a fuel in industry and households. Its name derives from Greek: κηρός (keros) meaning wax, and was registered as a trademark by Abraham Gesner in 1854 before evolving into a genericized trademark. It is sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage.

The term "kerosene" is common in much of India, Canada, the United States, Argentina, Australia and New Zealand. Property abstract Kerosene, also known as lamp oil, is a combustible hydrocarbon liquid widely used as a fuel in industry and households. Its name derives from Greek: κηρός (keros) meaning wax, and was registered as a trademark by Abraham Gesner in 1854 before evolving into a genericized trademark. It is sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage. The term "kerosene" is common in much of India, Canada, the United States, Argentina, Australia and New Zealand. Kerosene is usually called paraffin in the United Kingdom, Southeast Asia, East Africa and South Africa. A more viscous paraffin oil is used as a laxative. A waxy solid extracted from petroleum is called paraffin wax. Kerosene is widely used to power jet engines of aircraft (jet fuel) and some rocket engines, and is also commonly used as a cooking and lighting fuel and for fire toys such as poi. In parts of Asia, where the price of kerosene is subsidized, it fuels outboard motors on small fishing boats.

World total kerosene consumption for all purposes is equivalent to about 1.2 million barrels per day. To prevent confusion between kerosene and the much more flammable and volatile gasoline, some jurisdictions regulate markings or colorings for containers used to store or dispense kerosene. For example, in the United States, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania requires that portable containers used at retail service stations be colored blue, as opposed to red (for gasoline) or yellow (for Diesel fuel). (en) الكيروسين (بالإنجليزية: Kerosene) وهو سائل هيدروكربوني ،مشتق من النفط ،قابل للاشتعال وذو رائحة مميزة. (ar) Petroleum (von altgriechisch πέτρα pétra „Fels“ und lateinisch oleum „Öl“; Kurzform Petrol) ist ein flüssiges Stoffgemisch von Kohlenwasserstoffen, das durch fraktionierte Destillation von Erdöl gewonnen wird. Die Eigenschaften des Stoffgemisches sind von der jeweiligen genauen chemischen Zusammensetzung abhängig und können stark variieren.

Petroleum ist wenig flüchtig und schwer entzündlich mit einem Flammpunkt zwischen 55 und 74 °C. Petroleumdämpfe sind wesentlich schwerer als Luft und können mit dieser explosionsfähige Gemische bilden.Die Petroleumfraktion bei der Erdöldestillation liegt im Siedebereich zwischen Benzin und Dieselkraftstoff von etwa 175 °C bis 325 °C. Die korrekte Bezeichnung für Petroleum im amerik. Englischen ist Kerosene und wird oft irrtümlich ins Deutsche mit Kerosin übersetzt, obwohl der deutsche Begriff Kerosin ausschließlich auf leichtes Petroleum beschränkt ist. Das britische Wort für Petroleum ist dagegen Paraffine Oil.Petroleum war der historische Ausdruck für Erdöl, das englische Wort Petroleum bedeutet Erdöl oder Rohöl.Die Bezeichnung nach dem Europäischen Übereinkommen über die internationale Beförderung gefährlicher Güter auf der Straße (ADR) lautet „KEROSIN“.

(de) Le kérosène est un mélange d'hydrocarbures contenant des alcanes (CnH2n+2) de formule chimique allant de C10H22 à C14H30. Issu du raffinage du pétrole, il résulte du soutirage pendant la distillation d'une coupe avec un point initial (PI) de distillation compris entre 150 °C et 180 °C, et un point final (PF) de distillation entre 225 °C et 250 °C. Il doit être exempt de soufre. (fr) El queroseno, querosene, querosén, kérex, keroseno, kerosene, kerosén o canfín (del griego κηρός - keros, [[cer.

Líquido inflamable, mezcla de hidrocarburos, que se obtiene de la destilación del petróleo natural, utilizado en estufas y lámparas al inicio, y que en la actualidad se emplea como combustible de aviones de reacción y para fabricar insecticidas.Diccionario Manual de la Lengua Española Vox. © 2007 Larousse Editorial, S.L.a]]) es un líquido transparente (o con ligera coloración amarillenta) obtenido por destilación del petróleo. De densidad intermedia entre la gasolina y el gasóleo o diésel, se utiliza como combustible, el JP (abreviatura de Jet Petrol) en los motores a reacción y de turbina de gas o bien se añade al gasóleo de automoción en las refinerías. Se utiliza también como disolvente y para calefacción doméstica, como dieléctrico en procesos de mecanizado por descargas eléctricas y, antiguamente, para iluminación. Es insoluble en agua.

En Cuba se conoce como luzbrillante, en Ecuador como kerex[cita requerida], en Chile como parafina y en Costa Rica como canfín, en República Dominicana para iluminación se conoce como Trementina. En México se conoce como Petróleo "diáfano" de color morado usado en estufas, calefactores, insecticidas y iluminación . (es) Il cherosene (o kerosene) è una miscela liquida di idrocarburi, incolore, infiammabile, utilizzato principalmente come combustibile o solvente. Il nome deriva dalla parola greca keros (κηρός), che significa "cera".

(it) ケロシン（kerosene）とは、石油の分留成分の1つである。およそ沸点150 - 280℃、炭素数10 - 15、密度0.79 - 0.83のものである。ナフサ（ガソリンの原料）より重く、軽油より軽い。 ケロシンを主成分として、灯油、ジェット燃料、ケロシン系ロケット燃料などの石油製品が作られる。灯油は成分的にはほぼケロシンだが、日本では灯油をケロシンと呼ぶことはまれで、ケロシンといえばジェット燃料やロケット燃料のことが多い。 英語では、keroseneのほかkerosineとも綴り、また、coal oil（中国語では、「煤油」や俗に「火水」という）ともいう。日本のモービル石油のスタンドや灯油の貯蔵施設にある給油機には英語のKerosineが書かれている。また、英国と南アフリカではparaffin（パラフィン）とも呼ぶ。 (

ja) Petroleum is de "huishoudnaam" van de aardoliefractie met een kookpunt tussen circa 150 °C – 290 °C, net boven dat van benzine, gebruikt voor verlichting en verwarming.

Voor de komst van het aardgas werd in menig huishouden gebruikgemaakt van deze brandstof. Men gebruikte petroleumlampen om te verlichten en een petroleumstel om de maaltijd op te koken. Ook het water voor de thee of de afwas werd erop verhit. Het was te koop bij de drogist of bij de petroleumman of olieboer, een zelfstandige die met een kar langs de deuren ging. Hij vulde de voorraadvaten en deed kleinere hoeveelheden in petroleumkannen. In de bredere zin is petroleum een synoniem voor ruwe olie of aardolie. (nl) Nafta – ciekła frakcja ropy naftowej wrząca w granicach 170–250 °C, mająca gęstość 0,78–0,81 g/cm³.

Żółtawa, palna ciecz o charakterystycznym zapachu, będąca mieszaniną węglowodorów, których cząsteczki zawierają 12–15 atomów węgla. Stosowana jako paliwo lotnicze (pod nazwą „kerozyna” lub „nafta lotnicza”), jako rozpuszczalnik oraz do celów kosmetycznych. (pl) O querosene, também designado por petróleo iluminante ou óleo de parafina, é um líquido resultante da destilação fracionada do petróleo, com temperatura de ebulição entre 150 e 290 graus Celsius, fração entre a gasolina e o óleo diesel.

É uma combinação complexa de hidrocarbonetos (alifáticos, naftênicos e aromáticos) com um número de carbonos na sua maioria dentro do intervalo de C9 a C16, produzida por destilação do petróleo bruto, com faixa de destilação compreendida entre 150°C e 239°C. O produto possui diversas características específicas como uma ampla curva de destilação, conferindo a este um excelente poder de solvência e uma taxa de evaporação lenta, além de um ponto de inflamação que oferece relativa segurança ao manuseamento. É insolúvel em água. (pt) Кероси́н (англ. kerosene от др.-греч.

κηρός — воск) — горючая смесь жидких углеводородов (от C8 до C15) с температурой кипения в интервале 150—250 °C, прозрачная, бесцветная (или слегка желтоватая), слегка маслянистая на ощупь, получаемая путём прямой перегонки или ректификации нефти.

(ru) 煤油（俗稱火水，舊稱火油；英语：Kerosene）是一种通过对石油进行分馏后获得的碳氢化合物的混合物。由于煤油的组成成分可以非常不同，因此不同地方产的煤油的特征可能区分很大。比起汽油来，煤油比较粘稠，也比较不易燃。其闪点在55至100°C之间。煤油蒸汽比空气重得多，与空气混合可能形成爆炸气。在分馏石油时煤油的沸点在汽油和柴油之间，约在160至280°C。 (zh) الكيروسين (بالإنجليزية: Kerosene) وهو سائل هيدروكربوني ،مشتق من النفط ،قابل للاشتعال وذو رائحة مميزة. (ar) Le kérosène est un mélange d'hydrocarbures contenant des alcanes (CnH2n+2) de formule chimique allant de C10H22 à C14H30.

Issu du raffinage du pétrole, il résulte du soutirage pendant la distillation d'une coupe avec un point initial (PI) de distillation compris entre 150 °C et 180 °C, et un point final (PF) de distillation entre 225 °C et 250 °C. Il doit être exempt de soufre. (fr) Nafta – ciekła frakcja ropy naftowej wrząca w granicach 170–250 °C, mająca gęstość 0,78–0,81 g/cm³. Żółtawa, palna ciecz o charakterystycznym zapachu, będąca mieszaniną węglowodorów, których cząsteczki zawierają 12–15 atomów węgla. Stosowana jako paliwo lotnicze (pod nazwą „kerozyna” lub „nafta lotnicza”), jako rozpuszczalnik oraz do celów kosmetycznych.

(pl) Кероси́н (англ. kerosene от др.-греч. κηρός — воск) — горючая смесь жидких углеводородов (от C8 до C15) с температурой кипения в интервале 150—250 °C, прозрачная, бесцветная (или слегка желтоватая), слегка маслянистая на ощупь, получаемая путём прямой перегонки или ректификации нефти.

(ru) 煤油（俗稱火水，舊稱火油；英语：Kerosene）是一种通过对石油进行分馏后获得的碳氢化合物的混合物。由于煤油的组成成分可以非常不同，因此不同地方产的煤油的特征可能区分很大。比起汽油来，煤油比较粘稠，也比较不易燃。其闪点在55至100°C之间。煤油蒸汽比空气重得多，与空气混合可能形成爆炸气。在分馏石油时煤油的沸点在汽油和柴油之间，约在160至280°C。 (zh) Kerosene, also known as lamp oil, is a combustible hydrocarbon liquid widely used as a fuel in industry and households. Its name derives from Greek: κηρός (keros) meaning wax, and was registered as a trademark by Abraham Gesner in 1854 before evolving into a genericized trademark. It is sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage. The term "kerosene" is common in much of India, Canada, the United States, Argentina, Australia and New Zealand.

(en) Petroleum (von altgriechisch πέτρα pétra „Fels“ und lateinisch oleum „Öl“; Kurzform Petrol) ist ein flüssiges Stoffgemisch von Kohlenwasserstoffen, das durch fraktionierte Destillation von Erdöl gewonnen wird. Die Eigenschaften des Stoffgemisches sind von der jeweiligen genauen chemischen Zusammensetzung abhängig und können stark variieren. Petroleum ist wenig flüchtig und schwer entzündlich mit einem Flammpunkt zwischen 55 und 74 °C. Petroleumdämpfe sind wesentlich schwerer als Luft und können mit dieser explosionsfähige Gemische bilden.Die Petroleumfraktion bei der Erdöldestillation liegt im Siedebereich zwischen Benzin und Dieselkraftstoff von etwa 175 °C bis 325 °C. (de) El queroseno, querosene, querosén, kérex, keroseno, kerosene, kerosén o canfín (del griego κηρός - keros, [[cer.

Líquido inflamable, mezcla de hidrocarburos, que se obtiene de la destilación del petróleo natural, utilizado en estufas y lámparas al inicio, y que en la actualidad se emplea como combustible de aviones de reacción y para fabricar insecticidas.Diccionario Manual de la Lengua Española Vox. © 2007 Larousse Editorial, S.L.a]]) es un líquido transparente (o con ligera coloración amarillenta) obtenido por destilación del petróleo. De densidad intermedia entre la gasolina y el gasóleo o diésel, se utiliza como combustible, el JP (abreviatura de Jet Petrol) en los motores a reacción y de turbina de gas o bien se añade al gasóleo de automoción en las refinerías.

Se utiliza también como (es) Il cherosene (o kerosene) è una miscela liquida di idrocarburi, incolore, infiammabile, utilizzato principalmente come combustibile o solvente.Il nome deriva dalla parola greca keros (κηρός), che significa "cera".

(it) ケロシン（kerosene）とは、石油の分留成分の1つである。およそ沸点150 - 280℃、炭素数10 - 15、密度0.79 - 0.83のものである。ナフサ（ガソリンの原料）より重く、軽油より軽い。ケロシンを主成分として、灯油、ジェット燃料、ケロシン系ロケット燃料などの石油製品が作られる。灯油は成分的にはほぼケロシンだが、日本では灯油をケロシンと呼ぶことはまれで、ケロシンといえばジェット燃料やロケット燃料のことが多い。英語では、keroseneのほかkerosineとも綴り、また、coal oil（中国語では、「煤油」や俗に「火水」という）ともいう。日本のモービル石油のスタンドや灯油の貯蔵施設にある給油機には英語のKerosineが書かれている。また、英国と南アフリカではparaffin（パラフィン）とも呼ぶ。 (ja)

 Petroleum is de "huishoudnaam" van de aardoliefractie met een kookpunt tussen circa 150 °C – 290 °C, net boven dat van benzine, gebruikt voor verlichting en verwarming.Voor de komst van het aardgas werd in menig huishouden gebruikgemaakt van deze brandstof.

Men gebruikte petroleumlampen om te verlichten en een petroleumstel om de maaltijd op te koken. Ook het water voor de thee of de afwas werd erop verhit. Het was te koop bij de drogist of bij de petroleumman of olieboer, een zelfstandige die met een kar langs de deuren ging. Hij vulde de voorraadvaten en deed kleinere hoeveelheden in petroleumkannen. (nl) O querosene, também designado por petróleo iluminante ou óleo de parafina, é um líquido resultante da destilação fracionada do petróleo, com temperatura de ebulição entre 150 e 290 graus Celsius, fração entre a gasolina e o óleo diesel. (pt) Kerosene HOME >> MEDICINE >> DICTIONARY Kerosene Kerosene, sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage, also known as paraffin, is a combustible hydrocarbon liquid. The name is derived from Greek keros .

The word Kerosene was registered as a trademark by Abraham Gesner in 1854 and for several years... Full article >>> '"/> (Date:1/19/2017)... ... , ... Cosmetic Town, an online plastic surgery community, begins 2017 with an ... for their readers to get the information they desire. The procedures are now listed ... used on those particular areas. , “We are excited to streamline our listings in ... (Date:1/19/2017)... ... 2017 , ... Bio-Optronics Inc. is proud to announce the ... to seamlessly integrate and streamline the way researchers prepare and conduct patient visits. ... and improving efficiency significantly for users – a first in the CTMS industry. ... (Date:1/19/2017)... Fla. (PRWEB) , ... January 19, 2017 , ... ... of faculty and staff members in 2017 who are passionate about making a ... Founded in 1994 and headquartered in Tampa, UMA, a nonprofit healthcare educational institution, ... (Date:1/19/2017)... Lawrenceville, NJ (PRWEB) , ...

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The word "Kerosene" was registered as a trademark by Abraham Gesner in 1854, and for several years, only the North American Gas Light Company and the Downer Company (to which Gesner had granted the right) were allowed to call their lamp oil "Kerosene". It eventually became a generalized trademark. LATEST NEWS

Question: The name of what product, also known as paraffin, a combustible hydrocarbon liquid, was registered as a trademark by Abraham Gesner in 1854?
Answer: Kerosene