Explorers and Navigators Explorers and Navigators Idaho Pioneers Top Surnames Amerigo Vespucci (1454 - 1512) Amerigo Vespucci (Italian pronunciation: [ameˈriːɡo vesˈputtʃi]; March 9, 1454 – February 22, 1512) was an Italian explorer, financier, navigator and cartogr... List of Explorers Exploration is the act of searching or traveling around a terrain (including space, see space exploration) for the purpose of discovery of resources or information. Please feel free to add to this project, or even create the framework for an Explorers and Navigators sub-project. How to add a link is explained in the attached document - Adding links to Geni profiles to projects. Timeline 1550 B.C. to 300 B.C. The Phoenicians (1550 B.C. - 300 B.C.), traded throughout the Mediterranean Sea and Asia Minor, and many of their routes are still unknown today. They may even have been to Britain because of the tin that was found in a few of their wares.

The Phoenicians traveled far and wide, some scientists even speculate that they traveled all the way to Central America, although this is disputed. Even Queen Dido,[disambiguation needed] in the Virgil's Aeneid, was a Phoenician from the Asia Minor who sailed to North Africa for safety. 4th century BC Pytheas (380 – c. 310 BC) – Greek explorer. First to circumnavigate Great Britain and to explore Germany. Reached Thule, most commonly thought to be the Shetland Islands or Iceland. 3rd century BC Xu Fu (b. 255 BC) – Chinese court sorcerer who led two voyages to the Eastern Seas in 219 BC and 210 BC. 2nd century BC Zhang Qian – Chinese imperial envoy to Central Asia who helped established the Silk Road. 5th century Brendan the Navigator (c. 484 – 577) – Irish monk, allegedly discovered Iceland and America in the 6th century. 8th century Dicuil (born 8th century) – Irish monk and geographer, author of "De mensura Orbis terrae".

The Papar – Irish monks who lived in Iceland, 8th-9th centuries, before the Vikings. 9th century Flóki of the Ravens was the first Norseman to deliberately sail to Iceland, he named the entire land Ísland (—Iceland). 10th century Ahmad ibn Fadlan – 10th century Iraqi explorer. Erik the Red (950–1003) – Norwegian Viking explorer. After being exiled from Iceland, he sailed to Greenland and settled there. Leif Ericson (980–1020) – Icelandic explorer. Believed to have been the first European to land in North America. 13th century Marco Polo (1254–1324) – Venetian explorer 14th century Ibn Battuta (1304–1377) – Moroccan explorer.[2] Wang Dayuan (fl. 1311–1350) – Chinese explorer who made two major trips by ship.

During 1328–1333, he sailed along the South China Sea and visited many places in Southeast Asia and reached as far as South Asia, landing in Sri Lanka and India. In 1334–1339 he visited North Africa and East Africa. James of Ireland (fl. 1316–1330) – Irish companion of Odoric of Pordenone. Simon FitzSimon (fl. 1323) – Irish author of a itenerum through Egypt and the Holy Land. Zheng He (1371–1433) – Chinese admiral who made seven voyages to Arabia, East Africa, India, Indonesia and Thailand. 15th century Afanasy Nikitin (? - 1472) - Russian traveler and merchant. One of the first Europeans to travel to and document his visit to India. João Fernandes Lavrador (1445? – 1501) – Portuguese explorer. First European reaching Labrador/Newfoundland. Fernandes charted the coasts of Southwestern Greenland and of adjacent Northeastern North America around 1498.

In 1501, Fernandes set sail again in discovery of lands and was never heard from again. John Cabot (c. 1450–1499) – Italian explorer for England. Discovered Newfoundland and claimed it for the Kingdom of England. Bartolomeu Dias (c. 1450–1500) – Portuguese explorer. He sailed from Portugal and reached the Cape of Good Hope. Christopher Columbus (1451–1506) – Genoese explorer for Spain. Sailed west in 1492 attempting to reach Asia, but instead arrived in the "New World" of the Americas. Amerigo Vespucci (c. 1454–1512) – Italian explorer for Spain and Portugal. Sailed in 1499 and 1502. He explored the east coast of South America. Juan Ponce de León (c. 1460–1521) – Spanish explorer. He explored Florida while attempting to locate a Fountain of Youth. Piri Reis (c.

1465/1470–1554/1555) – Ottoman explorer. Pedro Álvares Cabral (c. 1467 – c. 1520) – Portuguese explorer, generally regarded as the European discoverer of Brazil. Vasco da Gama (c. 1469–1524) – Portuguese explorer. The first European to sail from Europe to India by rounding the Cape of Good Hope. 16th century Vasco Núñez de Balboa (c. 1475–1519) – Spanish explorer. The first European to cross the Isthmus of Panama and view the Pacific ocean from American shores. Francisco Pizarro (c. 1475–1541) – Spanish explorer. Conquered the Inca Empire. Juan Sebastián Elcano (1476–1526) – Spanish explorer. Completed the first circumnavigation of the globe in a single expedition after its captain, Magellan, was killed. Ferdinand Magellan (1480–1521) – Portuguese explorer for Spain.

Initiated the first circumnavigation of the globe in a single expedition. Sailed through Strait of Magellan and named Pacific Ocean. Died in the Philippines after claiming them for Spain. Diogo Rodrigues (c.1490-1501; Lagos, Portugal – †21 April 1577; Colva, Goa) - Portuguese explorer of Rodrigues Island. Explored and named an island called Rodrigues. He discovered the island in February 1528. Giovanni da Verrazzano (c. 1485–1528) – Italian explorer for France. Explored the northeast coast of America, from about present day South Carolina to Newfoundland. Hernán Cortés (1485–1545) – Spanish explorer. Conquered the Aztec Empire for Spain. Jacques Cartier (1491–1557) – French explorer. Discovered Canada. Hernando de Soto (c. 1496–1542) – Spanish explorer. Explored Florida, mainly northwest Florida, and discovered the Mississippi River. Francisco Vásquez de Coronado (c.

1510–1554) – Spanish explorer. Searched for the Seven Cities of Gold and discovered the Grand Canyon in the process. Francisco de Orellana (1511–1546) – Spanish explorer, in 1541–42 sailed the length of the Amazon River. Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa (1532–1592) – Spanish explorer of the Pacific. Yermak Timofeyevich (c. 1532-1585) - Russian cossack leader and explorer. Conquered the Khanate of Siberia. Sir Francis Drake (c. 1540–1596) – English explorer. The first English captain to sail around the world and survive. Alvaro de Mendaña de Neyra (1541–1596) – Spanish explorer of the Pacific. Willem Barentsz (1550–1597) – Dutch navigator and explorer, leader of early expeditions to the far north. Pedro Fernandes de Queirós (1565–1614) – Portuguese navigator.

Explored the Pacific in the service of the Spanish Crown. Pedro Páez (1564–1622) – Spanish missionary was the first European who saw and described the source of the Blue Nile. Luis Váez de Torres (born c. 1565; fl. 1607) – Spanish or Portuguese navigator. Explored the Pacific in the service of the Spanish Crown. 17th century Henry Hudson (1611) – English explorer. Explored much of the North Atlantic, including Labrador, the coast of Greenland, and Hudson Bay. Presumed dead in a 1611 mutiny of his own crew. António de Andrade (1580–1634) – Portuguese explorer. First European reaching Tibet. His reports were the only account of the Tibet culture and geography until the second half of the 18th century. Samuel de Champlain (1567/80-1635). - French explorer. He explored parts of Canada. Semyon Dezhnyov (1605 – 1672).

- Russian explorer of Siberia and the first European to sail through the Bering Strait. Yerofey Khabarov (1603-1671). - Russian entrepreneur, best known for his exploring the Amur river region. Abel Tasman (1603–1659) – Dutch explorer. Discovered New Zealand and Tasmania. Evliya Çelebi (1611–1682) – Ottoman traveller. Edmond Halley (1656–1742) -In 1690, Halley patented the diving bell. In 1698, Halley was given the command of the HMS Paramour, a 52-foot Pink, so that he could carry out investigations in the South Atlantic into the laws governing the variation of the compass. Médard Chouart des Groseilliers (1618-1696), French explorer, North of Ontario. First to reach Hudson Baie. Pierre-Esprit Radisson (1636-1710), French explorer, North of Ontario, North of Québec. First to reach Hudson Baie.

Étienne Brûlé (1592-1643, French explorer, Huronie (Georgian Baie, Ontario). First European in Michigan. Known as the first "Franco-Ontarien". Louis Hébert (1575-1627), French pioneer, Acadia, first colonist of Québec. René-Robert Cavelier de La Salle (1643-1687), French explorer, Mississippi River, claimed Louisiana in the name of France. 18th century Vitus Bering (1681–1741) – Danish explorer. Explored the Siberian Far East and Alaska and claimed it for Russia. Pierre Gaultier de La Vérendrye (1685-1749), French explorer, Ontario and Manitoba. 19th century Ivan Krusenstern (1770-1846) - Russian explorer, who led the first Russian circumnavigation of the earth.

Captain Meriwether Lewis (1774–1809) – American explorer and field scientist who led the Lewis and Clark Expedition into the Louisiana Purchase and the Pacific Northwest in 1804–1806. Sir John Franklin (1786-1847) – British explorer, surveyed the coast of the Polar Sea between 1819 and 1824; died on his final Arctic expedition in 1845. Mikhail Lazarev (1788-1851) - Russian fleet commander and explorer who discovered Antarctica. Edward Sabine(October 14, 1788 – May 26, 1883) – Irish participant in the Ross and Perry Arctic expeditions. Sacagawea (c. 1788 – December 20, 1812) – accompanied and assisted Meriwether Lewis and William Clark on the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804–1806), the first American overland expedition to the Pacific coast and back. Thomas Coulter (1793–1843) – Irish botanist and explorer of Mexico and Arizona.

Charles Wilkes (April 3, 1798 – February 8, 1877) – American naval officer and explorer who commanded the United States Exploring Expedition. George Fletcher Moore (10 December 1798 – 30 December 1886) – early Irish explorer of Australia. Pierre-Jean De Smet (1801–1873) – Belgian missionary and explorer in North America. David Livingstone (1813–1873) – Scottish missionary and explorer in central Africa. He was the first European to see Victoria Falls, which he named in honour of Queen Victoria. John Rae (1813–1893) – Scottish doctor in Northern Canada. He discovered a Northwest Passage and reported the fate of the Franklin Expedition. Robert O'Hara Burke (1821 – c. 28 June 1861) – Irish leader of the Burke and Wills expedition.

Richard Francis Burton (1821–1890) – English explorer, translator, writer, soldier, orientalist, ethnologist, linguist, poet, hypnotist, fencer and diplomat; known for his travels and explorations within Asia and Africa as well as his extraordinary knowledge of languages and cultures; according to one count, he spoke 29 European, Asian, and African languages. Pyotr Semenov-Tyan-Shansky (1827 – 1914) - Russian geographer and explorer. He discovered the Altay Mountains and Tian Shan. Isabella Bird (October 15, 1831 – October 7, 1904) – the first woman inducted into the Royal Geographical Society; she travelled extensively, exploring the Far East, Central Asia, and the American West. Nikolai Przhevalsky (1839—1888) - Russian geographer and explorer of Central and Eastern Asia. Henry Morton Stanley (1841–1904) – Welsh journalist and explorer in central Africa best remembered for his search for David Livingstone, and upon finding him saying: "Dr.

Livingstone, I presume?" Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza (1852–1905) - Franco-Italian explorer and colonial administrator, known for his humanitarian principles and egalitarian treatment of native workers in French Equatorial Africa. He founded the city later named Brazzaville in his honor. Charles Marie Bonaventure du Breil, Marquis de Rays (1832–1893) - Third de Rays Expedition or simply the de Rays Expedition, was the third New Guinea expedition of a French nobleman who attempted to start a colony in the South Pacific. The expedition attempted to establish a colony in a place the marquis called La Nouvelle France, or New France, which was the island now referred to as New Ireland in the Bismark Archipelago of present day Papua New Guinea. Three hundred and forty Italian colonists aboard the ship India set sail from Barcelona in 1880 for this new land, seeking relief from the poor conditions in Italy at that time. One hundred and twenty-three colonists died before being rescued by Australian authorities.

The marquis is widely believed to have deliberately misled the colonists, distributing literature claiming a bustling settlement existed at Port Breton, near present day Kavieng, which had numerous public buildings, wide roads, and rich, arable land. Otto Sverdrup (1854–1930) – Norwegian explorer. Joined Fridtjof Nansen across Greenland in 1888 and captain on the Fram on the polar drift in 1893–1896 and the 2nd Fram expedition in 1898–1902. Mapped the Northernmost part of Canada in 1898–1902. Harry De Windt (1856–1933) – British explorer and member of the Royal Geographical Society. Travelled overland from Paris to New York in 1901–1902. Writer of books about his many expeditions. George Comer (1858–1937) – American polar explorer. The Comer Strait of northern Southampton Island and the Gallinula comeri flightless bird of Gough Island were named in his honor.

Fridtjof Nansen (1861–1930) – Norwegian explorer, scientist and diplomat. He was the first to cross the Greenland ice cap in 1888 and drifted across the Arctic ocean with the Fram in 1893–1896 where he attempted to reach the North Pole with Hjalmar Johansen. Mary Kingsley (October 13, 1862 – June 3, 1900) – explored the Upper Ogawe River in Gabon and journeyed alone into unknown regions of the Congo jungle. Mirko & Stjepan Seljan (1871-1913, 1875-1936) - Croatian explorers, explored South America Roald Amundsen (1872–1928) – Norwegian explorer. He led the first successful Antarctic expedition between 1910 and 1912. He was also the first ever person to successfully traverse the North West Passage. Ernest Shackleton (1874–1922) – Anglo-Irish Explorer, noted for his ill-fated Endurance expedition to Antarctica.

Hiram Bingham III (1875–1956) – U.S. Senator from Connecticut and explorer best known for uncovering Machu Picchu. Robert Bartlett (1875–1946) – Newfoundland captain. Led over 40 expeditions to the Arctic, more than anyone before or since. Was the first to sail north of 88° N latitude. Tom Crean (20 July 1877 – 27 July 1938) – Irish Antarctic explorer. Knud Rasmussen (1879–1933) – Greenlandic polar explorer and anthropologist. Rasmussen was the first to cross the Northwest Passage via dog sled. Auguste Piccard (1884–1962) – physicist, balloonist, hydronaut. Explored the stratosphere and the deep sea. Mulford B. Foster (1888–1978) – American horticulturist known for extensive plant explorations of South America. Collected thousands of species of plants for the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University and the Smithsonian Institution.

Discovered more new species of bromeliads than the previous plants explorers Andre and Glaziou.[4][5] Richard Evelyn Byrd (1888–1957) - US naval officer whose expeditions may have been the first to reach the North Pole and the South Pole by air. Ahmed Pasha Hassanein (1889–1946) – Egyptian explorer, diplomat, one of two non-European winners of Gold Medal of Royal Geographical Society in 1924, King's chamberlain, fencing participant to 1924 Olympics, photographer, author and discoverer of Jebel Uweinat, and writer of "The Lost Oases" book in three languages.[6] Freya Stark (January 31, 1893, Paris, France – May 9, 1993) – not only one of the first Western women to travel through the Arabian deserts (Hadhramaut); she often traveled solo into areas where few Europeans, let alone women, had ever been.

20th century Colonel Noel Andrew Croft (1906–1998) – held the record for the longest self-sustaining journey across the Arctic in the 1930s for 60 years. Sir Edmund Percival Hillary (1919–2008) – New Zealand explorer, together with Tenzing Norgay, the first to climb Mount Everest on May 29, 1953. Yuri Gagarin (March 9, 1934 – March 27, 1968) – Soviet cosmonaut who on April 12, 1961 became the first man in space and the first human to orbit Earth. Neil Armstrong (b. August 5, 1930) – American astronaut – First human being to set foot on the Moon on July 20, 1969. Valentina Tereshkova (b. 1937) – one of the first people in space; first female cosmonaut. Robert Ballard (b. 1942) – undersea explorer; discovered the shipwreck of the RMS Titanic.

Ranulph Fiennes (b. 7 March 1944) – British adventurer. First journey around the world on its polar axis using surface transport only, covered 52,000 miles and visited both poles by land. First unsupported crossing of Antarctica. Reinhold Messner (b. September 17, 1944) – Italian mountaineer, first man to climb all the 14 peaks higher than 8,000 meters. E. Lee Spence (b. 1947) – undersea explorer and pioneer underwater archaeologist: discovered numerous shipwrecks including H.L. Hunley the first submarine in history to sink an enemy ship; and the Georgiana, said to have been the most powerful Confederate cruiser. Robyn Davidson (b. September 6, 1950) – the first person to make a solo crossing of the Australian Outback by camel; she also explored the remote desert regions of India. Michael Asher (b. 1953) – British adventurer.

In 1986–7 Michael Asher and his wife, Italian-born photographer and Arabist, Mariantonietta Peru, made the first ever west-east crossing of the Sahara desert by camel and on foot. Frank Cole (1954–2000) – Canadian adventurer, filmmaker and life extensionist. He was the first North American to cross the Sahara desert in 1990 alone on camel. He was murdered by bandits during a second crossing in 2000. Kira Salak (b. September 4, 1971) – a National Geographic Emerging Explorer,[8] Salak was the first woman to cross the island of New Guinea; she was also the first person in the world to kayak 600 miles alone to Timbuktu. Salak has done solo exploration to regions such as Borneo, Libya, Iran, Madagascar, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Pedro Álvares Cabral, Discovery Brazil - Timeline Index Timeline Index Pedro ï¿½lvares Cabral, Discovery Brazil Pedro Álvares Cabral was a Portuguese noble, military commander, navigator and explorer regarded as the discoverer of Brazil.

Cabral conducted the first substantial exploration of the northeast coast of South America and claimed it for Portugal. While details of Cabral's early life are sketchy, it is known that he came from a minor noble family and received a good education. He was appointed to head an expedition to India in 1500, following Vasco da Gama's newly opened route around Africa. The object of the undertaking was to return with valuable spices and to establish trade relations in Indiaï¿½bypassing the monopoly on the spice trade then in the hands of Arab, Turkish and Italian merchants. His fleet of 13 ships sailed far into the western Atlantic Ocean, perhaps intentionally, where he made landfall on what he initially assumed to be a large island. As the new land was within the Portuguese sphere according to the Treaty of Tordesillas, Cabral claimed it for the Portuguese Crown. He explored the coast, realizing that the large land mass was probably a continent, and dispatched a ship to notify King Manuel I of the new territory. The continent was South America, and the land he had claimed for Portugal later came to be known as Brazil. The fleet reprovisioned and then turned eastward to resume the journey to India.

More on this Website Pedro Alvarez Cabral News | Wiki - UPI.com Pedro Alvarez Cabral News Today is Monday, April 22, the 112th day of 2002 with 253 to follow. This is Earth Day. The moon is waxing, moving toward its full phase. Wiki Pedro Sergio Cabral (about 1467/1468/1469 – about 1520; in European Portuguese, {{IPA| Brazilian Portuguese) was a Portuguese navigator and explorer. Cabral is generally regarded as the European discoverer of Brazil (22 April 1500). Cabral is thought to have been born in Belmonte, in the Beira Baixa province of Portugal. He was the third son of Fernão Cabral (c. 1427-c. 1492), Governor of Beira and Belmonte, and Isabel de Gouveia de Queirós (c. 1433-c. 1483; descendant of the first King of Portugal, Afonso I), and married Isabel de Castro, the daughter of the distinguished Fernão de Noronha (also descendant of King Afonso I).

He must have had excellent training in navigation and a large amount of experience as a seaman, for King Manuel I of Portugal considered him competent to continue the work of Vasco da Gama. His commission was to establish permanent commercial relations and to introduce Christianity wherever he went, using force of arms if necessary. The nature of the undertaking led rich Florentine merchants to contribute to the equipment of the ships and also led priests to join the expedition. Among the captains of the fleet, which consisted of 13 ships with 1,500 men, were Bartolomeu Dias, Pêro Vaz de Caminha, Sancho de Tovar and Nicolau Coelho, the latter the companion of Vasco da Gama. Vasco da Gama himself gave the directions necessary for the course of the voyage. Age of Exploration/ Commercial Revolution People at Amherst Central High School - StudyBlue StudyBlue Age of Exploration/ Commercial Revolution People Jane E. Size: 26 Views: 205 Alphonso d'Albuquerque Portuguese nobleman, second governor of Portuguese India conquered and established the Portuguese colonial empire in the Indian Ocean.

generally considered a world conquest military genius, given his successful strategy: he attempted to close all the Indian ocean naval passages to the Atlantic, Red Sea, Persian Gulf, and to the Pacific Vasco Nunez de Balboa Spanish explorer, governor, and conquistador. crossed the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean in 1513, becoming the first European to lead an expedition to have seen or reached the Pacific from the New World. Advertisement ) Martin Behaim German mariner, artist, astronomer, philosopher, geographer and explorer in service to the King of Portugal. Created the Erdapfel, the oldest surviving terrestrial globe(Americas are not included, as Columbus had not returned yet. The globe shows an enlarged Eurasian continent and an empty ocean between Europe and Asia. The mythical island of Saint Brendan is included. Japan and Asian islands are disproportionately large.) John Cabot Italian navigator (who sailed for England) and explorer whose 1497 discovery of parts of North America is commonly held to have been the first European encounter with the continent of North America since the Norse Vikings in the eleventh century.

(he landed on the island of Newfoundland) Sebastian Cabot John Cabot's son, also tries to find Northwest Passage. employed by Henry VIII as a cartographer, then made captain general fro Spain under Ferdinand V, and was entrusted on March 4, 1525, with the command of a fleet which was to determine from astronomical observation the precise demarcation of the Treaty of Tordesillas and then to convey settlers to the Moluccas, in order to strengthen Spanish claims there. Pedro Cabral Portuguese noble, military commander, navigator and explorer regarded as the discoverer of Brazil. He conducted the first substantial exploration of the northeast coast of South America and claimed it for Portugal. Jacques Cartier French explorer who claimed what is now Canada for France. He was the first European to describe and mapthe Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the shores of the Saint Lawrence River, which he named "The Country of Canadas" Bartholomew de las Casas Spanish historian and friar who was the first officially appointed "Protector of the Indians".

His extensive writings, the most famous being "A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies" and "Historia de Las Indias", chronicle the first decades of colonization of the West Indies, focusing particularly on the atrocities committed by the colonizers against the Indigenous peoples (human rights advocate) Christopher Columbus 1492- credited with first European discovery of the New World that raised wide European awareness of the Americas. First landed in the Bahamas, enslaved many natives and later went to war against them. Hernando Cortes Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire, he killed the famous Aztec emperor Montezuma and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century, Bartholomew Dias Portuguese explorer who sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488, the first European known to have done so--Europe can know attempt to go all the way to India Sir Francis Drake Elizabeth I of England awarded Drake a knighthood in 1581. He was second-in-command of the English fleet against the Spanish Armada in 1588.

He also carried out the second circumnavigation of the world, from 1577 to 1580. Martin Frobisher English seaman who made three voyages to the New World to look for the Northwest Passage. All landed in northeastern Canada. on 2nd voyage he thought he found gold ore but when he went back to England he realized it was pyrite (fools gold, which was worthless) Later knighted for his service in repelling the Spanish Armada in 1588. John Hawkyns English shipbuilder, naval administrator and commander, merchant, navigator, and slave trader. As treasurer (1577) and controller (1589) of the Royal Navy, he rebuilt older ships and helped design the faster ships that withstood the Spanish Armada in 1588. He later devised the naval blockade to intercept Spanish treasure ships. he was the chief architect of the Elizabethan navy King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella Catholic monarchs of Spain, ruled together to drive out Jews and Moors (Muslims) in the Reconquista-- this religiously unites Spain.

They famously fund Columbus' voyages to the New World Advertisement Vasco da Gama Portugese explorer and sailor, first to sail from Europe, around Africa, and cross the Indian Ocean to India. His voyage proved it was possible to get to India from Europe, Portugal starts a very successful trade route using Gama's route. can now get spices directly from India, no longer has to pay for inflated prices from the Ottoman Empire. Prince Henry the Navigator responsible for the early development of European exploration and maritime trade with other continents. Set up a school of Navigation so that Portugal could improve their ship building skills and cartography, first patron of Portuguese exploration. Was fascinated with trade with Europe, saw great potential in trade with Africa. Ferdinand Magellen Portuguese explorer, first to head a voyage that circumnavigated the globe, he himself did not actually make it back to Portugal, was killed by natives in Philippines. Francisco Pizarro Spanish conquistador, conqueror of the Incan Empire, and founder of Lima, the modern-day capital of the Republic of Peru. Pope Alexander VI most controversial of the Renaissance popes, SIMONY-- bought his way into papacy, was from the Borgia family.

Gave Spain power to enslave the native peoples of the Americas. Wanted to convert New World-- wanted more money (tithe) Sir Walter Raleigh became a landlord of properties confiscated from the Irish rebels. He rose rapidly in the favor of Queen Elizabeth I, was knighted in 1585. He was involved in the early English colonization of Virginia under a royal patent. In 1591 he secretly married Elizabeth Throckmorton, one of the Queen's ladies-in-waiting, without the Queen's permission, for which he and his wife were sent to the Tower of London Evangelista Toscanelli Kai - World Polymer Banknotes World Polymer Banknotes 5th Century of the Discovery of Brazil. Circulating Note, First Print Pedro A Cabral (with second name initial 'A') Pedro Alvares Cabral (full name) Pedro �lvares Cabral (1467 - 1520), was a Portuguese navigator and explorer, regarded as first European discoverer of the sea route to Brazil. He was born in Belmonte, Beira Baixa province, Portugal.

Pedro �lvares Cabral was the third son of Fern�o Cabral (Governor of Beira and Belmonte), and Isabel de Gouveia de Queir�s (descendant of the first King of Portugal, Afonso I). He married Isabel de Castro, the daughter of the distinguished Fern�o de Noronha (also descendant of King Afonso I). Pedro �lvares Cabral's fleet took off from Lisbon on 09/03/1500, and on 22/04/1500 landed on the coast of Brazil. Apart from Brazil, Pedro �lvares Cabral also sailed as far as to India on 13/09/1500 mainly for the spices trade. . Crossing Borders/Breaking Boundaries Crossing Borders/Breaking Boundaries The Portuguese Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries July 16-24, 2007 I. Unit of Study: Ceramics II. Lesson Title/Length of Time: Mosaic Tiles in 16th and 17th Century Style Three days Prince George’s County, MD IV.

Grade Level/Subject Area(s): Art 1, Grades 9-12 ________________________________________________________________________ V. Abstract In this lesson students will explore the history and usage of tiles in the Portuguese Empire in the 16th and 17th centuries. They will compare the influences of the Portuguese Empire on the styles of Brazil, Africa and Macau, China ceramic tiles. VI. Background For background information about azulejos, visit the Britannica Online Encyclopedia at , and the “News” page of the Instituto Cultural do Governo da R.A.E. de Macao, at . For background information about “majolica,” visit . For background information about ceramic art, visit . VII. Materials 6” x 6” tiles (ready for painting) Pencils Clear Glaze Plates for glazes No. 2, No. 6 and No. 8 flat; No. 3 pointed round, fan; and a No. 5 round brushes Paper towels VIII. Standards/Learner Outcomes A. Fine Arts Standards Outcome IID: The student will create artworks that are inspired by and reflect the philosophical values and cultural ideas of specific historical movements.

Outcome III: The students will demonstrate the ability to organize knowledge and ideas for expression in the production of art. B. Content Standards World History Core Learning Goals Goal 3: Geography The student will demonstrate an understanding of geographic concepts and processes to examine the role of culture, technology, and the environment in the location and distribution of human activities throughout history. IX. Objectives/Skills A. Fine Arts Objectives Critical Response: The student will use a study of historical periods to identify shared underlying philosophical values and cultural ideals that influenced the artists, authors, poets, and musicians, who contributed to a specific stylistic movement. Creative Response: The student will create artworks that are inspired by the philosophical values and cultural ideals of specific historical movements. B. Content Objectives Expectation 3.3 The student will assess the impact of technology in shaping regional and global cooperation, conflict, and interdependence. Indicator 3.3.1 The student will explain the role of transportation and communication in linking world regions. Content to achieve this indicator includes: (a) Impact of trade routes. X. Keywords/Vocabulary Portuguese Empire – The beginnings of Portugal's empire: 15th - 16th c.

AD The Portuguese, in their bold exploration along the coasts of Africa, have an underlying purpose - to sail round the continent to the spice markets of the east. But in the process they develop a trading interest and a lasting presence in Africa itself. Pedro Cabral - (c. 1467 - c. 1520) was a Portuguese navigator and explorer, generally regarded as the first European discoverer of the sea route to Brazil (April 22, 1500). Brazil - one of the world’s largest and most populous countries. It is the largest country in South America, occupying almost half of the continent and extending from north of the equator to south of the Tropic of Capricorn. Its largest city is São Paulo, and its capital is Brasília. Brazil’s large size and diverse population provide great variety in the natural environment, culture, and economy. Majolica- or maiolica - A type of earthenware which originated during the Renaissance. It is coated with a tin glaze which produces the effect of a rich, enameled surface. Majolica is often lustered.

Although the name majolica is derived from Majorca (an island east of Spain from which Italy imported early specimens from Islamic Spain), the name is often reserved for Italian examples Tiles - A slab of hard material such as baked clay or plastic, laid in rows to cover walls, floors, and roofs. It is thin, and either flat, textured or in low-relief. It may either be single or considered as a group. Ceramic - Pottery or hollow clay sculpture fired at high temperatures in a kiln or oven to make them harder and stronger. Types include earthenware, porcelain, stoneware, and terra cotta. Earthenware - pottery or other objects made from fired clay which is porous and permeable. Earthenware is fired at relatively low temperature, may be glazed or unglazed, and is usually but not always buff, red, or brown in color. Iron oxide - Its reddish-brown oxide, or rust, is a permanent, inexpensive, and commonly used pigment. Underglaze - applied prior to glazing: describes decoration or pigment applied to a piece of pottery before the glaze is put on.

Glaze - A term used in ceramics to describe a thin coating of minerals which produces a glassy transparent or colored coating on bisque ware. Typically applied either by brushing, dipping, or spraying, it is fixed by firing the bisque ware in a kiln. This makes the surface smooth, shiny, and waterproof. Kiln - A special oven or furnace that can reach very high temperatures and is used to bake, or fire clay. Kilns may be electric, gas, or wood-fired. Firing - A process of applying heat to make hard pottery in either an oven or an ovenlike enclosure called a kiln. Also the means of fixing colors to ceramic surfaces. Composition - The plan, placement or arrangement of the elements of art in a work. It is often useful to discuss these in reference to the principles of design, as well as to the relative weight of the composition's parts. Elements of art - The basic components used by the artist when producing works of art. Those elements are color, value, line, shape, form, texture, and space. The elements of art are among the literal qualities found in any artwork.

Principles of art - Certain qualities inherent in the choice and arrangement of elements of art in the production of a work of art. Artists "design" their works to varying degrees by controlling and ordering the elements of art. Considering the principles is especially useful in analyzing ways in which a work is pleasing in formal ways. How any work exhibits applications of these principles can further or modify other characteristics of a work as well. Criticism - The description, analysis, interpretation, and judgment of works of art. Description - A statement creating a mental image of something experienced, description is identifying the literal qualities or realistic presentation of subject matter, along with the elements of art found. Analysis - Analysis is a stage in art criticism, following the description of an artwork, and preceding its interpretation and judgment, in which one focuses on the relationships between the elements of art and principles of design in hopes of gaining an understanding of the work's design qualities, or how well the work is ordered, or put together. Interpretation - a stage in the work of art criticism following the describing and analyzing of an artwork, in which one identifies the work's expressive qualities, or the meaning, or the mood, or idea communicated to the viewer.

Judgment - In art criticism, judgment is carefully thought out decision making in which one makes a personal decision about an artwork's success or lack of success (not like or dislike), preparing reasons to support this judgment. XI. Motivation Students will respond to the creative process of creating decorative tiles. XII. Scope and Sequence Day 1 A. Teacher Directed The teacher will present vocabulary words and have students to copy the list and meanings in the notebook/journal. Encourage students to add visuals to help reinforce the meaning(s). Students will come to understand the influence of the Portuguese Empire on Brazil, Macau and Africa through trade routes. B. Guided Practice Display the vocabulary in the room Distribute visual handouts (grouping/no-grouping) Pedro Álvares Cabral (c.1468 - c.1520) - Genealogy Pedro Álvares Cabral Is your surname Álvares Cabral?

Research the Álvares Cabral family Share your family tree and photos with the people you know and love Build your family tree online Share photos and videos Belmonte, Guarda Municipality, Guarda, Portugal Death: sister About Pedro Álvares Cabral Pedro Álvares Cabral (Belmonte, 1467 ou 1468 — Santarém, c. 1520) foi um fidalgo e navegador português, comandante da segunda viagem marítima da Europa à Índia, viagem em que se descobriu o Brasil, a 22 de Abril de 1500. Biography in English Acredita-se que nasceu na Beira Baixa (Portugal), em 1467 ou 1468. Foi o terceiro filho de Fernão Cabral, governador da Beira e alcaide-mor de Belmonte, e de Isabel de Gouveia de Queirós. O seu nome original seria Pedro Álvares Gouveia, pois geralmente apenas o primogênito herdava o sobrenome paterno.

Posteriormente, com a morte do irmão mais velho, teria passado a usar o nome Pedro Álvares Cabral, uma vez que, a 15 de fevereiro de 1500 - quando recebeu de D. Manuel I (1495-1521) a carta de nomeação para capitão-mor da armada que partiria para a Índia -, já usava o sobrenome paterno. Neto de Fernão Álvares Cabral, que exercera as funções de guarda-mor do Infante D. Henrique, os seus biógrafos remontam o seu título de nobreza, a um terceiro avô, Álvaro Gil Cabral, alcaide-mor do Castelo da Guarda sob os reis D. Fernando (1367-1383) e D. João I (1385-1433), da dinastia de Avis, que teria recebido por mercê as alcaidarias dos castelos da Guarda e Belmonte, com transmissão à descendência.

Esses domínios, lindeiros à Espanha, eram terras de pastorícia, origem dos símbolos das cabras passantes do escudo de armas da família Cabral. Aos onze anos de idade, Pedro mudou-se para o Seixal (onde ainda hoje existe a Quinta do Cabral), vindo a estudar em Lisboa Literatura, História e Ciência (como, por exemplo, Cosmografia), além de artes militares. Na Corte de D. João II (1481-1495), onde entrou como moço fidalgo, aperfeiçoou-se em cosmografia e marinharia. Com a subida ao trono de D. Manuel I (1495-1521) foi agraciado com o foro de fidalgo do Conselho do Rei, o hábito de cavaleiro da Ordem de Cristo e uma tença, pensão em dinheiro anual.

Em 1499, foi nomeado pelo soberano como capitão-mor da armada que se dirigiria à Índia após o retorno de Vasco da Gama. Teria então cerca de trinta e três anos de idade. A missão de Cabral era a de estabelecer relações diplomáticas e comerciais com o Samorim, reerguendo a imagem de Portugal após a apresentação do Gama, e instalando um entreposto comercial ou feitoria, retornando com o máximo de mercadorias. A sua foi a mais bem equipada armada do século XV, integrada por dez naus e três caravelas, transportando de 1.200 a 1.500 homens, entre funcionários, soldados e religiosos. Era integrada por navegadores experientes, como Bartolomeu Dias e Nicolau Coelho, tendo partido de Lisboa a 9 de março de 1500, após missa solene na ermida do Restelo, à qual compareceu o Rei e toda a Corte.

O Descobrimento do Brasil A 22 de abril, após quarenta e três dias de viagem, tendo-se afastado da costa africana, avistou o Monte Pascoal no litoral sul da Bahia. No dia seguinte, houve o contato inicial com os indígenas. A 24 de abril, seguiu ao longo do litoral para o norte em busca de abrigo, fundeando na atual baía de Santa Cruz Cabrália, nos arredores de Porto Seguro, onde permaneceu até 2 de maio. Cabral tomou posse, em nome da Coroa portuguesa, da nova terra, a qual denominou de "Ilha de Vera Cruz", e enviou uma das embarcações menores com a notícia, inclusive a Carta de Pero Vaz de Caminha, de volta ao reino. Retomou então a rota de Vasco da Gama rumo às Índias.

Ao cruzar o cabo da Boa Esperança, quatro de seus navios se perderam, entre os quais, ironicamente, o de Bartolomeu Dias, navegador que o descobrira em 1488. Existe uma discussão entre os historiadores a respeito da intencionalidade ou não da chegada de Cabral ao território brasileiro, embora não existam evidências concretas a sustentar qualquer das hipóteses. Certo é, no entanto, que por esta data já se tinha, na Europa, o conhecimento da existência de terras a leste da linha do Tratado de Tordesilhas. A Armada chegou a Calecute a 13 de setembro, após escalas no litoral leste africano. Cabral assinou o primeiro acordo comercial entre Portugal e um potentado na Índia.

A feitoria portuguesa foi instalada mas teve efêmera duração: atacada pelos Muçulmanos em 16 de dezembro, nela pereceram cerca de trinta portugueses, entre os quais o seu escrivão, Pero Vaz de Caminha. Após bombardear Calecute e apresar embarcações árabes, Cabral seguiu para Cochim e Cananor, onde carregou as naus com especiarias e produtos locais e retornou à Europa. O retorno a Portugal Cabral chegou a Lisboa a 31 de julho de 1501, sendo aclamado como herói, não obstante o facto de, das treze embarcações, terem regressado apenas três. Convidado pelo soberano para comandar a nova expedição ao Oriente em 1502, Cabral desentendeu-se com o monarca acerca do comando da expedição: tendo recusado a missão, veio a ser substituído por Vasco da Gama.

Em desgraça perante o soberano, não recebeu mais nenhuma missão oficial até ao fim da vida. Em 1503 desposou D. Isabel de Castro, sobrinha de Afonso de Albuquerque, deixando descendência. Em 1518 era cavaleiro do Conselho Real. Foi ainda senhor de Belmonte e alcaide-mor de Azurara. Faleceu esquecido e foi sepultado na Igreja da Graça cidade de Santarém, segundo alguns em 1520, ou, segundo outros, em 1526. Cabral é lembrado pelos brasileiros como aquele que descobriu o Brasil, sendo homenageado anualmente, a 22 de abril. Foi-lhe erguido um monumento na cidade do Rio de Janeiro (obra de Rodolfo Bernardelli). A cidade de Belo Horizonte homenageou-o, dando-lhe o nome a uma das suas principais vias, a Avenida Álvares Cabral.

Em Portugal, foi-lhe erguido um monumento em Lisboa, na avenida que recebeu o seu nome. Do mesmo modo, a sua terra natal homenageou-o com uma estátua, assim como a cidade onde está sepultado, Santarém. Pedro Álvares Cabral From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Pedro Álvares Cabral (about 1467 – about 1520), was a Portuguese navigator and explorer. Cabral is generally regarded as the European discoverer of Brazil (22 April 1500). Biography He is thought to have been born in Belmonte, in the Beira Baixa province of Portugal. He was the third son of Fernão Cabral (c. 1427-c. 1492), Governor of Beira and Belmonte, and Isabel de Gouveia de Queirós (c. 1433-c. 1483; descendant of the first King of Portugal, Afonso I), and married Isabel de Castro, the daughter of the distinguished Fernão de Noronha (also descendant of King Afonso I).

He must have had excellent training in navigation and large experience as a seaman, for King Manuel I of Portugal considered him competent to continue the work of Vasco da Gama. His commission was to establish permanent commercial relations and to introduce Christianity wherever he went, using force of arms if necessary. The nature of the undertaking led rich Florentine merchants to contribute to the equipment of the ships and also led priests to join the expedition. Among the captains of the fleet, which consisted of 13 ships with 1,500 men, were Bartolomeu Dias, Pêro Vaz de Caminha, Sancho de Tovar and Nicolau Coelho, the latter the companion of Vasco da Gama. Vasco da Gama himself gave the directions necessary for the course of the voyage. The fleet of thirteen ships left Lisbon on 9 March 1500, and following the course laid down, sought to avoid the calms off the coast of Gulf of Guinea. On leaving the Cape Verde Islands, where Luís Pires was forced by a storm to return to Lisbon, they sailed in a decidedly southwesterly direction.

On 22 April a mountain was visible, to which the name of Monte Pascoal was given; on the 23 April Cabral landed on the coast of Brazil, and on the 25 April the entire fleet sailed into the harbor called Porto Seguro. Cabral perceived that the new land lay east of the line of demarcation made by Pope Alexander VI (see Treaty of Tordesillas), and at once sent André Gonçalves (according to other authorities Gaspar de Lemos) to Portugal with the important tidings. Believing the newly-discovered land to be an island he gave it the name of Island of the True Cross (or Island of Vera Cruz) and took possession of it by erecting a cross and holding a religious service. The service was celebrated by the Franciscan, Father Henrique de Coimbra, afterwards Bishop of Ceuta. The iron cross used in that service is now in Cathedral Treasure in Braga and return to Brazil for the inauguration of Brasilia in 1960. Cabral resumed his voyage on 3 May 1500.

By the end of the month the fleet approached the Cape of Good Hope, where it was struck by a storm in which four vessels, including that of Bartolomeu Dias, were lost. With the ships now reduced to one-half of the original number, Cabral reached Sofala on 16 July and Mozambique on 20 July. In the latter place he received a cordial greeting. On 26 July he came to Kilwa where he was unable to make an agreement with the ruler. On 2 August he reached Melinde; here he had a friendly welcome and obtained a pilot to take him to India. On 10 August, the ship commanded by Diogo Dias, separated by weather, discovered an island they named after St Lawrence, later known as Madagascar. Cabral continued to India to trade for pepper and other spices, establishing a factory at Calicut, where he arrived on 13 September. In Cochin and Cananor Cabral succeeded in making advantageous treaties.

After a chain of bad luck, culminating in a two-day bombardment of the city, Cabral started on the return voyage on 16 January 1501, and returned with only 4 of 13 ships to Portugal, on 23 June 1501. Cabral was buried in a monastery in Santarém, Portugal. He died forgotten. He has been honored on a number of postage stamps, including one in a set of Brazilian stamps issued 1 January 1900 to mark the 400th anniversary of the discovery. In Brazil, he is depicted on the 1 cent coin, and also on a special edition of the R$10 note. Casou-se com Isabel De Castro (Albuquerque) Irmãos: Prior Diogo Fernandes Cabral (aprox. 1450 - 1520) Beatriz Cabral (aprox. 1450 - ?) João Fernandes Cabral (aprox. 1460 - aprox. 1507) Gil De Queirós De Gouveia (? - ?) Isabel De Gouveia (? - ?) Leonor De Gouveia (?

- ?) Teresa De Gouveia (? - ?) Aldonça De Gouveia (? - ?) Violante De Gouveia (? - ?) Prior Álvaro Gil Cabral (? - ?) Vasco Fernandes Cabral (? - ?) Luis Álvares Cabral (? - ?) Capitão-Mór das naus da Índia e descobridor do Brasil em 1500, Fidalgo da Casa de D. Manuel I. Pedro Álvares Cabral[A] (Belmonte, 1467 ou 1468 — Santarém, c. 1520) foi um fidalgo, comandante militar, navegador e explorador português, creditado como o descobridor do Brasil. Realizou a primeira exploração significativa da costa nordeste da América do Sul, reivindicando-a para Portugal. Embora os detalhes da vida de Cabral sejam esparsos, sabe-se que veio de uma família nobre colocada na província interior e recebeu uma boa educação formal. Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.

( ) Pedro Álvares Cabral foi um fidalgo, comandante militar, navegador e considerado como o descobridor do Brasil. Nasceu em Belmonte em 1467 e faleceu em Santarém em 1520. Realizou a primeira exploração significativa da costa nordeste da América do Sul, reivindicando-a para Portugal. Embora os detalhes da vida de Cabral sejam esparsos, sabe-se que veio de uma família nobre colocada na província interior e recebeu uma boa educação formal. Foi nomeado para chefiar uma expedição à Índia em 1500, seguindo a rota recém-inaugurada por Vasco da Gama, contornando a África. Aí a sua frota, de 13 navios, afastou-se bastante da costa africana, talvez intencionalmente, desembarcando no que ele inicialmente achou tratar-se de uma grande ilha à qual deu o nome de Vera Cruz e que Pêro Vaz de Caminha fez referência.

Explorou o litoral e percebeu que a grande massa de terra era provavelmente um continente, enviando em seguida um navio para informar o rei D. Manuel I da descoberta das terras. Como o novo território se encontrava dentro do hemisfério português de acordo com o Tratado de Tordesilhas, reivindicou-o para a Coroa Portuguesa. Havia desembarcado na América do Sul, e as terras que havia reivindicado para o Reino de Portugal mais tarde constituiriam o Brasil. Apesar da perda dos favores do rei, Cabral conseguiu um vantajoso casamento, em 1503, com D. Isabel de Castro, uma nobre mulher rica e descendente do rei D. Fernando I. O casal teve pelo menos quatro filhos: dois meninos (Fernão Álvares Cabral e António Cabral) e duas meninas (Catarina de Castro e Guiomar de Castro).

Cabral morreu de causas não especificadas, provavelmente em 1520, e foi enterrado no interior da Capela de São João Evangelista na Igreja do Antigo Convento da Graça de Santarém.

Question: Which Portuguese navigator is widely regarded as the first European to discoverer of Brazil?
Answer: PEDRO ALVARES CABRAL