Thoracic Muscles Thoracic Muscles Science Main Index The main thoracic muscles consist of the intercostal muscles, diaphragm and transversus thoracis. Read on to learn more about the thoracic muscles, and its role in breathing. On this page: Top of Page Thoracic Muscle The intercostal muscles connect between the ribs. They are arranged in three layers: the external layer, the internal layer and the innermost layer. Their primary role is to compress the ribs to exhale air while breathing. The diaphragm extends across the bottom of the rib cage. It separates the thoracic cavity, containing the heart, lungs and ribs, from the abdominal cavity. The diaphragm plays an important role in breathing. The diaphragm and the internal intercostal muscles expand the thoracic cavity to cause inspiration or inhaling of air. The transversus thoracis is on the inner front wall of the rib cage. These muscles also play a role in breathing by compressing the rib cage for exhaling. thoracic cavity | anatomy | Britannica.com Thoracic cavity thorax Thoracic cavity, also called chest cavity, the second largest hollow space of the body.

It is enclosed by the ribs , the vertebral column , and the sternum , or breastbone, and is separated from the abdominal cavity (the body’s largest hollow space) by a muscular and membranous partition, the diaphragm . It contains the lungs , the middle and lower airways—the tracheobronchial tree—the heart , the vessels transporting blood between the heart and the lungs, the great arteries bringing blood from the heart out into general circulation, and the major veins into which the blood is collected for transport back to the heart. The heart is covered by a fibrous membrane sac called the pericardium that blends with the trunks of the vessels running to and from the heart. The thoracic cavity also contains the esophagus , the channel through which food is passed from the throat to the stomach . The lungs serve as the gas-exchanging organ for the process of respiration. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. The chest cavity is lined with a serous membrane, which exudes a thin fluid. That portion of the chest membrane is called the parietal pleura.

The membrane continues over the lung, where it is called the visceral pleura, and over part of the esophagus, the heart, and the great vessels, as the mediastinal pleura, the mediastinum being the space and the tissues and structures between the two lungs. Because the atmospheric pressure between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura is less than that of the outer atmosphere, the two surfaces tend to touch, friction between the two during the respiratory movements of the lung being eliminated by the lubricating actions of the serous fluid. The pleural cavity is the space, when it occurs, between the parietal and the visceral pleura. Human rib cage. sinus The pleura is a continuous sheet of endothelial, or lining, cells supported by a thin base of loose connective tissue . The membrane is well supplied with blood vessels , nerves, and lymph channels. The vessels of the visceral part of the pleura are intimately related with those of the lungs and bronchi; its arteries are branches of the bronchial arteries, and its veins mingle with the pulmonary network of capillaries .

Beneath its inner side is a network of tiny lymph channels, or capillaries, that penetrate the lung substance, or parenchyma , and drain to the lymph nodes at the hilus of each lung, the point of entrance and departure for bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves. Diseases affecting the pleura and pleural cavity, other than primary tumours , are brought by the blood vessels or may spread from contiguous structures. The pleural cavity may be contaminated by the rupture of either the visceral pleura or the parietal pleura. Accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity is called hydrothorax. If the fluid is bloody, the condition is described as hemothorax; if it contains pus , pyothorax. The accumulation of fluid may or may not be accompanied by air . When air is present, the affix -pneumo- is inserted in each of the names mentioned—e.g., hydropneumothorax, etc.

The penetration of air into the pleural cavity from outside, as from a penetrating wound of the chest, or from within, by rupture of dilated alveoli (air sacs of the lung) or of a cyst , will produce a pneumothorax , converting this cavity into a positive pressure chamber and collapsing the lung, which in turn will lead to decreased oxygenation of the venous blood. The collapse may also have a deleterious effect on the heart. Inflammation of the pleura, usually diffuse, affecting one or both sides, is called pleurisy . Two forms are distinguished: (1) simple, dry, or fibrinous pleurisy; and (2) exudative pleurisy, in which the membrane gives off excessive fluid. Since the pleura is well supplied by nerves, pleurisy can be extremely painful, especially as the lung moves in respiration. Common symptoms are pain , shortness of breath, and fever . Treatment is directed toward evacuation of fluid and alleviation of the underlying condition, often an infected lung but more rarely a diffuse inflammatory condition such as rheumatoid arthritis .

Britannica Stories The Thoracic Cavity a Formed by ribs sternum thoracic portion - KIN - 2500 View Full Document 2. The Thoracic Cavity a. Formed by ribs, sternum, thoracic portion of spinal cord b. How many pleural cavities are there? 2 c. The mediastinum is the central portion of the thoracic cavity It contains all the thoracic cavity organs except for: lungs d. What does the pericardial cavity surround? heart e. What muscle separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity? diaphragm 3. The Abdominopelvic Cavity a. abdominal Cavity Contains the kidneys, adrenal glands, stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and small intestines. 5 This preview has intentionally blurred sections. Sign up to view the full version. View Full Document KIN 2500 – Introduction to the Human Body SI: Matthew Landry Introduction to the Human Body mland84@lsu.edu b.

pelvic Cavity Contains the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestines, and the internal organs of the reproductive system Membranes of the Thoracic and Abdominal Cavities  Serous Membrane: a double layer membrane that covers the visecera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities. o Parietal Layer  Where is it found? Lining the cavity o Visceral Layer  Where is it found? Lines the walls of organs o Together the two layers form the serous sac Specific Membranes  Pleura o What organ is this serous membrane associated with? lung  Pericardium o What organ is this serous membrane associated with? heart  Peritoneum o What cavity is this serous membrane associated with? abdominal Complete the following sentences regarding membranes.  The visceral pericardium covers the surface of the heart, and the parietal pericardium lines the fibrous pericardium the surround the heart. Between them is the pericardial cavity.  The visceral peritoneum covers the abdominal viscera and the parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal walls and covers the inferior surface of the diaphragm.

6 KIN 2500 – Introduction to the Human Body SI: Matthew Landry Introduction to the Human Body mland84@lsu.edu 7 This is the end of the preview. Sign up to access the rest of the document. TERM syllabus KIN 2500 spring 2015 LSU KIN 2500 Human Anatomy T-Th 9:00-10:20 Spring, 2014 Catalog Description: Micro and ma syllabus KIN 2500 spring 2015 What is the muscular wall that separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities? | Reference.com What is the muscular wall that separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities? A: Quick Answer The diaphragm is the muscular wall that separates the thorax from the abdomen regions. The diaphragm, which is dome-shaped and extends across the rib cage's bottom, is made up of the peripheral muscle and central tendon. Full Answer The diaphragm also has openings that allow for the passage of anatomical structures like the esophagus, descending aorta, vagus nerve and the inferior vena cava. A main function of the diaphragm is to aid respiration.

When the diaphragm contracts, it causes an expansion of the lungs as air is breathed in. A diaphragm impairment can cause breathing problems, as stated by MedicineNet. The thoracic cavity contains the esophagus, heart, bronchi and lungs. The abdominal cavity consists of organs that include the stomach, liver, spleen and pancreas. Abdominal Contraction Exercises | Healthy Living - azcentral.com Abdominal Contraction Exercises Share on Facebook Upon hearing the word “abs,” images of the six-pack come to mind. While your superficial abdominal muscle -- the rectus abdominis -- plays an essential role in ab training, several key muscles groups contribute to core function.The ability to contract, and activate these muscles at will means the difference between an effective and a mediocre abdominal workout. Functional Abdominal Anatomy A team of deep and superficial abdominal muscles contribute to spinal stability, protect the abdominal organs and facilitate flexing, side bending, and rotation of the trunk. Your rectus abdominis and your external obliques flex and rotate your trunk. The internal obliques stabilize your spine and assist the external obliques during rotation and lateral flexion.

On a deeper level, your transversus abdominis provides spinal stability and plays a major role in abdominal contraction. Upon exhalation, this core muscle compresses the diaphragm to expel the air. Other core muscles include the multifidus and the pelvic floor. Pelvic Floor Contractions Your pelvic floor muscles form a hammock between your tailbone and pubis bone. They assist the transversus abdominis and multifidus in spinal stabilization, while protecting your reproductive organs. The findings of a study published in Neurology and Urodynamics indicate that the rectus abdominis and external obliques automatically co-contract during voluntary pelvic floor contractions. Engaging these muscles increases stability and enhances the contraction of your superficial abdominal muscles. A number of images help you contract your pelvic floor. Some use the image of trying to stop the urine flow, while others prefer to "draw up the hammock." Some men respond to the image of "picking up the boys." Transversus Abdominus Training Your transversus abdominis muscle does not produce any type of movement. Instead, it isometrically contracts in order to ensure a stable spine.

This muscle needs work if you tend to arch your lower back or if your stomach pods out during abdominal leg raises. The abdominal hollowing exercise teaches you how to contract these muscles. Lie supine with knees bent, your feet flat on the floor. Breathe in and relax your abdominal muscles. As you exhale, draw your belly button toward your spine, and imagine you are trying to zip up a tight pair of jeans. Hold the contraction for 10 seconds while you breathe normally. Perform 10 repetitions. Hollowing vs. Bracing The subject of abdominal hollowing vs abdominal bracing inspires lively debates among fitness and sports medicine professionals. Canadian movement scientist Stuart McGill argues that the abdominal hollowing movement effectively engages the transversus abdominis muscle, but it does so at the expense of the rectus abdominis. McGill claims that the superficial abdominal muscles also play a key role in spinal stability. He recommends a movement called the abdominal brace, which involves tensing the abdominal muscles as if someone was about to punch you in the stomach. Corrective exercise specialist Joy Carey suggests that the abdominal contraction should suit the task. Use abdominal hollowing for lifting light weights, and abdominal bracing for movements that require power and acceleration.

References Thoracic cavity | definition of thoracic cavity by Medical dictionary Thoracic cavity | definition of thoracic cavity by Medical dictionary Related to thoracic cavity: mediastinum , abdominal cavity , Abdominopelvic cavity cavity [kav´ĭ-te] 1. a hollow or space, or a potential space, within the body or one of its organs; called also caverna and cavum . 2. the lesion produced by dental caries . Cavities in the body. From Applegate, 2000. abdominal cavity the cavity of the body between the diaphragm above and the pelvis below, containing the abdominal organs. absorption c's cavities in developing compact bone due to osteoclastic erosion, usually occurring in the areas laid down first. amniotic cavity the closed sac between the embryo and the amnion, containing the amniotic fluid. cranial cavity the space enclosed by the bones of the cranium. glenoid cavity a depression in the lateral angle of the scapula for articulation with the humerus. marrow cavity (medullary cavity) the cavity that contains bone marrow in the diaphysis of a long bone; called also medullary canal .

nasal cavity the proximal portion of the passages of the respiratory system, extending from the nares to the pharynx; it is divided into left and right halves by the nasal septum and is separated from the oral cavity by the hard palate. oral cavity the cavity of the mouth, bounded by the jaw bones and associated structures (muscles and mucosa). pelvic cavity the space within the walls of the pelvis. pericardial cavity the potential space between the epicardium and the parietal layer of the serous pericardium. peritoneal cavity the potential space between the parietal and the visceral peritoneum. pleural cavity the potential space between the two layers of pleura . pulp cavity the pulp-filled central chamber in the crown of a tooth. cavity of septum pellucidum the median cleft between the two laminae of the septum pellucidum. Called also pseudocele , pseudocoele , and fifth ventricle .

serous cavity a coelomic cavity, like that enclosed by the pericardium, peritoneum, or pleura, not communicating with the outside of the body and lined with a serous membrane, i.e., one which secretes a serous fluid. tension cavity cavities of the lung in which the air pressure is greater than that of the atmosphere. thoracic cavity the portion of the ventral body cavity situated between the neck and the diaphragm; it contains the pleural cavity. tympanic cavity the major portion of the middle ear, consisting of a narrow air-filled cavity in the temporal bone that contains the auditory ossicles and communicates with the mastoid air cells and the mastoid antrum by means of the aditus and the nasopharynx by means of the auditory tube. The middle ear and the tympanic cavity were formerly regarded as being synonymous. uterine cavity the flattened space within the uterus communicating proximally on either side with the fallopian tubes and below with the vagina. tho·rac·ic cav·i·ty [TA] the space within the thoracic walls, bounded below by the diaphragm and above by the base of the neck or superior thoracic aperture.

thoracic cavity Etymology: Gk, thorax, chest; L, cavum the cavity enclosed by the ribs, the thoracic part of the vertebral column, the sternum, the diaphragm, and associated muscles. Thoracic cavity tho·rac·ic cav·i·ty (thōr-as'ik kav'i-tē) [TA] The space within the thoracic walls, bounded below by the diaphragm and above by the neck. THORACIC CAVITY thoracic cavity The part of the ventral cavity above the diaphragm, the domed muscle that separates it from the abdominal cavity; it is enclosed by the chest wall. The thoracic viscera include the pleural membranes that surround the lungs, the mediastinum between the lungs, which contains the heart and pericardial membranes, the thoracic aorta, pulmonary artery and veins, vena cavae, thymus gland, lymph nodes, trachea, bronchi, esophagus, and thoracic duct. See: illustration the space within the THORAX . cavity 1. a hollow or space, or a potentional space, within the body (e.g.

abdominal cavity) or one of its organs (e.g. cranial cavity). 2. in teeth, the lesion produced by dental caries . absorption c's cavities in developing compact bone due to osteoclastic erosion, usually occurring in the areas laid down first. amniotic cavity the closed sac between the embryo and the amnion, containing the amniotic fluid. cranial cavity the space enclosed by the bones of the cranium. dental cavity 1. the central space, often branched or multiple in compound teeth, of each tooth; carries the nerve and blood supplies to the teeth. 2. the defect caused by decay on a tooth surface. Called also caries . glenoid cavity a depression in the ventral angle of the scapula for articulation with the humerus. infraglottic cavity the space in the larynx caudal to the vocal folds; reflects the shape of the cricoid cartilage. medullary (marrow) cavity the cavity, containing marrow, in the diaphysis of a long bone; called also medullary canal.

nasal cavity the proximal part of the respiratory tract, within the nose, bisected by the nasal septum and extending from the nares to the pharynx. Much of the cavity is occupied by the turbinate bones or conchae which also divide it into dorsal, medial and ventral meatuses. The common meatus is the narrow, vertical passage close to the nasal septum. The rostral end of the cavity just inside the nostril is the nasal vestibule, and the caudal part opening into the pharynx is the nasopharyngeal meatus. oral cavity the cavity of the mouth, made up of a vestibule and oral cavity proper. pelvic cavity the space within the walls of the pelvis. pericardial cavity the potential space between the epicardium and the parietal layer of the serous pericardium. peritoneal cavity the potential space between the parietal and the visceral peritoneum. pleural cavity the potential space between the parietal and the visceral pleura. pulp cavity the pulp-filled central chamber in a tooth; called also dental cavity.

serous cavity a celomic cavity, like that enclosed by the pericardium, peritoneum or pleura, not communicating with the outside of the body and lined with a serous membrane, i.e. one which secretes a serous fluid. tension cavity cavities of the lung in which the air pressure is greater than that of the atmosphere. thoracic cavity the body cavity situated between the neck and the diaphragm. tympanic cavity the cavity of the middle ear. uterine cavity the space within the uterus communicating on either side with the uterine tubes and caudally with the vagina. thoracic pertaining to the chest. See also thoracolumbar . thoracic asymmetry if obviously distorted can mean that the flatter side has a collapsed lung. Not a helpful sign in cattle because of the normal asymmetry caused by the rumen. thoracic breath sounds breath sounds produced in the bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli by the passage of air; contrast with tracheal breath sounds. thoracic cage the bony structure enclosing the thorax, consisting of the ribs, vertebral column and sternum. thoracic cavity see thorax ; called also chest.

thoracic duct ligation a surgical procedure used in the treatment of chylothorax where medical management is unsuccessful. thoracic girdle the incomplete ring of bones that support the thoracic limb, made up of the scapula, clavicle, coracoid and occasionally other elements. Mammals have no coracoids (except in monotremes) and nongrasping animals have no clavicle so that the girdle consists only of the scapula. Grasping or climbing animals have a clavicle. Birds have a complete bony girdle. Called also pectoral girdle. thoracic inlet the entrance of the chest between the two first ribs, the manubrium, and the first thoracic vertebra. thoracic limb forelimb. thoracic pain such as that caused by broken ribs, torn intercostal muscles, pleurisy can cause a grunt at the end of each inspiration. thoracic peristaltic sounds can be of assistance in diagnosing diaphragmatic hernia in a dog or cat but they occur commonly in normal horses and cattle.

thoracic positioner a sterilizable M-shaped metal trough which can be laid on an operating table and an animal propped up in it for surgery. thoracic respiration the diaphragm and abdominal muscles remain immobilized and play little part in respiration, as in peritonitis with diaphragmatic hernia. thoracic segmental spinal cord degeneration characteristic lesion in the inherited disease merino degenerative axonopathy . thoracic surgery surgical procedures involving entrance into the chest cavity. Until techniques for endotracheal anesthesia were perfected, this type of surgery was extremely dangerous because of the possibility of lung collapse. By administering anesthesia under pressure through an endotracheal tube it is now possible to keep one or both lungs expanded, even when they are subjected to atmospheric pressure. thoracic symmetry lack of symmetry between the two sides, viewed from above, can suggest lung collapse or a space-occupying lesion on the smaller side; in ruminants the presence of the rumen always enhances the size of the left side. thoracic tube see chest tube .

thoracic vertebrae the vertebrae between the cervical and lumbar vertebrae, giving attachment to the ribs and forming part of the dorsal wall of the thorax. thoracic wall includes the ribs, sternum and thoracic vertebrae, the intercostal, superficial and deep, muscles, and the external respiratory muscles (transverse thoracic, rectus thoracic, serratus dorsalis and scalenus), and the costal pleura. thoracic wall flap a surgical approach to the thoracic cavity that combines an intercostal incision and sternotomy. It allows great exposure to structures of the cranial mediastinum and caudal cervical region. thoracic wall wound penetration through to the pleural cavity results in pneumothorax and collapse of the lung on that side. Thoracic cavity - StudyBlue Good to have you back! If you've signed in to StudyBlue with Facebook in the past, please do that again. Thoracic cavity Flexible for protection of heart, lungs, liver and stomach. Rib Cage Composed of vertebrae, sternum, and cartilage. Advertisement ) Most superior part of sternum, has a jugular notch on top.

Xiphoid Process most inferior part of the sternum. Ribs Ribs 1-10 originate at costal facets of thoracic vertebrae, have tubercular facets in contact with transverse process of thoracic, while ribs 11-12 only contact costal facets on vertebral body. True Ribs Ribs 1-7 connect directly to sternum by costal cartilage. False Ribs Ribs 8,9,10, ribs are not directly connected to the sternum. Floating Ribs Ribs 11+12, because they are not connected to the sternum. Superior Thoracic Aperture T1 is your posterior landmark, while manubrium is your anterior landmark, and is the opening at the top of the thoracic cavity, and also the only way to bring air and food into the thoracic cavity. Inferior Thoracic Aperture T12 is posterior landmark, Xiphosternal Junction (Sternum and Xiphoid process) is anterior landmark,, ring for diaphram. Serratus Posterior Superior Muscle Muscle of the the thoracic wall, action is to elevate the ribs.

Serratus Posterior Inferior Muscle of the thoracic wall, action is to depress ribs. Levatores Costarum Muscle of thoracic wall, action is to elevate ribs. External Intercostals Origin: Inferior border of ribs Insertion: Superior Border of ribs. Innervation: Intercostal Nerves The Diaphragm - Actions - Innervation - TeachMeAnatomy 5 Clinical Relevance: Paralysis of the Diaphragm The diaphragm is a double-domed sheet of skeletal muscle, located at the inferior-most aspect of the rib cage. It serves two main functions: Separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity (the word diaphragm is derived from the Greek ‘diáphragma’, meaning partition). Undergoes contraction and relaxation, altering the volume of the thoracic cavity and the lungs, producing inspiration and expiration. In this article, we shall look at the anatomy of the diaphragm – its attachments, actions and associated neurovascular structures.

Anatomical Position and Attachments © 2015-2017 TeachMeAnatomy.com [CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0] Fig 1.0 – The diaphragm is split into two lobes, left and right. Note the vertebral attachments of the diaphragm are the left and right crura. The diaphragm is located at the inferior-most aspect of the ribcage, filling the inferior thoracic aperture. It acts as the floor of the thoracic cavity and the roof of the abdominal cavity. The attachments of diaphragm can be divided into peripheral and central attachments. It has three peripheral attachments: Lumbar vertebrae and arcuate ligaments. Costal cartilages of ribs 7-12. Xiphoid process of the sternum. The parts of the diaphragm that arise from the vertebrae are tendinous in structure, and are known as the right and left crura: Right crus – Arises from L1-L3 and their intervertebral discs. Some fibres from the right crus surround the oesophageal opening, acting as a physiological sphincter to prevent reflux of gastric contents into the oesophagus.

Left crus – Arises from L1-L2 and their intervertebral discs. The muscle fibres of the diaphragm combine to form a central tendon. This tendon ascends to fuse with the inferior surface of the fibrous pericardium. Either side of the pericardium, the diaphragm ascends to form left and right domes. At rest, the right dome lies slightly higher than the left – this is thought to be due to the presence of the liver. Pathways through the Diaphragm The diaphragm divides the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Thus, any vessels that pass between the two cavities will pierce the diaphragm. There are three openings that act as conduit for these structures: Oesophageal opening (T10 level): Transmits the oesophagus, vagus nerves, and oesophageal branches of the left gastric vessels. Aortic opening (T12 level): Transmits the aorta, thoracic duct (a large lymphatic vessel) and azygous vein. Caval opening (T8 level): Transmits the inferior vena cava. Fig 1.1 – View of the inferior surface of the diaphragm.

Note the three openings. Actions The diaphragm is the primary muscle of respiration. During inspiration, it contracts and flattens, increasing the vertical diameter of the thoracic cavity. This produces lung expansion, and air is drawn in. During expiration, the diaphragm passively relaxes and returns to its original dome shape. This reduces the volume of the thoracic cavity. Innervation and Vasculature The halves of the diaphragm receives motor innervation from a phrenic nerve. The left half of the diaphragm (known as a hemidiaphragm) is innervated by the left phrenic nerve, and vice versa. Each phrenic nerve is formed in the neck within the cervical plexus, and contains fibres from spinal roots C3-C5. The majority of the arterial supply to the diaphragm is delivered via the inferior phrenic arteries, which arise directly from the abdominal aorta. The remaining supply is from the superior phrenic, pericardiacophrenic, and musculophrenic arteries. The draining veins follow the aforementioned arteries. Fig 1.2 – The anatomical course of the phrenic nerves, which innervate the diaphragm.

Clinical Relevance: Paralysis of the Diaphragm By Ratnayake et al [CC BY 2.0] via BioMed Central Ltd Fig 1.3 – Chest x-ray, showing paralysis of the right hemidiaphragm. Diaphragmatic paralysis is due to an interruption in its nervous supply. This can occur in the phrenic nerve, cervical spinal cord, or the brainstem. It is most often due to a lesion of the phrenic nerve: Mechanical trauma: ligation or damage to the nerve during surgery. Compression: due to a tumour within the chest cavity. Myopathies: such as myasthenia gravis. Neuropathies: such diabetic neuropathy. Paralysis of the diaphragm produces a paradoxical movement. The affected side of the diaphragm moves upwards during inspiration, and downwards during expiration. A unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis is usually asymptomatic, and is most often an incidental finding on x-ray. If both sides are paralysed, the patient may experience poor exercise tolerance, orthopnoea and fatigue. Lung function tests will show a restrictive deficit. Management of diaphragmatic paralysis is two-fold.

Firstly, the underlying cause must be identified and treated. The second part of treatment deals with symptomatic relief. This is usually via non-invasive ventilation, such as a CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) machine. Rate This Article The Abdominal Cavity  Lies between the diaphragm and the pelvis  Bounded by the lower ribs, abdominal muscles, and vertebral column  Contains the abdominal. - ppt download Download Presentation is loading. Please wait. The Abdominal Cavity  Lies between the diaphragm and the pelvis  Bounded by the lower ribs, abdominal muscles, and vertebral column  Contains the abdominal.

Published by Sharon Sullivan Modified about 1 year ago Embed Similar presentations More Presentation on theme: "The Abdominal Cavity  Lies between the diaphragm and the pelvis  Bounded by the lower ribs, abdominal muscles, and vertebral column  Contains the abdominal."— Presentation transcript: 1 2 The Abdominal Cavity  Lies between the diaphragm and the pelvis  Bounded by the lower ribs, abdominal muscles, and vertebral column  Contains the abdominal viscera (internal organs ) 3  Solid Organs ~ more often & easily injured ~ cause rapid death due to large blood supply which causes internal bleeding ~ spleen, liver, kidneys, pancreas  Hollow Organs ~ injuries are rare because tubes are hollow ~ assist in transporting substances from one organ to another ~ stomach, gall bladder, sm & lg intestines, bladder 4 The Peritoneum  A continuous sheath of tissue which covers the entire abdominal cavity and all visceral organs 5 The Abdominal Quadrants  The abdomen is divided into 4 regions – or quadrants: RUQ (right upper quadrant), RLQ (right lower quadrant), LUQ (

left upper quadrant), LLQ (left lower quadrant)  This makes it easier to locate organs in the abdominal cavity 6 Right Upper Quadrant  Right lobe of liver  Gallbladder  Right kidney  Small Intestine  Large Intestine 7 Right Lower Quadrant  Small Intestine  Large Intestine  Appendix  Right Ovary & Uterus (females)  Prostate (males)  Ureters 8 Left Upper Quadrant  Small Intestine  Stomach  Spleen  Left kidney  Large Intestine  Part of liver & pancreas 9 Left Lower Quadrant  Small Intestine  Portion of bladder  Large Intestine  Left Ovary & Uterus (females)  Prostate (males) 10 Stomach  Positioned between the esophagus & small intestines  Holds and breaks down food for digestion  Produces HCl (hydrochloric acid) to break down food into chyme.

11 Liver  Located under the diaphragm  Produces bile enzyme which is important for digesting fats  Absorbs excess glucose from the bloodstream and stores it in the form of glycogen  Helps to cleanse the body of poisons and waste (detox)  Functions can be impaired by alcohol abuse – cirrhosis  Hepatitis – inflammation caused by a viral infection..reduces liver efficiency 12 Gallbladder Found just beneath the liver Accessory organ to the liver. Storage area for bile produced by the liver Gallstones - solid deposits of cholesterol or calcium salts - sometimes form in some individuals, leading to severe abdominal pain 13 Pancreas Found below the stomach surrounded by the intestine Secretes hormones used in the digestive process, particularly insulin and glucagon which lowers and elevates blood sugar levels.

14 Spleen  Lies between the 9 th -11 th ribs on the left side  Largest of the lymphoid organs  Cleanses blood cells from bacteria, foreign matter, viruses, toxins from the blood  Storing of excess blood cells for later use  Produces red blood cells in the fetus  Stores blood platlets  Not necessary for survival and is often removed if injured or damaged because of the threat of bleeding from the organ 15 Small Intestines  Approx.

6 feet long  Responsible for food digestion  Where nutrient exchange takes place 16 Large Intestine or Colon  Removes undigestable materials and excess water from the body 17 Appendix  Located in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen near the right hip bone  Appendage attached to the large intestine near the beginning of the large intestine  Its purpose is unknown  Sometimes becomes inflamed (appendicitis) leading to abdominal distress and infection  Is usually removed surgically if this occurs 18 Kidneys  Located at the rear of the abdominal cavity  Cleanse blood of toxins and other waste material  Produces urine  Blood supply is inadequate, can cause hypertension from chemical constriction of body’s blood vessels  Responsible for maintaining acid-base in body, which if changed causes body system to shut down eventually resulting in death 19 Ureters  Carry urine to the bladder from the kidneys  Bladder  Stores urine for excretion 20 Abdominal muscles provide protection for organs  Rectus Abdominus  Gives “washboard” affect  Action – flex the vertebral column 21  Internal Obliques

  Action –  Laterally flex the vertebral column  Rotate vertebral column to the same side 22  External Obliques  Laterally flex the vertebal column to the same side  Rotate vertebral column to the opposite side 23  Transverse Abdominis  Holds internal organs in cavity 24  Located between the abdomen and the neck  Boney structures include:  12 pairs of Ribs  Costal cartilage  Sternum (breast bone)  Xiphoid process  Thoracic vertebrae 25  Internal Organs:  Heart  Pumps blood to the body tissues  Lungs  Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide as blood passes though the lungs  Major Arteries/Veins  Superior & Inferior AORTA (arter)  Superior & Inferior VENA CAVA (vein_  Pulmonary arteries and veins carry blood to/from the heart and lungs 26 Heart Size of your fist Pumps blood to all parts of the body Divided into 4 chambers Upper chambers

 – right and left atrium Lower chambers – right and left ventricles A muscular wall called the septum separates the right side from the left side Each chambers have valves.

The valves have different names. the tricuspid valve is at the exit of the right atrium the mitral valve is for the left atrium the pulmonary valve is at the exit of the right ventricle the aortic valve is at the exit of the left ventricle. Their purpose is to allow blood to move forward through the heart and to prevent it flowing backwards into the previous chamber. 27 * The heart muscle contracts in two stages to squeeze blood out of the heart. This is known as systole. * In the first stage, the upper chambers (atria) contract at the same time, pushing blood down into the lower chambers (ventricles). * Blood is pumped from the right atrium down into the right ventricle and from the left atrium down into the left ventricle. * In the second stage, the lower chambers contract to push this blood out of the heart to either the body via your main artery (aorta) or to the lungs to pick up oxygen. * The heart then relaxes – known as diastole. Blood fills up the heart again, and the whole process, which takes a fraction of a second, is repeated.

* The heart muscle contracts in two stages to squeeze blood out of the heart. This is known as systole.* In the first stage, the upper chambers (atria) contract at the same time, pushing blood down into the lower chambers (ventricles). * Blood is pumped from the right atrium down into the right ventricle and from the left atrium down into the left ventricle.* In the second stage, the lower chambers contract to push this blood out of the heart to either the body via your main artery (aorta) or to the lungs to pick up oxygen.* The heart then relaxes – known as diastole. Blood fills up the heart again, and the whole process, which takes a fraction of a second, is repeated. * The heart muscle contracts in two stages to squeeze blood out of the heart. This is known as systole.* In the first stage, the upper chambers (atria) contract at the same time, pushing blood down into the lower chambers (ventricles).

* Blood is pumped from the right atrium down into the right ventricle and from the left atrium down into the left ventricle.* In the second stage, the lower chambers contract to push this blood out of the heart to either the body via your main artery (aorta) or to the lungs to pick up oxygen.* The heart then relaxes – known as diastole. Blood fills up the heart again, and the whole process, which takes a fraction of a second, is repeated. 28 On the right side, the upper chamber fills with oxygen- depleted blood from your body and pushes it via the lower chamber and the pulmonary artery back to the lungs. Here blood picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. On the left side, the upper chamber fills with oxygen-rich blood from the lungs. This is pumped via the lower chamber into the aorta and out to the body to provide cells with the crucial oxygen they need.

29 Lungs  Right side has 3 lobes  Left has 2 lobes Function  To exchange O2 and CO2  To dissipate heat from the body 30 Trachea divides into two bronchi  Bronchi divide into bronchioles  Bronchioles end in alveoli  Alveoli are air containing cells of the lungs  O2 and CO2 are exchanged here Coughing & sneezing help keep trachea and bronchi clear and remove phlegm and allergy-causing agents from the lungs Respiration Rate o Lung function and breathing rate controlled by CO2 receptors o If there is too much CO2, inhalation occurs to bring in more O2 o Exercise increases cell metabolism o Causes cells to need more O2 and eliminate more CO2 o With exercise lungs ability to exchange air more efficiently increases o Breaths become more deeper and more forceful o Return to normal breathing quicker 31 Pleura  Thin lubricated tissue  Lines each half of thorax  Folded back over the surface of the lung on same side  Allow for smooth movement of lungs as they encounter the wall

 of ribs during inhalation and exhalation 32 The Diaphragm  is a sheet of internal skeletal muscle that extends across the bottom of the rib cage.

 The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity (heart, lungs & ribs) from the abdominal cavity  performs an important function in respiration: as the diaphragm contracts, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases and air is drawn into the lungs. 33  Soft tissues include:  Major muscles  Pectoralis muscle  Adducts and rotates the arm  Raises the ribs in forced inspiration  Upper portion flexes the arm  Intercostal muscles  Elevate and depress ribs  Serratus posterior  Elevate ribs during inhalation  Depress ribs during exhalation 34 35  General Considerations…  The abdomen is particularly vulnerable to injury in all contact sports  Blows to the area may cause both superficial and/or deep injuries  Strong abdominal muscles provide good protection when they are tensed, but when relaxed they are easily injured  The concept of “defense posturing”  If someone is expecting to be hit in the abdomen, they will tense their muscles to protect themselves.

Likewise, if they are having abdominal pain, they will often tense their abdominal muscles in an effort to relieve the discomfort. This is called DEFENSE POSTURING 36  General Considerations, continued…  It is important to protect the abdomen and trunk from injury in collision and contact sports  Conditioning is essential – strong abdominal muscles will help reduce the likelihood of injury  Proper protective equipment should be worn when indicated or required by the rules of the game, such as in softball and baseball where chest protectors are required  Safety rules should always be applied and enforced by officials, coaches, and ATCs.

37  General Considerations, continued…  ALWAYS remember…  Any suspected internal injury to the abdomen should ALWAYS be referred to a physician or the hospital emergency room for further evaluation  Make sure that the athlete and their parents understand the importance of doing what you advise when referring an athlete for a suspected abdominal injury – it could be the difference between life and and death  If in doubt, activate the EMS system and have the athlete transported by an ambulance 38  Contusions  Surprisingly, not particularly common in athletics  When they do occur, they are usually seen with sports like football, baseball, or hockey  Runningbacks, Catchers, and Goalies are most vulnerable  Bruising can occur superficially on the skin or deeper within the muscle tissue or even upon the internal organs  The extent of injury is often determined depending upon whether or not the force was blunt or penetrating one  Usually larger objects tend to produce blunt forces, whereas smaller objects produce penetrating forces (ie, body to body contact in football vs.

ball to body contact in baseball or softball 39  Contusions, continued…  A contusion to the rectus abdominus can be very disabling  May lead to the formation of a hematoma under the fascial tissue surrounding the muscle  Causes extreme pain and muscle tightness to the area 40  Contusions, continued…  Care and treatment by the ATC should include…  Ice and compression to the area of the contusion  Evaluation and examination for internal injuries  Referral to a physician (if internal injury may be suspected) 41  Abdominal muscle strains  Usually caused by a sudden twisting of the trunk or from reaching overhead for something  Can be very incapacitating with severe pain and hematoma formation  Care and treatment by the ATC is generally conservative and includes…  Ice with a pressure wrap (as tolerated)  Gradual return to exercise within pain free limits with an emphasis on flexibility and muscle strengthening  Simple rest is essential for recovery from these injuries 42  Hernias  A protrusion of the abdominal viscera through a portion of the abdominal wall  There are 2

 types of hernias  Congenital – developed before birth (birth defect)  Acquired – developed as a result of muscle weakness in the abdomen or as the result of an injury to the abdomen 43  Hernias, continued…  Structures of a hernia include…  Mouth  Also known as the hernial ring, it is the opening from the abdominal cavity  Neck  Portion that joins the mouth and body of the hernia  Usually the area that becomes strangled  Body  Portion of the sac that protrudes outside the abdominal wall 44  Hernias, continued…  Acquired hernias usually exhibit the following signs and symptoms…  Previous history of a blow or strain to the groin area that has produced pain and prolonged discomfort  Superficial protrusion in the groin area that is becomes larger when coughing  Reported feeling of weakness and a pulling sensation in the groin area 45  Hernias, continued…  Hernias may become a problem in athletics due to falls or blows to the lower abdominal area  A strangulated hernia may result  This occurs when the

 hernial ring closes tightly over the neck of the hernia cutting of blood supply to the tissues in the body of the hernia leading to tissue death and pain  Hernias in the groin area are most common in athletics and known as INGUINAL HERNIAS  These are seen most often in males (75%) 46  Hernias, continued…  Care and treatment by the ATC  Surgical repair is usually the most appropriate long term care for a hernia that is causing discomfort for an athlete  There are medical prosthesis that can be worn in lieu of surgical repair, but they are not always functional in athletics due to the friction and irritation they produce while wearing them  Athletes with a suspected hernia should be referred to a physician for further evaluation and care 47  “Stitch in the Side”  An idiopathic (of unknown cause) condition that occurs in some athletes  Best described as a cramp-like pain that develops in the right or lower left side of the lower abdomen during physical activity, especially running  Causes of this condition are obscure, but some explanations include…  Constipation  Intestinal gas  Di

aphragmatic spasm due to poor conditioning  Ischemia, or lack of blood flow, to the diaphragm and/or intercostal muscles 48  Stitch in the Side”, continued…  Care and treatment by the ATC includes the following…  Having the athlete discontinue their activity  Relaxation of the spasm by stretching the arm on the affected side over the athlete’s head  Having athlete flex their trunk, resting on the thighs  This last method is usually not very effective because it actually reduces oxygen flow to the affected area  Why is this?

 Athletes with recurrent problems may need medical study of their eating habits, bathroom habits, or types of training regimens they are following in order to help identify the cause of their problem 49  Blow to the Solar Plexus  The CELIAC PLEXUS (SOLAR PLEXUS) is a bundle of nerves that controls involuntary movement of the diaphragm and allows us to breath  A blow to this structure causes transitory paralysis of the diaphragm  This is often referred to as “getting the wind knocked out” 50  Blow to the Solar Plexus, continued…  When this occurs, it causes a loss or respiration leading to anoxia, or a lack of oxygen and can cause the athlete to become quite frightened because of their inability to breath  Care and treatment by the ATC includes…  Immediately reassure the athlete by speaking to them in a calm but confident manner, helping them to remain calm themselves  Loosen the athletes belt or clothing around the abdomen and have them bend there knees  Encourage the athlete to relax by initiating short inspirations through their nose and long expirations through their mouth 51  Append

icitis –  Inflamation of the appendix  Signs/symptoms  Progressively worsening pain  Coughing or sneezing is painful  Nausea  Vomiting  Fever  Inability to pass gas  Constipation  Loss of appetite.

52  Treatment  Athletic trainer will have the athlete seek medical attention  Monitor vital signs 53  Ruptured Spleen  Most often injured internal organ with blunt trauma  The spleen is a sponge-like organ consisting of lymphatic tissue and enclosed by a dense capsule.

It stores blood and filters bacteria and other waste matter  Injuries to the spleen are usually the result of a fall that jars or a direct blow to the left upper quadrant of the abdomen  Mononucleosis and other blood born diseases and infections often enlarge the spleen and predispose and athlete to a spleen injury  Athletes with a recent history of these conditions should not participate in contact or collision sports unless cleared by a physician 54  Ruptured Spleen, continued  It is extremely important that ATCs know the signs and symptoms of a spleen injury  Failure to recognize these signs could lead to death if the athlete does not receive timely medical care  Signs and symptoms include…  History of severe blow to the abdomen, particularly in the upper left quadrant  Possible shock  Abdominal rigidity and/or guarding  Nausea and/or vomiting  Reflex pain occurring approximately 30 minutes after the initial injury.

This is called Kehr’s Sign and is indicated by pain which radiates from the LUQ to the left shoulder and sometimes 1/3 the length of the left arm 55  Ruptured Spleen, continued  It is also important to understand and recognize that the spleen as the ability to “splint” itself  This involves producing a blood clot that may delay hemorrhage  Any slight strain or jarring movement, however, may disrupt this “splint” leading to massive internal bleeding and possible death  Care and treatment by the ATC includes…  Immediate referral to the hospital emergency room via ambulance transport if a spleen injury is suspected 56  Kidney Contusions  The kidney’s sit at the back of the abdominal cavity, with one on each side of the spine  Contusions are usually caused by a severe outside blow or force to the area  Signs and symptoms of a kidney contusion include…  Possible shock (in severe cases)  Nausea and/or vomiting  Rigidity of back muscles  Blood in the urine ( hematuria )  Possible referred pain high in the back or into the

 anterior abdominal region 57  Kidney Contusions, continued…  Care and treatment by the ATC includes…  Instructing the athlete to urinate 2-3 times and to look for blood in the urine  If blood is present, referral to a physician for evaluation  Application of ice to the area for treatment of superficial pain 58  Rib Contusions  Usually caused by a blow to the rib area  Usually involves the intercostal muscles and/or the bony structure of the ribs  Since intercostal muscles are essential to breathing, injury to them will cause pain and discomfort with breathing  Characteristically, the pain is sharp in nature with inspiration and there will also be point tenderness present over the injured area 59  Rib Contusions, continued…  Care and treatment by the ATC includes…  Ice, compression, and rest  Referral to a physician for x-rays and evaluation  Anti-inflammatory medications per physician orders and local protocol  Fitting the athlete for rib protectors when appropriate and/or necessary 60  Rib Fractures  Not uncommon in sports  Seen most

 often in contact/collision sports like wrestling and football  Can be caused a direct blow or indirect trauma  Violent muscle contraction  Violent coughing  Vomiting, etc 61  Rib Fractures, cont’d…  Direct fractures are the most dangerous  With this type of fracture, the rib bones fracture and displace inward  The jagged edges of the bone can then lacerate internal tissues and organs such as the lungs, liver, spleen, heart, etc.

62  Indirect Rib Fractures  Usually occur outward  Produces an oblique and/or transverse fissure in the skin, that can be observed or palpated  Signs and symptoms of rib fractures include…  Discoloration and bruising in the chest area  Severe pain on inspiration  Point tenderness over the injured area  Possible crepitis on palpation  Difficulty breathing (in some cases) 63  Care and treatment for rib fractures and related injuries by the ATC should include…  Application of ice  Application of a splint to the rib cage to immobilize  Referral to a physician for x- rays and further evaluation  Decreased or stopped activity until ribs have healed  Generally 3-4 weeks for simple fractures IF A PNEUMOTHORAX, HEMOTHORAX, OR FLAIL CHEST IS SUSPECTED EMS SHOULD BE ACTIVATED AND THE ATHLETE SHOULD BE TRANSPORTED TO THE HOSPITAL AS SOON AS POSSIBLE 64  Complications of Rib Fractures include…  Hemothorax  Involves blood filling the chest cavity, creating pressure

 on the heart and lungs, eventually causing the lung to collapse  Usually occurs as the result of blunt trauma, such as is seen with a rib fracture 65  Complications of Rib Fractures include…  Pneumothorax  Results when air enters the chest cavity but does not enter the lung  The pressure of the air in the chest cavity presses against the lung, causing it to collapse  Air can enter the chest cavity two ways  From an open wound in the chest  From a laceration in the lung 66  Complications of Rib Fractures include…  Tension Pneumothorax  Usually occurs after a pneumothorax  When the lung has collapsed as much as it possibly can, the pressure continues to build in the cavity causing the collapsed lung to press against the heart and the other lung  This causes the remaining lung to start collapsing and the extremely high pressures also prevent the return of blood to the heart from the veins  This is true life threatening emergency 67  Complications of Rib Fractures include…  Flail Chest  Results when the chest wall

 becomes unstable due to fractures of the sternum, ribs, or cartilage  Usually only occurs when there are fractures to 3 or more ribs next to each other  With a flail chest, the athlete will exhibit paradoxical breathing  When they inhale, the injured area will not expand like the rest of the chest  When they exhale, the injured area will protrude while the rest of the chest retracts 68 69  Sternal fractures  Very rarely seen in athletics  Result from a direct blow to the sternum, with a violent compressive force applied posteriorly, or from hyperflexion of the trunk  Signs and symptoms include…  Sharp chest pain occurring on inhalation and localized over the sternum  The head and shoulders will be drooped forward  Mild swelling and displaced bone fragments may be evident with physical examination 70  Sternal fractures, continued…  Care and treatment by the ATC should include…  Application of ice to the injured area  Referral for x-rays and evaluation by a physician  After return to activity, a posterior figure-8 wrap may be applied to help maintain the

 shoulders in an erect position  The use of protective padding may also be appropriate to reduce the likelihood of reinjury  The athlete with this condition will most likely be confined to bed rest for 2-3 weeks with immobilization 71  Costochondral Separation and Dislocation  A separation of the cartilagenous connections between the ribs and the sternum  Has a higher incidence than fractures in sports  Can be caused by a direct blow, a sudden twisting motion, or by falling on an object 72  Costochondral Separation and Dislocation  Signs and symptoms include…  Similar to those seen with rib fractures  The major difference being that pain is localized at the junction of the rib bone and rib cartilage or at the junction between the rib cartilage and the sternum  Care and treatment by the ATC includes…  Application of ice  Referral to a physician for x-rays and evaluation in severe cases  The use of anti-inflammatory medications per physician direction and/or local protocol  Reduced or stopped activity  Rest and immobilization  Healing usually takes 6-8 weeks with no sports activity 73

  Muscle Injuries  Usually occur in the form of muscle contusions or muscles strains  Can range in severity from very minor to very significant  Typical care and treatment by the ATC involves…  Application of ice and compression to the injured area  Reduction of activity until pain as subsided  Protective padding and/or support for the injured area  In severe cases, referral to a physician for further evaluation and care 74  Traumatic Asphyxia  Occurs as the result of a violent blow to, or a compression of, the rib cage  Causes cessation of breathing and also forces blood back into the veins  Signs and symptoms  Cyanosis  Bright red conjuctiva in eyes  Care and treatment…  Immediate activation of EMS  Begin CPR immediately 75  Heart Contusion  Occurs when the heart is compressed between the sternum and the spine  Often seen in baseball and weight lifting  Injury produces shock and severe chest pain  Care and treatment includes…  Immediate activation of EMS  Monitoring vital signs  Treating for shock  Possible CPR 76 �

�� Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack) and other Sudden Cardiac Events  More commonly seen in athletic activities than one may think  There have been numerous high profile cases in recent years where athletes have died from sudden cardiac arrest or heart attacks  Athletes complaining of severe chest pain with no other logical explanation or causation should be suspected of suffering from some type of cardiological disorder  These athletes should be immediately referred to their family physician or the hospital emergency room for further evaluation and treatment 77  Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy  Causes  Congenital Abnormalities  Abnormal coronary arteries  Marfan Syndrome  Signs/Symptoms  Chest pain, syncope (fainting), dizziness, palpitations, fatigue, shortness of breath  Treatment  Evaluation by physician 78 79 ALL DONE ????

Question: Which muscle separates the thoracic cavity (heart, lungs & ribs) from the abdominal cavity?
Answer: Diaphragm