The Universe of Discourse : Bone names The Universe of Discourse Bone names Names of bones are usually Latin. They come in two types. One type is descriptive. The auditory ossicles (that's Latin for "little bones for hearing") are named in English the hammer, anvil, and stirrup, and their formal, Latin names are the malleus ("hammer"), incus ("anvil"), and stapes ("stirrup") The fibula is the small bone in the lower leg; it's named for the Latin fibula, which is a kind of Roman safety pin. The other leg bone, the tibia, is much bigger; that's the frame of the pin, and the fibula makes the thin sharp part. The kneecap is the patella, which is a "little pan". The big, flat parietal bone in the skull is from paries, which is a wall or partition. The clavicle, or collarbone, is a little key. "Pelvis" is Latin for "basin". The pelvis is made of four bones: the sacrum, the coccyx, and the left and right os innominata.

Sacrum is short for os sacrum, "the sacred bone", but I don't know why it was called that. Coccyx is a cuckoo bird, because it looks like a cuckoo's beak. Os innominatum means "nameless bone": they gave up on the name because it doesn't look like anything. (See illustration to right.) On the other hand, some names are not descriptive: they're just the Latin words for the part of the body that they are. For example, the thighbone is called the femur, which is Latin for "thigh". The big lower arm bone is the ulna, Latin for "elbow". The upper arm bone is the humerus, which is Latin for "shoulder". (Actually, Latin is umerus, but classical words beginning in "u" often acquire an initial "h" when they come into English.) The leg bone corresponding to the ulna is the tibia, which is Latin for "tibia". It also means "flute", but I think the flute meaning is secondary—they made flutes out of hollowed-out tibias. Some of the nondescriptive names are descriptive in Latin, but not in English.

The vertebra in English are so called after Latin vertebra, which means the vertebra. But the Latin word is ultimately from the verb vertere, which means to turn. (Like in "avert" ("turn away") and "revert" ("turn back").) The jawbone, or "mandible", is so-called after mandibula, which means "mandible". But the Latin word is ultimately from mandere, which means to chew. The cranium is Greek, not Latin; kranion (or κρανιον, I suppose) is Greek for "skull". Sternum, the breastbone, is Greek for "chest"; carpus, the wrist, is Greek for "wrist"; tarsus, the ankle, is Greek for "instep". The zygomatic bone of the face is yoke-shaped; ζυγος ("zugos") is Greek for "yoke". The hyoid bone is the only bone that is not attached to any other bone. (It's located in the throat, and supports the base of the tongue.) It's called the "hyoid" bone because it's shaped like the letter "U".

This used to puzzle me, but the way to understand this is to think of it as the "U-oid" bone, which makes sense, and then to remember two things. First, that classical words beginning in "u" often acquire an initial "h" when they come into English, as "humerus". And second, classical Greek "u" always turns into "y" in Latin. You can see this if you look at the shape of the Greek letter capital upsilon, which looks like this: Υ. Greek αβυσσος ("abussos" = "without a bottom") becomes English "abyss"; Greek ανωνυμος ("anonumos") becomes English "anonymous"; Greek υπος ("hupos"; there's supposed to be a diacritical mark on the υ indicating the "h-" sound, but I don't know how to type it) becomes "hypo-" in words like "hypothermia" and "hypodermic". So "U-oid" becomes "hy-oid".

(Other parts of the body named for letters of the alphabet are the sigmoid ("S-shaped") flexure of the colon and the deltoid ("Δ-shaped") muscle in the arm. The optic chiasm is the place in the head where the optic nerves cross; "chiasm" is Greek for a crossing-place, and is so-called after the Greek letter Χ.) The German word for "auditory ossicles" is Gehörknöchelchen. Gehör is "for hearing". Knöchen is "bones"; Knöchelchen is "little bones". So the German word, like the Latin phrase "auditory ossicles", means "little bones for hearing". Homo sapiens – modern humans - Australian Museum Australian Museum All people living today belong to the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens skull Want FREE general admission all year round? We evolved only relatively recently but with complex culture and technology have been able to spread throughout the world and occupy a range of different environments. This resulted in a species that is highly variable in physical appearance, despite the fact that we are almost genetically identical to each other.

Background 300,000 years ago to present: archaic Homo sapiens from 300,000 years ago modern Homo sapiens from about 160,000 years ago What the name means The name we selected for ourselves means ‘wise human’. Homo is the Latin word for ‘human’ or ‘man’ and sapiens is derived from a Latin word that means ‘wise’ or ‘astute’. Other names Various names have been used for our species including: ‘Cro-Magnon Man’ is commonly used for the modern humans that inhabited Europe from about 40,000 to 10,000 years ago. The term ‘archaic’ Homo sapiens has sometimes been used for African fossils dated between 300,000 and 150,000 years of age that are difficult to classify due to a mixture of modern and archaic features. Some scientists prefer to place these fossils in a separate species, Homo helmei. Homo sapiens sapiens is the name given to our species if we are considered a sub-species of a larger group.

This name is used by those that describe the specimen from Herto, Ethiopia as Homo sapiens idàltu or by those who believed that modern humans and the Neanderthals were members of the same species. (The Neanderthals were called Homo sapiens neanderthalensis in this scheme). Major fossil sites of early Homo sapiens Fossils of the earliest members of our species, archaic Homo sapiens, have all been found in Africa. Fossils of modern Homo sapiens have been found in Africa and in many other sites across much of the world. Sites older than 150k include Florisbad, Omo-Kibish, Ngaloba and Herto. Sites dating to about 100k include Klasies River Mouth, Border Cave, Skhul and Qafzeh. Sites younger than 40k include Dolni Vestonice, Cro-Magnon, Aurignac and Lake Mungo. Relationships with other species Homo sapiens evolved in Africa from Homo heidelbergensis.

They co-existed for a long time in Europe and the Middle East with the Neanderthals, and possibly with Homo erectus in Asia and Homo floresiensis in Indonesia, but are now the only surviving human species. For information on modern humans interbreeding with other human species see australianmuseum.net.au/When-and-where-did-our-species-originate . The transition to modern humans African fossils provide the best evidence for the evolutionary transition from Homo heidelbergensis to archaic Homo sapiens and then to early modern Homo sapiens. There is, however, some difficulty in placing many of the transitional specimens into a particular species because they have a mixture of intermediate features which are especially apparent in the sizes and shapes of the forehead, brow ridge and face. Some suggest the name Homo helmei for these intermediate specimens that represent populations on the brink of becoming modern. Late surviving populations of archaic Homo sapiens and Homo heidelbergensis lived alongside early modern Homo sapiens before disappearing from the fossil record by about 100,000 years ago.

Key specimens that reveal an evolutionary transition from archaic to modern Homo sapiens include Florisbad cranium, LH18 from Laetoli, Omo 1 and 2 from Omo-Kibish, Herto skull from Ethiopia and Skhul 5 from Israel. Important specimens: Late early modern Homo sapiens Liujiang – a skull discovered in 1958 in Guanxi province, South China. Age is uncertain, but at least 15,000 years old. This skull lacks the typically northern Asian features found in modern populations from those regions, lending support to popular theories that such features only arose in the last 8000 years. Aurignac – skull discovered in Aurignac, France. The first Aurignac fossils were accidentally found in 1852. A workman digging a trench in a hillside found a cave that had been blocked by rock but after clearing away the debris he found 17 skeletons. The skeletons were taken to a local cemetery for burial but later investigations indicated that the skeletons were actually up to 10,000 years old.

Cro-Magnon 1 – a 32,000-year-old skull discovered in 1868 in Cro-Magnon rockshelter, Les Eyzies, France. This adult male represents the oldest known skull of a modern human from western Europe. Cro-Magnon skeletons have proportions similar to those of modern Africans rather than modern Europeans. This suggests that the Cro-Magnons had migrated from a warmer climate and had a relatively recent African ancestry. Important specimens: Early modern Homo sapiens Herto – a 160,000-year-old partial skull discovered in1997 in Herto, Ethiopia. This skull from an adult male and those of another adult and a child were found in 1997 and publicly announced in 2003. They are some of the oldest fossils of modern Homo sapiens yet discovered. Some scientists regard these fossils as a sub-species of modern humans (named Homo sapiens idàltu) because of some slight differences in their skull features. They show a suite of modern human traits, mixed with archaic and early modern features. Also of significance are cut marks on the child's skull.

These were made when the bone was still fresh in a manner indicating ritual practice. The skull also appeared 'polished' from repeated handling before it was laid in the ground. Omo 1 – a partial skull discovered in1967 in Omo-Kibish, Ethiopia. A recently published date for this skull was about 195,000 years old, but this is disputed. However, it is still one of the oldest known fossils of early modern Homo sapiens. Features which show the transition from an archaic to an early modern Homo sapiens include a more rounded and expanded braincase and a high forehead. Now dated to the same age as Omo 2, it does raise interesting questions about why it appears to have slightly more advanced features than Omo 2. Were they from the same population? Skhul 5 – a 90,000-year-old skull discovered in1932 in Skhul Cave, Mount Carmel, Israel. This skull of an adult male has developed relatively modern features including a higher forehead although it still retains some archaic features including a brow ridge and slightly projecting face.

This specimen and others from the Middle East are the oldest known traces of modern humans outside of Africa. They prove that Homo sapiens had started to spread out of Africa by 100,000 years ago, although it may be that these remains represent a population that did not expand beyond this region – with migrations to the rest of the world occurring later, about 60-70,000 years ago. Important specimens: Archaic Homo sapiens LH 18 – skull discovered in 1976 in Ngaloba, Laetoli, Tanzania. Age is about 120,000 years old (but debated). This skull is transitional between Homo heidelbergensis and early modern Homo sapiens. It has a number of primitive features but also has some modern characteristics such as a reduced brow ridge and smaller facial features. The late date of this specimen indicates that archaic humans lived alongside modern populations for some time. Florisbad – a 260,000-year-old partial cranium discovered in 1932 in Florisbad, South Africa. This skull shows features intermediate between Homo heidelbergensis and early modern Homo sapiens.

The face is broad and massive but still relatively flat and the forehead is approaching the modern form. Omo 2 – a 195,000-year-old braincase discovered in 1967 in Omo-Kibish, Ethiopia. Like LH 18, this braincase shows a blend of primitive and modern features that places it as a member of a population transitional between Homo heidelbergensis and early modern Homo sapiens. Its primitive features include a heavier, more robust construction; an angled rather than rounded rear section; and a lower, sloping forehead. Refer to Omo 1 specimen for interesting comparisons. Key physical features Homo sapiens skulls have a distinctive shape that differentiates them from earlier human species. Their body shape tends to vary, however, due to adaptation to a wide range of environments. Body size and shape the earliest Homo sapiens had bodies with short, slender trunks and long limbs. These body proportions are an adaptation for surviving in tropical regions due to the greater proportion of skin surface available for cooling the body. More stocky builds gradually evolved when populations spread to cooler regions, as an adaptation that helped the body retain heat.

Modern humans now have an average height of about 160 centimetres in females and 175 centimetres in males. Brain Homo sapiens living today have an average brain size of about 1350 cubic centimetres which makes-up 2.2% of our body weight. Early Homo sapiens, however, had slightly larger brains at nearly 1500 cubic centimetres. Skull modern Homo sapiens skulls have a short base and a high braincase. Unlike other species of Homo, the skull is broadest at the top. The fuller braincase also results in almost no post-orbital constriction or narrowing behind the eye sockets back of the skull is rounded and indicates a reduction in neck muscles face is reasonably small with a projecting nose bone brow ridge is limited and the forehead is tall orbits (eye sockets) are square rather than round Jaws and teeth jaws are short which result in an almost vertical face usually no gap (retromolar space) between the last molar teeth and the jaw bone jaws are lightly built and have a protruding bony chin for added strength. Homo sapiens is the only species to have a protruding chin.

shortened jaw has affected the arrangement of the teeth within the jaw. They are now arranged in a parabolic shape in which the side rows of teeth splay outwards rather than remain parallel as in our earliest long jawed ancestors. teeth are relatively small compared with earlier species. This is especially noticeable in the front incisor and canine teeth. front premolar teeth in the lower jaw have two equal-sized cusps (bumps on the chewing surface) Limbs and pelvis limb bones are thinner and less robust than earlier human species and indicate a reduction in muscle size from earlier humans. legs are relatively long compared with the arms. finger and toe bones are straight and without the curvature typical of our earliest australopithecine ancestors. pelvis is narrower from side-to-side and has a deeper bowl-shape from front-to-back than previous human species. Lifestyle Culture and technology The earliest Homo sapiens had a relatively simple culture, although it was more advanced than any previous species. Rare evidence for symbolic behaviour appears at a number of African sites about 100,000 years ago, but these artistic expressions appear more of a flicker of creativity than a sustained expression.

It is not until about 40,000 years ago that complex and highly innovative cultures appear and include behaviour that we would recognise as typical of modern humans today. Many researchers believe this explosion of artistic material in the archaeological record about 40,000 years ago is due to a change in human cognition - perhaps humans developed a greater ability to think and communicate symbolically or memorise better. However, as there are obvious attempts at art before this, perhaps there are other reasons. One theory is that population size and structure play a key role as social learning is considered more beneficial to developing complex culture than individual innovations are. Bigger populations often accumulate more cultural attributes than isolated groups. Tools Initially, Homo sapiens made stone tools such as flakes, scrapers and points that were similar in design to those made by the Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis). This technology appeared about 250,000 years ago, coinciding with the probable first appearance of early Homo sapiens. It required an ability for abstract thought to mentally plan a series of steps that could then be executed.

Only a small number of tools were produced from each core (the original stone selected for shaping) but the tools produced by this prepared-core method maximised the cutting edge available. Historically, archaeologists used different terminologies for Lower Palaeolithic cultures in different parts of the world. Many of these terms are now consolidated within the Mode 3 technology to emphasise the similarities between these technologies. As more sophisticated techniques developed in some parts of the world, this early Mode 3 technology was replaced by either Mode 4 or Mode 5 technology and the use of a wider range of materials including bone, ivory and antler. Mode 4 technology first appeared in Africa about 100,000 years ago. It is characterised by the production of long, thin stone flakes that were shaped into long blade knives, spearheads and other tools. Mode 5 technology specialised in the production of very small blades (microliths) that were often used in composite tools having several parts. These tools included small-headed arrows, barbed spears and sickles.

Regional variation in these tool cultures developed with an influx of new styles and techniques especially within the last 40,000 years, including the Magdalenian and Aurignacian. Fire Sophisticated control of fire, including complex hearths, pits and kilns, allowed Homo sapiens to survive in regions that even the cold-adapted Neanderthals had been unable to inhabit. The Cro-Magnon site at Dolni Vestonice in the Czech Republic produced the earliest evidence for high temperature kilns and ceramic technology. The kilns, dated at 26,000 years old, were capable of firing clay figurines at temperatures over 400 degrees Celsius. About 2000 fired lumps of clay were found scattered around the kiln. Clothing and personal adornment Animal hide clothing may have been worn in cooler areas, although direct evidence of clothing only exists for the last 30,000 years. This evidence includes specialised tools such as needles; adornments such as buttons and beads sewn onto clothing; and the remains of animals, such as arctic foxes and wolves, that indicate they were trapped for their fur.

Clothes that were sewn provided better protection from the cold than clothes that were merely tied together. Fibres from flax plants were discovered in a cave in Georgia in 2009, dating to about 36,000 years old. The flax was most likely used to make clothes and woven baskets, and a small number appear to be dyed. They are the oldest example of their kind ever found. Textile impressions have been discovered at other European sites have, but no actual remains. Items of personal adornment not sewn onto clothing include ivory, shell, amber, bone and tooth beads and pendants. Ostrich eggshell beads that date from about 45,000 years ago have been found in Africa, as well as pierced shell beads in Morocco dating to 80,000 years ago and marine shell beads from Israel dating to 90,000 years old, but body adornment only become prolific from about 35,000 years ago. One of the earliest known pendants is a horse carved in mammoth ivory from Vogelherd, Germany. It is dated at 32,000 years old.

Body adornments like this are evidence that humans had progressed from merely trying to survive and were now concerned with their appearance. Art Cave art began to be produced about 40,000 years ago in Europe and Australia. Most of the art depicts animals or probable spiritual beings, but smaller marks in many caves in France, and possibly others in Europe, are now being analysed as they may be a written 'code' familiar to many prehistoric tribes. In particular, 26 symbols appear over and over again across thousand of years, some of them in pairs and groups in what could be a rudimentary 'language'. These suggest that early Europeans were attempting to represent ideas symbolically rather than realistically and share information acorss generations. The oldest of these symbols date to about 30,000 years old. Evidence of musical instruments first appeared about 32,000 years ago in Europe. Palaeolithic bone flutes and whistles from various sites in France range in age from 30,000 to 10,000 years old. Portable artwork, such as carved statuettes, first appeared about 35-40,000 years ago in Europe.

Venus figurines were widespread in Europe by 28,000 years ago. Fragments from Germany found in 2009, suggest their origins started at least 35,000 years ago. An ivory female head with bun from Dolni Vestonice, Czech Republic, is one of only 2 human head carvings from this period that show eye sockets, eyelids and eyeballs. It is dated at 26,000 years old. Red ochre pieces from Blombos Cave in South Africa, dating to about 100-80,000 years ago, show evidence of engraving that may be an expression of art or simply incidental marking made during other activities. However, other signs of possible symbolic behaviour, including shell beads and sophisticated tools (known as Still Bay points) have also come from this site, strengthening the case for early artistic expression. Settlement Early Homo sapiens often inhabited caves or rock shelters if these were available. More recently, especially within the last 20,000 years, natural shelters were enhanced with walls or other simple modifications.

In open areas, shelters were constructed using a range of framework materials including wooden poles and the bones of large animals, such as mammoths. These structures were probably covered with animal hides and the living areas included fire hearths. Living sites were much larger than those occupied by earlier humans and a comparison with modern traditional peoples suggests that clans consisted of between 25 and 100 members. Burial Burials were infrequent and very simple prior to 40,000 years ago and then began to become more elaborate with the inclusion of valued objects such as tools and body adornments. Red ochre was sprinkled over many of the bodies prior to burial. One of the earliest deliberate burials of a modern human comes from Jebel Qafzeh in Israel. Dating to 90,000 years old, the grave contains the bones of a young woman buried with a young child at her feet. An additional 21 skeletons were found in the same cave. Environment and diet Early modern humans were adapted to life in the tropics but by 40,000 years ago they occupied a range of environments across the continents of Africa, Europe, Asia and Australia.

Within the last 20,000 years humans have also spread into the Americas. Today, our culture and technology allows us to live in most environments on our planet as well as some off our planet. All Homo sapiens were once hunter-gatherers living on wild plants and animals. It was only about 11,000 years ago that humans began to domesticate plants and animals although wild foods still remained important in the diet. Our species has a wide-ranging and essentially omnivorous diet. This has enabled us to utilise the food resources found in the wide variety of environments we inhabit. Fran Dorey , Exhibition Project Coordinator Last Updated: Skeletal System For Kids | Skeletal System Facts Home Biology Skeletal System For Kids | Skeletal System Facts All the bones in a human body form the skeletal system. When a baby is born, he is made up of 270 bones. However, as he grows up, most of these bones are joined to form a single bone. As a result, an adult person has 206 bones in total. Now we explain the skeletal system for kids.

Skeletal System For Kids Functions of the Skeletal System Bones are arranged in such a manner that they form a protective covering for other soft organs of human body. They keep the body structure straight while standing; a body would tumble if there had been no skeletal system. With the help of muscles, different bones assist in movement of the body. They are attached to the muscles at joints and together they perform any work. Bones act like a warehouse in which essential minerals such as calcium and phosphate are deposited. In times of need when the food intake becomes insufficient in providing them, bones supply these minerals to the blood. Hormones (present inside the bones) deliver these minerals to the blood. They prepare new blood cells for the body. Types Of Skeleton All bones are divided into two groups of skeletons namely axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. 1. Axial Skeleton There are 80 bones in the axial skeleton. Breastbone, vertebral column bones, skull bones and ribs form axial skeleton. 2. Appendicular Skeleton There are 126 bones in the appendicular skeleton. It consists of the bones of legs, arms, pelvic as well as pectoral girdles.

Parts of the Skeletal System The different parts of the skeletal system include: Cranium or skull bone Carpals or bones of the wrist Phalanges or fingers or toes Femur or thigh bone Maxilla bones or upper jaw Mandible bones or lower jaw Scapulae or shoulder blades There are 22 bones in the skull of human body. Bones of the skull are flat bones. The brain is enclosed within a helmet-shaped part of the skull called cranium. It is very hard and protects the spongy brain inside it. Cranium is made up of 8 bones. Bones Of The Face Facial bones comprise of 14 bones including lower jaw bone (mandible). Among all the facial bones, mandible is certainly the biggest as well as the strongest bone. There are 7 bones of different sizes in eye sockets. Bones Of The Ear An ear consists of 3 very small bones. These three tiny bones are called ossicles. The names of these bones are malleus (hammer), incus (anvil) and stapes (stirrups). Bones Of The Neck A neck consists of 7 bones called cervical vertebrae. A throat consists of only one bone called hyoid bone.

Bones Of The Shoulder Shoulder girdle is also called pectoral girdle. A shoulder girdle consists of 4 bones. Four bones are divided into two scapulae and two clavicles. There are two pairs of shoulder blades on each side (known as scapulae) and are attached to the arms’ bones. The word ‘scapula’ is a Greek term that means ‘to dig’. Scapula is shaped like a spade and it is a horizontal bone. It consists of 3 angles, 3 borders and 2 surfaces. Collarbone There are two collarbones right in front of shoulder girdle, above the ribs and below the neck. These two bones are called clavicles. The word ‘clavicle’ is a Latin term meaning ‘little key’. Compared to women, men’s clavicles are bigger, thicker and more curved. Bones in Chest Chest is made up of 12 pairs of bones called rib cage because they form a kind of cage to protect the heart. These are flat bones. A person can also have 13 or at times 11 pairs of ribs though it is very rare.

Types Of Ribs There are three types of ribs namely true ribs (also called typical ribs), false ribs and floating ribs. Rib cage consists of 7 pairs of true ribs. It consists of 8 to 10 pairs of false ribs. It consists of 11 to 12 pairs of floating ribs. Function of the Ribs They shield various organs of human body such as the lungs and the heart. Lower Back Bones There are 5 lumber bones (lower back) in a body. They withstand most of the body’s weight. Bones of the Hip Bones of the hip are known as coxals. The term ossa coxae or coxals used for bones of the hip is derived from the Latin word that means ‘hip bone’. Another name infrequently used is innominata, which derives its name from the Latin term that means ‘no name’. There are 3 pairs of bones in every hip bone. These are the ilium, the ischium and the pubis. All these pairs of bones collectively form a hip’s skeleton. The word ‘pubis’ is derived from the Greek term that means ‘adult’.

Hip bone is located at the upper part of thighbone and is enveloped within densely packed coatings of muscles over it. Hipbone is a disproportionate large bone. It is squeezed in the middle while gets bigger from the top and bottom. Just as shoulder girdle supports arms, pelvic girdle or hip girdle joins legs. ‘Pelvis’ is derived from the Latin word meaning ‘basin’. There are 2 big hipbones anchored together in the pelvic girdle. Bones of the Arm Each arm is broken up into three parts: upper arm, lower arm and the hand. There are three primary bones on every arm. The names of these bones are humerus, ulna and radius. These are connected to each other at joints and perform function in a group. The radius and ulna bones make up your entire forearm. The radius is shorter than the ulna. Compared to the radius, the ulna is more strongly linked to the humerus. While moving your hand, radius plays a relatively more important role than the ulna. When your arm is fractured, it is normally the radius bone that is ruptured.

Humerus Bone The word ‘humerus’ is derived from the Greek term that means ‘shoulder’. Humerus is a bone of upper arm and stretches from the shoulder to the elbow. It is the biggest bone of upper arm. Humerus is also known as brachium. Ulna Bone The term ‘ulna’ is derived from the Latin word meaning ‘elbow’. It is the bigger bone of the forearm and lying at the back of it. At the elbow lies the edge of this bone. The head of this bone hooks up with the radius. Ulna is located on the medial side of human body. Radius Bone The word ‘radius’ is derived from the Latin term which means ‘ray’. Radius passes through ulna while spinning around its bigger axis. Radius is located on the lateral side of human body. Bones of the Wrist There are 8 bones in each wrist. These bones are called carpals. The word ‘carpus’ is a Latin term that means ‘wrist’. Carpal bones are firmly held together by means ligaments. Bones of the wrist are shaped like a box. Carpal bones are divided into two rows for the wrist’s movement.

The first row of carpal bones is also called proximal row. Bones in the first row are Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum and Pisiform. The second row of carpal bones is also called distal row. Bones in the second row are Trapezium, Capitate and Hamate. Bones in Thumb A thumb consists of 2 bones (or phalanges). Thumb is the most flexible finger so much so that it can even cross your palm which is why it is known as opposable thumb. Finger Bones Fingers consist of 14 bones. These bones are called phalanges. Out of these 14 phalanges, one bone is called phalanx. All fingers consist of three phalanges (bones) except the thumb, which contains only two phalanges. Toe bones are also known as phalanges. Names of Fingers Thumb is known as pollex. The word ‘pollex’ is derived from the Latin word that means ‘strong’. The second finger is known as index finger. The word ‘index’ is derived from the Latin word that means ‘pointer’. The middle finger is known as medius.

The word ‘medius’ is derived from the Latin word that means ‘middle’. The fourth finger is known as annularis (or ring finger). The word ‘annularis’ is derived from the Latin word that means ‘ring’. The fifth finger is known as minimus. The word ‘minimus’ is derived from the Latin word that means ‘least’. Bones of the Hand Both hands consist of 54 bones in total. Each hand has 27 bones. Bones of the hand are known as metacarpals. The word ‘metacarpal’ comes from the Latin term meaning ‘after the wrist’. The palm of your hand consists of 5 metacarpal bones located between fingers and the wrist. One end of the metacarpal bones is linked up to the finger bones while the other end stretches out from the wrist. You can see your metacarpal bones from the backside of your hand. Metacarpals are numbered from one to five beginning from the thumb.

Metacarpal One | comparatively shorter bone Metacarpal Two | biggest of all metacarpal bones Metacarpal Three | compared to metacarpal two, it is a smaller bone Metacarpal Four | compared to metacarpal two, it is smaller and also a shorter bone Metacarpal Five | it contains one facet only Parts of Hand Each hand consists of 3 parts. The names of these parts are fingers, palm and wrist. Bones of the Leg A leg consists of 2 bones. Bones of the leg are not equal in length. Bones of the leg are femur, tibia and fibula. Bones of the lower leg are tibia and fibula. Femur Bone Thigh bone is called femur. Femur is located between kneecap and hip. The word ‘femur’ is derived from the Latin term that means ‘thigh’. Femur is the largest bone in human skeleton. Femur is the strongest of all bones in human body. It comprises of 2/7th of your height. The parts of femur involve patellar surface, body, trochanter, the neck and the head of femur.

Fibula is a second bone of leg going parallel to shin bone and located below kneecap. A cartilage called meniscus minimizes shock which your body experiences while strolling or going for a run. Meniscus is shaped like a curved substance and is located in the middle of two leg bones: shin bone and thigh bone. Tibia Tibia is also called shin bone. It is located below kneecap. The term ‘tibia’ is a Latin word that means ‘flute’. It looks a lot like a flute. It is the second biggest bone of human skeleton. It is a slim and bigger of the two bones. Tibia supports the weight of the leg. Fibula The term ‘fibula’ is derived from the Latin word that means ‘pin’. Fibula is located on one side of tibia (calfbone) between ankle and kneecap. Fibula is also known as calfbone. At times, fibula is also known as splinter bone. Fibula is smaller and slimmer of the two parallel bones of the lower leg. It is connected to those muscles that are essential in the movement of foot.

Since fibula is densely packed with muscles, you cannot actually feel it. Bone of kneecap is known as patella. There are thirteen muscles and four ligaments that give protection to the knee still knee joint is at great risk because external forces can relocate it quite easily. The word ‘patella’ is derived from the Latin term that means ‘small pan’. It is a small and horizontal bone that is triangular in shape. There is a knee joint formed by the connection of tibia bone and the bigger of two bones at lower portion of the leg. The patella is responsible to guard this joint. Bones of the Ankle An ankle consists of 7 bones in total (four relatively smaller bones and three bigger ones). These bones are called tarsals. Bones of the Feet Both feet consist of 52 bones in total. That means each foot has 26 bones. Each foot consists of 5 metatarsal bones located between toes and the ankle. Bones of sole are called metatarsals. Bones of the Spinal Column There are 33 bones in a spinal column called vertebrae. 7 neck bones or cervical vertebrae form the upper portion of spine.

These neck bones are joined by 12 bones called thoracic vertebrae. Thoracic vertebrae are then joined by 5 lumbar bones. Below lumbar bones, there are 5 vertebrae called sacrum that are merged into one another. Finally, coccyx bone is present at the end of spine and comprises of 4 vertebrae that are also merged. Tailbone is a bone that lies at the bottom most part of spinal column. There are pads of cartilage fixed in the middle of two vertebrae of spinal cord. They prevent these bones from chafing over each other and from wearing away. TAGS Bone (Human Anatomy) - definition of Bone (Human Anatomy) by The Free Dictionary Bone (Human Anatomy) - definition of Bone (Human Anatomy) by The Free Dictionary n. 1. a. The dense, semirigid, porous, calcified connective tissue forming the major portion of the skeleton of most vertebrates. It consists of a dense organic matrix and an inorganic, mineral component. b. Any of numerous anatomically distinct structures making up the skeleton of a vertebrate animal. There are more than 200 different bones in the human body. c. A piece of bone.

2. bones b. The body: These old bones don't do much dancing anymore. c. Mortal remains: His bones are buried up on the hill. 3. An animal structure or material, such as ivory, resembling bone. 4. Something made of bone or of material resembling bone, especially: a. A piece of whalebone or similar material used as a corset stay. b. bones Informal Dice. 5. bones The fundamental plan or design, as of the plot of a book. 6. a. bones Flat clappers made of bone or wood originally used by the end man in a minstrel show. b. Bones(used with a sing. verb) The end man in a minstrel show. 7. Vulgar Slang The penis. v. boned, bon·ing, bones v.tr. 1. To remove the bones from: bone a fish. 2. To stiffen (a piece of clothing) with stays, as of whalebone. 3. Vulgar Slang To have sexual intercourse with. Used especially of a man. v.intr. Vulgar Slang To have sexual intercourse.

Phrasal Verb: bone up Informal To study, often in preparation for an anticipated event: boned up for the final exam. Idioms: The subject of a dispute. bone to pick Grounds for a complaint or dispute. in (one's) bones In one's innermost feelings: knew in my bones that I was wrong. to the bone To an extreme degree: was chilled to the bone; cut the budget to the bone. [Middle English bon, from Old English bān.] bone n 1. (Anatomy) any of the various structures that make up the skeleton in most vertebrates 2. (Anatomy) the porous rigid tissue of which these parts are made, consisting of a matrix of collagen and inorganic salts, esp calcium phosphate, interspersed with canals and small holes. 3. something consisting of bone or a bonelike substance 4. (plural) the human skeleton or body: they laid his bones to rest; come and rest your bones. 5. (Clothing & Fashion) a thin strip of whalebone, light metal, plastic, etc, used to stiffen corsets and brassieres 6.

(plural) the essentials (esp in the phrase the bare bones): to explain the bones of a situation. 7. (plural) dice 8. (plural) an informal nickname for a doctor 9. close to the bone near the bone a. risqué or indecent: his jokes are rather close to the bone. b. in poverty; destitute 10. feel in one's bones to have an intuition of 11. have a bone to pick to have grounds for a quarrel 12. make no bones about a. to be direct and candid about b. to have no scruples about 13. point the bone (often foll by at) a. to wish bad luck (on) b. to threaten to bring about the downfall (of) vb (mainly tr) 14. (Cookery) to remove the bones from (meat for cooking, etc) 15. (Clothing & Fashion) to stiffen (a corset, etc) by inserting bones 16. (Agriculture) to fertilize with bone meal 17. taboo slang to have sexual intercourse with 18.

Brit a slang word for steal [Old English bān; related to Old Norse béin, Old Frisian bēn, Old High German bein] ˈboneless adj (Placename) a former name of Annaba bone n., v. boned, bon•ing, adv. n. 1. a. one of the structures composing the skeleton of a vertebrate. b. the hard connective tissue forming these structures, composed of cells enclosed in a calcified matrix. 2. such a structure from an edible animal, usu. with meat adhering to it, as an article of food: a ham bone. 3. any of various similarly hard or structural animal substances, as ivory or whalebone. 4. something resembling such a substance. 5. bones, b. a body: to rest one's weary bones. c. dice. d. a simple rhythm instrument consisting of two bars of bone, ivory, or wood, held between the fingers and clacked together. 6. the color of bone; ivory or off-white. 7. a flat strip of whalebone or other material for stiffening corsets, petticoats, etc.; stay. v.t. 8.

to remove the bones from: to bone a turkey. 9. to put whalebone or another stiffener into (clothing). 10. bone up, Informal. to study intensely; cram: to bone up for an exam. adv. 11. completely; absolutely: bone tired. Idioms: 1. feel in one's bones, to be sure intuitively. 2. have a bone to pick with someone, to have cause for reproaching someone. 3. make no bones about, a. to act or speak openly and decisively about. b. to have no fear of or objection to. 4. throw a bone, to give a small concession as a sop. [before 900; Middle English bo(o)n, Old English bān; c. Old Frisian, Old Saxon bēn, Old High German, Old Norse bein] Bône cross section of an adult human femur bone (bōn) 1. The hard, dense, calcified tissue that forms the skeleton of most vertebrates. Bone serves as a framework for the attachment of muscles and protects vital organs, such as the brain.

It also contains large amounts of calcium, a mineral that is essential for proper cell function. Blood cells and platelets are produced in the marrow, the central cavity of bone. See more at osteoblast , osteocyte . 2. Any of the bones in a skeleton, such as the femur in the leg of a mammal. bone I will have been boning you will have been boning he/she/it will have been boning we will have been boning you will have been boning they will have been boning Past Perfect Continuous 1. Dense connective tissue hardened by deposits of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate. 2. To remove the bones from fish, meat or poultry.

ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: horn - one of the bony outgrowths on the heads of certain ungulates furcula - a forked bone formed by the fusion of the clavicles of most birds splint bone - a rudimentary metacarpal or metatarsal bone on either side of the cannon bone in the leg of a horse or related animal fetter bone , pastern - the part between the fetlock and the hoof cannon bone - greatly developed metatarsal or metacarpal bone in the shank or cannon part of the leg in hoofed mammals fishbone - a bone of a fish anklebone , astragal , astragalus , talus - the bone in the ankle that articulates with the leg bones to form the ankle joint bare bone - bone stripped of flesh cuboid bone - the cube shaped bone on the outer side of the tarsus carpal , carpal bone , wrist bone - any of the eight small bones of the wrist of primates cartilage bone - any bone that develops within cartilage rather than a fibrous tissue centrum - the main body of a vertebra cheekbone , jugal bone , malar , malar bone , os zygomaticum , z

ygomatic , zygomatic bone - the arch of bone beneath the eye that forms the prominence of the cheek clavicle , collarbone - bone linking the scapula and sternum coccyx , tail bone - the end of the vertebral column in humans and tailless apes dentin , dentine - bone (calcified tissue) surrounding the pulp cavity of a tooth ethmoid , ethmoid bone - one of the eight bones of the cranium; a small bone filled with air spaces that forms part of the eye sockets and the nasal cavity calcaneus , heelbone , os tarsi fibulare - the largest tarsal bone; forms the human heel hipbone , innominate bone - large flaring bone forming one half of the pelvis; made up of the ilium and ischium and pubis hyoid , hyoid bone , os hyoideum - a U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue muscles ilium - the upper and widest of the three bones making up the hipbone ischial bone , ischium , os ischii - one of the three sections of the hipbone; situated below the ilium long bone , os longum - in limbs of vertebrate

 animals: a long cylindrical bone that contains marrow ramus - the posterior part of the mandible that is more or less vertical membrane bone - any bone that develops within membranous tissue without previous cartilage formation; e.g.

the clavicle and bones of the skull metacarpal , metacarpal bone - any bone of the hand between the wrist and fingers metatarsal - any bone of the foot between the ankle and the toes nasal bone , os nasale , nasal - an elongated rectangular bone that forms the bridge of the nose bonelet , ossicle , ossiculum - a small bone; especially one in the middle ear os palatinum , palatine bone , palatine - either of two irregularly shaped bones that form the back of the hard palate and helps to form the nasal cavity and the floor of the orbits phalanx - any of the bones of the fingers or toes os pubis , pubic bone , pubis - one of the three sections of the hipbone; together these two bones form the front of the pelvis costa , rib - any of the 12 pairs of curved arches of bone extending from the spine to or toward the sternum in humans (and similar bones in most vertebrates) round bone - bones that are round in shape sacrum - wedge-shaped bone consisting of five fused vertebrae forming the posterior part of the pelvis; its base connects with the lowest lumbar vertebra and its tip with the

 coccyx scapula , shoulder blade , shoulder bone - either of two flat triangular bones one on each side of the shoulder in human beings os sesamoideum , sesamoid , sesamoid bone - any of several small round bones formed in a tendon where it passes over a joint os breve , short bone - a bone that is of approximately equal dimension in all directions socket - a bony hollow into which a structure fits os sphenoidale , sphenoid , sphenoid bone - butterfly-shaped bone at the base of the skull breastbone , sternum - the flat bone that articulates with the clavicles and the first seven pairs of ribs corpus sternum , gladiolus - the large central part of the breastbone manubrium - the upper part of the breastbone xiphoid process - smallest of the three parts of the breastbone; articulates with the corpus sternum and the seventh rib 2.

animal material - material derived from animals 3. whiteness , white - the quality or state of the achromatic color of greatest lightness (bearing the least resemblance to black) Verb 1. bone - study intensively, as before an exam; "I had to bone up on my Latin verbs before the final exam" bone up , grind away , mug up , swot , swot up , cram , drum , get up cram - prepare (students) hastily for an impending exam hit the books , study - learn by reading books; "He is studying geology in his room"; "I have an exam next week; I must hit the books now" 2. animal , animate being , beast , creature , fauna , brute - a living organism characterized by voluntary movement remove , take away , withdraw , take - remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract; "remove a threat"; "remove a wrapper"; "Remove the dirty dishes from the table"; "take the gun from your pocket"; "This machine withdraws heat from the environment" Adj. 1.

bone - consisting of or made up of bone; "a bony substance"; "the bony framework of the body" boney , bony - having bones especially many or prominent bones; "a bony shad fillet"; "her bony wrist"; "bony fish" bone عَظْم عَظْمَة عَظْمَـهييَنْزَعُ العَظْمَ أو الحَسَك кост į kauląiki kaulų smegenųiki minimumoišimti kaulusišsiaiškinti nemalonų reikalą su kaulsasakaizņemt kaulus / asakas 1.

[of human, animal etc] → hueso m; [of fish] → espina f bones [of dead] → huesos mpl; (more respectfully) → restos mpl mortales bone of contention → manzana f de la discordia chilled or frozen to the bone → congelado de frío to cut costs to the bone → reducir los gastos al mínimo I feel it in my bones → tengo esa corazonada , me da en la nariz (Sp) he won't make old bones → no llegará a viejo close to the bone (joke) → subido de tono I have a bone to pick with you → tenemos una cuenta que ajustar to make no bones about doing sth → no vacilar en hacer algo he made no bones about it → no se anduvo con rodeos to work one's fingers to the bone → trabajar como un esclavo 2. (= substance) → hueso m B. VT [+ meat] → deshuesar ; [+ fish] → quitar las espinas a C.

CPD bone china N → porcelana f fina bone marrow N → médula f ósea bone up VI + ADV → quemarse las cejas (on estudiando) → empollar (on sobre) bone [ˈbəʊn] n → os m I've got a bone to pick with you → j'ai un compte à régler avec toi or vous the bare bones of sth (= essentials) → les grandes lignes de qch to be close to the bone (= true) → être proche de la vérité to be a bit too close to the bone (= offensive) → être vraiment limite to know sth in one's bones (instinctively) → savoir qch au fond de soi to be skin and bone (= very thin) → n'avoir que la peau sur les os to cut costs to the bone → réduire les coûts au (strict) minimum to be chilled to the bone → être gelé jusqu'à la moelle (des os) [+ meat] → désosser [+ fish] → ôter les arêtes debone china n → porcelaine f tendre bone density n (MEDICINE) → densité f osseuse bone dry adj → compl

ètement à sec bone idle adj → paresseux / euse comme une couleuvre bone marrow n → moelle f osseuse bone marrow donor, bone marrow transplantbone marrow donor n → donneur/euse m/f de moelle osseuse bone marrow transplant n → greffe f de moelle osseuse bone of contention n → sujet m de discorde to become a bone of contention → devenir un sujet de discorde bone n → Knochen m; (of fish) → Gräte f; bones pl (of the dead) → Gebeine pl; ham off the bone → Schinken m → vom Knochen ; meat on the bone → Fleisch nt → am Knochen ; chilled to the bone → völlig durchgefroren ; that was a bit close or near to the bone (fig) → das war hart an der Schmerzgrenze ; to work one’s fingers to the bone → sich (dat) → die Finger abarbeiten ; to cut costs to the bone → Kosten drastisch reduzieren ; bone of contention → Zankapfel m; to have a bone to pick with somebody (inf) → mit jdm ein Hühnchen zu rup

fen haben (inf); I’ll make no bones about it, you’re/this is … (inf) → du bist/das ist, offen gestanden or ehrlich gesagt , …; he made no bones about saying what he thought (inf) → er hat mit seiner Meinung nicht hinterm Berg gehalten ; I can feel it in my bones → das spüre ich in den Knochen ; my old bones (inf) → meine alten Knochen (inf) (of corset) → Stange f; (smaller) → Stäbchen nt (Mus) bones pl → Klangstäbe pl (= dice) bones pl (inf) → Würfel pl, → Knöchel pl (old) adj attr (= made of bone) → Bein- , beinern vt → die Knochen lösen aus, ausbeinen (dial); fish → entgräten bone n (inf) → Dummkopf m, → Armleuchter m (inf) boneheaded adj (inf) → blöd (e) (inf), → doof (inf) bone idle adj (Brit inf) → stinkfaul (inf) boneless adj meat

 → ohne Knochen ; fish → ohne Gräten bone marrow n → Knochenmark nt; bone donor → Knochenmarkspender(in) m(f) bone meal (old: = cycle) → Fahrrad nt → ohne Gummireifen bone structure n (of face) → Gesichtszüge pl boneyard 1.

n (gen) → osso ; (of fish) → lisca , spina I feel it in my bones → me lo sento , qualcosa me lo dice I have a bone to pick with you (fam) → devo regolare un conto con te she made no bones about saying what she thought → ci ha detto quello che pensava senza fare tante cerimonie 2. vt (meat) → disossare ; (fish) → diliscare , spinare 3. adj (buttons) → d'osso bone (bəun) noun 1. the hard substance forming the skeleton of man, animals etc. Bone decays far more slowly than flesh.

been, graat عَظْم кост osso kost der Knochen knogle κόκαλο , οστό hueso luu استخوان luu os עצם हड्डी kostur csont tulang bein osso ; lisca, spina 骨 뼈 kaulas kauls; asaka tulang been bein kość هډوکی osso os кость kosť kost kost ben กระดูก kemik ; kılçık 骨質 кістка ہڈی ، استخوان bộ xương 骨质物 2. a piece of this substance. She broke two of the bones in her foot.

been عَظْمَـه кост osso kost der Knochen knogle κόκαλο hueso luu استخوان luu os עצם हड्डी kosti csont tulang bein osso 骨 골(질)부 kaulas kauls; asaka tulang been bein kość هډوکی osso os кость kosť kost kost ben กระดูก kemik 骨頭 кістка کوئی ہڈی xương 骨头 verb to take the bones out of (fish etc).

ontbeen, ontgraat ييَنْزَعُ العَظْمَ أو الحَسَك отделям (месо) от кокалите tirar a espinha vykostit die Knochen/Gräten herausnehmen ben βγάζω τα κόκαλα, ξεκοκαλίζω deshuesar luid välja võtma استخوان گوشت را درآوردن ruotia désosser לְהוֹצִיא עֲצָמוֹת हड्डी निकालना izvaditi kosti kicsontoz membuang tulang úrbeina disossare ; togliere le spine 骨を抜く 뼈를 발라내다 išimti kaulus izņemt kaulus / asakas mengeluarkan tulang uitbenen , ontgraten ta bein ut av , renske for bein filetować هډوکی له غوښی څخه بیلول tirar

 a espinha a dez­osa снимать мясо с костей odkostiť razkostiti očistiti od kostiju bena [ur] ถอดกระดูก kemiklerini/kılçıklarını ayıklamak 剔去...的骨 виймати кістки ہڈی نکالنے کا عمل gỡ xương 剔去...的骨 ˈbony adjective 1.

like bone. a bony substance. benerig عَظْمِي кокалест óssea kostěný knochenartige benet κοκάλινος , οστέινος huesudo luune استخوان مانند luinen osseux גרמי हड्डी जैसी चीज koščat csontos seperti tulang, kurus beinkenndur osseo , ossuto 骨のような 뼈 같은 kaip kaulas kaulains rangka beenachtig beinet , knoklet kościsty هډوکی مانند ossudo osos костный kostený koščen poput kosti lik ben คล้ายกระดูก kemik gibi 像骨的 костистий ہڈی کی مانند giống xương 象骨的 2. full of bones. This fish is very bony.

benerig, graterig كَثيرُ العِظام пълен с кости espinhento plný kostí voller Knochen/Gräten fuld af ben γεμάτος κόκαλα lleno de huesos luine استخوانی ruotoinen plein d'arêtes/d'os מָלֵא עָצָמוֹת हड्डी से भरी pun kostiju szálkás penuh tulang beinóttur pieno di lische 骨だらけの 뼈가 많은 kaulingas asakains banyak tulang vol benen, graten full av bein ościsty هډوکین espinhento plin de oase костлявый, костистый plný kostí poln kosti pun kostiju full av ben มีกระดูกหรือก้างมาก kemikli, kılçıklı 多骨的 кістлявий ہڈیوں بھرا nhiều xương 多骨的 3. thin. bony fingers.

benerig نَحيلٌ мършав ossudo hubený, kost a kůže knochig tynd; benet κοκαλιάρης , οστεώδης esquelético kondine لاغر ohut décharné כחוש दुबला-पतला koštunjav, mršav csontos kurus beinaber ossuto やせた 깡마른 kaulėtas kaulains kurus benig knoklet , radmager cienki , kościsty ډنګر ossudo osos костлявый kostnatý mršav koščat benig, smal ผอม çok ince, bir deri bir kemik 瘦骨如柴的 сухорлявий پتلا ، مہین nhỏ xương 骨瘦如柴的 bone china china in whose manufacture the ashes of burnt bones are used.

been porselein خَزَفٌ عَظْمي порцелан, в състава на който има изгорели кости porcelana com ossos kostní porcelán feines Porzellan benporcelæn μαλακή πορσελάνη porcelana kondiportselan نوعی ظرف چینی luuposliini porcelaine סוּג חַרסִינָה बरतन के निर्माण में उपयोग होने वाला एक पदार्थ koštani pepeo kínai porcelán porselen postulín porcellana 骨灰磁器 골회(骨灰) 자기 kaulinis porcelianas sejenis tembikar porselein beinporselen delikatna porcelana د چین یو ډول لوښی porcelana porţelan сорт тонкостенного фарфора kostný porcelán porcelan porcelin

 pri čijoj se izradi upotrebljava pepeo izgorelih kostiju benporslin เครื่องเคลือบดินเผาที่ทำจากเถ้ากระดูก ince porselen 骨灰瓷器 кістяний фарфор ہڈیوں سے بنے ہوئے چینی کے برتن đồ sứ làm bằng đất sét trộn với tro xương 骨灰瓷（用瓷土与磷酸钙烧成的半透明瓷器） bone idle very lazy.

He could find a job but he's bone idle.

baie nutteloos مِكْسالٌ، كَسولٌ много мързелив preguiçoso líný jako veš stinkfaul luddoven τεμπελχανάς holgazán , vago üdini laisk تنبل patalaiska fainéant עַצלָן גָמוּר पूर्णतया सुस्त, आलसी do srži dög lusta malas sekali húðlatur fannullone , pigrone ひどく怠け者の 몹시 게으른 tinginių maišas slinks kā maiss berat tulang aartslui kjempelat z gruntu leniwy تنبل preguiçoso leneş ленивый lenivý delomrzen lenj kao buba genomlat, urlat ขี้เกียจมาก aşırı tembel, uyuşuk 很懶，懶到極點 ледачий کاہل ، سست الوجود lười chảy thây �

��极的 a bone of contention a cause of argument or quarrelling.

Ownership of the boat was a bone of contention between the two men for many years.

twisappel مَوْضوعُ خِلافٍ أو نِزاع ябълката на раздора pomo da discórdia jablko sváru der Zankapfel stridens æble μήλο της έριδος manzana de la discordia tüliõun موضوع دعوا riitakapula pomme de discorde סִיבַּת הַווִיכּוּחַ विवाद की जड़ kamen smutnje a vita tárgya penyebab sengketa ágreiningsefni, bitbein pomo della discordia 不和の種 불화의 원인 nesantaikos obuolys strīdus ābols punca perselisihan twistappel stridens eple kość niezgody د دعوا موضوع pomo da discórdia măr al discordiei яблоко раздора jablko sváru jabolko spora jabuka razdora tvistefrö สาเหตุของการ

โต้เถียง tartışma nedeni 爭論的原因 яблуко незгоди وجۂ تنازعہ nguyên nhân bất hoà 争论的原因 have a bone to pick with (someone) to have something to argue about with (a person).

appeltjie te skil لَدَيْهِ خِلافٌ على شَيئٍ مع شَخْصٍ ما заяждам се ter contas a acertar mít otevřené účty s ein Hühnchen mit jemand zu rupfen haben have en høne at plukke έχω λογαριασμούς να ξεκαθαρίσω με κπ.

tener una cuenta que ajustar con (alguien) (kellegagi) on kana kitkuda موضوعی برای بحث کردن داشتن kana kynittävänä jnk kanssa avoir un compte à régler avec qqn יֵש לוֹ טְעָנוֹת אֵל किसी मामले में किसी से निबटना imati obračun elintéznivalója van vkivel sengketa, mempunyai persoalan yang harus diselesaikan eiga óleyst deiluefni við e-n avere un conto in sospeso con ～に対して苦情がある ...에게 불만이 있다 išsiaiškinti nemalonų reikalą su (kuo nors) būt kārtojamiem rēķiniem (ar kādu) ada yang hendak diselesesaikan dengan seseorang een appeltje te schillen hebben met ha en høne å plukke med mieć z kimś na pieńku د بحث

 او څیړنی لپاره موضوع لرل ter contas a acertar a avea un motiv de ceartă cu cineva иметь претензии, счеты musieť si niečo s niekým vybaviť imeti račune (s kom) imati se oko čega dokačiti ha en gås oplockad med ngn มีเรื่องโต้แย้งกับบางคน anlaşmazlık ve tartışma nedeni olmak 同某人爭論 мати особисті рахунки з кимсь قضیہ بنانا có vấn đề tranh chấp với ai 同某人争论 to the bone 1.

thoroughly and completely. I was chilled to the bone.

tot op die been إلى أبْعَدِ حدٍّ، كُليّا، حَتّى النُّخاع، في الصَّميم напълно até aos ossos na kost, do morku kosti bis auf die Knochen helt ind til benet ως το κόκαλο, εντελώς hasta los huesos , hasta los tuétanos üdini کاملاً luihin ja ytimiin jusqu'aux os עַד הָעֶצֶם पूरी तरह do kosti csontig menyeluruh inn að beini fino al midollo 骨の髄まで 철저히 į kaulą, iki kaulų smegenų pilnīgi; līdz kau-liem dingin sampai ke tulang tot op het bot helt inntil beinet do szpiku په بشپړه توګه até aos ossos până la os насквозь , до костеи až na kosť do kosti do koske ända

 in i märgen อย่างละเอียดถี่ถ้วน; อย่างแท้จริง iliklerine kadar 完全徹底 наскрізь مکمل طور پر xuyên thấu 完全彻底 2.

to the minimum. I've cut my expenses to the bone.

tot op die been إل أقلِّ دَرَجَةٍ مُمْكِنَةٍ намалявам до минимум ao mínimo na minimum auf's äußerste ind til benet στο ελάχιστο al mínimo miinimumini به حداقل minimiin au (strict) minimum לְמִינִימוּם न्यूनतम do srži minimálisra sampai minimal að (algeru) lágmarki all'osso ぎりぎりまで 최대한 iki minimumo pilnīgi; līdz minimumam hingga ke tulang sumsum tot een minimum inntil beinet do minimum لږترلږه ao mínimo la minim совсем , до краиности na minimum do skrajne mere najmanja moguća mera till ett minimum ให้น้อยที่สุด en aza 到最低程度 зовсім تخفیف کرنا ، مختصر کرنا đến mức tối thiểu 到最低程度 bone

Question: The name of which part of the human skeleton is derived from the Latin word for 'basin'?
Answer: Pelvis