Harlech Castle, Edward I and the beginning of the United Kingdom Harlech Castle, Edward I and the beginning of the United Kingdom Britain is littered with ancient monuments, relics and stone buildings. They give us many clues about our ancestral heritage, and also provide us with exciting evidence about the historical turning points that actually brought Great Britain into being. None is more powerful a reminder of Britain's turbulent and war-torn past than Harlech Castle, or a signifier of Wales' formal union with England. It was the focus of at least three revolts and sieges from the 13th century onwards, and was also in dispute during the Wars of the Roses and 17th century Civil War waged between Parliament and the Crown. But the fortress at Harlech was primarily developed in 1283 to oppress the Welsh and see Wales become a part of a united kingdom. Merciless and ruthless King Edward I built this castle along with many others to ensure that Wales' rebellions and insurrections were readily stamped out and easy to control.

ï¿½ With gothic-style, impregnable defences in mostly the concentric style, castles in the mould of Harlech were meant to withstand all kinds of siege warfare, and keep marauding armies at bay with just a bare minimum of troops or guardsmen. Built over the course of 7 years, with an army of around 950 masons, quarrymen and labourers, under the supervision of Master James of St George, the castle was estimated to have cost over ï¿½6,000 to build - which would be equivalent to around ï¿½13 million today. In fact Edward supposedly spent a collosal ï¿½80,000 on all of his 22 castles in North Wales, that he either built from scratch, or refurbished from existing stock, in a bid to compel the Welsh to become a part of a greater Britain. Harlech Today In the 21st century, however, the castle betrays nothing of its deeply turbulent past, and it stands impressively, perched on a huge rocky crag, overlooking Tremadog Bay.

From the castle car park, it seems surprisingly compact and its bright stony walls typically glisten in the sunlight. And as said before, it did in fact survive a plentiful number of sieges and battles right up until the Civil War, when the Parliamentarians reduced it to much of its present ruinous state. Up the narrow wooden staircase (which would previously have been removable), any would-be maurauders would have met with at least 7 other defences after this, including 3 portcullises, several doors and murder holes and so forth, to ensure that any invasions would have been difficult to bring to a successful triumph. What makes the concentric castle design so interesting is that it allowed a castle to be almost developed within a castle. Harlech, for example, had a line of defensive walls that ran around its perimeter, as it still does today. However there was a higher, thicker inner wall, which surrounded the keep and inner courtyard and main hall in addition to separate buildings for the bakery and store house and so on. Enemies could easily be seen attacking the outer walls from the higher inner vantage point.

There was also an additional level of defence to overcome,beyond the moat, before the castle's inner core or heart could effectively be breached. The large round towers that Harlech still contains, replete with narrow windows (or loopholes) for firing arrows, were said to have been copied from Saracen fortresses in the Holy Land, which Edward I become well acquainted with during his adventures in the 8th crusade. The round tower design also made them more difficult to undermine, and the slit-type windows ensured that any enemies were constantly under a stream of fire when they tried to launch an attack or make a bid to take control of the castle for themselves. When visiting Harlech today, once inside the main part of the castle, people can now walk around on the high-level walkways, on what would have been major ramparts and defensive positions. The windows in the inner sanctum are also much larger, because they were less likely to be compromised or exposed in the event of an attack. Excellent views of the sea can also be seen from the southern walls. In its glory days, the sea would have lapped at these outer limits.

This was meant to have been one of Harlech's major strengths and strategic siege breakers; and there is still a 200 ftï¿½ long stairway reaching down to the beach. (This was one of the main access routes that allowed the castle to be readily supplied by sea from either Ireland or Bristol, if and when would-be insurgents or invaders came out to fight - as in the case of the other iron ring castles at Caernarfon, Conwy and Beaumaris). In fact 21st century-style Harlech, with the high cliff faces interspersed with rows of pretty cottages and compact and bijou houses, is a far cry from the days when the town was in its military prime. The narrow winding streets, now house attractive and appealing gift shops, antique boutiques, tantalising tea rooms and a public house or two. But in times past, the landscape would have looked quite different. The town's central square would have been a major assembly point for English troops and the main thoroughfare was likely to have been regularly filled with marching infantry or columns of cavalrymen. Most of Edward's castles were specifically located to be within a day's march of each other.

Solidiers would have guarded access in and out of the town, and free movement would have been restricted and virtually impossible. Harlech was in fact meant to be a fortified town, that contained English settlers; and the Welsh would have been allowed to visit during daylight hours, but could not sell their own wares, but only buy those on offer from the English. To all intents and purposes, the town was designed to keep unwanted rebels and invaders out; and more often not was surrounded by the said rebels and invaders wanting to get in. When under siege, which was a fairly common occurence, it's likely that any number of medieval weapons would have been lined up taking aim at the castle. These would have included trebuchets (or large catapults) that would fire huge boulders at the castle in a bid to breach its walls. Battering rams, ladders, siege towers, archers and so forth, would all have been key in trying to get the castle to fall to its oppressors.

Meanwhile, from its sturdy walls, it's likely that any number of missiles from hot sand, hot water or Roman fire (petroleum mix that ignited upon contact with the air) would have been pouring down from the ramparts and on to the invaders below. Archers would have been stationed in the loopholes and have kept a steady stream of fire going in a bid to keep perpetrators firmly cowed and at bay, while at the same time shooting high in to the air with longbows in a bid to catch attackers within a 250 yard range. (But it has to be said that by far the most effective siege weapon was cutting off all supplies into the castle so that its occupants would be forced to surrender or starve). Indeed Harlech's ramparts and battlements were severely put to the test during Welsh nationlist leader Owain Glyndwrs Revolt from 1400 to 1409. He managed to besiege Harlech Castle and take control of it in 1404 to hold his court there; however, the English in turn besieged him for eight months with a force of around 1000 men, and retook it in 1409.

The decisive battle winner was said to be the arrival of the cannon, which saw the much of the outer curtain walls along the east and south sides destroyed, and the future Henry V became victorious and retook the castle for England once again. The near starvation of Glyndwr's wife and relatives, within the besieged castle, also ensured that an English victory was imminent. Harlech was also home to the longest siege ever staged in Britain it was said during the War of the Roses, 1461-1470, when the Lancastrian Forces (under Welsh constable Dafydd ap Ieuan) kept the Yorkists and forces of Edward IV at bay for a mere 7 years. How Harlech came into beingï¿½ However, during Edward I's reign, Harlech only ever came into being because of his vehement desire to crush any political enemies or opponents, whatever that might happen to cost. He had tried to gain the unconditional loyalty and fealty from Welsh prince, Llewelyn ap Gruffyd, or Llewelyn the Last, since he ascended to the English throne in 1274.

He had expected Llewelyn to pay him ï¿½3000 for the privelege of being recognised as Prince of Wales, and made stringent demands to be accepted as Wales' supreme overlord. Llewelyn, however, was aghast at these kingly conditions and calls for hefty annual payments. He had during his the said king's father's reign, Henry III, signed the treaty of Montgomery (in 1267), which had secured what he thought was his irrevocable right to hold the position of Prince of all Wales. Henry, much to Llewelyn's delight,ï¿½ had been a much weaker king than Edward turned out to be. He had been beset by problems and power struggles with the leading barons in the country, chief among them had been one Simon de Montfort. Llewelyn had been able to take advantage of the political turmoil, and pursue his own expansive ambitions within Wales and make de Montfort his political ally.

De Montfort had actually captured the future Edward I in 1264 (at the Battle of Lewes during a baronial induced civil war), and this very fact, may have made Edward less inclined to show any mercy to any of his future combatants or adversaries. This seemed to have led him to take root immediately in any lands he wished to conquer by building a series of solid and virtually impregnable castles - as he did so successfully in Wales. During the 13th century civil war, Edward eventually managed to escape from the de Montfort's clutches and slaughtered him at the Battle of Evesham in 1265. When he took to the throne officially in 1274, he proved he was determined to brook no opposition to his authority, and, in almost all cases, stamped down hard on any rebellion or insurrection.

However, because Llewelyn had in fact managed to see off most English incursions in to Wales during Henry III's turbulent reign, he perhaps believed he would be able to repeat his success with the newly crowned king.ï¿½ He refused to pay homage to him between 1274-1277, or even attend hisï¿½ coronation in 1274. He was supposed to have said the rights of Wales were entirely separate from the rights of England. He also abhorred the fact that Edward had also covertly been supporting his own brother Dafydd's plot to assassinate him, and carve up his Welsh lands for himself. This increasingly tempestuous stand-off led to Edward I's incursions into Wales, and the building of his iron ring of Castles, of which Harlech was among the most promiment. Edward wanted to defeat Llewelyn as 'a rebel and disturber' of the peace. First Welsh Invasion Edward begain the war by commanding a number of Marcher lords to advance into Wales and surround Gwynedd in preparation for his major war maneouvres from Chester in the summer of 1277.

He also had back-up reinforcements stationed in Montgomery and Carmarthen in a bid to overwhelm Llewelyn's outer defences. On 15 July, Edward left Chester with 1800 axeman clearning a route through the forests and valleys of North Wales. He had a massive army of 15,600 foot soldier and 800 horsemen and 26 ships on standby to supply provisions to the army. To show he meant business,whenï¿½ Edward had advanced as far as the River Conwy by August 20,.he then immediately began the building of what was to become Rhuddlan Castle. He sent his war leader de Vescey to Anglesey to ensure Llewelyn had no easy escape from his mountain fortresses in Snowdonia. And his brother, Edmund was circling Llewleyn in the south. Faced with such overwhelming odds, Llewleyn decided it was better to surrender, which he did on November 1 of that year.

Under the Treaty of Aberconwy, Llewleyn was reduced to a mere prince of Gwynedd; he was however, allowed to marry his intended, Simon de Montfort's daughter, Eleanor, who had been captured by Edward in a bid to punish Llewleyn further. Further invasions This major defeat still rankled, however, and while many of the Welsh had been unhappy with Llewelyn's rule, they found Edward's and his appointed overlords even more unbearable and untrustworthy. Dafydd, Llewelyn's brother, surprisingly enough, launched his own secondary rebellion in 1282 when he took the castle at Hawarden completely by surprise. Llewleyn joined his brother in this revolt, which ultimately proved fatal for them both. Llewelyn was ambushed and beheaded near Builth Wells in central Wales. His severed head was left to rot on a spike on the gates of the Tower of London.

It was crowned for day with a wreath of ivy, to mock him as the Prince of Outlaws, and not the Y Mab Dagoran, or prophecised Welsh Ruler who would one day take to the English throne (this was said to in fact been Pembroke-born Henry VII). Llewleyn's brother fared little better; he was captured and hung, drawn and quartered at Shrewsbury soon afterwards. His head was then sent to join his brother's at the Tower. Harlech is built This second invasion, saw Edward extend his castle building programme, which had initially included Rhuddlan, flint, Builth Wells and Aberystwyth, to include the new super-fortresses of Harlech, Caernarfon, Beaumaris and Conwy. Other castles were also upgraded or repaired. Edward did not want to see any further rebellions, so under the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284, Wales became a part of England, or what could be said to be the beginnings of the United Kingdom.

His eldest son, Edward was invested as Edward of Caernarfon and as Prince of Wales in 1301, and since that time, there has been no other prince of Welsh blood holding that title, save for Owain Glwyndwr who crowned himself as such at Harlech in the early 1400s. Like all Welsh attempts at independence, Glyndwr's was effectively crushed by Henry IV, and his vision of a separate Wales, incorporating much of Cheshire, Shropshire and Herefordshire never came into being. His initial rebellion had sprung out of land disputes with his neighbouring land-owner Reginaldï¿½ Grey (3rd Baron Grey de Ruthyn) in Ruthin. Surprisingly, many Welsh people flocked to his cause in a bid to oust the English from Wales once and for all. Scholars at Oxford were said to have left the university to fight as did Welshmen working on the land in Shropshire, Cheshire and Herefordshire. But, Glyndwr's near 15 year revolt eventually came to nought and England's superior manpower and weapons brought about his defeat.

It is said, that he was never actually captured, despite the offer of a royal pardon by Henry V, but instead it was said that he spent the remainder of his days in disguise as a friar on the estate of daughter Alys in rural Herefordshire. And some of his direct descendants to this day will not betray this alleged family secret. Today, however, all the past tensions between Wales and England are largely forgotten, and a tour around Harlech and its grounds make for an excellent day out for family or friends staying at Glyn-yr-aur. Re-enactors regularly stage mock battles or one-to-one medieval-style tournaments and combat. Most are more than willing to talk in detail about their weapons and knightly regalia, such as the Knights of Ardudwy, who will actually be putting on displays at Harlech on 29-30 August at Harlech. Another local re-enactment group, the Harlech Society, will also be putting on pageants atï¿½ Criccieth Castle on 1 August and Caernarfon on 31 August of 2009. Please see our Events section for more details.

And finally, Edward I's iron ring of castles were in recent years made World Heritage Sites, including Harlech, to pay tribute to them as being among the planet's most outstanding historical monuments, and as such they are well worth the journey to see them. ï¿½ Historic Britain: More than 1,000 unique places to stay and visit. Public car parking for a charge (nearby) Introduction Built between 1283 and 1289 by Master James of St George for King Edward I. The castle is designed on a concentric plan with a small but powerful inner ward dominated by an impressive twin-towered gatehouse and four round corner towers. Seized by Owain Glyn Dwr in 1404 and held successfully by him for four years. History to the present day Harlech Castle has had an exciting history and seen many battles. King Edward I of England built it as part of his ring of strong castles in north Wales, each within a day’s marching distance of each other and able to be supplied by sea. Master James of St George, Master of the King’s Works in Wales, was in charge of building the castle.

Work began in spring 1283 and the castle was completed by the end of 1289. In 1290, in reward for his services, Master James was appointed constable of the castle and he lived there while carrying out his work for the king. Harlech is a ‘concentric’ castle: it has a high inner curtain wall with huge round towers at its corners, surrounded by a lower outer curtain wall. It was built in phases. First, the inner curtain wall was built just high and thick enough to create a defensible compound. It was then later built to its full height and width. At the peak of the building campaign nearly 950 men were employed, but building stopped in winter when the weather made progress too slow. In 1294-95 Madog ap Llewelyn led a rebellion against the English king and besieged the castle. It was able to hold out because supplies could be brought by sea from Ireland. Once the rebellion was crushed, a wall was built around Castle Rock to reinforce the defences on that side. Then, in 1323-24, additional defences were added to the entrance.

In the great Welsh uprising of1400-1414 led by Owain Glyn Dwr, Harlech was taken in 1404 after a long siege. The castle became the main residence and court of Owain, and he called a parliament there in 1405. However, in 1408 English troops led by Prince Harry of Monmouth (the future King Henry V) besieged the castle. His forces used cannon, which destroyed much of the outer curtain walls along the east and south sides. The castle returned to English hands in February 1409. During the Wars of the Roses, Harlech’s constable supported the Lancastrian cause. But, in 1468, the Yorkist King Edward IV sent Lord William Herbert, with a force estimated at between seven and ten thousand men, to retake the castle. The Lancastrians held out for less than a month. It is believed that this siege inspired the song Men of Harlech. Surveys in 1539 and 1564 both highlighted the castle’s serious state of decay.

Nevertheless, during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, courts of law were held at the castle, and rooms in the gatehouse were maintained for them. At the beginning of the Civil War, Harlech, like many castles in north Wales, supported the cause of King Charles I. A parliamentary force besieged it from June 1646 until March 1647 when the garrison surrendered to Major-General Thomas Mytton, parliamentary commander in north Wales. Harlech had been the last royalist stronghold to fall. A parliamentary order to demolish the castle was never carried out, but it nonetheless continued to decay. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the castle and its dramatic setting attracted the interest of numerous artists. In 1914, the castle passed from the Crown to the State and it is now managed by Cadw, part of the Welsh Assembly Government. In 1987 Harlech, along with Beaumaris Castle and the castles and town walls of Conwy and Caernarfon, was inscribed as a World Heritage Site.

Address: Harlech Castle, Snowdonia, , United Kingdom Opening times: 01.11.09 - 31.03.10: Monday - Saturday 9.30 - 16.00, Sunday 11.00 - 16.00 01.04.10 - 30.06.10: Monday - Sunday 9.30 - 17.00 01.07.10 - 31.08.10: Monday - Sunday 9.30 - 18.00 01.09.10 - 31.10.10: Monday - Sunday 9.30 - 17.00 01.11.10 - 28.02.11: Monday - Saturday 10.00 - 16.00, Sunday 11.00 - 16.00 01.03.11 - 31.03.11: Monday - Sunday 9.30 - 17.

00 Harlech Castle | Tourist Information for Harlech Castle Harlech Castle Harlech Castle - © cadw.wales.gov.uk Harlech Castle is a historic medieval fortress located in the coastal town of Harlech in North Wales .

Dating back to the 13th century, the castle was built during the reign of Edward I for £8,190 making one of the cheapest of Edward’s castles in Wales. Located on a spur of rock that is nearly 200 metres in height, its elevated position made it a formidable fortress. Built in the coastal town of Harlech, it is one of a number of castles built by Edward I in Wales aimed at consolidating power. The present ruined castle is part of the impressive Castles & Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd World Heritage Site, along with the castles at Beaumaris, Conwy and Caernarfon. The castle is noted for showcasing one of the finest examples of military architecture in 13th and 14th century Europe along with its double wall structure and the proportionate design. The castle is currently managed by the Welsh government and is a popular historic attraction in north Wales. Attractions Harlech Castle is located in the seaside town of Harlech in Gwynedd on the north west coast of Wales. The castle’s exterior is still mainly intact, however the interior buildings are no longer intact.

Over the years the castle was involved during the 15th century War of the Roses and the 17th century English Civil War after which the castle was no longer necessary to the security of north Wales, it was ordered to be demolished but this was never fully carried out. During the 20th century there has been an effort to restore and preserve the castle, recognising the great historical significance of the castle and more recently in order to preserve and maintain the World Heritage Site status. In the 18th and 19th centuries the castle attracted artists enticed by the scenic ruins. Outside the castle the Exterior with its elevated position makes it an intimidating prospect for any would be attacker, the located means the castle offers wonderful views across land and sea. The battlements and gatehouse ensure attacks from the sea and on land would face formidable opposition. There is a 200 foot stairway going from the castle all the way to the cliff base; ensuring supplies could be delivered during battles and the castle would not be isolated due to its located next to the sea. Inside the castle the Interior includes the towers and the inner walls that still stand to close to their full height.

The tall battlements offer some breathtaking views over the sea, local area and further out to Snowdonia. In the inner ward there would have been a chapel, kitchen, granary, bakehouse and the Great Hall likely to have been the more ornately furnished and decorated room in the castle. Since back in 1986, the castle has been part of the Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd, UNESCO World Heritage Site. The castle is regarded as an outstanding reference point for medieval architecture and history and seen as a masterpiece of design with beautiful proportions. The imposing castle with its scenic located conveys a wonderful sense of history and heritage, one that visitors can explore to learn more about the charm and character of the castle. How to Get There The site is accessible by both car and public transport. By Car: The distance from London is approx 240 miles with a journey time of approx 4 hours 50 minutes to 5 hours 30 minutes depending on traffic and time of day.

Harlech is located in Gwynedd on the north coast of Wales, from London take the A40, then the M40 until the junction with the M42, continue on the M42 and take the M5 then exit on to the M6 and up to junction 10A and take the M54. Take the M54 until it merges to the A5. Take the A5 up to the junction with the B4396 and take the B4396 then the B4391 then the B4212. At the junction with the A470 take the A470 then the A487, then the A496 and B4573 that takes you to Harlech. From Cardiff the distance is approx 150 miles with a journey time of 3 hours 30 minutes to 4 hours. From Cardiff take north road, then the A470 all the way until the junction with the A496 and then take the B4573 to Harlech. There are car parking facilities available close by (chargeable).

For those using Satellite Navigation systems the postcode to use is LL46 2YH. By Train: From central London there are services from London Euston station to Birmingham International railway station, from Birmingham International there are services to Harlech railway station. Harlech railway station is located a few minutes walk from the castle. The journey time is approx 5 hours 40 minutes to 6 hours. From Cardiff there are services to Shrewsbury railway station, from Shrewsbury there are services to Harlech, with a journey time of approx 5 hours.

Contact Details Facilities & Information Opening Times: Harlech Castle is for most of the year except a few days over the Christmas period and New Years Day: Mon to Sun: 09.30 to 17.00 (March to end of June & Sept & Oct); & Mon to Sun: 09.30 to 18.00 July & Aug); Mon to Sat: 10.00 to 16.00 & Sun 11.00 to 16.00 (Nov to end of Feb) - Please Note: Last admission is 30 minutes prior to closing time, opening times are subject to change it is recommended visitors check for the latest opening times on the Cadw Harlech Castle website. Further Information: Admission Prices: Adult: £4.25 approx, Children: £3.20 approx, Concessions: £3.20; Family: £12.75 approx (2 Adults & all children under 16) Facilities: There is a gift shop where visitors can find a choice of gifts and souvenirs to remember their trip to Harlech.

Map For Local Search and Directions see: Harlech Castle Map Tips & Other Considerations There may be some variations in opening hours depending on the time of year and other factors. It is recommended visitors double check before going to ensure the attraction you wish to see is open and avoid disappointment. Follow common sense travel tips and remain alert, vigilant and aware of your belongings at all times. Keep valuables such as wallets/purses hidden away from public view. If you have a bag try to use a shoulder bag with a good quality, strong strap, that is put across your shoulder not on your shoulder making it more difficult for anyone to take your bag. If you are travelling by car to Harlech Castle in Gwynedd, North Wales ensure you are well prepared with maps and Sat Nav to aid your journey, particularly if you are not familiar with the local area and roads. For door to door directions use the journey planner to plan your trip. Check the latest traffic information before you travel. If you are travelling by public transport, check for service updates prior to beginning your journey for any delays, disruption or cancellations to services that may impact on your journey. Ensure you have the service timetables for the trains, buses and coaches.

Remember when the last services are and ensure you make it to the train/bus/coach stops well in time. Disclaimer: The information given in on this website is given in good faith and to the best of our knowledge. If there are any discrepancies in no way do we intend to mislead. Important travel details and arrangements should be confirmed and verified with the relevant authorities. Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd | United Kingdom's World Heritage Sites Richard Outram [an error occurred while processing this directive] Beaumaris Castle, Harlech Castle and the fortresses of Caernarfon Castle and Conwy Castle are World Heritage Sites in Gwynedd, North Wales . They were built during the reign of King Edward I (1272-1307). They are just four of the many castles that Edward I built or rebuilt in Wales during his reign. The others include Aberystwyth, Beaumaris, Builth, Flint, Rhuddlan, Ruthin, Castell y Bere, Criccieth, Dolwyddelan and Hope. The construction of Edward's castles is attributed to James of St George (1230-1309), an architect from Savoy.

He designed Conwy, Harlech, Caernarfon and Beaumaris Conwy Castle David Benbennick Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd was inscribed as a World Heritage Site during the 10th session of the World Heritage Committee held at Headquarters in Paris, France, on 24 - 28 November, 1986. World Heritage Site Inscription Details Location: N 53 8 23 W 4 16 37 Gwynedd, North Wales. Inscription Year: 1986 Inscription Criteria : I, III, IV Beaumaris Castle Castles & Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd | World Heritage Site Castles & Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd Harlech Castle - © OLU The Castles & Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd have been on the World Heritage Site list since 1986, with four castles and town walls there is plenty of history and culture for visitors to explore here. Located in the area of Gwynedd in North Wales the castles and town walls are of historical and cultural significance, showing great examples of fortified towns and military architecture.

Overview The Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd are located in North Wales and offer the chance for visitors to see a recognised World Heritage Site in the UK. The sites consist of town walls and four castles located in the region. Beaumaris Castle is located on the Island of Anglesey, the castle was never completed with resources running out before completion. The castle was built during the reign of King Edward to help define this authority in Wales. The castle is regarded as one of the finest examples of Edwardian Castles in the UK. When built in the 13th century the castle was among the most modern in its design with several lines of fortifications and thought of as ahead of its time. The castle is seen as a very well designed fortress that offered would be intruders with plenty of problems. There are hundreds of arrow slits and murder holes that could be used for forces to defend the castle. Caernarfon Castle and Town Walls are famous destinations for visitors to North Wales. The castle here is possibly the best known in Wales , the size and scale of the castle mean it is distinguishable from other castles.

Building started in 1283, the castle was intended as serve several purposes including being a military installation, a seat of government and a royal palace. The castle was built to show size and strength taking inspiration from the walls of Constantinople the imperial power associated with the Romans and designed as the biggest & best castle in Wales. The castle has a domineering presence in the walled town, features of the fortress include the polygonal towers and battlements. The castle became famous around the world back in 1969 when it was the host for the Investiture of Prince Charles as the Prince of Wales. The castle houses exhibitions within the towers and the Regimental Museum of the Royal Welch Fusiliers, the oldest regiment in Wales. Conwy Castle and Town Walls offers visitors with another interesting site, the castle is a dark stoned fortress that conjures up the atmosphere of medieval Wales. The castle was built during the reign of King Edward building starting in 1283 until 1289, it is located above the Conwy Estuary with the inspiring sight of spectacular Snowdonia sitting behind it.

This historic castle is relatively simple in design in comparison to other Welsh fortresses, the lack of other features is not needed given the location of the castle. The strength of the castle lies on the fact it has huge walls and huge round towers presenting a menacing obstacle to any would be intruder. Visitors will find the Views from the battlements are stunning, looking at the mountains, sea and city walls. From here visitors can get a sense of the grand design and past glories, seeing the ring of town walls gives a sense of how the town was built to withstand intruders in the past. Conwy is well known walled town, the circuit of walls stretch for over three quarters of a mile in length and are seen as one of the finest examples of such walls in the world. Harlech Castle is located in North Wales perched on a rock making for a wonderful site. Visitors can see the spectacularly located castle and appreciate the inspiring views across the land and sea and can see Snowdonia in the background. The castle was built in the late 13th century and forms part of the 'iron ring' of fortresses of King Edward that were designed to contain the Welsh during his reign.

The design of the fortress fits in with the local environment and nature meaning the castle looks very much at home here and does not dominate the entire landscape as is the case with some other castles. The castle is still an imposing fortress the strength lie in the location, inner walls and towers. The views from the battlements are panoramic, offering awe inspiring views of the dunes to Snowdonia. The castles and town walls in Gwynedd offer visitors with spectacular scenery, panoramic views and plenty of history and culture. How To Get There Beaumaris Castle: By Car: A545, A5 By Bus: There are bus services with stops close by on the routes 53/57/58 from Bangor-Beaumaris to Llandonna/Penmon. By Train: Bangor Station is approx 9 miles away on the Crewe-Bangor to Holyhead route. Caernarfon Castle: By Car: A4085, A487, B4366 By Bus: Caernarfon Penllyn bus station on route No 5/5A/5B from Bangor to Caernarfon is located close to the castle.

By Train: Bangor Station is located 10miles from the castle on the Crewe-Bangor to Holyhead route. Conwy Castle: By Car: A55, B5106 By Bus: The No.5 bus, Llandudno-Conwy to Bangor/Caernarfon, offers services close to the castle. By Train: Conwy Station is the closest station to the castle with Llandudno Junction station approx 1.5 miles away on the Crewe to Llandudno Junction/Holyhead line. Harlech Castle: By Car: A496 By Bus: The No. 38 bus from Y Bermo to Harlech/Blaenau Ffestiniog offers services close to the castle. By Train: Harlech Station is a short distance from the castle on the Shrewsbury to Machynlleth/Pwllheli line.

Contact Details The Department for Culture, Media and Sport 2 - 4 Cockspur Street Beaumaris, Caernarfon, Conwy & Harlech Castle: April to October - 09.00am to 17.00 (Daily) November to March - 09.30 to 16.00 (Mon to Fri) & 11.00 to 17.00 (Sun) It is recommended visitors check all opening and closing times and specific days visits are open when booking to get the latest information & avoid disappointment, as changes can occur.

Further Information: Beaumaris Castle: Ticket prices start from approx £3.30 for Children, approx £4 for Adults & £11 for a Family Ticket Tel: +44 (0)1248 810361 Caernarfon Castle: Ticket prices start from approx £4.70 for Children, approx £5 for Adults & £15 for a Family Ticket Tel: +44 (0)1286 677617 Conwy Castle: Ticket prices start from approx £4.20 for Children, approx £5 for Adults & £14 for a Family Ticket Tel: +44 (0)1492 592358 Harlech Castle: Ticket prices start from approx £3.30 for Children, approx £4 for Adults & £11 for a Family Ticket Tel: +44 (0)1766 780552 For Local Search and Directions see: Caernarfon Castle Map Tips & Other Considerations There may be some variations on the opening hours depending on the time of year and the attraction you wish to see.

Visitors are advised to double check before going to ensure the attraction/WHS you wish to see is open and avoid disappointment. Always remain alert and aware of your belongings at all times especially your wallet/purse and valuables and ensure they are hidden away from public view. If you have a bag try to use a shoulder bag with a good quality, strong strap, that is put across your shoulder not on your shoulder making it more difficult for anyone to take your bag. If you are travelling by car to any of the various sites ensure you are well prepared with maps and Sat Nav to aid your journey, particularly if you are not familiar with the local area and roads. For door to door directions for public transport and car journeys see the journey planner for more details. If you are looking for car parking near any of the sites in Gwynedd, ensure you fully understand the rules, regulations & charges for car parks and street parking. The rules & regulations can be complex & confusing if you are not sure it is wise dot to park there. If you are travelling by public transport, it is useful to check for service updates prior to beginning your journey for any delays, disruption or cancellations to services that may impact on your journey.

Ensure you have the service timetables for the trains, trams, buses and coaches. Remember when the last services are and ensure you make it to the train/bus/coach stops well in time to avoid missing the service. Disclaimer: The information given in on this website is given in good faith and to the best of our knowledge. If there are any discrepancies in no way do we intend to mislead. Important travel details and arrangements should be confirmed and verified with the relevant authorities. Harlech Castle Harlech Castle Photographs copyright � 2009 by Jeffrey L. Thomas Above: view of the castle from the adjacent car park Cadw Guidebook s if its spectacular situation, foreboding might, and great power were not sufficient to ensure the fame of this magnificent castle, Harlech is also inseparably linked in Welsh myth with the tragic heroine of Branwen, the daughter of Llyr, of the Mabinogion. Mythology aside, it is small wonder that this is one of the most familiar strongholds in Britain. Seen from the bluff of rock to the south of the town, the view of castle, sea and mountain panorama is truly breathtaking.

But not only has it an unsurpassed natural setting, as a piece of castle-building Harlech is also unrivalled. Even after seven centuries, it remains a testament to a military architect of genius, Master James of St. George . Here he adapted the natural strength of the site to the defensive requirements of the age, and created a building which combines a marvellous sense of majesty with great beauty of line and form. Below: two views of the magnificent outer gate at Harlech Castle. Harlech was begun during King Edward I's second campaign in north Wales. It was part of an "iron ring" of castles surrounding the coastal fringes of Snowdonia, eventually stretching from Flint around to Aberystwyth; a ring intended to prevent the region from ever again becoming a focal point of insurrection and a last bastion of resistance. Following the fall of the Welsh stronghold of Castell y Bere , King Edward's forces arrived at Harlech in April, 1283, and building work began almost immediately. Over the next six years an army of masons, quarriers, laborers and other craftsmen were busily engaged in construction.

In 1286, with the work at its height, nearly 950 men were employed under the superintendence of Master James. The final result was a perfectly concentric castle, where one line of defenses is enclosed by another. Unfortunately, the outer wall is ruinous today and fails to convey the true 13th-century effect. The natural strength of the castle rock and cliff face meant that only the east face was open to possible attack. Here the gatehouse still offers an insolent display of power. The gate-passage itself was protected by a succession of no less than seven obstacles, including three portcullises. On either side of the passage were guardrooms, and the upper floors of the gatehouse provided the main private accommodation at Harlech. The first floor must have been for the constable, or governor, who from 1290-93 was none other than Master James himself. The comfortable rooms on the top floor probably served as a suite for visiting dignitaries, including the king. Below: views of the rear gatehouse complex from the castle wall walks.

The inner ward is surprisingly small and, as the foundations show, a great deal of room was originally taken up by the surrounding ranges of domestic buildings. To the rear lay the great hall and kitchen. Against the north wall were a chapel and bakehouse, and to the south a granary and a second hall. The corner towers provided further accommodation, and today the visitor may care to climb one of the sets of steps to the wall-walks from which there are superb views in all directions. Below (2): view chapel & west range of the inner courtyard of the castle. The castle's other remarkable feature is the defended "Way from the sea," a gated and fortified stairway plunging almost 200 ft down to the foot of the castle rock. Once, this gave access to supplies from the sea, but the tide level has since receded, leaving Harlech somewhat isolated upon its rock. During Madog ap Llywelyn's uprising of 1294-95, this maritime lifeline proved the savior of the garrison, which was supplied and victualled by ships from Ireland.

Below (2): view of the North West and (ruined) North East Towers from the castle wall walk Harlech Castle played a key role in the national uprising led by Owain Glyndwr . After a long siege, it fell to his forces in 1404. The castle became Glyndwr's residence and headquarters, and one of the two places to which he is believed to have summoned parliaments of his supporters. It was only after a further long siege in 1408 that Harlech was retaken by English forces under Harry of Monmouth, later Henry V. Sixty years later, during the War of the Roses, the castle was held for the Lancastrians until taken by Lord Herbert of Raglan for the Yorkist side. It was this prolonged siege which traditionally gave rise to the song Men of Harlech . Wales - Castles and Historic Places, by CADW, Welsh Historic Monuments, Cardiff CF2 1UY, 1990.

Historic Harlech - Steeped in History Since Time Began Coleg Harlech WEA/CAG Useful Links Historic Harlech - Steeped in History In the heart of the Snowdonia National Park over-looking Tremadog Bay and the Lleyn Peninsula lies the town of Harlech. Dominated by the Rhinog mountain range and its medieval castle, it is one of Meirionydd's best kept secrets. Its steep winding streets, traditional Welsh architecture and magnificent natural setting make it a memorable holiday destination and the perfect base for exploring Snowdonia, the heartland of Welsh language and culture. In Welsh mythology Harlech is forever associated with the legend of Branwen, the daughter of Llyr, whose story is recorded in the masterpiece of Medieval Welsh literature, The Mabinogion. "Bendigeidfran son of Llyr ... was at Harlech in Ardudwy, at his court. And they were seated upon the rock of Harlech overlooking the sea..." On this rugged promontory, a spur of the Harlech Dome (the oldest known geological rock formation in the world) now stands the architectural grandeur of Harlech Castle.

Framed by the mountains of Snowdonia, the Castle's unrivalled setting has made it one of the best loved castles in the British Isles. The castle, now a World Heritage listed site was one of Edward 1's "iron ring" of fortresses, built in the 13th century to subdue the newly conquered lands of North Wales. In 1404 the Castle was captured by Owain Glyndwr during the great national uprising of the Welsh. Harlech became Glyndwr's official residence and court and the place to which he summoned parliaments of his supporters. It was here that he was formally crowned as Prince of Wales, witnessed by envoys from Scotland, France and Spain. The Castle was recaptured by the English in 1409 under the command of Harry of Monmouth, the future King Henry V and victor of Agincourt. Sixty years later Harlech was one of the last Lancastrian strongholds during the Wars of the Roses.

"Kyng Edward", wrote the Chronicler John Warkworth, "was possessed of alle Englande excepte a castelle in Northe Wales called Harlake." The Castle gave shelter to Henry VI's Queen, Margaret of Anjou before finally surrendering after a fierce and lengthy resistance to the Yorkist seige in 1468. It was from this seige that the song "Men of Harlech" is said to originate. During the Civil War Harlech was defended for the king and was the last Royalist castle to fall. Its surrender to the besieging Parliament forces in March of 1647 marked the end of the Civil War and brought Oliver Cromwell to the region. Today , the Castle is open to the public throughout the year and is the setting for a wide range of cultural events from concerts to displays by the Harlech Medieval Society. The town and its surrounding area have long been a source of inspiration for artists and writers. The poet Robert Graves was a frequent visitor and recorded his memories of childhood holidays in Harlech before the First World War.

Harlech's Theatre Ardudwy hosts an impressive programme of films, exhibitions, concerts and plays both by local and international artists and companies throughout the year. In the autumn Harlech plays host to a bi-annual Art Festival, exhibiting work by artists from around the world with a strong Welsh presence. From country house hotels to traditional Welsh hill farms, Harlech offers an ideal base to explore and enjoy the surrounding countryside. Gently washed by the prevailing temperate Gulf Stream, the golden sweep of Harlech Beach offers safe, sheltered bathing, perfect for a family holiday. To the north, the Nature Conservancy Reserve of Morfa Harlech looks over the Dwyryd Estuary to the Italianate village of Portmeirion. To the south lies Llandanwg Beach, with its Celtic Church in the dunes, and the Artro Estuary, the home of Llanbedr and Pensarn Yacht Club. On the southern shores of the estuary lies Mochras, known locally as Shell Island because of the variety of crustacean life washed up on its shores. Harlech's impressive backdrop is the Rhinog mountain range, some of the most rugged and remote terrain to be found in Wales.

Two main valleys penetrate the range: one, Cwm Bychan, with its tranquil lake, leads to the Roman Steps, a Roman paved pack-horse way; from the second, Cwm Nantcol, rise the peaks of Rhinog Fawr and Rhinog Fach. The area affords a multitude of walks from stiff climbs for the experienced mountaineer to more gentle rambles and woodland trails. Keen golfers can enjoy the spectacular setting of Harlech's Royal St. David's 18-hole link course and the angler will find an abundance of river, stream and lake fishing. Venture below ground and explore the old slate caverns in the hills around Harlech and see how the miners lived and worked. Or simply watch the magnificent sunsets across Tremadog Bay to the Lleyn Peninsula whilst sampling local produce in Harlech's fine restaurants and cafes. No words can truly convey the unique combination of the Castle's grandeur, built seven centuries ago, and the prevailing natural beauty of Harlech and the surrounding area. It is therefore not surprising that it has been discovered by the film industry as the perfect setting.

Legend has it that once a person sets foot in Harlech, they will always return, drawn back to this land of myth, magic and mountains. Harlech can be reached by road and rail. The main road routes are from the North via Chester, the East (M54) and the South either through Hereford and Worcester or from South Wales. The spectacular Cambrian Coast Railway Line is an experience in itself, linking the Intercity British Rail network to Meirionnydd via Shrewsbury. Coach companies also have tours which include Harlech. Information:- Harlech & District Tourism Association Click on the town name below to visit other areas of Wales or Here for Map Harlech Castle - Well Preserved Medieval Concentric Castle in Wales Harlech Castle Well Preserved Medieval Concentric Castle in Wales Harlech Castle is a concentric castle, constructed an top of a cliff close to the Irish Sea. Harlech was one of 14 castles built by Edward I in the closing decades of the 13th century. It was besieged repeatedly durig the Welsh Wars, during the Wars of the Roses and again during the English Civil War.

During the English Civil War It withstood the longest known siege in the history of the British Isles – seven years. Following the defeat of the Lancastrians at the Battle of Towton, during the the Wars of the Roses, Edward IV of England (1461–1470) controlled the country and Harlech became last major stronghold under Lancastrian control. Architecturally, it is notable for its massive gatehouse.The castle is now in the care of Cadw and is open to visitors.

Telephone from the UK: 01766 780552 Telephone from the US: 010 44 1766 780552 Telephone from France: 00 44 1766 780552 Telephone from other countries: +44 (0)1766 780552 Fax: 01766 780552 Small scale map showing the location of Harlech Castle Google map showing the location of Harlech Castle Charles Oman, Castles (1926), reproduced courtesy of Harlech Castle is located in Harlech, Gwynedd, Wales. War broke out between Wales and England on 22 March 1282. The Welsh leader, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, died later that year, but his brother Dafydd ap Gruffudd continued to fight. Dolwyddelan Castle was captured by the English in January 1283 and this opened up access to the Conwy valley.

After Castell y Bere fell to English forces two months later, 560 soldiers marched on Harlech, led by Sir Otto de Grandison. Work then began on building a castle at Harlech. Like many of the castles in the area, Harlech was designed by Master James of St. George. The castle took seven years to build, and cost an estimated £8,190. After its completion, James was appointed Constable of the Castle, a position that he held for over three years. All the royal castles of Edward's second Welsh campaign were sited so that they could be kept supplied at all times, often from the sea. Harlech is now inland but was not in medieval times as the sea used to come to the foot of the cliffs. The castle is built to a concentric plan, with one line of defences enclosed by another. The outer walls are shorter and thinner than the inner walls, and have no towers defending them apart from the small gatehouse. The inner ward is roughly square, with a large round tower at each corner. Domestic buildings, including the great hall, are built against the inside of the inner walls.

Since the surrounding cliffs made it practically impossible to attack the castle except from the east, this side is faced by the imposing gatehouse. The gateway is flanked by two massive "D-shaped" towers, and defended by a series of doors, portcullises and murder-holes. There are large windows on the inner face of the gatehouse. The west wall of the inner ward also has large windows – it forms one wall of the great hall. Outer ditches at Harlech were cut into the rock. In the height of construction, in 1286, the workforce was 546 general labourers, 115 quarry men, 30 blacksmiths, 22 carpenters and 227 stonemasons. Like many of Edward's castles, Harlech was originally designed to be attached to a fortified borough. Harlech Castle is notable for an unusual feature: the "way from the sea". Edward's forces were in danger from land-based attack, but he enjoyed total supremacy on water. Many of his castles included sally ports which allowed re-supply from rivers or the sea, but Harlech's is far more elaborate.

Here, a fortified stairway hugs the rock and runs almost 200 feet (61 m) down to the sea at the foot of the cliffs. Today, the sea has retreated several miles, making it difficult to envisage the original setting. James of St. George's "Way to the Sea" was a success In 1294, Madoc ap Llywelyn, cousin to Llywelyn ap Gruffydd, began an uprising against English rule that spread quickly through Wales. Several English-held towns were razed and Harlech (along with Criccieth Castle and Aberystwyth Castle) were besieged that winter. At Harlech, the "Way to the Sea" helped the defenders survive until the siege was lifted the following spring. In 1404, the castle fell to Owain Glyndŵr after a long siege when starvation reduced the garrison to just twenty-one men. Harlech became Owain’s residence and family home and military headquarters for four years. He held his second parliament in Harlech in August 1405.

Four years later, after another long siege of eight months, Harlech Castle was retaken in 1409 by Prince Henry (later Henry V) and a force of 1000 men under John Talbot, during which Edmund Mortimer starved to death and Glyndŵr's wife, Margaret Hanmer, two of his daughters and four grandchildren were captured. In the Wars of the Roses in the first part of the reign of Edward IV of England (1461–1470), Harlech was held by its Welsh constable Dafydd ap Ieuan as a Lancastrian stronghold. Following the Battle of Northampton, Margaret of Anjou and the infant Henry VII of England fled to Scotland via Harlech. Following the defeat of the Lancastrians at the Battle of Towton, Edward controlled the country and Harlech became last major stronghold under Lancastrian control. Sir Richard Tunstall arrived as reinforcement to the Lancastrians in the latter half of the siege in 1465. In 1468 it was the last Lancastrian fortress to surrender; it was able to withstand the seven-year siege through its being provisioned from the sea.

It is the longest known siege in the history of the British Isles. According to tradition his famous siege inspired the song "Men of Harlech". The castle was also briefly occupied during the insurrection of 1498. Harlech Castle shown on a map of 1610 During the English Civil War the castle was the last royalist fortress to hold out against the Parliamentary forces. The surrender, on 16 March 1647, over a year after King Charles had himself been captured, marked the end of the first phase of the war.

The parliamentarians slighted the castle after its fall, which accounts for its present condition Aerial View of Harlech Castle (Crown Copyright, photograph used here by courtesy of the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales) Unesco World Heritage Site Unesco name of World Heritage site: Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd (added in 1986) Justification for Inscription: "The four castles of Beaumaris, Conwy, Caernarfon, Harlech and the attendant fortified towns at Conwy and Caernarfon are the finest examples of late 13th century and early 14th century military architecture in Europe, as demonstrated through their completeness, pristine state, evidence for organized domestic space, and extraordinary repertory of their medieval architectural form. The castles as a stylistically coherent groups are a supreme example of medieval military architecture designed and directed by James of St George, King Edward I of England’s chief architect, and the greatest military architect of the age.

The extensive and detailed contemporary technical, social, and economic documentation of the castles, and the survival of adjacent fortified towns at Caernarfon and Conwy, makes them one of the major references of medieval history. The castles of Beaumaris and Harlech are unique artistic achievements for the way they combine characteristic 13th century double-wall structures with a central plan, and for the beauty of their proportions and masonry. Criterion (i): Beaumaris and Harlech represent a unique achievement in that they combine the double-wall structure which is characteristic of late 13th century military architecture with a highly concerted central plan and in terms of the beauty of their proportions and masonry. These are the masterpieces of James de St George who, in addition to being the king’s chief architect, was constable of Harlech from 1290 to 1293. Criterion (iii): The royal castles of the ancient principality of Gwynedd bear a unique testimony to construction in the Middle Ages in so far as this royal commission is fully documented.

The accounts by Taylor in Colvin (ed.), The History of the King’s Works, London (1963), specify the origin of the workmen, who were brought in from all regions of England, and describe the use of quarried stone on the site. They outline financing of the construction works and provide an understanding of the daily life of the workmen and population and thus constitute one of the major references of medieval history. Criterion (iv): The castles and fortifications of Gwynedd are the finest examples of late 13th century and early 14th century military architecture in Europe. Their construction, begun in 1283 and at times hindered by the Welsh uprisings of Madog ap Llywelyn in 1294, continued until 1330 in Caernarfon and 1331 in Beaumaris.

They have only undergone minimal restoration and provide, in their pristine state, a veritable repertory of medieval architectural form: barbicans, drawbridges, fortified gates, chicanes, redoubts, dungeons, towers, and curtain walls." Home » Activities » Castles Castles If you want to explore castles then you don’t have to go far – there’s a castle around every corner! Most were built in the 1200’s with the reign of King Edward I. Caernarfon Castle Possibly the most famous of Wales’s Castles. Famous for the investiture of Prince Charles as the Prince of Wales. Located in the walled town of Caernarfon just 10 minutes’ drive away. Originally built as a military stronghold, seat of government and Royal Palace. Conwy Castle Unbelievably built in just four years, an outstanding achievement of medieval military architecture. Built on rock its battlements give breath-taking views of mountains and sea. Beaumaris Castle A great unfinished masterpiece – due to King Edward I running out of money! Located on the Isle of Anglesey just 20 minutes drive away, this well-kept castle has a romantic feel about it.

Criccieth Castle Originally a castle built for native Welsh Princes, acquired by Edward I through battle it stands high above Tremadog Bay in Criccieth. 45 minute drive. Harlech Castle Spectacularly sited with panoramic views of sea and mountains from its high position. A distance of about a 1hrs drive from Ty’n Rhos. Chirk Castle A mighty fortress with elegant stately interiors, stunning gardens, woods and wildlife walks. Tea rooms and farm shop. 1 ½ hrs away. Penrhyn Castle A modern folly! Located 6 miles away, this castle is stunning. It was built in the 1700’s by an entrepreneur who made his money from Penrhyn Quarry shipping slate to roof the world. It is fully furnished with a very Victorian feel, it also has workshops in a courtyard setting and beautiful informal gardens with picturesque views over the Menai Strait. Attractions

Question: Harlech Castle was built during the reign of which king?
Answer: Edward I