What is Ethnology | Define Ethnology | Meaning of Ethnology | Definition of Ethnology | Academic Room Ethnology (from the Greek ἔθνος, ethnos meaning "people, nation, race") is the branch of anthropology that compares and analyzes the origins, distribution, technology, religion, language, and social structure of the ethnic, racial, and/or national divisions of humanity. Scientific discipline Compared to ethnography, the study of single groups through direct contact with the culture, ethnology takes the research that ethnographers have compiled and then compares and contrasts different cultures. The term ethnology is credited to Adam Franz Kollár who used and defined it in his Historiae ivrisqve pvblici Regni Vngariae amoenitates published in Vienna in 1783. Kollár's interest in linguistic and cultural diversity was aroused by the situation in his native multi-lingual Kingdom of Hungary and his roots among its Slovaks, and by the shifts that began to emerge after the gradual retreat of the Ottoman Empire in the more distant Balkans.

Among the goals of ethnology have been the reconstruction of human history, and the formulation of cultural invariants, such as the incest taboo and culture change, and the formulation of generalizations about "human nature", a concept which has been criticized since the 19th century by various philosophers (Hegel, Marx, structuralism, etc.). In some parts of the world ethnology has developed along independent paths of investigation and pedagogical doctrine, with cultural anthropology becoming dominant especially in the United States, and social anthropology in Great Britain. The distinction between the three terms is increasingly blurry. Ethnology has been considered an academic field since the late 18th century especially in Europe and is sometimes conceived of as any comparative study of human groups. The 15th century exploration of America by European explorers had an important role in formulating new notions of the Occidental, such as, the notion of the "Other". This term was used in conjunction with "savages", which was either seen as a brutal barbarian, or alternatively, as "noble savage". Thus, civilization was opposed in a dualist manner to barbary, a classic opposition constitutive of the even more commonly-shared ethnocentrism.

The progress of ethnology, for example with Claude Lévi-Strauss's structural anthropology, led to the criticism of conceptions of a linear progress, or the pseudo-opposition between "societies with histories" and "societies without histories", judged too dependent on a limited view of history as constituted by accumulative growth. Lévi-Strauss often referred to Montaigne's essay on cannibalism as an early example of ethnology. Lévi-Strauss aimed, through a structural method, at discovering universal invariants in human society, chief among which he believed to be the incest taboo. However, the claims of such cultural universalism have been criticized by various 19th and 20th century social thinkers, including Marx, Nietzsche, Foucault, Derrida, Althusser and Deleuze. The French school of ethnology was particularly significant for the development of the discipline since the early 1950s with Marcel Griaule, Germaine Dieterlen, Claude Lévi-Strauss and Jean Rouch.

Anthropology- Bangladesh: Ethnology Anthropology- Bangladesh In Bangladesh anthropology has an unique vicinity as the people of Bangladesh has their inimitable customs, believes, norms, values as well as the other distinctive aspects of culture. Our dream is to make this web site as a unique source of views and opinions related to cultural and social issues that we reflect ourselves with our own culture. Ethnology Ethnology : From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Ethnology (from the Greek ἔθνος, ethnos meaning "habit, custom, convention") is the branch of anthropology that compares and analyzes the origins, distribution, technology, religion, language, and social structure of the ethnic, racial, and/or national divisions of humanity.[1] Compared to ethnography, the study of single groups through direct contact with the culture, ethnology takes the research that ethnographers have compiled and then compares and contrasts different cultures.

The term ethnology is credited to Adam Franz Kollár who used and defined it in his Historiae ivrisqve pvblici Regni Vngariae amoenitates published in Vienna in 1783.[2] Kollár's interest in linguistic and cultural diversity was aroused by the situation in his native multi-lingual Kingdom of Hungary and his roots among its Slovaks, and by the shifts that began to emerge after the gradual retreat of the Ottoman Empire in the more distant Balkans.[3] Among the goals of ethnology have been the reconstruction of human history, and the formulation of cultural invariants, such as the alleged incest taboo and culture change, and the formulation of generalizations about "human nature", a concept which has been criticized since the 19th century by various philosophers (Hegel, Marx, structuralism, etc.). In some parts of the world ethnology has developed along independent paths of investigation and pedagogical doctrine, with cultural anthropology becoming dominant especially in the United States, and social anthropology in Great Britain. The distinction between the three terms is increasingly blurry.

Ethnology has been considered an academic field since the late 18th century especially in Europe and is sometimes conceived of as any comparative study of human groups. The 15th century "discovery of America" had an important role in the new Occidental interest toward the "Other", often qualified as "savages", which was either seen as a brutal barbarian or as a "noble savage". Thus, civilization was opposed in a dualist manner to barbary, a classic opposition constitutive of the even more commonly-shared ethnocentrism. The progress of ethnology, for example with Claude Lévi-Strauss's structural anthropology, led to the criticism of conceptions of a linear progress, or the pseudo-opposition between "societies with histories" and "societies without histories", judged too dependent on a limited view of history as constituted by accumulative growth. Lévi-Strauss often referred to Montaigne's essay on cannibalism as an early example of ethnology. Lévi-Strauss aimed, through a structural method, at discovering universal invariants in human society, chief among which he believed to be the incest taboo.

However, the claims of such cultural universalism have been criticized by various 19th and 20th century social thinkers, including Marx, Nietzsche, Foucault, Althusser and Deleuze. Reactions: What is The Difference Between Ethnography and Ethnology Tweet Ethnology Ethnology (from the Greek ', ethnos meaning "people, nation, race") is the branch of anthropology that compares and analyzes the origins, distribution, technology, religion, language, and social structure of the ethnic, racial, and/or national divisions of humanity. ethnology n : the branch of anthropology that deals with the division of humankind into races and with their origins and distribution and distinctive characteristics Ethnology \Eth*nol"o*gy\n. [Gr. ? nation + -logy.] The science which treats of the division of mankind into races, their origin, distribution, and relations, and the peculiarities which characterize them. ETHNOLOGY, n. The science that treats of the various tribes of Man, as robbers, thieves, swindlers, dunces, lunatics, idiots and ethnologists.

Data Sources: ethnography: The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.44 ethnology: WordNet (r) 2.0 ethnology: The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.44 ethnology: THE DEVIL'S DICTIONARY ((C)1911 Released April 15 1993) Currently unrated Anthropology/Lecture - Wikiversity Anthropology/Lecture This is a close up of lines from the engraving. Credit: Wim Lustenhouwer, VU University Amsterdam.

Contents 17 External links "Some 540,000 years ago, an ancient ancestor of modern humans took a shark tooth and carefully carved a geometric engraving [shown close-up in the image on the right] on a mollusk shell." [1] "The engraving -- the oldest piece of art ever found by at least 300,000 years -- as well as a shell tool were found at a site in what is now Java, Indonesia." [1] Homo erectus[ edit ] "The work [at the top right of this lecture] strongly suggests that Homo erectus, aka "Upright Man," was far more sophisticated than previously thought, being capable of cognition and behavior only attributed before to our species." [1] "It was probably through the opening of shells with a shark tooth for food that at least one individual made a 'next step' by putting the tool to the shell for scratching lines, instead of, or in addition to, drilling a hole for opening the shell." [2] Main sources: History/Prehistory and Prehistory The prehistory period dates from around 7 x 106 b2k to about 7,000 b2k.

"The age of the engraving is astounding, as no other art, even cave and rock paintings, are as old." [1] Main sources: Dominant group/Archaeology and Archaeology The discovery was made while "studying a fossil freshwater mussel shell assemblage from a site called Trinil in Java. The mussel shells originally were excavated by Eugène Dubois in the 1890s, but have been stored in the Dubois collection of the Naturalis museum in Leiden, The Netherlands. Sediment within the shells enabled them to be dated using both isotopic and luminescence methods." [1] Main source: Arts "When we tried to reproduce such a pattern by engraving a fresh shell with a shark tooth, we found it required a lot of strength and skill, especially to make such neat angles where the lines are exactly joined together," Joordens said. "The maker certainly must have put a lot of effort in it.

Also, it is important to appreciate that originally the lines must have been white on a black-brown background: visually very striking." [2] Main source: Humanities "The good thing about these aquatic resources (shellfish) is that they are abundantly present and easy to collect, and very nutritious, so this would imply that life was not too tough for Homo erectus there." [2] "They no doubt spent much of their time on land gathering food, and we know they butchered large mammals, but their very heavy bones suggest they never moved far from water, and apparently regularly foraged in the water." [3] Theoretical anthropology[ edit ] Def. "[t]he holistic scientific and social study of humanity , mainly using ethnography as its method" [4] is called anthropology. "Anthropology is distinguished from other social science disciplines by its emphasis on in-depth examination of context, cross-cultural comparisons, and the importance it places on long-term, experiential immersion in the area of research." [4] This is an adult male mountain gorilla Gorilla beringei beringei of the Susa group. Credit: d_proffer . The mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) is shown.

Credit: Gavin Langille. Some thirty-two vervet monkey infants in Amboseli National Park, Kenya, are observed from August 1983 to June 1985. [5] An external factor making it costly for an animal to maintain access to a food item is threats by a high-ranking group member. [5] "Interactions with dominant group members may thus provide infants with the raw material for recognizing variation in food quality." [5] "A final possibility is that infants' fear of dominants overrides the importance of food quality." [5] Dominants "may instill a general level of fear in infants, regardless of food types, and thus abandon distance in infants is not expected to vary by food category." [5] The "whole genome of the mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) [has been sequenced] and compared [...] with the genomes of three other Gorilla subspecies – the western lowland gorilla (G. gorilla gorilla), the Cross River gorilla (G. g. diehli), and the eastern lowland gorilla (G. b.

graueri)." [6] "They are known from two separate locations: the Virunga range of extinct volcanic mountains on the borders of the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda and Uganda, and in the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park in Uganda.

Some scientists believe the Bwindi gorillas may be a separate subspecies." [6] “Mountain gorillas are among the most intensively studied primates in the wild, but this is the first in-depth, whole-genome analysis.” [6] “Three years on from sequencing the gorilla reference genome, we can now compare the genomes of all gorilla populations, including the critically endangered mountain gorilla, and begin to understand their similarities and differences, and the genetic impact of inbreeding.” [6] "[T]hese mountain gorillas, along with eastern lowland gorillas, were two to three times less genetically diverse than gorillas from larger groups in western regions of central Africa." [6] "Fewer harmful loss-of-function variants were found in the mountain gorilla population than in the more numerous western gorilla populations." [6] "[M]ountain gorillas have survived in small numbers for thousands of years." [6] Cultural anthropology[ edit ] Most nativistic movements "have as a common denominator a situation of inequality [that] ... may derive either from the attitudes of the societies involved or from actual situations of dominance and submission." [7] In the Southwest, the Anglo-Americans dominate Indians and Mexicans alike.

[7] "[T]he technological superiority of European culture has, until recently, rendered the dominance of colonial groups secure." [7] "Nativistic movements tend to arise only when the members of the subject society find that their assumption of the culture of the dominant group is being effectively opposed by it, or that it is not improving their social position." [7] Analysis: three apparent dominant groups are identified: colonial groups. [7] Dominant group is used to refer to the group of whites, Anglo-Americans, and colonial groups, each of which is in turn a dominant group. [7] These dominant subgroups are identified as indicated by respective links. "Colonial groups" refers to several groups of immigrants to America. North America has been divided into European immigrant territories based on control such as British America , French America , Spanish America , Russian America , Dutch America , and Norse America . The relation to one another is that they are dominant groups of individuals, or peoples, originating in Europe. The population is North Americans in the location of North America. Dominance appears to result from armed force, and technological superiority initially.

[7] These may have been replaced to some extent by distinctive powers and privileges, since the culture pattern of the dominant group of European-ancestor North Americans now preclude the use of forcible methods. [7] "Having established that cultural/language differences between the dominant group and the schools, on the one hand, and the minorities, on the other, existed, and that the difficulties in social adjustment and academic performance experienced by minority children might be due to such cultural/language differences, anthropological research developed into a second stage. ... [S]ome minority groups do well in school even though they do not share the language and cultural backgrounds of the dominant group that are reflected in school features and practices." [8] "The difference, as writers like Talal Asad within anthropology and Norman Fairclough within linguistics (Language and Power, 1989) would argue, is that the notion of hegemony problematises how a common social-moral language-a given discourse- achieves and reproduces its dominance, whereas earlier accounts of culture appeared to accept at face value the representations of the dominant group and their claim to speak for all." [9] Main sources: Biogeography/Ethnography and Ethnography Def.

"[t]he common characteristics of a group of people" [10] is called ethnicity. Def. the science and scientific descriptions of "specific human cultures and societies" [11] is called ethnography. "Ethnography (from Greek ἔθνος ethnos = folk/people and γράφω grapho = to write) is a qualitative research design aimed at exploring cultural phenomena. The resulting field study or a case report reflects the knowledge and the system of meanings in the lives of a cultural group. [12] [13] [14] An ethnography is a means to represent graphically and in writing, the culture of a people ." [15] Def. "[t]he branch of anthropology that studies and compares the different human cultures" [16] is called ethnology. "Ethnology (from the Greek ἔθνος, ethnos meaning "people, nation, race") is the branch of anthropology that compares and analyzes the origins, distribution, technology, religion , language , and social structure of the ethnic , racial , and/or national divisions of humanity.

[17] " [18] "Compared to ethnography , the study of single groups through direct contact with the culture, ethnology takes the research that ethnographers have compiled and then compares and contrasts different cultures." [18] "Anthropology is not just ethnography; in fact, the meanings which can be attached to ethnographic case studies depend on wider schemes, on classifications of societies, and on polemics which generate interest in particular projects at particular times." [19] "I. M.

Lewis has argued that spirit possession frequently provides a means for oppressed or deprived groups such as women to exert pressure upon or attack the dominant group (Lewis 1986: 23-50).4 Once a claim of this kind has been made, either on the basis of ethnographic descriptions or theoretical expectations, further ethnographic material cannot be introduced in a neutral way." [19] "So, an ethnographer who enters the scene on the presumption that the social arrangements in a particular school or classroom will favor the interests of a dominant group is undeniably looking for hegemonic practices." [20] "The problem becomes more complex when it is realized that in Kanuri-dominated towns such people often accept the dominant group's term and claim they are Kirdi." [21] "While the human groups are many and diverse, they are conveniently combined in two categories: first, the natural or consanguineal or kinship group in which the unit is the ethnos; and second, the artificial or essentially social group in which the unit is the demos.

The ethnos, or ethnic group, is the homologue of the varietal or specific group of animals; it is the dominant group in lower savagery, but its influence on human life wanes upward, to practically disappear in enlightenment except as retained in the structure of the family. The demos is the product of intelligence applied to the regulation of human affairs; it has no true homologue among animals; its importance waxes as that of the ethnos wanes from savagery through barbarism and civilization and thence into enlightenment." [22] Linguistic anthropology[ edit ] "In the case of Aboriginal Australia, differences between economic and political systems, at least using the categories usually quoted in relation to language replacement, are largely absent. Australian Aboriginal societies are classless and stateless, and it seems highly unlikely that any form of centralised organisation and elite hierarchy existed in the past." [23] " Pidginisation occurs where there is a close economic relationship between two peoples; the pidgin is derived from the language of the dominant partner in the relationship.

Such a relationship and the dominance of one side could be inferred from archaeological evidence, independently." [23] "Such a relationship may just as well result in the adoption of the dominant group's language as a lingua franca without significant pidginisation." [23] "Other aspects which have been suggested as crucial for pidgin simplification to occur are: (a) an attitude on the part of the dominant language speakers that their language cannot or should not be learnt by foreigners except in a simplified /'debased1 form; (b) a degree of actual complexity/difficulty in the dominant language." [23] Analysis: members of the dominant group are in the relationship of being "dominant partner"s. The population is "Aboriginal societies" in the location of Australia .

Investigating the source of dominance includes "While no relic language or group can be identified amid the southern Pama-Nyungan block of languages, the Yolngu languages of north-eastern Arnhem Land clearly constitute a northern offshoot of Pama-Nyungan entirely surrounded by non-Parna-Nyungan languages." [23] , "[T]he fact that in this myth this change in technology also accompanies a change from female to male control of circumcision ritual might encourage us to give consideration to ideas that radical change in ritual and social organisation has occurred and its traces can be detected." [23] , and "These are areas where Macassan influence was also strong." [23] Dominance may refer to "surrounded", "strong influence", or new technology and an accompanying "prehistoric change from matrimoieties to patrimoieties" [23] . Main source: Paleanthropology Originally thought to represent Homo habilis, later studies show that this fossil represents a distinct lineage. Credit: Chip Clark. This is Muellers Gibbon Hylobates muelleri at the Cincinnati Zoo Credit: Ltshears . Def.

the "scientific study of fossil humans, and the evolution of modern man" [24] is called paleanthropology. "There is only one really good fossil of this Homo rudolfensis: KNM-ER 1470, from Koobi Fora in the Lake Turkana basin, Kenya. It has one really critical feature: a braincase size of 775 cubic centimeters, which is considerably above the upper end of H. habilis braincase size. At least one other braincase from the same region also shows such a large cranial capacity." [25] Def. an "ape of the family Hominidae, having a mostly hairless face, hands with complex fingerprints, and flat fingernails. Includes chimpanzees and gorillas (subfamily Homininae), and orangutans (subfamily Ponginae). Usage may vary to either include or exclude humans (members of Homininae subfamily)" [26] is called a great ape. Def. any "great ape (including humans and apes) belonging to the superfamily Hominoidea" [27] is called a hominoid.

Physical anthropology[ edit ] "The Aztecs who conquered the city of Xaltocan in ancient Mexico around 1435 may have fundamentally changed the genetic makeup of the people who lived there ... maternal DNA from 25 residents of Xaltocan prior to the conquest did not match that found after. ... Xaltocan was the capital of a pre-Aztec city-state ruled by the Otomi, an indigenous people who lived in Mexico. ... Colonial records from the 1500s onward told tales of the Otomi fleeing the city en masse in 1395. "It's likely that some people did leave, probably the elites who no longer had the same social roles," Overholzer said. "It's also possible that when some people left, more valuable land was made newly available and so people moved around within the site."" [28] Ruling elites is a relative synonym for dominant group.

Social anthropology[ edit ] "Social Anthropology is the subdiscipline of Anthropology concerned with the study of human social and cultural institutions." [29] "For ethnic groups, [Niominkas and Serer people,] Wolofs and Lebus, Tukulors and Fulas, Bambaras and Soninkes, Diolas and Manjaks were respectively grouped together since the social structure and historical background of each member of the pair were closely related." [30] Ethnicity is a central concept in social anthropology and traditionally considered as prominent in determinism of behavior. [31] "In Senegal, Wolofs and Lebus represent the dominant group (43 per cent of total population) as well as the oldest one in the Dakar area." [30] Anthropology flashcards at Illinois Wesleyan University - StudyBlue StudyBlue Size: 28 Views: 7 Ethnology: comparative study of cultures. Universals, do they exits?is the branch of anthropology that compares and analyzes the origins, distribution, technology, religion, language, and social structure of the ethnic, racial, and/or national divisions of humanity. comparative study of cultures. Universals, do they exits?

Enculturation: to become encultured- natural process of growing up in a culture Advertisement ) when a group of people adjust to a new culture- immigration Ethology: naturalistic study of animal behavior Ethnography: refers to the qualitative research method of describing human social phenomena, based on data obtained primarily from fieldwork. The goal is a complete, accurate description of the culture being studied, on its own terms. Ethnography should not be confused with ethnology, which is the comparative study of cultures. Although ethnographic studies inevitably involve some comparisons with other cultures, their primary purpose is not comparison.

Proxemics: the study of the cultural use of space kinesis bodily gestures and movements symbol n object, word, or action that stands for something else with no natural relationship that is culturally defined signifier (symblo)-> signified (the symbol stands for) -> signification (culture) -> signifier The use of symbols is adaptive, that means that humans can learn to associate new symbols to a concept or new concepts with a symbol participant observation learning about a culture by being a part of it rapport trusting relationship between the researcher and the study population etic data collected according to the researchers questions and categories with the goal of being able to test a hypothesis emic data collected that reflects what insiders say and understand about their culture and insiders categories of thinking High Context Cultures relies on embedded, otherwise obscured information. Slow, indirect, governed by context. Latin American, southern Europe (France, Greece), East Asian-Japan. Tending to personal relationships, event time instead of clocks. This choice of communication styles translates into a culture that will cater to in-groups, an in-group being a group that has similar experiences and expectations, from which inferences are drawn. High Context cnt. In a high context culture, many things are left unsaid, letting the culture explain.

Words and word choice become very important in higher context communication, since a few words can communicate a complex message very effectively to an in-group (but less effectively outside that group), while in a lower context culture, the communicator needs to be much more explicit and the value of a single word is less important. Low Context Culture Tends to emphasize speed, efficiency, directness. Social life governed by time clocks. Low context culture refers to a culture’s tendency not to cater towards in-groups. An "in-group" is defined by the authors as being a discrete group having similar experiences and expectations, from which, in turn, inferences are drawn. Advertisement Low Context cnt. Low context cultures, such as Germany or the United States make much less extensive use of such similar experiences and expectations to communicate. Much more is explained through words or verbalization, instead of the context. cultural change All cultures change through time. No culture is static. However, most cultures are basically conservative in that they tend to resist change. Some resist more than others by enacting laws for the preservation and protection of traditional cultural patterns while putting up barriers to alien ideas and things. Anthropology 4 subcategories 4.

Biological Goal of Anthropology to make the exotic familiar, and to make the familiar strange. How self relates to other Language and Culture (Sapir-Whorf The principle of linguistic relativity holds that the structure of a language affects the ways in which its speakers are able to conceptualize their world, i.e. their world view. two versions: (i) the strong version that language determines thought and that linguistic categories limit and determine cognitive categories and (ii) the weak version that linguistic categories and usage influence thought and certain kinds of non-linguistic behavior. Expressive culture "the forms, processes, emotions, and ideas bound up in the social production of ... aesthetic forms and performances in everyday life--music, verbal art, play, material culture, celebration, ritual, and display" Expressive Culture, Geertz Culture: web of significance that people themselves have spun. These webs of significance are the terms with which human beings interpret their experience and guide actions. Cultural texts: books, myths, stories, splays, rituals, class, songs, parties. Meaning is not fixed or inherited, or “buried within the text”.

It is emergent in the experience of the text Structuralism There are particularly two themes that dominate in structuralist thinking: (1) the emphasis on meaning and symbolism, particularly the subconscious aspects of meaning, and (2) the emphasis on exchange. Empirically, the structuralists have done much work with myth and kinship. While the structural functionalists concentrated on social structure, the structuralists focused on structures of meaning Structuralism, Levi-Strauss binary opposites. Studied cultural myth- broke down myths to mediators: items that allow story to move on- ambivalent. Tricksters and scavengers that are the bridge between life and death. The structures are universal; the contents will be culturally specific. Structuralism, Levi-Strauss, cnt, Based on this concept, he argued that exchange is the universal basis of kinship systems, the structures of which would depend on the type of marriage rules that are applied. Because of its strong focus on vertical social relations, Lévi-Strauss' model of kinship systems came to be called alliance theory. meaning is produced and reproduced within a culture through various practices, phenomena and activities that serve as systems of signification.

Meaning (Structuralism, expression) In the social sciences a division is often made between theories of action and theories of meaning, where the first ask what an act or thing is in itself, while the others (e.g. Lévi-Strauss or Geertz) ask what it means for us culture. Messages that are communicated between people are called meaning. Meaining, continued Meaning can be understood and analyzed from a range of different viewpoints: semiotics, structuralism, cybernetics, performance theory, etc. The theories are often complex and use a rich vocabulary of (often ambiguous) terms: symbols, signs, metaphors, metonyms, icons, identities etc. Context (structuralism, expression) that which goes with the message. A concept used to indicate the "environment" that surrounds a phenomenon (e.g. a statement, an act, an event), that constitutes its "ground". It is often said that a phenomenon's significance and meaning cannot be understood if it is not "seen in context"; what people do and say must be understood on the background of the totality of their lives. * The material on this site is created by StudyBlue users.

StudyBlue is not affiliated with, sponsored by or endorsed by the academic institution or instructor. Words From Our Students "StudyBlue is great for studying. I love the study guides, flashcards and quizzes. So extremely helpful for all of my classes!" Alice , Arizona State University "I'm a student using StudyBlue, and I can 100% say that it helps me so much. Study materials for almost every subject in school are available in StudyBlue. It is so helpful for my education!" Tim , University of Florida "StudyBlue provides way more features than other studying apps, and thus allows me to learn very quickly!??I actually feel much more comfortable taking my exams after I study with this app. It's amazing!" Jennifer , Rutgers University "I love flashcards but carrying around physical flashcards is cumbersome and simply outdated. StudyBlue is exactly what I was looking for!" Justin , LSU Introduction - Pre-Colonial - North Carolina Digital History North Carolina Digital History Prehistory, contact, and the Lost Colony Important Message about LEARN NC LEARN NC is evaluating its role in the current online education environment as it relates directly to the mission of UNC-Chapel Hill School of Education (UNC-CH SOE).

We plan to look at our ability to facilitate the transmission of the best research coming out of UNC-CH SOE and other campus partners to support classroom teachers across North Carolina. We will begin by evaluating our existing faculty and student involvement with various NC public schools to determine what might be useful to share with you. Donât worry! The lesson plans, articles, and textbooks you use and love arenât going away. They are simply being moved into the new LEARN NC Digital Archive. While we are moving away from a focus on publishing, we know itâs important that educators have access to these kinds of resources. These resources will be preserved on our website for the foreseeable future. That said, weâre directing our resources into our newest efforts, so we wonât be adding to the archive or updating its contents. This means that as the North Carolina Standard Course of Study changes in the future, we wonât be re-aligning resources. Our full-text and tag searches should make it possible for you to find exactly what you need, regardless of standards alignment. Introduction By David Walbert More than 9,000 years ago, the first humans arrived in what is now North Carolina.

Their ancestors had migrated from Asia to North America about 12,000 years ago across a land bridge that had emerged when, during the last Ice Age, glaciers froze the oceans and sea level dropped. Or — wait a minute — maybe they didn’t. For half a century archaeologists agreed on that version of events, but recently they’ve found evidence of human activity in South America much earlier than that. Could humans have arrived in the Americas 20,000 years ago? 30,000? Could they have arrived by boat rather than by land? Or could that new evidence be wrong, and the older story correct after all? The first Europeans to set foot in what is now North Carolina were a party of Spanish explorers led by Hernando de Soto in the early 1540s. Strangers in a strange land, they lacked accurate means of measuring their location or how far they had traveled, and they left only written journals of their travels. In the 1800s, a researcher retraced De Soto’s route and determined that he traveled through the Piedmont of North Carolina. But hang on, again.

In the last twenty years historians and archaeologists have uncovered new evidence, and a newer version of De Soto’s trail takes him only through the southwestern corner of the state, deep in the Appalachians. And the argument about where he was, and when — and who he met, and how they lived — is far from over. In the 1580s, the English had a try at planting a colony in North Carolina, on Roanoke Island. Its governor, John White, sailed back to England for supplies, but was delayed there when war broke out with Spain. By the time he returned to Roanoke, the colonists had vanished, leaving only a word carved in a wooden post. He never found them, and neither has anyone else. Historians, archaeologists, ethnologists , linguists, and storytellers have searched for their traces and developed theories, but without hard proof. Maybe the colonists were all killed, or maybe they intermarried with the native residents of the Outer Banks and became today’s Lumbee Indians. No one knows for sure.

The past is a mystery — to be solved Often, the most interesting thing about the past is not what we know, but what we don’t know — because what we don’t know gives us the opportunity to learn something new. Historians, archaelogists, and other people who study the past — like researchers in any field — continually uncover new evidence and develop new ways of thinking about the topics they research. They construct the most accurate and complete version of events they can — until they find still more evidence, and then they rewrite them again. There are two responses you might have, on realizing just how little we actually know about the past. The first is to say that history is a confusing mess. And that’s true; it is — but so is the present, for that matter. Most things are a confusing mess until you take the trouble to think them through. So that way of reacting to things doesn’t do anyone a lot of good. The second, and better, way to look at the past is as a mystery to be solved. Everybody loves mysteries — but imagine how quickly CSI’s rating’s would plummet if they told you in the first five minutes who committed the crime. Nobody would watch.

Nobody would be a historian, either, if we had all the answers already. It’s the not knowing that makes history fun! Traditionally in a secondary-school history course, students are given answers to historical questions, usually in the form of a heavy textbook, and then asked to repeat those answers on tests. Only later, if they study history in college — and maybe only if they study it in graduate school — do they get to pose the questions for themselves, and answer them the way historians would answer them. We think you ought to be let in on the fun now. So this textbook is a little different. Journeys into the past The further back into the past we look, the less evidence remains, the more assumptions we have to make about it, and the more creative we have to be in developing theories about what actually happened. In this first part of our journey through North Carolina, you’ll learn not only what scholars think the distant past was like, but why they think what they think, and what they still don’t know. You can’t go out “into the field” and look for artifacts, but you’ll learn how archaeologists work.

As we move closer to the present, you’ll be given the raw materials of history to explore for yourself. Instead of just reading what it was like when Europeans and American Indians met for the first time, for example, you’ll have the opportunity to read a first-hand account of contact on the Outer Banks, and — with a little historical guidance — draw your own conclusions. Will this be more challenging than reading a single story and committing it to memory? Sure. But let’s face it: It doesn’t really matter whether the first people arrived in North America 12,000 years ago or 20,000 years ago. That information has no impact on your life, today. It’s the process — the questioning, the discovery, the analysis — that matters. It’s the process that’s fascinating. It’s the process that uncovers deeper truths, and tells us things we need to know about ourselves. And by taking part in that process, you may well find that all those names and dates really do matter — because you’ll know the stories behind them, and you’ll have helped to write them.

Learn more For teachers Teacher guide: Two worlds: Educator's guide Lesson plans and activities to be used with "Two Worlds: Prehistory, Contact, and the Lost Colony" -- the first part of a North Carolina history textbook for secondary students. Related topics Search LEARN NC for more resources on archaeology and history . A “digital textbook” LEARN NC’s digital textbook for North Carolina History uses primary sources and multimedia to tell many stories about the past, not just one. Part one explores the natural and human history of the state from the dawn of geologic time to approximately 1600 CE . Definitions ethnology n. A branch of anthropology that compares and analyses the origins, distribution, technology, religion, language, and social structure of the ethnic, racial, and/or national divisions of humanity. Ethnology E Ethnology Ethnology (from the Greek ἔθνος, ethnos meaning "people, nation, race") is the branch of anthropology that compares and analyzes the origins, distribution, technology, religion , language , and social structure of the ethnic , racial, and/or national divisions of humanity.

Scientific Discipline Compared to ethnography , the study of single groups through direct contact with the culture, ethnology takes the research that ethnographers have compiled and then compares and contrasts different cultures. The term ethnology is credited to Adam Franz Kollár who used and defined it in his Historiae ivrisqve pvblici Regni Vngariae amoenitates published in Vienna in 1783. Kollár's interest in linguistic and cultural diversity was aroused by the situation in his native multi-lingual Kingdom of Hungary and his roots among its Slovaks, and by the shifts that began to emerge after the gradual retreat of the Ottoman Empire in the more distant Balkans. Among the goals of ethnology have been the reconstruction of human history, and the formulation of cultural invariants, such as the incest taboo and culture change, and the formulation of generalizations about " human nature ", a concept which has been criticized since the 19th century by various philosophers (Hegel, Marx, structuralism , etc.). In some parts of the world ethnology has developed along independent paths of investigation and pedagogical doctrine, with cultural anthropology becoming dominant especially in the United States , and social anthropology in Great Britain .

The distinction between the three terms is increasingly blurry. Ethnology has been considered an academic field since the late 18th century especially in Europe and is sometimes conceived of as any comparative study of human groups. The 15th century "discovery of America" had an important role in the new Occidental interest toward the " Other ", often qualified as "savages", which was either seen as a brutal barbarian or as a "noble savage". Thus, civilization was opposed in a dualist manner to barbary, a classic opposition constitutive of the even more commonly-shared ethnocentrism . The progress of ethnology, for example with Claude Lévi-Strauss's structural anthropology , led to the criticism of conceptions of a linear progress, or the pseudo-opposition between "societies with histories" and "societies without histories", judged too dependent on a limited view of history as constituted by accumulative growth. Lévi-Strauss often referred to Montaigne's essay on cannibalism as an early example of ethnology. Lévi-Strauss aimed, through a structural method, at discovering universal invariants in human society, chief among which he believed to be the incest taboo.

However, the claims of such cultural universalism have been criticized by various 19th and 20th century social thinkers, including Marx, Nietzsche, Foucault , Althusser and Deleuze. The French school of ethnology was particularly significant for the development of the discipline since the early 1950s with Marcel Griaule, Germaine Dieterlen, Claude Lévi-Strauss and Jean Rouch. Dominant group/Anthropology - Wikiversity Dominant group/Anthropology Jump to: navigation , search Cast members of the play "White's Lies" pose for this photograph. Here used to represent a dominant anthropological group. Credit: Cristina V. With respect to any dominant group in anthropology, or dominant anthropological group; i.e., the term dominant group within the subject area of anthropology , use in context may indicate its reason for use or may signify importance of research results that usually need to be explained by theory and interpretation of experimentation. The entity, dominant group, like the anthropologist who writes an article using the term, seems to find purpose within each. Contents Are dominant group and possibly some or all of its synonyms artifacts? Is anthropology the field of the two-word term dominant group?

What ethnic group originated the first use of a term that has been translated into English as dominant group? Is there some fundamental ethnographic concept associated with dominant group? What is the origin and first use of the term or its primordial concept and usage? Artifact hypothesis: dominant group may be an artifact of human endeavor or may have preceded humanity. Bad group hypothesis: dominant group is the group that engages in discrimination, abuse, punishment, and additional criminal activity against other groups. It often has an unfair advantage and uses it to express monopolistic practices. Entity hypothesis: dominant group is an entity within each field where a primary author of original research uses the term. Identifier hypothesis: dominant group is an identifier used by primary source authors of original research to identify an observation in the process of analysis. Obvious hypothesis: the only meaning of dominant group is the one found in Mosby's Medical Dictionary. Def. "a social group that controls the value system and rewards in a particular society" [1] is called a dominant group. Primordial hypothesis: dominant group is a primordial concept inherent to humans such that every language or other form of communication no matter how old or whether extinct, on the verge of extinction, or not, has at least a relative synonym for dominant group.

Regional hypothesis: dominant group, when it occurs, is only a manifestation of the limitations within a region. Variation of those limitations may result in the loss of a dominant group with the eventual appearance of a new one or none at all. Main sources: Dominant group/Experimentations and Experimentations To gather data, use "dominant group" in quotes and anthropology or ethnography as additional search terms to explore the internet using search engines listed under External links. Main source: Humanities "The term 'humanities' includes, but is not limited to, the study and interpretation of the following: language, both modern and classical; linguistics; literature; history; jurisprudence; philosophy; archaeology; comparative religion; ethics; the history, criticism and theory of the arts; those aspects of social sciences which have humanistic content and employ humanistic methods; and the study and application of the humanities to the human environment with particular attention to reflecting our diverse heritage, traditions, and history and to the relevance of the humanities to the current conditions of national life." --National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act, 1965, as amended.

[2] The Division of Research Programs for the National Endowment for the Humanities encourages research and writing in all areas of the humanities, including the study of history, literature, philosophy, religion, and foreign cultures. Through grants to individual scholars and institutions, the division fosters work that enables Americans to understand the world. What aspects of anthropology are considered to be part of the humanities ? Main sources: Anthropology/Lecture and Lectures Def. "[t]he holistic scientific and social study of humanity , mainly using ethnography as its method" [3] is called anthropology. "Anthropology is distinguished from other social science disciplines by its emphasis on in-depth examination of context, cross-cultural comparisons, and the importance it places on long-term, experiential immersion in the area of research." [3] Main sources: Anthropology/Biologicals and Biological anthropology Some thirty-two vervet monkey infants in Amboseli National Park, Kenya, are observed from August 1983 to June 1985. [4] An external factor making it costly for an animal to maintain access to a food item is threats by a high-ranking group member.

[4] "Interactions with dominant group members may thus provide infants with the raw material for recognizing variation in food quality." [4] "A final possibility is that infants' fear of dominants overrides the importance of food quality." [4] Dominants "may instill a general level of fear in infants, regardless of food types, and thus abandon distance in infants is not expected to vary by food category." [4] Main sources: Anthropology/Culturals and Cultural anthropology Most nativistic movements "have as a common denominator a situation of inequality [that] ... may derive either from the attitudes of the societies involved or from actual situations of dominance and submission." [5] In the Southwest, the Anglo-Americans dominate Indians and Mexicans alike. [5] "[T]he technological superiority of European culture has, until recently, rendered the dominance of colonial groups secure." [5] "Nativistic movements tend to arise only when the members of the subject society find that their assumption of the culture of the dominant group is being effectively opposed by it, or that it is not improving their social position." [5] Analysis: three apparent dominant groups are identified: colonial groups.

[5] Dominant group is used to refer to the group of whites, Anglo-Americans, and colonial groups, each of which is in turn a dominant group. [5] These dominant subgroups are identified as indicated by respective links. "Colonial groups" refers to several groups of immigrants to America. North America has been divided into European immigrant territories based on control such as British America , French America , Spanish America , Russian America , Dutch America , and Norse America . The relation to one another is that they are dominant groups of individuals, or peoples, originating in Europe. The population is North Americans in the location of North America. Dominance appears to result from armed force, and technological superiority initially. [5] These may have been replaced to some extent by distinctive powers and privileges, since the culture pattern of the dominant group of European-ancestor North Americans now preclude the use of forcible methods. [5] "Having established that cultural/language differences between the dominant group and the schools, on the one hand, and the minorities, on the other, existed, and that the difficulties in social adjustment and academic performance experienced by minority children might be due to such cultural/language differences, anthropological research developed into a second stage. ...

[S]ome minority groups do well in school even though they do not share the language and cultural backgrounds of the dominant group that are reflected in school features and practices." [6] "The difference, as writers like Talal Asad within anthropology and Norman Fairclough within linguistics (Language and Power, 1989) would argue, is that the notion of hegemony problematises how a common social-moral language-a given discourse- achieves and reproduces its dominance, whereas earlier accounts of culture appeared to accept at face value the representations of the dominant group and their claim to speak for all." [7] Main sources: Biogeography/Ethnography and Ethnography Def. "[t]he common characteristics of a group of people" [8] is called ethnicity. Def. the science and scientific descriptions of "specific human cultures and societies" [9] is called ethnography. "Ethnography (from Greek ἔθνος ethnos = folk/people and γράφω grapho = to write) is a qualitative research design aimed at exploring cultural phenomena. The resulting field study or a case report reflects the knowledge and the system of meanings in the lives of a cultural group.

[10] [11] [12] An ethnography is a means to represent graphically and in writing, the culture of a people ." [13] Def. "[t]he branch of anthropology that studies and compares the different human cultures" [14] is called ethnology. "Ethnology (from the Greek ἔθνος, ethnos meaning "people, nation, race") is the branch of anthropology that compares and analyzes the origins, distribution, technology, religion , language , and social structure of the ethnic , racial , and/or national divisions of humanity. [15] " [16] "Compared to ethnography , the study of single groups through direct contact with the culture, ethnology takes the research that ethnographers have compiled and then compares and contrasts different cultures." [16] "Anthropology is not just ethnography; in fact, the meanings which can be attached to ethnographic case studies depend on wider schemes, on classifications of societies, and on polemics which generate interest in particular projects at particular times." [17] "I. M.

Lewis has argued that spirit possession frequently provides a means for oppressed or deprived groups such as women to exert pressure upon or attack the dominant group (Lewis 1986: 23-50).4 Once a claim of this kind has been made, either on the basis of ethnographic descriptions or theoretical expectations, further ethnographic material cannot be introduced in a neutral way." [17] "So, an ethnographer who enters the scene on the presumption that the social arrangements in a particular school or classroom will favor the interests of a dominant group is undeniably looking for hegemonic practices." [18] "The problem becomes more complex when it is realized that in Kanuri-dominated towns such people often accept the dominant group's term and claim they are Kirdi." [19] "While the human groups are many and diverse, they are conveniently combined in two categories: first, the natural or consanguineal or kinship group in which the unit is the ethnos; and second, the artificial or essentially social group in which the unit is the demos.

The ethnos, or ethnic group, is the homologue of the varietal or specific group of animals; it is the dominant group in lower savagery, but its influence on human life wanes upward, to practically disappear in enlightenment except as retained in the structure of the family. The demos is the product of intelligence applied to the regulation of human affairs; it has no true homologue among animals; its importance waxes as that of the ethnos wanes from savagery through barbarism and civilization and thence into enlightenment." [20] Main sources: Anthropology/Linguistics and Linguistic anthropology "In the case of Aboriginal Australia, differences between economic and political systems, at least using the categories usually quoted in relation to language replacement, are largely absent. Australian Aboriginal societies are classless and stateless, and it seems highly unlikely that any form of centralised organisation and elite hierarchy existed in the past." [21] " Pidginisation occurs where there is a close economic relationship between two peoples; the pidgin is derived from the language of the dominant partner in the relationship.

Such a relationship and the dominance of one side could be inferred from archaeological evidence, independently." [21] "Such a relationship may just as well result in the adoption of the dominant group's language as a lingua franca without significant pidginisation." [21] "Other aspects which have been suggested as crucial for pidgin simplification to occur are: (a) an attitude on the part of the dominant language speakers that their language cannot or should not be learnt by foreigners except in a simplified /'debased1 form; (b) a degree of actual complexity/difficulty in the dominant language." [21] Analysis: members of the dominant group are in the relationship of being "dominant partner"s. The population is "Aboriginal societies" in the location of Australia .

Investigating the source of dominance includes "While no relic language or group can be identified amid the southern Pama-Nyungan block of languages, the Yolngu languages of north-eastern Arnhem Land clearly constitute a northern offshoot of Pama-Nyungan entirely surrounded by non-Parna-Nyungan languages." [21] , "[T]he fact that in this myth this change in technology also accompanies a change from female to male control of circumcision ritual might encourage us to give consideration to ideas that radical change in ritual and social organisation has occurred and its traces can be detected." [21] , and "These are areas where Macassan influence was also strong." [21] Dominance may refer to "surrounded", "strong influence", or new technology and an accompanying "prehistoric change from matrimoieties to patrimoieties" [21] . Main sources: Anthropology/Physicals and Physical anthropology "The Aztecs who conquered the city of Xaltocan in ancient Mexico around 1435 may have fundamentally changed the genetic makeup of the people who lived there ...

maternal DNA from 25 residents of Xaltocan prior to the conquest did not match that found after. ... Xaltocan was the capital of a pre-Aztec city-state ruled by the Otomi, an indigenous people who lived in Mexico. ... Colonial records from the 1500s onward told tales of the Otomi fleeing the city en masse in 1395. "It's likely that some people did leave, probably the elites who no longer had the same social roles," Overholzer said. "It's also possible that when some people left, more valuable land was made newly available and so people moved around within the site."" [22] Ruling elites is a relative synonym for dominant group. Main sources: Anthropology/Socials and Social anthropology "For ethnic groups, [Niominkas and Serer people,] Wolofs and Lebus, Tukulors and Fulas, Bambaras and Soninkes, Diolas and Manjaks were respectively grouped together since the social structure and historical background of each member of the pair were closely related." [23] Ethnicity is a central concept in social anthropology and traditionally considered as prominent in determinism of behavior.

[24] "In Senegal, Wolofs and Lebus represent the dominant group (43 per cent of total population) as well as the oldest one in the Dakar area." [23] Main source: Hypotheses Examples from primary sources are to be used to prove or disprove each hypothesis. These can be collected per subject or in general. Accident hypothesis: dominant group is an accident of whatever processes are operating. Artifact hypothesis: dominant group may be an artifact of human endeavor or may have preceded humanity. Association hypothesis: dominant group is associated in some way with the original research. Bad group hypothesis: dominant group is the group that engages in discrimination, abuse, punishment, and additional criminal activity against other groups. It often has an unfair advantage and uses it to express monopolistic practices . Control group hypothesis: there is a control group that can be used to study dominant group. Entity hypothesis: dominant group is an entity within each field where a primary author of original research uses the term. Evolution hypothesis: dominant group is a product of evolutionary processes, such groups are the evolutionary process, produce evolutionary processes, or are independent of evolutionary processes.

Identifier hypothesis: dominant group is an identifier used by primary source authors of original research to identify an observation in the process of analysis. Importance hypothesis: dominant group signifies original research results that usually need to be explained by theory and interpretation of experiments. Indicator hypothesis: dominant group may be an indicator of something as yet not understood by the primary author of original research. Influence hypothesis: dominant group is included in a primary source article containing original research to indicate influence or an influential phenomenon. Interest hypothesis: dominant group is a theoretical entity used by scholarly authors of primary sources for phenomena of interest. Metadefinition hypothesis: all uses of dominant group by all primary source authors of original research are included in the metadefinition for dominant group. Null hypothesis : there is no significant or special meaning of dominant group in any sentence or figure caption in any refereed journal article. Object hypothesis: dominant group is an object within each field where a primary author of original research uses the term. Obvious hypothesis : the only meaning of dominant group is the one found in Mosby's Medical Dictionary. Original research hypothesis: dominant group is included in a primary source article by the author to indicate that the article contains original research.

Primordial hypothesis: dominant group is a primordial concept inherent to humans such that every language or other form of communication no matter how old or whether extinct, on the verge of extinction, or not, has at least a synonym for dominant group. Purpose hypothesis: dominant group is written into articles by authors for a purpose. Regional hypothesis: dominant group, when it occurs, is only a manifestation of the limitations within a region. Variation of those limitations may result in the loss of a dominant group with the eventual appearance of a new one or none at all. Source hypothesis: dominant group is a source within each field where a primary author of original research uses the term. Term hypothesis : dominant group is a significant term that may require a 'rigorous definition' or application and verification of an empirical definition. Dominant group or its earliest synonym may have originated only in cultures north of Earth's equator or in cultures spanning the equator to the North.

Question: What branch of anthropology compares and analyses the origins, distribution, technology, religion, language, and social structure of the ethnic, racial, and/or national divisions of humanity?
Answer: Ethnology