63 (5) • October 2014: 1139–1140 Sennikov (2329) Proposal to conserve the name Sorbus (Rosaceae) with a conserved type Alexander Sennikov Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural Histor y, P.O. Box 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; and Herbarium, Komarov Botanical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof. Popov str. 2, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia; alexander.sennikov@helsinki.f i DOI (2329) Sorbus L., Sp. Pl.: 477. 1 Mai 1753, nom. cons. prop. Typus : Sorbus aucuparia L., typ. cons. prop. The original circumscription of the genus Sorbus L. inclu ded two species, S. aucuparia L. and S. domestica L. Both names have been selected as the type of the generic name; these conflicting typifica- tions have a long history and are briefly reviewed here.

The name Sorbus was adopted by Linnaeus (l.c. 1753) from Tournefort (Inst. Rei Herb., ed. 3, 1: 633. 1719) whose circumscrip- tion also included both S. aucuparia and S. domestica. Nevertheless, the validating description of Sorbus (Linnaeus, Gen. Pl., ed. 5: 213. 1754) was entirely based upon the characters of S. aucuparia, which obviously was the more familiar to Linnaeus because of its common occurrence in Sweden. The character most certainly indicative of S. aucuparia is the number of styles, with 2–4 styles found in this species and 3 styles indicated in the protologue of Sorbus, whereas the number of styles in S. domestica is constantly 5. Medikus (Gesch. Bot.: 86–87. 1793) published an early attempt to dismember the Linnaean Sorbus, removing S. aucuparia to the new monotypic genus Aucuparia Medi k. (as A.

silvestris Medi k.) and leaving Sorbus also monotypic with S. domestica. His work, although rarely followed in favour of a broader circumscription of Sorbus, was noticed and frequently cited in treatments and monographs. Pfeiffer (Nomencl. Bot. 2: 1200. 1874) recorded the treatment of Medikus and indicated S. domestica as the generic type of “Sorbus Medik.” Since Medikus published no new name but merely changed the circumscription of the Linnaean genus without excluding its type (as specified in Art. 48.1 of the ICN; McNeill & al. in Regnum Veg. 154. 2012), Pfeiffer’s citation represents effective typification of the Linnaean name. This first typification of Sorbus was repeated by Britton (N. Amer. Trees: 427. 1908), Britton & Brown (Ill. Fl. N.U.S., ed. 2, 2: 287. 1913) and Green (in Sprague & al., Nom. Prop. Brit. Bot.: 158.

1929). Green, after noting the exclusion by Medikus of S. aucuparia from Sorbus, further explained her selection on the grounds that the “type of Tournefort’s Sorbus was evidently S. dom es- tica judging from the vernacular name ‘Sorbier’ and from citations given by him”. Rehder (Bibl. Cult. Trees: 252. 1949) cited the “Lectotypus” of Sorbus as S. aucuparia without any comment whatsoever. Brizicky (in J. Arnold Arbor. 49: 502–508. 1968) thoroughly reviewed the his- tory of early treatments and typifications of Sorbus and demonst rated that the only species that fits the original description of the generic name is S. aucuparia. He proposed to supersede the typification with S. domestica as being in conflict with the original description and argued that S. aucuparia should be its type. Kovanda & Pouzar (in Taxon 31: 340–341.

1982) noticed the con- flicting typifications and proposed the name Sorbus for conservation with S. aucuparia as the conserved type. This proposal was rejected by the Committee of Spermatophyta as unnecessary, because the Committee followed the opinion of Brizicky that the earlier selected type may be superseded without conservation (Brummitt in Taxon 34: 659. 1985). According to the present rules (Art. 10.2), a generic name must be typified from the types of the species names (if any) included in the protologue. Such typifications may not be superseded under Art. 10.5 which is dealing either with conflicts with the protologue or with mechanically selected types. Pfeiffer’s designation is not mechani- cal because he followed a certain taxonomic decision, and while his choice is in a clear conf lict with the original description it is not in conflict with the protologue, because citations of species names are parts of the protologue by definition (Art. 8). This typification has priority and may not be superseded under Art. 10.5.

Nevertheless, most of the authorities dealing with nomenclature (Index Nominum Genericorum, also ING online) and taxonomy of Sorbus (Jarvis & al. in Regnum Veg. 127: 89. 1993; Aldasoro & al. in Syst. Bot. Monogr. 69: 39. 2004; McAllister, Genus Sorbus: 61. 2005; Rich & al., Whitebeams, Rowans, Service Trees, Britain Ireland: 29. 2010) have accepted the choice of S. aucuparia as the generic type of Sorbus. A few but notable recent exceptions are Stearn (in Lin- naeus, Sp. Pl., facsimile ed., 2: [144]. 1959), Kovanda (in Preslia 33: 14. 1961), Düll (in Ber. Bayer. Bot. Ges. 34: 15. 1961) and Jarvis (Order Out Of Chaos: 866. 2007) all of whom recognized the priority of the type choice.

To conform with the wel l-est ablished cu r rent use, I propo se again the name Sorbus for conservation with a new type. Failure of this proposal may bring serious disturbance to the established nomencla- ture. In conservative treatments, when Sorbus is accepted in the broad circumscription to include Aria (Per s.) Host, Chamaemespilus Medik., Cormus Spach and Torminalis Medik., its infrageneric nomenclature will change and the names of three hybridogenous subgenera, one of the parents of which is S. aucuparia or its relatives, will be replaced under Art. H.7.1. The situation will be worse if a strict phylogenetic treatment is adopted. According to current phylogenies (Campbell & al. in Pl. Syst. Evol. 266: 119–145. 2007; Li & al. in Bot. Stud. 53: 151–164. 2012; Lo & Donoghue in Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 63: 230–243.

2012), the broad Sorbus is highly polyphyletic and should be split into the five genera listed above, unless the whole tribe is merged into a single large genus Pyrus L. If the type of Sorbus is not changed, that name will be retained for S. domestica, and a large genus of about 70 species with pinnate leaves will receive the name Aucuparia, under which only three legitimate combinations at the rank of species have been publi shed. This gener ic name change will have a serious impact to horticult urists as many cultivars of rowan s are currently in or namental use. The names of three hybridogenous genera (×Ariosorbus Koid- zumi, ×Tormariosorbus Mezh enskyj, ×Chamariosorbus Mezhenskyj), though very little used as yet, will be changed under Art. H.6.2, too. Phylogenetically S. domestica forms a monospecific evolution- ary branch and should be placed in a genus of its own, Cormus Spach. No hybrids are known for this species.

Sorbus domestica is used as a minor crop for its edible fruit and also medicinally, and, to a small Version of Record (identical to print version). 1140 63 (5) • October 2014: 1139–1140 Sennikov extent, as timber but not much as an ornamental tree. Changing its generic assignment according to phylogenetic classifications will have a much lesser negative impact than renaming the large Aucu- paria group, and the species will certainly continue to be called by its vernacular names in common use. The present proposal aims to fix the status quo that was formed by the opinion of Brizicky. I know of no taxonomic treatment pub- lished after 1961 that accepted S. domestica as the type of Sorbus. Acknowledgements My sincere thanks go to John McNeill (Edinbu rgh) for his com- ments and corrections. Version of Record (identical to print version).

CitationsCitations0 63 (5) • October 2014: 1139–1140 Sennikov (2329) Proposal to conserve the name Sorbus (Rosaceae) with a conserved type Alexander Sennikov Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural Histor y, P.O. Box 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; and Herbarium, Komarov Botanical Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof. Popov str. 2, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia; alexander.sennikov@helsinki.f i DOI (2329) Sorbus L., Sp. Pl.: 477. 1 Mai 1753, nom. cons. prop. Typus : Sorbus aucuparia L., typ. cons. prop. The original circumscription of the genus Sorbus L. inclu ded two species, S. aucuparia L. and S. domestica L. Both names have been selected as the type of the generic name; these conflicting typifica- tions have a long history and are briefly reviewed here.

The name Sorbus was adopted by Linnaeus (l.c. 1753) from Tournefort (Inst. Rei Herb., ed. 3, 1: 633. 1719) whose circumscrip- tion also included both S. aucuparia and S. domestica. Nevertheless, the validating description of Sorbus (Linnaeus, Gen. Pl., ed. 5: 213. 1754) was entirely based upon the characters of S. aucuparia, which obviously was the more familiar to Linnaeus because of its common occurrence in Sweden. The character most certainly indicative of S. aucuparia is the number of styles, with 2–4 styles found in this species and 3 styles indicated in the protologue of Sorbus, whereas the number of styles in S. domestica is constantly 5. Medikus (Gesch. Bot.: 86–87. 1793) published an early attempt to dismember the Linnaean Sorbus, removing S. aucuparia to the new monotypic genus Aucuparia Medi k. (as A.

silvestris Medi k.) and leaving Sorbus also monotypic with S. domestica. His work, although rarely followed in favour of a broader circumscription of Sorbus, was noticed and frequently cited in treatments and monographs. Pfeiffer (Nomencl. Bot. 2: 1200. 1874) recorded the treatment of Medikus and indicated S. domestica as the generic type of “Sorbus Medik.” Since Medikus published no new name but merely changed the circumscription of the Linnaean genus without excluding its type (as specified in Art. 48.1 of the ICN; McNeill & al. in Regnum Veg. 154. 2012), Pfeiffer’s citation represents effective typification of the Linnaean name. This first typification of Sorbus was repeated by Britton (N. Amer. Trees: 427. 1908), Britton & Brown (Ill. Fl. N.U.S., ed. 2, 2: 287. 1913) and Green (in Sprague & al., Nom. Prop. Brit. Bot.: 158.

1929). Green, after noting the exclusion by Medikus of S. aucuparia from Sorbus, further explained her selection on the grounds that the “type of Tournefort’s Sorbus was evidently S. dom es- tica judging from the vernacular name ‘Sorbier’ and from citations given by him”. Rehder (Bibl. Cult. Trees: 252. 1949) cited the “Lectotypus” of Sorbus as S. aucuparia without any comment whatsoever. Brizicky (in J. Arnold Arbor. 49: 502–508. 1968) thoroughly reviewed the his- tory of early treatments and typifications of Sorbus and demonst rated that the only species that fits the original description of the generic name is S. aucuparia. He proposed to supersede the typification with S. domestica as being in conflict with the original description and argued that S. aucuparia should be its type. Kovanda & Pouzar (in Taxon 31: 340–341.

1982) noticed the con- flicting typifications and proposed the name Sorbus for conservation with S. aucuparia as the conserved type. This proposal was rejected by the Committee of Spermatophyta as unnecessary, because the Committee followed the opinion of Brizicky that the earlier selected type may be superseded without conservation (Brummitt in Taxon 34: 659. 1985). According to the present rules (Art. 10.2), a generic name must be typified from the types of the species names (if any) included in the protologue. Such typifications may not be superseded under Art. 10.5 which is dealing either with conflicts with the protologue or with mechanically selected types. Pfeiffer’s designation is not mechani- cal because he followed a certain taxonomic decision, and while his choice is in a clear conf lict with the original description it is not in conflict with the protologue, because citations of species names are parts of the protologue by definition (Art. 8). This typification has priority and may not be superseded under Art. 10.5.

Nevertheless, most of the authorities dealing with nomenclature (Index Nominum Genericorum, also ING online) and taxonomy of Sorbus (Jarvis & al. in Regnum Veg. 127: 89. 1993; Aldasoro & al. in Syst. Bot. Monogr. 69: 39. 2004; McAllister, Genus Sorbus: 61. 2005; Rich & al., Whitebeams, Rowans, Service Trees, Britain Ireland: 29. 2010) have accepted the choice of S. aucuparia as the generic type of Sorbus. A few but notable recent exceptions are Stearn (in Lin- naeus, Sp. Pl., facsimile ed., 2: [144]. 1959), Kovanda (in Preslia 33: 14. 1961), Düll (in Ber. Bayer. Bot. Ges. 34: 15. 1961) and Jarvis (Order Out Of Chaos: 866. 2007) all of whom recognized the priority of the type choice.

To conform with the wel l-est ablished cu r rent use, I propo se again the name Sorbus for conservation with a new type. Failure of this proposal may bring serious disturbance to the established nomencla- ture. In conservative treatments, when Sorbus is accepted in the broad circumscription to include Aria (Per s.) Host, Chamaemespilus Medik., Cormus Spach and Torminalis Medik., its infrageneric nomenclature will change and the names of three hybridogenous subgenera, one of the parents of which is S. aucuparia or its relatives, will be replaced under Art. H.7.1. The situation will be worse if a strict phylogenetic treatment is adopted. According to current phylogenies (Campbell & al. in Pl. Syst. Evol. 266: 119–145. 2007; Li & al. in Bot. Stud. 53: 151–164. 2012; Lo & Donoghue in Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 63: 230–243.

2012), the broad Sorbus is highly polyphyletic and should be split into the five genera listed above, unless the whole tribe is merged into a single large genus Pyrus L. If the type of Sorbus is not changed, that name will be retained for S. domestica, and a large genus of about 70 species with pinnate leaves will receive the name Aucuparia, under which only three legitimate combinations at the rank of species have been publi shed. This gener ic name change will have a serious impact to horticult urists as many cultivars of rowan s are currently in or namental use. The names of three hybridogenous genera (×Ariosorbus Koid- zumi, ×Tormariosorbus Mezh enskyj, ×Chamariosorbus Mezhenskyj), though very little used as yet, will be changed under Art. H.6.2, too. Phylogenetically S. domestica forms a monospecific evolution- ary branch and should be placed in a genus of its own, Cormus Spach. No hybrids are known for this species.

Sorbus domestica is used as a minor crop for its edible fruit and also medicinally, and, to a small Version of Record (identical to print version). 1140 63 (5) • October 2014: 1139–1140 Sennikov extent, as timber but not much as an ornamental tree. Changing its generic assignment according to phylogenetic classifications will have a much lesser negative impact than renaming the large Aucu- paria group, and the species will certainly continue to be called by its vernacular names in common use. The present proposal aims to fix the status quo that was formed by the opinion of Brizicky. I know of no taxonomic treatment pub- lished after 1961 that accepted S. domestica as the type of Sorbus. Acknowledgements My sincere thanks go to John McNeill (Edinbu rgh) for his com- ments and corrections. Version of Record (identical to print version).

CitationsCitations0 Rowans, Whitebeams, Service Trees - Sorbus - Details - Encyclopedia of Life Rowans, Whitebeams, Service Trees Learn more about this article Rowan gets its alternative name of mountain ash from its abundance in upland areas and from the shape and pattern of its leaves, which resemble its unrelated namesake. It produces a large crop of vivid orange berries, popular with humans as well as birds. There is a long history of superstition connected with this tree and it his believed to have certain magical powers. In Scotland, for instance, it is considered unlucky to cut down a rowan. Wild service tree, service tree and whitebeam also produce fruit, but they rarely ripen in the British climate and it is thought that these trees spread mainly from shoots or suckers. The fruit has been eaten in many parts of the country but it has to be left to go rotten, or 'bletted' before they are edible. Wild service tree's 'chequers' and whitebeam fruit have also been used for making alcoholic liquor, no doubt sold in the many Chequers Inns. © Wildscreen Learn more about this article The genus of Sorbus trees comprises a widely differing group.

The family includes rowan, also known as the mountain ash Sorbus aucuparia, wild service tree S. torminalis, service tree S. domestica, and whitebeam S. aria. Their sizes range from 5 m for some of the isolated and exposed varieties, up to 25 m in the case of the wild service tree. Their leaves also display a wide variety of shapes, some resembling the ash and others with a similar appearance to maple or hornbeam. Whitebeam is notorious for producing local varieties, some of these restricted to a handful of individuals confined to an extremely small area. There are believed to be about 14 separate species, but it is possible that new varieties will continue to be discovered - or even evolve - on inaccessible cliffs the British Isles. © Wildscreen Learn more about this article Rowan is found all over Britain, chiefly on acid or light soils. Wild service tree is confined, largely, to southern England and seems to be an indicator of ancient woodland and hedgerow. Its stronghold is in the area of Kent, Sussex and Hampshire known as the Weald, and here there seems to be a curious connection.

The berries of the tree are known locally as 'chequers' from their speckled markings, and were popular as food. These berries may have been the source of the name of 'Chequers Inn', many examples of which exist in this South-East corner of England. The discovery of the range of the service tree is an intriguing and complicated story. It is now believed that the tree was once fairly common over Wales, the South-West and the Midlands but, until quite recently, the only 'wild' specimen was thought to exist in the Wyre Forest. Then a relic population of wild trees was discovered on cliffs in South Glamorgan. From their location it is certain they were not 'planted' by humans as has happened in collections and arboreta elsewhere in England. Some botanists have suggested that other cliff-faces in the south of England should be examined to see if more undiscovered populations exist. Whitebeam, in its various local forms, is found in isolated places throughout England, Scotland and Wales. One of these species, S. leyana, is limited in its range to a few shrubs growing near Merthyr Tydfil in Brecon whilst, S.

wilmottiana is found only in the Avon Gorge near Bristol. The four main species, aria, aucuparia, torminalis and domestica are found throughout central and southern Europe. © Wildscreen The requirements of these different species vary from acid soil to crumbling limestone rock.

© Wildscreen adult of Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale sucks sap of Sorbus Other: minor host/prey effuse colony of Actinocladium anamorph of Actinocladium rhodosporum is saprobic on rotten wood of Sorbus Foodplant / saprobe immersed perithecium of Amphisphaeria millepunctata is saprobic on dead twig of Sorbus Foodplant / saprobe effuse colony of Alysidium anamorph of Botryobasidium aureum is saprobic on rotten wood of Sorbus Foodplant / open feeder epiphyllous larva of Caliroa cerasi grazes on leaf of Sorbus Remarks: season: 6-9 immersed perithecium of Cercophora caudata is saprobic on rotten wood of Sorbus Remarks: season: 8-3 Foodplant / saprobe colony of Catenularia dematiaceous anamorph of Chaetosphaeria innumera is saprobic on fallen, dead branch of Sorbus Remarks: season: 9-5 apothecium of Claussenomyces atrovirens is saprobic on damp, rotting wood of Sorbus

 Remarks: season: mostly 4-6 apothecium of Coccomyces coronatus is saprobic on dead leaf of Sorbus Remarks: season: 8-11 larva of Contarinia floriperda causes gall of flower bud of Sorbus Other: sole host/prey larva of Contarinia sorbi causes gall of leaf of Sorbus Foodplant / saprobe immersed, often in rings under bark perithecium of Coronophora gregaria is saprobic on dead twig of Sorbus Foodplant / saprobe effuse colony of Corynespora dematiaceous anamorph of Corynespora cambrensis is saprobic on dead branch of Sorbus Remarks: season: 3-5 gregarious larva of Croesus septentrionalis grazes on live leaf edge of Sorbus Other: minor host/prey sporodochium of Cryptocoryneum dematiaceous anamorph of Cryptocoryneum condensatum is saprobic on dead bark of Sorbus Foodplant / saprobe effuse colony of Dactylaria anamorph of Dactylaria candidula is saprobic on rotten wood of Sorbus Remarks: season: 1-4

 superficial stroma of Daldinia concentrica is saprobic on wood of Sorbus Foodplant / saprobe effuse colony of Haplographium dematiaceous anamorph of Dematioscypha dematiicola is saprobic on dead branch of Sorbus Remarks: season: 1-12 Foveostroma anamorph of Dermea ariae is saprobic on dead branch of Sorbus Remarks: season: 2-5 immersed, often loosely grouped perithecium of Diaporthe eres is saprobic on wood of Sorbus Foodplant / saprobe Phomopsis coelomycetous anamorph of Diaporthe impulsa is saprobic on dead, often still attached branch of Sorbus Foodplant / saprobe widely effused stroma of Diatrype stigma is saprobic on dead, decorticate or with bark rolling back branch of Sorbus Remarks: season: 1-12 Foodplant / saprobe effuse colony of Dictyosporium dematiaceous anamorph of Dictyosporium toruloides is saprobic on rotten wood of Sorbus Remarks: season: 1-12 In Great Britain and

/or Ireland: Foodplant / saprobe effuse colony of Diplococcium dematiaceous anamorph of Diplococcium spicatum is saprobic on dead, often rotting wood of Sorbus Foodplant / pathogen Dothichiza anamorph of Dothiorella pyrenophora infects and damages live branch (small) of Sorbus Remarks: season: 3-4 Foodplant / saprobe effuse colony of Endophragmiella dematiaceous anamorph of Endophragmiella ellisii is saprobic on dead wood of Sorbus Remarks: season: 9-5 Eriophyes pyri causes gall of live leaf of Sorbus Foodplant / pathogen Erwinia amylovora infects and damages flower of Sorbus Foodplant / saprobe tendril-forming Cytospora coelomycetous anamorph of Eutypella sorbi is saprobic on dead branch of Sorbus Foodplant / saprobe effuse colony of Acrogenospora dematiaceous anamorph of Farlowiella carmichaeliana is saprobic on dead bark of Sorbus Remarks: season: 2-4 Foodplant / sap

robe effuse colony of Graphium dematiaceous anamorph of Graphium calicioides is saprobic on rotten wood of Sorbus Remarks: season: 9-5 fruitbody of Grifola frondosa parasitises live root of Sorbus Foodplant / gall hypophyllous aecium of Gymnosporangium clavariiforme causes gall of live leaf of Sorbus Remarks: season: 7-9+ aecium of Gymnosporangium confusum causes gall of live fruit of Sorbus Other: unusual host/prey pycnium of Gymnosporangium cornutum parasitises live leaf of Sorbus Plant / resting place / within ovum of Hoplocampa ariae may be found in ovary of Sorbus Foodplant / saprobe apothecium of Hyaloscypha leuconica is saprobic on dead wood of Sorbus Remarks: season: 1-12 effuse stroma of Hypoxylon multiforme is saprobic on dead, decorticate branch of Sorbus Remarks: season: 10-4 superficial perithecium of Lasiosphaeria canescens is saprobic on rotten wood

 of Sorbus Remarks: season: 11-6 superficial perithecium of Lasiosphaeria hirsuta is saprobic on old wood of Sorbus Remarks: season: 9-4 Foodplant / saprobe superficial, closely packed in large clusters perithecium of Lasiosphaeria spermoides is saprobic on rotting wood of Sorbus Remarks: season: 11-4 Foodplant / saprobe often crowded, immersed then usually transversely erumpent, plurilocular stroma of Cytospora coelomycetous anamorph of Leucostoma persoonii is saprobic on dead twig of Sorbus Foodplant / miner larva of Magdalis barbicornis mines below cambium of dead twig of Sorbus Foodplant / saprobe effuse colony of Sporoschisma dematiaceous anamorph of Melanochaeta aotearoae is saprobic on rotten wood of Sorbus Foodplant / saprobe superficial, often in very large clusters pseudothecium of Melanomma pulvis-pyrius is saprobic on dry, hard, decorticate branch wood of Sorbus Remarks: season: 9

-5 sporodochium of Tubercularia anamorph of Nectria cinnabarina is saprobic on dead branch of Sorbus Foodplant / saprobe erumpent stroma of Nectria coccinea is saprobic on dead branch of Sorbus Remarks: season: 9-5 perithecium of Nectria galligena is saprobic on Sorbus Remarks: season: 1-12 perithecium of Nectria mammoidea var.

mammoidea is saprobic on fallen, dead branch of Sorbus Remarks: season: 9-5 perithecium of Nectria viridescens is saprobic on bark of Sorbus Remarks: season: 9-5 Foodplant / saprobe effuse colony of Geniculosporium dematiaceous anamorph of Nemania serpens is saprobic on dead branch of Sorbus Foodplant / parasite hypophyllous, subepidermal uredium of Ochropsora ariae parasitises live leaf of Sorbus Foodplant / roller larva of Pamphilius sylvaticus rolls leaf of Sorbus Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Perenniporia fraxinea is saprobic on live trunk (base) of Sorbus Other: minor host/prey sessile apothecium of Pezizellaster serratus is saprobic on bark (inner surface) of Sorbus Remarks: season: 4 fruitbody of Phellinus pomaceus is saprobic on dead Sorbus Foodplant / feeds on Phyllobius glaucus feeds on Sorbus Foodplant / gall Phyllocoptes sorbeus causes gall of leaf of

 Sorbus Foodplant / parasite cleistothecia of Podosphaera clandestina var.

aucupariae parasitises live shoot (young) of Sorbus Foodplant / feeds on Polydrusus cervinus feeds on Sorbus Foodplant / saprobe fruitbody of Postia tephroleuca is saprobic on dead, fallen, decayed trunk (large) of Sorbus Other: minor host/prey larva of Priophorus pallipes grazes on leaf of Sorbus Foodplant / saprobe apothecium of Proliferodiscus pulveraceus is saprobic on dead branch of Sorbus Remarks: season: 6-9 Foodplant / saprobe immersed, exposed by peeling back or shedding of host periderm apothecium of Propolis farinosa is saprobic on dead branch of Sorbus Remarks: season: 1-12 (best condition: 2-3) Foodplant / saprobe apothecium of Protounguicularia barbata f.

resinacea is saprobic on dead, fallen wood of Sorbus Foodplant / saprobe effuse colony of Pseudospiropes dematiaceous anamorph of Pseudospiropes subuliferus is saprobic on dead bark of Sorbus Foodplant / open feeder nocturnal larva of Rhogogaster chlorosoma grazes on leaf of Sorbus Foodplant / open feeder nocturnal larva of Rhogogaster punctulata grazes on leaf of Sorbus Foodplant / saprobe effuse colony of Spadicoides dematiaceous anamorph of Spadicoides bina is saprobic on dead bark of Sorbus Remarks: season: 1-12 Foodplant / saprobe effuse colony of Sporidesmium dematiaceous anamorph of Sporidesmium folliculatum is saprobic on fallen branch of Sorbus Remarks: season: 3-11 effuse colony of Sporoschisma dematiaceous anamorph of Sporoschisma juvenile is saprobic on bark of Sorbus Foodplant / saprobe colony of Taeniolella dematiaceous anamorph of Taeniolella scripta is saprob

ic on Sorbus Foodplant / saprobe effuse colony of Taeniolina anamorph of Taeniolina scripta is saprobic on dead bark of Sorbus Foodplant / open feeder nocturnal larva of Tenthredo livida grazes on leaf of Sorbus Foodplant / saprobe stromatic, sometimes confluent sporodochium of Trimmatostroma dematiaceous anamorph of Trimmatostroma betulinum is saprobic on fallen branch of Sorbus Remarks: season: 2-5 Foodplant / saprobe erumpent through bark, often in large clusters apothecium of Tympanis conspersa is saprobic on dead twig of Sorbus Remarks: season: 1-7 Foodplant / saprobe subgregarious to densely scattered, covered then erumpent, blackish grey with paler roundish flat disc stroma of Cytospora coelomycetous anamorph of Valsa ambiens is saprobic on branch of Sorbus Remarks: season: 10-5 Foodplant / saprobe immersed, in groups of about 10 perithecium of Valsa ceratosperma is saprobic on branch of

 Sorbus Remarks: season: 11-3 effuse colony of Virgaria dematiaceous anamorph of Virgaria nigra is saprobic on bark of Sorbus Foodplant / saprobe colony of Xylohypha dematiaceous anamorph of Xylohypha ferruginosa is saprobic on wood of Sorbus © BioImages Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) Stats Specimen Records:284 Learn more about this article Rowan is a common species, more particularly as it has been planted as an amenity tree in gardens and along residential streets in towns and cities, as have whitebeams.

The other species, it seems, have never been particularly common in the UK, particularly the 14 'micro' species. It is quite possible that they are on the northern edge of their range, especially in the case of the whitebeam. It is difficult to assess whether they are truly endangered in the accepted sense, as it is by no mean certain that they were ever common in this county. Sorbus domestica is rare and may have declined considerably in recent years. © Wildscreen Learn more about this article The various rare whitebeam species are included in English Nature's Species Recovery Programme whilst S. leyana is listed in the UK Biodiversity Action Plans. Work on these species is limited, primarily, to protecting the sites where they occur and carrying out genetic studies to ascertain their provenance. It is highly likely that other curious and isolated varieties of Sorbus may be discovered in isolated, and almost inaccessible parts of the British Isles. © Wildscreen For other uses, see Rowan (disambiguation) . "Quicken Tree" redirects here. For the racehorse, see Quicken Tree (horse) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources .

Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2013) The rowans or mountain-ashes are shrubs or trees in genus Sorbus of family Rosaceae . They are native throughout the cool temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, with the highest species diversity in the mountains of western China and the Himalaya , where numerous apomictic microspecies occur. [1] The name rowan was originally applied to the species Sorbus aucuparia , and is also used for other species in Sorbus subgenus Sorbus. [2] Rowans are unrelated to the true ash trees, which belong to the genus Fraxinus , family Oleaceae , though their leaves bear superficial similarity. Formerly, when a wider variety of fruits were commonly eaten in European and North American culture, Sorbus counted among the home fruits, though ironically Sorbus domestica is all but extinct in Britain. [3] Natural hybrids, often including Sorbus aucuparia and the whitebeam, Sorbus aria , give rise to many endemic variants in the UK.

[4] Contents Names[ edit ] The traditional names of the rowan are those applied to the species Sorbus aucuparia , Sorbus torminalis (wild service-tree), and Sorbus domestica (true service-tree). The Latin name sorbus was loaned into Old English as syrfe. The name "service-tree" for Sorbus domestica is derived from that name by folk etymology . The Latin name sorbus is from a root for "red, reddish-brown" (PIE *sor-/*ser-); English sorb is attested from the 1520s in the sense "fruit of the service tree", adopted via French sorbe from Latin sorbum "service-berry". Sorbus domestica is also known as "Whitty Pear", the adjective whitty meaning " pinnate ". The name "mountain-ash" for Sorbus domestica is due to a superficial similarity of the rowan leaves to those of the ash ; not to be confused in Fraxinus ornus , a true ash that is also known as "mountain ash".

[5] Sorbus torminalis is also known as "chequer tree"; its fruits, formerly used to flavour beer, being called "chequers", perhaps from the spotted pattern of the fruit. The name rowan is recorded from 1804, detached from an earlier rowan-tree, rountree, attested from the 1540s in northern English and Scottish. It is from a North Germanic source (such as Middle Norwegian ), derived from Old Norse reynir (c.f. Norwegian rogn, Swedish rönn), ultimately from the Germanic verb *raud -inan "to redden", in reference to the berries (as is the Latin name sorbus). Various dialectal variants of rowan are found in English, including ran, roan, rodan, royan, royne, round, rune.[ citation needed ] The Old English name of the rowan is cwic-beám, which survives in the name quickbeam (also quicken, quicken-tree, and variants).

This name by the 19th-century was reinterpreted as connected to the word witch , from a dialectal variant wick for quick and names such as wicken-tree, wich-tree, wicky, wiggan-tree, giving rise to names such as witch-hazel [6] and witch-tree. [7] The Old Irish name is cairtheand, reflected in Modern Irish caorann. The "arboreal" Bríatharogam in the Book of Ballymote associates the rowan with the letter luis , with the gloss "delightful to the eye (li sula) is luis, i.e. rowan (caertheand), owing to the beauty of its berries". Due to this, "delight of the eye" (vel sim.) has been reported as a "name of the rowan" by some commentators.[ who? ] In the Canadian provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador and Nova Scotia , this species is commonly referred to as a "dogberry" tree. [8] In German , Sorbus aucuparia is known as the Vogelbeerbaum ("bird-berry-tree") or as Eberesche.

The latter is a compound of the name of the ash tree (Esche) with what is contemporarily the name of the boar (Eber) but in fact the continuation of a Gaulish name, eburo- (also the name for a dark reddish-brown colour, cognate with Greek orphnos, Old Norse iarpr "brown"); like sorbus, eburo- seems to have referred to the colour of the berries; it is also recorded as a Gaulish name for the yew (which also has red berries), see also Eburodunum (disambiguation) . The Welsh name Criafol refers to the tree as "lamenting fruit", associating the red fruit with the blood of Christ; as Welsh tradition believed the Cross was carved from the wood of this tree. Botany[ edit ] White-fruited Rowan Sorbus glabrescens , a Chinese species with white fruit Rowans are mostly small deciduous trees 10–20 m tall, though a few are shrubs . The leaves are arranged alternately, and are pinnate , with (7–)11–35 leaflets; a terminal leaflet is always present.

The flowers are borne in dense corymbs ; each flower is creamy white, and 5–10 mm across with five petals. The fruit is a small pome 4–8 mm diameter, bright orange or red in most species, but pink, yellow or white in some Asian species. The fruit are soft and juicy, which makes them a very good food for birds , particularly waxwings and thrushes , which then distribute the rowan seeds in their droppings. [1] Due to their small size the fruits are often referred to as berries, but a berry is a simple fruit produced from a single ovary, whereas a pome is an accessory fruit . Rowan is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species; see Lepidoptera that feed on Sorbus . Mature European Rowan tree The best-known species is the European Rowan Sorbus aucuparia, a small tree typically 4–12 m tall growing in a variety of habitats throughout northern Europe and in mountains in southern Europe and southwest Asia . Its berries are a favourite food for many birds and are a traditional wild-collected food in Britain and Scandinavia .

It is one of the hardiest European trees, occurring to 71° north in Vardø in Arctic Norway , and has also become widely naturalised in northern North America . Rowan flowers The greatest diversity of form as well as the largest number of Rowan species is in Asia , with very distinctive species such as Sargent's Rowan Sorbus sargentiana with large leaves 20–35 cm long and 15–20 cm broad and very large corymbs with 200–500 flowers, and at the other extreme, Small-leaf Rowan Sorbus microphylla with leaves 8–12 cm long and 2.5–3 cm broad. While most are trees, the Dwarf Rowan Sorbus reducta is a low shrub to 50 cm tall. Several of the Asian species are widely cultivated as ornamental trees. North American native species in the subgenus Sorbus (Sorbus) include the American mountain-ash Sorbus americana and Showy mountain-ash Sorbus decora in the east and Sitka mountain-ash Sorbus sitchensis in the west.

Numerous hybrids , mostly behaving as true species reproducing by apomixis , occur between rowans and whitebeams ; these are variably intermediate between their parents but generally more resemble whitebeams and are usually grouped with them (q.v.). Uses[ edit ] Rowans are excellent small ornamental trees for parks , gardens and wildlife areas. Several of the Chinese species, such as White-fruited rowan (Sorbus glabrescens) are popular for their unusual fruit colour, and Sargent's rowan (Sorbus sargentiana) for its exceptionally large clusters of fruit. Numerous cultivars have also been selected for garden use, several of them, such as the yellow-fruited Sorbus 'Joseph Rock', of hybrid origin. [1] They are very attractive to fruit-eating birds, which is reflected in the old name "bird catcher". The wood is dense and used for carving and turning and for tool handles and walking sticks. [9] Rowan fruit are a traditional source of tannins for mordanting vegetable dyes. [10] In Finland, it has been a traditional wood of choice for horse sled shafts and rake spikes.

The fruit of European Rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) can be made into a slightly bitter jelly which in Britain is traditionally eaten as an accompaniment to game , and into jams and other preserves, on their own, or with other fruit. The fruit can also be a substitute for coffee beans, and have many uses in alcoholic beverages : to flavour liqueurs and cordials , to produce country wine , and to flavour ale . In Austria a clear rowan schnapps is distilled which is called by its German name Vogelbeerschnaps. Czechs also make a Rowan liquor called jeřabinka [11] and the Welsh used to make one called diodgriafel. [12] Rowan cultivars with superior fruit for human food use are available but not common; mostly the fruits are gathered from wild trees growing on public lands. Rowan fruit contains sorbic acid , an acid that takes its name from the Latin name of the genus Sorbus.

The raw fruit also contain parasorbic acid (about 0.4%-0.7% in the European rowan [13] ), which causes indigestion and can lead to kidney damage, but heat treatment ( cooking , heat- drying etc.) and, to a lesser extent, freezing, neutralises it, by changing it to the benign sorbic acid. Luckily, they are also usually too astringent to be palatable when raw. Collecting them after first frost (or putting in the freezer) cuts down on the bitter taste as well. Mythology and folklore[ edit ] The European rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) has a long tradition in European mythology and folklore. It was thought to be a magical tree and give protection against malevolent beings. [14] The tree was also called "wayfarer's tree" or "traveller's tree" because it supposedly prevents those on a journey from getting lost. [15] It was said in England that this was the tree on which the Devil hanged his mother.

[16] British folklorists of the Victorian era reported the folk belief in apotropaic powers of the rowan-tree, in particular in the warding off of witches. Such a report is given by Edwin Lees (1856) for the Wyre Forest in the English West Midlands . [17] Sir James Frazer (1890) reported such a tradition in Scotland, where the tree was often planted near a gate or front door. [18] According to Frazer, birds' droppings often contain rowan seeds, and if such droppings land in a fork or hole where old leaves have accumulated on a larger tree, such as an oak or a maple , they may result in a rowan growing as an epiphyte on the larger tree. Such a rowan is called a "flying rowan" and was thought of as especially potent against witches and their magic , and as a counter-charm against sorcery.

[19] In 1891, Charles Godfrey Leland also reported traditions of rowan's apotropaic powers against witches in English folklore, citing the Denham Tracts (collected between 1846 and 1859). [20] In Norse mythology , the goddess Sif is the wife of the thunder god Thor . Sif has been linked with Ravdna , the consort of the Sami thunder-god Horagalles . Red berries of rowan were holy to Ravdna, and the name Ravdna resembles North Germanic words for the tree (for example, Old Norse reynir). According to Skáldskaparmál the rowan is called "the salvation of Thor" because Thor once saved himself by clinging to it. It has been theorized that Sif was once conceived in the form of a rowan to which Thor clung. [21] In Newfoundland , popular folklore maintains that a heavy crop of fruit means a hard or difficult winter.

Similarly, in Finland and Sweden, the number of fruit on the trees was used as a predictor of the snow cover during winter , but here the belief was that the rowan "will not bear a heavy load of fruit and a heavy load of snow in the same year", that is, a heavy fruit crop predicted a winter with little snow. However, as fruit production for a given summer is related to weather conditions the previous summer , with warm, dry summers increasing the amount of stored sugars available for subsequent flower and fruit production, it has no predictive relationship to the weather of the next winter. [22] [23] Contrary to the above[ clarification needed ], in Malax , Finland the opposite[ which? ] was thought. [24] If the rowan flowers were plentiful then the rye harvest would also be plentiful.[ citation needed ] Similarly, if the rowan flowered twice in a year there would be many potatoes and many weddings that autumn.[ citation needed ] And in Sipoo people are noted as having said that winter had begun when the waxwings ( Bombycilla garrulus ) had eaten the last of the rowan fruit.

[25] In Sweden, it was also thought that if the rowan trees grew pale and lost color, the fall and winter would bring much illness. [26] Wine[ edit ] Sorbus was also a fortified Finnish fruit wine flavoured with rowan berries (sold until August 21, 2010). Sorbus domestica is used to flavour some apple wines, see apfelwein . References[ edit ] ^ a b D. Potter, T. Eriksson, R. C. Evans, S. Oh, J. E. E. Smedmark, D. R. Morgan, M. Kerr, K. R. Robertson, M. Arsenault, T. A. Dickinson & C. S. Campbell (2007). "Phylogeny and classification of Rosaceae" ( PDF ). Plant Systematics and Evolution 266 (1–2): 5–43. doi : 10.1007/s00606-007-0539-9 .

Note that this publication pre-dates the 2011 International Botanical Congress which mandates that the combined subfamily referred to in the paper as Spiraeoideae must be called Amygdaloideae . ^ Robertson, K. R., J. B. Phipps, J. R. Rohrer, and P. G. Smith. 1991. A Synopsis of Genera in Maloideae (Rosaceae). Systematic Botany 16: 376–394. ^ McAllister, H. 2005. The Genus Sorbus: Mountain Ash and Other Rowans. Richmond, Surrey, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ^ Campbell C. S., R. C. Evans, D. R. Morgan, T. A. Dickinson, and M. P. Arsenault. 2007. Phylogeny of subtribe Pyrinae (formerly the Maloideae, Rosaceae): Limited resolution of a complex evolutionary history. Pl. Syst. Evol. 266: 119–145. Further reading[ edit ] Price, D.T.

2007. One-way introgressive hybridisation between Sorbus aria and S. torminalis (Rosaceae) in southern Britain. Watsonia. 26: 419–431. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sorbus . A Modern Herbal | Ash, Mountain ---Synonym---Rowan Tree. ---Parts Used---Bark, fruit. ---Description--- The Mountain Ash (Pyrus Aucuparia, Gaertn.) is not related to the true Ashes, but has derived its name from the similarity of the leaves. In comparison to the true Ash, it is but a small tree, rarely more than 30 feet high. It belongs to the order Rosacece and is distinguished from its immediate relations the Pear, Crab Apple, White Beam and Wild Service Tree by its regularly pinnate, Ashlike leaves. It is generally distributed over the country in its wild state, but is also much cultivated as an ornamental tree. All parts of the tree are astringent and may be used in tanning and dyeing black. When cut, the Mountain Ash yields poles and hoops for barrels. Both the bark and fruit have medicinal properties.

The fruit is rather globose, with teeth at the apex and two to three seeded cells. They are used medicinally in either the fresh or the dried state. ---Constituents--- The fruit contains tartaric acid before, citric and malic acids after ripening; two sugars, sorbin and sorbit, the latter after fermentation; parasorbic acid, which is aromatic and is converted into isomeric sorbic acid by heating under pressure with potassa; bitter, acrid and colouring matters. A crystalline saccharine principle, Sorbitol, which does not undergo the vinous fermentation, has also been found in the fruit. The seeds contain 22 per cent. of fixed oil. It has been claimed that these seeds killed a child, apparently by prussic acid poisoning. The bark has a soft, spongy, yellowishgrey outer layer and an inner thicker portion, with many layers of a light brown colour. It has a bitterish taste, but is odourless. It is astringent and also yields amygdalin.

---Medicinal Action and Uses--- In herbal medicine, a decoction of the bark is given for diarrhoea and used as a vaginal injection in leucorrhoea, etc. The ripe berries furnish an acidulous and astringent gargle for sore throats and inflamed tonsils. For their anti-scorbutic properties, they have been used in scurvy. The astringent infusion is used as a remedy in haemorrhoids and strangury. The fruit is a favourite food of birds. A delicious jelly is made from the berries, which is excellent with cold game or wild fowl, and a wholesome kind of perry or cider can also be made from them. In Northern Europe they are dried for flour, and when fermented yield a strong spirit. The Welsh used to brew an ale from the berries, the secret of which is now lost . RowanTree.info a compilation of Finnish folk lore Overview The Rowan tree grows throughout northern Europe (Sorbus Aucuparia) as well as in the northeast part of North America (Sorbus Americanus).

According to , common names for it include Mountain Ash (although it is not a member of the ash family), Delight of the eye (Luisliu), Quickbane, Quickbeam, Quicken, Quickenbeam, Ran tree, Roan tree, Roden-quicken, Roden-quicken-royan, Round wood, Royne tree, Rune tree, Sorb apple, Thor's helper, Whispering tree, Whitty, Wicken-tree, Wiggin, Wiggy, Wiky, Witch wood, Witchbane, Witchen, Witchen tree. It is a relatively small tree, a member of the Rose family, and grows to about 50 feet tall. It is also a tough, dense tree, striving in poor soil and other areas where land has been overworked. In many parts of Europe they are very common around the ruins of ancient settlements and stone circles. The Rowan is noted for having lovely white flowers in May and, every third year, berries that turn bright red in winter. See Wikipedia.Org for additional information about the rowan tree (including traditional uses in magick, medicine and as food) and Herbs, Trees & Fungi for additional medicinal uses.

Rowan: The Mother of All Trees and Plants The Rowan tree has been considered magickal for thousands of years by many different cultures. One of the earliest references to the Rowan is in the ancient Finnish creation myth about the goddess "Rauni." According to this myth, the earth was barren and devoid of all plants when she came down from heaven and took the form of a Rowan tree. After Rauni ("Rowan?") had intercourse with Ukko, the God of Thunder, the result of their union was the creation of all the plants of the earth. According to this ancient creation myth, then, all plants and trees are descended from the Rowan tree as a result of it having been struck by a mighty bolt of magical lightening. Rowan and the Runes The word "Rowan" is derived from the Old Norse name for the tree, raun or rogn, and might be related to the word "rune" which means "magic, secret." Some say the Runes (a type of alphabet used by Germanic tribes for over a thousand years) were traditionally carved from sticks from the Rowan tree, with each letter of the alphabet being named for a different tree.

An early name for the Rowan tree was "Luis," which is the second letter of the Rune alphabet. Rowan Tree Blossoms Rowan as Protection Many traditions have evolved from the belief common among many Celtic people that the Rowan tree could offer protection from evil spirits. On Beltane (the night before May Day, which in some places was called Rowan Tree Day), sprigs of Rowan were often tied with string dyed red from the Rowan berries to cows' tails and horses' halters to protect them, and sheep were made to jump through hoops made from Rowan. Crossed branches of Rowan were often placed in cowsheds and stables for the same purpose, and milking stools and pails were sometimes made of Rowan wood. Rowan trees were commonly planted near the doors of houses, or Rowan twigs placed over the door or under a bed, to ward off evil spirits. Necklaces of Rowan berries with red thread were often worn for protection by Highland women. Rowan trees was often planted in churchyards to send away evil spirits and to keep the unquiet dead from leaving their graves. In Wales, it was common for people to wear a cross carved from Rowan.

Corpses prior to burial and coffins in transit to graveyards were often placed under Rowan trees to protect the souls from evil spirits. Faeries and Witches Although the Rowan was considered by some as protection from faeries, others say that faeries love the tree and will go out of their way to seek it out. Some even say that anyone harming a Rowan tree runs the risk of faeries seeking revenge by causing illness. In Sligo, Ireland, a legend tells of the "Forest of Dooros" where the faeries who dwelt there loved to eat Rowan berries brought over from Fairyland. One of the berries fell to the ground, and out of this grew a huge Rowan tree. It was said that eating one of this tree's berries, which tasted of sweet honey, would make a person drunk. Eating two berries would ensure that the person would live to be a hundred years old. Eating three would make the person thirty years old again, to stay that way for a hundred years.

To protect their magic, the faeries asked a giant named Sharvan who lived in the forest to guard the Rowan tree, so those few who attempted to take advantage of the Rowan's magic were usually never heard of again. Rowan trees were said to guard against the evil effects of "black" witchcraft. Berries were sometimes strung like beads and hung as a necklace around the neck of a supposed victim of sorcery. Some believed that one way to protect your soul from the devil was to touch a witch with a branch from a Rowan tree. Then, if the devil came demanding a soul, the witch would be taken instead. A cross carved from Rowan was sometimes placed above a child's cradle to protect it from bewitchment or from being stolen by faeries. These crosses were traditionally renewed each May Day. It was believed that the power of the Rowan was particularly potent if the person making the charm had never seen the tree before cutting the wood. "Laidley Wood"

Question: Sorbus is the generic name given to which trees?
Answer: Rowan