Augusto Pinochet | president of Chile | Britannica.com president of Chile Alternative Title: Augusto Pinochet Ugarte Augusto Pinochet Gabriela Mistral Augusto Pinochet, in full Augusto Pinochet Ugarte (born November 25, 1915, Valparaiso , Chile—died December 10, 2006, Santiago), leader of the military junta that overthrew the socialist government of Pres. Salvador Allende of Chile on September 11, 1973. Pinochet was head of Chile’s military government (1974–90). During his dictatorial reign tens of thousands of opponents of his regime were tortured. Augusto Pinochet, 1985. Robert Nickelsberg—Time Life Pictures/Getty Images Pinochet, a graduate of the military academy in Santiago (1936), was a career military officer who was appointed army commander in chief by President Allende 18 days before the coup, which he planned and led.

Pinochet was named head of the victorious junta’s governing council, and he moved to crush Chile’s liberal opposition; in its first three years the regime arrested approximately 130,000 people, many of whom were tortured. In June 1974 Pinochet assumed sole power as president , relegating the rest of the junta to an advisory role. The Chilean military taking prisoners and saluting Gen. Augusto Pinochet, who seized power in Chile … Stock footage courtesy The WPA Film Library Pinochet was determined to exterminate leftism in Chile and to reassert free-market policies in the country’s economy. His junta was widely condemned for its harsh suppression of dissent, although its reversal of the Allende government’s socialist policies resulted in a lower rate of inflation and an economic boom between 1976 and 1979. A modest political liberalization began in 1978 after the regime announced that, in a plebiscite , 75 percent of the electorate had endorsed Pinochet’s rule.

Under a new constitution promulgated in March 1981, Pinochet was to remain president for an eight-year term until 1989, when a national referendum would determine whether he served an additional eight-year term. During the 1980s, Pinochet’s free-market policies were credited with maintaining a low rate of inflation and an acceptable rate of economic growth despite a severe recession in 1980–83. Pinochet permitted no meaningful political opposition, but he fulfilled his constitutional obligation to hold the plebiscite scheduled, which took place earlier than mandated , in October 1988. The result was a “no” vote of 55 percent and a “yes” vote of 43 percent. Although rejected by the electorate, Pinochet remained in office until free elections installed a new president, the Christian Democrat Patricio Aylwin , on March 11, 1990. As commander of the armed forces until 1998, Pinochet frequently thwarted human rights prosecutions against members of the security forces. After stepping down, he became a senator for life, a post granted to former presidents under the 1981 constitution.

Later in 1998, while visiting London , he was detained by British authorities after Spain requested his extradition in connection with the torture of Spanish citizens in Chile during his rule. The unprecedented case stirred worldwide controversy and galvanized human rights organizations in Chile. The United States and other countries were prompted to release formerly classified documents concerning Chileans who had “disappeared”—who were kidnapped and presumably killed by the Pinochet regime. The disclosures brought to light details of Operation Colombo, in which more than 100 Chilean leftists disappeared in 1975, and Operation Condor , in which several South American military governments coordinated their efforts to systematically eliminate opponents in the 1970s and ’80s. In January 2000 Pinochet was allowed to return home after a British court ruled that he was physically unfit to stand trial. Nevertheless, he continued to face investigations by Chilean authorities. Britannica Stories Augusto Pinochet Ugarte - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up) (1915-2006). From the time of his seizure of power in Chile by a military coup in 1973, the name of Gen.

Augusto Pinochet was nearly synonymous with rightist, anti-revolutionary politics throughout South America. His supporters, both in Chile and abroad, revered Pinochet as the man who saved Chile from the economic collapse begun during the presidency of socialist leader Salvador Allende. His opponents, with equal vehemence, accused General Pinochet of seizing power undemocratically, snuffing out all traces of political opposition, and subjecting Chile to nearly two decades of authoritarian rule. The sharp divisions over Pinochet’s legacy continued to divide Chile long after his official resignation as Chile’s head of state in 1990. Article Contributors Pinochet | Define Pinochet at Dictionary.com Pinochet noun 1. Augusto (auˈɣusto). 1915-2006, Chilean general and statesman; president of Chile (1974–90) following his overthrow of Allende (1973): charged (2001) with murder and kidnapping but found unfit to stand trial Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd.

1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Examples from the Web for pinochet Expand Contemporary Examples To be fair, he might not have known that pinochet was a ruthless dictator. Sebastian Pinera | president of Chile | Britannica.com president of Chile Alternative Title: Miguel Juan Sebastián Piñera Echenique Sebastian Pinera Miguel Juan Sebastián Piñera Echenique born Sebastián Piñera, in full Miguel Juan Sebastián Piñera Echenique (born December 1, 1949, Santiago , Chile ), Chilean businessman and politician who served as president of Chile (2010–14). Sebastián Piñera at a campaign event in Santiago, Chile, 2009.

Aliosha Marquez—AP When Piñera was a baby, his family moved to the United States , where his father, a civil servant, spent four years working for the Chilean Economic Development Agency (Corporación de Fomento de la Producción; CORFO). The family returned to Chile in the mid-1950s, then left again in 1965, when Piñera’s father was appointed Chile’s ambassador to Belgium. Piñera studied at the Catholic University of Chile, receiving a degree in commercial engineering in 1971. With the aid of a Fulbright scholarship , he returned to the United States to continue his studies, receiving a master’s degree and a Ph.D. (1976) in economics from Harvard University . He served on the economics faculty of the Catholic University of Chile throughout the 1970s and ’80s. He also taught at the University of Chile and the Valparaíso Business School (now Adolfo Ibáñez University). Piñera worked in the consulting and banking sectors prior to his founding of the hugely successful Bancard in the late 1970s.

The company, which introduced credit cards to Chile, made him a billionaire. He also held large stakes in other companies, including LAN Chile, the country’s national airline; a private hospital; and the Colo Colo football (soccer) team. Among Piñera’s other endeavours was the creation in 1993 of the Fundación Futuro, a nonprofit organization concerned with water preservation and renewable energy that also established Tantauco Park, an ecological park on the Chilean island of Chiloé . Piñera began his political career in 1989, managing the unsuccessful presidential campaign of Hernán Büchi, former finance minister of Chilean military dictator Augusto Pinochet (1974–90). That same year Piñera was elected senator for East Santiago, a seat he held until 1998. He made an unsuccessful run for the presidency in 2005, as the candidate of the National Renewal party.

When he ran again in 2009, he advanced to the second-round runoff election, in which his opponent was former president Eduardo Frei (1964–70), the candidate of the Coalition of Parties for Democracy (Concertación de los Partidos por la Democracia; CPD), because popular incumbent president Michelle Bachelet was constitutionally prohibited from serving a consecutive term. Piñera’s victory in the election ended 20 years of CPD rule. On February 27, 2010, less than two weeks before Piñera was set to take office, a magnitude-8.8 earthquake struck Chile (see Chile earthquake of 2010 ). While Bachelet oversaw initial relief efforts, Piñera toured disaster sites and began speaking on the record as the Chilean leader. Piñera’s inauguration ceremony, on March 11, was punctuated by two powerful aftershocks. In August 2010, 33 Chilean miners became trapped in a mine collapse, and, following their rescue 69 days later, Piñera’s popularity surged.

However, his government faced a major challenge in May 2011, when large student protests broke out demanding reform of the outdated, underfunded, and class-based public education system. Efforts to quell the unrest—including cabinet changes—largely failed, and in 2012 labour groups began protesting. Despite Chile’s continued economic growth, the country experienced great economic inequality, which fueled the unrest and caused further dissatisfaction with Piñera’s government. Barred from seeking a consecutive term, he left office in 2014, succeeded by Bachelet.

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Fischer, president of the National Council (1958–59) Martín R.

Echegoyen, president of the National Council (1959–60) Benito Nardone, president of the National Council (1960–61) Eduardo Víctor Haedo, president of the National Council (1961–62) Faustino Harrison, president of the National Council (1962–63) Daniel Fernández Crespo, president of the National Council (1963–64) Luis Giannattasio, president of the National Council (1964–65) Wáshington Beltrán, president of the National Council (1965–66) Alberto Héber Usher, president of the National Council (1966–67) Óscar Diego Gestido, president of Uruguay (1967) Jorge Pacheco Areco, president of Uruguay (1967–72) Juan María Bordaberry Arocena, president of Uruguay (1972–76) Alberto Demicheli, acting president of Uruguay (1976) Aparicio Méndez, president of Uruguay (1976–81) Gregorio Con

rado Álvarez Armelino, president of Uruguay (1981–85) Rafael Addiego Bruno, acting president of Uruguay (1985) Julio María Sanguinetti Cairolo, president of Uruguay (1985–90) Luis Alberto Lacalle, president of Uruguay (1990–95) Julio María Sanguinetti Cairolo, president of Uruguay (1995–2000) Jorge Batlle, president of Uruguay (2000–2005) Tabaré Vázquez, president of Uruguay (2005–2010) José Mujica, president of Uruguay (2010–2015) Tabaré Vázquez, president of Uruguay (2015– ) Venezuela Augusto Pinochet - definition of Augusto Pinochet by The Free Dictionary Augusto Pinochet - definition of Augusto Pinochet by The Free Dictionary Related to Augusto Pinochet: Salvador Allende Pi·no·chet (pē′nō-chĕt′, -shā′), Augusto Full name Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte.

1915-2006. Chilean general and dictator who served as president (1974-1990) after leading a junta that overthrew the government of Salvador Allende (1973), and later became chief of the army (1990-1998) and senator (1998-2002). During his administration many economic reforms were undertaken, but thousands of dissidents were tortured or executed.

Pinochet South America South America Juan Martín de Pueyrredón, Argentine general, supreme director of the United Provinces of La Plata (1816–19) Bernardino Rivadavia , Argentine statesman and diplomat, first president of the United Provinces of La Plata (1826–27) Juan Manuel de Rosas , Argentine dictator, governor of Buenos Aires province (1829–32, 1835–52) Justo José de Urquiza , Argentine general and politician, president of the confederation (1854–60) Bartolomé Mitre Argentine statesman, general, and author, president of the republic (1862–68) Domingo Faustino Sarmiento , Argentine statesman, educator, and author, president of the republic (1868–74) Nicolás Avellaneda , Argentine statesman, president of the republic (1874–80) Julio Argentino Roca , general, president of Argentina (1880–86, 1898–1904) Miguel Juárez Celman , president of Argentina (1

886–90) Manuel A.

Quintana, president of Argentina (1904–06) José Figueroa Alcorta, president of Argentina (1906–10) Roque Sáenz Peña , Argentine statesman, president of the republic (1910–14) Victorino de la Plaza, president of Argentina (1914–16) Hipólito Irigoyen , Argentine political leader, president of the republic (1916–22, 1928–30) Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear , Argentine statesman and diplomat, president of the republic (1922–28) José Félix Uriburu, president of Argentina (1930–32) Agustín Pedro Justo , president of Argentina (1932–38) Roberto M. Ortiz, president of Argentina (1938–42) Ramón S.

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 Massera, Orlando Ramón Agosti (1976) Jorge Rafael Videla, president of Argentina (1976–81) Roberto Eduardo Viola, president of Argentina (1981) Carlos Alberto Lacoste, acting president of Argentina (1981) Leopoldo Fortunato Galtieri , Argentine general, president of Argentina (1981–82) Alfredo Óscar Saint Jean, acting president of Argentina (1982) Reynaldo Bignone, president of Argentina (1982–83) Raúl Alfonsín , president of Argentina (1983–89) Carlos Saul Menem , president of Argentina (1989–1999) Fernando de la Rúa, president of Argentina (1999–2001) Adolfo Rodríguez Saá, president of Argentina (2001–2002) Eduardo Duhalde, president of Argentina (2002–2003) Néstor Kirchner , president of Argentina (2003–2007) Cristina Fernández de Kirchner , president of Argentina (200

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 Rodríguez, president of Chile (1931–32) Arturo Puga Osorio, chairman Junta of the Socialist Republic of Chile (1932) Carlos Gregorio Dávila Espinosa, chairman Junta of the Socialist Republic of Chile, provisional president of the Socialist Republic of Chile (1932) Bartolomé Blanche Espejo, provisional president of Chile (1932) Abraham Oyanedel Urrutia, acting president of Chile (1932) Arturo Alessandri Palma, president of Chile (1932–38) Pedro Aguirre Cerda, president of Chile (1938–41) Jerónimo Méndez Arancibia, acting president of Chile (1941–42) Juan Antonio Ríos Morales, president of Chile (1942–46) Alfredo Duhalde Vásquez, acting president of Chile (1946) Vicente Merino Bielich, acting president of Chile (1946) Juan Antonio Iribarren Cabezas, acting president of Chile (1946) Gabriel González Videla

, president of Chile (1946–52) Jorge Alessandri Rodríguez, president of Chile (1958–64) Eduardo Frei Montalva , president of Chile (1964–70) Salvador Allende , president of Chile (1970–73) Augusto Pinochet Ugarte , Junta leader (1973–74), president of Chile (1974–90) Patricio Aylwin Azócar , president of Chile (1990–94) Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle, president of Chile (1994–2000) Ricardo Lagos Escobar, president of Chile (2000–2006) Michelle Bachelet Jeria , president of Chile (2006–2010) Sebastián Piñera Echenique, president of Chile (2010–2014) Michelle Bachelet Jeria , president of Chile (2014– ) Peru Eduardo López de Romaña, president of Peru (1899–03) Manuel Candamo, president of Peru (1903

–04) Serapio Calderón, acting president of Peru (1904) José Pardo y Barreda, president of Peru (1904–08) Augusto B.

Leguía y Salcedo , president of Peru (1908–12; 1919–30) Guillermo E. Billinghurst, president of Peru (1912–14) Óscar Raymundo Benavides Larrea, president of Peru (1914–15) José Pardo y Barreda, president of Peru (1915–19) Manuel María Ponce Brousset, Peruvian chairman military junta (1930) Luis M. Sánchez Cerro, president of Preu (1930–31) Mariano Holguín Maldonado, Peruvian chairman Transitional Junta (1931) Ricardo Leoncio Elías Arias, Peruvian chairman Transitional Junta (1931) Gustavo A. Jiménez, Peruvian chairman Transitional Junta (1931) David Samanez Ocampo y Sobrino, Peruvian chairman National Junta (1931) Luis M.

Sánchez Cerro, president of Peru (1931–33) Óscar Raymundo Benavides Larrea, president of Peru (1933–39) Manuel Prado y Ugarteche, president of Peru (1939–45, 1956–62) José Luis Bustamante y Rivero, president of Peru (1945–48) Manuel Apolinario Odría Amoretti , president of Peru (1948–50; 1950–56) Zenón Noriega Agüero, Peruvian chairman military junta (1950) Ricardo Pío Pérez Godoy, Peruvian junta chairman (1962–63) Nicolás Lindley López, Peruvian junta chairman (1963) Fernando Belaúnde Terry , president of Peru (1963–68, 1980–85) Juan Velasco Alvarado , president of Peru (1968–75) Francisco Morales Bermúdez, president of Peru (1975–80) Alan García Pérez , president of Peru

 (1985–90) Alberto Fujimori , president of Peru (1990–2000) Valentín Paniagua, president of Peru (2000–2001) Alejandro Toledo , president of Peru (2001–2006) Alan García Pérez, president of Peru (2006–2011) Ollanta Humala, president of Peru (2011– ) Uruguay José Batlle y Ordóñez , president of Uruguay (1903–07, 1911–15) Claudio Wílliman, president of Uruguay (1907–11) Feliciano Viera, president of Uruguay (1915–19) Baltasar Brum, president of Uruguay (1919–23) José Serrato, president of Uruguay (1923–27) Juan Campisteguy, president of Uruguay (1927–31) Gabriel Terra , president of Uruguay (1931–38) Alfredo Baldomir, president of Uruguay (1938–43) Juan José de

 Amézaga, president of Uruguay (1943–47) Tomás Berreta, president of Uruguay (1947) Luis Batlle Berres, president of Uruguay (1947–51) Andrés Martínez Trueba, president of Uruguay (1951–52) Andrés Martínez Trueba, president of the National Council (1952–55) Luis Batlle Berres, president of the National Council (1955–56) Alberto Fermín Zubiría, president of the National Council (1957–57) Arturo Lezama, president of the National Council (1957–58) Carlos L.

Fischer, president of the National Council (1958–59) Martín R.

Echegoyen, president of the National Council (1959–60) Benito Nardone, president of the National Council (1960–61) Eduardo Víctor Haedo, president of the National Council (1961–62) Faustino Harrison, president of the National Council (1962–63) Daniel Fernández Crespo, president of the National Council (1963–64) Luis Giannattasio, president of the National Council (1964–65) Wáshington Beltrán, president of the National Council (1965–66) Alberto Héber Usher, president of the National Council (1966–67) Óscar Diego Gestido, president of Uruguay (1967) Jorge Pacheco Areco, president of Uruguay (1967–72) Juan María Bordaberry Arocena, president of Uruguay (1972–76) Alberto Demicheli, acting president of Uruguay (1976) Aparicio Méndez, president of Uruguay (1976–81) Gregorio Con

rado Álvarez Armelino, president of Uruguay (1981–85) Rafael Addiego Bruno, acting president of Uruguay (1985) Julio María Sanguinetti Cairolo, president of Uruguay (1985–90) Luis Alberto Lacalle, president of Uruguay (1990–95) Julio María Sanguinetti Cairolo, president of Uruguay (1995–2000) Jorge Batlle, president of Uruguay (2000–2005) Tabaré Vázquez, president of Uruguay (2005–2010) José Mujica, president of Uruguay (2010–2015) Tabaré Vázquez, president of Uruguay (2015– ) Venezuela Pinochet - definition of Pinochet by The Free Dictionary Pinochet - definition of Pinochet by The Free Dictionary Pi·no·chet (pē′nō-chĕt′, -shā′), Augusto Full name Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte.

1915-2006. Chilean general and dictator who served as president (1974-1990) after leading a junta that overthrew the government of Salvador Allende (1973), and later became chief of the army (1990-1998) and senator (1998-2002). During his administration many economic reforms were undertaken, but thousands of dissidents were tortured or executed.

Pinochet General Augusto Pinochet | The Independent Obituaries General Augusto Pinochet Military dictator of Chile for 17 years who was pursued by the courts on charges of murder and torture Monday 11 December 2006 00:00 BST Click to follow The Independent Online Augusto Pinochet Ugarte, soldier and politician: born Valparaiso, Chile 25 November 1915; Colonel, Chilean Army 1966, Brigadier-General 1969, Divisional General 1970, General 1973; Commander-in-Chief, Chilean Armed Forces 1973-98, Captain General Emeritus 1998-2006; President of Chile 1974-90; Life Senator 1998; married 1943 Lucía Hiriart (two sons, three daughters); died Santiago 10 December 2006. In nearly two centuries of independent history, Chile never produced a man with a more acute political nose than Augusto Pinochet.

Whatever his military gifts may have been - and, like those of most of his Latin American confreres, these were never tested in battle except against his own people - his talent for intrigue, allied to a single-minded ambition, exceeded by far that of his countrymen, military and civilian. His talents brought him supreme power during a 17-year dictatorship which formally ended in 1990. Thereafter, as commander-in-chief of the Chilean army until March 1998, he enjoyed an informal authority which cowed the civilian governments of Patricio Aylwin, Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle and Ricardo Lagos which had succeeded him. It was only a rare hubristic error he committed in coming to London in late 1998 which brought about his arrest, confinement and consequent humiliation. This robbed him of the admiration for his skills that many practitioners of politics had, joyfully or grudgingly, for long harboured.

Nevertheless his name will live on in the history books, albeit for an achievement which even his prescience could scarcely have foreseen: his capture on an extradition warrant and the ensuing legal battle has provided a locus classicus in the development of international human rights legislation and the global fight against the use of torture. Ironically, he had often expressed verbally and in his actions his disdain for human rights and his promotion of the effective use of torture. The future dictator was born in the port city of Valparaiso in 1915, son of a customs official, Augusto, and his wife Avelina. An education in the city's best Catholic schools gave him a grasp of the importance of religion. This was to come in useful in his later political career where he had to sort out his Catholic friends and sympathisers - many of whom were to be found in the Vatican - from the many opponents who stood up to him within Chile's own powerful Catholic Church. Though he was rumoured to have become a freemason and thus flouted Catholic teaching, he was always careful to try and project an image of piety by frequenting the sacraments and publicising his devotion to the Virgin of Mount Carmel, protectress of the Chilean army.

In 1933, bent on a career as a soldier, he entered the army as an officer cadet, emerging four years later as an ensign in the infantry. From his early days as a soldier he had no hesitation in demonstrating his abiding interest in intellectual matters. In the 1940s he pursued all the opportunities for study that the army offered him, specialising in geopolitics and military geography. Those subjects have always been of immediate relevance to the armed forces of a country as long, thin, apparently indefensible and as surrounded by disgruntled neighbours as Chile is. In 1948 Pinochet entered the Academy of War. His studies, however, were interrupted by some months sorting out the miners in the coal region of Lota, a spell of duty which, in the light of history, can be seen to have eerily anticipated similar activity by his idol and champion Margaret Thatcher against Arthur Scargill some decades later in Britain. He obtained a staff officer status, in 1951 being posted to the Military School. Besides teaching his specialised subjects he edited a magazine for officers, Cien Aguilas ("A Hundred Eagles").

Between 1953 and 1972 he produced five books on geopolitics, geography and military history. After two years' duty in the Rancagua regiment in Arica on the often tense border with Peru he started a law degree at the University of Chile but in 1965 was plucked out to join a group of officers with the job of organising a War Academy in Quito. Three and a half years in the Ecuadorean capital gave Pinochet a chance of living geopolitics at first hand: Ecuador was an ally of Chile because both had indifferent relations with Peru. Peru, vanquished and occupied by Chile in the 19th-century War of the Pacific, had no love for Chileans who had stolen Peru's Atacama Desert and its mineral riches. For their part the Ecuadoreans were at loggerheads with the Peruvians over the latter's possession of vast swathes of the Amazonian jungle. Back in Chile, Pinochet received his first important command in 1960, that of the Esmeralda regiment, and three years later was appointed deputy director of Chile's War Academy.

In 1968 he was promoted to brigadier-general in command of the VI Division based in Iquique, a post he continued to occupy after Salvador Allende came to power in 1970. Pinochet was therefore absent in the north as the Chilean right, Richard Nixon, Henry Kissinger and US companies such as ITT sought to prevent Allende's assuming the presidency to which he had been freely and fairly elected. A US military attaché was later to confess that he carried down from Washington a large sum in dollar banknotes to buy the assassination of General René Schneider, the army commander who was loyal to the forces' traditional unwillingness to be implicated in party politics and was resisting calls from the Chilean right and the US for an immediate coup against Allende. Though not directly involved, Pinochet cannot have been unaware of the manoeuvrings. From 1971 onwards, the career of this studious, efficient officer became centred for good on Santiago. As major-general he was given command of the garrison of the capital and a year later was appointed, with the approval of Allende, to head the army general staff.

By then, within Chile and in the United States, the enemies of the President's unstable coalition of six parties of the left and centre-left had shown their continuing desire to topple the head of state. Nevertheless elections results indicated that, despite the trials brought on by Popular Unity's many failings and US co-operation in economic sabotage, Allende's government had been growing in popularity. At a time when political currents were swirling round the army, navy, air force and the Carabineros or gendarmerie, undermining their tradition of being apart from parliamentary life, Pinochet retained the confidence of the now beleaguered President, who trusted him. On 23 August 1973 Allende named Pinochet Commander-in-Chief of the army on the departure of General Carlos Prats. Meanwhile, with or without US financial subsidies, senior figures in the armed forces were hard at work planning a coup against Allende. Though the historians' interpretations differ, it seems that Pinochet was seen as too loyal to Allende to be included initially in the conspirators' circle and that he was not recruited until Saturday 8 September, only three days before the date fixed for the action.

Indeed, as 11 September dawned and the president realised that the armed forces had indeed turned their backs on the apolitical tradition which had distinguished them from their confrères in Latin America, he was worried about the fate of his faithful Pinochet. As the coup unrolled, Allende in a radio broadcast vilified a "general rastrero" or "traitorous general". But he was not referring to Pinochet, as many thought, but to General César Mendoza of the Carabineros. Once the Moneda presidential palace had been bombed into submission by the British-built Hunter jets and the President was dead in the fiery rubble, Pinochet moved fast to recover any ground which he might have lost in the run-up to the coup. He was aided by his command of the largest and most influential of the four arms and on 12 September assumed the chairmanship of the four-man junta. Though many Chileans, including many on the right, initially felt the military would return power to civilians within months, Pinochet's junta disposed otherwise, formally dissolving Congress on 14 September and burning the electoral registers in June 1974 when Pinochet assumed all executive powers.

The DINA secret police was formally inaugurated by him that same month, but it had already been operating for some months, targeting those who could have helped set up a democratic government in exile, one of the dictator's nightmares. Prats, his former superior officer, was blown up with his wife in Buenos Aires; Bernardo Leighton, an enlightened Christian Democrat, was gravely wounded by DINA gunmen in Rome; and Orlando Letelier, Allende's former ambassador to the US, was blown up in the diplomatic quarter of Washington. Surrounded by conservative economists, many trained at the University of Chicago, Pinochet encouraged the visit to Santiago in March 1975 of their guru, Professor Milton Friedman. He approved of the dictatorship and chose not to criticise the assassinations, illegal imprisonments, torture, exile and other atrocities - all exhaustively chronicled by Amnesty International - now being carried out in the name of the free market.

(He thus foreshadowed Washington's indulgent attitude towards Letelier's murder which would take place the following year.) The imposition of right-wing free market policies caused many bankruptcies but, allied to the fact that political parties and trade unions were outlawed and their leaders often murdered, it opened the way in the 1980s to a period of growth which at times exceeded 10 per cent a year. This economic bonanza, the confiscation of the property of Pinochet's opponents, the foundation of an arms industry and the privatisation of state companies, whose most important beneficiaries were the already prosperous, afforded particular opportunities for the quick-witted pinochetistas. His own immediate family, though wracked with scandal, divorce and upset, waxed increasing rich as Pinochet himself, with no little success, sought to maintain the fallacious image of an austere and honest soldier. In December 1990, he had to order the army to threaten the use of force to deter a civilian inquiry into the business dealings of his elder son Augusto.

The latter had been implicated in the so-called "Pinocheques" affair, involving the discovery of a number of large cheques and a small factory in Chile producing Swiss small arms which was sold to the Chilean army. In 1980 Augusto Pinochet held a plebiscite on a new constitution against which his opponents were not permitted to organise and the next year this flawed document gave him a further eight years in power. With the outbreak of the Falklands War Pinochet saw many chances. By quietly allying himself to a great arms manufacturer like Britain he could help his own forces at the same time as teaching a lesson to the Argentine military rulers who had almost brought Chile and Argentina to war in 1979. The military help Pinochet gave to Margaret Thatcher has not yet been publicly quantified but was certainly immense, and vital in the British recapture of the archipelago. In September 1988 Pinochet's own personal prestige was boosted when he very narrowly escaped a well- organised ambush and assassination attempt by left-wing guerrillas on the outskirts of the capital. That year, over-confident, he lost a plebiscite about a further term in office.

A year later a majority of Chileans had little alternative other than to approve constitutional amendments which shielded him and his associates against prosecution for their actions. After elections in 1990 he handed the presidency to Aylwin, retaining command of the army till 1998. Between 1979 and 1995 he produced a series of solid polemics and memoirs. On 11 March 1998 he quit his command and became Life Senator while retaining the post of Captain General Emeritus. This arrangement, combining parliamentary immunity and the ultimate recourse of being judged only by a military court, afforded him effective impunity. He had not counted on the determination of a Spanish judge, Baltasar Garzón, who had him arrested on charges of murder and torture on 16 October 1998 in London, a city whose shops and restaurants - from Harrods to the River Café - he had previously, under Conservative and Labour, frequented with a light heart.

Probably under pressure from Washington, where successive presidents had looked kindly on him, the Home Office selected a panel likely to compile a medical report acceptable to the British government which on 2 March 2000 suggested that Pinochet's health did not allow him to stand trial. The report fulfilled its purpose and he was freed by the Home Secretary, Jack Straw, who as Foreign Secretary had had him arrested, and rushed on to a Chilean military aircraft. Arriving back in Santiago the following day, he rose from his wheelchair and waved his crutch in triumph at supporters who had gathered at Pudahuel airport to greet him. Confounding all predictions, his opponents in Chile continued to pursue him successfully through the courts. Amid the bitterest legal battles, they persuaded the Supreme Court definitively to lift his immunity as a Senator for Life in August 2000. On 31 January 2001 he was placed under house arrest on charges of murder and kidnapping in connection with the so-called Caravan of Death, the killing in October 1973 of 75 supporters of the civilian government, one of several hundred charges he faced.

Amid much judicial prevarication Pinochet was declared too ill to stand trial, although the judges did not dare to declare him insane, the only condition under the Chilean constitution which would have allowed him to escape judgement. On his 91st birthday last month, he tentatively accepted "political responsibility" for what happened during his rule, but the legal arguments over the nature of this responsibility continued until his death. Hugh O'Shaughnessy

Question: Who was the president of Chile from 1974-90?
Answer: Augusto Pinochet