e popular term, refers to a fictional book of between 20,000 and 50,000 words? Novella Who wrote the famous 1855 poem The Charge of the Light Brigade?... Sign up View the step-by-step solution to: e popular term, refers to a fictional book of between 20,000 and 50,000 words? Novella Who wrote the famous 1855 poem The Charge of the Light Brigade?... Part 1 What word, extended from a more popular term, refers to a fictional book of between 20,000 and 50,000 words? Novella Who wrote the famous 1855 poem The Charge of the Light Brigade? Lord Alfred Tennyson (1809-92) In 1960 the UK publishing ban was lifted on what 1928 book? Lady Chatterley's Lover (by D H Lawrence) In bookmaking how many times would an quarto sheet be folded? Twice (to create four leaves) Who wrote the seminal 1936 self-help book How to Win Friends and Influence People?

Dale Carnegie Who in 1450 invented movable type, thus revolutionising printing? Johannes Gutenberg Which Polish-born naturalised British novelist's real surname was Korzeniowski? Joseph Conrad (1857-1924, full name Jozef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski) Which short-lived dramatist is regarded as the first great exponent of blank verse? Christopher Marlowe (1564-93 - Blank verse traditionally is unrhymed, comprising ten syllables per line, stressing every second syllable.) Who wrote the maxim 'Cogito, ergo sum' (I think, therefore I am)? René Descartes (1596-1650, French philosopher and mathematician, in his work Discours de la Méthode, 1637.) Who was the youngest of the three Brontë writing sisters? Anne Brontë (1820-49 - other sisters were Emily, 1818-48, and Charlotte, 1816-55, plus a brother, Branwell, 1817-48.

The two oldest sisters, Maria and Elizabeth died in childhood.) What is the Old English heroic poem, surviving in a single copy dated around the year 1000, featuring its eponymous 6th century warrior from Geatland in Sweden? Beowulf What relatively modern school of philosophy, popular in literature since the mid 1900s, broadly embodies the notion of individual freedom of choice within a disorded and inexplicable universe? Existentialism What was the pen-name of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson? Lewis Carroll (1832-98) Who wrote Dr Zhivago? Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (1890-1960) What term and type of comedy is derived from the French word for stuffing? Farce or farcical (from the French farcir, to stuff, based on analogy between stuffing in cookery and the insertion of frivolous material into medieval plays.) What term originally meaning 'storehouse' referred, and still refers, to a periodical of various content and imaginative writing? Magazine Who wrote the significant scientific book Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, published in 1687?

Isaac Newton (1642-1727) What 16th century establishment in London's Bread Street was a notable writers' haunt? The Mermaid Tavern Who wrote the 1845 poem The Pied Piper of Hamelin? Robert Browning (1812-89) Which American poet and humanist wrote and continually revised a collection of poems called Leaves of Grass? Walt Whitman (1819-92 - the title is apparently a self-effacing pun, since grass was publishing slang for work of little value, and leaves are pages.) kiakarosiyahtera44 posted a question · Apr 22, 2015 at 1:28pm What word extended from a more popular term, English What word extended from a more popular term Course:- English What word, extended from a more popular term, refers to a fictional book of between 20,000 and 50,000 words? Novella Who wrote the famous 1855 poem The Charge of the Light Brigade?

Lord Alfred Tennyson (1809-92) In 1960 the UK publishing ban was lifted on what 1928 book? Lady Chatterley's Lover (by D H Lawrence) In bookmaking how many times would an quarto sheet be folded? Twice (to create four leaves) Who wrote the seminal 1936 self-help book How to Win Friends and Influence People? Dale Carnegie Who in 1450 invented movable type, thus revolutionising printing? Johannes Gutenberg Which Polish-born naturalised British novelist's real surname was Korzeniowski? Joseph Conrad (1857-1924, full name Jozef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski) Which short-lived dramatist is regarded as the first great exponent of blank verse? Christopher Marlowe (1564-93 - Blank verse traditionally is unrhymed, comprising ten syllables per line, stressing every second syllable.) Who wrote the maxim 'Cogito, ergo sum' (I think, therefore I am)?

René Descartes (1596-1650, French philosopher and mathematician, in his work Discours de la Méthode, 1637.) Who was the youngest of the three Brontë writing sisters? Anne Brontë (1820-49 - other sisters were Emily, 1818-48, and Charlotte, 1816-55, plus a brother, Branwell, 1817-48. The two oldest sisters, Maria and Elizabeth died in childhood.) What is the Old English heroic poem, surviving in a single copy dated around the year 1000, featuring its eponymous 6th century warrior from Geatland in Sweden? Beowulf What relatively modern school of philosophy, popular in literature since the mid 1900s, broadly embodies the notion of individual freedom of choice within a disorded and inexplicable universe? Existentialism What was the pen-name of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson? Lewis Carroll (1832-98) Who wrote Dr Zhivago?

Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (1890-1960) What term and type of comedy is derived from the French word for stuffing? Farce or farcical (from the French farcir, to stuff, based on analogy between stuffing in cookery and the insertion of frivolous material into medieval plays.) What term originally meaning 'storehouse' referred, and still refers, to a periodical of various content and imaginative writing? Magazine Who wrote the significant scientific book Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, published in 1687? Isaac Newton (1642-1727) What 16th century establishment in London's Bread Street was a notable writers' haunt? The Mermaid Tavern Who wrote the 1845 poem The Pied Piper of Hamelin? Robert Browning (1812-89) Which American poet and humanist wrote and continually revised a collection of poems called Leaves of Grass? Walt Whitman (1819-92 - the title is apparently a self-effacing pun, since grass was publishing slang for work of little value, and leaves are pages.) 1.

What word, extended from a more popular term, refers to a fictional book of between 20,000 and 50,000 words? - Jade Wright - Liverpool Echo News Opinion 1. What word, extended from a more popular term, refers to a fictional book of between 20,000 and 50,000 words? 2. Who wrote the 1855 poem The Charge of the Light Brigade? Share Get daily updates directly to your inbox + Subscribe Could not subscribe, try again laterInvalid Email 2. Who wrote the 1855 poem The Charge of the Light Brigade? 3. In 1960 the UK publishing ban was lifted on what 1928 book? 4. How many times would a quarto sheet be folded? 5. Who wrote the seminal 1936 self-help book How to Win Friends and Influence People? 6. Who in 1450 invented movable type, thus revolutionising printing? 7. Which Polish-born naturalised British novelist's real surname was Korzeniowski? 8. Which short-lived dramatist is regarded as the first great exponent of blank verse? 9.

Who wrote the maxim “Cogito, ergo sum” (I think, therefore I am)? 10. Who was the youngest of the three Brontë writing sisters? Š ANSWERS: 1. Novella; 2.Š Alfred Lord Tennyson; 3. Lady Chatterley's Lover (by D H Lawrence); 4. Twice (to create four leaves); 5. Dale Carnegie; 6. ŠJohannes Gutenberg; 7. ŠJoseph Conrad; 8. Christopher Marlowe; 9. René Descartes; 10. Anne Like us on Facebook Joseph Conrad (Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski) - Biography | Artist | Culture.pl Joseph Conrad (Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski) Joseph Conrad, 1920 Joseph Conrad (Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski) - Polish noble, English writer, sailor.

Born December 3, 1857 in Berdichev (now Ukraine), died August 3, 1924 in Oswalds, near Canterbury, Great Britain Joseph Conrad was born the son of Apollo Korzeniowski and Ewa née Bobrowska, in Berdyczów (now Berdychiv, Ukraine) on December 3, 1857. Both parents were Polish and members of the local szlachta, the land-owning gentry-nobility (there was no legal distinction between these two classes in Poland); both were devout Roman Catholics. Until the partition of Poland between Russia, Austria-Hungary and Prussia at the end of the eighteenth century, Central and Western Ukraine constituted a part of the multinational Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, most of the szlachta were ethnic Poles, most of the town-dwellers were Jewish, and most of the peasantry, Ukrainians ("Ruthenians"). Conrad's ancestors had settled there in the late seventeenth century.

Conrad's paternal grandfather, Teodor Korzeniowski, captain of the Polish army during the 1830 Insurrection against Russian rule, lost his estate in the political turbulence caused by the partitions. He had one daughter, Emilia, sent to exile in Russia in 1864, and three sons: Robert, killed in the 1863 Insurrection, Hilary, who died in 1878 while in compulsory exile in Siberia after the same insurrection, and Apollo, born in 1820. Apollo had a gift for languages and writing. He studied at St Petersburg University and later supported himself by managing landed estates, writing satirical comedies (his satire, tempered by censorship, was patriotic and democratic in spirit and directed against materialism and the political opportunism of Polish landowners), and translating from English (Dickens and Shakespeare), French (Victor Hugo and Alfred de Vigny) and German (Heine). He also wrote and circulated manuscripts of patriotic and religious poems in which he expressed his sympathy for the oppressed Ukrainian peasantry and exhorted Poles to show unswerving fidelity to the cause of national independence.

After the birth of Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski, his father, Apollo, wrote the following "Baptismal Poem" for his son: Baby son, tell yourself You are without land, without love, Without country, without people, While Poland - your Mother is in her grave. In April 1861, Apollo Korzeniowski moved to Warsaw, ostensibly to start a cultural periodical, but in fact to organise underground resistance to the Russian authorities. In October 1861, he formed a clandestine "Committee of the Movement" which was the kernel of the underground National Government of 1863. A few days later, he was imprisoned in the Warsaw Citadel. Ewa Korzeniowska and her son followed Apollo to Warsaw in October 1861, and witnessed his arrest. Ewa was also charged and questioned, but not placed in custody. Little Conrad would accompany his grandmother when she carried supplies to his imprisoned and ailing father. He wrote later that "In the courtyard of this [Warsaw] Citadel - characteristically for our nation - my childhood memories begin".

The investigation, by military tribunal, of the Korzeniowski family lasted until April 1862, but the verdict, issued in fact by the viceroy of Poland, a Russian general, preceded by two weeks the official decision of the court. Although only circumstantial evidence was produced against both Ewa and Apollo, they were sentenced to exile in Northern Russia "under strict police supervision". The viceroy added in his own hand: "Mind that they do not stop on the way". They were dispatched to Vologda, known for its harsh climate. In January 1863, for health reasons, they were allowed to move to Chernihiv, in north-eastern Ukraine. There, Ewa Korzeniowska died of tuberculosis in April, 1865. Apollo was also gravely ill, and was released from exile in January, 1868. He left with his son to Lwów (Lviv), an important centre of Polish culture in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and later they moved to Kraków, the ancient capital of Poland.

Konrad was first educated by his father but when Apollo died in May, 1869, Konrad's maternal uncle, Tadeusz Bobrowski, became his guardian and benefactor. A sickly boy, Konrad did not attend school regularly, but was instead taught at home by private tutors. He passed his formal exams, first in Kraków, then later in Lviv. In the autumn of 1874, he was sent - partly for health reasons - to Southern France, with a view to embarking on a maritime career. Initially, Korzeniowski did not want to leave Poland permanently; in 1883, he assured one of his father's friends that he would remember the pledge that "wherever he may sail he is sailing towards Poland". Yet, as a Russian subject and a son of convicted parents, he was liable for long military service, and his attempts to be exonerated from the allegations of the Russian State succeeded only in 1889. By that time, he had switched from the French to the British merchant fleet marine (in 1878) and had passed his examinations for master mariner (1886).

That same year, he became a British subject. Though he kept up correspondence with his uncle, and visited his home country in 1889 and 1893, Korzeniowski's letters to him were destroyed during the Bolshevik Revolution. However, Bobrowski's letters of reply survived, and they constitute the most important biographical source of Korzeniowski's early years. Though he did not ever officially change his name, Korzeniowski assumed the pen-name of Joseph Conrad when he published his first novel, Almayer's Folly(1895), dedicated to the memory of Tadeusz] Bobrowski who had died a year earlier, thus severing Conrad's last personal link with Poland. For the first twenty years of his writing career, Conrad struggled with debts: his royalties fell far below his modest expenses. In summer 1914, he was able to take his first long vacation, taking his wife and two sons to Poland. The outbreak of the First World War caught them in Kraków; they spent two months in the city and then went south, to the Tatra Mountains. While in Kraków and Zakopane, Conrad met several Polish writers, artists and intellectuals.

This was to be his last visit to his native country. The reminiscences of his relatives and friends testify to Conrad's continued emotional involvement in the affairs, traditions, and culture of Poland. For example, at his country home in Kent, he would organise private recitals of Chopin 's music. At his funeral (he died near Canterbury on August 3, 1924), the only official present was a representative of the Prime Minister of Poland. From the letters of Apollo Korzeniowski to his friends, we know that the young Conrad was an avid reader. He was certainly well acquainted with classical Polish literature, beginning with the work of the great sixteenth-century poet, Jan Kochanowski (whom he mentions in his letters). It is very likely that the poetry, drama and fiction of the Polish romantic writers (of whom his father was an epigone) formed the main body of his reading in his native language. "Polonism I have taken into my works from Mickiewicz and Słowacki ", he declared in 1914, mentioning by name the two greatest writers, and moral and political authorities, of Polish romanticism. Ideas of moral and national responsibility pervaded this literature.

Fidelity and betrayal, honour and shame, duty and escape were frequent themes. The moral problems of an individual were typically posed in terms of communal obligations, and ethical principles, formed under the decisive influence of chivalry, were also grounded in the idea that an individual, however exceptional, is always a member of a community. A poet was a typical example of an exceptional individual, burdened with special duties towards his nation. The passage "from alienation to commitment", recognised as a frequent theme in Conrad's fiction, has been a staple subject of Polish romantic literature (as in Mickiewicz's Pan Tadeusz and Forefather's Eve). One of the more popular literary forms was the tale (gawęda), a story told by a personal narrator who is often one of the protagonists, and it is easy to find a continuation of this form in Conrad's narratives. Apart from the general presence of important elements of the Polish cultural tradition, critics have identified in Conrad's writings many thematic, artistic, and verbal motifs taken from particular works of Polish literature. The Polish language itself also left its mark on Conrad's prose.

Not only in the form of Polonisms (words and idioms used in their Polish rather than English sense), but also in occasional errors in the use of tenses, and an infrequent looseness of syntax. The rhetorical, rolling rhythm of his phrases can also be traced back to the influence of his native speech. In his essay "Autocracy and War" (1905), Conrad's most important political statement, Poland is mentioned as a victim of German and Russian imperialism, linking those two countries in their "common guilt". A Personal Record (1912) contains long and moving fragments recounting his early Polish experiences and members of his closest family. Prince Roman (1910), included in the posthumous volume Tales of Hearsay is a tale about Prince Roman S[anguszko] who "from conviction" joined the forces of the Polish uprising against Russian power in November 1830. Once captured, he was sentenced to hard labour in Siberian mines.

Conrad describes Poland as: "That country which demands to be loved as no other country has even been loved, with the mournful affection one bears for the unforgotten dead and with the inextinguishable fire of a hopeless passion which only a living, breathing, warm ideal can kindle in our breast for our pride, for our weariness, for our exultation, for our undoing". In 1914, inspired by fresh contacts with his compatriots, Conrad wrote a Memorandum outlining his plans of action in the UK in support of Polish interests. His essay "Poland Revisited" (included later in his Notes on Life and Letters, 1921) describes Conrad's journey to Poland and reflects his dismay at the British attitude of considering the future of Poland as Russia's internal affair. Two years later in a special "Note on the Polish Question" (published also in Notes...), addressed to the British Foreign Office, he proposed a reconstruction of Poland under the protectorate of Great Britain and France ("Quite impossible. Russia will never share her interests in Poland with Western Powers" was the negative reply).

In 1918, Conrad greeted the re-emergence of an independent Poland (after 123 years of the partitions) with joy, relief, and an embarrassment caused by his own lack of faith that it would ever happen. He wrote an emotional appeal in support of the new country and in remembrance of its sufferings, "The Crime of Partition" (1919, included in Notes...). In 1920, while the Polish army was fighting for the survival of the country against a Soviet invasion, he sent a telegram in support of the Polish Government Loan: "For Poles the sense of duty and the imperishable feeling of nationality preserved in the hearts and defended by the hands of their immediate ancestors in open struggles against the might of three Powers and in indomitable defiance of crushing oppression for more than a hundred years is sufficient inducement to come forward to assist in reconstructing the independence, dignity and usefulness of the reborn Republic". Some Polish intellectuals accused Conrad of betraying his native country because he chose to write in English. This was most clearly articulated in an article, published in 1899, by a well-known and respected Polish woman-novelist, Eliza Orzeszkowa.

Conrad took this accusation to heart, and a couple of years later, in 1901, he declared to a Kraków librarian, Józef Korzeniowski (not related): "I have in no way disavowed either my nationality or the name we share [...] It is widely known that I am a Pole and that Józef Konrad are my two Christian names, the latter being used by me as a surname so that foreign mouths should not distort my real surname [...] It does not seem to me that I have been unfaithful to my country by having proved to the English that a gentleman from the Ukraine can be as good a sailor as they, and has something to tell them in their own language. I consider such recognition as I have won from this particular point of view, and offer in silent homage where it is due". He was by that time becoming known in Poland: the first ever translation of his work (An Outcast of the Islands) was published in a Warsaw periodical in 1897, and other translations followed.

In 1914, he gave his first ever interview to a Polish journalist, Marian Dabrowski (husband of Maria Dabrowska later one of the most distinguished Polish twentieth-century novelists and the author of a volume of essays on Conrad). During the interview, Conrad confessed that his father had read to him Mickiewicz 's long poem Pan Tadeusz, "not just once or twice", also making him read it aloud. He "used to prefer 'Konrad Wallenrod' and 'Grażyna' ", Mickiewicz's shorter poetic tales. "Later I liked Słowacki better. You know why Słowacki? Il est l'ame de toute la Pologne, lui." [He is the soul of all Poland, he is.] Conrad's contacts with Polish writers and readers became closer after 1920. He corresponded with several authors and translators, and, in 1921, he himself translated from Polish a comedy by Bruno Winawer (The Book of Job, published posthumously).

The most eminent Polish writer of the time, Stefan Żeromski , the moral authority of Polish liberals and socialists, wrote an enthusiastic introduction to a collected edition of Conrad's works, calling him a "writer-compatriot". Conrad responded with a letter: "I confess that I cannot find words to describe my profound emotion when I read this appreciation from my country, voiced by you, dear Sir - the greatest master of its literature". In the 1920s and '30s, Conrad became a very influential writer in Poland, much read and discussed both by intellectuals and by the wider reading public, with whom his sea fiction was especially popular. He reached the peak of his popularity in the darkest hours of modern Polish history, during World War II, when the country was again invaded by its German and Soviet neighbours. Conrad, and particularly the Conrad of Lord Jim, became one of the leading moral authorities for the young members of the Polish underground army and civil resistance. The first ever full edition of Conrad's works (27 volumes) was published in Poland in 1972-74, with one supplementary volume containing material confiscated by the Communist censors, and published by Polish émigrés in London.

The hospital in which Conrad was born in Berdychiv no longer exists. In the town, there is a small Joseph Conrad museum in the premises of a magnificent Carmelite Monastery (a priest from this monastery baptised Conrad). A commemorative plaque in the centre of Warsaw (Nowy Świat Street) was placed on the house next to the one in which the Korzeniowskis rented their flat in 1862. The cell in the Warsaw Citadel in which Conrad's father was imprisoned still exists. So does the house in which Conrad lived with his father in Kraków on Poselska Street, and the buildings where he stayed as a boarder in Lvov and Kraków (Floriańska Street) Two volumes of Apollo Korzeniowski's manuscripts, most of them unpublished, are preserved in the Jagiellonian Library in Kraków. Several important letters and documents concerning Conrad himself are to be found in the PAN Library, also in Kraków. The National Library in Warsaw holds Tadeusz Bobrowski's letters to Conrad, and several of Conrad's letters in Polish.

Outside Poland, the most important collection of Conrad's manuscripts connected with his Polish background are kept at the Beinecke Library, Yale University, and in the Polish Library in London. Most of the letters and documents concerning Conrad's links with Poles and Poland have been collected in: Conrad's Polish Background, ed. Zdzisław Najder, Oxford 1964; Conrad Under Familial Eyes, ed. Zdzisław Najder, Milan and Cambridge 1983; in the original Polish version: Wspomnienia i studia o Conradzie, ed. Barbara Kocówna, Warszawa 1963; Tadeusz Bobrowski, Listy do Conrada, ed. Róża Jabłkowska, Warszawa 1981; Conrad wśród swoich, ed. Zdzisław Najder, Warszawa 1996. Chronology of Life and Work December 3, 1857: Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski born in Berdyczów in Ukraine, son of Apollo Korzeniowski and Ewa (née Bobrowska).

October 21, 1861: Apollo Korzeniowski imprisoned in Warsaw by Russian police for his underground patriotic activities. May 9, 1862: The Korzeniowskis are sentenced to exile and sent under escort to northern Russia. April 18, 1865: Ewa Korzeniowska dies of tuberculosis. January 1868: Apollo Korzeniowski, seriously ill, is reprieved and leaves Russia with his son. May 23, 1869: Apollo Korzeniowski dies in Kraków. September 26, 1874: Konrad Korzeniowski leaves Poland for Marseilles. July 11, 1878: Joins his first British ship, the "Skimmer or the Sea". August 19, 1886: Becomes a British subject. November 10, 1886: Passes his examination for Ordinary Master of the British merchant marine. June 12, 1889 - December 4, 1890: Works in the Belgian Congo.

January 17, 1894: Leaves his last position as a seaman. April 24, 1894: Finishes the draft of Almayer's Folly. April 29, 1895: Almayer's Folly - A Story of an Eastern River published in London. Korzeniowski adopts "Joseph Conrad" as his pen name. March 4, 1896: An Outcast of the Islands published. March 24, 1896: Conrad marries Miss Jessie George, born February 22, 1873. December 2, 1897: The Nigger of the 'Narcissus' - A Tale of the Sea published. March 26, 1898: Tales of Unrest ("Karain", "The Idiots", "An Outpost of Progress", "The Return", "The Lagoon") published. February 6, 1899: Conrad finishes writing Heart of Darkness. October 15, 1900: Lord Jim - A Tale published.

June 26, 1901: The lnheritors - An Extravagant Story, a novel Conrad wrote in collaboration with Ford Madox Hueffer (later Ford Madox Ford), published. November 13, 1902: Youth and Two Other Stories published. April 22, 1903: Typhoon and Other Stories published. October 16, 1903: Romance - A Novel, written in collaboration with F.M. Hueffer, published. October 14, 1904: Nostromo - A Tale of the Seaboard published. April 22, 1905: Conrad finishes Autocracy and War. October 4, 1906: The Mirror of the Sea - Memories and Impressions published. September 12, 1907: The Secret Agent - A Simple Tale published. August 6, 1908: A Set of Six published. October 5, 1911: Under Western Eyes published. January 19, 1912: Same Reminiscences (later renamed A Personal Record) published.

October 14, 1912: Twixt Land and Sea - Tales published. September 18, 1913: Chance - A Tale in Two Parts published. July 25 - November 3, 1914: Conrad travels to Poland with his family. February 24, 1915: Within the Tides - Tales published. March 27, 1915: Victory - An lsland Tale published. March 19, 1917: The Shadow-Line - A Confession published. December 27, 1918: Conrad finishes The Crime of Partition. August 6, 1919: The Arrow of Gold - A Story Between Two Notes published. May 21, 1920: The Rescue - A Romance of the Shallows, novel begun by Conrad in 1896, published. February 25, 1921: Notes on Life and Letters published. June 1921: Conrad translates from Polish Bruno Winawer's Księga Hioba: The Book of Job.

May 1 - June 2, 1923: Conrad travels to the United States. December 1, 1923: The Rover published. August 3, 1924: Conrad dies of heart attack at his home near Canterbury. Author: Zdzisław Najder, 2006. Updated by James Hopkin, October 2010. What word extended from a more popular term refers to a, English What word extended from a more popular term refers to a What word extended from a more popular term refers to a What word, extended from a more popular term, refers to a fictional book of between 20,000 and 50,000 words? Novella Who wrote the famous 1855 poem The Charge of the Light Brigade? Lord Alfred Tennyson (1809-92) In 1960 the UK publishing ban was lifted on what 1928 book? Lady Chatterley's Lover (by D H Lawrence) In bookmaking how many times would an quarto sheet be folded?

Twice (to create four leaves) Who wrote the seminal 1936 self-help book How to Win Friends and Influence People? Dale Carnegie Who in 1450 invented movable type, thus revolutionising printing? Johannes Gutenberg Which Polish-born naturalised British novelist's real surname was Korzeniowski? Joseph Conrad (1857-1924, full name Jozef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski) Which short-lived dramatist is regarded as the first great exponent of blank verse? Christopher Marlowe (1564-93 - Blank verse traditionally is unrhymed, comprising ten syllables per line, stressing every second syllable.) Who wrote the maxim 'Cogito, ergo sum' (I think, therefore I am)? RenÃ© Descartes (1596-1650, French philosopher and mathematician, in his work Discours de la MÃ©thode, 1637.) Who was the youngest of the three BrontÃ« writing sisters?

Anne BrontÃ« (1820-49 - other sisters were Emily, 1818-48, and Charlotte, 1816-55, plus a brother, Branwell, 1817-48. The two oldest sisters, Maria and Elizabeth died in childhood.) What is the Old English heroic poem, surviving in a single copy dated around the year 1000, featuring its eponymous 6th century warrior from Geatland in Sweden? Beowulf What relatively modern school of philosophy, popular in literature since the mid 1900s, broadly embodies the notion of individual freedom of choice within a disorded and inexplicable universe? Existentialism What was the pen-name of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson? Lewis Carroll (1832-98) Who wrote Dr Zhivago? Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (1890-1960) What term and type of comedy is derived from the French word for stuffing?

Farce or farcical (from the French farcir, to stuff, based on analogy between stuffing in cookery and the insertion of frivolous material into medieval plays.) What term originally meaning 'storehouse' referred, and still refers, to a periodical of various content and imaginative writing? Magazine Who wrote the significant scientific book PhilosophiÃ¦ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, published in 1687? Isaac Newton (1642-1727) What 16th century establishment in London's Bread Street was a notable writers' haunt? The Mermaid Tavern Who wrote the 1845 poem The Pied Piper of Hamelin? Robert Browning (1812-89) Which American poet and humanist wrote and continually revised a collection of poems called Leaves of Grass?

Walt Whitman (1819-92 - the title is apparently a self-effacing pun, since grass was publishing slang for work of little value, and leaves are pages.) About: Joseph Conrad About: Joseph Conrad An Entity of Type : person , from Named Graph : , within Data Space : dbpedia.org Joseph Conrad (born Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski; 3 December 1857 – 3 August 1924) was a Polish-British writer regarded as one of the greatest novelists to write in the English language. He was granted British nationality in 1886 but always considered himself a Pole. Though he did not speak English fluently until he was in his twenties (and always with a marked accent), he was a master prose stylist who brought a distinctly non-English sensibility into English literature. He wrote stories and novels, many with a nautical setting, that depict trials of the human spirit in the midst of an impassive, inscrutable universe.

Property abstract جوزيف كونراد أديب إنجليزي بولندي الأصل ولد في ما يعرف بأوكرانيا البولندية عام 1857 لوالد أديب مغمور انتقل مع والده إلى بولندا حيث توفى والده ومنها انتقل إلى فرنسا عام 1874 حيث عمل بالملاحة ثم انتقل إلى إنجلترا واستمر في عمله بالبحر. توفي عام 1924 بنوبة قلبية وترك 13 رواية و 28 قصة قصيرة. أغلب رواياته لها علاقة بالبحر ويرويها بحار عجوز اسمه مارلو من رواياته "قلب الظلام" "العميل السري" و"النصر" و"تحت عيون غربية " و"لورد جيم". (ar) Joseph Conrad (eigentlich Józef Teodor Nałęcz Konrad Korzeniowski; * 3. Dezember 1857 in Berdyczów, Russisches Kaiserreich; † 3.

August 1924 in Bishopsbourne) war ein britischer Schriftsteller polnischer Herkunft. Er gilt als einer der wichtigsten Schriftsteller des 20. Jahrhunderts in England. (de) Joseph Conrad (born Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski; 3 December 1857 – 3 August 1924) was a Polish-British writer regarded as one of the greatest novelists to write in the English language. He was granted British nationality in 1886 but always considered himself a Pole. Though he did not speak English fluently until he was in his twenties (and always with a marked accent), he was a master prose stylist who brought a distinctly non-English sensibility into English literature. He wrote stories and novels, many with a nautical setting, that depict trials of the human spirit in the midst of an impassive, inscrutable universe. Joseph Conrad is considered an early modernist, though his works still contain elements of nineteenth-century realism. His narrative style and anti-heroic characters have influenced many authors, including T. S. Eliot, William Faulkner, Graham Greene, and more recently Salman Rushdie.

Many films have been adapted from, or inspired by, Conrad's works. Writing in the heyday of the British Empire, Conrad drew on his native Poland's national experiences and on his personal experiences in the French and British merchant navies to create short stories and novels that reflect aspects of a European-dominated world, while profoundly exploring human psychology. Appreciated early on by literary critics, his fiction and nonfiction have since been seen as almost prophetic, in the light of subsequent national and international disasters of the 20th and 21st centuries. (en) Joseph Conrad, pseudonyme de Teodor Józef Konrad Korzeniowski herb. Nałęcz, né le à Berditchev (Ukraine - Empire russe) et mort le à Bishopsbourne (Kent - Angleterre), d'origine polonaise, il est considéré comme l'un des écrivains anglais les plus importants du XXe siècle.

(fr) Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski, más conocido como Joseph Conrad (Berdyczów, entonces Polonia, actual Ucrania, 3 de diciembre de 1857 – Bishopsbourne, Inglaterra, 3 de agosto de 1924), fue un novelista polaco que adoptó el inglés como lengua literaria. Conrad, cuya obra explora la vulnerabilidad y la inestabilidad moral del ser humano, está considerado como uno de los más grandes novelistas de la literatura inglesa. (es) Considerato uno dei più importanti scrittori moderni in lingua inglese, Conrad è stato capace, grazie ad un ricchissimo linguaggio (nonostante l'inglese fosse soltanto la sua terza lingua, dopo quella polacca e quella francese), di ricreare in maniera magistrale atmosfere esotiche e riflettere i dubbi dell'animo umano nel confronto con terre selvagge. È universalmente riconosciuto come uno dei grandi maestri della prosa.

Sebbene molte delle sue opere siano pervase di non pochi elementi di ispirazione romantica, è considerato soprattutto come un importante precursore della letteratura modernista. Il suo originale stile narrativo e i suoi anti-eroici personaggi hanno influenzato molti scrittori, tra cui Ernest Hemingway, David Herbert Lawrence, Graham Greene, William S. Burroughs, Joseph Heller, V.S. Naipaul e John Maxwell Coetzee. Ha ispirato inoltre diversi film, tra cui Lord Jim e Apocalypse Now (tratto dal suo Cuore di tenebra). Mentre l'Impero Britannico raggiungeva il suo apice, Conrad sfruttò la sua esperienza prima nella marina francese e, successivamente, in quella britannica per scrivere romanzi e racconti che riflettono aspetti di un impero "globale" e, allo stesso tempo, esplorano gli abissi della mente umana.

(it) ジョゼフ・コンラッド（Joseph Conrad, 1857年12月3日 - 1924年8月3日）はイギリスの小説家。ジョウゼフ・コンラッドとも表記される。海洋文学で知られ、作品には『闇の奥』、『ロード・ジム』、『ナーシサス号の黒人』、『文化果つるところ』、『密偵』などがある。 (ja) Joseph Conrad, właściwie Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski herbu Nałęcz (ur. 3 grudnia 1857 w Berdyczowie, zm. 3 sierpnia 1924 w Bishopsbourne) – pisarz i publicysta angielski pochodzenia polskiego. Józef Korzeniowski był synem pisarza i działacza niepodległościowego Apollona Korzeniowskiego.

Nie ukończywszy gimnazjum wyjechał w 1874 do Francji i zaciągnął się na statek jako prosty marynarz. W 1894 osiadł w Anglii i poświęcił się pracy pisarskiej; zaledwie rok później wydał pierwszą powieść Szaleństwo Almayera. Publikując na obczyźnie używał pseudonimu Joseph Conrad, który utworzył z imion: Józef i Konrad. Wybitna twórczość Korzeniowskiego pozostaje zjawiskiem odosobnionym w literaturze światowej, łącząc w sobie nurt romantyzmu z pozytywizmem, symbolizmu z impresjonizmem. Michał Choromański w tytule jednej z powieści nazwał Josepha Conrada „Słowackim wysp tropikalnych”.

Większość przekładów na język polski, autoryzowanych przez Korzeniowskiego, jest dziełem kuzynki pisarza Anieli Zagórskiej. (pl) Joseph Conrad, de nome de baptismo Józef Teodor Nałęcz Korzeniowski:11-12 (Berdyczew, 3 de dezembro de 1857 – Bishopbourne, 3 de agosto de 1924) foi um escritor britânico de origem polaca. Muitas das obras de Conrad centram-se em marinheiros e no mar. Conrad foi educado na Polónia ocupada pela Rússia. O seu pai, um aristocrata empobrecido de Nałęcz, foi escritor e militante armado, sendo preso pelas suas actividades contra os ocupantes russos e condenado a trabalhos forçados na Sibéria. Pouco depois, a sua mãe morreu de tuberculose no exílio, e quatro anos depois também o seu pai, apesar de ter sido autorizado a voltar a Cracóvia.

Destas traumáticas experiências de infância durante a ocupação russa é possível que Conrad derivasse temas contra o colonialismo como no romance Heart of Darkness (Coração das trevas). A sua última obra publicada em vida foi 'The Rover' (1923), onde conta a história de Peyrol, um pirata que decide reformar-se. Foi colocado sob os cuidados de seu tio, uma figura mais cautelosa do que qualquer um de seus pais, que não obstante, permitiu que Conrad viajasse para Marselha e começasse sua carreira como marinheiro com a idade de 17 anos. Em 1878, depois de uma tentativa falhada de suicídio, passou a servir num barco britânico para evitar o serviço militar russo. Aos 21 anos tinha aprendido inglês, língua que mais tarde dominaria com excelência. Conseguiu, depois de várias tentativas, passar no exame de Capitão de barco e finalmente conseguiu a nacionalidade britânica em 1884.

Pôs pela primeira vez o pé em Inglaterra no porto de Lowestoft, Suffolk, e viveu em Londres e posteriormente perto de Cantuária, Kent. O filósofo Bertrand Russell, que veio a conhecê-lo depois da sua chegada a Inglaterra, tinha verdadeiro fascínio pela sua obra, em especial, pela obra Coração das trevas. (O grau de amizade foi tal que Russell baptizou um de seus filhos com o nome "Conrad".) (pt) Joseph Conrad (3 december 1857 – 3 augustus 1924) was een Pools-Engelse roman- en prozaschrijver. Hij werd geboren als Józef Teodor Nałęcz Konrad Korzeniowski in Berdytsjiv, Rusland (tegenwoordig Oekraïne). Zijn romans gaan veelal over het gevaarlijke leven op zee en over exotische plaatsen.

(nl) Джозеф Конрад (псевдоним Теодора Юзефа Конрада Коженёвского, в устаревшей форме Феодора Иосифа Конрада Корженевского, польск. Teodor Józef Konrad Korzeniowski; англ. Joseph Conrad, 3 декабря 1857, Бердичев, Киевская губерния, Российская Империя — 3 августа 1924, Бишопсборн близ Кентербери) — английский писатель. Поляк по происхождению, он получил признание как классик английской литературы.

(ru) 约瑟夫·康拉德（Joseph Conrad，原名Józef Teodor Konrad Nałęcz Korzeniowski，1857年12月3日─1924年8月3日），生于波兰的英国小说家，是少數以非母語寫作而成名的作家之一，被譽為現代主義的先驅。年輕時當海員，中年才改行寫作。一生共写作13部长篇小说和28部短篇小说，主要作品包括《黑暗之心》（1899年）、《吉姆爷》（1900年）、《密探》（1907年）等。 (zh) Terekhove near Berdychiv, Kiev Governorate, Russian Empire (en) The Nigger of the 'Narcissus' (en) comment جوزيف كونراد أديب إنجليزي بولندي الأصل ولد في ما يعرف بأوكرانيا البولندية عام 1857 لوالد أديب مغمور انتقل مع والده إلى بولندا حيث توفى والده ومن

ها انتقل إلى فرنسا عام 1874 حيث عمل بالملاحة ثم انتقل إلى إنجلترا واستمر في عمله بالبحر.

توفي عام 1924 بنوبة قلبية وترك 13 رواية و 28 قصة قصيرة. أغلب رواياته لها علاقة بالبحر ويرويها بحار عجوز اسمه مارلو من رواياته "قلب الظلام" "العميل السري" و"النصر" و"تحت عيون غربية " و"لورد جيم". (ar) Joseph Conrad (eigentlich Józef Teodor Nałęcz Konrad Korzeniowski; * 3. Dezember 1857 in Berdyczów, Russisches Kaiserreich; † 3. August 1924 in Bishopsbourne) war ein britischer Schriftsteller polnischer Herkunft. Er gilt als einer der wichtigsten Schriftsteller des 20. Jahrhunderts in England.

(de) Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski, más conocido como Joseph Conrad (Berdyczów, entonces Polonia, actual Ucrania, 3 de diciembre de 1857 – Bishopsbourne, Inglaterra, 3 de agosto de 1924), fue un novelista polaco que adoptó el inglés como lengua literaria. Conrad, cuya obra explora la vulnerabilidad y la inestabilidad moral del ser humano, está considerado como uno de los más grandes novelistas de la literatura inglesa.

(es) ジョゼフ・コンラッド（Joseph Conrad, 1857年12月3日 - 1924年8月3日）はイギリスの小説家。ジョウゼフ・コンラッドとも表記される。海洋文学で知られ、作品には『闇の奥』、『ロード・ジム』、『ナーシサス号の黒人』、『文化果つるところ』、『密偵』などがある。 (ja) Joseph Conrad (3 december 1857 – 3 augustus 1924) was een Pools-Engelse roman- en prozaschrijver. Hij werd geboren als Józef Teodor Nałęcz Konrad Korzeniowski in Berdytsjiv, Rusland (tegenwoordig Oekraïne). Zijn romans gaan veelal over het gevaarlijke leven op zee en over exotische plaatsen.

(nl) Джозеф Конрад (псевдоним Теодора Юзефа Конрада Коженёвского, в устаревшей форме Феодора Иосифа Конрада Корженевского, польск. Teodor Józef Konrad Korzeniowski; англ. Joseph Conrad, 3 декабря 1857, Бердичев, Киевская губерния, Российская Империя — 3 августа 1924, Бишопсборн близ Кентербери) — английский писатель. Поляк по происхождению, он получил признание как классик английской литературы.

(ru) 约瑟夫·康拉德（Joseph Conrad，原名Józef Teodor Konrad Nałęcz Korzeniowski，1857年12月3日─1924年8月3日），生于波兰的英国小说家，是少數以非母語寫作而成名的作家之一，被譽為現代主義的先驅。年輕時當海員，中年才改行寫作。一生共写作13部长篇小说和28部短篇小说，主要作品包括《黑暗之心》（1899年）、《吉姆爷》（1900年）、《密探》（1907年）等。 (zh) Joseph Conrad (born Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski; 3 December 1857 – 3 August 1924) was a Polish-British writer regarded as one of the greatest novelists to write in the English language. He was granted British nationality in 1886 but always considered himself a Pole.

Though he did not speak English fluently until he was in his twenties (and always with a marked accent), he was a master prose stylist who brought a distinctly non-English sensibility into English literature. He wrote stories and novels, many with a nautical setting, that depict trials of the human spirit in the midst of an impassive, inscrutable universe. (en) Joseph Conrad, pseudonyme de Teodor Józef Konrad Korzeniowski herb. Nałęcz, né le à Berditchev (Ukraine - Empire russe) et mort le à Bishopsbourne (Kent - Angleterre), d'origine polonaise, il est considéré comme l'un des écrivains anglais les plus importants du XXe siècle.

(fr) Considerato uno dei più importanti scrittori moderni in lingua inglese, Conrad è stato capace, grazie ad un ricchissimo linguaggio (nonostante l'inglese fosse soltanto la sua terza lingua, dopo quella polacca e quella francese), di ricreare in maniera magistrale atmosfere esotiche e riflettere i dubbi dell'animo umano nel confronto con terre selvagge. È universalmente riconosciuto come uno dei grandi maestri della prosa. (it) Joseph Conrad, właściwie Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski herbu Nałęcz (ur. 3 grudnia 1857 w Berdyczowie, zm. 3 sierpnia 1924 w Bishopsbourne) – pisarz i publicysta angielski pochodzenia polskiego.Józef Korzeniowski był synem pisarza i działacza niepodległościowego Apollona Korzeniowskiego.

Nie ukończywszy gimnazjum wyjechał w 1874 do Francji i zaciągnął się na statek jako prosty marynarz. W 1894 osiadł w Anglii i poświęcił się pracy pisarskiej; zaledwie rok później wydał pierwszą powieść Szaleństwo Almayera. Publikując na obczyźnie używał pseudonimu Joseph Conrad, który utworzył z imion: Józef i Konrad. (pl) Joseph Conrad, de nome de baptismo Józef Teodor Nałęcz Korzeniowski:11-12 (Berdyczew, 3 de dezembro de 1857 – Bishopbourne, 3 de agosto de 1924) foi um escritor britânico de origem polaca.

Muitas das obras de Conrad centram-se em marinheiros e no mar.O filósofo Bertrand Russell, que veio a conhecê-lo depois da sua chegada a Inglaterra, tinha verdadeiro fascínio pela sua obra, em especial, pela obra Coração das trevas. (O grau de amizade foi tal que Russell baptizou um de seus filhos com o nome "Conrad".) (pt) Joseph Conrad's biography Jďż˝zef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski -Joseph Conrad 1. Family background and early years Joseph Conrad was born as son of Apollo Korzeniowski and Ewa nee Bobrowska, in Berdyczďż˝w (now Berdychiv, Ukraine) on 3 December 1857. Both parents were Polish, members of the local szlachta, landowning gentry-nobility (there was no legal distinction between these two classes in Poland); both were devout Roman Catholics.

Until the partition of Poland between Russia, Austria-Hungary and Prussia at the end of the 18th century, Central and Western Ukraine constituted a part of the multinational Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; most of the szlachta were ethnic Poles; most of town-dwellers were Jewish; most of the peasantry Ukrainians ("Ruthenians"). Conrad paternal and maternal ancestors settled there in late 17th century. Conrad's paternal grandfather, Teodor Korzeniowski, captain of the Polish army during the 1830 Insurrection against the Russian rule, lost his estate in the political turbulences of his partitioned country. He had one daughter, Emilia, sent in 1864 to exile in Russia, and three sons: Robert, killed in the 1863 Insurrection, Hilary, who died in 1878 while in compulsory exile to Siberia after the same insurrection, and Apollo, born in 1820. Apollo had a gift for languages and writing.

He studied at St Petersburg University and later supported himself by administering landed estates, writing satirical comedies (his satire, tempered by censorship, was patriotic and democratic in spirit and directed against materialism and political opportunism of Polish landowners), and translating from English (Dickens and Shakespeare), French (Victor Hugo and Alfred de Vigny) and German (Heine). He also wrote and circulated in manuscript patriotic and religious poems, in which he expressed his sympathy for oppressed Ukrainian peasantry and exhorted Poles to unswerving fidelity to the cause of their national independence. Jďż˝zef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski (he was to use only his third given name), the only son of Apollo and Ewa, was born in Berdyczďż˝w (now Berdychiv) on 3 December 1857. Apollo wrote his 'Baptismal Poem' for his son: Baby son, tell yourself You are without land, without love, Without country, without people, While Poland - your Mother is in her grave.

In April 1861 Apollo Korzeniowski moved to Warsaw, ostensibly to start a cultural periodical, but in fact to organise underground resistance to Russian authorities. In October 1861 he formed a clandestine ''Committee of the Movement" which was the kernel of the underground National Government of 1863. A few days later he was imprisoned in the Warsaw Citadel. Ewa Korzeniowska and her son followed Apollo to Warsaw in October 1861, and witnessed his arrest. Ewa was also charged and questioned, but not put in custody. Little Conrad would accompany his grandmother who carried supplies to his imprisoned and ailing father. He wrote later that 'In the courtyard of this [Warsaw] Citadel - characteristically for our nation - my childhood memories begin.' The investigation, by a military tribunal, of the Korzeniowski's lasted till April 1862, but the verdict, issued in fact by the viceroy of Poland, a Russian general, preceded by two weeks the official decision of the court. Although only circumstantial evidence was produced against both Ewa and Apollo, they were sentenced to exile to Northern Russia, ''under strict police supervision".

The viceroy added in his own hand: ''Mind that they do not stop on the way." They were dispatched to Vologda, known for its harsh climate. In January 1863, for reasons of health, they were allowed to move to Chernihiv, in north-eastern Ukraine. There Ewa Korzeniowska died of tuberculosis in April 1865. Apollo was also gravely ill, and was released from exile in January 1868. He left with his son to Lwďż˝w (Lviv), then in Austro-Hungarian Empire, an important Polish cultural centre, and later moved to Cracow, ancient capital of Poland, where he died in May 1869. Konrad's maternal uncle, Tadeusz Bobrowski, became his guardian and benefactor. Konrad was first educated by his father; a sickly boy, he never regularly attended schools, but couched by tutors passed his formal exams first in Cracow, later in Lviv. In autumn of 1874 he was sent - at least partly for health reasons - to Southern France, with the view of starting a maritime career. 2.

Konrad Korzeniowski becomes Joseph Conrad Initially Korzeniowski does not seem to have had an intention to leave Poland permanently, and yet in 1883 he assured one of his father's friends of remembering the injunction that ''wherever he may sail he is sailing towards Poland". But as a Russian subject and son of convicts he was liable for long military service, and his attempts to be realised from Russian State allegation succeeded only in 1889. By that time he was switched from the French to the British merchant fleet marine (in 1878) and passed his examinations for master mariner (1886); the same year he became a British subject. He never officially changed his original name, and assumed the pen-name of Joseph Conrad only when publishing in 1895 his first novel, Almayer's Folly, dedicated to the memory of T[adeusz] B[obrowski]. He kept up correspondence with his uncle; his letters to him were destroyed during the Bolshevik Revolution, but Bobrowski's letters to Conrad survived and constitute the most important biographical source for Conrad's earlier years. He visited his home country in 1889 and 1893.

The following year his uncle died and Korzeniowski's main personal link with Poland ceased to exist. For the first twenty years of his writing career Conrad struggled with debts: his royalties fell far below his modest expenses. Only in summer 1914 he was able to take a longer vacation, and took his wife and two sons to Poland. The outbreak of the First World War caught them in Cracow; they spent two months in this city and then in the Tatra Mountains to the south of it. While in Cracow and Zakopane, Conrad met several Polish writers, artists and intellectuals. This was to be the last visit to his native country. The reminiscences of his relatives and friends testify to Conrad's continued emotional involvement in the affairs of Poland and traditions of her culture (e.g., at his country home in Kent he organised private concerts of Chopin's music). At his funeral (he died in Canterbury on 3 August 1924) the only official present was a representative of Prime Minister of Poland. 3. Conrad's Polish cultural roots From letters of Apollo Korzeniowski to his friends and other sources we know that young Conrad was an avid reader.

He was certainly well acquainted with classical Polish literature, beginning from the work of the great XVIth century poet Jan Kochanowski (whom he mentions in his letters). Most probably the poetry, drama and fiction of Polish romantic writers (of which his father was an epigone) formed the main body of his readings in his native language. 'Polonism I have taken into my works from Mickiewicz and Sďż˝owacki', he declared in 1914, mentioning by name the two greatest writers, and also moral and political authorities, of Polish romanticism. Ideas of moral and national responsibility pervaded this literature. Fidelity and betrayal, honour and shame, duty and escape were frequent subject. The moral problems of an individual were typically posed in terms of communal obligations; and ethical principles, formed under a decisive influence of chivalric ethos, were grounded in the idea that an individual, however exceptional he may be, is always a member of a community. A poet was a typical example of an exceptional individual, burdened with special duties towards his nation.

The passage 'from alienation to commitment', recognised as a frequent theme in Conrad's fiction, has been a staple subject in Polish romantic literature (as in Mickiewicz's Pan Tadeusz and Forefather's Eve). One of the more popular literary forms was the tale (gawďż˝da), a story told by a personal narrator, who often himself is one of the protagonists; it is easy to find a continuation of this form in Conrad's narratives. Apart from the general presence of important elements of Polish cultural tradition, critics have identified in Conrad's writings many thematic, artistic, and verbal motifs taken from particular works of Polish literature. Polish language itself has also left an imprint on Conrad's prose. Not only in the form of Polonisms (words and idioms used in their Polish rather than English sense), and errors committed here and there in the use of tenses. Occasional looseness of Conrad's syntax and the rhetorical, rolling rhythm of his phrases can be easily traced back to the influence of his native speech. 4.

Polish themes in his work In his essay 'Autocracy and War' (1905), Conrad's most important political statement, Poland is mentioned as a victim of German and Russian imperialism, which links them in their ''common guilt''. A Personal Record (1912) contains long and moving fragments telling about his early Polish experiences and about members of his closest family. 'Prince Roman' (1910), included in the posthumous volume Tales of Hearsay) is a tale about Prince Roman S[anguszko] who 'from conviction' joined the forces of Polish uprising against Russian power in November 1830 and, captured, was sentenced to a punishment of hard labour in Siberian mines.

We read there about Poland as 'That country which demands to be loved an no other country has even been loved, with the mournful affection one bears for the unforgotten dead and with the inextinguishable fire of a hopeless passion which only a living, breathing, warm ideal can kindle in our breast for our pride, for our weariness, for our exultation, for our undoing.' In 1914, under the impression of fresh contacts with his compatriots, Conrad wrote a Memorandum outlining his plans of action in the UK in support of Polish interests. His essay 'Poland Revisited' ( included later in his Notes on Life and Letters, 1921) describes Conrad's journey to Poland and reflects his depression in face of the British attitude of considering the future of Poland as Russia's internal affair. Two years later in a special 'Note on the Polish Question' (published also in Notes...), addressed to the British Foreign Office, he proposed a reconstruction of Poland under the protectorate of Great Britain and France ('Quite impossible. Russia will never share her interests in Poland with Western Powers' was the negative reply).

Conrad greeted the reconstruction of independent Poland (after 123 years of partitioning) in 1918 with joy, relief, and embarrassment caused by his own lack of faith. He wrote an emotional appeal in support of the new country and in remembrance of its sufferings, 'The Crime of Partition' (1919, included in Notes...). In 1920, while the Polish army was fighting for the survival of the country with a Soviet invasion, he sent a cablegram in support for the Polish Government Loan: 'For Poles the sense of duty and the imperishable feeling of nationality preserved in the hearts and defended by the hands of their immediate ancestors in open struggles against the might of three Powers and in indomitable defiance of crushing oppression for more than a hundred years is sufficient inducement to come forward to assist in reconstructing the independence, dignity and usefulness of the reborn Republic.' 5. Conrad's reception in Poland Some Polish intellectuals accused Conrad of infidelity towards his native country shown by writing in English. The most important expression of such charge was an article, published in 1899 by a well-known and respected Polish woman-novelist, Eliza Orzeszkowa.

Conrad took this greatly to heart, and a couple of years later, writing in 1901 to a Cracow librarian Jďż˝zef Korzeniowski (not a relative of his), he declared: ''I have in no way disavowed either my nationality or the name we share [...] It is widely known that I am a Pole and that Jďż˝zef Konrad are my two Christian names, the latter being used be my as surname so that foreign mouths should not distort my real surname [...] It does not seem to me that I have been unfaithful to my country by having prived to the English that a gentleman from the Ukraine can be as good as sailor as they, and has something to tell them in their own language. I consider such recognition as I have won from this particular point of view, and offer in silent homage where it is due.' He was by that time becoming known in Poland: the first ever translation of this work (An Outcast of the Islands) was published in a Warsaw periodical in 1897, and other translations followed.

In 1914 he gave his first ever interview, to a Polish journalist Marian Dďż˝browski (husband of Maria Dďż˝browska later one of the most distinguished Polish 20th century novelists and author of a volume of essays on Conrad). He confessed there that his father read to him Mickiewicz's long poem Pan Tadeusz, 'not just once or twice', and made him also read it aloud. He 'used to prefer Konrad Wallenrod and Graďż˝yna', Mickiewicz's shorter poetic tales. 'Later I liked Sďż˝owacki better. You know why Sďż˝owacki? Il est l'ame de toute la Pologne, lui.' [He is the soul of all Poland, he is.] Conrad's contacts with Polish writers and readers became closer after 1920. He corresponded with several authors and his translators, and in 1921 himself translated from Polish a comedy by Bruno Winawer (The book of Hiob, published posthumously).

The most eminent Polish writer of the time, Stefan ďż˝eromski, moral authority of Polish liberals and socialists, wrote an enthusiastic introduction to a collected edition of Conrad's works, calling him a 'writer-compatriot'. Conrad responded with a latter, writing: 'I confess that I cannot find words to describe my profound emotion when I read this appreciation from my country, voiced by you, dear Sir - the greatest master of its literature.' In the 'twenties and 'thirties Conrad became in Poland a very influential writer, much read and discussed both by intellectuals and the broad reading public, with which especially his sea fiction was popular. He reached the peak of his importance in the darkest hours of modern Polish history, during the II World War, in the country invaded again by its German and Soviet neighbours. Conrad, and particularly the Conrad of Lord Jim, became then one of the chief moral authorities for the young members of the Polish underground army and civil resistance.

The first ever full edition of Conrad's works (27 volumes) was published in Poland in 1972-74, with one supplementary volume, containing material confiscated by Communist censors, published by Polish ďż˝migrďż˝s in London. 6. Conrad memorabilia in Poland and Ukraine The hospital in which Conrad was born in Berdychiv does not exist. Opening of a small Joseph Conrad museum in the premises of a magnificent Carmelite Monastery there (a priest from this monastery baptised Conrad) is planned for September 1999. A commemorative plaque in the centre of Warsaw (Nowy ďż˝wiat Street) was placed on the house next to the one in which the Korzeniowski rented their flat in 1862. The cell in Warsaw Citadel in which Conrad's father was imprisoned still exists. So does the house in which he lived with his father in Cracow at the Poselska Street, and the buildings where he stayed as a boarder in Lvov and Cracow (Floriaďż˝ska Street).

Two volumes of manuscripts of Conrad's father, most of them unpublished, are preserved in the Jagiellonian Library in Cracow. Several important letters and documents concerning Conrad himself are to be found in the PAN Library also in Cracow. The National Library in Warsaw has Tadeusz Bobrowski's letters to Conrad, and several Conrad's letters in Polish. Outside Poland the most important collection of Conrad's MSS connected with his Polish background are kept at the Beinecke Library, Yale University and in the Polish Library in London. Most of the letters and other documents concerning Conrad's links with Poles and Poland have been collected in: Conrad's Polish Background, ed. Zdzisďż˝aw Najder, Oxford 1964 Conrad Under Familial Eyes, ed. Zdzisďż˝aw Najder, Milan and Cambridge 1983 in original Polish version: Wspomnienia i studia o Conradzie, ed. Barbara Kocďż˝wna, Warszawa 1963 Tadeusz Bobrowski, Listy do Conrada, ed.

Rďż˝a Jabďż˝kowska, Warszawa 1981 Conrad wďż˝rďż˝d swoich, ed. Zdzisďż˝aw Najder, Warszawa 1996 Standard biography: Zdzisďż˝aw Najder, ďż˝ycie Conrada-Korzeniowskiego, 2 vols., 2nd Polish ed. Warszawa 1996; English translation: Joseph Conrad: a Chronicle, New Brunswick and Cambridge 1983; French translation: Joseph Conrad: Biographie, Paris 1992

Question: Which Polish-born naturalised British novelist's real surname was Korzeniowski?
Answer: Joseph Conrad