Top 15 Amazing Natural Wonders - Listverse Top 15 Amazing Natural Wonders StewWriter January 3, 2008 The world is inundated with the most prolific beauties of nature ever witnessed. Nearly everywhere there are inhabitants, an amazing piece of Earth’s wonder is never too far away. From huge forests to enormous collections of marine life, our planet shares its natural glory with us in some of the most astounding areas imaginable. Here are 15: 15. Central Sikhote Alin Russian Federation The Sikhote Alin mountain range contains one the richest and most unusual temperate forests of the world. It is a mixing zone between taiga (an area characterized by coniferous forests) and the subtropics where southern species such as the tiger and Himalayan bear cohabit with northern species such as brown bear and lynx. The site runs form the peaks of the Sikote Alin to the Sea of Japan and is important for the survival of many endangered species such as the Amur tiger. 14.

Jungfrau-Aletsch-Bietschhorn – Switzerland One of the most glaciated areas in the Alps, the site includes Europe’s largest glacier and a range of classic features resulting from glacial activity such as U-shaped valleys, cirques (an amphitheatre-like valley), horn peaks and moraines (any glacially formed accumulation of unconsolidated debris). It provides an outstanding geological record of the uplift and compression that formed the High Alps. The diversity of Alpine wildlife is represented in a range of alpine and sub-alpine habitats, and plant colonization in the wake of retreating glaciers provides an outstanding example of plant succession. The impressive vista of the North Wall of the High Alps, centred on the mountains of Eiger, Monch and Jungfrau, has played an important role in European literature and art. 13. Cerrado Protected Areas Brazil The two sites included in the designation contain flora and fauna and key habitats that characterize the Cerrado – one of the world’s oldest and most diverse tropical ecosystems. For millennia, the sites have acted as refuges for species during periods of climate change and will be vital for maintaining Cerrado biodiversity during future climate fluctuations. 12.

Alejandro de Humboldt National Park Cuba Complex geology and varied topography have led to a diversity of ecosystems and species unmatched in the insular Caribbean and created one of the most biologically diverse tropical island sites on earth. Many of the underlying rocks are toxic to plants and so species must adapt in order to survive in these hostile environments. This unique process of evolution has resulted in the development of many new species and the park is one of the most important sites in the Western Hemisphere for the conservation of endemic (characteristic of) flora. Endemism of vertebrates and invertebrates is also very high. 11. Galápagos Islands Ecuador Situated in the Pacific Ocean some 1,000km from the South American continent, the19 islands of the Galápagos have been called a unique ‘living museum and showcase of evolution’. Ongoing volcanic activity reflects the processes that formed the islands. Located at the confluence of three oceanic currents, the Galápagos is a “melting pot” of marine species.

These processes, along with the isolation of the islands, led to the development of unusual animal life – such as the land iguana, the giant tortoise and the many types of finches – which inspired Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution, following his visit in 1835. 10. Lake Turkana National Parks Kenya Southern Island National Park has been added to Kenya’s Lake Turkana National Parks World Heritage site. The most saline of Africa’s large lakes, Turkana is an outstanding laboratory for the study of plant and animal communities. The three National Parks are a stopover point for migrant waterbirds and are important breeding grounds for Nile crocodile, hippopotamus and a range of venomous snakes. The Koobi Fora deposits, rich in mammalian, molluscan and other fossil remains, have contributed more to understanding paleoenvironments than any other site on the continent. 9. Yellowstone Wyoming, Montana, Idaho (USA) Yellowstone National Park spans an area of 3,472 square miles (8,987 km²), comprising lakes, canyons, rivers and mountain ranges.

Yellowstone Lake is one of the largest high-altitude lakes in North America and is centered over the Yellowstone Caldera, the largest supervolcano on the continent. Half of the world’s geothermal features are in Yellowstone, fueled by this ongoing volcanism. The park is the centerpiece of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, the largest remaining, nearly-intact ecosystem in the Earth’s northern temperate zone. Hundreds of species of mammals, birds, fish and reptiles have been documented, including several that are either endangered or threatened. The vast forests and grasslands also include unique species of plants. Grizzlies, wolves, and free-ranging herds of bison and elk live in the park. 8. The Grand Canyon Arizona (USA) The canyon, created by the Colorado River over a period of 6 million years, is 277 miles (446 km) long, ranges in width from 4 to 18 miles (6.4 to 29 km) and attains a depth of more than a mile (1.6 km). Nearly two billion years of the Earth’s history have been exposed as the Colorado River and its tributaries cut their channels through layer after layer of rock while the Colorado Plateau was uplifted.

7. Columbia Ice Fields Alberta, Canada The Columbia Ice field is located in the Canadian Rockies, astride the Continental Divide of North America. The ice field lies partly in the northwestern tip of Banff and the southern end of Jasper National Park. It is about 325 km² in area, 100 to 365 metres (328′ to 1,197′) in depth and receives up to seven meters (23 feet) of snowfall per year. The ice field feeds eight major glaciers, including: Athabasca Glacier, Castleguard Glacier, Columbia Glacier, Dome Glacier, Stutfield Glacier, and the Saskatchewan Glacier. [ Image Source – copyright Matthew Walters] 6. The Great Barrier Reef Australia The Great Barrier Reef is the world’s Largest coral reef system. It is composed of roughly 3,000 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for 2,600 kilometers (1,616 mi) over an area of approximately 344,400 square kilometers (132,974 sq mi). The reef is located in the Coral Sea, off the coast of Queensland in northeast Australia.

The Great Barrier Reef can be seen from orbit and is the world’s biggest single structure made by living organisms. This reef structure is composed of and built by billions of tiny organisms, known as coral polyps. The Great Barrier Reef supports a wide diversity of life, and was selected as a World Heritage Site in 1981. 5. Angel Falls Venezuela Angel Falls is the world’s highest free-falling, freshwater waterfall at 979 m (3,212 ft), with a clear drop of 807 m (2,648 ft). It is located in the Canaima National Park, in the Gran Sabana region of Bolivar State, Venezuela. The height of the falls is so great that before getting anywhere near the ground the water is buffeted by the strong winds and turned into mist. The base of the falls feeds into the Churun River, a tributary of the Carrao River. 4. Vredefort Dome Johannesburg, South Africa Two billion years ago a meteorite 10km in diameter hit the earth about 100km southwest of Johannesburg, creating an enormous impact crater.

This area, near Vredefort in the Free State, is now known as the Vredefort Dome. It was voted South Africa’s seventh World Heritage site at Unesco’s 29th World Heritage Committee meeting in Durban in July 2005. The meteorite, larger than Table Mountain, caused a thousand-megaton blast of energy that is now considered the largest meteor impact sight on Earth. 3. Aurora Borealis Northern Hemisphere Auroras are natural different colored light displays, which are usually observed in the night sky, particularly in the polar zone. In northern latitudes, it is known as the aurora borealis, named after the Roman goddess of the dawn, Aurora, and the Greek name for north wind, Boreas. It often appears as a greenish glow (or sometimes a faint red), as if the sun were rising from an unusual direction. The aurora borealis is also called the ‘northern lights’, as it is only visible in the North sky from the Northern Hemisphere. The aurora borealis most often occurs from September to October and from March to April. 2.

The Amazon Rainforest South America The Amazon Rainforest is a moist broadleaf forest in the Amazon Basin of South America. The area is also known as Amazonia or the Amazon Basin, and encompasses seven million square kilometers (1.2 billion acres), though the forest itself occupies some 5.5 million square kilometers, located within nine nations: Brazil (with 60 percent of the rainforest), Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana. The Amazon represents over half of the planet’s remaining tropical rainforest in the world. 1. Milford Sound New Zealand Milford Sound is located in the south west of New Zealand’s South Island. Although called a sound, it is more accurately classified as a fjord. Milford Sound, the most famous tourist site of New Zealand, has also been called an eighth Wonder of the World by Rudyard Kipling. It is situated within the Fiordland National Park which is in turn part of the Te Wahipounamu World Heritage site. Milford Sound runs 15 kilometres inland from the Tasman Sea and is surrounded by sheer rock faces that rise 1200 metres or more on either side.

Among the peaks are The Elephant at 1517 m (4977 ft), said to resemble an elephant’s head, and Lion Mountain, 1302 m (4271 ft), in the shape of a crouching lion. Lush rain forests cling precariously to these cliffs, while seals, penguins, and dolphins frequent the waters. The drive to Milford Sound itself passes through unspoiled mountain landscapes before entering the 1.2 km Homer Tunnel which emerges into rain-forest carpeted canyons that descend to the sound. Near Milford Sound are also locations used to film some of the scenes of the Argonath in The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring Contributor: StewWriter GEOG 1001 Study Guide (2011-12 Mathewson) - Instructor Mathewson at Louisiana State University - StudyBlue Good to have you back! If you've signed in to StudyBlue with Facebook in the past, please do that again.

GEOG 1001 Study Guide (2011-12 Mathewson) GEOG 1001 Study Guide (2011-12 Mathewson) StudyBlue Diversity Amid Globalization: World Regions, Environment, Development (5th Edition) Greater Antilles The Greater Antilles are one of three island groups in the Caribbean. Comprising Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola (containing the nations of Haiti and the Dominican Republic) , and Puerto Rico, the Greater Antilles constitute almost 90% of the land mass of the entire West Indies.

Greater Antilles Major population centers in the Caribbean Advertisement ) Isolated proximity geographic isolation sustains its cultural diversity and limited economic opportunities, while its proximity to North America provides it with transnational connections and economic dependence Neocolonialism the practice of using capitalism, globalization, and cultural forces to control a country (usually former European colonies in Africa or Asia) in lieu of direct military or political control Capital leakage huge gap between gross receipts in industries and the total tourist dollars that remain in the Caribean Outsourcing or sub-servicing often refers to the process of contracting to a third-party Outsourcing the practice of moving service jobs to cheaper locations shields large upland areas of very old exposed rocks that range in elevation from 600 to 5000 ft. The 3 major sheilds in South America are the Guiana, Brazilian, and Patagonian syncretic religion It applies to the process whereby all religions gradually adopt ideas from the religions of neighbouring peoples or of conquerors.

Syncretic Religions religions that are blends of different belief systems Ethnic groups/regions and Nations, Colonial Powers South Asians – Suriname East Indian – British Altiplano (Spanish for high plain), in west-central South America, where the Andes are at their widest, is the most extensive area of high plateau on Earth outside of Tibet. Lake Titicaca is its best known geographical feature. Altiplano treeless, high plain of Peru and Bolivia; elevated plateau Altiplano Largest intermontane plateau that straddles Peru and Bolivia What is the Altiplano? A treeless high plain (elevations 11,800 - 13,000 feet) in the Andes Mountains of Peru and Bolivia Advertisement Altitudinal zonation in mountainous regions describes the natural layering of ecosystems that occurs at distinct altitudes due to varying environmental conditions.

Temperature, humidity, soil composition, and solar radiation are important factors in determining altitudinal zones, which consequently support different vegetation and animal species Altitudinal Zonation the relationship between cooler temperatures at higher elevations and changes in vegetation Environmental lapse rate (ELR) is the rate of decrease of temperature with altitude in the stationary atmosphere at a given time and location Fair trade is an organized social movement and market-based approach that aims to help producers in developing countries make better trading conditions and promotesustainability Fair Trade the growers receive a higher price for their crop, at least ten percent above the market price Latifundia are pieces of property covering very large land areas. The latifundia of Roman history were great landed estates, specializing in agriculture destined for export: grain, olive oil, or wine. Latifundia the entrenched practice of maintaining large estates Maquiladora is a concept often referred to as an operation that involves manufacturing in a country that is not the client's and as such has an interesting duty or tariff treatment. Maquiladoras Mexican assembly plants that line the border with the US Maquiladoras assembly plants on the Mexican border that are built and owned by foreign companies.

Most of their products are exported to the US Mestizo is a term traditionally used in Latin America and Spain for people of mixed European and Native American heritage or descent. Mestizo those of mixed european and indian ancestry Mestizo mixed ancestry Organization of American States is a regionalinternational organization, headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States. Its members are the thirty-five independent states of the American Continent. Neoliberalism Neoliberalism seeks to transfer control of the economy from public to the private sector, under the belief that it will produce a more efficient government and improve the economic health of the nation. Through fical policy, public spending, infrstructure, tax reform, interest rates, exchange rates, Caribbean Language Map Spanish – Cuba, Dominical Republic, Puerto Rico French – F. Guianna, Guadalupe, Martinique English – Belize, Jamacia, Guyana, Trinidad & Tobago, St. Kitts, Barbados Dutch – Suriname, St.

Martin Elite Residential Sectors – Power, wealth, mansions Industry – Maquiliadoras (factories) Periphery – squatters, poor, disamenities, Favelas Climate Regions A – Amazon Basin, most of Brazil, Central America, Southern Mexico B – Northern Mexico, Southern Argentina, Coastal Peru, Venezuela C – Uraguay, Paraguay, South East Brazil D – NONE E – Tierra Del Fuego, Southern South America H – Chile, Peru, parts of Mexico, Argentina, Bolivia, high plateaus (altiplano) FTZ A duty-free and tax-exempt industrial park created to attract foreign corporations and create industrial jobs WTO Formed as an outgrowth of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1995, the WTO is a large collection of member states dedicated to reducing global barriers to trade. CAFTA A 2004 free trade agreement between the United States and five Central American countries—Guatemala, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Honduras, and Costa Rica—plus the Dominican Republic.

CAFTA 2004 free trade agreement between US and 5 Central American countries: Guatemala, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, and Dominican Republic CARICOM A regional trade organization established in 1972 that includes mostly former English Caribbean colonies as its members. NAFTA An agreement made in 1994 among Canada, the United States, and Mexico that established a 15-year plan for reducing all barriers to trade among the three countries. NAFTA Agreement made in 1994 among Canada, US, and Mex that established a 15-year plan for reducing all barriers to trade among the three countries Tierra Caliente (Sea Level) sugar cane, tropical fruits, lowland tubers, maize, rice, poultry, pigs, cattle Tierra Templada (3000 ft.) coffee, maize, warm weather vegetables cut flowers, short horn cattle Tierra Fria (6000 ft.) wheat, barley, maize, tubers, sheep, guinea pigs, llama, alpaca, vicuna Tierra Helada (12,000 ft.

and 15,000 ft.) highland grains and tubers, sheep, guinea pigs, llama, alpaca, vicuna Mexico B-Dry Climates: Bsh (Tropical and subtropical steppe), BWh (Tropical and subtropical desert), Bsk (Midlatitude steppe), H-Highland Climates: H (Highland), A-Tropical and Humid Climates: Aw (Tropical savanna climate), Af (Tropical wet climate) Panama Tropical and Humid Climates: Aw (Tropical savanna climate), Af (Tropical wet climate) Guatemala Tropical and Humid Climates: Aw (Tropical savanna climate), Af (Tropical wet climate), Highland: H (Highland) El Salvador Tropical and Humid Climates: Aw (Tropical savanna climate), Highland: H (Highland Honduras Tropical and Humid Climates: Af (Tropical wet climate), Highland: (Highland) Nicaragua Tropical and Humid Climates: Af (Tropical wet climate), Aw (Tropical savanna climate), Highland: H (Highland) Costa Rica Tropical and Humid Climates: Af (Tropical wet climate) and Aw (Tropical savanna climate) Brazil

 Tropical and Humid Climates: Af (Tropical wet climate), Aw (Tropical savanna climate), Mild Mid-latitude Climates: Cfa (Humid subtropical, without dry season, hot summers), Dry Climates: Bsh (Tropic and and subtropical steppe) Brazil The Japanese are found in this country Brazil Mild Midlatitude Climates: Cfa (Humid subtropical, without dry season, hot summers) Paraguay Mild Mid-Latitude Climates: Cfa (Humid subtropical, without dry season, hot summers) Dry Climates: BSk (Mid-latitude steppe) Topical and Humid Climates: Aw (Tropical savanna climate) Bolivia Tropical Humid Aw Tropical savanna climate and Af Tropical wet climate Mild Mid-latitude Cfa Humid subtropical, without dry season, hot summers Highland H Highland Dry BSk Topical and subtropical steppe Bolivia The world's largest reserves of lithium.

Saudi Arabia of lithium Argentina Dry BSk Midlatitude steppe and BWk Midlatitude desert Mild Mid-latitude Cfa Humid subtropical, without dry season, hot summers and Cfb Marine west coast, without dry season, warm to cool summers Highland H Highland The largest producer of Lithium Chile This country is an outspoken champion of neoliberalism Peru Dry: BWh (tropical and subtropical steppe) Highland Tropical/Humid: Af ( tropical wet climate) Ecuador Dry: BSh (tropical and subtropical steppe) Tropical/Humid: Af (tropical wet climate), Aw (tropical savanna climate) Colombia Dry: BSh (Tropical and subtropical steppe) Highland Tropical Humid: Aw (Tropical savanna) Af (Tropical wet) Colombia For cocaine production, which Latin American country is known as the "refining region" Venezuela Dry: BSh (tropical and subtropical steppe), BWh (tropical and subtropical deserts) Highland Tropical Humid: Aw (tropical savanna), Af (tropical wet) Venezuela Which country in Latin America is oil-rich?

Cuba 1962 Gained Independence Advance Brazil program started in 2000, 40 billion dollars go to new highways, railroads, gas lines, hydroelectric projects, power lines, and river canalization projects that will reach into the remote areas of the Amazonian Basin Arc of Deforestation a swath of agricultural development along the southern edge of the Amazon Basin where the worst deforestation has occurred Grassification the conversion of tropical forest into pasture. This also contributes to deforestation. In the 60s-80s, this was done to make room for cattle Vaquero Who first proposed altitudinal zonation?

Alexander von Humbolat in the 1800s Environmental lapse rate declines in temperature as one ascends to higher elevations rural to urban migration the consolidation of lands, mechanization of agriculture, and increased population pressure has forced peasants to pour into the cities of Latin American in a process known as Encomienda System historically, when colonial authorities granted large tracts of land to the colonists, who were also promised the service of Indian laborers Minifundia When peasants farm small plots for their subsistence, this is called Agrarian Reform Peasants who demanded the redistribution of land through this process How many people in Latin America live in rural areas? 125 million, almost one-half of its entire population terra roxa a nutrient-rich purple clay soil In what century did Latin America gain independence from the Iberian Peninsula? 1800s Italian peasants who left Europe in the winter for ag work in Argentina late 19th and 20th centuries When did Asian immigrants begin arriving in mass numbers? On the coffee estates in southern Brazil and the sugar estates and guano mines of Peru The Chinese and Japanese who settled in Latin America were contracted to work where?

quarter-million Between 1908 and 1978, how many Japanese immigrated to Brazil? 1.5 Million How many Japs live in Brazil today? Sao Paulo and Parana By the 1940s, 3/4 Japs acquired enough capital and owned land in which areas? South Korea The latest Asian immigrants come from which country? 1975-1900, 120,000 What years did Koreans emigrate to Paraguay? How many people migrated? Asuncion and Ciudad del Este in Paraguay, Sao Paulo in Brazil, and Buenos Aires in Argentina Which cities do Koreans in South America favor? Bracero program Mexican labor migration to the U.S.; relatively unskilled labor was recruited to work in agriculture, mining, and railroads. This practice was formalized in the 40s-60s and granted temporary employment residence to 5 million Mexican laborers Remittances Money sent back home to sustain family members Remittance Which economic activity generates income in the Caribbean What are remittances?

money sent by immigrants to their country of origin to support family there Transnationalism the ability to straddle livelihoods between two countries via social media, etc. Columbian Exchange Term coined by Alfred Crosby that likens the contact period between the Old World and the New World as an immense biological swap Comarcas indigenous groups have organized indigenous territories where they assert local authority and have limited autonomy Castizo child of a mestizo and a spanish woman mulattoes african ancestry Quechua Indian language spoke by 10 million people, largest indian language, spoken in central andes of peru, bolivia, and southern ecuador Mayan Indian language spoken by 6-8 million people, second largest Indian language, spoken in southern Mexico and Guatemala Guarani Indian language spoken by 4 million people, third largest Indian language, spoken in Paraguay, and lowland Bolivia Cafe con Leche European, African, and Indian characteristics Reign of Momo Brazil's most popular festival and one of the major components of Brazilian national identity.

The three days of carnival combine Christian beliefs with pagan influences and feature African musical traditions epitomized by the rhythmic samba bands Organization of American States (OAS) Pan American vision of American relations and hemispheric cooperation Mercosur Southern Common Market; Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay, Venezuela (full members), and Chile, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru as associate members AND NAFTA; Mexico, US, and Canada Treaty of Tordesillas Pope divided Atlantic world in half-eastern half containing African continent and the eastern edge of South America (Brazil) was given to Portugal. Everything to the west of that was given to Spain 1848 Treaty of Hidalgo War between Mexico and US, US wins War of the Triple Alliance 1864-1870 bloodiest war of the post colonial period (Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay vs. Paraguay) to control upper Parana River Basin. Paraguay lost War of the Pacific 1879-1882 Chile expanded its borders and Bolivia lost its Pacific Ocean access in this war War Paraguay vs.

Bolivia 1932-1935 Bolivia lost territory rights to Paraguay in Bolivia's eastern lowlands 1980 GB vs. Argentina Argentina loses war with GB over control of the Falkland, or Malvinas Islands in the S. Pacific 1998 Peru and Ecuador Peru and Ecuador skirmished over a disputed boundary in the Amazon Basin Supranational Organizations governing bodies include several states/trade blocs Subnational Organizations groups that represent areas or people within the state, and often form along ethnic or ideological lies and can provoke serious internal divisions Sao Paulo in Brazil the industrial giant of Latin America Costa Rica and Uruguay The Latin leaders in outsourcing operations Bananas and Coffee Costa Rica's major exports in the 50s Coffee and Cotton Nicaragua's major exports in the 50s Copper Chile's major export in the 50s Wood Uruguay's major export in the 50s Silver and Gold Peru's major production in 2009 Dependency Theory the expansion of European capitalism created the region's underdevelopment.

For the developed "cores" to prosper (Old World, North America), the "peripheries" became dependent and impoverished Neo-liberal Policies Policies that stress privatization, export production, direct foreign investment, and a few restrictions on imports dollarization process by which a country adopts in whole or in part the US dollar as its official currency Ecuador 2000, El Salvador 2001, Panama 1908 Which countries in what years adopted dollarization? Limited Dollarization U.S. dollars circulate and are used alongside the country's national currency French Colonies Vietnamese (Indochina) are found in this country Dutch Colonies Garifunas are found here. Blacks who speak Indian British African religion that influences Cuba Brain Drain Migration of the best educated people from developing countries to developed countries 6% of global greenhouse gas emissions What % of global greenhouse gas does Latin America emit? burning of forest and brush Why do we produce these greenhouse gases? Climate Change Because of greenhouse gas emissions, what can immediately influence agricultural productivity, water availability, changes in the composition and production of ecosystems, and incidents of diseases such as malaria and dengue fever?

Less clear than immediate changes, some areas may experience more rainfall, perhaps other places receive less What are the long-term effects of global climate on lowland tropical forest systems? Cortes Which Spanish conqueror was part of the generation of Spanish colonizers that began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas Sugar, cotton, bananas, coffee, and cacao Traditional productions that have been imported and exported in Latin America The new products that are being imported and exported out of Latin America are soy beans that are exported from a and b , oranges exported c , specialty fruits, veggies, and cut flowers (shipped by air to core markets) Peru and Bolivia For cocaine production, which Latin American countries are known as "producing regions." The coca leaf is a legal and important part of indigenous and mestizo culture China What country has become a favorite destination for the labor-intensive assembly work that Mexico has specialized in? Border industrialization What policy began long before offshore production was widely practiced? Allowed duty-free import of machinery, components, and supplies from the US to be used for manufacturing goods for export back to the US What is the Mexican government doing to accelerate industrialization?

Primary Economic Sector; natural resource extraction Secondary Economic Sector; manufacturing or industrial Tertiary Economic sectors; services Quaternary Economic Sector; information processing. Example: Haiti is none because they're fourth world, aka this sector is the fourth world Latin America Which area of land does this best describe? Deforestation, air pollution, water quality, subsidence, degradation of farmlands All of the following can be found in Latin America except: seven times the population of India, in a landmass twice as large as the Indian subcontinent. Caribbean Which area of land does this best describe? Extinction of endemic species, deforestation, soil erosion, off-shore pollution Creolization The blending of African, European, and even some Amerindian cultural elements into the unique sociocultural systems found in the Caribbean Garifuna (Black Caribs) Maroons and Caribs on St.

Vincent, British exiled them in 1790s to the western caribbean, bay islands, spread from bay islands along central america coast Transnational Migration Complex social and economic links that form btwn home&host countries thru int'l migration Unlike earlier generations of migrants, 21 century immigrants can keep more enduring/complex ties2their home countries as a result of technological advances. Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, Grenada, Dominica, St. Lucia/St. Vincent First colonies to gain independence in Caribbean St. Eustatius, Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Martinique Still haven't gained independence in the Caribbean Brazil, Mexico, Columbia, Argentina Latin America's largest countries. Most people live near the coat, so the interior is lightly populated Santo Domingo, then Havana Two largest cities in the Greater Antilles Rimland What area in the Caribbean is very lightly settled?

Globalization The increasing interconnectedness of people and places through converging processes of economic, political, and cultural change Industrial Revolution Many observers argue that contemporary globalization is the most fundamental reorganization of the planet's socioeconomic structure since Cultural hybridization The blending of local cultural traditions with popular culture Transnational firms It is argued that _______________ create environmental problems in the expanding globalized economy by disrupting local ecosystems in their search for natural resources and manufacturing sites. A __________ economy is a highly inflated economy, typically resulting from a rapid influx of international capital into a developing country that cannot be sustained. bubble Fundamentally, geography is: a spatial science used to describe and explain the uniqueness and similarities of places located on Earth's surface. Geographers are interested in _____________________, which is the study of how places interact with each other. Areal integration the visible, material expression of human settlement, past and present Rate of natural increase (RNI) A common starting point for measuring demographic change is the ______, which depicts as a percentage the annual growth rate for a country or region.

Total fertility rate (TFR) The hypothetical number that measures the fertility of a statistically fictitious, yet average group of women moving through their childbearing years, is the: Fully _____ % of migrants live in just _____ world cities. 20; 20 Migration __________ factors such as civil strive, environmental degradation, or unemployment drive people from their homelands. push Currently _____ of the world's population lives in cities with an estimated _____ living in cities by the year 2025. 50%; 60% A city that is disproportionately large and dominates economic, political, and cultural activities within a country has: urban primacy __________ are illegal developments of makeshift housing on land neither owned nor rented by their inhabitants. Squatter settlements Cultural nationalism: protects and defends a cultural system against diluting or offensive cultural expressions, while at the same time actively promoting national and local cultural values. North American English and British English are examples of: dialects Which of the following is NOT one of the world's universalizing religions? Judaism In 2001, the United States went to war not with the state of Afghanistan, but rather a confederation of religious extremists, the Taliban and Al Qaeda.

Military strategists refer to this type of conflict as: asymmetrical warfare A relatively homogeneous cultural group occupying its own fully independent political territory is a: nation-state Many forces tend to hold a nation together or were factors in nation-building due to their advantages. Which of the following are centripetal forces--forces that promote political unity and reinforce the state structure? shared sense of history, advantages of a large political apparatus, need for military security Political boundaries that follow cultural traits such as language or religion are: ethnographic boundaries In order to obtain a sense of the true cost of living in an area, one can adjust raw economic data to create a comparable figure for a common market basket of goods and services purchased with local currency. This adjustment is called: Purchasing Power Parity Which of the following is NOT an indicator of regional or national social development? number of live births per 1,000 population The idea that Earth has a number of geological plates that move slowly across its surface is the theory of: plate tectonics Bushmeat is becoming a serious problem in Western Africa. Bushmeat is the poaching of wild game in Africa for human consumption. Why has this problem developed?

Commercial European fishing fleets have increased off the west coast of Africa over the last several decades, There are fewer fish for local fisherman which leads to a higher kill rate for bushmeat, The European catch has increased 20 fold over the last several decades, West Africans cannot find affordable fish in local markets. Which of the following is found along a divergent plate boundary? The greenhouse effect Which of the following is not a factor in creating climate? Daily weather variations Each of the following gases is responsible for the bulk of recent global warming except: carbon monoxide (CO) The term __________ is used to describe inland climates with hot summers and cold, snowy winters such as those found in interior North America and Russia. continentality Which of the following letters is used in the Köppen system to denote a tropical climate? A Likely effects of global warming include: Which country contributes more to greenhouse gas emissions-those gases responsible for global warming-than any other country? China Freshwater accounts for _______ percent of the total global water supply. Of the freshwater supply, approximately _____ percent is in the form of surface rivers and lakes.

3; 1 How many years of daily weather data are required before climatologists and geographers can construct a picture of an area's climate? 30 years The 1992 Earth Summit that formulated the first legal instrument to address global warming was held in: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil An estimated 3/4 of the population of _____will experience water shortages by the year 2025 Africa Currently, about one-half of all tropical forest timber is destined for which country? Japan A grouping of the world's flora and fauna into a large ecological province or region is called a(n): biome (or bioregion) The United Nations predicts that currently almost __________ people in South Asia suffer from chronic undernourishment 200 million The large tracts of forests found in middle and high latitudes are called: temperate forests The Green Revolution has allowed food production to keep pace with increasing population numbers by doing all of the following except: decreasing the number of irrigated fields worldwide Which of the following is not indicative of global food and agricultural issues? Agricultural production has not been able to keep up with population growth in the last few decades, resulting in widespread famine crises in East Asia, South Asia, and Africa.

Green Revolution agriculture now consumes almost _____ percent of the World's annual oil output 10 percent Spatially, almost half of deforestation is in the Amazon Basin of South America. However, deforestation appears to be occurring faster in __________, where some estimates suggest that logging is occurring three times faster than in the Amazon. Southeast Asia Both Canada and the United States have postindustrial economies characterized by all of the following traits except: low resource consumption rates compared to less-developed countries Although home to only about 5 percent of the world's population, North America consumes what percentage of the world's commercial energy budget? 25 percent Identify two intertwined variables which helped cause Hurricane Katrina's long-lasting impact within the Gulf Coast region. The storm itself was large and powerful with winds in excess of 120 miles per hour. & The region's social geography made evacuating urban areas difficult in the face of the storm. Beneath the Great Plains, the waters of the ________ are being depleted because central pivot irrigation systems are steadily lowering water tables across much of the region by as much as 100 feet (30 meters) in the past 50 years.

Ogallala Aquifer A city most likely affected by acid rain Toronto Environmental initiatives in Canada and the U.S. since 1970 have resulted in: Near Hudson Bay and across harsher northern tracts, trees give way to _____, a mixture of low shrubs, grasses, and flowering herbs that grow briefly in the short growing seasons. tundra Where in North America is the greatest threat from volcanic eruptions and large earthquakes? Western North America near the Pacific coast Although the trend in North America has been toward larger metropolitan areas, since the 1970s there has been a countertrend. This countertrend is largely made up of which portions of the population? retirees and younger, lifestyle migrants A city not found within a Megalopolis? Pittsburgh, PA The states in the intermountain West were the fastest growing in the United States between 2000 and 2009. Which state had the greatest population growth? Nevada What technology most greatly led to the decentralization of cities (i.e., suburbanization and sprawl) in the United States?

the automobile The process of urban revitalization in which higher-income residents displace lower-income residents in central city neighborhoods is known as: gentrification Migration into and within a region changes the ethnic composition of that region. For North America, which of the following is not true? Immigrants from the Caribbean are the fastest-growing immigrant group in the United States. Canada's Inuit population governs its own territory in a persisting cultural homeland called: Nunavut Which of the following is not an example of the impact of globalization on North American culture? the rapid growth of religions such as Hinduism and Shinto among North Americans The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) signed in 1994 reduced barriers to trade and investment among Canada, the United States, and: Mexico While support for secession appears to have waned in recent years, this province held three referendums during the 1980s and 1990s on whether to remain in Canada or to secede and become an independent state: Quebec Where in North America would you find a Mediterranean agriculture climate? California How much of the labor force in both Canada and the United States is employed in the tertiary and quaternary sectors?

over 70% Which of the following is not one of the locational factors that account for the development of the North American manufacturing core during the nineteenth century? increasing connectivity, sustained capital investment, the proximity of the core to natural resources, a ready supply of productive labor Silicon Valley is now North America's leading region of manufacturing exports, in part due to: access to innovation and research by local universities and industries Which of the following is not a major factor affecting social well-being in North America? the impact of exceptionally high drop-out rates in suburban neighborhoods on the high-tech job market This region is called Latin America because: it helps distinguish the Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking republics of the Americas from the English-speaking ones. Mexico City is the capital of Mexico and its primate city. Which of the following statements about Mexico City is not true? Mexico City's growth rate is very high (5% annually) and the city's population may reach 50 million by 2025.

The "green city" of Brazil - an urban success story of low pollution, good public transportation, open space, and recycling - is: Curitiba Which of the following is a Latin American example of balancing the economic benefits of extraction with the ecological soundness of conservation? Shade-grown coffee Which of the following statements about the Amazon River is not true? It is the longest river in the world. Which of the following climates do you not find in Latin America? subarctic (Dfb) El Niño is a weather phenomenon that: comes from an abnormally large, warm Pacific current that usually arrives along coastal Ecuador and Peru in December. When describing the urban form of Latin American cities, the term "elite spine" refers to: the strip of newer businesses extending from the colonial core to the newest parts of a city The colonial system of assigning large tracts of land to colonists was called _____ and the entrenched practice of maintaining large estates is called _____. encomienda; latifundia The term mestizo refers to someone of ______ ancestry. mixed European and Indian Migrants into Latin America did not include: mestizos Which of the following did not contribute to the demographic collapse of native populations after 1500?

Slaves imported from Africa In which of the following countries is Quechua spoken? Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador The majority of Latin Americans speak Spanish rather than Portuguese as a legacy of the: Treaty of Tordesillas What Latin American countries claim territory in Antarctica? Argentina and Chile Trade blocs, such as LAFTA, are examples of supranational organizations. Subnational organizations are represented by groups such as: FARC Which of the following is not a major coca-growing country in South America? Ecuador Several strategies have been used since 1950 to move Latin American countries toward greater industrialization, urbanization, and economic diversity. Which of the following has been the most successful of these policies? establishment of maquiladoras and other manufacturing plants Which of the following statements about maquiladoras is true? Many of the maquiladora workers are young unmarried women who are easily exploited, China has emerged as a significant competitor for the labor-intensive assembly work done in the maquiladoras, The maquiladoras are poorly integrated with the rest of the Mexican economy, There are nearly 4,000 - located primarily along the U.S - Mexico border.

Profitable extraction of natural resources in Latin America includes: forestry, soybean production, oil, mining One of the major factors showing the changing status of women in Latin America is: women in Latin America are generally having fewer children Besides the Caribbean Islands, which of the following is (are) also considered part of the Caribbean region? Guyana, Belize, Suriname, French Guiana As a region, the Caribbean exhibits the contradictory characteristics of being located near and being economically dependent upon North America while remaining culturally distinct and having limited economic opportunities. This contradiction is referred to as: isolated proximity True or False. Haiti became independent from France in 1979, along with St. Lucia and St. Vincent. False In which of the following countries would you find relatively pristine tropical rainforests? Suriname Which of the following is not an island of the Greater Antilles? Trinidad The Lesser Antilles are volcanic in origin, including at least one island with a currently active volcano. This is the result of: subduction of the heavier North and South American plates under the Caribbean plate. Which of the following is home to a European Space Agency launch center?

French Guiana Where in the Caribbean region do you find the tropical savanna (Aw) climate? Cuba, the Domincan Republic, Jamaica, Belize, and Guyana Typically, how many hurricanes move through the Caribbean region each year? 6 - 12 Which of the following statements about HIV/AIDS in the Caribbean is not true? Infection rates are now approximately the same as in Sub-Saharan Africa. When a worker leaves his or her family behind, saves money, and returns home, it is called _____ migration. When a worker leaves home and then brings over one family member at a time to a new location, it is _____ migration. circular; chain Blending of African, Amerindian, and European cultures in the Caribbean is called: creolization Which of the following characteristics does not represent plantation America? moderately industrialized, with manufacturing facilities owned by absentee landlords As the institution of slavery was being phased out in the Caribbean, colonial governments brought in indentured laborers from: South Asia Santeria and Voodoo are examples of Caribbean religions with _____ origins. African Although short-lived, maroon societies were all of the following except confined to the Caribbean islands The least spoken European language in the Caribbean region is _____.

Dutch Since the declaration of the _____, the United States has claimed the Caribbean within its sphere of influence and currently maintains _____ and _____ as U.S. territories. Monroe Doctrine; Puerto Rico; Virgin Islands The first country in the Caribbean to successfully declare independence from a European colonial power was: Haiti What country or one-time colony was the first major location in the Caribbean for offshore banking starting back in the 1920's? The Bahamas Caribbean countries generate revenue from all of the following except: sale of Internet domain names While Caribbean countries suffer economic loss from educated professionals leaving the region for work in more developed countries, called _____, they gain considerable revenue from income sent from guest workers in those countries back to their home communities, called _____. brain drain; remittances The coherence of Sub-Saharan Africa as a region is best defined by: similar livelihood systems and a shared colonial history Environmental issues in Sub-Saharan Africa include all of the following except: air pollution. True or False. Sahal is a region of relatively infertile soil and widespread tropical disease, it did not become important until the period of European colonization. False Which pair of domesticated animals is most prevalent in the Sahel and the Horn of Africa?

Camels and goats Which of the following terms refers to the form of cultivation in which forested or brushy plots are cleared of vegetation, burned, and then planted to crops, only to be abandoned a few years later as soil fertility declines? Swidden Since most household energy needs are met by burning wood, all of the following statements are true except: Deforestation is occurring but is not worrisome because the rainforests are vast enough to accommodate large-scale logging for several more decades. While population pressure, political instability, poverty, and poaching make wildlife conservation difficult, southern Africa has been most successful in maintaining large populations of: elephants Which of the following best characterizes the physical environment of Sub-Saharan Africa? Vast elevated plateaus that are higher in eastern Africa and lower in western Africa The four major river systems of Sub-Saharan Africa include all of the following except: Gambia Which of the following was one of the main factors limiting European settlement of Sub-Saharan Africa until the mid-nineteenth century? Disease Which of the following statements characterizes the impact of HIV/AIDS on Sub-Saharan Africa?

Countries in the southern part of the region may see population decline over the next two decades, 2/3 of Africans infected with HIV/AIDS are found in Sub-Saharan Africa, Women bear a disproportionate burden of the HIV/AIDS epidemic as they are more likely than men to be infected, Life expectancies have dropped rapidly in the past decade, with some places dropping to the early forties. The number of people per unit of arable land is called _____. The number of farmers per unit of arable land is called _____. physiological density; agricultural density Which of the following is not a reason for large family sizes in Sub-Saharan Africa? current government policies Main staple crops over most of Sub-Saharan Africa include: sorghum and millet only Since the region has few competitive industries, the bulk of its exports are from: mining, farming, forestry Some of the problems faced by Sub-Saharan cities include all of the following except: proliferation of small cities competing for migrant workers Which of the following languages are not unique to Sub-Saharan Africa?

Afro-Asiatic While no institutionalized form of religion ever came close to unifying the region, many indigenous expressions of religious devotion are grouped together as: animist The majority of slaves taken from Sub-Saharan Africa were forcibly transported to: Brazil Until the discovery of __________ in the 1850s, roughly half of all Europeans who lived on the African mainland died within a year, mainly due to diseases like __________. quinine; malaria The "Scramble for Africa" by European colonial powers culminated in the 1884 _____, where Sub-Saharan Africa was carved up for exploitation. By 1900, the only countries to remain independent and ruled by blacks were _____ and _____.

Berlin Conference; Liberia; Ethiopia During the years when South Africa was segregated by the policy of apartheid (1948-1994), whites managed social interaction by controlling space, including: separate entrances for use based on skin color or ancestry, urban residential sectors, where skin color could be used to deny employment or admittance, forcible relocation of blacks into townships and homelands Ethnic animosities have led to recent genocide in the Darfur region of: Sudan Political and economic stability in modern Sub-Saharan Africa is threatened by all of the following except: education - enabling Africans to solve their own problems WORLD LANGUAGES Where is the Arabic language? North Africa and middle east Niger Congo Language? North West Asia and North East Europe Russia Eastern Europe/Eastern Germany-Pacific Ocean, Northern Asia Russia In addition to Orthodox, Western Christianity, Protestantism, Islam is the largest non Christian religion, and Judaism is present in this country Russia These immigrant groups are arriving into this country. 80% from the former Soviet Union, ethnically non-Slavic regions such as Central Asia.

In the far East of this country, a growing number of Chinese immigrants are arriving Russia Cardiovascular diseases and AIDS contribute to the high death rate, and infant mortality rates here are higher than in many less-developed parts of the word France North west corner of Africa and south east corner of Asia France Northwestern Africa, Islands in Caribbean, and Southeastern corner of China United Kingdom Australia, Canada, India and surounding, south africa, north east africa HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Brazil Indigenous Largest populations in Latin America: Peru, Mexico, Bolivia, New Guinea, and Haiti, but there aren't many in Caribbean due to the colonization and the slave trade that wiped them out Maroon Dialects Communities of runaway slaves; found in Suriname and French Guiana These two countries are the largest communities of them in the Western Hemisphere Germanic Countries that border the North Sea + Austria and Iceland Sweden, Norway, Southern tip of Finland, Germany, Denmark, The Netherlands, Belgium, Ireland, Austria, Iceland, and England Romance Countries that border the Mediterranean Sea + Romania Italy, Portugal, Spain, France, Romania Slavic Eastern Europe; these countries border Russia Poland, Czech Republic, Northern Hungary, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovenia, Serbia, Macedonia, Bulgaria Celtic Only Great Britain

, Ireland, and a tip on the corner of France Western Ireland, Wales, northwestern tip of France Uralic More western side of Oceanic islands and Hawaii Australia, Tasmania, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Palau, Hawaiian Islands 1,200 B.C.

Southern Islands of Oceania, but still north of New Zealand, and northwestern group of islands in Oceania Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Wallis and Futuna, Federated States of Micronesia, Naru, Guam 200 B.C. Central northernmost islands of Oceania Marshall Islands Easternmost islands of Oceania, this region also extends to the central region of Oceania Tuvalu, Kiribati, Tokelau, American Samoa, Cook Islands, French Polynesia Fjords Flooded valley inlets similar to the coastlines of Alaska and New Zealand. They are in Norway and are caused by the ice sheets melting and the sea level rising, so the valleys were flooded and created these things.

Settlements here are only accessible by boat but they are linked to Norway by the ferry system Air pollution This type of pollution in England creates serious acid rain problems in Sweden Water pollution This type of pollution from the upper Rhine River by factories in Switzerland creates major problems fro the Netherlands where Rhine river water is used for urban drinking supplies Water Pollution The northern Black Sea, large portions of the Caspian Sea Shoreline, and Arctic waters off of Russia's northern coast Eastern Europe Whose pollution is the worst in Europe? Eastern Europe Less developed; doesn't have as many natural resources, and the SU tried to create a command economy and ended the region with deep economic, social, and political chaos Poland In this country, 90% of the rivers have no plant or aquatic life and more than 50% of the country's forest tress show signs of air pollution The European Lowland Also known as the North European Plain is the economic focus of Western Europe with its high population density, intensive agriculture, large cities, and major industrial regions Higher Population is __________ in industrial core are of western Europe. Urban dwellers are wealthy, but rural dwellers are poor.

In the urban cities, there is a low natural growth rate, which is makes them a target area for migrants Germany's Guest Workers 1960s, there was a boom in West Germany's economy, and countries looked to migrant workers to ease labor shortages. Former West Germany depended on workers from Italy, Yugoslavia, Greece, and Turkey for industry and service jobs. As a result, a large ethnic groups of foreign workers became a common part of the German urban landscape Germanic Languages 90 million people speak this, and it is dominate north of the Alps. Dominate language of Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Eastern Switzerland, and several small areas in Alpine, Italy. Jewish Pale By invitation of Poland, Jews settled in cities and small villages in what is now eastern Poland, Belarus, Western Ukraine, and northern Romania. Jews lived here in hope of establishing a true European homeland. Until 1890s, 90% of all Jews lived in Europe, and most were clustered in this area. Remained the largest group of Jews in Europe till WWII.

Ottoman Empire Control Turks offered new distinctly Turkish interpretation of Islam, and provided a focus of Muslim political power within the region until empires disintegrated in the late 1800s Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia New countries due to WWI England Origin of Industrial Revolution, 1730-1850 Reasons why it began: machines replaced human labor Inanimate E sources: water, steam, electricity, and petroleum powered machines Textile This industry in England was the center of the Industrial Revolution Chernozen Black soil found in Russia Seas: Baltic, Black, Caspian, Okhotsk, Bering Oceans: Arctic and Pacific 5 seas and 2 oceans surrounding Russia. Name them. Volga Valley Industrialization and dam building along here has produced degraded water that stretches for hundreds of miles Cossacks Highly mobile Slavic-speaking Christians of the southern Russian steppe who were pivotal in expanding Russian influence in the 16th and 17th century Siberia Eastern Orthodox Christianity Religious heritage in Russia. With the Russian Empire, the Church and State were related Persecuted, religious revival Under the Soviet Union, religion was ____a_____, and many monasteries and churches were converted into museums.

With the downfall of the Soviet Union, a ____b has swept across the country Ukrainians Religion separates east and west _________ Soviets These people were against modernization and censored Western products. After these people left, Western products were more apparent. Urban people in this region now have more access to foreign country materials, but the rural people in this region stick to their old traditions. Music scene has changed, but nationalism still persists Bolsheviks A faction within the Russian communist movement led by Lenin that successfully took control of the country in 1917 Chernobyl Nuclear pollution in the Northern Ukraine due to the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, which suffered a catastrophic meltdown in 1986 Gulag Archipelago During the Soviet period, uncounted millions were forcibly relocated to the region's infamous __________ __________, a vast collection of political prisons in which inmates often disappeared after spending years far removed from their families and home communities Russian Dachas Russian for seasonal/year-round second homes located in the exburb (commuter town) of Soviet and post-Soviet cities. In some cases, these homes are occupied for part of the year by their owners and rented out to urban residents as summer retreats.

Estimated that 50% of Russian families living in large cities have these homes East and West Germany Countries added after WWII Moas Flightless birds lived in New Zealand, supposedly larger than ostriches. When first wave of human settlement 1,500 years ago occurred, the bird numbers fell rapidly as they were hunted by humans and consumed by invading rats. By 1800, they were extinct Atolls Low, sandy islands made from coral that are often oriented around a central lagoon. Usually receive less precipitation than high islands and very often experience water shortages. During dry periods, limited water quickly depletes New Zealand and Australia Immigrants from China, India, Malaysia, and the Philippines have been arriving in large numbers to these two countries. Smaller numbers of immigrants come from troubled parts of the world, like Southeast Asia and the Balkans 2000-2010, almost 40% of the settlers arriving in the country were from Asia New Guinea and Australia These two islands were settled much earlier than other islands in the Pacific nearby the Asian landmass.

These people arrived using water craft and occupied Tasmania and Melanesia, and also reached the Hawaiian and Eastern Islands One-third What is the death rate of Russian men before they reach retirement? Moari/Samoans These people settled FIRST in Hawaii U.S. Annexations Marshall Islands, Guam, Hawaii (this one was done "illegally"), American Samoa, Micronesia Fiji Ongoing conflicts with indigenous and indentured workers happens in what country? This country also struggles to deal with new political and economic relationships between the two dominate ethnic groups, the indigenous and the South Asian sugarcane workers Language? Cuba, Domincan Republic, Puerto Rico Spanish Language? Jamaica, belize, bahamas, guyana, st. kitts, nevis, barbuda, antigua, dominica, St. Lucia, barbados, st. vincent, grenadines, grenada, tobago, trinidad English Haiti, french guiana, guadeloupe, martinique, st. martin French Suriname, saba, st. martin, st. eustatius Dutch Dutch colonies Maroons Which country in Caribbean has highest rate of literacy due to government emphasis on health and education?

Cuba What are the main exports of the caribbean? sugar, bananas, coffee, boxite Which former colony became first independent nation in Caribbean? Haiti Which economic activities are important in the caribbean? online gambling, tourism, manufacturing Which colonial power never controlled a caribbean territory? Portugal What musical form is associated with reastfarian movement in Jamaica? Reggae What source of national income depends on overseas population? Remittances (money sent back to home nation) Papiamento, the creolized trading language draws on all languages except? Danish Where is the largest Maroon population? Suriname Where would you most likely find someone from suriname living? Amsterdam (dutch) Which country in caribbean has the lowest population density? french guiana Where did Columbus establish his first seat of power? Hispanola (Haiti + DR) What ecosystem is most important for preserving caribbean coastal environments? mangroves what environmental problem has not affected the carbibbean? deglaciation within south america, which region has largest expanse of tropical rain forest? Amazon Rain Forest what major climate type is not found in latin america? Continental midlatitude primary contribution to global warming in latin america?

burning forests Primate cities of latin america? Buenos Aires, lima, Guatemal City, Mexico City What term is used to refer to Brazil's squatter settlements? Favelas What civilization did Cortez conquer in Central America? Aztecs What plant was not domestic to the New World? Sugar Cane What region in Latin America has the largest number of indigenous people? Andes What territory did Portugal receive because of the Treaty of Tordesillas? Brazil What trade alliance directly involves the US? NAFTA Which nation in Latin America produces the most Cocaine? Columbia What country in Latin America created "offshore" manufacturing with malquedoras (factories)? Mexico Which of these islands is not part of the Greater Antilles? Cuba, Trinidad, Puerto Rico, Jamaica Trinidad Which of these countries has quartinary (knowledge base) most developed? Costa Rica

Question: What geographical feature is shared by the nine nations of Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana?
Answer: The Amazon Rainforest