BBC ON THIS DAY | 29 | 1974: First female president for Argentina 1974: First female president for Argentina Maria Estela Isabel Martinez de Peron has been sworn in as interim leader of the Argentine Republic. Her husband President Juan Peron delegated responsibility after doctors said he required 24-hour medical attention and rest. Mrs Peron, a former cabaret dancer, is now Argentina's first female president and at 43 the youngest Latin American head of state. Her 78-year-old husband has not been seen in public for two weeks and is reported to be seriously ill with bronchitis and influenza. In a state broadcast, Mrs Peron said her husband was "conscious that his state of health prevents him from directly attending to government affairs until his recovery". Mrs Peron, known to the Argentine public as 'Isabelita', is Juan Peron's third wife and became vice-president after his return to power in September 1973. The couple met in a night club in Panama during Juan Peron's years of exile after being ousted from power in a military coup in 1955.

Argentina's main power groups, including the armed forces and labour unions, are understood to have pledged Mrs Peron their support. But regional experts say Isabelita will be inheriting a weak economy in a country suffering from political violence and civil unrest. Juan Peron | president of Argentina | Britannica.com president of Argentina Alternative Title: Juan Domingo Perón Juan Peron José Félix Uriburu Juan Perón, in full Juan Domingo Perón (born Oct. 8, 1895, Lobos, Buenos Aires provincia, Argentina —died July 1, 1974, Buenos Aires), army colonel who became president of Argentina (1946–52, 1952–55, 1973–74) and was founder and leader of the Peronist movement. Juan Perón, 1954. Courtesy of the OAS (Columbus Memorial Library) Early life and career Perón in his career was in many ways typical of the upwardly mobile, lower-middle-class youth of Argentina. He entered military school at 16 and made somewhat better than average progress through the officer ranks.

A strongly built six-foot-tall youth, Perón became the champion fencer of the army and a fine skier and boxer. He served in Chile as a military attaché and travelled to Italy to observe the rise of the Fascists and Nazis during 1938–40. He had a bent for history and political philosophy and published in those fields. Perón returned to Argentina in 1941, used his acquired knowledge to achieve the rank of colonel, and joined the United Officers Group (Grupo de Oficiales Unidos; GOU), a secret military lodge that engineered the 1943 coup that overthrew the ineffective civilian government of Argentina. The military regimes of the following three years came increasingly under the influence of Perón, who had shrewdly requested for himself only the minor post of secretary of labour and social welfare. In 1944, however, as a protégé of Pres. Gen. Edelmiro J. Farrell (1944–46), Perón became minister of war and then vice president.

Clearly he was bidding for undisputed power, based on the support of the underprivileged labourers (the descamisados , or “shirtless ones”) and on his popularity and authority in the army. Marriage to Eva Duarte In early October 1945, Perón was ousted from his positions by a coup of rival army and navy officers. But associates in the labour unions rallied the workers of greater Buenos Aires, and Perón was released from custody on Oct. 17, 1945. That night, from the balcony of the presidential palace, he addressed 300,000 people, and his address was broadcast to the country on radio. He promised to lead the people to victory in the pending presidential election and to build with them a strong and just nation. A few days later he married actress Eva Duarte , or Evita, as she became popularly called, who would help him rule Argentina in the years ahead. After a campaign marked by repression of the liberal opposition by the federal police and by strong-arm squads, Perón was elected president in February 1946 with 56 percent of the popular vote. Britannica Stories Ringling Bros.

Folds Its Tent Perón set Argentina on a course of industrialization and state intervention in the economy, calculated to provide greater economic and social benefits for the working class. He also adopted a strong anti-United States and anti-British position, preaching the virtues of his so-called justicialismo (“social justice”) and “Third Position,” an authoritarian and populist system between communism and capitalism. If Perón did not structurally revolutionize Argentina, he did reshape the country, bringing needed benefits to industrial workers in the form of wage increases and fringe benefits. He nationalized the railroads and other utilities and financed public works on a large scale. The funds for those costly innovations—and for the graft that early began to corrode his regime—came from the foreign exchange accumulated by Argentine exports during World War II and from the profits of the state agency that set the prices for agricultural products. Perón dictated the political life of the country by his command of the armed forces. He severely restricted and in some areas eliminated constitutional liberties, and in 1949 he arranged a convention to write a new constitution that would permit his reelection. Perón in exile Structures of Government: Fact or Fiction?

Reelected leader of the Justicialist Party (Partido Justicialista) by a somewhat larger margin in 1951, Perón modified some of his policies. But he was overthrown and fled to Paraguay on Sept. 19, 1955, after an army-navy revolt led by democratically inspired officers who reflected growing popular discontent with inflation, corruption, demagoguery, and oppression. Perón finally settled in Madrid. There in 1961 he married for the third time (his first wife had died of cancer, as had Evita in 1952); his new wife was the former María Estela (called Isabel) Martínez , an Argentine dancer. In Spain, Perón worked to ensure, if not his return to Argentina, at least the eventual assumption of power by the millions of Peronist followers, whose memory of his regime improved with time and with the incapacity of the Argentine governments following Perón’s decade of power. Britannica Lists & Quizzes Editor Picks: Exploring 10 Types of Basketball Movies In election after election the Peronists emerged as a large, indigestible mass in the Argentine body politic.

Neither the civilian nor the military regimes that precariously ruled in Argentina after 1955 were able to solve the relatively rich country’s condition of “dynamic stagnation,” in part because they refused to give political office to the Peronists. The military regime of Gen. Alejandro Lanusse , which took power in March 1971, proclaimed its intention to restore constitutional democracy by the end of 1973 and allowed the reestablishment of political parties, including the Peronist party. Upon invitation from the military government, Perón returned to Argentina for a short time in November 1972. In the elections of March 1973, Peronist candidates captured the presidency and majorities in the legislature, and, in June, Perón was welcomed back to Argentina with wild excitement. In October, in a special election, he was elected president and, at his insistence, his wife—whom the Argentines disliked and resented—became vice president. A legacy of turmoil While in exile Perón had wooed the left-wing Peronists and had supported the most belligerent labour unions.

Once returned to power, however, he formed close links with the armed forces and other previously opposition right-wing groups. When he died in 1974, he left to his widow and successor as president an untenable situation. Isabel Perón failed to obtain the firm support of any power group, not even the labour unions. Terrorist activity and political violence increased. On March 24, 1976, the armed forces took power, removed Isabel Perón from office, and set up a military junta.

Juan Perón, President • Biography & Facts Juan Perón President Juan Domingo Perón (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈxwan doˈmiŋɡo peˈɾon]; October 8, 1895 – July 1, 1974) was an Argentine military officer and politician.After serving in several government positions, including those of Minister of Labor and Vice President of the Republic, he was three times elected as President of Argentina, serving from June 1946 to September 1955, when he was overthrown by a coup d'état, and from October 1973 to July 1974 (his death).During his first presidential term (1946–1952), Perón was supported by his second wife, Eva Duarte ("Evita"), and the two were immensely popular among many Argentines. Eva died in 1952, and Perón was elected to a second term, serving from 1952 until 1955. During the following period of two military dictatorships, interrupted by two civilian governments, the Peronist party was outlawed and Perón was exiled.

When the left-wing Peronist Hector Cámpora was elected President in 1973, Perón returned to Argentina and was soon after elected President for a third time. His third wife, María Estela Martínez, known as Isabel Perón, was elected as Vice President on his ticket and succeeded him as President upon his death in 1974.Although they are still controversial figures, Juan and Evita Perón are still considered icons by the Peronists. The Peróns' followers praised their efforts to eliminate poverty and to dignify labor, while their detractors considered them demagogues and dictators. The Peróns gave their name to the political movement known as Peronism, which in present-day Argentina is represented mainly by the Justicialist Party. Personal facts Peron deposed in Argentina - Sep 19, 1955 - HISTORY.com Peron deposed in Argentina Publisher A+E Networks After a decade of rule, Argentine President Juan Domingo Peron is deposed in a military coup.

Peron, a demagogue who came to power in 1946 with the backing of the working classes, became increasingly authoritarian as Argentina’s economy declined in the early 1950s. His greatest political resource was his charismatic wife, Eva “Evita” Peron, but she died in 1952, signaling the collapse of the national coalition that had backed him. Having antagonized the church, students, and others, he was forced into exile by the military in September 1955. He settled in Spain, where he served as leader-in-exile to the “Peronists”–a powerful faction of Argentines who remained loyal to him and his system. Born into a lower middle class family in 1895, Juan Domingo Peron built a career in the army, eventually rising to the rank of colonel. In 1943, he was a leader of a group of military conspirators that overthrew Argentina’s ineffectual civilian government. Requesting for himself the seemingly minor cabinet post of secretary of labor and social welfare, he began building a political empire based in the labor unions.

By 1945, he was also vice president and minister of war in the military regime. In 1945, Peron oversaw the return of political freedoms in the country, but this led to unrest and mass demonstrations by opposition groups. Peron’s enemies in the navy seized the opportunity and had him arrested on October 9. Labor unions organized strikes and rallies in protest of his imprisonment, and Peron’s beautiful paramour, the radio actress Eva Duarte, was highly effective in enlisting the public to the cause. On October 17, Peron was released, and that night he addressed a crowd of some 300,000 people from the balcony of the presidential palace. He vowed to lead the people to victory in the coming presidential election. Four days later, Peron, a widower, married Eva Duarte, or Evita, as she became affectionately known. In the subsequent presidential campaign, Peron suppressed the liberal opposition, and his Labor Party won a narrow, but complete, election victory. President Peron removed political opponents from their positions in the government, courts, and schools, nationalized public services, and improved wages and working conditions.

Although he restricted constitutional liberties, he won overwhelming support from the masses of poor workers, whom Evita Peron called los descamisados, or the “shirtless ones.” Evita served an important role in the government, unofficially leading the Department of Social Welfare and taking over her husband’s role as caretaker of the working classes. She was called the “First Worker of Argentina” and “Lady of Hope,” and was instrumental in securing passage of a woman suffrage law. In 1950, Argentina’s postwar export boom tapered off, and inflation and corruption grew. After being reelected in 1951, Peron became more conservative and repressive and seized control of the press to control criticism of his regime. In July 1952, Evita died of cancer, and support for President Peron among the working classes became decidedly less pronounced. His attempt to force the separation of church and state was met with considerable controversy. In June 1955, church leaders excommunicated him, encouraging a clique of military officers to plot his overthrow. On September 19, 1955, the army and navy revolted, and Peron was forced to flee to Paraguay.

In 1960, he settled in Spain. Meanwhile, a string of civilian and military governments failed to resolve Argentina’s economic troubles. The memory of Peron’s regime improved with time, and Peronismo became the most powerful political force in the country. In 1971, the military regime of General Alejandro Lanusse announced his intention to restore constitutional democracy in 1973, and Peron was allowed to visit Argentina in 1972. In March 1973, Peronists won control of the government in national elections, and Peron returned in June amid great public excitement and fighting among Peronist factions. In October 1973, Peron was elected president in a special election. His wife, Isabel Peron, an Argentine dancer he married in 1961, was elected vice president. She was much resented by millions still devoted to the memory of Evita Peron. Economic troubles continued in Peron’s second presidency and were made worse by the Arab oil embargo of 1973 and an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease that devastated Argentina’s beef industry.

When Peron died on July 1, 1974, his wife became president of a nation suffering from inflation, political violence, and labor unrest. In March 1976, she was deposed in an air-force-led coup, and a right-wing military junta took power that brutally ruled Argentina until 1982. More on This Topic Juan Peron - New World Encyclopedia Juan Peron June 4, 1946 – September 21, 1955 October 12, 1973 - July 1, 1974 Vice President(s) María Eva Duarte de Perón (died 1952) María Estela Martínez de Perón (married 1961) Profession Military Juan Domingo Perón (October 8, 1895 – July 1, 1974) was an Argentine soldier and politician, elected three times as president of Argentina. He served from 1946 to 1955 and again from 1973 to 1974.

Contents 11 Credits Perón and his wife Eva were immensely popular among a portion of the Argentine people and are still iconic figures by followers of the Peronist Party. Perón followers lauded his efforts to eliminate poverty and to dignify labor, while his detractors considered him a demagogue and a dictator. He started the political movement known as Peronism, still popular in Argentina to this day, which professes to be a third way between capitalism and socialism . He is one of the most controversial presidents of Argentina, in part because of his direct involvement in harboring Nazi fugitives fleeing prosecution after World War II . Childhood and youth Perón was born to a lower-middle class family in a town near Lobos, Province of Buenos Aires in 1895. He received a strict Catholic upbringing. He entered military school at 16 and made somewhat better than average progress through the officer ranks. A strongly built six-foot-tall youth, Perón became the champion fencer of the army and a fine skier and boxer. He had a bent for history and political philosophy and published in those fields.

Perón married Aurelia Tizón on January 5, 1929, but she died of uterine cancer nine years later. In 1938 he was sent by the army to Italy , France , Spain , Germany , Hungary , Albania and Yugoslavia as a military observer, during which time he became familiar with the government of Benito Mussolini and other European governments of the time. Military government of 1943-1946 In May 1943, as a colonel, Perón was a significant figure in the military coup by the United Officers' Group (GOU), a secret society, against a conservative civilian government. He eventually became the head of the then-insignificant Department of Labor. His effective alliance with labor unions brought Perón growing influence in the military government. Perón won support from the labor movement by granting workers higher wages, more paid holidays, and other benefits. Under Perón's leadership, the Department of Labor became an important government office. Demonstration for Perón's release from prison on October 17th, 1945 Perón became vice president and secretary of war under General Edelmiro Farrell (February 1944).

However, opponents within the armed forces forced his resignation, and on October 9, 1945, Perón was arrested. It was at this point that Perón's mistress, Eva Duarte (1919–1952), rallied the General Confederation of Labor (CGT) trade union to his defense, and Perón was released from custody on October 17, 1945. That night, from the balcony of the presidential palace, he addressed 300,000 people; and his address was also broadcast to the nation on radio. He promised to lead the people to victory in the pending presidential election and to build with them a strong and just nation. A few days later, he married "Evita," as she was popularly called. A stage and radio actress, she helped her husband develop support with labor and women's groups, and would eventually take a role with him in ruling Argentina in the years ahead. Election and first term (1946-1952) Perón with Evita in 1945 Perón leveraged his popular support into victory in the February 24, 1946 presidential elections.

Once in office, Perón pursued social policies aimed at empowering the working class. He greatly expanded the number of unionized workers and supported the increasingly powerful General Confederation of Labor (CGT), created in 1930. He called his movement the "third way," or justicialismo, a supposed path between capitalism and communism . Later populist/nationalist leaders in Latin America would adopt many elements of Peronism. Perón also pushed hard to industrialize the country. In 1947 he announced the first five-year plan to boost newly nationalized industries. His ideology would be dubbed Peronism and became a central influence in Argentine political parties. However, among middle and upper class Argentines, Perón's pro-labor policies were considered far too socialistic . Negative feelings among the upper classes also abounded toward the industrial workers from rural areas. Perón also made enemies internationally because of his willingness to shelter fleeing Nazi war criminals, like Erich Priebke who arrived in Argentina in 1947, Josef Mengele who arrived in 1949 and Adolf Eichmann in 1950.

Eichmann was eventually captured by Israeli agents in Argentina, indicted by an Israeli court on charges of crimes against humanity and war crimes, convicted and hanged. His last words were "long live Argentina." The second term (1952-1955) Perón won re-election in 1951. By then Evita had become a powerful political figure in her own right. She began to campaign for women's right to vote and developed social programs for the descamisados, or "shirtless ones," referring to Argentina's working class. In 1948 she established a women's branch of Peron's political party. Juan Perón supports the ailing Evita at a political rally in 1951 Her supporters say she was motivated by her love for the people. Her detractors say she was trying to garner support for her husband's government. However, when she tried to join her husband in the government by running for vice president, leading Argentine military officers, fearing that in time she might succeed to the presidency, blocked her candidacy. Evita died in 1952 at the age of 33. After her death, her supporters lobbied the Vatican to canonize her.

Peron decided to build a mausoleum in which to display her embalmed body. Instead, the military regime that toppled Peron in 1955 secretly buried her body in Milan, Italy , fearing her grave would become a symbol of opposition to the dictatorship. In 1976 her body was finally laid to rest in Recoleta, Buenos Aires ' cemetery for the rich and powerful. Perón's nationalization of large parts of the economy, together with stringent trade barriers, cut Argentina 's links to the world economy—long the source of its great wealth. Built on the prewar legacy of fascist ideas, Perón turned Argentina into a corporatist country, with powerful organized interest groups—big business, labor unions, military, and farmers—that negotiated with the government for position and resources. However, as inflation increased and trade became less profitable, it became more difficult to finance imports of vital raw materials. Perón's attempt to rapidly strengthen manufacturing industries at the expense of the rural economy exacerbated Argentina's economic problems, leading to large debts, high inflation, and little growth in productivity. Nevertheless, support for Peron's policies continued, especially among labor unions.

Seeking to reconcile with business leaders who felt his policies had brought the nation to the brink of disaster, Perón called employers and unions to a "Productivity Congress" with the aim of regulating social conflict through social dialogue. However, the congress failed after a deal between labor and management representatives proved impossible. Around the same time, in May 1955, Perón signed a contract with an American oil company, Standard Oil of California, opening an economic policy of development with the help of foreign industrial investments. The Radical Civic Party (UCR) leader, Arturo Frondizi, criticized this as an anti-Argentinean decision. However, three years later he himself signed several contracts with foreign oil companies. During Perón's second term, several terrorist acts were committed against civilian targets. On April 15, 1953, a terrorist group detonated two bombs in a public rally at the Plaza de Mayo, the center of downtown Buenos Aires, killing seven citizens and injuring 95. On June 15, 1955, a failed coup d'état by anti-Peronists used navy aircraft to bomb Peronists gathered at the same plaza, killing 364 citizens.

In 1954, the Roman Catholic Church , which had supported the government up to then, confronted Perón because of his efforts to eliminate the political influence of the church and the enactment of a law allowing divorce. On September 16, 1955, a Catholic nationalist group within both the army and the navy launched a coup that ended Peron’s second term. This group took power under the name of Revolución Libertadora or the “Liberating Revolution.” The coup effectively banned Peronist activities in Argentina, including public references to Perón or his late wife. Songs, writings, and pictures supporting Perón were also forbidden. The Peronist Party was banned until Perón's return in 1973. Exile (1955-1973) Presidents Stroessner and Perón. The stamp is Scott Paraguay no. 871 After the military coup, Perón went into exile in Paraguay . His escape was facilitated by his friend, President Alfredo Stroessner of Paraguay, who placed a gunboat at his disposal on the River Plate. Later he lived in Panama , where he met nightclub bolero singer María Estela Martínez.

Eventually settling in Madrid, he married her there in 1961. She became better known as Isabel. Back in Argentina, Peronism was still banned and active Peronists were sometimes persecuted. In the 1950s and 1960s Argentina was marked by frequent coups d'états. It experienced low economic growth in the 1950s but rebounded with some of the world's highest growth rates in the 1960s (Gerchunoff et al, 309-321). The nation also faced problems of continued social unrest and labor strikes. Yet during those years poverty almost disappeared, with poverty rates between between two percent and five percent in the first years of the 1960s (INDEC). When the economy slumped again in the late 1960s the government faced a new crisis. It also failed to suppress escalating terrorism from groups such as the Catholic-pro-Perón Montoneros, the Marxist ERP (People's Revolutionary Army), and rightist militias, in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

General Alejandro Lanusse took power in March 1971 and had declared his intention to restore constitutional democracy by 1973. The way was thus open for Perón's return. From exile, Perón supported centrists such as Radical Party leader Ricardo Balbín, as well as Catholic-left-wing Peronists, and pro-Peronist labor unions. The third term (1973-1974) On March 11, 1973, general elections were held. Perón was banned from running, but a stand-in candidate, Héctor Cámpora, was elected and took office on May 25. On June 20, 1973, Perón returned from an 18-year exile in Spain . A crowd of left-wing Peronists had gathered at the Ezeiza Airport in Buenos Aires to welcome and support him. The police counted 3.5 million people in attendance. Perón came accompanied by Cámpora, whose first measure had been to grant amnesty to all political prisoners and to reestablish relations with Cuba , helping Castro break the American embargo, an economic, commercial and financial blockade imposed on Cuba.

This, and his social policies, had also earned him the opposition of right-wing Peronists. From Perón's stand, camouflaged snipers, including members of the Argentine Anti-Communist Alliance, opened fire on the crowd. The left-wing Peronist Youth and the Montoneros had been trapped. At least 13 people were killed, and 365 injured during this episode, which became known as the Ezeiza massacre. [1] Cámpora resigned in July 1973, paving the way for new elections, this time with Perón's participation. Argentina had by this time reached a peak of instability, and Perón was viewed by many as the country's only hope for prosperity and salvation. Balbín and Perón considered a Peronist-Radical joint government, but internal opposition in both parties made this impossible. Perón's overwhelming victory (62 percent of the vote), returned him to the presidency. In October 1973 he began his third term, with Isabel, his wife, as vice president. Perón's third term was marked by an escalating conflict between the Peronist left- and right-wing factions.

This turmoil was fueled primarily by Perón's growing ties with Balbín, who was considered right-wing by center-left radicals led by Raúl Alfonsín. Neither the Montoneros nor the Marxist-Guevarist (ERP) was pleased by Perón's actions. The latter turned to terrorist activities. The Montoneros kidnapped and murdered former president Pedro Eugenio Aramburu. Meanwhile Peron's welfare minister, José López Rega, was accused by Peronist congressional deputies in July 1975 of being the instigator of the “Triple A” (Argentine Anticommunist Alliance), one of the first right-wing death squads to be formed in Argentina in the 1970s. Death and succession Perón died on July 1, 1974, recommending that his wife, Isabel, rely on Balbín for support. At the president's burial Balbín uttered a historic phrase, "This old adversary bids farewell to a friend." Isabel Perón succeeded her husband to the presidency, but proved thoroughly incapable of managing the country's mounting political and economic problems, the violent left-wing insurgency and the reaction of the extreme right.

Ignoring her late husband's advice, Isabel granted Balbín no role in her new government, instead granting broad powers to López Rega. An astrologist who reportedly exercised a Rasputin -like authority over Perón's widow, López Rega loaded the cabinet with his political allies in September 1974 and instituted an unpopular program of fiscal conservatism. Isabel Perón's term was ended abruptly on March 24, 1976, by a military coup d'état. A military junta headed by General Jorge Videla took control of the country. The junta combined a widespread persecution of political dissidents with the use of state terrorism. The final death toll rose to thousands (no less than nine thousand, with some human rights organizations claiming it was closer to 30,000). Most of this number is accounted for by "the disappeared" (desaparecidos), people kidnapped and executed without trial and without record. Perón's burial Perón was buried in La Chacarita Cemetery in Buenos Aires . In 1987, his tomb was defaced and the hands (and some personal effects such as his sword) of his corpse were stolen. Those responsible have never been found.

On October 17, 2006, his body was moved to a new mausoleum in the Buenos Aires suburb of San Vicente, his former summer residence, which was rebuilt as a museum. Notes ↑ Horatio Verbitzsky, Ezeiza. Full text online (Spanish). Retrieved June 13, 2007. References Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite 2004 DVD: “Juan Peron.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2003. ISBN 1593390637 Gambini, Hugo. Historia del Peronismo. Editorial Planeta (Spanish), 1989. ISBN 9504907849 Gerchunoff, Pablo and Lucas Llach. El ciclo de la ilusión y el desencanto: un siglo de políticas económicas argentinas. Buenos Aires: Ariel Sociedad Económica (Spanish), 1998. ISBN 9509122793 Plotkin, Mariano Ben and Keith Zahniser (trans.).

Mañana Es San Peron: A Cultural History of Peron's Argentina. Scholarly Resources Inc., 2003. ISBN 0842050299 External links February 24, 1946 : Peron elected in Argentina Introduction Juan Domingo Peron, the controversial former vice president of Argentina, is elected president. In 1943, as an army officer, he joined a military coup against Argentina’s ineffectual civilian government. Appointed secretary of labor, his influence grew and in 1944 he also became vice president and minister of war. In October 1945, Peron was ousted from his positions by a coup of constitutionally minded civilians and officers and imprisoned, but appeals from workers and his charismatic mistress, Eva Duarte, soon forced his release. The night of his release, October 17, he addressed a crowd of some 300,000 people from the balcony of the presidential palace, and promised to lead the people to victory in the coming presidential election. Four days later, Peron, a widower, married Eva Duarte, or “Evita,” as she became affectionately known.

As president, Peron constructed an impressive populist alliance, and his vision of self-sufficiency for Argentina won him wide support. However, he also became increasingly authoritarian, jailing political opponents and restricting freedom of the press. In 1952, his greatest political resource, Evita, died, and support for him dissolved. Three years later, he was ousted in a military coup. In 1973, after 18 years of exile, he returned to Argentina and won the presidency again. His third wife, Isabel de Martinez Peron, was elected as vice president and in 1974 succeeded him upon his death. Article Details: February 24, 1946 : Peron elected in Argentina Author February 24, 1946 : Peron elected in Argentina URL juan perón - 必应 Sign in Juan Perón Juan Domingo Perón (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈxwan doˈmiŋɡo peˈɾon]; 8 October 1895 – 1 July 1974) was an Argentine lieutenant general and politician.

After serving in several government positions, including Minister of Labour and Vice President, he was thrice elected President of Argentina, serving from June 1946 to September 1955, when he was overthrown in a coup d'état, and then from October 1973 until his death in July 1974. During his first presidential term (1946–52), Perón was supported by his second wife, Eva Duarte (" Evita "), and the two were i ... (展开) mmensely popular among many Argentines. Eva died in 1952, and Perón was elected to a second term, serving from 1952 until 1955. During the following period of two military dictatorships, interrupted by two civilian governments, the Peronist party was outlawed and Perón was exiled. When the left-wing Peronist Hector Cámpora was elected President in 1973, Perón returned to Argentina and was soon after elected President for a third time.

His third wife, María Estela Martínez, known as Isabel Perón, was elected as Vice President on his ticket and succeeded him as President upon his death in 1974. Although they are still controversial figures, Juan and Evita Perón are nonetheless considered icons by the Peronists. The Peróns' followers praised their efforts to eliminate poverty and to dignify labour, while their detractors considered them demagogues and dictators. The Peróns gave their name to the political movement known as Peronism, which in present-day Argentina is represented mainly by the Justicialist Party. Juan Domingo Perón (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈxwan doˈmiŋɡo peˈɾon]; 8 October 1895 – 1 July 1974) was an Argentine lieutenant general and politician. ón Juan Perón - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11) (1895-1974). Juan Peron, an army colonel, was elected president of Argentina three times.

María Eva Duarte de Perón (7 May 1919 – 26 July 1952) was the second wife of Argentine President Juan Perón (1895–1974) and served as the First Lady ... ón Juan Domingo Perón的用法讲解 西语助手是权威的西语在线词典,为您提供Juan Domingo Perón的中文意思,Juan Domingo Perón的读音,Juan Domingo Perón的同义词,Juan ... ón.html Juan Domingo Perón was an Argentine military officer and politician, who served three times as President of Argentina. ón What did salvador allende and juan peron have in ... - OpenStudy anonymous 4 years ago Juan Domingo Perón (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈxwan doˈmiŋɡo peˈɾon]; October 8, 1895 – July 1, 1974) was an Argentine military officer and politician.

After serving in several government positions, including those of Minister of Labour and Vice President of the Republic, he was three times elected as President of Argentina serving from June 1946 to September 1955 and from October 1973 to July 1974. During his first presidential term (1946-1952), Perón was supported by his second wife, Eva Duarte ("Evita"), and the two were immensely popular among many Argentines. Eva died in 1952 and Perón was elected to a second term, serving from 1952 until 1955. During the following period of two military dictatorships, interrupted by one civilian government, the Peronist party was outlawed and Perón was exiled. When the left-wing Peronist Hector Cámpora was elected President in 1973, Perón returned to Argentina and was soon after elected President for a third time. His third wife, María Estela Martínez, served as Vice President and succeeded him as President upon his death in 1974. Juan and Evita Perón are still considered icons by the Peronists.

The Peróns' followers praised their efforts to eliminate poverty and to dignify labor, while their detractors considered them demagogues and dictators. The Peróns gave their name to the political movement known as Peronism, which in present-day Argentina is represented mainly by the Justicialist Party. anonymous 4 years ago Salvador Allende Gossens (Spanish pronunciation: [salbaˈðoɾ aˈʝende ˈɣosens]; 26 June 1908 – 11 September 1973) was a Chilean physician and politician, known as the first Marxist to become president of a Latin American country through open elections.[1] Allende's involvement in Chilean political life spanned a period of nearly forty years. As a member of the Socialist Party, he was a senator, deputy and cabinet minister. He unsuccessfully ran for the presidency in the 1952, 1958, and 1964 elections. In 1970, he won the presidency in a close three-way race, formally elected by Congress as no candidate had gained a majority.

As president, Allende adopted a policy of nationalization of industries and collectivization; due to these and other factors, increasingly strained relations between him and the legislative and judicial branches of the Chilean government (who did not share his enthusiasm for socialization of Chile) eventually culminated in a declaration of a "constitutional breakdown" by the parliament. On 11 September 1973 the military moved to oust Allende in a coup d'état.[2][3] As troops surrounded La Moneda Palace, Allende gave his last speech vowing not to resign,[4] and then committed suicide.[5] Following Allende's deposement, army General Augusto Pinochet declined to return authority to the civilian government; and Chile became ruled by a military junta that was in power from 1973 to 1990, ending almost 48 years of Chilean democratic rule. The military junta that took over became known for persecuting dissidents extensively.

anonymous 4 years ago Juan Domingo Perón (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈxwan doˈmiŋɡo peˈɾon]; October 8, 1895 – July 1, 1974) was an Argentine military officer and politician. After serving in several government positions, including those of Minister of Labour and Vice President of the Republic, he was three times elected as President of Argentina serving from June 1946 to September 1955 and from October 1973 to July 1974. During his first presidential term (1946-1952), Perón was supported by his second wife, Eva Duarte ("Evita"), and the two were immensely popular among many Argentines. Eva died in 1952 and Perón was elected to a second term, serving from 1952 until 1955. During the following period of two military dictatorships, interrupted by one civilian government, the Peronist party was outlawed and Perón was exiled.

When the left-wing Peronist Hector Cámpora was elected President in 1973, Perón returned to Argentina and was soon after elected President for a third time. His third wife, María Estela Martínez, served as Vice President and succeeded him as President upon his death in 1974. Juan and Evita Perón are still considered icons by the Peronists. The Peróns' followers praised their efforts to eliminate poverty and to dignify labor, while their detractors considered them demagogues and dictators. The Peróns gave their name to the political movement known as Peronism, which in present-day Argentina is represented mainly by the Justicialist Party. anonymous 4 years ago ". . . The juries were made up of Ku-Klux, and it was impossible for any of the loyal people to get justice before the courts. Not less than fifty or sixty persons have been killed by the Ku-Klux in the State, besides some three or four hundred whippings, and there has never been a man convicted that I have heard of.

Out of all those that I arrested, against whom there was as good proof as could possibly be given, enough to convict anybody before twelve honest men, I do not think one has ever been tried." – Colonel George W. Kirk, a North Carolina state trooper, describing how the Klan worked to a Senate investigating committee According to the excerpt, violence by the Ku Klux Klan against African Americans and their white supporters was _____ to stop because juries often _____. (1 point) very easy; were against the Ku Klux Klan and its activities difficult; did not believe the evidence was strong against the Ku Klux Klan very difficult; were made up of Ku Klux Klan members quite easy; felt the evidence was very solid against the Ku Klux Klan Juan Perón - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Your continued donations keep Wikipedia running! Juan Perón Military Juan Domingo Perón ( October 8 , 1895 – July 1 , 1974 ) was an Argentine soldier and politician, elected three times as President of Argentina and serving from 1946 to 1955 and from 1973 to 1974 .

Perón and his wife Eva were immensely popular among a portion of the Argentine people and still considered iconic figures by followers of the Peronist Party . Perón followers lauded his efforts to eliminate poverty and to dignify labor, while his detractors considered him a demagogue and a dictator . He started the political movement known as Peronism , still popular in Argentina to this day, which professes to be a third way between capitalism and socialism . Contents 10 References [ edit ] Childhood and youth Perón was born in a town near Lobos , Province of Buenos Aires . He was the son of Mario Tomás Perón, a farmer whose family was of partial Scottish and rumored Italian origin, and Juana Sosa, who is believed to have been of mixed Spanish and American Indian descent. According to research done by the Argentine conservative journalist and writer Tomas Eloy Martinez and reported in his books "Memoirs of the General" and "The Perón Novel" Perón was probably illegitimate. When his parents finally married they acknowledged Juan and his brother. It is believed this information was kept hidden and denied for years because it would have likely ruined Perón's career had it been known. Perón received a strict Catholic upbringing.

He entered the Military School at age 16, and following graduation he made good progress through the ranks. In 1938 he was sent by the Army to Italy , France , Spain , Germany , Hungary , Albania and Yugoslavia as a military observer, during which time he became familiar with the government of Benito Mussolini and other European governments of the time. [ edit ] Military government of 1943-1946 In May 1943, as a colonel , he was a significant figure in the military coup by the GOU ( United Officers' Group ), a secret society, against the conservative civilian government of Ramón Castillo . Initially secretary to Secretary of War General Edelmiro Farrell , under the administration of General Pedro Ramírez , he later became the head of the then-insignificant Department of Labor . Demonstration for Perón's release, on October 17th, 1945. Perón's growing power and influence during the military government came from his alliance with a sector of the Argentine labor unions , mainly with the socialist and syndicalist movements.

After the coup, one part of the workers' movement, mainly the socialist part from the labor union CGT Nº1, decided to make contact with Colonels Perón and Mercante through the mercantile labor leader Borlenghi and through the railroad union lawyer Bramuglia . Their conversations established an initial alliance to promote labor laws that had long been demanded by the workers' movement, strengthen the unions, and transform the Department of Labor into an important government office. He became Vice President and Secretary of War under General Edelmiro Farrell (February 1944). Forced into resignation by opponents within the armed forces on October 9 , 1945 , Perón was arrested, but mass demonstrations organized by the CGT trade union federation forced his release ( October 17 ). [ edit ] Election as president and first term (1946-1952) Perón leveraged his popular support into victory in the February 24 , 1946 presidential elections . Once in office, Perón pursued social policies aimed at empowering the working class.

He greatly expanded the number of unionized workers, and helped establish the powerful General Confederation of Labour (CGT) , created in 1930. He called this the "third position", between capitalism and communism. Perón also pushed hard to industrialize the country; in 1947 he announced the first five-year plan to boost newly nationalized industries. His ideology would be dubbed Peronism and became a central influence in Argentine political parties. Among middle and upper class Argentines, the improvement of the laborers' situation was a source of resentment; negative feelings abounded towards the new industrial workers from rural areas, who had formerly been treated as servants. It was common for better-off Argentines to refer to these workers using negative epithets like "black heads" (cabecitas negras, the name of a like bird), "fats" ("grasas"), "un-shirted" ("descamisados", conveying the idea that they "took off their jackets and/or shirts"), and the radical deputy Ernesto Sammartino said that the people who vote for Perón were a "zoological flood" ("aluvión zoológico").

[1] In the 1940s the middle- and upper-class students were the first group to oppose Peronist workers, using the slogan: " peon -footwear [=espadrilles] dictatorship, NO!" ("No a la dictadura de las alpargatas"). Another famous graffitto revealing the strong opposition between Peronists and anti-Peronists appeared in high-class districts in the 1950s saying, "Long live cancer!" (¡Viva el cáncer!), when Eva Perón was dying of cancer. [2] Weiss (2005, p.45) recalls events related to the universities: As a young student in Buenos Aires in the early 1950s, I well remember the graffiti found in many an empty wall all over town: "Build the Fatherland. Kill a Student" (Haga patria, mate un estudiante). [Perón] was also against the universities, who questioned his methods and his goals. A well-remembered slogan runs, Alpargatas sí, libros no (" peon footwear [=espadrilles] yes, books no"). Universities were [then] "intervened".

In some, a Peronista mediocrity was appointed rector. Others were closed for years. Between 1947 and 1950, Argentina manufactured two advanced jet aircraft called Pulqui I (designed by the Argentinean engineers Cardehilac, Morchio and Ricciardi with the French Emile Dewoitine ), and Pulqui II designed by Kurt Tank . In the main test flights the planes were flown by Argentine Lieutenant Edmundo Osvaldo Weiss and Kurt Tank himself, reaching 1000 km/h with the Pulqui II. Argentina continued experimenting the Pulqui II until 1959; during that time two pilots lost their lives [3] . The Pulqui project opened the door to develop two successful Argentinean planes: I.A.58"Pucara and the I.A.63'Pampa manufactured at the Aircraft Factory of Córdoba [4] . In 1951, Perón announced that the Huemul Project would produce nuclear fusion before any other country. In charge of the project was a swindling Austrian of German origin, Ronald Richter , who had been recommended by Kurt Tank who was expecting to power his aircraft with Richter's invention.

Perón announced that the energy produced by Richter would be delivered in milk-bottle sized containers. Success of the project was announced in 1951, but no proof was shown. On 1952 Perón appointed a scientific team to investigate Richter's activities. The reports by José Antonio Balseiro , and Mario Báncora revealed that the project was a fraud. After that, the assets of the Huemul Project were transferred to the Centro Atómico Bariloche (CAB) of the Argentine National Atomic Energy Commission (CNEA) and to the physics institute of the Universidad Nacional de Cuyo which was later named Instituto Balseiro (IB). Argentina became a leading haven for Nazi war criminals, like Erich Priebke who arrived in Argentina in 1947, Josef Mengele who arrived in 1949 and Adolf Eichmann in 1950 (his last words were "long live Argentina" [5] ). As well, many members of the notorious Croatian Ustashe took refuge in Argentina during this period. [6] . Beginning with the United States, then the USSR and other countries, Argentina also welcomed displaced German technicians such as Tank and Richter.

[ edit ] The second term (1952-1955) Perón won re-election in 1951. During his second term Perón's administration faced serious economic problems. Perón called employers and unions to a Productivity Congress with the aim of regulating social conflict through social dialogue, but the congress failed and a deal was not possible. At the same time Perón signed a contract with an American oil company, Standard Oil of California, on May 1955, opening an economic policy of development with the help of foreign industrial investments. The radical party leader, Arturo Frondizi , considered it to be an anti-Argentinean decision, but three years later he himself signed several contracts with foreign oil companies. During the second term several terrorist acts were committed against civilian targets. On April 15 , 1953 , a terrorist group detonated two bombs in a public rally at Plaza de Mayo , killing 7 citizens and injuring 95. On June 15 , 1955 , a failed coup d'état by anti-Peronists used navy aircraft to bomb Peronists at Plaza de Mayo , killing 364 citizens.

This barbaric act is considered a prelude to the dirty war in Argentina between 1976 and 1983. In 1954, the Roman Catholic Church , which supported Perón's government up to that year, confronted Perón because of the enactment of the divorce law, among other reasons. On September 16 , 1955 , a fascist-Catholic group of both the Army and Navy made a definitive coup d'état, taking power under the name of Revolución Libertadora . The military regime accused Peronist leaders of corruption, but no one was prosecuted. [ edit ] Marriages and exile (1955-1973) Perón married Aurelia Tizón on January 5 , 1929 , but she died of cervical cancer nine years later. On October 21 , 1945 Perón married Eva Duarte (1919–1952), who became hugely popular. Known as Evita, she helped her husband develop support with labor and women's groups. Eva Perón died of cervical cancer in 1952 at the age of thirty-three.

[7] After the military coup, Perón went into exile in Paraguay . Later he lived in Panama , where he met nightclub bolero singer María Estela Martínez . Eventually settling in Madrid, Spain , he married her there in 1961. She became better known as Isabel . Peronism was banned and Peronists were persecuted. In Argentina, the 1950s and 1960s were marked by frequent coups d'état in addition to low economic growth in the 1950s and some of the highest growth rates in the world in the 1960s (Gerchunoff et al, 309-321). Argentina also faced problems of continued social and labour demands. During those years poverty almost disappeared, with rates between 2% and 5% in the first years of the 1960s (INDEC). Argentine painter Antonio Berni 's works reflect the social tragedies of these times. In particular, Berni dealt with life hardships in the villas miseria (shanty towns) through his series Juanito Laguna, a slum child, and Ramona Montiel, a prostitute.

When the governments failed to revive the economy and suppress escalating terrorism from groups like the Catholic-pro-Perón Montoneros , marxist ERP , and rightist militaries, in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the way was open for Perón's return. General Alejandro Lanusse had taken power in March 1971 and had declared his intention to restore constitutional democracy by 1973. From exile Perón supported conservative radicals as Ricardo Balbín , Catholic-left-wing Peronists and the more active unions. [ edit ] The third term (1973-1974) On March 11 , 1973 , general elections were held. Perón was banned from running, but a stand-in candidate, Héctor Cámpora , was elected and took office on May 25 . On June 20 , 1973 , Perón returned from an 18-year exile in Spain. A crowd of left-wing Peronists had came at the Ezeiza airport in Buenos Aires to acclaim him. The police counted three and half million people.

Perón came accompanied by Cámpora, whose first measure had been to amnesty all political prisoners and to reestablish relations with Cuba, helping Castro break the American embargo . This, and his social policies, had also earned him the opposition of the right-wing Peronists. From Perón's tribune, camouflaged snipers, including members of the Argentine Anti-Communist Alliance , opened fire on the crowd. The left-wing Peronist Youth and the Montoneros had been trapped. At least 13 people were killed (who have been identified), and 365 injured during this episode, which became known as the Ezeiza massacre . [8] Cámpora resigned in July 1973, paving the way for new elections, this time with Perón's participation. Argentina had by this time reached a peak of instability, and Perón was viewed by many as the country's only hope for prosperity and salvation. UCR's leader Ricardo Balbín and Perón considered a Peronist-Radical joint government, but internal opposition in both parties made this impossible. Perón's overwhelming victory (62% of the vote), returned him to the presidency.

In October 1973 he began his third term, with Isabel , his wife, as Vice President. Perón's third term was marked by an escalating conflict between the Peronist left- and right-wing factions. This turmoil was fueled primarily by Perón's growing ties with conservative Radical Party leader Ricardo Balbín, who the opposition led by Raúl Alfonsín considered a right-wing radical. Neither the Montoneros nor the Marxist ERP were pleased by Perón's actions. The latter turned to terrorist activities. Montoneros kidnapped and murdered former president Pedro Eugenio Aramburu . These actions were used by Perón's Welfare Minister, José López Rega , as justification for the creation of the Triple A ( Argentine Anticommunist Alliance ), a para-policial organization which engaged in terrorism and massive political repression against citizens suspected of left-wing sympathies. Nicknamed El Brujo ("The Wizard") because of his belief in black magic and the occult, López Rega was a religious mystic with little knowledge of government and economics. He was decidely anti-liberal and authoritarian, opposed to an open culture and free markets.

Perón died on July 1 , 1974 recommending that his wife, Isabel, rely on Balbín for support. At the president's burial Balbín uttered a historic phrase, "This old adversary bids farewell to a friend". Isabel Perón succeeded her husband to the presidency, but proved thoroughly incapable of managing the country's mounting political and economic problems, the violent left-wing insurgency and the reaction of the extreme right. Ignoring her late husband's advice, Isabel granted Balbín no role in her new government, instead granting broad powers to López Rega. Isabel Perón's term was ended abruptly on March 24 , 1976 by a military coup d'état. A military junta , headed by General Jorge Videla took control of the country, starting the self-styled National Reorganization Process . The junta combined a widespread persecution of political dissidents with the use of state terrorism . The final death toll rose to thousands (no less than 9,000, with human rights organizations claiming it was closer to 30,000). Most of this number is accounted for by "the disappeared " (desaparecidos), people kidnapped and executed without trial and without record.

[ edit ] Perón's corpse Perón was buried in La Chacarita Cemetery in Buenos Aires . In 1987 his tomb was defaced, and the hands of his corpse were stolen. Those responsible have never been found but some say it was palo alto. On 17 October 2006 his body was moved to a new mausoleum in the Buenos Aires suburb of San Vicente , his former summer residence, which was rebuilt as a museum. Dozens of people were injured in riots, as trade unions affiliated to the Peronist movement fought over access to the ceremony. The police were able to contain the violence enough for the procession to move to the mausoleum.

[9] [10] [ edit ] Footnotes ^ Quoted by Hugo Gambini in his book "Historia del peronismo" Sammartino said that phrase at the Parliament on June, 1947; he textually said, in Spanish: "El aluvión zoológico del 24 de febrero parece haber arrojado a algún diputado a su banca, para que desde ella maúlle a los astros por una dieta de 2.500 pesos. Que siga maullando, que a mí no me molesta. .."

Question: Who became President of Argentina in October 1973 until his death in July 1974?
Answer: Juan Peron