How many rivers flow from India to Pakistan? - Quora Quora How many rivers flow from India to Pakistan? How do they share the water? Mainly, there 6 RIVERS that flow from India to Pakistan. namely: RAVI SUTLEJ As per Indus Waters Treaty in 1960 The three top rivers in map below - Indus, Jhelum and Chenab were awarded to PAKISTAN. [India is allowed to construct projects that doesn't store water (called the "run of the river" hydro electric projects).] The three bottom rivers in the map - Sutlej, Beas and Ravi were completely awarded to INDIA. There are five rivers that flow from India into Pakistan: Indus Ravi Sutlej River Beas(Sanskrit - Vipasa) originates from Rohtang pass. It meets Sutlej at Harike in Punjab(India). And thus Beas does not flow into Pakistan. It ends its journey in India only. Indus(Sindhu) originates near Kailash Mansarovar lake, from snow capped Himalayan peaks of Tibbet. After flowing for 709 kilometers in India, it enters Pakistan.

The Jhelum originates in the Pir Panjal near Banihal pass in Kashmir. It flows through the vale of Kashmir, passing through the Wular lake. The Sutlej( called Langqen in Tibet) rises from the Dharma pass on the Zanskar range. It descends into the plains at Ropar in Punjab. The Chenab (Sanskrit - Asikini) has both its headwaters - the Chandra and the Bhaga rise in Lahaul near the two ends of the Bara Lachla pass(4871mts) in Great Himalayan range. It emerges on plains at Riasi in Jammu. The Ravi (Indravati in Sanskrit) risea from the southern slopes of Pir Panjal, west of Mandi. It emerges on the plains at Madhopur. Out of the 5 rivers, Indus and Sutlej originate from China(Tibet). Rest of the rivers originate from India. 4.9k Views · View Upvotes · Answer requested by Sutluj Beas.

All of these flow from India into Pakistan of these the 3 northern rivers Indus, Chenab and Jhelum flow 100% through state of J & K before entering Pakistan. Indus water treaty was brokered by world bank and signed in 1960 between India and Pakistan. In this treaty water of 3 northern rivers Indus, Jhelum and Chenab was earmarked for Pakistan and other 3 southern rivers Ravi, Sutluj and Beas exclusively for India. India was forbidden from creating reservoir dams on northern rivers and to guarantee their full flow into Pakistan during Summers. Pakistan was supposed to create Dams on these rivers for storage and able management of water. But Pakistan has failed to do so and more than 60% of water flows into sea unutilised . India looking at potential of hydropower and to make state of J & K through which the 3 northern river flow energy sufficient decided to create run of river hydropower plants example Baglihar, kishanganga, Uri etc. The Indus water treaty has a arbitration clause where each of the country can approach to find solution to grievance against other.

Pakistan approached the arbitration board against these run-off-river projects where the board provided solution in accepting India's stand on these power projects and asked India to reduce height of Baglihar dam. 6.4k Views · View Upvotes · Answer requested by Indus River, Indus River Map Indus River Map Disclaimer Close Disclaimer: All efforts have been made to make this image accurate. However Compare Infobase Limited and its directors do not own any responsibility for the correctness or authenticity of the same. The Indus River is one of the most beautiful rivers of India . Together with its tributaries, the Indus River forms an important river system, which helps the agricultural economy of India. The Indus River is an important river, which runs through the entire length of Pakistan. Origin of the Indus River The Indus River originates near the Mansarovar Lake in the Tibetan plateau, on the northern slopes of the Kailash Mountain Range. Regardless of the fact that almost two thirds of the itinerary of the river is flowing through Pakistan, it has its presence on the Indian soil. Parts of the itineraries of the tributaries of the Indus River do run on the Indian soil.

The name Punjab has been derived from these tributaries that collectively signify "five waters" or "land of five waters". Starting off in the Tibetan highland of western China near Lake Mansarovar in Tibet Autonomous Region, the Indus river flows through the Ladakh district of Jammu and Kashmir. Subsequently, the river gets into Pakistan through the Northern Areas (Gilgit-Baltistan), running across the North in a southward route down the whole span of Pakistan, to join the Arabian Sea close to the port city of Karachi situated in Sindh. The Indus River is 3,180 kilometers (1,976 miles) long and it is also the longest river in Pakistan. Drainage The Indus River features a total catchment basin of more than 1,165,000 square km (450,000 sq miles). The approximate yearly discharge of the river figures at approximately 207 cubic kilometers, making it the 21st biggest river in the world in terms of yearly discharge. Starting at the pinnacle of the world with glaciers, the Indus River supplies the flora and fauna of temperate forests, plateaus, and dry rural areas.

In conjunction with the rivers Chenab, Jhelum, Sutlej, Ravi, Beas and two tributaries from the Afghanistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the Indus creates the Sapta Sindhu (Seven Rivers) delta of Pakistan. Description of the Indus River The Indus supplies the major water resources for the development of the economy of Pakistan - particularly the Breadbasket of Punjab province, which represents the lion's share of the farming production of the country, and Sindh. The expression Punjab is a portmanteau of two words - panj denoting five, and ab denoting water, offering the simple denotation of the Land of the Five Rivers. The five rivers or Panjnad after which Punjab is named are the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and the Sutlej. In addition, the river aids several heavy industries and functions as the principal supply of drinkable water in Pakistan. The origin of the river is located in Tibet; it starts at the meeting point of the Sengge and Gar rivers that sap the Gangdise Shan and Nganglong Kangri mountain ranges.

The river subsequently runs to the northwest via Baltistan and Ladakh into Gilgit, immediately south to the Karakoram Mountain range. The Shyok, Gilgit and Shigar rivers transport icy waters into the major river. It slowly turns toward the south, emerging from the hills between Rawalpindi and Peshawar. The river leaves behind enormous canyons with depths of 4,500-5,200 meters (15,000-17,000 feet) in the vicinity of the Nanga Parbat formation. The Indus River runs rapidly through Hazara and is barraged at the Tarbela Reservoir. The Kabul River meets the river close to Attock. The rest of its itinerary to the sea is in the Punjab and Sindh basins and the river gets sluggish and extremely plaited. The Panjnad River meets it at Mithankot. Ahead of this meeting point, the Indus, once upon a time, was called Satnad River (Sat = seven, Nadi = river), as the river was at the moment transporting the waters of Kabul River, the five Punjab rivers, and the Indus River.

Going across Jamshoro, it finishes its itinerary in a big delta located to the east of Thatta. Cotton, wheat, and sugarcane are the major agricultural produces of this area. The Indus is one of the handfuls of rivers in the world that display a tidal bore. The river system is mostly fed by the glaciers and snows of the Himalayan, Hindu Kush, and Karakoram mountain ranges of Tibet, the northern parts of Pakistan, and the state of Jammu and Kashmir respectively. The stream of the river is also decided by the seasons - it reduces significantly in the winter, at the same time overflowing its banks in the monsoon (July to September). Furthermore, there is proof of a stable switch in the itinerary of the river from ancient era - it turned to the west from running into the Rann of Kutch and bordering Banni grasslands following the earthquake in 1816. Tributaries of the Indus River The Indus River has the following tributaries: Astor River Beas The Beas has its source in Bias Kund, closely located to the Rohtang pass. The river flows across Kulu and Manali, where its picturesque basin is named as the Kulu valley.

The Beas meets the Sutlej river close to Harika, after being connected with some tributaries. The Beas is 615 km long. Running westward, it comes into India in the Ladakh district of Jammu and Kashmir. The river creates a beautiful canyon in this area. Chenab The Chenab River has its source at the meeting point of two rivers, the Chandra and the Bhaga. In Himachal Pradesh, the river is also called the Chandrabhaga. It flows parallely to the Pir Panjal Range. The river moves into the lands of Punjab in the vicinity of Akhnur and is subsequently connected with the Jhelum. It creates the border between the Rechna and the Jech Doabs. The Chenab also meets the Ravi and the Sutlej in Pakistan. The length of the Chenab River is 960 km. Jhelum The Jhelum River has its source in the south-eastern region of Jammu and Kashmir, in a spring lying at Verinag. The length of Jhelum river is 480 miles. The river runs partly in Pakistan and partly in India.

The source of the river is situated at the base of the Pir Panjal range in the south eastern region of the Kashmir plateau. The river runs through the Wular lake and Srinagar in India, prior to moving into the Punjab province of Pakistan. Ravi The Ravi River has its source close to the Rotang pass in the Himalayan mountain ranges and runs according to a north-westerly itinerary. The river shifts to the south-west in the vicinity of Dalhousie, and subsequently forms a canyon in the Dhaola Dhar mountain range, penetrating the Punjab valleys close to Madhopur. The Ravi River runs as a portion of the boundary between India and Pakistan for a particular distance prior to moving into Pakistan and meeting the Chenab River. The Ravi River is 720 km long. Sutlej (Satluj) The Sutlej River is also known as the Satluj or the Red River. The source of the river is the Rakshas Tal or Rakas Lake, which is linked to the Manasarovar Lake with a watercourse in Tibet. The river moves into Pakistan in the vicinity of Sulemanki and is subsequently met by the Chenab.

The Sutlej is approximately 1,500 km long. Wildlife of the Indus River Chronicles of the Indus valley from the period of Alexander's invasion point towards a sizable woodland encompassing the area, which has greatly diminished as of now. Babur, the famous Mughal Emperor, had mentioned about seeing rhinoceroses beside the riverbanks in the Baburnama (his autobiography). Widespread cutting down of trees and human intervention in the ecosystem of the Shivalik Hills have resulted in a noticeable decline in the quality of foliage and cultivating circumstances. The areas in Indus valley are dry with meagre plantation. Cultivation is mostly dependent on irrigation water. Platanista gangetica minor or the blind Indus River Dolphin is a breed of dolphin seen only in the Indus River. Earlier, the dolphin was also found in the tributaries of the Indus River. Palla fish (Hilsa) of the Indus River is a preferred food choice for inhabitants staying on the banks of the river. The number of fishes in the river waters is reasonably high. Thatta, Sukkur, and Kotri are the important fishing hubs - all located in the lower Sindh itinerary.

However, irrigation and barraging has made fish cultivation a significant economic line of business. The big Indus valley delta is situated to the southeast of Karachi and it has been acknowledged by environmentalists to be one of the most significant ecological areas in the world. In this area, the river converts into several wetlands, torrents, and tributaries and joins the sea at low levels. You will see plenty of sea fishes and other creatures in this area, which include prawns and pomfret. People living on the banks of the Indus River The inhabitants of the areas through which the Indus River flows on and creates a significant natural beauty and wealth, are varied in terms of faith, race, national and language settings. In the district of Jammu and Kashmir on the northern itinerary of the river reside the Buddhist inhabitants of Ladakh, people of Tibetan ancestry, and the Dards of Dardic or Indo-Aryan ancestry who follow Islam and Buddhism. Subsequently, the river goes down into Baltistan in north Pakistan, going by the important Balti city of Skardu. While the river flows through Pakistan, it creates a characteristic border of society and traditions.

On the western banks of the river, the people are mostly of Baloch, Pashtun, and other Iranic ancestry, with intimate economic, traditional, and communal ties with areas of Iran and East Afghanistan. The eastern banks of the Indus River are mostly inhabited by citizens of Indo-Aryan ancestry like the Sindhis and the Punjabis. In the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and northern Punjab, tribal Pashtun people stay together with Dardic populace in the hills (Kalash, Khowar, Shina, and others), Burushos (in Hunza), and Punjabi individuals. People of Sindhi ancestry mostly inhabit the Sindh province. People of Pashtun and Baloch background inhabit on the western banks of the river. Last Updated on : September 26, 2016 Himalayan River, Jhelum Rivers of Himalayas Mountains Ancient Names Of The Rivers : Vitasta, Askini, Irawati, Vipasha And Shatadru Romancing The Land Before the birth of Pakistan this configuration of rivers was one of the most magnificent features of the Indian sub-continent.

Came 1947, the year of partition and roughly two thirds of the length of this river system was assigned to Pakistan. But the rivers still take birth on the Indian side and still go crashing through the Himalayas to create some of the most spectacular scenery to be found anywhere in the world. They are a source of life for man and beast alike, for the forests they nourish and the crops they irrigate on course. These mountain rivers have taken aeons crafting their valleys, spearheaded by glaciers, helped by natural upheavals like earthquakes and the movement of the earth's plates and more recently, thwarted by dams and hydel projects. They command awe and reverence, not unmixed with fear. The River Journey The very names of these rivers roll like music-Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej. Their ancient names were more musical still: "Vitasta", "Askini", "Irawati", "Vipasha" and "Shatadru". It is with Shatadru that one's odyssey begins because it is the longest and fastest of these five rivers.

RIVER SUTLEJ River Sutlej (also spelt as Satluj) takes birth on the southern slopes of the holiest of mountains - Kailash, near the holiest of lakes Mansarovar. After a long run, parallel to the Himalayas, it finally penetrates these at Shipki pass. Later it cuts through the Zanskar range, makes a diagonal thrust through the Himalayas and blasts a deep gorge at the base of the Kinner Kailash massif. Within Kinnaur district, the Sutlej runs parallel to the Hindustan-Tibet Road. At Karcham, in Kinnaur, it is joined by the crystal clear, blue river Baspa that drains the Sangla valley. After Karcham, the Sutlej turns aggressively, throwing boulders, rocks and rubble around in mighty, foaming rapids. But not or long! A dash through Shimla hills and Bilaspur district, and it loses momentum, leaving Himachal and entering the plains of Punjab at Bhakra where it mingles with the waters of Gobind Sagar Lake. The path of the Sutlej can be a traveller's lifetime reward.

To stand atop the highest hill in Thanedar, all of 8,000 feet high, and see right down in a gorge below the silver ribbon of the Sutlej at 2,000 feet. To stand at Tattapani 51-km from Shimla and watch a languid Sutlej ripple past, even as a hot spring froths and bubbles alongside. To travel along the Hindustan-Tibet Road with the foaming, rolling, not-to-be-contained Sutlej for a companion. These are pictures that never fade from the mind. Sarahan Sarahan is a former capital of Sutlej valley and a place with a charming setting. Small streams, brimming with sparkling snow melt. Fields and orchards surrounding slate roofed houses, trees of smooth birch, rare wild flowers and medicinal herbs. But the main draw is the Bhimakali temple built in the classical Shikhara style. The tall, tower like structure with its unusual rooflines, dominates the scene. A wealth of woodcarving makes it a showpiece. Rampur On the banks of river Sutlej stands Rampur, capital of the former princely state of Bushahr.

Rampur stands on an old trade route linking Himachal with Tibet. It is still an important commercial centre where a variety of goods are traded, particularly during the Lavi Fair held early November every year. These include livestock, wool, shawls, blankets and dry fruits. RIVER BEAS The Beas forms the valleys of Kullu and Kangra, famed for their beauty. But ironically, its source is an insignificant looking igloo like structure near Rohtang Pass in Pir Panjal range to the north of Kullu. The main thrust of this river is southward to Larji and then to the west. Where it enters Mandi district and further still into Kangra. On account of its snow-fed, perennial tributaries, its inflow increases greatly during the monsoons, sometimes resulting in floods. At the Pandoh, in Mandi district, the waters of the Beas have been diverted to the Sutlej through 53-km of tunnel, with the Pong Dam constructed on the Beas, for the purpose of increasing the hydroelectric power supply. Go Angling! During the British Raj, the Beas was well known as the angler's paradise.

Since then things have changed what with mounting pressures on natural resources. But the most highly prized variety of fish, the Mahseer, has shown a remarkable capacity for regeneration. The Pong Lake Reservoir for feeding the Pong Dam, acts like a fish reserve, feeding the Beas every year when the monsoons are on and fish must ascend the main river and its tributaries for the spawning run. Larji is the place for splendid fishing. Manali On its downward journey, Pine, clad mountains gradually close in on both sides of the Beas till they almost meet. And nestling in their shade as though carved out of primeval forest, is the hill resort of Manali. Manali was once a scattered hamlet. Today it is a bustling town with a constant flow of tourists and infrastructure to match. Despite the construction boom, Manali is still beautiful what with the mountains, gracious trees and apple orchards and or course the Beas, always a living presence. The environs of Manali are most inviting - the village of Vashisht with its hot springs and temple, Solang Valley with a glacier of its own and a splendid view of other glaciers and snow peaks.

And of course the incomparably majestic Rohtang Pass. Manali is the real starting point of an ancient trade route, which crossed the Rohtang, and Baralacha passes and ran via Lahaul and Ladakh to Kashmir, Tibet and other remote countries of Central Asia. But the Beas is not linked with scenic beauty alone. To lakhs of people the very name also means spiritual sustenance for, on the banks of the Beas, at a place called Dera Baba Jaimal Singh stands the impressive Radha Swami Centre. RIVER RAVI There is something intrinsically romantic about the river Ravi. In divided Punjab used to ring with the haunting strains of love songs sung on the banks of the Ravi, which flowed past the elite city of Lahore. Now one only has to hear the outpourings of young hearts in Chamba celebrating the beauty of love and nature to know that the spirit of the Ravi is the same everywhere. Chamba Chamba town rests on a mountain shelf on the right bank of the river. As a settlement it is Indian to the core.

Here, as in many ancient towns, flourished a civilisation that provided patronage to the arts so that the temple sculptures of Chamba are truly amazing. The region is also famed for a number of handicrafts like the fabulously embroidered Rumals (handkerchiefs), wood carving, silver and leather craft. The heart of Chamba is the Chougan or Polo ground which is meant for any activity that requires a wide-open space. A not-to-be-missed occasion in Chamba is the Minijar festival. The word "Minijar" literally means the tassel of a maize plant and the fair celebrates the flowering of the maize crop, which occurs during the monsoon. An occasion for old rituals to be revived, followed by much festivity, singing and dancing. RIVER CHENAB OR RIVER CHANDRA BHAGA River Chenab is sometimes called the Chandra Bhaga because it is composed of two streams rise close to the Baralacha Pass and, by flowing in opposite directions, put a girdle around a vast tract of Lahaul till, at Tandi, they unite to form a master stream of great size and volume.

The Chenab, a tempestuous river, difficult to navigate, flows through Lahaul, enters Kashmir near Kishtwar. Three places on the banks of the Chenab deserve special mention. They are Triloknath and Mrikula Devi embellished with beautiful images and woodcarving. A third place goes by the name of Sisu, 36-km from Rohtang. Every spring and autumn migrating Geese and Ducks halt here on their way to and from Siberia. RIVER JHELUM The Jhelum flows from the spring known as Verinag, 80-km south of Srinagar. This wide, swift flowing, muddy but picturesque river sweeps through Srinagar and is famed for its nine old bridges among many things else. Srinagar Srinagar defies description. To explore it can be an amazing and deeply rewarding experience. It has old mosques and temples, fancy stores and hotels and ancient dark, queuing looking lanes lined with shops that sell things typical of Kashmir. The Dal Lake has floating shops 'n' the shape of light boats known as 'Shikaras' that ferry the pick of fresh vegetables, fruits and local flowers, and people too.

The environs of Srinagar are beautiful. There are famous gardens around - the Nishat, Shalimar and Chashma Shahi. River Indus En route from Srinagar to Leh, one has to travel along the roaring, foaming, turbulent, ash-grey Indus. Some 10-km northeast of the river, in a fertile valley stands Leh, the capital of Ladakh. Centuries ago this was an important stop on the old silk route to China. Leh But Leh is still where every tourist wants to go because the place is so completely different from the areas leading up to it. Barren mountains layered with rocks in different colours, like a surrealist painting. A fabulous view of the snow clad Zanskar range across the Indus. Ancient, mysterious Gompas. The air incredibly clear and crisp but the atmosphere so rarefied one must take it very easy the first few days. What a place! What an experience!

Rivers In Pakistan - InfopediaPk - All facts in one site Indus River River Indus near Skardu, Pakistan The Indus River (Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Sindhi: سنڌو Sindhu; Pashto: اباسين Abāsin "The Father River"; Punjabi: سندھ Sindh; Hindko: سندھ Sindh; Avestan: Harahuti; Arabic: السند‎ Al-Sind; Wylie: Sênggê Zangbo "Lion River"; Chinese: 森格藏布/狮泉河/印度河; pinyin: Sēngé Zàngbù/Shīquán Hé/Yìndù Hé; Greek: Ινδός Indós; Turki: Nilab) is a major river which flows through the Indian Subcontinent.

Originating in the Tibetan plateau in the vicinity of Lake Mansarovar in Tibet Autonomous Region, the river runs a course through the Ladakh district of Jammu and Kashmir and then enters Northern Areas (Gilgit-Baltistan), flowing through the North in a southerly direction along the entire length of Pakistan, to merge into the Arabian Sea near port city of Karachi in Sindh. The total length of the river is 3,180 kilometers (1,976 miles) and it is Pakistan's longest river. The river has a total drainage area exceeding 1,165,000 square kilometers (450,000 square miles). The river's estimated annual flow stands at around 207 cubic kilometers, making it the twenty-first largest river in the world in terms of annual flow. Beginning at the heights of the world with glaciers, the river feeds the ecosystem of temperate forests, plains and arid countryside. Together with the rivers Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, Jhelum, Beas and two tributaries from the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Afghanistan, the Indus forms the Sapta Sindhu (Seven Rivers) delta of Pakistan.

The ultimate source of the Indus is in Tibet; it begins at the confluence of the Sengge and Gar rivers that drain the Nganglong Kangri and Gangdise Shan mountain ranges. The Indus then flows northwest through Ladakh and Baltistan into Gilgit, just south of the Karakoram range. The Shyok River, Shigar and Gilgit streams carry glacial waters into the main river. It gradually bends to the south, coming out of the hills between Peshawar and Rawalpindi. The Indus passes gigantic gorges 4,500-5,200 meters (15,000-17,000 feet) deep near the Nanga Parbat massif. It flows swiftly across Hazara, and is dammed at the Tarbela Reservoir. The Kabul River joins it near Attock. The remainder of its route to the sea is in plains of the Punjab and Sindh, and the river becomes slow-flowing and highly braided. It is joined by Panjnad River at Mithankot.

Beyond this confluence, the river, at one time, was named Satnad River (Sat = seven, Nadi = river), as the river was now carrying the waters of the Kabul River, the Indus River and the five Punjab rivers. Passing by Jamshoro, it ends in a large delta to the east of Thatta. The Indus is one of the few rivers in the world that exhibit a tidal bore. The Indus system is largely fed by the snows and glaciers of the Himalayas, Karakoram and the Hindu Kush ranges of Tibet, the state of Jammu and Kashmir and the Northern Areas of Pakistan respectively. The flow of the river is also determined by the seasons - it diminishes greatly in the winter, while flooding its banks in the monsoon months from July to September. The name Indus is used in Arrian's Indica for the mighty river crossed by Alexander, based on Nearchus's contemporaneous account. "Indus" is a Hellenic derivative of the Iranian Hindu, in turn derived from Sindhu, the name of the Indus in the Rigveda.

The Sanskrit Sindhu generically means river, stream, ocean, probably from a root sidh meaning to keep off; Sindhu is attested 176 times in the Rigveda, 95 times in the plural, more often used in the generic meaning. Already in the Rigveda, notably in the later hymns, the meaning of the word is narrowed to refer to the Indus river in particular, for example in the list of rivers of the Nadistuti sukta. This resulted in the anomaly of a river with masculine gender: all other Rigvedic rivers are female, not just grammatically, being imagined as goddesses and compared to cows and mares yielding milk and butter. The word "India" is derived from the Indus River. In ancient times, "India" initially referred to the region of Pakistan along the eastern banks of the Indus river, but by 300 BC, Greek writers like Megasthenes applied the term to the subcontinent which extends further eastward.

Chenab River A view of Chenab River through Pangi valley in Himachal Pradesh The Chenab River (Sanskrit: चंद्रभाग, Punjabi: ਚਨਾਬ, canab, Hindi: चनाब, Urdu: چناب, literally: 'Moon(Chan) چن River(aab)' آب) is formed by the confluence of the Chandra and Bhaga rivers at Tandi located in the upper Himalayas in the Lahul and Spiti District of Himachal Pradesh, India. In its upper reaches it is also known as the Chandrabhaga. It flows through the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir into the plains of the Punjab, forming the boundary between the Rechna and Jech interfluves (Doabs in Persian). It is joined by the Jhelum River at Trimmu تریمو and then by the Ravi River Ahmedpur Sial احمدپور سیال.

It then merges with the Sutlej River near Uch Sharif, Pakistan to form the Panjnad or the 'Five Rivers', the fifth being the Beas River which joins the Satluj near Ferozepur, India. The Chenab then joins the Indus at Mithankot, Pakistan. The total length of the Chenab is approximately 960 kilometres. The waters of the Chenab are allocated to Pakistan under the terms of the Indus Waters Treaty. Jehlum River Jehlum River or Jhelum River (Sanskrit: वितस्ता, Kashmiri: Vyeth, Hindi: झेलम, Punjabi: ਜੇਹਲਮ (Gurmukhi), Urdu: دریاۓ جہلم (Shahmukhi)) is a river that flows in India and Pakistan. It is the largest and most western of the five rivers of Punjab, and passes through Jhelum District. It is a tributary of the Chenab River and has a total length of about 505 miles (813 kilometers).

The river Jhelum rises from a spring at Verinag situated at the foot of the Pir Panjal in the south-eastern part of the valley of Kashmir. It flows through Srinagar and the Wular Lake before entering Pakistan from India-Occupied Kashmir through a deep narrow gorge. The Kishenganga Neelum River, the largest tributary of the Jhelum, joins it near Muzaffarabad, as does the next largest, the Kunhar River of the Kaghan valley. It also connects with Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir on Kohala Bridge east of Circle Bakote. It is then joined by the Poonch river, and flows into the Mangla reservoir in the Mirpur District. The Jhelum enters the Punjab in the Jhelum District. From there, it flows through the plains of Pakistan's Punjab, forming the boundary between the Chaj and Sindh Sagar Doabs. It ends in a confluence with the Chenab at Trimmu in District Jhang. The Chenab merges with the Sutlej to form the Panjnad River which joins the Indus River at Mithankot.

Ravi Ravi River, near Chamba The Ravi (Hindi: रावी, Punjabi: راوی ਰਾਵੀ, Sanskrit: इरावती, परुष्णि, Urdu: راوی) is a trans-boundary river flowing through Northwestern India and Northeastern Pakistan. It is one of the six rivers of the Indus System in Punjab region (name of Punjab means "Five Rivers"). After the partition of India in August 1947, the waters of the Ravi River, along with five other rivers of the Indus system (Beas, Sutlej, Chenab, Jhelum and Indus), divided India and Pakistan under the Indus Water Treaty, which was facilitated by the World Bank. Subsequently, Indus Basin Project has been developed in Pakistan and many Inter Basin Water Transfers, Irrigation, Hydropower and multipurpose projects have been built in India. The Ravi was known as Parushani or Iravati to Indians in Vedic times and Hydraotes to the Ancient Greeks.It is also called 'The river of Lahore' since that great city is located on its eastern bank.

It originates in the Himalayas in the Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh following a north-westerly course. It turns to the south-west, near Dalhousie, and then cuts a gorge in the Dhaola Dhar range entering the Punjab plain near Madhopur. It then flows along the Indo-Pak border for some distance before entering Pakistan and joining the Chenab River. Sutlej River Sutlej River in Kinnaur,Himachal Pradesh,India The Sutlej River (alternatively spelled as Satluj River) (Punjabi: ਸਤਲੁਜ, Sanskrit: शुतुद्रि, Śutudri, Urdu: ستلج, and Hindi: सतलज) is the longest of the five rivers that flow through the historic crossroad region of Punjab in northern India and Pakistan. It is located north of the Vindhya Range, south of the Hindu Kush segment of the Himalayas, and east of the Central Sulaiman Range in Pakistan. The Sutlej is sometimes known as the Red River. It is the easternmost tributary of the Indus River.

Its source is at Lake Rakshastal in Tibet near Mount Kailas, and it flows generally west and southwest entering India through the Shipki La pass in Himachal Pradesh. In Pakistan,it waters the ancient and historical former Bahawalpur state. The region to its south and east is arid, and is known as Cholistan a part of Bahawalpur Division. The Sutlej joins with the Beas River in Hari-Ke-Patan, Amritsar, Punjāb, India, and continues southwest into Pakistan to unite with the Chenab River, forming the Panjnad River near Bahawalpur.The Panjnad joins the Indus River at Mithankot. Indus then flows through a gorge near Sukkur, flows through the fertile plains region of Sindh, and terminates in the Arabian Sea near the port city of Karachi in Pakistan. Beas River The Beas River (Hindi: ब्यास, Punjabi: ਬਿਆਸ, Urdu: بیاس, Sanskrit: विपाशा) is the second easternmost of the rivers of the Punjab, a tributary of Indus River.

The river rises in the Himalayas in central Himachal Pradesh, India, and flows for some 470 km (290 miles) to the Sutlej River in South Punjab of India. The river begins at the Rohtang Pass in the state of Himachal Pradesh, merging with the Sutlej at Harike Pattan south of Amritsar in Punjab, India via Mandi. The Sutlej continues into Pakistani Punjab and joins the Chenab River at Uch near Bahawalpur to form the Panjnad River; the latter in turn joins the Indus River at Mithankot. The waters of the Ravi, Beas (Vipasha) and Sutlej (also known as Shathadru) rivers are allocated to India under the Indus Waters Treaty between India and Pakistan.

Create a free website Rivers of Punjab Essay - 941 Words [hide]v · d · eThe Five Rivers of The Punjab| | | | Punjabi Names| Jhelum · Chenab · Ravi · Sutlej · Beas| | Greek Names| Hydaspes · Acesines · Hydraotes · Hesidros · Hyphasis| | | | | Sanskrit Names| Vitasta · Ashikini · Parushani · Shatadru · Vipasa| | | Jehlum River or Jhelum River Urdu: دریاۓ جہلم (Shahmukhi),(Sanskrit: वितस्ता, Kashmiri: Vyeth, Hindi: झेलम, Punjabi: ਜੇਹਲਮ(Gurmukhi)) is a river that flows in India and Pakistan. It is the largest and most western of the five rivers of Punjab, and passes through Jhelum District.

It is a tributary of the Chenab River and has a total length of about 505 miles (813 kilometers).[1] The river Jhelum rises from a spring at Verinag situated at the foot of the Pir Panjal in the south-eastern part of the valley of Kashmir in India. It flows through Srinagar and the Wular lake before entering Pakistan through a deep narrow gorge. The Kishenganga (Neelum) River, the largest tributary of the Jhelum, joins it, at Domel Muzaffarabad, as does the next largest, the Kunhar River of the Kaghan valley. It also connects with rest of Pakistan and Azad Kashmir on Kohala Bridge east of Circle Bakote. It is then joined by the Poonch river, and flows into the Mangla Damreservoir in the district of Mirpur. The Jhelum enters the Punjab in the Jhelum District. From there, it flows through the plains of Pakistan's Punjab, forming the boundary between the Chaj and Sindh Sagar Doabs. It ends in a confluence with the Chenab at Trimmu in District Jhang.

The Chenab merges with the Sutlej to form the Panjnad River which joins the Indus River at Mithankot. ------------------------------------------------- Dams and barrages Jhelum River near Bele BBQ Water control structures are being built as a result of the Indus Basin Project, including the following: * Mangla Dam, completed in 1967, is one of the largest earthfill dams in the world, with a storage capacity of 5.9 million acre-feet (7.3 km³) *... Essay on Indus River ...World History India (Indus River) Source: Lake Mansarovar Length: 1,900 mi (3,060) km Coverage: Tibet, Ladakh, Zanskar Valley, and Pakistan Tributaries: Zanskar, Sutlej, Jhelum, Ravi, Beas, and Chenab It is a river of south-central Asia rising in southwest Xizang (Tibet) and flowing 3,060 km northwest through northern India and southwest through Pakistan to the Arabian Sea. In Pakistan the Indus is considered the Chief River and in India known as King...

280 Words | 1 Pages Punjab Essay ...For Office Use Only FOR MATRICULATION EXAMINATION FAIL/RE-APPEAR IN SEMESTER SEPTEMBER 2013 (Particulars in this form are to be filled in by the Candidate after reading the Syllabi & instructions) Last Date : 02/07/2013 Exam Fee : 3000/- Sheet No : Roll No Centre Code SPECIAL CHANCE FOR 1ST/2ND SEMESTER FROM S EP TE MB ER 2010 TO S EP TE MB ER 2012 10 District Name SEX Male Female CATEGORY:Fail Re-Appear If Re-Appear in Subject with Practical , Do you want to appear in... 535 Words | 4 Pages Rivers of India Essay ...Rivers: Most of the rich cultures of ancient history were flourished on the bank of rivers due to the comfort ness of growing crops. Similarly Indian culture was also initiated on a bank of river called the Indus Valley River civilization or culture. Still, today river is a vital necessity for human being to growup agriculture, industry and better communications. According to the resource of rivers we can...

3871 Words | 11 Pages Rivers of India Essay ...The rivers of India play an important role in the lives of the Indian people. The river systems provide irrigation, potable water, cheap transportation, electricity, and the livelihoods for a large number of people all over the country. This easily explains why nearly all the major cities of India are located by the banks of rivers. The rivers also have an important role in Hindu mythology and are considered holy by all Hindus in the... 1169 Words | 4 Pages Essay on The River ...The River Brenda Hughes ENG121 Instructor Marnie Nollette July 19, 2013 Outline I. The Demographics A. Climate B. Location C. Length II. The History A. Indians B. Settlers C. Community III. Advantages versus disadvantages A. Recreation B. Events C. Tragedies IV. Environmental Impact A. Financial B. Retirement Whenever there is the mention of the great State of Texas, one tends to automatically visualize a...

1045 Words | 4 Pages Punjab Essay ...------------------------------------------------- HISTORY AND POLITICAL BACKGROUND OF PUNJAB The word ‘Punjab’ in Persian means the land of 5 Rivers. Archeological discoveries show that by 3000 BC, the small communities around the Indus River had evolved and expanded giving rise to The Indus Valley Civilization. It boasted large cities like Harrappa and Moenjodaro. The Civilization ended in early 19th century.... 3294 Words | 11 Pages Rivers Essay ...search River Padma in Rainy Season River Meghna from the bridge over the river Bangladesh is a riverine country. About 800 rivers including tributaries flow through the country constituting a waterway of total length around 24,140 km.[1] Most of the country's land is formed through silt brought by the rivers. Following is a list of some of the major rivers of Bangladesh: * Atrai River... 2166 Words | 8 Pages Rivers Essay ...Rivers Humans have a great impact on ecosystems and biodiversity, but they can also have a negative impact too. Society has mistreated many landforms like rivers for example.

There are many types of negative impacts. Damming is one of the three major negative human impacts because obstructing the flow of a river or stream for energy production to create a lake causes the fish to ... 209 Words | 1 Pages Punjab (India) - SikhiWiki, free Sikh encyclopedia. Punjab (India) See also Punjab (Pakistan) Punjab: A region that is split across the political borders of India and Pakistan . It is situated in the north western region of India. Punjab has a predominantly Sikh population. The Word 'Punjab' means 'Five Rivers'. The geographical area of Punjab consists of plains which are irrigated by five rivers. These rivers are the Beas , Sutlej , Chenab , Ravi and Jhelum . After the Independance of India in 1947, Punjab was divided between India and Pakistan. India retained the new East Punjab whilst Pakistan gained the western plains of Punjab and the old capital city of Lahore. Punjab is a land famous for Sikhs as this is where the majority of Indian Sikhs reside. It is the land where most of the Gurus were born, and is rich with their history and spirit.

Punjab has a famous, and bloody history as well. Punjabi people are known for their fearlessness, physical strength, business aptitude, work ethic, honesty, and festive culture. Punjabis are also considered a very proud people. Present day Punjab state of India is surrounded by the following states/provinces: Himachal Pradesh is situated to the north and east, Haryana to the south and southeast, Chandigarh to the southeast 2 References The Punjab covers an area of 50,362 square kilometres (19,445 square miles) and has a population around 24,000,000 in 2000.The name "Punjab" means "land of five rivers" and derives from the Persian words 'panj,' meaning five, and 'aab,' meaning water. The rivers, tributaries of the Indus River, are the Beas, Chenab, Jhelum, Ravi, and Sutlej. The five rivers, now divided between India and Pakistan.

Area of Punjab that is between rivers of Beus and Satluj is called Doaba, major cities in this part of punjab are Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur and Nawan Shahr. Majha is between Beus and Chenab and on both sides of Ravi, this part is called the heart of Punjab and cities include Amritsar, and,Gurdaspur. Area of Malwa which makes up the majority is the southern part of Punjab facing Rajasthan and East of river Beus, cities include Ludhiana, Barnala, Mansa, Muktsar, Ropar, Moga, Chandigarh, Bathinda, Faridkot, Ferozpur, Patiala, Ambala, Karnal, Sangrur, Malerkotla, Shahabad, and Abohar. Punjab, northwestern India, is bounded on the west by Pakistan, on the north by Jammu and Kashmir, on the north east by Himachal Pradesh and on the south by Haryana and Rajasthan. Physically, the state may be divided into two parts, sub Shivalik strip and Sutlej-Ghaggar Plain.

The sub-Shivalik strip covers the upper portion of Ropar, Hoshiarpur and Gurdaspur districts. The Sutlej-Ghaggar Plain embraces the other districts of the Punjab. Most of the Punjab is an alluvial plain, bounded by mountains to the North. Despite its dry conditions, it is a rich agricultural area due to the extensive irrigation made possible by the great rivers. The Indian Punjab is the wealthiest state in the country per capita, with most of the revenue generated from agriculture. Agriculture Punjab is one of the smallest states of India representing 1.6 per cent of its geographical area and 2.6 per cent of it's cropped area. Agriculture occupies the most prominent place in Punjab's economy. About 70 per cent of the people are engaged in agriculture. As against an all India average of 51 per cent, it has 85 per cent of its area under cultivation. the state on an average, account for 23% of Wheat , 14 % of cotton and 10% of rice production of the whole country.

It is only the districts of Ropar and Hoshiarpur that the cultivated area is less than 60 per cent of the total. It is in these districts that considerable land is covered by Shivalik Hills and the beds of seasonal streams that cannot be brought under cultivation.The fertilizer consumption in Punjab is the highest in India. The impact of the Green Revolution is perhaps most affected the state of Punjab .This has made the country self sufficient in the food needs, overcoming the dangerous situation of early sixties. The state of Punjab has built up a system of services to support agricultural development. Briefly, these are the departments of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, the Punjab Agriculture University which provides a base for education, research and extension; and the Cooperative Department which provides credit to the farmers. The university situated in Ludhiana, has brought about a real revolution in farming techniques and has contributed to increased agriculture production and improvement of the cultivators' economic status. This institution has developed high yielding varieties of wheat, rice, bajra and other crops which has spearheaded Punjab to make the state and the country self sufficient for many key crops.

The efforts of the state government to provide irrigation facilities, cheap power and agriculture inputs at subsidised rates have acted as a catalyst for agricultural production. Total production of food grains rose from 170.92 lakh tonnes in 1987-88 to 207 lakh tonnes in 1992-93. Agricultural production is now nearing the saturation point. Punjab's contribution is highest in the procurement of food grains for the central pool. Production of wheat in 96-97 was 136.78 lakh tonnes, a record. To reduce dependence on wheat , paddy rotation , the state government is encouraging gradual shift in the cropping pattern to oil seeds such as Sun-flower and Soya beans with positive results. The state is on he threshold of a second spurt n productivity levels. Milk Production Punjab produces 51.33 MT of milk p.a., which is 10% of India's milk production. Per capita availability of milk in the state is also the highest in the country. Per capita availability of eggs in Punjab is 90, the highest in India (national - 22).

Industry As many as 188,000 small scale industrial units are registered in the state till April 1993 (as compared to 135,305 in 1987-88) with a capital investment of Rs. 1973 crore. The chief manufactures are textiles, sewing machines, sports goods, sugar, starch, fertilizers, bicycles, scientific instruments, electrical goods, machine tools and pine oil. The size of Punjab's Ninth Plan is Rs. 11,550 cr., at 96-'97 prices. A Science City is being setup at Jalandhar. The Punjab's per capita income is nearly double the all-India average (in second place is Haryana). Although Punjabi's comprise less than 2.5% of India's population, they provide 22% of India's Wheat and 10% of its rice. The Punjab provides a third of all the milk production in India. Punjab also has a number of thriving industries including Hero Bicycles at Ludhiana. Districts The Legislature is unicameral. The state is divided into 17 districts.

Of these, Moga, Muktsar and Nawanshehr were inaugurated in Nov.'95. Three more Barnala , Mohali and | Tarn Taran make a total of 20 administrative districts of the state of Punjab. Below is a full list and the area covered by each district per sq. Km. # Rivers of Punjab | Punjab - Land of Five Rivers Home > Punjab > Rivers Rivers The Punjab has an area of19500 square miles (50365sq.kms) with a population of about 24, 00,000 in 2000. Punjab is a land of five rivers and derives its name from the Persian words “panj” means five and “aab” means water. All the five rivers, Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Jhelum, are the tributaries of Indus River. These five rivers are divided between Indian and Pakistani Punjab now. Doaba is the name of the area between Sutlej and Beas which includes Hoshiarpur, Nawanshahr and Jalandhar as major cities.

Majha, the heart of Punjab, is the area between Chenab and Beas including both sides of Ravi which consists of the cities like Amritsar, Ferozepur, Gurdaspur and Faridkot. The southern part of Punjab, Malwa, is in the eastern side of Beas River and faces Rajasthan, includes cities like Patiala, Malerkotla, Ludhiana, Abohar and Shahbad. This north-west part of India is surrounded by Jammu and Kashmir in north, Pakistan in west, Rajasthan and Haryana on the south and Himachal Pradesh on the north-east side. Punjab state, physically, may be separated into long narrow piece of sub Shivalik region and Ghaggar-Sutlej plain. The upper part of the districts of Gurdaspur, Ropar and Hoshiarpur is covered by this narrow sub Shivalik region. The Ghaggar-Sutlej plain includes the other Punjab districts. Punjab state, enclosed by mountains in the North, is mostly the fertile soil left behind by floods. These rivers and their extensive irrigation network have converted Punjab state into an affluent agricultural area irrespective of its dry conditions.

The bumper agriculture production and its revenue have made Punjab a richest per capita state of India. Five Rivers of Punjab Sutlej River originates from Rakshasthal Lake adjacent to Mount Kailash in Tibet. This 1450 kms long river flows west throughout Himalayas, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab, then enters Pakistani Punjab in southwest direction. Sutlej is the energy source of Himalayan area due to its fast flow and about 50% of 20, 000MW power potential of Himachal Pradesh is generated from the Sutlej Basin. Bhakra Dam is situated at Himachal Pradesh and Indian Punjab borders on Sutlej River which is further used widely for irrigation. Beas River is one of the “five rivers” of Punjab which has its source in great Himalaya’s Rohtang Pass located at an elevation of 13100 feet in Himachal Pradesh. Beas River merges with Sutlej River after flowing a distance of nearly 300 miles at Harike Pattan situated towards the south of Holy city of Amritsar to finally exhaust its stream into the Arabian Sea.

The ancient name of Beas River in Indian and Greek literature was Vipasa and Arjiki respectively. The present Beas name may be the distortion of Vyas word related to the great sage Veda Vyas who was the main architect behind the great Hindu epic Mahabharata. This river is still called “Vipasa” in Himachal Pradesh by the academicians specially. Ravi River comes out from the Himalaya’s range of Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh which flows nearly 725 kms distance. The second largest city of Pakistan after Karachi and capital of Pakistani Punjab, Lahore, is located near to Ravi River. This river is also the border river of India and Pakistan and flows in the northern side of Lahore city. The famous Indus civilization, Harappa, and one of its utmost cities was situated close to the earlier route of this River. The fruitful water of Ravi River is used both for irrigation and drinking purposes. Chenab River also has its source in the Himalayan range district of Lahaul and Spiti of Himachal Pradesh state of India. The literary meaning of “Chenab” is “Moon River” and its ancient Indian name was also “Chandrabhaga”.

The Chenab River enters Jammu region of the state of Jammu and Kashmir from Himachal Pradesh to reach further in Punjab plains. This river has also been dammed for the purposes of irrigation and Hydroelectric generations and plays significant role for energy source and agriculture for both India and Pakistan. Pakistan may depend on more imported wheat if Indian side of Chenab River is blocked. Jhelum River is located at the most western side of “five rivers” of Punjab. Jammu and Kashmir is the originating state of this river which passes through the district of Srinagar to enter the Jhelum district of Pakistani Punjab. The Jhelum River has 775 kms as a total flowing length. This river like Chenab has also been dammed for irrigation and hydroelectric generation purposes. The land of “five rivers” (Pentapotamia in Greek) Punjab is one among the highly productive regions on Earth. The Punjab region is generally referred as the “food bowl” of both India and Pakistan. Wheat, Maize, Bajra, Barley, Paddy, Cotton and Sugar-cane are the chief crops of Punjab.

Himalayas - Drainage | mountains, Asia | Britannica.com Kargil The Himalayas are drained by 19 major rivers, of which the Indus and the Brahmaputra are the largest, each having catchment basins in the mountains of about 100,000 square miles (260,000 square km) in extent. Five of the 19 rivers, with a total catchment area of about 51,000 square miles (132,000 square km), belong to the Indus system—the Jhelum, the Chenab , the Ravi , the Beas , and the Sutlej —and collectively define the vast region divided between Punjab state in India and Punjab province in Pakistan.

Of the remaining rivers, nine belong to the Ganges system—the Ganges, Yamuna , Ramganga, Kali (Kali Gandak), Karnali, Rapti, Gandak , Baghmati , and Kosi rivers—draining roughly 84,000 square miles (218,000 square km) in the mountains, and three belong to the Brahmaputra system—the Tista , the Raidak, and the Manas—draining another 71,000 square miles (184,000 square km) in the Himalayas. The Indus River in the mountains of Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir state, India. © Pierre-Jean DURIEU The major Himalayan rivers rise north of the mountain ranges and flow through deep gorges that generally reflect some geologic structural control, such as a fault line. The rivers of the Indus system as a rule follow northwesterly courses, whereas those of the Ganges-Brahmaputra systems generally take easterly courses while flowing through the mountain region.

To the north of India, the Karakoram Range , with the Hindu Kush range on the west and the Ladakh Range on the east, forms the great water divide, shutting off the Indus system from the rivers of Central Asia . The counterpart of that divide on the east is formed by the Kailas Range and its eastward continuation, the Nyainqêntanglha (Nyenchen Tangla) Mountains , which prevent the Brahmaputra from draining the area to the north. South of that divide, the Brahmaputra flows to the east for about 900 miles (1,450 km) before cutting across the Great Himalaya Range in a deep transverse gorge, although many of its Tibetan tributaries flow in an opposite direction, as the Brahmaputra may once have done. Similar Topics Annapurna The Great Himalayas, which normally would form the main water divide throughout their entire length, function as such only in limited areas.

That situation exists because the major Himalayan rivers, such as the Indus, the Brahmaputra, the Sutlej, and at least two headwaters of the Ganges—the Alaknanda and the Bhagirathi—are probably older than the mountains they traverse . It is believed that the Himalayas were uplifted so slowly that the old rivers had no difficulty in continuing to flow through their channels and, with the rise of the Himalayas, acquired an even greater momentum, which enabled them to cut their valleys more rapidly. The elevation of the Himalayas and the deepening of the valleys thus proceeded simultaneously. As a result, the mountain ranges emerged with a completely developed river system cut into deep transverse gorges that range in depth from 5,000 to 16,000 feet (1,500 to 5,000 metres) and in width from 6 to 30 miles (10 to 50 km). The earlier origin of the drainage system explains the peculiarity that the major rivers drain not only the southern slopes of the Great Himalayas but, to a large extent, its northern slopes as well, the water divide being north of the crest line.

Glacier in the Zaskar Range of Jammu and Kashmir state, northern India. © tomas/Fotolia The role of the Great Himalaya Range as a watershed, nevertheless, can be seen between the Sutlej and Indus valleys for 360 miles (580 km); the drainage of the northern slopes is carried by the north-flowing Zaskar and Dras rivers, which drain into the Indus. Glaciers also play an important role in draining the higher elevations and in feeding the Himalayan rivers. Several glaciers occur in Uttarakhand, of which the largest, the Gangotri , is 20 miles (32 km) long and is one of the sources of the Ganges. The Khumbu Glacier drains the Everest region in Nepal and is one of the most popular routes for the ascent of the mountain. The rate of movement of the Himalayan glaciers varies considerably; in the neighbouring Karakoram Range, for example, the Baltoro Glacier moves about 6 feet (2 metres) per day, while others, such as the Khumbu, move only about 1 foot (30 cm) daily.

Most of the Himalayan glaciers are in retreat, at least in part because of climate change . Shivaling Peak and a lake in the Himalayas, near Gangotri Glacier, northwestern Uttarakhand state, … © Galyna Andrushko/Shutterstock.com Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent The north-facing slopes generally have a fairly thick soil cover, supporting dense forests at lower elevations and grasses higher up. The forest soils are dark brown in colour and silt loam in texture; they are ideally suited for growing fruit trees. The mountain meadow soils are well developed but vary in thickness and in their chemical properties. Some of the wet deep upland soils of that type in the eastern Himalayas—for example, in the Darjiling (Darjeeling) Hills and in the Assam valley—have a high humus content that is good for growing tea. Podzolic soils (infertile acidic forest soils) occur in a belt some 400 miles (640 km) long in the valleys of the Indus and its tributary the Shyok River , to the north of the Great Himalaya Range, and in patches in Himachal Pradesh.

Farther east, saline soils occur in the dry high plains of the Ladakh region. Of the soils that are not restricted to any particular area, alluvial soils (deposited by running water) are the most productive, though they occur in limited areas, such as the Vale of Kashmir, the Dehra Dun, and the high terraces flanking the Himalayan valleys. Lithosols, consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments that are deficient in humus content, cover many large areas at high elevations and are the least-productive soils.

Question: What collectively are Beas, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and the Sutlej?
Answer: Five rivers of the Punjab