Gorod.Tsaritsyn - Webfont & Desktop font « MyFonts 4 fonts: $30.00 About this font family The general idea: it is a hanger in a tsar palace on which all crowned persons have hung up their crowns before going to bed. A few jokers' caps are hanging also on some hooks of the hanger. Release: in the form of “gorod.Tsaritsyn” font with four styles. Symbols of Normal and Bold styles have the cut strokes (sans serif), symbols of Italic styles have no an inclination, but have the sharp counterstrokes (serifs) at the ends of vertical strokes and at the corners for the greater expressiveness. More… We have to explain the meaning of word “gorod”. It is a “city of” in Russian. The city of Tsaritsyn was founded in 1589 as a fortress for protection of Russian lands against attacks of Mongol-Tatar armies. The first outpost was built on the steep turn of the river Volga on the island opposite the place where the river Tsaritsa flows into it.

But the outpost was burnt at the beginning of XVII century and then was built up anew now on the bank of the Volga not far from the Mamaev Hill that became afterwards “the main height of Russia” (we'll explain this while our new font “gorod.Volgograd” get ready in its describing article). As the Russian borderline moved forward to the East and to the South Tsaritsyn was losing its importance as an outpost but developed as a transport junction and industrial center. This city was a witness of the “senseless and ruthless” (as Alexander Pushkin wrote on his “The Captain Daughter” narrative) peasants uprisings under the leadership of Stepan Rasin (1670) and Emelian Pugatchov (1774), and at the beginning of XVIII century it was the center of Cossack self-goverment during Bulavin’s revolt. In the Civil War 1918-1919 Tsaritsyn city became the region of severe battles between the Red Army of Workers and Peasants and the nobleman White Guard. During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 years it was completely destroyed.

It is known as the most eastern place which fascist armies reached during the Second World War. In 1925 Tsaritsyn was renamed to Stalingrad, since 1961 it has had the new name - Volgograd. Now it is a modern city which was built up anew after war, it is situated on 100 kilometers of the Volga bank, has population about 1 million people. MyFonts debut: Jan 26, 2004 Font Name ff fi fl ffi ffl st ct Punctuation Stalingrad name to be revived for anniversaries - BBC News BBC News Stalingrad name to be revived for anniversaries 1 February 2013 Read more about sharing. Close share panel Image caption Stalin is seen here receiving an honorary Sword of Stalingrad from British Prime Minister Winston Churchill in November 1943 The Russian city once known as Stalingrad is to regain its old name during commemorations of the famous World War II battle on Saturday. It has been officially known as Volgograd since 1961, when it was renamed to remove its association with Soviet dictator Josef Stalin.

Its old name is inseparable from the ferocious battle won by Soviet forces 70 years ago this week. Volgograd council has restored the name for six days a year. The dates, all associated with military commemorations, are 2 February, 9 May, 22 June, 23 August, 2 September and 19 November. According to the council, which is dominated by Russia's ruling United Russia party, the decision was taken after "numerous requests" from World War II veterans. Critics have suggested the decision is a populist move aimed at boosting United Russia's popularity ahead of council (or city Duma, as it is officially known) elections in September. Some have also objected to the use of Stalin's name again, worried about what they see as creeping attempts under President Vladimir Putin's rule to portray Stalin as a great war leader. 'Election issue' Under the decision, passed by the council on Wednesday, the title "Hero City Stalingrad" will be used during commemorations as "a symbol of Volgograd".

Dates when the old name Stalingrad can be used officially 2 February - the defeat of the Nazi German forces at Stalingrad 9 May - Victory (in Europe) Day 22 June - anniversary of Nazi invasion of USSR 23 August - commemoration of civilians killed by mass German air raid on Stalingrad 2 September - end of World War II (Japanese surrender) 19 November - launch of Operation Uranus to trap Germans and their allies at Stalingrad In pictures: Anniversary of end of battle "We may use this symbol officially in our speeches, reports and while conducting public events," the council ruling states. Commenting on the decision, Russia's Komsomolskaya Pravda newspaper said the revived name would not appear in documents, but only on banners and posters. A council deputy from opposition party A Just Russia, Oleg Mikheyev, said the move had a clear political aim. "The Volgograd-Stalingrad issue comes up before every election, then drops back down when the election is over," he told the Russian news website Gazeta.Ru.

He added: "I think Stalingrad is already bigger than Stalin, it's the name of the city of the great victory, but this issue should be settled finally in a referendum." Communists in the region say they have collected 35,000 signatures for a petition calling for Volgograd to be renamed permanently and plan to take their demand to court. 'Blasphemy' The use of the name Stalingrad ("Stalin City") has dismayed some Russians because of its connection to the Soviet dictator whose rule saw the persecution of millions of people. It would be good to go back to the name of Stalingrad, though not so much because of Stalin himself but because that is how the city was known during the war Gamlet Dallatyan, Soviet veteran of Stalingrad Nikolai Levichev, a Just Russia federal MP, said it was "blasphemous to rename the great Russian city after a bloody tyrant who had killed millions of his fellow citizens and caused irreparable damage to the nation's gene pool". "The attitude towards Stalin was expressed in 1961, when Stalingrad was renamed Volgograd," he was quoted as saying by Russia's Interfax news agency.

Gamlet Dallatyan, a 92-year-old veteran of the actual battle, said he in no way condoned Stalin's repressions. "But you have to recognise the positive things he did, whether you want to or not," he told Reuters news agency. "It would be good to go back to the name of Stalingrad, though not so much because of Stalin himself but because that is how the city was known during the war." The city has had three names during the past century. It was originally known as Tsaritsyn before being renamed in 1925 in honour of Stalin, who led Bolshevik forces there during the Russian Civil War.

PPT - Battle of Stalingrad PowerPoint Presentation - ID:2674631 December 1, 1896 to June 18 1974 Commander-in-Chief of the Soviet Union Army Created Operation Uranus which was used to defeat the Germans Georgy Zhukov – KEY FIGURE September 23, 1890 to February 1, 1957 He was a major German commander, who commanded the 6th Army assault on Stalingrad during Operation Blue Paulus surrendered to Soviet force on January 31, 1943 after clear word from Hitler that he was to fight until the last bullet Hilter expected Paulus to commit suicide for his decision, because there was no record of a German field marshal ever being captured alive Paulus – key figure Strength of Both Armies By summer they had reached the suburbs of Stalingrad and the west bank of the Volga River German troops were taken back from the Soviet’s defence of the city and hit the streets in fierce fighting Fighting hand-to-hand combat Never succeeded because areas captured by Germans were re-taken by Russians at night 6th Army Operation saturn The Soviets trapped the Germans in the city of Stalingrad by

 circling them around Unable to break out, Germans had to face the Russian winter.

Not prepared, the temperatures dropped to well below zero and food, ammunition and heat were short in supply Hitler promoted Paulus to field marshal encouraging him to stick it out Luftwaffe sent supplies by air Germans were Trapped Paulus surrendered the army in the southern sector on January 31, 1943 280,000 men under Paulus’ command, half were already dead or dying 35,000 had been evacuated Remaining 91,000 hauled off to Soviet POW camps Surrender In Hitler’s fury he ordered National Mourning Day not for the men lost at the battle but for the shame von Paulus brought on the navy. Paulus was also stripped of his rank Hitler commented “The God of War has gone over to the other side.” National Mourning Day 91,000 Germans were taken prisoner Massive loss of manpower and equipment Axis forces (comprised of German, Italian, Romanian and Hungaria troops) suffered 800,00 casualties Soviets lost more than one million 6,000 survived to return to Germany German Loss The Soviets were so happy that their plans had had been executed successfully! This showed that Germany is not invincible.

The Soviet defenders of Stalingrad, the city was awarded the title Hero City in 1945 Education in Russia for Foreigners: University cities of Russia Photo: Volgograd is a city in the southeast of the European part of Russia, the administrative center of Volgograd region, and a city-hero. The population is 986,4 thousand people in borders of the city (2007). Volgograd is situated on the right bank of the river Volga in its lower stream. The city stretches out for 90 km along the Volga (the line of the water is 10 m below sea-level). There were three names of the city during its history. From 1589 to 1925 it was Tsaritsyn, from 1925 to 1961 it had the name of Stalingrad. Since 1961 it has been Volgograd. Volgograd by right is considered a students' city and one of the largest in the south of Russia scientific and educational centers.

The main object of the educational policy of the Committee for education of the administration of Volgograd is maintenance of quality of education on the basis of preservation of its fundamentality and accordance to actual and perspective needs of the person, the society and the state. Educational establishments take active part in realization of various international projects and programmes in the field of education. Source: Places and their former names - San Antonio Express-News Places and their former names By By AUBREY COHEN Close Image 1 of 62 Many cities and countries have changed their names over the centuries. Sunday's Super Bowl will be played just outside of New York, which, of course, used to be New Amsterdam. See if you can identify these other places based on their former monikers. We'll start with a city that's famous for one name change, but before that was changed from an earlier name: Byzantium. Legend dates the city to around 650 B.C. It long survived as an independent city-state, then part of the Roman Empire. Many cities and countries have changed their names over the centuries. Sunday's Super Bowl will be played just outside of New York, which, of course, used to be New Amsterdam. See if you can identify these other ...

more Photo: Bulent Kilic, AFP/Getty Images Many cities and countries have changed their names over the... Photo-5804211.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 2 of 62 Emperor Constantine the Great chose Byzantium as a new capital in 330 A.D. He initially called it "New Rome," but "Constantinople" is what stuck. Emperor Constantine the Great chose Byzantium as a new capital in 330 A.D. He initially called it "New Rome," but "Constantinople" is what stuck. Photo: Arild Vagen, Wikimedia Commons Emperor Constantine the Great chose Byzantium as a new capital in... Photo-5804212.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 3 of 62 These days, as the song says, it's Istanbul, not Constantinople. Actually, Istanbul had been the commonly used name for centuries before 1930, when Turkey's government officially made the switch. These days, as the song says, it's Istanbul, not Constantinople.

Actually, Istanbul had been the commonly used name for centuries before 1930, when Turkey's government officially made the switch. Photo: Evan Vucci, AFP/Getty Images These days, as the song says, it's Istanbul, not... Photo-5804213.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 4 of 62 Moving further into Central Europe, we find Pressburg, shown here in Johann Daniel Hertz's 1741 depiction of the Coronation of Maria Theresa. That actually was the German name for the city. Hungarians called it Pozsony (actually, they still do). Moving further into Central Europe, we find Pressburg, shown here in Johann Daniel Hertz's 1741 depiction of the Coronation of Maria Theresa. That actually was the German name for the city. Hungarians called it ... more Photo: Galéria Mesta Bratislavy, Wikimedia Commons Moving further into Central Europe, we find Pressburg, shown here...

Photo-5804214.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 5 of 62 In 1919, after the newly created Czechoslovakia gained independence, Slovaks renamed their capital Bratislava -- an appellation Slovak nationalists had adopted earlier. Bratislava is now the capital of Slovakia. In 1919, after the newly created Czechoslovakia gained independence, Slovaks renamed their capital Bratislava -- an appellation Slovak nationalists had adopted earlier. Bratislava is now the capital of ... more Photo: John Flinn, Special To The Chronicle In 1919, after the newly created Czechoslovakia gained... Photo-5804215.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 6 of 62 Many of us have heard the name Danzig, but couldn't say where... Photo-5804216.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 7 of 62 In fact, Danzig has a long history of bouncing around between Poland, Prussia, Germany and independence as a city-state.

Most recently, it was independent before World War II, annexed into Germany during the war and then handed over to Poland, under the Polish name Gdansk, after the war. The Solidarity labor movement formed at the Gdansk shipyard in 1980 and went on to play a major role in the collapse of the Soviet bloc. less In fact, Danzig has a long history of bouncing around between Poland, Prussia, Germany and independence as a city-state. Most recently, it was independent before World War II, annexed into Germany during the ... more Photo: Cameron Hewitt In fact, Danzig has a long history of bouncing around between... Photo-5804217.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 8 of 62 Christiania is another name that might ring a bell to many of us. Christiania is another name that might ring a bell to many of us. Photo: Norwegian Maritime Museum, Wikimedia Commons Christiania is another name that might ring a bell to many of us. Photo-5804218.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 9 of 62 Oslo was the original name of the Norwegian town.

After a fire in 1624, King Christian IV had it rebuilt in a new location, with a new name. Christiana became Kristiana in 1877. It was changed back to Oslo in 1925. less Oslo was the original name of the Norwegian town. After a fire in 1624, King Christian IV had it rebuilt in a new location, with a new name. Christiana became Kristiana in 1877. It was changed back to Oslo in ... more Photo: Li-sung/Wikimedia Commons Oslo was the original name of the Norwegian town. After a fire in... Photo-5804219.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 10 of 62 Stalingrad, in the then Soviet Union, was the site of some of the fiercest fighting in World War II, and any war before or since. Stalingrad, in the then Soviet Union, was the site of some of the fiercest fighting in World War II, and any war before or since. Photo: Daily Herald Archive, Getty Images Stalingrad, in the then Soviet Union, was the site of some of the...

Photo-5804220.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 11 of 62 The city was Tsaritsyn before 1925, when it was renamed to honor Joseph Stalin, and has been Volgograd since 1961, after Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev renounced Stalin. The city was Tsaritsyn before 1925, when it was renamed to honor Joseph Stalin, and has been Volgograd since 1961, after Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev renounced Stalin. Photo: MIKHAIL MORDASOV, AFP/Getty Images The city was Tsaritsyn before 1925, when it was renamed to honor... Photo-5804221.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 12 of 62 The Soviet leaders, of course, renamed many cities after communist leaders. We figured Leningrad (Saint Petersburg before and since) would be too easy. So how about Sverdlovsk? The Soviet leaders, of course, renamed many cities after communist leaders.

We figured Leningrad (Saint Petersburg before and since) would be too easy. So how about Sverdlovsk? Photo: Sandrine, Wikimedia Commons The Soviet leaders, of course, renamed many cities after communist... Photo-5804222.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 13 of 62 Yekaterinburg, Russia, was founded in 1723 and named for Tsar Peter the Great's wife Catherine I. It's also where Tsar Nicholas II and his family were killed on July 17, 1918. Other Soviet cities since reverted to their former names include Nizhny Novgorod (Gorky in Soviet times), Perm (Molotov under Stalin's influence) and Kuibyshev (Samara). Yekaterinburg, Russia, was founded in 1723 and named for Tsar Peter... Photo-5804223.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 14 of 62 Batavia is a name that invokes the heyday of the Dutch empire. Batavia is a name that invokes the heyday of the Dutch empire.

Photo: Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Wikimedia Commons Batavia is a name that invokes the heyday of the Dutch empire. Photo-5804225.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 15 of 62 The city was renamed Jakarta during Japanese occupation in World War II and has kept the name as the capital of independent Indonesia. The city was renamed Jakarta during Japanese occupation in World War II and has kept the name as the capital of independent Indonesia. Photo: Getty Images The city was renamed Jakarta during Japanese occupation in World... Photo-5804226.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 16 of 62 Ceylon is another colonial name. Ceylon is another colonial name. Photo: Gemunu Amarasinghe, Associated Press Ceylon is another colonial name. Photo-5804227.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 17 of 62 The colonial name of the island nation stuck after independence, in 1948. It was changed to Sri Lanka in 1972.

The colonial name of the island nation stuck after independence, in 1948. It was changed to Sri Lanka in 1972. Photo: Gemunu Amarasinghe, Associated Press The colonial name of the island nation stuck after independence, in... Photo-5804228.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 18 of 62 The Chinese city is now properly known as Guangzhou. Photo-5804234.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 24 of 62 This city started out as Edo, in 1603, after Tokugawa Ieyasu established the Tokugawa Shogunate there. This city started out as Edo, in 1603, after Tokugawa Ieyasu established the Tokugawa Shogunate there. Photo: Itsuo Inouye, AP This city started out as Edo, in 1603, after Tokugawa Ieyasu...

Photo-5804235.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 25 of 62 The Shogunate effectively controlled Japan, although the emperor remained in Kyoto. In 1868, imperial rule was restored, and the emperor moved the official capital to this city and renamed it Tokyo. The Shogunate effectively controlled Japan, although the emperor remained in Kyoto. In 1868, imperial rule was restored, and the emperor moved the official capital to this city and renamed it Tokyo. Photo: Kazuhiro Nogi, AFP / Getty Images The Shogunate effectively controlled Japan, although the emperor... Photo-5804236.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 26 of 62 Saigon's name was changed after the Vietnamese city fell to Communist forces in 1975, prompting this notorious evacuation of the U.S. embassy. Saigon's name was changed after the Vietnamese city fell to Communist forces in 1975, prompting this notorious evacuation of the U.S. embassy. Photo: Hubert Van Es, AFP/Getty Images Saigon's name was changed after the Vietnamese city fell to...

Photo-5804237.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 27 of 62 The new name, Ho Chi Minh City, honored the Communist leader, shown here on a billboard in 2005. The new name, Ho Chi Minh City, honored the Communist leader, shown here on a billboard in 2005. Photo: RICHARD VOGEL The new name, Ho Chi Minh City, honored the Communist leader, shown... Photo-5804238.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 28 of 62 Bombay was an anglicized version of a Portuguese name for this Indian city. Bombay was an anglicized version of a Portuguese name for this Indian city. Photo: Punit Paranjpe, AFP/Getty Images Bombay was an anglicized version of a Portuguese name for this... Photo-5804239.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 29 of 62 A Hindu nationalist government officially changed the English name of the city to Mumbai in 1995. Similarly, Calcutta became Kolkata and Madras became Chennai.

A Hindu nationalist government officially changed the English name of the city to Mumbai in 1995. Similarly, Calcutta became Kolkata and Madras became Chennai. Photo: Indranil Mukherjee, AFP/Getty Images A Hindu nationalist government officially changed the English name... Photo-5804240.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 30 of 62 We tend to think of Mesopotamia as the name of an ancient cradle of civilization. But the "British Mandate of Mesopotamia" existed from the breakup of the Ottoman Empire after World War I until 1932. We tend to think of Mesopotamia as the name of an ancient cradle of civilization. But the "British Mandate of Mesopotamia" existed from the breakup of the Ottoman Empire after World War I until 1932. Photo: YAHYA AHMED, ASSOCIATED PRESS We tend to think of Mesopotamia as the name of an ancient cradle of...

Photo-5804241.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 31 of 62 1932 is when independent Iraq was formed. 1932 is when independent Iraq was formed. Photo: MOHAMMED SAWAF, AFP/Getty Images 1932 is when independent Iraq was formed. Photo-5804242.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 32 of 62 Ahuzat Bayit was the original name of this city founded in 1909. Ahuzat Bayit was the original name of this city founded in 1909. Photo: Oded Balilty, Associated Press Ahuzat Bayit was the original name of this city founded in 1909. Photo-5804243.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 33 of 62 But the current name, Ethiopia, is actually even older. Photo-5804246.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 36 of 62 Col.

Joseph Mobutu changed his name, to Mobutu Sese Seko, and the name of his country, to Zaire, after seizing power in a coup in 1965. Zaire might be best known as the site of the "Rumble in the Jungle" bout between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman on Oct. 30, 1974. less Col. Joseph Mobutu changed his name, to Mobutu Sese Seko, and the name of his country, to Zaire, after seizing power in a coup in 1965. Zaire might be best known as the site of the "Rumble in the Jungle" bout ... more Photo: The Ring Magazine, Getty Images Col. Joseph Mobutu changed his name, to Mobutu Sese Seko, and the... Photo-5804247.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 37 of 62 The country was known by the Belgian colonial Congo name after gaining independence in 1960. After Mobutu's regime was toppled in 1997, new leader Laurent Kabila renamed the country the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

less The country was known by the Belgian colonial Congo name after gaining independence in 1960. After Mobutu's regime was toppled in 1997, new leader Laurent Kabila renamed the country the Democratic Republic of ... more Photo: Jerome Delay, AP The country was known by the Belgian colonial Congo name after... Photo-5804248.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 38 of 62 The name "Rhodesia" came from Cecil Rhodes, who pushed British rule north from the South Africa Cape Colony, where he was prime minister. The British South Africa Company administered Northern and Southern Rhodesia from 1891 until the United Kingdom took it over in 1923. Rhodes also was behind this 650-foot-long iron bridge across Victoria Falls, the world’s largest waterfall, which separated Northern and Southern Rhodesia. less The name "Rhodesia" came from Cecil Rhodes, who pushed British rule north from the South Africa Cape Colony, where he was prime minister. The British South Africa Company administered Northern and Southern ...

more Photo: Mark Sissons, Special To The Chronicle The name "Rhodesia" came from Cecil Rhodes, who pushed... Photo-5804249.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 39 of 62 Northern Rhodesia became Zambia when it gained independence in 1964. The white minority government of Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared its independence as "Rhodesia" in 1965, but the United Kingdom did not recognize this and demanded more rights for the black majority. The country finally held free elections in 1979 and independent Zimbabwe was born the following year. less Northern Rhodesia became Zambia when it gained independence in 1964. The white minority government of Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared its independence as "Rhodesia" in 1965, but the United Kingdom did ... more Photo: Mark Sissons, Special To The Chronicle Northern Rhodesia became Zambia when it gained independence in... Photo-5804250.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 40 of 62 Basutoland was the name of another British colony.

Photo-5804251.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 41 of 62 It was renamed the Kingdom of Lesotho when it gained independence in 1966. It was renamed the Kingdom of Lesotho when it gained independence in 1966. Photo: DON EDKINS, AFP/Getty Images It was renamed the Kingdom of Lesotho when it gained independence... Photo-5804252.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 42 of 62 This country gained independence from France as Upper Volta in 1960. The upper parts of the Black, Red and White Volta rivers cut through the country. This country gained independence from France as Upper Volta in 1960. The upper parts of the Black, Red and White Volta rivers cut through the country. Photo: Ariadne Van Zandbergen, Getty Images/Lonely Planet Images This country gained independence from France as Upper Volta in...

Photo-5804253.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 43 of 62 In 1984, a year after taking power in a coup, President Thomas Sankara changed the country's name to Burkina Faso, meaning "the country of honorable people." In 1984, a year after taking power in a coup, President Thomas Sankara changed the country's name to Burkina Faso, meaning "the country of honorable people." Photo: Raphael De Bengy, AFP/Getty Images In 1984, a year after taking power in a coup, President Thomas... Photo-5804254.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 44 of 62 Moving to the New World, Tenochtitlan was the Aztec capital. Moving to the New World, Tenochtitlan was the Aztec capital. Photo: Christine Delsol, Special To SFGate Moving to the New World, Tenochtitlan was the Aztec capital.

Photo-5804255.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 45 of 62 Photo: Sean Kilpatrick, Associated Press It's Ottawa, Canada. Photo-5804261.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 50 of 62 Ottawa has nothing on the original name of another Canadian city: "Pile of Bones," named that because Cree hunters stacked the bones of killed buffalo in the belief that buffalo herds would return to the area to visit the bones. less Ottawa has nothing on the original name of another Canadian city: "Pile of Bones," named that because Cree hunters stacked the bones of killed buffalo in the belief that buffalo herds would return to the area ... more Photo: Regina Library Ottawa has nothing on the original name of another Canadian city:... Photo-5804262.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 51 of 62 It was renamed "Regina," to honor Queen Victoria, in 1882.

Photo-5804263.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 52 of 62 Washington Irving based a famous story in North Tarrytown, N.Y., but gave the town a different name. Washington Irving based a famous story in North Tarrytown, N.Y., but gave the town a different name. Photo: Times-Union Washington Irving based a famous story in North Tarrytown, N.Y.,... Photo-5804264.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 53 of 62 In 1996, the town voted to rename itself "Sleepy Hollow," after Irving's "Legend of Sleepy Hollow." In 1996, the town voted to rename itself "Sleepy Hollow," after Irving's "Legend of Sleepy Hollow." Photo: San Antonio Express-News In 1996, the town voted to rename itself "Sleepy Hollow,"... Photo-5804265.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 54 of 62 On Nov.

13, 1851, a group of settlers landed on a peninsula and formed a settlement eventually dubbed "New York Alki." The following year, some of them decided the area across the bay was a better spot and settled there, calling it Dewamps. less On Nov. 13, 1851, a group of settlers landed on a peninsula and formed a settlement eventually dubbed "New York Alki." The following year, some of them decided the area across the bay was a better spot and ... more Photo: Brad Vest/Seattle Post-Intelligencer On Nov. 13, 1851, a group of settlers landed on a peninsula and... Photo-5804266.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 55 of 62 Later in 1852, a new arrival convinced residents to name the place... Photo-5804267.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 56 of 62 In 1778, Captain James Cook landed on this chain, which he dubbed the Sandwich Islands, after First Lord of the Admiralty John Montagu, Fourth Earl of Sandwich.

In 1778, Captain James Cook landed on this chain, which he dubbed the Sandwich Islands, after First Lord of the Admiralty John Montagu, Fourth Earl of Sandwich. Photo: Anna Gorin, Getty Images/Flickr RF In 1778, Captain James Cook landed on this chain, which he dubbed... Photo-5804268.78834 - San Antonio Express-News Image 57 of 62 Places and their former names - seattlepi.com Places and their former names By By AUBREY COHEN Photo: Bulent Kilic, AFP/Getty Images Image 1of/61 Close Image 1 of 61 Many cities and countries have changed their names over the centuries. Sunday's Super Bowl will be played just outside of New York, which, of course, used to be New Amsterdam. See if you can identify these other places based on their former monikers. We'll start with a city that's famous for one name change, but before that was changed from an earlier name: Byzantium. Legend dates the city to around 650 B.C. It long survived as an independent city-state, then part of the Roman Empire.

Many cities and countries have changed their names over the centuries. Sunday's Super Bowl will be played just outside of New York, which, of course, used to be New Amsterdam. See if you can identify these other ... more Photo: Bulent Kilic, AFP/Getty Images Many cities and countries have changed their names over the... Photo-5072508.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 2 of 61 Emperor Constantine the Great chose Byzantium as a new capital in 330 A.D. He initially called it "New Rome," but "Constantinople" is what stuck. Emperor Constantine the Great chose Byzantium as a new capital in 330 A.D. He initially called it "New Rome," but "Constantinople" is what stuck. Photo: Arild Vagen, Wikimedia Commons Emperor Constantine the Great chose Byzantium as a new capital in... Photo-5761587.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 3 of 61 These days, as the song says, it's Istanbul, not Constantinople.

Actually, Istanbul had been the commonly used name for centuries before 1930, when Turkey's government officially made the switch. These days, as the song says, it's Istanbul, not Constantinople. Actually, Istanbul had been the commonly used name for centuries before 1930, when Turkey's government officially made the switch. Photo: Evan Vucci, AFP/Getty Images These days, as the song says, it's Istanbul, not... Photo-4507349.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 4 of 61 Moving further into Central Europe, we find Pressburg, shown here in Johann Daniel Hertz's 1741 depiction of the Coronation of Maria Theresa. That actually was the German name for the city. Hungarians called it Pozsony (actually, they still do). Moving further into Central Europe, we find Pressburg, shown here in Johann Daniel Hertz's 1741 depiction of the Coronation of Maria Theresa. That actually was the German name for the city. Hungarians called it ... more Photo: Galéria Mesta Bratislavy, Wikimedia Commons Moving further into Central Europe, we find Pressburg, shown here...

Photo-5793249.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 5 of 61 In 1919, after the newly created Czechoslovakia gained independence, Slovaks renamed their capital Bratislava -- an appellation Slovak nationalists had adopted earlier. Bratislava is now the capital of Slovakia. In 1919, after the newly created Czechoslovakia gained independence, Slovaks renamed their capital Bratislava -- an appellation Slovak nationalists had adopted earlier. Bratislava is now the capital of ... more Photo: John Flinn, Special To The Chronicle In 1919, after the newly created Czechoslovakia gained... Photo-5793291.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 6 of 61 Many of us have heard the name Danzig, but couldn't say where... Photo-2036332.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 7 of 61 In fact, Danzig has a long history of bouncing around between Poland, Prussia, Germany and independence as a city-state.

Most recently, it was independent before World War II, annexed into Germany during the war and then handed over to Poland, under the Polish name Gdansk, after the war. The Solidarity labor movement formed at the Gdansk shipyard in 1980 and went on to play a major role in the collapse of the Soviet bloc. less In fact, Danzig has a long history of bouncing around between Poland, Prussia, Germany and independence as a city-state. Most recently, it was independent before World War II, annexed into Germany during the ... more Photo: Cameron Hewitt In fact, Danzig has a long history of bouncing around between... Photo-2036333.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 8 of 61 Christiania is another name that might ring a bell to many of us. Christiania is another name that might ring a bell to many of us. Photo: Norwegian Maritime Museum, Wikimedia Commons Christiania is another name that might ring a bell to many of us. Photo-5794000.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 9 of 61 Oslo was the original name of the Norwegian town.

After a fire in 1624, King Christian IV had it rebuilt in a new location, with a new name. Christiana became Kristiana in 1877. It was changed back to Oslo in 1925. less Oslo was the original name of the Norwegian town. After a fire in 1624, King Christian IV had it rebuilt in a new location, with a new name. Christiana became Kristiana in 1877. It was changed back to Oslo in ... more Photo: Li-sung/Wikimedia Commons Oslo was the original name of the Norwegian town. After a fire in... Photo-5794003.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 10 of 61 Stalingrad, in the then Soviet Union, was the site of some of the fiercest fighting in World War II, and any war before or since. Stalingrad, in the then Soviet Union, was the site of some of the fiercest fighting in World War II, and any war before or since. Photo: Daily Herald Archive, Getty Images Stalingrad, in the then Soviet Union, was the site of some of the...

Photo-5391580.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 11 of 61 The city was Tsaritsyn before 1925, when it was renamed to honor Joseph Stalin, and has been Volgograd since 1961, after Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev renounced Stalin. The city was Tsaritsyn before 1925, when it was renamed to honor Joseph Stalin, and has been Volgograd since 1961, after Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev renounced Stalin. Photo: MIKHAIL MORDASOV, AFP/Getty Images The city was Tsaritsyn before 1925, when it was renamed to honor... Photo-4119005.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 12 of 61 The Soviet leaders, of course, renamed many cities after communist leaders. We figured Leningrad (Saint Petersburg before and since) would be too easy. So how about Sverdlovsk? The Soviet leaders, of course, renamed many cities after communist leaders.

We figured Leningrad (Saint Petersburg before and since) would be too easy. So how about Sverdlovsk? Photo: Sandrine, Wikimedia Commons The Soviet leaders, of course, renamed many cities after communist... Photo-5794089.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 13 of 61 Yekaterinburg, Russia, was founded in 1723 and named for Tsar Peter the Great's wife Catherine I. It's also where Tsar Nicholas II and his family were killed on July 17, 1918. Other Soviet cities since reverted to their former names include Nizhny Novgorod (Gorky in Soviet times), Perm (Molotov under Stalin's influence) and Kuibyshev (Samara). Yekaterinburg, Russia, was founded in 1723 and named for Tsar Peter... Photo-5794079.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 14 of 61 Batavia is a name that invokes the heyday of the Dutch empire. Batavia is a name that invokes the heyday of the Dutch empire.

Photo: Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Wikimedia Commons Batavia is a name that invokes the heyday of the Dutch empire. Photo-5794129.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 15 of 61 The city was renamed Jakarta during Japanese occupation in World War II and has kept the name as the capital of independent Indonesia. The city was renamed Jakarta during Japanese occupation in World War II and has kept the name as the capital of independent Indonesia. Photo: Getty Images The city was renamed Jakarta during Japanese occupation in World... Photo-770938.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 16 of 61 Ceylon is another colonial name. Ceylon is another colonial name. Photo: Gemunu Amarasinghe, Associated Press Ceylon is another colonial name. Photo-1855761.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 17 of 61 The colonial name of the island nation stuck after independence, in 1948. It was changed to Sri Lanka in 1972. The colonial name of the island nation stuck after independence, in 1948.

It was changed to Sri Lanka in 1972. Photo: Gemunu Amarasinghe, Associated Press The colonial name of the island nation stuck after independence, in... Photo-2919814.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 18 of 61 The Chinese city is now properly known as Guangzhou. Photo-2679421.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 24 of 61 This city started out as Edo, in 1603, after Tokugawa Ieyasu established the Tokugawa Shogunate there. This city started out as Edo, in 1603, after Tokugawa Ieyasu established the Tokugawa Shogunate there. Photo: Itsuo Inouye, AP This city started out as Edo, in 1603, after Tokugawa Ieyasu... Photo-1810456.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 25 of 61 The Shogunate effectively controlled Japan, although the emperor remained in Kyoto.

In 1868, imperial rule was restored, and the emperor moved the official capital to this city and renamed it Tokyo. The Shogunate effectively controlled Japan, although the emperor remained in Kyoto. In 1868, imperial rule was restored, and the emperor moved the official capital to this city and renamed it Tokyo. Photo: Kazuhiro Nogi, AFP / Getty Images The Shogunate effectively controlled Japan, although the emperor... Photo-2053435.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 26 of 61 Saigon's name was changed after the Vietnamese city fell to Communist forces in 1975, prompting this notorious evacuation of the U.S. embassy. Saigon's name was changed after the Vietnamese city fell to Communist forces in 1975, prompting this notorious evacuation of the U.S. embassy. Photo: Hubert Van Es, AFP/Getty Images Saigon's name was changed after the Vietnamese city fell to...

Photo-2445361.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 27 of 61 The new name, Ho Chi Minh City, honored the Communist leader, shown here on a billboard in 2005. The new name, Ho Chi Minh City, honored the Communist leader, shown here on a billboard in 2005. Photo: RICHARD VOGEL The new name, Ho Chi Minh City, honored the Communist leader, shown... Photo-2150767.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 28 of 61 Bombay was an anglicized version of a Portuguese name for this Indian city. Bombay was an anglicized version of a Portuguese name for this Indian city. Photo: Punit Paranjpe, AFP/Getty Images Bombay was an anglicized version of a Portuguese name for this... Photo-1812560.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 29 of 61 A Hindu nationalist government officially changed the English name of the city to Mumbai in 1995. Similarly, Calcutta became Kolkata and Madras became Chennai.

A Hindu nationalist government officially changed the English name of the city to Mumbai in 1995. Similarly, Calcutta became Kolkata and Madras became Chennai. Photo: Indranil Mukherjee, AFP/Getty Images A Hindu nationalist government officially changed the English name... Photo-1895486.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 30 of 61 We tend to think of Mesopotamia as the name of an ancient cradle of civilization. But the "British Mandate of Mesopotamia" existed from the breakup of the Ottoman Empire after World War I until 1932. We tend to think of Mesopotamia as the name of an ancient cradle of civilization. But the "British Mandate of Mesopotamia" existed from the breakup of the Ottoman Empire after World War I until 1932. Photo: YAHYA AHMED, ASSOCIATED PRESS We tend to think of Mesopotamia as the name of an ancient cradle of...

Photo-2431321.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 31 of 61 1932 is when independent Iraq was formed. 1932 is when independent Iraq was formed. Photo: MOHAMMED SAWAF, AFP/Getty Images 1932 is when independent Iraq was formed. Photo-5630872.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 32 of 61 Ahuzat Bayit was the original name of this city founded in 1909. Ahuzat Bayit was the original name of this city founded in 1909. Photo: Oded Balilty, Associated Press Ahuzat Bayit was the original name of this city founded in 1909. Photo-2801528.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 33 of 61 But the current name, Ethiopia, is actually even older. Photo-3941417.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 36 of 61 Col.

Joseph Mobutu changed his name, to Mobutu Sese Seko, and the name of his country, to Zaire, after seizing power in a coup in 1965. Zaire might be best known as the site of the "Rumble in the Jungle" bout between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman on Oct. 30, 1974. less Col. Joseph Mobutu changed his name, to Mobutu Sese Seko, and the name of his country, to Zaire, after seizing power in a coup in 1965. Zaire might be best known as the site of the "Rumble in the Jungle" bout ... more Photo: The Ring Magazine, Getty Images Col. Joseph Mobutu changed his name, to Mobutu Sese Seko, and the... Photo-5576727.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 37 of 61 The country was known by the Belgian colonial Congo name after gaining independence in 1960. After Mobutu's regime was toppled in 1997, new leader Laurent Kabila renamed the country the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

less The country was known by the Belgian colonial Congo name after gaining independence in 1960. After Mobutu's regime was toppled in 1997, new leader Laurent Kabila renamed the country the Democratic Republic of ... more Photo: Jerome Delay, AP The country was known by the Belgian colonial Congo name after... Photo-1865079.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 38 of 61 The name "Rhodesia" came from Cecil Rhodes, who pushed British rule north from the South Africa Cape Colony, where he was prime minister. The British South Africa Company administered Northern and Southern Rhodesia from 1891 until the United Kingdom took it over in 1923. Rhodes also was behind this 650-foot-long iron bridge across Victoria Falls, the world’s largest waterfall, which separated Northern and Southern Rhodesia. less The name "Rhodesia" came from Cecil Rhodes, who pushed British rule north from the South Africa Cape Colony, where he was prime minister. The British South Africa Company administered Northern and Southern ...

more Photo: Mark Sissons, Special To The Chronicle The name "Rhodesia" came from Cecil Rhodes, who pushed... Photo-1837149.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 39 of 61 Northern Rhodesia became Zambia when it gained independence in 1964. The white minority government of Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared its independence as "Rhodesia" in 1965, but the United Kingdom did not recognize this and demanded more rights for the black majority. The country finally held free elections in 1979 and independent Zimbabwe was born the following year. less Northern Rhodesia became Zambia when it gained independence in 1964. The white minority government of Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared its independence as "Rhodesia" in 1965, but the United Kingdom did ... more Photo: Mark Sissons, Special To The Chronicle Northern Rhodesia became Zambia when it gained independence in... Photo-5672391.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 40 of 61 Basutoland was the name of another British colony.

Photo-2477865.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 41 of 61 It was renamed the Kingdom of Lesotho when it gained independence in 1966. It was renamed the Kingdom of Lesotho when it gained independence in 1966. Photo: DON EDKINS, AFP/Getty Images It was renamed the Kingdom of Lesotho when it gained independence... Photo-1393086.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 42 of 61 This country gained independence from France as Upper Volta in 1960. The upper parts of the Black, Red and White Volta rivers cut through the country. This country gained independence from France as Upper Volta in 1960. The upper parts of the Black, Red and White Volta rivers cut through the country. Photo: Ariadne Van Zandbergen, Getty Images/Lonely Planet Images This country gained independence from France as Upper Volta in...

Photo-4465549.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 43 of 61 In 1984, a year after taking power in a coup, President Thomas Sankara changed the country's name to Burkina Faso, meaning "the country of honorable people." In 1984, a year after taking power in a coup, President Thomas Sankara changed the country's name to Burkina Faso, meaning "the country of honorable people." Photo: Raphael De Bengy, AFP/Getty Images In 1984, a year after taking power in a coup, President Thomas... Photo-2728229.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 44 of 61 Moving to the New World, Tenochtitlan was the Aztec capital. Moving to the New World, Tenochtitlan was the Aztec capital. Photo: Christine Delsol, Special To SFGate Moving to the New World, Tenochtitlan was the Aztec capital.

Photo-2037407.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 45 of 61 Photo: Sean Kilpatrick, Associated Press It's Ottawa, Canada. Photo-2281332.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 50 of 61 Ottawa has nothing on the original name of another Canadian city: "Pile of Bones," named that because Cree hunters stacked the bones of killed buffalo in the belief that buffalo herds would return to the area to visit the bones. less Ottawa has nothing on the original name of another Canadian city: "Pile of Bones," named that because Cree hunters stacked the bones of killed buffalo in the belief that buffalo herds would return to the area ... more Photo: Regina Library Ottawa has nothing on the original name of another Canadian city:... Photo-5795657.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 51 of 61 It was renamed "Regina," to honor Queen Victoria, in 1882.

Photo-5795624.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 52 of 61 Washington Irving based a famous story in North Tarrytown, N.Y., but gave the town a different name. Washington Irving based a famous story in North Tarrytown, N.Y., but gave the town a different name. Photo: Times-Union Washington Irving based a famous story in North Tarrytown, N.Y.,... Photo-241894.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 53 of 61 In 1996, the town voted to rename itself "Sleepy Hollow," after Irving's "Legend of Sleepy Hollow." In 1996, the town voted to rename itself "Sleepy Hollow," after Irving's "Legend of Sleepy Hollow." Photo: San Antonio Express-News In 1996, the town voted to rename itself "Sleepy Hollow,"... Photo-3643128.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 54 of 61 On Nov.

13, 1851, a group of settlers landed on a peninsula and formed a settlement eventually dubbed "New York Alki." The following year, some of them decided the area across the bay was a better spot and settled there, calling it Dewamps. less On Nov. 13, 1851, a group of settlers landed on a peninsula and formed a settlement eventually dubbed "New York Alki." The following year, some of them decided the area across the bay was a better spot and ... more Photo: Brad Vest/Seattle Post-Intelligencer On Nov. 13, 1851, a group of settlers landed on a peninsula and... Photo-5795674.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 55 of 61 Later in 1852, a new arrival convinced residents to name the place... Photo-5659012.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 56 of 61 In 1778, Captain James Cook landed on this chain, which he dubbed the Sandwich Islands, after First Lord of the Admiralty John Montagu, Fourth Earl of Sandwich.

In 1778, Captain James Cook landed on this chain, which he dubbed the Sandwich Islands, after First Lord of the Admiralty John Montagu, Fourth Earl of Sandwich. Photo: Anna Gorin, Getty Images/Flickr RF In 1778, Captain James Cook landed on this chain, which he dubbed... Photo-4760279.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 57 of 61 Dutch explorer Abel Tasman named this island Van Diemen's Land in honor of Anthony van Diemen, the governor-general of the Dutch East Indies. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman named this island Van Diemen's Land in honor of Anthony van Diemen, the governor-general of the Dutch East Indies. Photo: Peter Walton Photography, Getty Images Dutch explorer Abel Tasman named this island Van Diemen's Land... Photo-4994964.78275 - seattlepi.com Image 58 of 61

Question: Since 1961 what has been the name of the city known from 1589 to 1925 as Tsaritsyn?
Answer: VOLGOGRAD