Member of Parliament M Member of Parliament A Member of Parliament is a representative of the voters to a parliament . In many countries the term applies specifically to members of the lower house, as upper houses often have a unique title, such as senate , and thus also have unique titles for its members, such as senators. Members of parliament tend to form parliamentary parties with members of the same political party . The term Member of Parliament is often shortened in the media and in every day use to the initialism "MP". Austria In Austria , the term Member of Parliament refers to the members of the two chambers of the Parliament of Austria (Österreichisches Parlament). The members of the Nationalrat are called Abgeordnete zum Nationalrat. The members of the Bundesrat, elected by the provincial diets (Landtage) of the nine federal States of Austria, are known as Mitglieder des Bundesrats. Bangladesh In Bangladesh 90% of a Prime Minister's cabinet must be MPs. The other 10% may be non-MP experts or "technocrats" who are not otherwise disqualified from being elected MPs. Bulgaria In Bulgaria they are 240 MP 's in regular parliament and 400 in the "Great Parliament".

The "Great Parliament is elected when a new constitution is in order. In the modern Bulgarian history there have been seven "Great Parliaments," in 1879, 1881, 1886, 1893, 1911, 1946, and 1990. Canada In Canada , the Parliament of Canada consists of the upper house, the Senate of Canada and the lower house, the Canadian House of Commons, but only members of the lower house are referred to as Members of Parliament ( French : député) in common usage. There are 105 seats in the Senate and 308 in the House of Commons. Germany In Germany , Member of Parliament refers to the elected members of the federal Bundestag Parliament at the Reichstag building in Berlin . In German a member is called Mitglied des deutschen Bundestages (MdB). The 16 federal States of Germany (Länder) are represented by the Bundesrat at the former Prussian House of Lords, whose members are representatives of the respective Länder's governments and not directly elected by the people.

In accordance with article 38 of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, which is the German constitution, "[m]embers of the German Bundestag shall be elected in general, direct, free, equal, and secret elections. They shall be representatives of the whole people, not bound by orders or instructions, and responsible only to their conscience." India In India , the term Member of Parliament refers to the Sansad or the Indian Parliament chambers of the Lok Sabha , the Rajya Sabha and The President of India. MPs to the Lok Sabha are elected popularly by constituencies in the Indian states and union territories, while MPs to the Rajya Sabha are elected by State legislatures. Central government is formed by the party having the most number of MPs in the Lok Sabha. Each state is allocated a fixed number of elected MPs. The Indian state of Uttar Pradesh , represents the maximum number of MPs in the Lok Sabha. Israel In Israel , the term Member of the Knesset refers to one of the 120 Members of the Knesset . Ireland In Ireland , the term Member of Parliament can refer to the members of the pre-1801 Irish House of Commons of the Parliament of Ireland.

It can also refer to Irish members elected to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 1801 to 1922. Northern Ireland continues to elect MPs to the modern Parliament of the United Kingdom. Members of the modern Irish lower house of parliament, Dáil Éireann (or "the Dáil") are termed Teachtaí Dála (Teachta Dála singular) or TDs. The upper house is called Seanad Éireann. Its members are called Seanadóirí or Senators. Italy In the Republican Italian Parliament the current term is [ Deputato] (that is deputy as appointed to act on people's behalf) and so the Lower House takes the name of [ Camera dei Deputati]. Similarly to other countries, the Upper House is called [ Senato] and its members are the Senatori. The Deputati are known by the title onorevole (honorable). Salary and Bonuses Basic monthly net salary: € 5.486,58 per month. Parliamentary attendance bonus: up to € 4.003,11 per month.

Constituency ratio compensation: up to € 4,190 per month. Travel and transportation expenses' refund: between € 3,323.70 and 3,995.10. Phone expences' refund up to € 3,098.74 per year. Kenya Kenyan Parliament has many similarities to British Parliament, as being ruled by Great Britain. The Parliament is called [ The National Assembly]. It consists Elected and Nominated Members; who are currently 210 and 12 respectively. Lebanon The Parliament of Lebanon is the Lebanese national legislature. It is elected to a four-year term by universal adult suffrage in multi-member constituencies, apportioned among Lebanon's diverse Christian and Muslim denominations. Its major functions are to elect the President of the Republic, to approve the government (although appointed by the President, the Prime Minister, along with the Cabinet, must retain the confidence of a majority in the Parliament), and to approve laws and expenditure. The name of a deputy in Arabic is Naeb (نائب). The plural of Naeb is Nuwab (نواب).

Republic of Macedonia In the Republic of Macedonia there are 120 Members of Parliament ( Macedonian : Sobranie) which are called 'Pratenici' (singular Pratenik). Malaysia The Malaysian Parliament is modeled after the Parliament of the United Kingdom and consists of two houses, known as the Dewan Rakyat, which is the House of Representatives , and Dewan Negara, the Senate . The members of the Dewan Rakyat are elected in general elections or by-elections , whereas the members of the Dewan Negara are either appointed by the king, in recognition of outstanding service to their country or chosen by the states. Each state appoints a number of senators proportional to its size. Members of Parliament are styled Yang Berhormat ("Honourable") with the initials Y.B. appended prenominally. A prince who is a Member of Parliament is styled Yang Berhormat Mulia. Malta The Parliament of Malta consists of 69 seats, and these seats are shared between two political parties; 35 seats for the Partit Nazzjonalista and 34 seats for the Partit Laburista.

Nauru The Parliament of Nauru consists of 18 seats and is the legislative institution of the Republic of Nauru . The Parliament House is located in the Yaren district. Members of Parliament are entitled to use the prefix The Honourable. Netherlands The parliament of the Netherlands as the Staten-Generaal, literally States-General. It is bicameral, divided in two Kamers (Chambers). The Senate is known in Dutch as the Eerste Kamer (First Chamber) and its members as "senatoren", senators. The House of Representatives, known in Dutch as the Tweede Kamer (Second Chamber), is the most important one. The important debates take place here. Also, the Second Chamber can edit proposed laws with amendments and it can propose laws itself. The Senate doesn't have these capabilities. Its function is more a technical reviewing of laws. It can only pass a law or reject it. Both chambers are in The Hague which is the seat of parliament but not the official capital of the Netherlands, which is Amsterdam . The 150 members of the House of Representatives are elected by general elections every 4 years (unless the government falls). The 75 members of the Senate are elected indirectly.

The members of the 12 provincial parlements elect the senators. The value of a vote of a member of a provincial parlement is relative to the population of the province. Provincial parlements, the States-Provincial, are elected by general elections every four years. New Zealand New Zealand has a single-chambered ( unicameral ) parliament. In New Zealand, Member of Parliament is the term for a member of the New Zealand House of Representatives, although parliament technically consists of both the House and the Queen. The New Zealand House of Representatives normally has 120 MPs, elected every three years. There are 69 electorate (constituency) MPs, 7 of whom are elected by Māori who have chosen to vote in special Māori seats. The remaining 51 MPs are elected from party lists. As of 2008, the speaker of the house is Lockwood Smith. Before 1951, New Zealand had a two-chambered (bicameral) parliament, and there were two designations — MHR (Member of the House of Representatives, the body which survives today) and MLC (Member of the Legislative Council).

Norway In Norway , the term Members of Parliament refers to the elected members of the Norwegian parliament, Stortinget. These members are called stortingsrepresentanter. Norway has a two-chamber parliament, consisting of Odelstinget and Lagtinget. Odelstinget contains the majority of the parliament members (three fourths, or 127 of the total 169 members). Lagtinget contains the last fourth of the members, and is chosen by popular vote in the parliament at the beginning of each parliament period (the members of parliament are elected for four years at a time). The dividing of the parliament into chambers is only used when it is dealing with passing regular laws and in cases of prosecution by national court (riksrett). In other matters, such as passing the national budget or changing the constitution (the latter requiring a majority of two-thirds), the chambers are united. Pakistan In Pakistan , Member of Parliament refers to a member of Parliament (National Assembly of Pakistan, Qaumi Assembly). The National Assembly is based in Islamabad .

Singapore In Singapore , Members of Parliament refers to elected members of the Parliament of Singapore, the appointed Non-Constituency Members of Parliament from the opposition, as well as the Nominated Members of Parliament, who may be appointed from members of the public who have no connection to any political party in Singapore. Sri Lanka In Sri Lanka , Members of Parliament refers to elected members of the Parliament of Sri Lanka and National List Member of Parliament, who are nominated by the contending parties (and independent groups) in proportion to their share of the national vote. A government is formed by the party or group that has the support of the majority of MPs. Sweden In Sweden , Members of Parliament refers to the elected members of the Parliament of Sweden ( Swedish : Sveriges riksdag). In Swedish, an MP is usually referred to as a riksdagsledamot or a riksdagsman (the former is in more common use today, especially in official contexts, due its status as a unisex word, while the latter was used more often historically and literally refers to a male MP exclusively). The parliament is a unicameral assembly with 349 members who are chosen every four years in general elections.

In order to become an MP a person must be entitled to vote (i.e. be a Swedish citizen , be at least 18 years old and be or have been resident in Sweden) and must be nominated by a political party. The salaries of the MPs are decided by the Riksdag Pay Committee (Riksdagens arvodesnämnd), a government agency under the parliament. Since 1 November 2007, the basic monthly pay of an MP is SEK52 ,900 (ca. US$8 ,300). The pay of the Speaker is SEK126,000 a month (ca. US$20,000), which is the same as that of the Prime Minister. The Deputy Speakers receive an increment of 30 % of the pay of a member. The chairs and deputy chairs of the parliamentary committees receive a similar increment of 20 % and 15 % respectively. According to a survey investigation by the sociologist Jenny Hansson , Swedish national parliamentarians have an average work week of 66 hours, including side responsibilities. Hansson's investigation further reports that the average Swedish national parliamentarian sleeps 6.5 hours per night.

Thailand In the Kingdom of Thailand , Members of Parliament (สมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎร or ส.ส.) refers to the elected members of the National Assembly of Thailand. Following the military coup d'état on 19 September 2006, all its 500 members are suspended from duty until the next election. The House of Representatives of Thailand was fully reconvened after the general elections under a new constitution. Under the 2007 Constitution there are 480 Members of Parliament, 400 elected from constituencies and the other 80 through party-lists. Turkey In the Republic of Turkey , the term member of parliament refers to the elected members of the Turkish Grand National Assembly ( Turkish : Turkiye Buyuk Millet Meclisi). Turkish Grand National Assembly ( in short T.G.N.A. ) has 550 members who are elected by general elections for 5 years period.

United Kingdom The United Kingdom has members of three different parliaments: ''Members of Parliament'' (which refers to members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, abbreviated to ''MP''(''s'') but only in reference to members of the (lower) House of Commons ) '' ''Members of the European Parliament'' (''MEPs'') ''Members of the Scottish Parliament'' (''MSPs'') (Elected members of the pre-Union Parliament of Scotland were called ''Commissioners''.) The National Assembly for Wales consists of 60 elected members; they use the English title Assembly Member (AM) or the equivalent Welsh Aelod y Cynulliad (AC); the latter is primarily used when referring to this role when conversing in the Welsh language, and is infrequently heard within English speaking discussions. It is increasingly common, however, to see the Welsh Assembly Government referred to as "the Welsh Government". The building in which the Welsh Assembly meets is the Senedd, in Cardiff Bay, and, through use of metonymy , Assembly Members are increasingly referred to in Welsh as the Senedd. The same word is also used for the Westminster Parliament .

The Northern Ireland Assembly's 108 members are elected from 18 six-member constituencies on the basis of universal adult suffrage. The constituencies used are the same as those used for elections to the Westminster Parliament. Elected members are known as Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA). The Assembly has authority to legislate in a field of competences known as "transferred matters". These matters are not enumerated in the Northern Ireland Act 1998. Rather, they include any competence not explicitly retained by the Parliament at Westminster. Uniquely, Assembly legislation is open to judicial review . Between 1921 and 1973, Northern Ireland was governed by the Parliament of Northern Ireland, a devolved assembly whose members were known as Members of Parliament. MPs in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom are elected in general elections and by-elections to represent constituencies by the first-past-the-post system of election, and may remain MPs until Parliament is dissolved, which must occur within 5 years of the last general election, as stated in the Parliament Act 1911.

Members of the House of Lords are not MPs but Lords of Parliament, and sit either for life in the case of the Lords Temporal , or so long as they continue to occupy their ecclesiastical positions in the case of the Lords Spiritual . Hereditary peers may no longer pass on their seat and those remaining have been elected by themselves, following the House of Lords Act 1999. Their numbers remain at 92 by top-up voting ("by-election") when a member dies, however Lord Avebury’s House of Lords (Amendment) Bill (HL Bill 51) paves the way for their gradual extinction and this may be enacted before grand constitutional reform occurs. Such major reform is likely to be somewhat prolonged based on the Lords' resistance to suggested proposals in February 2007. There are several special members of Parliament, including the Prime Minister, other government ministers in the Commons, the Chief Whip of each party, Privy Counsellors, and the Speaker of the House.

A candidate to become a Member of Parliament must be a British or Irish or Commonwealth citizen, must be over 18, and must not be a public official or officeholder, as set out in the schedule to the Electoral Administration Act 2006 [ (this was a reduction in the lower age limit, as candidates needed to be 21 until the law came into effect in 2006). Members of Parliament are technically forbidden to resign their seats (though they are not forbidden from refusing to seek re-election). In order to leave the house between elections voluntarily, a Member of Parliament must accept a "paid office under the Crown". Two nominally paid offices under the Crown – the Stewardship of the Chiltern Hundreds and the Manor of Northstead – exist to allow members to apply for a paid office under the Crown and thereby to achieve a resignation from the House. Accepting a salaried Ministerial office does not amount to a paid office under the Crown for these purposes. For more information, see the article Resignation from the British House of Commons.

The basic salary of an MP in the House of Commons was increased to £64,766 as of 1 April 2009 [ but the true pay is difficult to state given the controversial system of allowances [ the lack of transparency in expenses.[ Many MPs (ministers, the Speaker, senior opposition leaders etc) receive a supplementary salary for their specific responsibilities. As of the 1 April 2008 these increments range from £14,039 for Select Committee Chairs to £130,959 for the Prime Minister. MPs also receive extensive expenses, including paying for buying and furnishing second homes. The pension arrangements of UK MPs are equally generous. The Member will normally receive a pension of either 1/40th or 1/50th of their final pensionable salary for each year of pensionable service depending on the contribution rate they will have chosen. Members who make contributions of 10% of their salary gain an accrual rate of 1/40th[ An MP who has served 26 years and retiring today could look forward to receiving an annual inflation-proof payout of £40,000 from his pension.

According to a recent report in the Daily Mail, state contributions for MPs are more than four times higher than the average paid out by companies for final-salary schemes [ In addition to generous pensions schemes, MPs' perks include travel and housing expenses, 80-day summer holidays and 'parachute' payments worth tens of thousands of pounds when they lose their seat. Zimbabwe In Zimbabwe , the title "Member of Parliament" is used by members of the House of Assembly of Zimbabwe. Other countries MPs are also representatives in other parliamentary democracies that do not follow the Westminster system. Their functions are very much the same, yet the post is usually referred to in a different fashion such as Deputé in France , Diputado, Deputado in Portugal and Brazil , Mitglied des Bundestages (MdB) in Germany. (Wikipedia) Wiki: Member of parliament - upcScavenger upcScavenger upcScavenger » Legislators » Wiki: Member Of Parliament Tag Media A Member of Parliament (MP) is the representative of the voters to a parliament . In many countries with Bicameralism parliaments, this category includes specifically members of the lower house, as upper houses often have a different title.

Members of parliament tend to form parliamentary groups (also called parliamentary parties) with members of the same political party . Australia A member of parliament is a member of the House of Representatives, the lower house of the Commonwealth (federal) parliament. Members may use "MP" after their names; "MHR" is not used, although it was used as a post-nominal in the past. A member of the upper house of the Commonwealth parliament, the Australian Senate , is known as a "Senator". In the Australian states of New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia , a Member of the Legislative Assembly (House of Assembly in South Australia) or "lower house," may also use the post-nominal "MP." Members of the Legislative Council (upper house) use the post-nominal "MLC." Canada The Parliament of Canada consists of the monarch, the Senate (the upper chamber), and the House of Commons (the lower chamber). Only members of the lower house are referred to as members of Parliament (député), while members of the upper house are called senators (sénateur). There are currently 105 seats in the Senate and 338 in the House of Commons.

Glossary of Parliamentary Terms for intermediate students Parliament of Canada Members of Parliament are elected, while senators are appointed by the governor general on behalf of the sovereign at the direction of the prime Minister. Retirement is mandatory for senators upon reaching the age of 75 years. Each province (and territory) has its own legislature, with each member usually known as a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA). In certain provinces, legislators carry other titles: Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) in Ontario , Member of the National Assembly (MNA) in Quebec (député), and Member of the House of Assembly (MHA) in Newfoundland and Labrador. The provincial upper houses were eliminated through the 20th century. India A Member of Parliament is any member of the Indian Parliament called Sansad , i.e., (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha). The members of the Lok Sabha are elected popularly by constituencies in each of the Indian states and union territories, while members of the Rajya Sabha are elected indirectly by the state legislatures. Each state is allocated a fixed number of representatives in each chamber, in order of their respective population. The state of Uttar Pradesh has the greatest number of representatives in both houses.

The President of India appoints representatives of the Anglo-Indian community. The political party which secures more than half the seats in the Lok Sabha forms the Government of India. If a specific party is unable to form government with their number of MPs, they may form a coalition government with a number of representatives members of other political parties. The Lok Sabha is the lower house and the Rajya Sabha is the upper house of the Indian Parliament (Bicameral). The term period of an elected member of the Rajya Sabha is 6 years, while the member elected for the Lok Sabha is only for 5 years. Ireland A member of Parliament was a member of the pre-1801 Irish House of Commons of the Parliament of Ireland. Irish members elected to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland were also called members of Parliament from 1801 to 1922. Northern Ireland continues to elect MPs to the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

Following the formation of the independent Irish Free State in 1922, members of the lower house of the Oireachtas (parliament), Dáil Éireann (or "the Dáil") are termed Teachtaí Dála ( Teachta Dála singular) or TDs and are called a Deputy. The upper house is called Seanad Éireann and its members are called Senators. Jamaica The Parliament of Jamaica is the legislative branch of the government of Jamaica. It is a bicameral body, composed of an appointed Senate and an elected House of Representatives. The Senate (upper house), the direct successor of a pre-Independence body known as the "Legislative Council" – comprises 21 senators appointed by the governor-general: thirteen on the advice of the Prime Minister and eight on the advice of the Leader of the Opposition. The House of Representatives, the lower house, is made up of 63 (previously 60) Members of Parliament, elected to five-year terms on a first-past-the-post basis in single-seat constituencies.

Malaysia The Parliament of Malaysia consists of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King) and two houses, the Dewan Rakyat (the House of Representatives) and Dewan Negara (the Senate ). The term "members of Parliament" only refers to members of the Dewan Rakyat. In Malay language , a member of Parliament is called Ahli Parlimen, or less formally wakil rakyat (people's representative). Members of Parliament are elected from population-based single-seat constituencies using first-past-the-post voting. The Prime Minister must be a member of Parliament. Members of Parliament are styled Yang Berhormat ("Honourable") with the initials Y.B. appended prenominally. A prince who is a member of Parliament is styled Yang Berhormat Mulia. The Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Minister and Tuns who are members of Parliament are styled Yang Amat Berhormat ("Most Honourable"), abbreviated Y.A.B. Malta The Parliament of Malta consists of the President of Malta and the House of Representatives of 69 members (article 51 of the Constitution), referred to as "members of Parliament" (article 52(1) of the Constitution).

When appointed from outside the House, the Speaker is also considered a member of the Parliament. The Constitution lists the qualifications and disqualifications from serving as a member of Parliament. Privileges of members of Parliament and their Code of Ethics are laid out in the House of Representatives (Privileges and Powers) Ordinance. New Zealand The Parliament of New Zealand is made up of the monarch and the unicameralism House of Representatives. A member of Parliament is a member of the House of Representatives, which has a minimum of 120 members, elected at a general election for a three-year term. There are 70 electoral district MPs, of which seven are elected only by Māori who have chosen to be registered on a separate Māori electoral register. The remaining members are elected by proportional representation from published . Before 1951, New Zealand had a bicameral (two-chamber) parliament. Members of the Legislative Council, abbreviated MLC, were appointed. Members of the lower house, the body that still exists, have always been elected. Since 1907, elected members have been referred to as 'Member of Parliament', abbreviated MP.

From the 1860s until 1907 they were designated as Member of the House of Representatives, abbreviated MHR. Between the first general election, in 1853, and the 1860s, the designation was Member of the General Assembly, abbreviated MGA. United Kingdom The United Kingdom elects members of three parliaments: the Parliament of the United Kingdom, with 650 members elected by the first-past-the-post system to the (lower) House of Commons, referred to as Members of Parliament, abbreviated to MP the European Parliament, with a maximum of 73 members out of a total of 751 members elected for a five-year term, called Members of the European Parliament ( MEP) the Scottish Parliament, with 129 members elected under the additional member system every four years, and called Members of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP) and two assemblies: the Northern Ireland Assembly, with 108 members known as Members of the Legislative Assembly ( MLA).

(Between 1921 and 1973, Northern Ireland was governed by the Parliament of Northern Ireland, whose members were known as members of Parliament.) the Welsh Assembly , with 60 elected members called Assembly Member ( AM) in English, Aelod y Cynulliad ( AC) in Welsh Other systems Member of Parliament can be the term (often a translation) for representatives in parliamentary democracies that do not follow the Westminster system and who are usually referred to in a different fashion, such as Deputé in France, Deputato in Italy, Deputat in Bulgaria, Parliamentario o Diputado in Spain and Spanish speaking Latin America, Deputado in Portugal and Brazil, Mitglied des (MdB) in Germany. However, better translations are often possible. Afghanistan A member of Parliament is a member of either chamber of the bicameral National Assembly of Afghanistan: the 249 members of the lower Wolesi Jirga (House of the People) and the 102 members of the upper Mesherano Jirga (House of Elders). Austria A member of Parliament is a member of either of the two chambers of the Parliament of Austria ( Österreichisches Parlament).

The members of the Nationalrat are called Abgeordnete zum Nationalrat. The members of the Bundesrat, elected by the provincial diets ( ) of the nine federal States of Austria, are known as Mitglieder des Bundesrats. Bulgaria In Bulgaria there are 240 members of Parliament (Народно събрание / Парламент; transliteration Narodno sabranie / Parlament), which are called 'Deputati' (singular Deputat). Moreover, there are 240 MPs in the normal parliament and 400 in the "Great Parliament". The Great Parliament is elected when a new constitution is needed. There have been seven Great Parliaments in modern Bulgarian history , in 1879, 1881, 1886, 1893, 1911, 1946 and 1990. MPs in Bulgaria are called депутати – deputies. Cambodia The member of Parliament (សមាជិកសភា) refers to the elected members of the National Assembly. There are 123 members of Parliament in total.

They are also alternatively called member of the National Assembly. Parliamentary elections are traditionally held every five years with no term limits imposed. The 25 provinces of Cambodia are represented by the members of Parliament in the National Assembly. A constituency may have more than one MP, depending on the population. Czech Republic A member of Parliament is a member of either of the two chambers of the Parliament of the Czech Republic, although the term Members of Parliament of the Czech Republic is commonly referred to Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic ( Czech language : Poslanci Parlamentu České republiky) who are members of the lower house of the Parliament, Chamber of Deputies. For the upper house, Senate, the term Senator is used. Germany Member of Parliament refers to the elected members of the federal Bundestag Parliament at the Reichstag building in Berlin. In German a member is called Mitglied des Bundestages (Member of the Federal Diet) or officially Mitglied des Deutschen Bundestages (Member of the German Federal Diet), abbreviated MdB and attached . Unofficially the term Abgeordneter (literally: "delegate", i.e.

of a certain electorate) is also common (abbreviated Abg., never follows the name but precedes it). In accordance with article 38 of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, which is the German constitution, "members of the German Bundestag shall be elected in general, direct, free, equal, and secret elections. They shall be representatives of the whole people, not bound by orders or instructions, and responsible only to their conscience." An important though not constitutionally required feature of German parliamentarianism is a slightly modified proportional representation. The 16 federal States of Germany ( Länder) are represented by the Bundesrat at the former Prussian House of Lords, whose members are representatives of the respective Länder's governments and not directly elected by the people. Italy In the Republican Parliament the current term is Deputato (that is deputy as appointed to act on people's behalf) and so the Lower House takes the name of Camera dei Deputati . Similarly to other countries, the Upper House is called Senato and its members are the Senatori.

Judgment no.390/2007 of the Constitutional Court makes clear that the third paragraph of Article 68 of the Constitution is intended to prevent that - listening to confidential discussions of a senator or a deputy - the Judiciary may become a source of constraints and pressures on the free development of an elected mandate : Lebanon The Parliament of Lebanon is the Lebanese national legislature. It is elected to a four-year term by universal adult suffrage in multi-member constituencies, apportioned among Lebanon's diverse Christian and Muslim denominations. Its major functions are to elect the President of the Republic, to approve the government (although appointed by the President, the Prime Minister, along with the Cabinet, must retain the confidence of a majority in the Parliament), and to approve laws and expenditure. The name of a deputy in Arabic is Naeb (نائب). The plural of Naeb is Nuwab (نواب). The Netherlands The Parliament of the Netherlands is known as the Staten-Generaal, States General. It is bicameral, divided in two Kamers ( Chambers). The Senate is known in Dutch as the Eerste Kamer ( First Chamber) and its members as "senatoren", senators.

The House of Representatives, known in Dutch as the Tweede Kamer ( Second Chamber), is the most important one. The important debates take place here. Also, the Second Chamber can edit proposed laws with amendments and it can propose laws itself. The Senate does not have these capabilities. Its function is a more technical reviewing of laws. It can only pass a law or reject it. Both chambers are in The Hague which is the seat of parliament but not the official capital of the Netherlands, which is Amsterdam . The 150 members of the House of Representatives are elected by general elections every 4 years (or earlier if the government falls). The 75 members of the Senate are elected indirectly. The members of the 12 provincial Parliaments and the councils of the three Caribbean special municipalities elect the senators. The value of a vote of a member of a provincial Parliament is weighted by the population of the province. Provincial Parliaments, the States-Provincial , are elected by general elections every four years; a new Senate is elected three months after the provincial elections. Norway A member of Parliament is an elected member of the . They are called stortingsrepresentanter (literal translation: Representatives of the Storting).

Since 2009, Norway has had a unicameral Parliament, which previously consisted of Odelstinget and Lagtinget , Odelstinget with three-quarters, or 127, of the total 169 members, Lagtinget with the remainder. The dividing of the Parliament into chambers was only used when dealing with passing regular laws and in cases of prosecution by the national court ( riksrett). In other matters, such as passing the national budget or changing the constitution (the latter requiring a majority of two-thirds), the chambers were united. The members of the unicameral Parliament of Norway are chosen by popular vote for a parliamentary period of four years. The word parlamento -of the same origin as Parliament in English- is used as a common name for all legislative assemblies, and hence parlamentario for the member of any of them, which can usually refer to members of: both chambers of the national legislature ( Cortes Generales ), the Congress of Deputies and the Senate. the regional devolved legislatures of the Autonomous Communities. the European Parliament.

Members of the Congress of Deputies are called diputados (deputies), impliying that they are elected to act in the name and on behalf of the people they represent. It is also usual to call members of the European Parliament eurodiputados. Sweden Members of Parliament refers to the elected members of the Riksdag . In Swedish, an MP is usually referred to as a riksdagsledamot ( member of the Riksdag) or a riksdagsman ( Gentleman of the Riksdag). The former is in more common use today, especially in official contexts, due its status as a unisex word, while the latter was used more often historically and literally refers to a male MP exclusively. The parliament is a unicameral assembly with 349 members who are chosen every four years in general elections. To become an MP, a person must be entitled to vote (i.e. be a Swedish Citizenship , be at least 18 years old and be or have been resident in Sweden) and must be nominated by a political party. The MPs are elected by proportionality in constituencies across the nation.

To decide which candidate will be elected the modified Sainte-Laguë method is used. This method usually but not always gives an accurate result in proportion to cast votes. In the 2014 general election the center-right collation government got one less MP than the overall opposition, in despite of more votes in total. To get a more proportional result 39 MPs are elected at compensation mandate ( Utjämningsmandat) and those MPs therefore doesn't represent their own constituency. The salaries of the MPs are decided by the Riksdag Pay Committee ( Riksdagens arvodesnämnd), a government agency under the Riksdag. Since 1 November 2007, the basic monthly pay of an MP is Swedish krona 52,900 (ca. US$8,300). The pay of the Speaker is SEK126,000 a month (ca. US$20,000), which is the same as that of the Prime Minister. The Deputy Speakers receive an increment of 30% of the pay of a member.

The chairs and deputy chairs of the parliamentary committees receive a similar increment of 20% and 15% respectively. According to a survey investigation by the sociologist Jenny Hansson, Swedish national parliamentarians have an average work week of 66 hours, including side responsibilities. Hansson's investigation further reports that the average Swedish national parliamentarian sleeps 6.5 hours per night. Thailand In the Thailand , members of Parliament (สมาชิกรัฐสภา; ) refer to the members of the National Assembly of Thailand, that is, the Members of the House of Representatives and the Senators. Following the military coup d'état on 19 September 2006, all members of the Assembly were suspended from duty until the next election. The Assembly was fully reconvened after the general elections under a slightly amended new constitution. Under the 2007 Constitution there are 650 members of Parliament, consisting of 500 members in the House of Representatives, of which 375 elected from constituencies and the other 125 by party-list, and 150 Senators.

Turkey In the Republic of Turkey, a member of Parliament is an elected member of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi, TBMM), which has 550 members elected at a general election for a term of office of four years. Ukraine People's Deputy of Ukraine ( Ukrainian language : народний депутат України, narodnyi deputat Ukrayiny) is a member of Parliament, legislator elected by a Direct election to the Verkhovna Rada (the unicameral parliament of Ukraine). Often People's Deputies of Ukraine are referred to simply as the "deputies". The main statutes that define the order of elections, rights and duties of the People's Deputies of Ukraine are outlined in Articles 76 - 81 of the Constitution of Ukraine. There are 450 people's deputies of Ukraine who are elected based on the general, equal and direct electoral right for 5 years. The deputies may be appointed to various parliamentary positions such as the chairperson (speaker) of Parliament, a head of a committee or a parliamentary fraction, etc. Upon its appointment to the office each people's deputy of Ukraine receives a deputy mandate.

People's Deputies that ran for the parliament as self-nominated candidates will join fractions if they wish. Deputy (legislator) Member of Congress Australia and New Zealand Association of Clerks-at-the-Table, an association with the aim of advancing the professional development of parliamentrains Member of parliament | Open Access articles | Open Access journals | Conference Proceedings | Editors | Authors | Reviewers | scientific events The Westminster system is a democratic parliamentary system of government modelled after the politics of the United Kingdom . This term comes from the Palace of Westminster , the seat of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . Australia A member of parliament is a member of the House of Representatives , the lower house of the Commonwealth (federal) parliament . Members may use "MP" after their names; "MHR" is not used, although it was used as a post-nominal in the past. A member of the upper house of the Commonwealth parliament, the Senate , is known as a "Senator".

In the Australian states of New South Wales , Victoria and South Australia , a Member of the Legislative Assembly (House of Assembly in South Australia) or "lower house," may also use the post-nominal "MP." Members of the Legislative Council (upper house) use the post-nominal "MLC." Bangladesh Members of the Jatiyo Sangshad , or National Assembly, are elected every five years and are referred to in English as members of parliament. The assembly has directly elected 350 seats, including 50 reserved for women. List of 8th 1996 Parliament Members Canada The Parliament of Canada consists of the Crown , the upper house, the Senate of Canada , and the lower house, the Canadian House of Commons . Only members of the lower house are referred to as Members of Parliament ( French : député ), while members of the upper house are called Senators ( French : sénateur). [1] There are 105 seats in the Senate and 308 in the House of Commons; this latter will increase to 338 in the next election scheduled for 2015 .

[2] Members of the lower house are elected, while members of the Senate are appointed by the Governor General on behalf of the Crown at the advice of the Prime Minister. Retirement is mandatory for senators upon reaching the age of 75 years. Each province has its own unicameral legislature, with each member usually known as a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA), although in certain provinces they carry other titles: Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) in Ontario ; Member of the National Assembly (MNA) in Quebec ( French : député ); or Member of the House of Assembly (MHA) in Newfoundland and Labrador . The provincial upper houses were eliminated in the 20th century. India See also: Parliament of India A Member of Parliament is any member of the Indian Parliament called Sansad , i.e. Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. The members of the Lok Sabha are elected popularly by constituencies in each of the Indian states and union territories, while members of the Rajya Sabha are elected indirectly by the state legislatures. Each state is allocated a fixed number of representatives in each chamber, in order of their respective population. The state of Uttar Pradesh has the greatest number of representatives in both houses.

The President of India , appoints representatives of the Anglo-Indian community. The political party which secures more than half the seats in the Lok Sabha forms the Government of India . If a specific party is unable to form government with their number of MPs, they may form a coalition government with a number of representatives members of other political parties. The Lok Sabha is the lower house and the Rajya Sabha is the upper house of the Indian Parliament (Bicameral). The term period of an elected member of the Rajya Sabha is 6 years, while the member elected for the Lok Sabha is only for 5 years. Ireland A Member of Parliament was a member of the pre-1801 Irish House of Commons of the Parliament of Ireland . Irish members elected to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland were also called Members of Parliament from 1801 to 1922. Northern Ireland continues to elect MPs to the Parliament of the United Kingdom .

Following the formation of the independent Irish Free State in 1922, members of the lower house of the Oireachtas (parliament), Dáil Éireann (or "the Dáil") are termed Teachtaí Dála ( Teachta Dála singular) or TDs and are called a Deputy . The upper house is called Seanad Éireann and its members are called Senators. Jamaica Main article: Parliament of Jamaica The Parliament of Jamaica is the legislative branch of the government of Jamaica. It is a bicameral body, composed of an appointed Senate and an elected House of Representatives. The Senate (upper house), the direct successor of a pre-Independence body known as the "Legislative Council" – comprises 21 senators appointed by the governor-general: thirteen on the advice of the Prime Minister and eight on the advice of the Leader of the Opposition. The House of Representatives, the lower house, is made up of 63 (previously 60) Members of Parliament, elected to five-year terms on a first-past-the-post basis in single-seat constituencies.

Kenya The National Assembly of Kenya has a total of 349 seats; 290 members are elected from the constituencies , 47 women are elected from the counties and 12 members are nominated representatives. Malaysia The Parliament of Malaysia consists of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King) and two houses, the Dewan Rakyat (the House of Representatives ) and Dewan Negara (the Senate ). The term "Members of Parliament" only refers to members of the Dewan Rakyat. In Malay , a Member of Parliament is called Ahli Parlimen, or less formally wakil rakyat (people's representative). [3] Members of Parliament are elected from population-based single-seat constituencies using first-past-the-post voting . The Prime Minister must be a Member of Parliament. Members of Parliament are styled Yang Berhormat ("Honourable") with the initials Y.B. appended prenominally . A prince who is a member of parliament is styled Yang Berhormat Mulia. The Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Minister and Tuns who are Members of Parliament are styled Yang Amat Berhormat ("Most Honourable"), abbreviated Y.A.B.

Malta The Parliament of Malta consists of the President of Malta and the House of Representatives of 69 members (article 51 of the Constitution), referred to as "Members of Parliament" (article 52(1) of the Constitution). When appointed from outside the House, the Speaker is also considered a Member of the Parliament. The Constitution lists the qualifications and disqualifications from serving as a Member of Parliament. [4] Privileges of members of parliament and their Code of Ethics are laid out in the House of Representatives (Privileges and Powers) Ordinance. [5] Nauru The Parliament of Nauru consists of 18 seats. Members of Parliament are entitled to use the prefix The Honourable. New Zealand Main articles: New Zealand Parliament and New Zealand elections The Parliament of New Zealand is made up of the monarch and the unicameral House of Representatives . A Member of Parliament is a member of the House of Representatives, which has a minimum of 120 members, elected at a general election for a three-year term. There are 70 electorate MPs, of which seven are elected only by Māori who have chosen to be registered on a separate Māori electoral register.

The remaining members are elected by proportional representation from published party lists . Before 1951, New Zealand had a bicameral (two-chamber) parliament. Members of the Legislative Council , abbreviated MLC, were appointed. Members of the lower house, the body that still exists, have always been elected. Since 1907, elected members have been referred to as 'Member of Parliament', abbreviated MP. From the 1860s until 1907 they were designated as Member of the House of Representatives, abbreviated MHR. Between the first general election, in 1853 , and the 1860s, the designation was Member of the General Assembly, abbreviated MGA. [6] Pakistan Member of Parliament refers to a member of Parliament ( National Assembly of Pakistan , Qaumi Assembly), based in Islamabad . Singapore See also: Cabinet of Singapore and List of Singapore MPs Member of Parliament refers to elected members of the Parliament of Singapore , the appointed Non-Constituency members of parliament from the opposition, as well as the Nominated members of parliament , who may be appointed from members of the public who have no connection to any political party in Singapore.

Sri Lanka Member of Parliament refers to a member of the Parliament of Sri Lanka (since 1978), the National State Assembly (1972–78) and the House of Representatives of Ceylon (1947–72), the lower house of the Parliament of Ceylon . United Kingdom See also: List of current United Kingdom MPs , List of United Kingdom MPs , List of Parliaments of the United Kingdom , List of MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election, 2015 , Number of Westminster MPs , Salaries of Members of the UK Parliament and Records of members of parliament of the United Kingdom The United Kingdom contains members of three parliaments: the Parliament of the United Kingdom , with 650 members elected to the (lower) House of Commons , referred to as Members of Parliament, abbreviated to MP; the Scottish Parliament , with 129 members elected every four years, called Members of the Scottish Parliament (MSP); and two assemblies: the Northern Ireland Assembly , with 108 members known as Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA).

Between 1921 and 1973, Northern Ireland was governed by the Parliament of Northern Ireland , whose members were known as Members of Parliament; the National Assembly for Wales , with 60 elected members called Assembly Member (AM) in English, Aelod y Cynulliad (AC) in Welsh. [7] MPs are elected by the first-past-the-post system of election in general elections and by-elections to represent constituencies , and may remain MPs until Parliament is dissolved, which must occur within five years of the last general election, as laid down in the Parliament Act 1911 . A candidate to become an MP must be a British or Irish or Commonwealth citizen, over 18 (reduced from 21 in 2006), and not be a public official or officeholder, as set out in the schedule to the Electoral Administration Act 2006 . [8] MPs are technically forbidden to resign their seats (though not to refuse to seek re-election). To leave the house between elections voluntarily, an MP must accept a "paid office under the Crown".

The Stewardship of the Chiltern Hundreds and the Stewardship of the Manor of Northstead are such paid offices, allowing MPs to apply for one and thereby resign from the House. Accepting a salaried Ministerial office does not amount to a paid office under the Crown for these purposes. The House of Lords is a legislative chamber that is part of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . Although they are part of the parliament, its members are referred to as peers , more formally as Lords of Parliament, not MPs. Lords Temporal sit for life, Lords Spiritual while they occupy their ecclesiastical positions. Hereditary peers may no longer pass on a seat in the House of Lords to their heir automatically. The 92 who remain have been elected from among their own number, following the House of Lords Act 1999 and are the only elected members of the Lords. [9] Zimbabwe "Members of Parliament" are members of the House of Assembly of Zimbabwe . Members of the upper house of Parliament are referred to as Senators.

Other systems Member of Parliament can be the term (often a translation) for representatives in parliamentary democracies that do not follow the Westminster system and who are usually referred to in a different fashion, such as Deputé in France, Deputato in Italy, Deputat in Bulgaria, Parliamentario in Spain and Spanish speaking Latin America, Diputado, Deputado in Portugal and Brazil, Mitglied des Bundestages (MdB) in Germany. However, better translations are often possible. Afghanistan A Member of Parliament is a member of either chamber of the bicameral National Assembly of Afghanistan : the 249 members of the lower Wolesi Jirga (House of the People) and the 102 members of the upper Mesherano Jirga (House of Elders) . Austria A Member of Parliament is a member of either of the two chambers of the Parliament of Austria (Österreichisches Parlament). The members of the Nationalrat are called Abgeordnete zum Nationalrat. The members of the Bundesrat , elected by the provincial diets ( Landtage ) of the nine federal States of Austria , are known as Mitglieder des Bundesrats.

Bulgaria See also: National Assembly (Bulgaria) In Bulgaria there are 240 members of parliament ( Bulgarian : Народно събрание / Парламент; transliteration Narodno sabranie / Parlament), which are called 'Deputati' (singular Deputat). Moreover, there are 240 MPs in the normal parliament and 400 in the "Great Parliament". The Great Parliament is elected when a new constitution is needed. There have been seven Great Parliaments in modern Bulgarian history , in 1879, 1881, 1886, 1893, 1911, 1946 and 1990. MPs in Bulgaria are called депутати – deputies. Cambodia See also: National Assembly (Cambodia) The Member of Parliament ( Khmer : សមាជិកសភា) refers to the elected members of the National Assembly . There are 123 Members of Parliament in total. They are also alternatively called Member of the National Assembly. Parliamentary elections are traditionally held every five years with no term limits imposed.

The 24 provinces of Cambodia are represented by the Members of Parliament in the National Assembly. A constituency may sometimes be represented by more than one MP. Germany Member of Parliament refers to the elected members of the federal Bundestag Parliament at the Reichstag building in Berlin. In German a member is called Mitglied des Bundestages (Member of the Federal Diet ) or officially Mitglied des Deutschen Bundestages (Member of the German Federal Diet), abbreviated MdB and attached . [10] Unofficially the term Abgeordneter (literally: "delegate", i.e. of a certain electorate) is also common (abbreviated Abg., never follows the name but precedes it). In accordance with article 38 of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany , which is the German constitution, "[m]embers of the German Bundestag shall be elected in general, direct, free, equal, and secret elections. They shall be representatives of the whole people, not bound by orders or instructions, and responsible only to their conscience." An important though not constitutionally required feature of German parliamentarianism is a slightly modified proportional representation .

The 16 federal States of Germany (Länder) are represented by the Bundesrat at the former Prussian House of Lords , whose members are representatives of the respective Länder's governments and not directly elected by the people. Iceland See also: Knesset A Member of the Knesset ( Hebrew : חבר הכנסת‎) is one of the 120 Members of the Knesset . The title is almost always shortened to the initialism "MK". Italy In the Republican Parliament the current term is Deputato (that is deputy as appointed to act on people's behalf) and so the Lower House takes the name of Camera dei Deputati . Similarly to other countries, the Upper House is called Senato and its members are the Senatori. Lebanon The Parliament of Lebanon is the Lebanese national legislature. It is elected to a four-year term by universal adult suffrage in multi-member constituencies, apportioned among Lebanon's diverse Christian and Muslim denominations. Its major functions are to elect the President of the Republic , to approve the government (although appointed by the President, the Prime Minister, along with the Cabinet, must retain the confidence of a majority in the Parliament), and to approve laws and expenditure.

The name of a deputy in Arabic is Naeb (نائب). The plural of Naeb is Nuwab (نواب). Republic of Macedonia In the Republic of Macedonia there are 120 members of parliament ( Macedonian : Sobranie) which are called 'Pratenici' (singular Pratenik). The Netherlands The parliament of the Netherlands is known as the Staten-Generaal, States General . It is bicameral , divided in two Kamers (Chambers). The Senate is known in Dutch as the Eerste Kamer (First Chamber) and its members as "senatoren", senators. The House of Representatives , known in Dutch as the Tweede Kamer (Second Chamber), is the most important one. The important debates take place here. Also, the Second Chamber can edit proposed laws with amendments and it can propose laws itself. The Senate does not have these capabilities. Its function is a more technical reviewing of laws. It can only pass a law or reject it. Both chambers are in The Hague which is the seat of parliament but not the official capital of the Netherlands, which is Amsterdam .

The 150 members of the House of Representatives are elected by general elections every 4 years (unless the government falls). The 75 members of the Senate are elected indirectly. The members of the 12 provincial parliaments and the councils of the three Caribbean special municipalities elect the senators. The value of a vote of a member of a provincial parliament is weighted by the population of the province. Provincial parliaments, the States-Provincial , are elected by general elections every four years; a new Senate is elected three months after the provincial elections. Norway A member of Parliament is an elected member of the Stortinget . They are called stortingsrepresentanter (literal translation: Representatives of the Storting). Since 2009, Norway has had a unicameral parliament, which previously consisted of Odelstinget and Lagtinget , Odelstinget with three-quarters, or 127, of the total 169 members, Lagtinget with the remainder. The dividing of the parliament into chambers was only used when dealing with passing regular laws and in cases of prosecution by the national court (riksrett).

In other matters, such as passing the national budget or changing the constitution (the latter requiring a majority of two-thirds), the chambers were united. The members of the unicameral Parliament of Norway are chosen by popular vote for a parliamentary period of four years. Philippines Further information: Batasang Pambansa From 1978 to 1984, the Philippine parliament was called the Batasang Pambansa (National Assembly), and its elected members were called Mambabatas Pambansa (National Assemblyman), often shortened to "MP". Poland Further information: Sejm of the Republic of Poland Portugal A Member of Parliament is known as deputado, a person who is appointed after democratic election to act on people's behalf. The parliament is called Assembleia da República . Spain Members of the Congress of Deputies are called diputados (deputies), impliying that they are elected to act in the name and on behalf of the people they represent. It is also usual to call members of the European Parliament eurodiputados. Sweden See also: Riksdag and List of members of the Swedish Riksdag Members of Parliament refers to the elected members of the Riksdag .

In Swedish, an MP is usually referred to as a riksdagsledamot (member of the Riksdag) or a riksdagsman (Gentleman of the Riksdag). The former is in more common use today, especially in official contexts, due its status as a unisex word, while the latter was used more often historically and literally refers to a male MP exclusively. The parliament is a unicameral assembly with 349 members who are chosen every four years in general elections . To become an MP, a person must be entitled to vote (i.e. be a Swedish citizen , be at least 18 years old and be or have been resident in Sweden) and must be nominated by a political party . [11] The MPs are elected by proportionality in constituencies across the nation. To decide which candidate will be elected the modified Sainte-Laguë method is used. This method usually but nor allways gives an accurate result in proportion to cast votes. In the 2014 general election the center-right collation government got one less MP than the overall opposition, in despite of more votes in total. To be elected you must be resident in the constituency which you represent.

To get a more proportional result 39 MPs are elected at compensation mandate (Utjämningsmandat) and those MPs therefore doesn't represent their own constituency. The salaries of the MPs are decided by the Riksdag Pay Committee (Riksdagens arvodesnämnd), a government agency under the Riksdag. Since 1 November 2007, the basic monthly pay of an MP is SEK 52,900 (ca. US$8,300). The pay of the Speaker is SEK126,000 a month (ca. US$20,000), which is the same as that of the Prime Minister . [12] The Deputy Speakers receive an increment of 30% of the pay of a member. The chairs and deputy chairs of the parliamentary committees receive a similar increment of 20% and 15% respectively. [13] According to a survey investigation by the sociologist Jenny Hansson, [14] Swedish national parliamentarians have an average work week of 66 hours, including side responsibilities.

Hansson's investigation further reports that the average Swedish national parliamentarian sleeps 6.5 hours per night. Thailand In the Kingdom of Thailand , Members of Parliament ( Thai : สมาชิกรัฐสภา; rtgs : Samachik Ratthasapha) refer to the members of the National Assembly of Thailand , that is, the Members of the House of Representatives and the Senators . Following the military coup d'état on 19 September 2006, all members of the Assembly were suspended from duty until the next election. The Assembly was fully reconvened after the general elections under a slightly amended new constitution . Under the 2007 Constitution there are 650 members of parliament, consisting of 500 Members in the House of Representatives, of which 375 elected from constituencies and the other 125 by party-list, and 150 Senators.

Turkey See also: Turkish Grand National Assembly In the Republic of Turkey, a member of parliament is an elected member of the Turkish Grand National Assembly , or TGNA ( Turkish : Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi, TBMM), which has 550 members elected at a general election for a term of office of four years. Ukraine People's Deputy of Ukraine ( Ukrainian : народний депутат України, narodnyi deputat Ukrayiny) is a member of parliament, legislator elected by a popular vote to the Verkhovna Rada (the parliament of Ukraine). Often People's Deputies of Ukraine are referred to simply as the "deputies". The main statutes that define the order of elections, rights and duties of the People's Deputies of Ukraine are outlined in Articles 76 - 81 of the Constitution of Ukraine . There are 450 people's deputies of Ukraine who are elected based on the general, equal and direct electoral right. The deputies may be appointed to various parliamentary positions such as the chairperson (speaker) of parliament, a head of a committee or a parliamentary faction, etc. Upon its appointment to the office each people's deputy of Ukraine receives a deputy mandate.

People's Deputies that ran for the parliament as self-nominated candidates will join factions if they wish. [15] See also TDs & Senators, Houses of the Oireachtas Constituency Map TDs (Dáil Members) The method of election to each House is different. The 158 Members of Dail Éireann (who are called Deputies or TDs) are directly elected by the people. Citizens aged 18 years and over may vote. By law, a General Election to Dáil Éireann must be held at least every five years. For electoral purposes, the country is divided into areas known as constituencies and provides an essential democratic link between constituents, government and parliament. A Deputy can be a member of a government party, an opposition party or can sit as an independent. For further information regarding national elections, including election to the Dáil and maps of constituencies, please go to the Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government website . See also downloadable Dáil constituency maps . The main parliamentary function of Deputies is to enact legislation. The Constitution also provides that the Government shall be accountable to Dáil Éireann and various mechanisms are used to discharge this function.

The principal mechanisms are parliamentary questions and motions. Members also spend a great deal of their time acting and making representations on behalf of members of the public and interest groups. Seanad Bell Senators A General Election to Seanad Éireann must be held within 90 days of the dissolution of Dáil Éireann. Seanad Éireann is composed of 60 Members as follows: 11 nominated by the Taoiseach 43 elected by five panels representing vocational interests namely, Culture and Education, Agriculture, Labour, Industry and Commerce and Public Administration Six elected by the graduates of two universities: - three each by the National University of Ireland and the University of Dublin (Trinity College) In theory, Seanad Éireann does not recognise party affiliations. However, as the electorate for the panels is made up of the Members of the incoming Dáil, the outgoing Seanad, county councils and county borough councils, the composition of Seanad Éireann, including the Taoiseach's nominees, will tend to reflect party strengths in Dáil Éireann. In practice, Senators will divide into groups supporting and opposing Government business when voting on issues.

Furthermore, the Constitution provides that not more than two Senators may be members of the Government and this provision has been exercised twice in the last 60 years. Like TDs the main parliamentary function of Senators is to enact legislation. Although strictly speaking the Government is not accountable to Seanad Éireann the Seanad employs similar mechanisms with exception of parliamentary questions. TDs and Senators Detailed scrutiny of Government activities increasingly takes place in Joint Committees where Deputies and Senators can work together to discuss, shape or recommend change to policies impacting on the people they represent. Irish Parliamentary History - Tithe an Oireachtais Irish Parliamentary History Cliceï¿½il anseo don leagan Gaeilge. Ireland has a tradition of parliamentary government whose roots predate the written history of the country. The legends and annals of ancient times give numerous examples of elective chieftainries and kingships and describe how Irish society was organised along lines that could reasonably be regarded as 'democratic' today. The legal system of the time - the Brehon Laws - were clearly grounded on common-sense, practical arrangements that facilitated people living together in a co-operative way.

The coming of the Normans to Ireland from 1169 onwards is one of the most fundamental events in Irish history. The Norman colonists established themselves successfully in the relatively small area around Dublin and part of Leinster known as the Pale, where they introduced the same type of feudal society, laws and parliament as they had already established in England. From 1172 until the early modern period, traditional Irish society successfully co-existed alongside the areas of Norman rule, with the native Irish possessing almost total independence in their political organisation and day-to-day affairs. It was not until the early 16th Century that a concerted effort was made to bring the whole country under the English system of government and the control of a parliament in Dublin. This culminated in the defeat of the native Irish armies by those of Queen Elizabeth I at the Battle of Kinsale in 1601 and in the 'Flight of the Earls', when Ireland's remaining major chieftains left for the European continent. With the accession of King James I and his policy of encouraging new colonists to settle in Ireland, a political division rapidly developed.

The supplanting of the native Irish under James I's plantation in the northern counties led to an uprising by the Ulster Irish who were joined by the Catholic 'Old English'. This resulted in the 1641 'Parliament' of Kilkenny - the first attempt to establish a central body representative of the majority of Ireland's inhabitants. The turmoil of the mid- and late-17th century led directly to the concentration of power in the hands of the 'Protestant ascendancy'. A series of penal laws were enforced, one of which was the total exclusion of Catholics from the Irish parliament in Dublin. Under the influence and the example of the American War of Independence, new political ideas began to develop and pressure by the Protestant ascendancy itself for reform led to a significant constitutional change. In 1782 the Irish parliament, legally subservient to Westminster, was granted legislative independence. Yet the life of this independent Irish parliament was a mere 18 years. Reacting against the spreading revolutionary ideas of the French Revolution and the 1798 rising of the United Irishmen, the London government induced the parliament in Dublin to vote itself out of existence under the 1800 Act of Union.

From this time until Independence in 1922 Irish MPs held seats in the House of Commons in Westminster. During the early 19th Century significant changes were taking place in that the penal laws against Catholics began to fall into disuse. This process culminated in 1829 in Daniel O'Connell's achievement of Catholic emancipation allowing Catholics to take seats in Parliament and enjoy other civil and religious rights long denied. This was the spur to political activity and development in the country. In the period following Catholic emancipation, a powerful Irish party emerged with 'Home Rule' as its objective. Led in succession by Isaac Butt, Charles Stewart Parnell and John Redmond and other able political strategists, the Irish Parliamentary Party kept the 'Home Rule' question to the forefront of politics for some 40 years. Finally with "Home Rule" within sight the onset of World War I delayed the implementation of the Home Rule Bill. Yet it was this very failure that inspired the leaders of the 1916 uprising and their successors.

At the end of the first world war Sinn Fï¿½in - the party first organised by Arthur Griffith - stood on a radical, abstentionist platform in the December 1918 general election that had been called by the British. The party swept the country, winning 73 of the 105 seats allocated to Ireland in the Westminster parliament. Acting on its pledge to set up an Irish representative assembly in Dublin, twenty nine of the elected Sinn Fï¿½in representatives met and constituted themselves as the first Dï¿½il ï¿½ireann - of those remaining, 35 were in prison, four were 'on the run' and five were unable to attend. The first Dï¿½il met in the Round Room of the Mansion House on the 21st January 1919. The Members present ratified the 1916 Proclamation of the Irish Republic and passed a Declaration of Independence.

On the 50th anniversary of the first Dï¿½il the Members of the Dï¿½il and Seanad returned to the Round Room of Dublin's Mansion House, where they were addressed by the then President of Ireland, Eamon de Valera (a Sinn Fï¿½in member of the first Dï¿½il). This is the only time since the foundation of the State that sittings of the Houses have been held outside Leinster House. The three-year War of Independence followed. During this time the formal government of Ireland remained with Westminster. After a further general election in May 1921, the Sinn Fï¿½in representatives refused to accept the British concession of a Parliament for Southern Ireland. Instead, continuing in the footsteps of their predecessors, they constituted themselves as the second Dï¿½il. Following the Anglo-Irish Treaty of December 1921 - when Britain recognised Ireland's independence as the Irish Free State, with jurisdiction over twenty-six of the country's thirty-two counties - the third Dï¿½il was elected in June 1922. This enacted a Constitution which provided for the establishment of a second parliamentary Chamber - Seanad ï¿½ireann (Senate).

The Senate first met on the 11th December 1922. Since 1922 Leinster House has been the seat of Dï¿½il ï¿½ireann and Seanad ï¿½ireann. (extract from 'Tithe An Oireachtais')

Question: In which country are members of parliament known, not as MPs, but TDs?
Answer: Ireland