Hops Herbs Hops Hops are an herb mostly known for their use in flavouring beer. They provide both bitterness and aroma. Beer made without hops will taste "fruitier." Hops are also a preservative. They allow weaker alcohol content beers to have a longer storage life. Hops are a member of the hemp family: they are related to marijuana and stinging nettles. They grow on perennial vines that die back to the ground each year. Underground, the plants have rhizomes and a crown. The vines don't have tendrils, like peas. They have to be trained, and they need support to grow on early or they may stop growing. When happy, they can grow as much as two feet (60 cm) a week. They are often grown up 18 foot (5 1/2 metres) trellises. By the end of June, as daylight hours start to shorten, they'll stop growing upward and start to branch out. The stems have sharp hairs that can irritate the skin. The branches (called "bracts") bear the flowers. A Hops vine won't produce many flowers in the first year of growth, as the plant is establishing its root system.

It starts being productive in its second year. The flowers can be 1 to 2 inches (2 1/2 to 5 cm) long, and 1/2 inch to 1 inch (1 to 2 1/2 cm) wide. They are pine-cone shaped, and hang down in clusters. They have green scales on it ripening to yellowish. They have a papery feel when ready to harvest. There are male and female Hop plants; it's the flowers from female plants that are harvested. A Hop vine is usually grown from cuttings from their rhizomes, so that growers can be sure to be planting lots of female plants. Hops will grow from seed, but it's a crap shoot as to how many of the plants will be female and how many male. The flowers are usually seedless, because male plants (needed for pollination) are not planted. At the bottom of each scale on the flowers are small yellow glands that look like pollen dust. These glands contain the flavouring ability of Hops, which is alpha acids, aka a-acids or "humulones", which give most of the bitterness in Hops.

There are also beta acids (aka ß-acids or "lupulones") which also add some bitterness. Analysing the acids in hops is done by High Pressure Liquid Chromatography in labs. There are also tannins and oils in the flowers. The oils give aroma; the tannins along with the beta acids help act as a preservative. The balance of these four items -- alpha acids, beta acids, tannins and oils -- in hops depends on the variety of hops being grown. There are many different cultivars of Hops. Some give more aroma, some give more bitter. Hops used for bitterness are boiled with the wort; hops for aroma are added towards the end of simmering. These aroma hops are also called "finishing hops." For use in brewing, the flowers are dried, and often pressed into one of two types of shapes: Plugs: dried hops are loosely pressed into a shape, generally weighing about 1/2 oz / 15 g. When boiled, they come apart into loose flowers again; Pellets: Hops are ground to a fine powder, then pressed into pellets. Hop shoots are edible. They are available for about three weeks in the spring.

Efforts are now being made to revive their use as a vegetable (see History below.) Aroma hops are less bitter to eat. The centre of hops production in America is the Pacific Northwest. On the eastern coast, Hop crops are susceptible to a downy mildew. Aroma Hops: Backa, Bramling Cross, Cascade, Challenger, Columbia, Crystal, East Kent Golding, Eastwell Golding, Elsasser, Ultra, Elsasser, Fuggles, Hallertau (all varieties), Hersbrucker, Liberty, Lublin, Mount Hood, Progress, Saazer, Spalter, Strisselspalt, Styrian Golding, Tettnang, Willamette (sic) Bittering Hops: Brewer's Gold, Bullion, Centennial, Chinook, Cluster, Eroica, Galena, Northern Brewer, Nugget, Perle, Pride of Ringwood All-Purpose Hops: Aquila, Banner, Blue Northern Brewer, Northdown, Olympic, Saxon. Equivalents 100 grams of fresh hops = 17 to 20 grams of dried hops Storage Hints Pack Hops loosely into canning jars or into sealable plastic bags, seal and freeze.

History Notes Hops were originally grown as a vegetable. The Romans grew Hops in England, but they disappeared from England after the Romans. Hops were being used in a few places in beer by the 1100s. Previously, "gruit" was the normal thing to flavour beer with. In some places, the Church had the rights to produce gruit, and so resisted the introduction of Hops. Hops started to supplant gruit in the 1300s. The first Hops since Roman times were planted in England in 1428. Henry VIII tried to stamp out their usage in 1524. By 1536, though, Edward VI, abandoned his predecessor's attempt to discourage their use. Hops were introduced into America in 1629 by the Massachusetts Company. Literature & Lore An error attributes the first written mention of the use of Hops in beers to "Abbess Hildegarde" in 1079. Hildegard (16 September 1098 – 17 September 1179) was a Benedictine nun who lived in St Ruprechtsberg, near Bingen.

She is perhaps more properly known as "Hildegard of Bingen", as she was never officially designated an Abbess by the Church. Her name in German was actually "Hildegard" or "Hildegard von Bingen" (without the "e"). Though, because she lived in Latin, she was also referred to as Hildegardis Bingensis. She is sometimes referred to as a Saint, but though she was beatified, she was never canonized. In any event, the error concerning Hildegard and Hops may have begun with the book "Hops—A Millennium Review" [1] by Michael Moir. Moir writes: "Corran [2], however, in his classic history of brewing, believes that hops were not used in brewing for over 200 years after that first garden was established in the Hallertau, stating that not until 1079 do we hear of hops being used to make beer. This is, in fact, a reference to a passage written by Abbess Hildegarde of St.

Ruprechtsberg, near Bingen, in her Physica Sacia, which mentions a vat of beer being boiled with grug, and also with myrtle berries, ash leaves, and hops." Hildegard, though, never wrote a book called "Physica Sacia." [3] And she wouldn't have been making beer with hops in 1079 -- 21 years before she was born. She does, however, mention hops in her book "Physica, sive Subtilitatum" (written between 1151 and 1158.) She talks about its preservative powers: "putredines prohibet in amaritudine sua" (spoilage is inhibited by its bitterness.) Later in the same book, she mentions "if you want to make beer from oats without using hops...", which implies that hops were being used in beer at the time. If you see a reference to Hildegard and "Physica Sacia", it is people quoting this Moir reference (or each other) without stopping to check a bibliography of Hildegard's actual works. ______________________________________________________________________ [1] Moir, Michael. "Hops—A Millennium Review". Scottish Courage Brewing Limited.

2000. [2] Corran, H. S. A History of Brewing. David & Charles, Newton Abbott, England, 1975.] [Ed.** He attributes his source for this to Patton, J. Additives, Adulterants and Contaminants in Beer. Patton Publications, Barnstaple, England, 1989.] [3] Among the many books she wrote, she wrote one called "Physica, sive Subtilitatum diversarum naturarum creaturarum libri novem" (written between 1151 and 1158), and one called "Scivias seu Visiones." See also: PLANTS Order your hop plants online, telephone 01227 830666, or download our printable order form English varieties FUGGLE is one of the oldest available varieties, developed by the Reverend Richard Fuggles in 1856. This variety tends to crop more heavily towards the head of the plant and produces very large flowers sometimes referred to as banana hops. Fuggles are highly prized by traditional brewers and produce a light flavoured beer .

The aroma is earthier and less sweet than Kent Goldings. It has been revered ever since as the classic aroma hop for British Bitters and Pale Ales, often used in combination with Goldings. Fuggles are also suitable for Porters and Stouts. The alpha acid content ranges from 3%-5.5% PHEONIX is an early flowering variety. It is heavily fruiting with a dark coloured stem. This variety tends to crop very evenly throughout the length of the plant and is a very pretty hop to look at. A dual purpose hop providing the brewing industry with a mild aroma and slightly spicy flavour. Alpha acid 9%-13% TARGET is a mid to high alpha hop, bred from Kent Goldings in 70�s at Wye. Target has a red stem like Challenger but with a deeper green leaf. The cone is smaller but more abundant, with a higher alpha than Challenger. Very resistant to disease. Used in the production of good quality bitters and pale ales. Alpha acid 9.5%-12.5% CHALLENGER Bred at Wye in 1972, Challenger is the granddaughter of Northern Brewer.

A columnar hop, it is small and heavily fruiting with a dark coloured stem. This variety tends to crop fairly evenly throughout the length of the plant. Challenger is a dual purpose hop providing the brewing industry with an aroma and alpha acid hop suitable in both lagers and bitters. Challenger is the preferred hop for Bass Best Bitter. Alpha w/w6.5 - 8.5% GOLDINGS This is a group of traditional and very popular English aroma hops grown prior to 1790. Widely cultivated also in the U.S. They are called East Kent Goldings if grown in East Kent, Kent Goldings if grown in mid-Kent, and Goldings if grown elsewhere in the U.K. Goldings have a smooth, sweet flavour. Most types of Goldings will work in place of another (Whitbread Golding Variety for East Kent Goldings) Note that Styrian Goldings are not of this family. Varieties of Goldings are as follows; COBBS is an East Kent Golding variety producing small �pea hops� which grow heavily towards the head of the plant. Favoured variety for producing typical English bitters.

REDSELLS EASTWELL is a Golding selection made at Tony Redsell's (a local grower) farm in 1988 when Wye College was trying to find Viroid free stock of all varieties. It is a true Kentish Eastwell Golding. Alpha acid of around 5% Probably one of the most vigorous and higher yielding Golding varieties. This hop flowers heavily and is a favoured variety for producing traditional English bitters with a typical English aroma. EARLY BIRD is an early flowering variety , favoured for producing traditional English bitters. This variety was widely grown in the Canterbury area. CALAIS GOLDING is a true Golding, almost identical to Early Bird but heavier yielding & early maturing. BRAMLING CROSS is an aroma variety, also known as OPT48. A cross between the English Bramling Golding variety and an American male. The cones tend to be very round in shape and they have a very distinctive American aroma. Best suited to the darker stronger types of beers. NORTHDOWN is is a dual purpose English hop developed in 1970s. It is a relative of Challenger & Target, has a mild flavour and aroma, and gives a pleasant bitterness.

Well suited to heavier beers. Alpha acid 7.5%-9.5% W.G.V. Whitbread Golding Variety is a slightly wilt tolerant Golding type, specifically selected by Whitbread for their use, it has the characteristics of both Fuggles and Goldings. It has a green stem with a light green leaf. The cones are slightly smaller than traditional Goldings. W.G.V. is usually used in combination with other types of hops. Bred in 1911 , it is not a true Golding but is not dissimilar, it is more robust with distinguishing sweet fruity note. Alpha acid 5.0%-8.0% NORTHERN BREWER was developed in England in 1934 from a cross between a Canterbury Golding female plant and the male plant OB21. Grown in Europe and America as a dual-purpose hop, but mainly used for bittering in combination with other hops. Woody/earthy/fruity aroma and flavour. Alpha acid 8%-10% PROGRESS was developed in the 60�s at Wye as a replacement to Fuggles. Similar to Fuggles however it has a degree of wilt tolerance.

It has big, bold green cones, and combines fine aromas with good alpha acid content and is used together with Goldings to produce good class bitters and pale ales. Alpha acid 5%-7% BREWERS GOLD is a bittering hop developed in 1919. It has a resiny, spicy aroma/flavor with hints of black currant. Foreign varieties CASCADE is used by American Microbrewers, these hops have a very high level of some of the essential oils. They have a distinct citrus/grapefruit aroma all of their own. Historically not widely used in the U.K., it is now being introduced into some English beers. CHINOOK is an American variety. It has a high-alpha of around 13% with a strong and distinctive pine-like aroma and flavor that is not common among other varieties. Similar to Cascade. Historically not widely used in the U.K. NUGGET is an amercian variety with a floral, resiny aroma, primarily a bittering hop HALLERTAU isa german high alpha bittering hop PERLE is a german dual purpose hop, spicey and slightly floral/fruity SAAZ is a hop used extensively to flavor pale Czech lagers.

Cinnamon-spicy, earthy STYRIAN GOLDING is a Slovenian variant of Fuggles, but similar to East Kent Goldings. Used in English ales and Belgian strong ales amongst others. From eastern Europe. Dwarf variety PRIMA DONNA (otherwise known as First Gold) This variety is designed to grow to a height of 2 meters in a hedgerow system. If left to its own devices this hop will ramble over a trellis like any other variety. Bred at Wye in the this is a plant at the cutting edge of hop breeding. Prima Donna is used to produce a traditional light bitter. Ornamental variety GOLDEN TASSELS is grown mainly for its golden foliage and cones. It may grow to a height of 2m-3m. If left to its own devices this hop will ramble over a trellis readily English Hops Sussex Tropical & Delicate The variety Sussex was placed 3rd in the IBD 2012 British Hop Competition and was selected for its powerful and unusual tropical fruit aroma. This new hop was discovered at Gate Court, Northiam in East Sussex owned by the Cyster Family who have grown hops since 1919.

Sussex is an aroma hop, with low alpha and cohumulone with a delicate flavour. Oil analysis carried out by Dr. P. Darby, Research Director at Wye Hops Limited, showed that it was unlike any known variety and was therefore likely to have been the result of open pollination. It has been grown continuously since discovered in 2005 at Gate Court and yields consistently on 10 to 12 foot hedgerow wirework. WGV Sweet & Slightly Fruity Bred in 1911 on land owned by Whitbread. Not a true Golding, but similarly aromatic. Small pale variegated cones create fresh, floral, cowslip and plant stem aromas, slightly sweeter than Goldings. Can be used with good effect as a dinstinctive dry hop. Provides a distinctive sweet fruit flavour in beers, similar to, but generally more pronounced and robust than, Goldings. Traditionally best suited to British Bitters and Pale Ales but may find use in Biére de Garde, Saison and Wheat beers too. Fresh green plant-like character can also be effective in Amber, Märzen and Oktoberfest-style lagers.

Fuggle Bare Root Hop Plant Fuggle Bare Root Hop Plant Availability: Usually Ships in 1 to 2 Business Days Product Code: FGBRHP Fuggle The Fuggle was propagated in Kent in 1875 by Richard Fuggle. It became the most widely grown hop in England and in 1949 made up 78% of the hop acreage until Verticillium wilt made growth almost impossible in much of Kent and Sussex. The variety is grown in the USA, mainly in Oregon, and in Slovenia, where it has adapted its character and is known as Styrian Golding. Perhaps the most famous and revered of English hops, it is very widely used in traditional English ales and is frequently used alongside Goldings, for which it forms a perfect base. It has the advantage of being very low in alpha acids and yet provides length, roundness and drink-ability. Excellent in every style of ale, the Fuggle brings particular sensuality to porters and stouts. It is often used as a dry hop so as to bring together flavours and provide character. Flavours attributed to it are: easy, grassy, sensuous, moreish.

Single hop varietal examples are: Whitbread's Fuggles Imperial; Chiltern Brewery's John Hampden's Ale; George Gale's PRize Old Ale; McMullen's Gladstone bitter. Availability Bare root hop plants are available from November 1st until April 15th. The best time to transplant hop plants lies during this period whilst the plant is dormant. Plants in 2 Litre pots are available from May until September but are available for UK mainland delivery only.

Growth Data Time of ripening: Early/mid season Storage stability: Good Resistance to downy mildew: Some resistance Resistance to powdery mildew: Susceptible Alpha acid (range) 3.0 – 5.6% Beta acid (range) 2.0 – 2.7% Ratio Alpha:Beta 1.5 – 2.2:1 Cohumulone (% of alpha) 29 – 30% Total oils, ml/100g (dry) 0.7 – 1.1 Planting Instructions On receiving your plants remove the plants from the bag, check to see if they are moist, if they are not place in a bucket of water for 1 hour, then plant it in your garden. 1. Dig a hole 9 – 12 inches deep. 2. Place the plant in the hole with the crown of the plant, the bit with the shoots on, 2-3 inches below surface level. 3. Cover all the roots and crown with good quality well mulched soil, or John Innes No3 compost. 4. Firm in gently. 5. Sprinkle some general fertiliser around the surface. 6.

Water in only if the soil is dry. 7. Plants should be spaced about a metre apart. Hop Growing Hops can grow on a wide range of soil types, although in general they grow best on deep well drained non-acid loam’s. Good soil moisture and fertility are essential in order to sustain the prodigious aerial growth of the hop plant each year. Bines usually begin to grow from the underground rootstock in early April. These healthy bines of appropriate vigour are selected for a procedure known as ‘training’ are induced to begin climbing the strings, which they do in a clockwise direction. When 2-3 bines are established on a string, all surplus shoots should be removed, usually completed by the end of May. Support Hop plants have to be provided with supports for the climbing bines on which the cone bearing lateral shoots are formed. Hops can be grown up strings, poles or on a fence with wire support. Fertility can be improved with farmyard manure or proprietary brands of general fertiliser such as growmore. Disease and Pest Control Hops are susceptible to mildews, aphids and red spider. These can be controlled with various garden sprays available from most Garden centres.

Harvesting Pick the hops off the bines in early to mid September. Drying should take place immediately after harvesting, this can be achieved with very satisfactory results by placing the hop cones in an airing cupboard. Store in a dry place. These can be used for brewing your own beer or Hop pillows (only a small amount put in your pillow will help you sleep). If required for floral decoration do not remove hops from bine, but cut the whole bine off in September and hang to dry in a warm airy place. Remove all leaves off bine before drying. Pruning In the Spring, select the number of shoots required, max 8 per plant, and remove all surplus. Remove all growth above ground any time between late Autumn / Winter.This will help reduce carry over of pests and diseases. Our Guarantee Hop plants may be cropped for more than 20 years, so it important that the original planting material is free from debilitating virus and viroid diseases (some of them symptomless). At Aplus Hops we supply certified disease-free stock under an official approval scheme. As the UK’s premier hop propagator, we have over 40 years experience in hops and consider it a privilege to supply you with top quality hop plants.

The A+ Plant Health Propagation Scheme (PHPS) - requires us to meet rigorous standards. Plants are produced from elite Permanent Layer Beds tested free of Hop Latent Viroid and Canker with “Zero Tolerance” of: Verticillium Wilt, Arabis mosaic virus, Prunus necrotic ringspot virus, Hop mosaic virus (Goldings). Nowhere else in the world are so many precautions taken, so you can be sure of getting the best quality stock available. Related Items Hop Guide | BeerAdvocate BeerAdvocate Home Beers Beer 101 Hop Guide Humulus Lupulus (hops) are the flowering cone of a perennial vining plant and a cousin of the cannabis variety (sorry no THC in this stuff) that typically thrives in climates similar to the ones that grapes do. Hop plants are dioecious, meaning the males and females flower on separate plants -- and the female cones are used in the brewing process. Hops are the age old seasoning of the beer, the liquid gargoyles who ward-off spoilage from wild bacteria and bringers of balance to sweet malts.

They also lend a hand in head retention, help to clear beer (acting as a natural filter) and please the palate by imparting their unique characters and flavours. Basically, hops put the "bitter" in beer. The following is a growing list of different hop varieties. Type Description Ahtanum Ahtanum is an aroma-type cultivar bred by Yakima Chief Ranches. Its name is derived from the area near Yakima where the first hop farm was established in 1869 by Charles Carpenter. (alpha acid: 5.7-6.3% / beta acid: 5.0-6.5%) Amarillo Amarillo is an aroma-type cultivar of recent origin, discovered and introduced by Virgil Gamache Farms Inc. (alpha acid: 8-11% / beta acid: 6-7% ) Cascade Cascade is an aroma-type cultivar which originated as the first commercial hop from the USDA-ARS breeding program. It was bred in 1956 but not released for cultivation until 1972. It reached its peak in 1975 when it produced 13.3% of the total American crop.

It was obtained by crossing an English Fuggle with a male plant, which originated from the Russian variety Serebrianka with a Fuggle male plant. A very popular U.S. variety, with a moderate bitterness level and fragrant, flowery aroma. Cascade is often used in highly hopped West Coast ales that have a citrus-floral hop character. (alpha acid: 4.5-6.0% / beta acid: 5.0-7.0% ) Centennial Centennial is an aroma-type cultivar, bred in 1974 and released in 1990. The genetic composition is 3/4 Brewers Gold, 3/32 Fuggle, 1/16 East Kent Golding, 1/32 Bavarian and 1/16 unknown. A relatively new hop on the market, this hop used to be called CFJ90. Described by some as a "Super Cascade" and we tend to agree, but it's not nearly as "citrusy". Some even use it for aroma as well as bittering. Bitterness is quite clean and can have floral notes depending on the boil time.

(alpha acid: 9.5-11.5% / beta acid: 4.0-5.0%) Chinook Chinook is a bittering variety with aroma characteristics released in May, 1985. It was bred by crossing a Petham Golding with the USDA 63012 male. A high alpha acid hop with a wonderful herbal, almost smoky character when used as an aromatic during the last few minutes of the boil when dry hoping. Excellent for hopping American-style Pale Ales, especially those brewed to higher gravities. (alpha acid: 12.0-14.0% / beta acid: 3.0-4.0%) Columbus This high alpha variety has a pungent aroma and clean bittering. Excellent for bitter ales and American IPA styles, and can be dramatic when dry hopped. (average alpha acid: 12%) Cluster Cluster originated from mass selection of the Cluster hop, which is an old American cultivar. It is suggested that they arose from hybridization of varieties, imported by Dutch and English settlers and indigenous male hops.

(alpha acid: 5.5-8.5% / beta acid: 4.5-5.5%) Crystal Crystal is a triploid aroma-type cultivar, released for commercial production in 1993. It originates from a seedling selection (No. 8309-37) made at Corvallis in 1983 between the colchicine - induced tetraploid 'Hallertau mf' (USDA 21397) and the diploid male downy mildew resistant aroma hop, USDA 21381M. Crystal is a half-sister of Mt. Hood and Liberty. (alpha acid: 4.0-6.0% / beta acid: 5.0-6.7%) Fuggle Fuggle is an aroma-type cultivar selected in England as a chance seedling in 1861. It reached its peak in the U.K. in 1949 when 78% of the English crops were grown as Fuggle. It is also marketed as Styrian (Savinja) Golding in the Slovenian Republic. In the USA it is grown in Oregon and Washington State.

Superb in English-style ales, and lends a unique character not imparted by the more subtle American-grown Fuggles. (alpha acid: 3.8-5.5% / beta acid: 1.5-2.0%) Galena Galena is a bittering-type cultivar which was bred in 1968 from Brewers Gold and an open pollination, i.e. an unknown male plant. It was released for cultivation in 1978. Galena is the most "mellow" hop of the high-alpha varieties, and has replaced Cluster as the most widely grown US hop. The bitterness is clean and well balanced. Great general purpose bittering hop. (alpha acid: 12.5-14.0% / beta acid: 7.5-9.0%) Golding Golding is a group of aroma-type cultivars originating in England. Over the decades, the group has been changed and widened. Mostly they have been named after villages in East Kent, (Petham, Rothersham, Canterbury, Eastwell) or hop farmers, who grew them (Amos's Early Bird, Cobbs).

English Goldings grown in East Kent, are a premium hop, called East Kent Golding and should not be confused with U.K. Goldings, which are grown in other parts such as Kent, Worcestershire, Hampshire and Herefordshire. The cultivar grown in the USA (Oregon and Washington State) is a Canterbury Golding. The premier English aroma hop. Superb in English-style ales, and lend a unique character to fine lagers as well. This hop has a unique spicy aroma and refined flavor. (alpha acid: 4.0-6.0% / beta acid: 2.0-3.0%) Hallertau mf Hallertau mf (Mittelfrueh) is an aroma-type cultivar which originated in Germany as a land - race hop. The original Hallertau mf in Germany has been replaced with other Hallertau types with similar quality characteristics. The name indicates that it is a middle to early ripening cultivar. If you are looking to brew an authentic European-style lager, this is the best choice. Mild spicy flavor and aroma.

(alpha acid: 3.5-5.5% / beta acid: 3.5-5.5%) Horizon Horizon is a high alpha-aroma cultivar, a diploid seedling result of a cross made in 1970 between the USDA 65009 female plant (with Brewers Gold and Early Green lineage) and the male plant 64035M. It was released as a commercial variety in 1998. (alpha acid: 10.2-16.5% / beta acid: 6.5-8.5%) Liberty Liberty is a triploid aroma-type cultivar, the result in 1983 of the colchicine induced tetrapcoid female cultivar Hallertau mf and a downy mildew resistant male, USDA 64035M. It is a half-sister to Ultra, Mt. Hood and Crystal.

(alpha acid: 3.5-4.5% / beta acid: 3.0-3.5%) Magnum Magnum is a bittering/aroma type cultivar, bred in 1980 at Huell, the German Hop Research Instititute, from the American variety Galena and the German male 75/5/3. (alpha acid: 10.0-12.6% / beta acid: 5.0-7.0%) Mount Hood Mt. Hood is a triploid aroma-type cultivar, the 1983 result of a cross between the colchicine - induced tetraploid female Hallertau mf (USDA 21397) and the USDA 19058M, male plant. It is a half-sister to Ultra, Liberty and Crystal. An aromatic variety derived from Hallertau with a refined, spicy aroma and clean bittering. A good choice for lagers.

(alpha acid: 4.0-6.0% / beta acid: 5.0-7.5%) Northern Brewer Northern Brewer is a bittering-type cultivar, bred in 1934 in England from a Canterbury Golding female plant and the male plant OB21. Northern Brewer has been used in the breeding process of many newer varieties. This cultivar is grown in England, Belgium, Germany and the USA. A strong fragrant hop with a rich rough-hewn flavor and aroma, ideal for steam-style beers and ales. Northern Brewer has a unique mint-like evergreen flavor. (alpha acid: 8.0-10.0%/ beta acid: 3.0-5.0%) Nugget Nugget is a bittering-type cultivar, bred in 1970 from the USDA 65009 female plant and USDA 63015M. The lineage of Nugget is 5/8 Brewers Gold, 1/8 Early Green, 1/16 Canterbury Golding, 1/32 Bavarian and 5/32 unknown. Nugget is a great bittering hop with a heavy herbal aroma.

(alpha acid: 12.5-14.5% / beta acid: 4.0-6.0%) Perle Perle is an aroma-type cultivar, bred in 1978 in Germany from Northern Brewer. It is grown in Germany, Belgium and the U. S. A. Perle is a newer variety, originally from Germany but now grown quite successfully in the US. Perle is a medium alpha hop with a very clean, almost minty bitterness and pleasant aroma. (alpha acid: 7.0-9.5% / beta acid: 4.0-5.0%) Saaz Saaz is the traditional noble hop for true pilsner beer. Saaz is famous for its spicy, clean bitterness. (average alpha acid: 3.0%) Satus Satus is a bittering-type cultivar of recent origin. (alpha acid: 12.5-14.0% / beta acid: 8.5-9.0%) Simcoe Simcoe is a bittering/aroma type cultivar bred by Yakima Chief Ranches.

(alpha acid: 12.0-14.0% / beta acid: 4.0-5.0%) Spalt Select Spalt Select is an aroma  type cultivar, bred in Germany and released for cultivation in the late 1980's. It is grown in Germany in the Hallertau and Spalt areas and in the U.S.A. in Washington State. (alpha acid: 3.5-5.5% / beta acid: 3.0-4.5%) Sterling Sterling is an aroma cultivar, a diploid seedling made in 1990 with a 21522 female plant and a 21361 male plant. Its parentage is 1/2 Saazer, 1/4 Cascade, 1/8 64035M (unknown German aroma X open pollination),1/16 Brewers Gold, 1/32 Early Green, and 1/32 unknown.

(alpha acid: 4.5-5.0% / beta acid: 5.0-6.0%) Tettnang Tettnang is an aroma-type cultivar which originated in the Tettnang hop growing area of Germany as a land-race hop. It is grown in the U.S.A. in Oregon and Washington State. The original noble hop from the Tettnang region of Germany, ideal for your finest lagers and wheat beers. This limited availability hop has a fine, pure aroma, that is not present in United States grown Tettnanger. (alpha acid: 4.0-5.0% / beta acid: 3.5-4.5%) Tomahawk Tomahawk is a bittering hop of recent origin, bred by Charles Zimmermann. It is the first commercially grown 'Super Alpha' variety. In 1998 it contributed to 11% of the USA hop crop.

(alpha acid: 14.0-18.0% / beta acid: 4.5-5.8%) Ultra Ultra is a triploid aroma-type cultivar, originated in 1983 from a cross between the colchicine-induced tetraploid Hallertau mf (USDA 21397) and the diploid Saazer-derived male genotype (USDA 21237m). Ultra is the half-sister to Mt. Hood, Liberty and Crystal. Its genetic composition is 4/6 Hallertau mf, 1/6 Saazer, and 1/6 unknown. This cultivar was released for commercial production in March, 1995. (alpha acid: 4.5-5.0% / beta acid: 3.6-4.7%) US Fuggle A mild-flavored English-style hop grown in Oregon, with a fragrant wood-like aroma. Milder in character than English Fuggles. This hop imparts a smooth, well rounded hop character.

(average alpha acid: 3.9%) Vanguard Vanguard is a diploid seedling made in 1982 between USDA 21285, which has Hallertau mf parentage and USDA 64037m. It was released for cultivation in 1997. (alpha acid: 5.0-6.0% / beta acid: 5.0-7.0%) Warrior Warrior is a bittering hop of a recent origin, bred by Yakima Chief Ranches. (alpha acid: 15.0-17.0% / beta acid: 4.5-5.5%) Willamette Willamette is a triploid aroma-type hop, which originated in the mid 1970s and is a seedling of Fuggle. It is a very popular aroma hop, contributing in 1998 to 18% of the total USA hop crop. A variation on English Fuggle hops grown in Oregon and Washington. Willamette has a fragrant spicy woody aroma. An excellent American aromatic hops for ales and lagers.

(alpha acid: 4.0-6.0% / beta acid: 3.5-4.5%) List partially compiled using descriptions from Williams Brewing and Hoptech. Your name or email address: Do you already have an account? No, create an account now. Yes, my password is: Styrian Golding Hops | Where legends are made Styrian Golding Hops Origin and Description Styrian Golding Hops, also called Savinja Golding, is a traditional hops grown primarily in Slovenia, and also Austria; It is not of the Golding heritage, instead Styrian Golding is a form of Fuggle Hops and carries much of its attributes. This variety was the major hops crop for Styria (Austrian state bordering Slovenia) in the 1930's as powdery mildew made its impact on other varieties from the area. Styrian Golding Hops is an aroma variety that has a low alpha acid content of 4.5%-6.0%. This well established traditional variety offers a delicate bitterness with a distinctive flavor and aroma. The oils show moderate myrcene and caryophyllene levels.

The humulene oil registers on the high side at 34.0%-38.0%, and helps provide for some of the spicy character of Styrian Golding. Farnesene oil also makes its mark, its low although present, and help to make this variety ideal for finishing additions. Styrian Golding Hops is versatile and is used throughout the world. It is an early yielding plant ranging from 1150-1500 lbs/acre which is good for a natural variety from the region. The medium compact cones are harvested early in the season, and Sytrian Golding comes equipped with natural resistance to downy mildew. This helped to shape its success in the last century. The Fuggle varieties, including those grown in the United States , are going to make a good substitutes if you have some on hand. However, Styrian Golding is available on the marketplace. Styrian Golding Hops Usage Growing Hops To order [click here] Our selection of hop plants are commercial varieties normally grown for brewing, except for GOLDEN TASSELS which is an ornamental variety grown specifically for its golden yellow foliage. The rhysomes are certified material from virus tested stock produced in England.

Each variety differs slightly in colour, shape & size, and aroma & alpha acid content (which is important for brewers). All the varieties, except "Golden Tassels" produce a green flower cone in late summer and is an attractive climbing addition to any garden. The best time to plant hops is during the winter months when the plant is dormant, but please be aware, hops need cold conditions in the winter, particularly Goldings and Bramling Cross otherwise they will not grow. FUGGLE is one of the oldest available varieties, developed by the Reverend Richard Fuggles in 1856. This variety tends to crop more heavily towards the head of the plant and produces very large flowers sometimes referred to as banana hops. Fuggles are highly prized by traditional brewers and produce a light flavoured beer . The aroma is earthier and less sweet than Kent Goldings. It has been revered ever since as the classic aroma hop for British Bitters and Pale Ales, often used in combination with Goldings. Fuggles are also suitable for Porters and Stouts. The alpha acid content ranges from 3%-5.5% PHOENIX is an early flowering variety. It is heavily fruiting with a dark coloured stem.

This variety tends to crop very evenly throughout the length of the plant and is a very pretty hop to look at. A dual purpose hop providing the brewing industry with a mild aroma and slightly spicy flavour. Alpha acid 9%-13% TARGET is a mid to high alpha hop, bred from Kent Goldings in 70s at Wye. Target has a red stem like Challenger but with a deeper green leaf. The cone is smaller but more abundant, with a higher alpha than Challenger. Very resistant to disease. Used in the production of good quality bitters and pale ales. Alpha acid 9.5%-12.5% CHALLENGER Bred at Wye in 1972, Challenger is the granddaughter of Northern Brewer. A columnar hop, it is small and heavily fruiting with a dark coloured stem. This variety tends to crop fairly evenly throughout the length of the plant. Challenger is a dual purpose hop providing the brewing industry with an aroma and alpha acid hop suitable in both lagers and bitters. Challenger is the preferred hop for Bass Best Bitter.

Alpha w/w6.5 - 8.5%<br> GOLDINGS This is a group of traditional and very popular English aroma hops grown prior to 1790. Widely cultivated also in the U.S. They are called East Kent Goldings if grown in East Kent, Kent Goldings if grown in mid-Kent, and Goldings if grown elsewhere in the U.K. Goldings have a smooth, sweet flavour. Most types of Goldings will work in place of another (Whitbread Golding Variety for East Kent Goldings) Just to confuse you - do note that Styrian Goldings are not of this family. Varieties of Goldings are as follows; COBBS is an East Kent Golding variety producing small pea hops which grow heavily towards the head of the plant. Favoured variety for producing typical English bitters. REDSELLS EASTWELL is a Golding selection made at Tony Redsell's (a local grower) farm in 1988 when Wye College was trying to find Viroid free stock of all varieties. It is a true Kentish Eastwell Golding.

Alpha acid of around 5% Probably one of the most vigorous and higher yielding Golding varieties. This hop flowers heavily and is a favoured variety for producing traditional English bitters with a typical English aroma. EARLY BIRD is an early flowering variety , favoured for producing traditional English bitters. This variety was widely grown in the Canterbury area. CALAIS GOLDING is a true Golding, almost identical to Early Bird but heavier yielding & early maturing. BRAMLING CROSS is an aroma variety, also known as OPT48. A cross between the English Bramling Golding variety and an American male. The cones tend to be very round in shape and they have a very distinctive American aroma. Best suited to the darker stronger types of beers. NORTHDOWN is is a dual purpose English hop developed in 1970s. It is a relative of Challenger & Target, has a mild flavour and aroma, and gives a pleasant bitterness. Well suited to heavier beers. Alpha acid 7.5%-9.5% W.G.V. Whitbread Golding Variety is a slightly wilt tolerant Golding type, specifically selected by Whitbread for their use, it has the characteristics of both Fuggles and Goldings.

It has a green stem with a light green leaf. The cones are slightly smaller than traditional Goldings. W.G.V. is usually used in combination with other types of hops. Bred in 1911 , it is not a true Golding but is not dissimilar, it is more robust with distinguishing sweet fruity note. Alpha acid 5.0%-8.0% NORTHERN BREWER was developed in England in 1934 from a cross between a Canterbury Golding female plant and the male plant OB21. Grown in Europe and America as a dual-purpose hop, but mainly used for bittering in combination with other hops. Woody/earthy/fruity aroma and flavour. Alpha acid 8%-10% PROGRESS was developed in the 60s at Wye as a replacement to Fuggles. Similar to Fuggles however it has a degree of wilt tolerance. It has big, bold green cones, and combines fine aromas with good alpha acid content and is used together with Goldings to produce good class bitters and pale ales. Alpha acid 5%-7% BREWERS GOLD is a bittering hop developed in 1919.

It has a resiny, spicy aroma/flavor with hints of black currant. CASCADE is used by American Microbrewers, these hops have a very high level of some of the essential oils. They have a distinct citrus/grapefruit aroma all of their own. Historically not widely used in the U.K., it is now being introduced into some English beers. NUGGET is an american variety with a floral, resiny aroma, primarily a bittering hop HALLERTAU isa german high alpha bittering hop PERLE is a german dual purpose hop, spicey and slightly floral/fruity SAAZ is a hop used extensively to flavor pale Czech lagers. Cinnamon-spicy, earthy STYRIAN GOLDING is a Slovenian variant of Fuggles, but similar to East Kent Goldings. Used in English ales and Belgian strong ales amongst others. From eastern Europe. CHINOOK another dual purpose hop, developed in 1985, but from NW USA this time. Chinook is a cross between the English variety Petham Golding with the attractively named male USDA 63012. The plant produces hops with high alpha but an aroma with a distinctive pine smell.

This variety is widely used in American hoppy ales. PRIMA DONNA (otherwise known as First Gold) This is a dwarf variety, designed to grow to a height of 2 meters in a hedgerow system. If left to its own devices this hop will ramble over a trellis like any other variety. Bred at Wye in the this is a plant at the cutting edge of hop breeding. Prima Donna is used to produce a traditional light bitter. GOLDEN TASSELS is own only ornamental variety, grown mainly for its golden foliage and cones. It may grow to a height of 2m-3m. BULLION This was an important variety in its day; developed in the 1940s it has been superseded by more modern high alpha hops. Bullion is a bittering hop with a strong blackcurrant aroma. Bullion was used in the production of stouts. Similar hops to this variety are: Brewers Gold, Chinook, Columbus, Galena. GALENA A US hop variety developed by the department of agriculture, Idaho in 1978. This is a high alpha hop producing compact, medium sized cones.

MATHON An English aroma hop of the golding group. Origin Mathon in Worcestershire. This variety is vigorous, yielding high numbers of cones, however, it is susceptible to both downy and powdery mildew. This hop was used widely in traditional ales and late hopped lagers. OMEGA A variety which includes Challenger in its parenting, is a high alpha hop developed at Wye College here in Kent. This variety never took off as it was too low yielding as well as being susceptible to a latent hop viroid which further reduced its popularity. The aroma content of the hop has been described by the experts as "pleasantly European in style".........whatever that means! ZENITH Another Wye College creation from the 1970s, this is a dual purpose hop having good acids and strong aroma. Zenith produces good yields of hops and has some resistance to downy and powdery mildew. Could be substituted with Northern Brewer, Yeoman or Target. This variety can be used in all beer types from a lager to a stout. Hop Growing Grow your own piece of Kentï¿½s farming heritage The hop is a perennial plant, which means once established, it will generate new growth every year.

After harvest, the hop plant dies back and remains dormant during the winter months. This is the time it is best to plant the bare root/hop rhyzome. We normally have hop plants available from December through to May. Growing your hop Each hop plant is sent as a bare root rhzome wrapped in moss, it must be planted immediately. We supply an information sheet and are always available to answer your questions by email info@essentiallyhops.co.uk All our bare root hop rhysomes are certified material from virus tested stock that is produced in a non hop growing part of the country. This is essential to make sure all new stock is clean and disease free. We expect delivery end Nov/early Dec, however this can change depending on the weather. Please read below for further information on varietal differences and go to hop plants to see what varieties we currently have available. The mature hop (Humulus Lupulus) has a large root system, capable of producing many growing shoots every year. Growth begins in April, and soon after we choose the best 2-4 shoots to train up each coir strings, to create our hop ï¿½binesï¿½. This is called hop training.

The hop plant takes at least two growing seasons to establish, the first year being devoted to the development of the root system so no training is required in the first year. At the longest day, the plant stops growing up, and starts to produce lateral shoots with burrs (tiny hop flowers). The better the training, the more productive and the more flowers it produces. A mature hop hill can reach 20 feet in height, but they usually only flower in the top 10 feet. The hop is dioecious, meaning the male and female flower components are borne on separate plants. It is the female plants that bear the flowers and these are the plants we sell (The absence of the male plants will not affect the production of flowers on the female). Ordering Order your hop plants online, telephone01227 830666, or download our printable order form A Year in the Life of a Hop Garden We are traditional hop growers and this means performing a lot of processes by hand and many man-hours of backbreaking work!

As you will read below the beautiful hop garlands and decorations that you enjoy are the result of some highly skilled handywork throughout the year in our hop garden, kiln and workshops: January The hop garden is checked to make sure the wirework and poles are fit for purpose. Any old or diseased hop plants are replaced during the winter months whilst the hops are dormant. March Growing hops is a hugely manually time consuming process and our season starts in earnest in March as we prepare for the new growth. The hop garden is strung using natural coir to create the framework for the hop bines to climb. Strings are woven up and down, hooking them through the screw peg on the ground and up to the top hook on the highest wires. This is achieved by hand, using a long pole called a monkey to reach the top wirework, which is usually 5-6 meters from the ground. April The hop crown (root structure) starts to grow from about April as the temperature rises and the first shoots begin to appear. Mature hills (hop plants) throw the strongest shoots first but these are not necessarily the ones we need.

Every hill can throw many many shoots, and as we only need 2-3 per string (3-4 strings rising from each hill) the excess shoots are pulled out from the ground by hand. May The chosen shoots need to be trained by hand onto each string a process also know as twiddling. It takes a team of eight people 2-4 days to train the whole garden, and this is repeated 3 times before the shoots get too high. A twiddling stick is required to reach the height of the growing tips. This is THE most important time of year for hop growers. Did you know that most climbing plants grow clockwise with the sun but the hop is the opposite, growing clockwise up a string As soon as Easter is over, our regular customers start placing their pre-orders for fresh hops for delivery in September! June As the weather warms, the hops grow up to 6 inches in a day in perfect conditions. We regularly walk the hop garden to check for pests, diseases or any bines that have come loose or detached from their strings. The hop bines will have normally reached their full height by the longest day (21st June).

July As the days begin to shorten this stimulates lateral growth and the development of the burrs (soon to be flowers). At the end of July, these burrs begin to mature into the cones we recognize as the hop flower. August & September We let the hop cones mature for a further 3 weeks to create the vibrant garlands that we are famous for. This means that we usually start to harvest soon after the 20th of August. Commercial hop growers who supply the brewing trade are paid by weight so generally harvest a week or so later than we do. We harvest when the hop flowers are mature and will dry perfectly, which tends to be a little earlier. Harvesting late increases the risk of pests & disease, and petal drop when the garlands dry. Growing specifically for decoration means we need to harvest the whole bine as carefully as possible, to protect our valuable crop this means long days cutting each bine by hand for our harvesting teams. We carefully select each garland by hand, ready for packing immediately to send out to our customers fresh from the field or to load in our drying kilns.

About 50% of the bines we harvest are prepared for sale as fresh hop garlands through our farm shop and to fulfill on-line orders - these are dispatched on the same day they are picked for maximum freshness! The window for fresh hops is limited and we normally send out our last fresh garlands in the second week of September. The remaining bines are prepared for drying in our hop kilns a process that takes over 36 hours. The dried garlands are then carefully boxed and stored in our dry insulated barns ready for dispatch throughout the rest of the year. October to December Whilst the hops garlands may be safely dispatched or in storage, there is still plenty of work to be done in the hop garden! The hop plants need to be trimmed to ground level after the first frosts to prepare for winter. We use this time to re-energize the soil, replace any plant stocks, and overhaul the wirework and hop poles and framework ready for another year. In the workshop next to the farm shop we are busy making a full range of dried hop decorations ready for the busy Christmas period. Feel inspired? Check out our extensive range of hops & related products and see our hops in action in the media.

Information Fuggle Fuggle You are here: Home › Fuggle Flavour and Aroma It has a wonderful, delicate, minty, grassy and slightly floral aroma. Bittering Characteristics Fuggle bittering characteristics are described as well rounded, classic and green tea. Flavour Intensity 6/10 About this Hop Fuggle is revered as the classic English aroma hop and is often used in conjunction with Goldings. It can be used as a main copper hop and is also used for dry hopping. Breeding Released in 1875 by Mr Richard Fuggle of Brenchley in Kent UK, from a seedling selected in 1861, Fuggle is grown in Slovenia as Styrian Goldings and in the USA as Oregon Fuggle and reputedly as US Tettenang. In the UK it is susceptible to wilt and has been produced in lower volumes in recent years. It is hoped that Wye Hops will make wilt resistant seedlings available by 2015. Analysis Hop Varieties University of Vermont Extension System Department of Plant and Soil Science Hops Varieties - COH 34 Leonard P.

Perry, Extension Associate Professor Hops (a hardy perennial) variety trials are being conducted in four sites--the Horticulture Research Center (H) in So. Burlington, VT (above photo), the Agr. Education and Extension Center in Brattleboro, VT (B), and in Milton (M) by appointment only. Of interest is the yield and quality of hop cones, as well as overall performance and potential problems. Varieties include many standard, old traditional European, and new American varieties, many never before evaluated in this part of the country. Although of some commercial interest, with the great interest in homebrewing, most interest is consumer. Appreciation is expressed to Dr. Stephen Kenny, cooperator in this project from the Irrigated Research Center in Prosser, Wash. who provided most of the original roots from his germplasm collection; and to site cooperator Dr. Vern Grubinger (Brattleboro). Roots are received in March, potted at the UVM greenhouse where they are established until planting out in May. Rows are amended with compost and organic matter, fertilized at the start and middle of the season with ProGro organic 5-3-4 fertilizer and mulched.

Plants are watered as needed. Organic controls such as predatory mites are used for pest problems. Generally 3 plants of each variety (2 at B) are on 7ft centers (H,M) or 3.5ft (B), rows are 7ft apart, trellises are at posts 13ft(H), 10ft(B) or 7.5ft(M). Hopyards were established in 1988(H), 1992(M), and 1994(B) with plants replaced or moved as needed. High Alpha Acid (Bittering) Types: (Alpha acids--%-- contribute to the bitter flavor of beer. Brewing with aroma hops imparts other flavor characteristics to beer including smell and taste. Often both types are used.) Eroica (M)--second highest alpha hop; developed after Galena; matures late and doesn't store well; 9- 12%. Galena (B,H,M)--released by R.R.

Romanko at University of Idaho in 1978; a selection from seedlings of Brewer's Gold with 50% higher alpha acid content; 11-13%, most popular high alpha hop. Nuggett (H,M)--released by USDA at Prosser, Wash. in 1983; Brewer's Gold one of main parents; stores well, late to mature; 11-13%, second most popular high alpha hop. Aroma Types: Backa (H,M)--an old Yugoslavian hop; low yields; <3%. Bramling Cross (M)--first raised in 1927 from the variety Bramling crossed with a male seedling from a Manitoba female; originated in response to the need for Verticillium wilt tolerant materials in England; 4.5-8%. Cascade (H)--probably the most popular hop; from Fuggle and Russian hop (Serebrianker) cross; floral, spicy, citrusy; poor storage; 5-7%.

Columbia (M)--sibling of Willamette released in 1976 but with higher alpha (5-6%); triploid with a Fuggle parent; often substituted in trade for Fuggle. Eastwell Golding (M)--originally grown at Eastwell Park, near Ashford, Kent, England some time before 1889; closely represents other types of English Goldings; 5-6.8%. Elsasser (H,M)--an old French hop; low yields; <2%. Fuggle (B,H,M)--English hop; oldest aroma hop in U.S.; from 1875 by Richard Fuggle; good growth in cool weather, especially if during bloom initiation; seeded; 4-5%; resistant to downy mildew. Hallertau Mittelfrüher (not vigorous at H, replaced)--German variety susceptible to wilt and downy mildew; 4%. Hersbrucker (not vigorous at H, replaced)--most important aroma variety in Germany; does not climb well; also from Hallertauer region; susceptible to downy mildew; 4%. Liberty (B,H,M)--similar to Mt.

Hood; triploid cross of Hallertau Mittlefrüher only with no farnesene in oil; 4-5%; named after Persian Gulf War. Mt. Hood (M, not vigorous at H)--new variety released from Oregon Experiment Station in 1989; triploid Hallertauer Mittlefrüher type with improved yield, similar brewing properties; 3-4.5%. Saaz (B,M,H)--an old Czech hop; low yields; original and most known lager hop; susceptible to downy mildew and red spider mite; <4%. Spalter (M)--German hop early to mature; moderate yield; very good aroma; susceptible to diseases; 4- 5.5%. Styrian Golding (M)--genetically the same or little different from Fuggle; grown in Slovenia and likely originally supplied from England as "Fuggles Golding"; 4-5%. Tettnanger (H,M)--most widely grown of German hops; half the yield per plant of U.S. varieties; often seeded; second most popular aroma hop in U.S.; 4-5.5%; tolerant of downy mildew; mild, slightly spicy aroma.

Willamette (B,H,M)--released by Haunold in Oregon in 1976; triploid; similar to but more vigorous than Fuggle; reduced seed content; most widely grown aroma hop in U.S.; 4-5% resistent to downy mildew. Dual Purpose--Aroma and High Alpha Acid Aquila (H,M)--recent cultivar released from Idaho Experiment Station in 1987; has some aroma properties as well; not widely used; 6-8%; similar to Cluster. Banner (M)--similar to Aquila and Cluster; 9-11%; moderate aroma; good yield. Blue Northern Brewer (M)--sibling of Northern Brewer and similar only with dark purplish or "blue" leaves and stems; primarily ornamental. Brewer's Gold (M)--a sibling of and similar to Bullion only maturing earlier and more disease resistant; from Prof. Salmon in England; 6-7.5%. Bullion (M)--old English variety somewhat disease resistant; similar to Brewer's Gold; one of earliest grown hops in Oregon; 6-9% . Centennial (H,M)--released by Zimmerman at Prosser, Wash.

in 1990; citrusy and floral aroma; 9- 11%. Chinook (B,H,M)--recent cultivar selected by C.E. Zimmerman at USDA in Prosser, Wash. and released in 1985; popular in Yakima Valley, Wash; 11-13%; similar to Galena; susceptible to downy mildew. Cluster (M)--oldest U.S. variety and once dominant one; yields and stores well; susceptible to downey mildew; 6-8%. Northdown (M)--released in 1971 to English growers in response to need for higher alpha-acid hops with resistance to powdery and downy mildews; susceptible to wilt; 7-10%. Northern Brewer (M)--grown in England and Germany; moderate yield; susceptible to diseases; 6- 7.5%. Olympic (M)--similar to Chinook; moderate aroma; high yield; susceptible to mildews; 11-13%.

Perle (H,M)--recent German cultivar with high alpha content (6.5-9%) and aroma similar to Hallertau Mittlefrüher; from Hallertauer region of Germany. Saxon (M)--English hop released to meet the need for a higher alpha-acid hop with resistance to wilt; no longer grown; 6-7%. Wild, Westford (M)--old unnamed variety collected along road in Westford, VT; Cluster type; good aroma properties; 6%. Wild, Bolton (M)--old unnamed variety collected in Bolton, VT. Wild, Sudbury (M)--old, unnamed variety collected in Sudbury, MA. Wild, Green Mountain (M)--old variety dating to at least 1832 in Greensboro, VT;6%

Question: Fuggles and goldings are varieties of which edible plant?
Answer: HOPS