About Henry VII TUDOR (King of England) The Bridgeman Art Library This shrewdness in establishing himself so securely from the outset, and his subsequent policies, must surely have been the result of Henry's forethought in the years of his exile. He had not fought for the throne without planning how he would hold onto it, though he lacked any experience in kingship. All Henry's work in the years of his reign had the underlying factor of his determination to make his position, and that of his heirs, secure. At home he built up a strong government, based on financial solvency and popular support; abroad, he sought recognition of his position from his fellow-monarchs and a prestige among them which would impress his own subjects. His use of Parliament is a case in point. The days had not yet come when there would be a national outcry if Parliament did not meet regularly to have its say in government; at the end of the 15th century the summoning of a Parliament would be more likely to elicit national groans that the King wanted his subjects to grant him taxes.

Members' bills were certainly presented, debated, and enacted, but the Commons knew that this was a concession dependent on their first granting the King his demands. Henry did indeed need taxation, but he also made use of Parliament to bring in his own bills, measures which reinforced his position mainly through establishing and extending the powers of his executive. At the same time he made sure that no charges of over-taxing his people could be brought against him--a sure way to encourage rebellion. In the first 12 years of his reign, he called only six Parliaments: by the end of that period he had laid a solid financial foundation of government and enacted the main body of his legislation. In the second 12 years he called only one Parliament. So well did the King use his sources of revenue, making the most of every asset, that he had no need to trouble the Lords and Commons. It was in the financial sphere that Henry's genius was most apparent.

This is not to say that he was an innovator; the Yorkist kings had shown themselves adept at financial administration, but Henry VII so refined their procedures of revenue collection and the apportioning of money to government needs that, by his personal supervision, he made the Crown solvent for the first time in many years and, at his death, left an immense reserve to his heir. Apart from the taxes voted by Parliament, Henry induced the Commons to enact the return to the Crown of most of the royal lands which had been alienated since 1455; by the ingenious device of having Parliament declare that he had been King on the day before Bosworth , he turned into traitors all those who had fought against him--and was thus able to claim their estates as forfeit for treason. By this extension of Crown lands, and by their efficient administration, Henry increased their value, by the end of his reign, to some _35,000 per annum.

Added to this, Henry had persuaded his first Parliament to grant him customs revenue for the whole of his life -by encouraging trade through international diplomacy, he increased customs yield; by farming out his dues he ensured maximum efficiency of collection and ensured the highest feasible income; he was receiving almost _ 40,000 per annum by the end of his reign. Through improving the efficiency of his courts, the King could also rely on an income from "the profits of justice," i.e. from fines. And of course he had the ago-old "feudal dues" of medieval kingship, from the nobility, though it was only in the second half of the reign that he came to rely on the unscrupulous ingenuity of Morton , Empson , and Dudley, his hated collectors, for the increased fruits of his traditional revenue. Henry VII along with Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley The Duke of Rutland Though the King recurrently had to resort to Parliament to pay for his wars, this was considered a reasonable expense (except by the Cornishmen who revolted at being made to pay for war far away on the Scottish borders).

However, he never thought it necessary to reimburse his people with the money which remained to him when he made peace--and he liked to make his price for peace a large sum of money from his former enemies. Just as Henry made no real innovations in his financial policy, so there was a marked degree of continuity in his methods of administration. Indeed, the very personnel of his Council and departments of state were mainly "old hands" from past reigns. Previous monarchs had always striven to keep a balance in the Council between the nobility and the professional civil servants; it was only in periods of royal weakness that the magnates had played a predominant part in government. So the old theory that Henry VII was the first King to use "new men" in his government is not true, but it is true that he relied to a great extent on the abilities and intellect of such "new men" as Cardinal Morton and Bishop Fox of Winchester with much success. His was truly a government "of the talents," though the great nobles also played their part and could complain of no exclusion from their traditional role.

It was to Henry's advantage that the Wars of the Roses had reduced the numbers of his nobility, weeding out men who had earlier been so "overmighty" in their dealings with the Crown. But he took no chances. With his usual forethought, Henry restrained his nobles' old tendencies to collect private armies; in 1487 he enacted a law against "livery and maintenance" and in 1504 codified existing statutes against "retaining", to prevent the nobles from keeping independent forces. But his main achievement in this sphere was in his successful enforcement of these laws, accomplished largely through the vigilance of his increasingly valuable Justices of the Peace. These men were the mainstay of the Crown in the provinces, the visible proof of the strength of the central government. Nevertheless, England was not restored to order overnight. The Wars of the Roses had not ended with the death of Richard III, for there were still ambitious supporters of the House of York. In theory, the claimants could be discounted; Henry himself had married Elizabeth of York and married off most of her younger sisters to his own supporters.

Of their cousins, Edward, Earl of Warwick , a child, was safely in the Tower, and the de la Pole brothers had made their submission to Henry after Bosworth . Thus, the main threat to Henry's security came not from the scions of York themselves but from impostors. In 1487 Henry crushes a revolt by the Earl of Lincoln on behalf of Lambert Simnel , who claimed to be one of the missing princes from the Tower. Lambert Simnel , the ten year old boy, son of an Oxford tradesman, was coached by an ambitious priest to impersonate the Earl of Warwick , Clarence's son, and was crowned 'Edward VI' in Dublin Cathedral. After the defeat of the conspirators at Stoke on 16 Jun (when the Earl of Lincoln was killed) Henry decided that ridicule was the best weapon and made Simnel a turnspit in the royal kitchens, later promoting him to falconer. He died in his bed aged 50, a remarkable record for one found guilty of treason against the Tudors. Henry invades France at 1491, but at the Treaty of Etaples agrees to withdraw English forces in return for a large sum of money.

At 1492, a Flemish boy named Perkin Warbeck , claiming again to be one of the princes from the Tower, claims the throne and attempts to overthrow Henry. Perkin Warbeck , was a more serious and long term threat to Henry VII, since he was recognised as 'Richard Duke of York' by many of the sovereign rulers of Europe and his continuing existence dominated Henry's foreign policy until his execution in 1499.In 1497 Warbeck was captured. He might have been awarded the same mercy as Simnel (who now worked in the royal kitchens) had he not tried to escape from prison in the Tower. Henry could not afford now to let him live, and he was executed in 1499. Warwick, the innocent pawn, was beheaded at the same time, for, as long as he lived, there would certainly be pretentions on his behalf. Warbeck true identity remains a mystery, not resolved at the time, in spite of Henry's publication of his 'Confession' and still giving rise to speculation five centuries after his death. This was not the end of the "white rose" conspiracies, for several of the de la Pole brothers still lived in freedom.

Indeed, they, and Warwick 's sister, Margaret Plantagenet, Countess of Salisbury , would live on to trouble Henry VIII many years later. But for Henry VII the testing-time of rival claimants was over. That both rebellions had originated in Ireland was significant. To Henry's mind, too much independence had been allowed to Ireland by the Yorkist overlords of the previous reigns. Wisely, he first showed the iron fist, forbidding the Irish to continue holding their own Parliament; then to avert rebellion against such over-harsh measures, he relaxed his rule, relying on the trustworthiness of his new deputy, the popular Earl of Kildare, a rebel-turned-loyalist, to keep the Irish in check. Nevertheless, like so many English sovereigns before and after him, Henry could never rely on loyalty beyond the Dublin "Pale" area and in a few ports which lived by English trade, and he was not ready to risk full-scale armed intervention to gain total Irish obedience. Henry conducted most of his international dealings with an eye to recognition of his crown as well as to the security of his realm.

He was delighted to be accepted as an ally by the Emperor Maximilian and the Spanish monarchs in 1489 in their war against France, though later it proved that only Henry had the enthusiasm to prosecute that war seriously. In the Treaty of Medina del Campo, Fernando and Isabel of Spain promised their daughter Catalina to Henry's son Arthur , and their wedding in 1501 was a tangible triumph for Henry. Scotland was another problem. The age-old traditional warfare between neighbouring kingdoms was a threat the Tudor monarch could not ignore, especially after Scotland's King James IV gave support to Perkin Warbeck . Though Henry assiduously avoided open war, and despite a formal truce in 1497, border raiding continued unchecked on both sides. A solution was found in 1499 when Henry opened negotiations to marry his daughter Margaret to James IV of Scotland as token of his hopes for a "perpetual peace." Though the agreement reached in 1502 provided a lull in the fighting for only a few years, the elevation of Henry's daughter to a throne was a valuable recognition of the permanence of his dynasty. Henry's political acumen was also evident in his handling of foreign affairs.

He played Spain off of France by arranging the marriage of his eldest son, Arthur , to Catalina de Aragon , daughter of Fernando and Isabel. Arthur died within months and Henry secured a papal dispensation for Catalina to marry Arthur 's brother, the future Henry VIII ; this single event had the widest-ranging effect of all Henry's actions: Henry VIII 's annulment from Catalina was the impetus for the separation of the Church of England from the body of Roman Catholicism. The marriage of Henry's daughter, Margaret , to James IV of Scotland would also have later repercussions, as the marriage connected the royal families of both England and Scotland, leading the Stuarts to the throne after the extinction of the Tudor dynasty. England could not but rejoice at its king's diplomatic acumen. Diplomacy and trade went hand in hand, and in Henry's reign England's prosperity was assured. He made an advantageous treaty with Denmark for fishing rights and an agreement with Florence for the sale of English wool there; he was also able, in 1496, to extract excellent terms from the Archduke Phillip for English trade with the Netherlands, a pact formulated in the <I>Intercursus Magnus<I>.

(Trading on his own account, the King made a profit of some 15,000 on deals in alum in 1505-1506.) Arthur Tudor, Prince of Wales King Henry VII: Facts About the First Tudor Monarch | Primary Facts King Henry VII: Facts About the First Tudor Monarch Posted on Henry VII Fact File Born: 28th January 1457. His father was Edmund Tudor and his mother was Lady Margaret Beaufort. Died: 21st April 1509. Henry died of tuberculosis at Richmond Palace . He is buried in Westminster Abbey . Reign: 1485 to 1509. Children: Four of Henry VII’s children survived beyond infancy. They were: Arthur Tudor, Margaret Tudor, Henry VIII and Mary Tudor. How Did Henry Tudor Become King of England? Henry’s mother, Lady Margaret Beaufort, was one of the great-granddaughters of John of Gaunt, the third son of Edward III. This gave Henry Tudor a claim to the English throne, but quite a poor one.

Others alive in the 1480s could demonstrate a stronger claim, but Henry made all of this somewhat irrelevant when he defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field. The Battle of Bosworth Field On 22nd August 1485 the Wars of the Roses (a conflict between the House of York and the House of Lancaster) was effectively brought to a close on a battlefield by the small town of Market Bosworth. The Yorkist army, led by King Richard III, was defeated by the Lancastrian forces, led by Henry Tudor. Richard III was killed in the battle, and Henry Tudor was crowned as King Henry VII. Click here to find out more about the Battle of Bosworth Field. How Did Henry Make His Reign More Secure? Because he had quite a weak claim to the throne, Henry VII quickly set about making it more secure. He did several things to achieve this: Henry VII married Elizabeth of York – uniting the Houses of York and Lancaster. This is symbolised by the red and white Tudor Rose. Henry declared that his reign started the day before the Battle of Bosworth Field. This meant that anyone who fought against Henry in the battle could be found guilty of treason.

A useful threat to have up your sleeve! Henry overcame several rebellions during his reign, defeating those who tried to claim that they had a claim to the throne. Other Facts About Henry VII Despite winning his throne in battle, King Henry VII was not a military man. His policy was to keep the peace and build up the wealth of England. He used marriages to strengthen the relationship between England and other European kingdoms. His eldest son, Arthur, married Catherine of Aragon from Spain. His daughter, Margaret, was married to King James IV of Scotland. Arthur Tudor (Henry VII’s eldest son) died suddenly in 1502. This meant that Henry – the King’s second eldest son – was now next in line. Henry VII died on 21st April 1509, and he was succeeded by Henry VIII , his second son. Click here to find out more about the Tudors.

King Henry Tudor, King of England (1457 - 1509) - Genealogy King Henry Tudor, King of England Also Known As: "Harri Tudur", "King of England", "Harry (King Henry VII of England)" Birthdate: in Richmond Palace, Richmond, Surrey, England Cause of death: Henry VII's Chapel, Westminster Abbey, London, England Immediate Family: Half brother of Isabella Stanley and Ann Barton Occupation: Feb 6 1457 - Pembroke Castle, Pembrokeshire, Wales Death: May 1 1509 - Richmond Palace, Richmond, Surrey, England Wife: Queen of England Elizabeth Tudor (born Plantagenet) Children: Feb 6 1457 - Pembroke Castle, Pembrokeshire, Wales Death: May 1 1509 - Richmond Palace, Richmond, Surrey, England Wife: Queen of England Elizabeth Tudor (born Plantagenet) Children: Feb 6 1457 - Pembroke Castle, Pembrokeshire, Wales Death: May 1 1509 - Richmond Palace, Richmond, Surrey, England Wife: Queen of England Elizabeth Tudor (born Plantagenet)

 Children: Jan 28 1457 - Pembroke Castle, Pembrokeshire, Wales Death: Apr 22 1509 - Richmond Palace, Richmond, Surrey, England Parents: Edmund Tudor, Lady Margaret Tudor Wife: Elizabeth of England Children: Henry of England, VIII, Margaret Tudor, Katherine Tudor, Elizabeth Tudor, Edmund Somerset Tudor, Arthur Tudor, Roland Tudor, Mary Rose Tudor Feb 7 1547 - Pembroke Castle, Pembrokeshire, Wales Death: Between Jan 11 1509 and Jan 10 1510 - England Wife: Feb 7 1547 - Pembroke Castle, Pembrokeshire, Wales Death: Between Jan 11 1509 and Jan 10 1510 - England Wife: Jan 29 1456 - Pembroke, Pembrokeshire, Wales Death: May 1 1509 - Richmond, Surrey, England Wife: Feb 7 1547 - Pembroke Castle, Pembrokeshire, Wales Death: Between Jan 11 1509 and Jan 1

0 1510 Wife: Elisabeth of York Children: Between Jan 10 1457 and Jan 9 1458 Death: Between Jan 11 1509 and Jan 10 1510 Wife: Elizabeth Tudor (born of York) Children: Feb 6 1457 - Pembroke Castle, Pembrokeshire, Wales Death: May 2 1509 - Richmond, Surrey, England Wife: Feb 6 1457 - Pembroke Castle, Pembrokeshire, Wales Death: May 1 1509 - Richmond Palace, Richmond, Surrey, England Wife: Feb 6 1457 - Pembroke Castle, Pembrokeshire, Wales Death: May 1 1509 - Richmond, Surrey, England Wife: mother About Henry VII of England "Henry VII (Welsh: Harri Tudur; 28 January 1457 – 21 April 1509) was King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizing the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death on 21 April 1509,

 as the first monarch of the House of Tudor.

Henry won the throne when his forces defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field. He was the last king of England to win his throne on the field of battle. Henry cemented his claim by marrying Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV and niece of Richard III. Henry was successful in restoring the power and stability of the English monarchy after the political upheavals of the civil wars known as the Wars of the Roses. He founded the Tudor dynasty and, after a reign of nearly 24 years, was peacefully succeeded by his son, Henry VIII. Although Henry can be credited with the restoration of political stability in England, and a number of commendable administrative, economic and diplomatic initiatives, the latter part of his reign was characterised by a financial rapacity which stretched the bounds of legality. The capriciousness and lack of due process which indebted many in England were soon ended upon Henry VII's death after a commission revealed widespread abuses.

According to the contemporary historian Polydore Vergil, simple "greed" in large part underscored the means by which royal control was over-asserted in Henry's final years." ==================================================================== Wikipedia links: ==================================================================== Citations / Sources: [S1] S&N Genealogy Supplies, S&N Peerage CD., CD-ROM (Chilmark, Salisbury, U.K.: S&N Genealogy Supplies, no date (c. 1999)). Hereinafter cited as S&N Peerage CD. [S4] C.F.J. Hankinson, editor, DeBretts Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage and Companionage, 147th year (London, U.K.: Odhams Press, 1949), page 20 . Hereinafter cited as DeBretts Peerage, 1949. [S5] #552 Europaische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der europaischen Staaten. Neue Folge (1978), Schwennicke, Detlev, (Marburg: Verlag von J. A.

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Henry VII of England's Timeline 1457 King Henry VII of England (1457-1509) [Henry of Lancaster; Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond] Search KING HENRY VII, of England, was the first of the Tudor dynasty. His claim to the throne was through his mother, Margaret Beaufort , from John of Gaunt and Catherine Swynford, whose issue born before their marriage had been legitimated by parliament. This, of course, was only Lancastrian claim, never valid, even as such, till the direct male line of John of Gaunt had become extinct. By his father, Edmund of Hadham , the genealogists traced his pedigree to Cadwallader, but this only endeared him to the Welsh when he had actually become king. His grandfather, Owen Tudor , however, had married Catherine , the widow of Henry V and daughter to Charles VI of France.

Their son Edmund , being half brother of Henry VI , was created by that King Earl of Richmond, and having married Margaret Beaufort , only daughter of John, Duke of Somerset , died more than two months before their only child, Henry, was born in Pembroke Castle in January 1457. The fatherless child had sore trials. Edward IV won the crown when Henry was four years old, and while Wales partly held out against the conqueror, he was carried for safety from one castle to another. Then for a time he was made a prisoner; but ultimately he was taken abroad by his uncle Jasper Tudor , who found refuge in Brittany. At one time the duke of Brittany was nearly induced to surrender him to Edward IV; but he remained safe in the duchy till the cruelties of Richard III drove more and more Englishmen abroad to join him. An invasion of England was planned in 1483 in concert with the Duke of Buckingham 's rising; but stormy weather at sea and an inundation in the Severn defeated the two movements. A second expedition, two years later, aided this time by France, was more successful.

Henry landed at Milford Haven among his Welsh allies and defeated Richard at the battle of Bosworth (August 22, 1485). He was crowned at Westminster on the 30th of October following. Then, in fulfilment of pledges by which he had procured the adhesion of many Yorkist supporters, he was married at Westminster to Elizabeth (1465-1503), eldest daughter and heiress of Edward IV (Jan. 18, 1486), whose two brothers had both been murdered by Richard III. Thus the Red and White Roses were united and the pretexts for civil war done away with. Nevertheless, Henry's reign was much disturbed by a succession of Yorkist conspiracies and pretenders. Of the two most notable impostors, the first, Lambert Simnel , personated the Earl of Warwick, son of the Duke of Clarence , a youth of seventeen whom Henry had at his accession taken care to imprison in the Tower. Simnel, who was but a boy, was taken over to Ireland to perform his part, and the farce was wonderfully successful.

He was crowned as Edward VI in Christchurch Cathedral, Dublin, and received the allegiance of every one — bishops, nobles and judges, alike with others. From Ireland, accompanied by some bands of German mercenaries procured for him in the Low Countries, he invaded England; but the rising was put down at Stoke near Newark in Nottinghamshire, and, Simnel being captured, the king made him a menial of his kitchen. This movement had been greatly assisted by Margaret, duchess dowager, of Burgundy, sister of Edward IV, who could not endure to see the House of York supplanted by that of Tudor. The second pretender, Perkin Warbeck , was also much indebted to her support; but he seems to have entered on his career at first without it. And his story, which was more prolonged, had to do with the attitude of many countries towards England. Anxious as Henry was to avoid being involved in foreign wars, it was not many years before he was committed to a war with France, partly by his desire of an alliance with Spain, and partly by the indignation of his own subjects at the way in which the French were undermining the independence of Brittany.

Henry gave Brittany defensive aid; but after the duchess Anne had married Charles VIII of France, he felt bound to fulfil his obligations to Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, and also to the German king Maximilian , by an invasion of France in 1492. His allies, however, were not equally scrupulous or equally able to fulfil their obligations to him; and after besieging Boulogne for some little time, he received very advantageous offers from the French king and made peace with him. Now Perkin Warbeck had first appeared in Ireland in 1491, and had somehow been persuaded there to personate Richard, Duke of York, the younger of the two princes murdered in the Tower, pretending that he had escaped, though his brother had been killed. Charles VIII, then expecting war with England, called him to France, recognized his pretensions and gave him a retinue; but after the peace he dismissed him. Then Margaret of Burgundy received him as her nephew, and Maximilian , now estranged from Henry, recognized him as king of England.

With a fleet given him by Maximilian he attempted to land at Deal, but sailed away to Ireland and, not succeeding very well there either, sailed farther to Scotland, where James IV received him with open arms, married him to an earl's daughter and made a brief and futile invasion of England along with him. But in 1497 he thought best to dismiss him, and Perkin, after attempting something again in Ireland, landed in Cornwall with a small body of men. Already Cornwall had risen in insurrection that year, not liking the taxation imposed for the purpose of repelling the Scotch invasion. A host of the country people, led first by a blacksmith, but afterwards by a nobleman, marched up towards London and were only defeated at Blackheath . But the Cornishmen were quite ready for another revolt, and indeed had invited Perkin to their shores. He had little fight in him, however, and after a futile siege of Exeter and an advance to Taunton he stole away and took sanctuary at Beaulieu in Hampshire.

But, being assured of his life, he surrendered, was brought to London, and was only executed two years later, when, being imprisoned near the Earl of Warwick in the Tower, he inveigled that simple-minded youth into a project of escape. For this Warwick, too, was tried, condemned and executed — no doubt to deliver Henry from repeated conspiracies in his favour. Henry had by this time several children, of whom the eldest, Arthur , had been proposed in infancy for a bridegroom to Catherine , daughter of Ferdinand of Aragon . The match had always been kept in view, but its completion depended greatly on the assurance Ferdinand and Isabella could feel of Henry's secure position upon the throne. At last Catherine was brought to England and was married to Prince Arthur at St Paul's on the 14th of November 1501. The lad was just over fifteen and the co-habitation of the couple was wisely delayed; but he died on the 2nd of April following. Another match was presently proposed for Catherine with the king's second son, Henry , which only took effect when the latter had become king himself [cf. Henry VIII ].

Meanwhile Henry's eldest daughter Margaret was married to James IV of Scotland — a match distinctly intended to promote international peace, and make possible that ultimate union which actually resulted from it. The espousals had taken place at Richmond in 1502, and the marriage was celebrated in Scotland the year after. In the interval between these two events Henry lost his queen, who died on the 11th of February 1503, and during the remainder of his reign he made proposals in various quarters for a second marriage — proposals in which political objects were always the chief consideration; but none of them led to any result. In his latter years he became unpopular from the extortions practised by his two instruments, Empson and Dudley, under the authority of antiquated statutes. From the beginning of his reign he had been accumulating money, mainly for his own security against intrigues and conspiracies, and avarice had grown upon him with success. He died in April 1509, undoubtedly the richest prince in Christendom. He was not a niggard, however, in his expenditure. Before his death he had finished the hospital of the Savoy and made provision for the magnificent chapel at Westminster which bears his name.

His money-getting was but part of his statesmanship, and for his statesmanship his country owes him not a little gratitude. He not only terminated a disastrous civil war and brought under control the spirit of ancient feudalism, but with a clear survey of the conditions of foreign powers he secured England in almost uninterrupted peace while he developed her commerce, strengthened her slender navy and built, apparently for the first time, a naval dock at Portsmouth. The Tudors - Monarchs | HistoryOnTheNet The Tudors The Tudors - Monarchs Last Updated: 08/04/2014 - 09:09 The Tudors reigned from 1485 until 1603. There were 5 crowned monarchs and Lady Jane Grey reigned as Queen for just 9 days. The Tudor kings and queens were very powerful and they are noted for the numbers of people executed during the period. Henry VII came to the throne after defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. He was a serious man and faced many challenges to his place on the throne, the most notable being from Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck.

He married Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV uniting the houses of Lancaster and York and ending the Wars of the Roses. Henry successfully established the Tudor dynasty and when he died in 1509, his son's succession was not challenged and England was a rich and prosperous country. Henry VIII is the best known of the Tudor Monarchs, he was the second son of Henry VII and became King because his brother, Arthur had died. He married his brother's widow, Catherine of Aragon when he became King, but divorced her when she did not produce a male heir to the throne. In order to gain his divorce, Henry had to establish the Church of England and end Catholicism. Henry went on to marry another five wives - Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Katherine Howard and Katherine Parr. Anne Boleyn and Katherine Howard were executed for treason. He died in 1547. Edward VI came to the throne at the age of 9 years. He was a sickly child and the country was run by his protectors: firstly, the Duke of Somerset, his mother's brother, then by the Duke of Northumberland.

Edward died at the age of 15 in 1553. Lady Jane Grey was chosen to be Queen by the Duke of Northumberland in an attempt to keep England a Protestant country. Next in the line of succession was Henry VIII's eldest daughter, Mary. Mary was a Catholic and had sworn to return England to Catholicism. The public did not approve of Jane's succession and supported Mary's claim to the throne. Queen Jane reigned for just 9 days before Mary successfully took the throne. Jane and her husband, Guildford Dudley, son of the Duke of Northumberland, were beheaded. Mary I was the daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon and was a committed Catholic . When she came to the throne she vowed to return England to Rome and Catholicism. She is known as Bloody Mary because of the numbers of people who were executed for being Protestants. She made herself even more unpopular by marrying Philip of Spain and losing Calais, England's last possession in France. Mary died in 1558, probably of cancer of the womb. Elizabeth I became Queen after her sister Mary I died without an heir. She was the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn.

She upheld Protestantism in England and her will was the law. She did not marry and was known as the Virgin Queen. During Elizabeth's reign the age of exploration began with explorers such as Francis Drake claiming new lands for England and introducing new materials and foods. The American State , Virginia, is named after her. When Elizabeth died in 1603 the Tudor line ended. Quiz: BBC History - Henry VII Henry VII Henry VII Henry VII ended the dynastic wars known as the Wars of the Roses, founded the Tudor dynasty and modernised England's government and legal system. Image: King Henry VII of England (Getty Images) More information about: Henry VII Henry Tudor was born on 28 January 1457 in Pembroke, Wales. His father, Edmund Tudor, had died two months earlier and his mother, Margaret Beaufort, was just thirteen. Henry was born into a country divided by conflict. He belonged to one branch of the Plantagenet Royal Family, the House of Lancaster, who were fighting another branch, the House of York, for control of the throne – the so-called Wars of the Roses.

Henry’s mother Margaret was a descendant of Edward III, which gave Henry a real, although tenuous, claim to the throne. Mindful of Henry's vulnerability, Margaret entrusted her son to the care of his uncle, Jasper Tudor. When Henry was 14, Edward IV won power for the House of York in the Battle of Tewkesbury. Many Lancastrians died or were executed as a result of the battle. Jasper fled with Henry to France. Claim to the English Throne Edward IV died in 1483, leaving his wife, Elizabeth Woodville (the 'White Queen') a widow. His brother Richard usurped the throne from his 12-year-old nephew Edward V, making himself Richard III. Henry was now the leading Lancastrian claimant to the English crown, and saw his support grow. He promised his supporters that if he became king he would marry Edward IV's daughter, Elizabeth of York; a move that would unite the warring houses of York and Lancaster, the opposing sides in the Wars of the Roses. The Battle of Bosworth In 1485, Henry landed at Milford Haven.

He marched across Wales and England to meet Richard III's forces at the Battle of Bosworth Field in Leicestershire. In the battle Richard III was killed and Henry was crowned King Henry VII at the top of Crown Hill, near the village of Stoke Golding. Having secured parliamentary recognition of his title as King of England he married Elizabeth of York thus uniting the House of Lancaster and the House of York. He adopted the Tudor rose as the emblem of England, combining the white rose of York with the red rose of Lancaster to symbolise an end to the dynastic war. Consolidated Power Henry VII's grip on power was far from secure. His claim to the throne was shaky and he was plagued by plots and conspiracies. He consolidated his position with a treaty with France that opened up trade between the two countries. His most important treaty was the 'Magnus Intercursus' or 'Great Intercourse', signed with the Netherlands, securing England's textile exports. In 1503 he arranged the marriage of his daughter, Margaret Tudor, to James IV of Scotland in order to secure peace between the two countries. The marriage meant that James IV's descendants would have a claim to the English throne.

Henry also secured a marriage between his eldest son, Arthur, and the Spanish princess, Catherine of Aragon, in 1501. But in 1502 the 15-year-old Arthur Tudor died suddenly at Ludlow Castle, leaving Catherine a widow and making his younger brother, Henry, the new heir to the throne. It was suggested that Catherine should marry the young Henry instead, but this wasn't agreed upon during Henry VII's lifetime due to wrangling over Catherine's dowry. Tudor State Henry VII rebuilt the royal finances by avoiding war, promoting trade and enforcing royal taxes to the point of ruthlessness. This meant he was able to leave a fortune to his son, the future Henry VIII. Henry VII began the work of building a modern administration. The Royal Council was reborn as the Court of Star Chamber, set up to deal with judicial matters. Arrangements were made to promote better order in Wales and the north through the creation of special councils and more powers were entrusted to the justices of the peace.

The combined impact of Henry VII's reforms would increase significantly the power of the King and open the way for medieval rule, with its local law and customs, to be gradually supplanted by a more centralised Tudor state. Death Henry VII died of tuberculosis on 21 April 1509 and was buried at Westminster Abbey. He left a safe throne, a solvent government and a prosperous and reasonably united country. Henry VII was succeeded by his second son, Henry VIII. BBC - Primary History - Famous People - Queen Elizabeth I Queen Elizabeth I Why is Queen Elizabeth famous? Who was Elizabeth I? Elizabeth was Queen of England, Ireland and Wales from 1558 to 1603. She gave her name to the 'Elizabethan Age'. It was an exciting time in English history. This was the age of William Shakespeare's plays, Francis Drake's voyages, and the sea battles against the Spanish Armada . When did she live? Elizabeth was the daughter of King Henry VIII. She was born in 1533. Her grandfather Henry VII was the first Tudor king of England. Elizabeth became Queen of England in 1558. She died in 1603. Why is Elizabeth famous?

Elizabeth I ruled England alone. She did not marry. So although she was queen, England had no king. This was unusual at the time. The Elizabethan Age was an exciting part of English history. There were new ideas, and arguments about religion. There were wars with Spain. English explorers sailed to new lands. Her father and mother King Henry VIII Elizabeth's father was King Henry VIII. Henry became king in 1509. Henry's first wife was Catherine of Aragon, a Spanish princess. In 1511, Catherine had a son, but the baby died. In 1516 Catherine and Henry had a daughter, Mary. More than anything else Henry wanted a son, to be king after him. Henry chooses a new wife Henry decided to divorce Queen Catherine. Divorce was against the rules of the Catholic Church, but Henry wanted a new wife. Anne Boleyn, one of the ladies at court , caught his eye. First Henry had been in love with her sister Mary. Now he wanted to marry Anne. Who was Anne Boleyn? Anne Boleyn was born sometime between 1501 and 1507. Her father Sir Thomas Boleyn owned Hever Castle in Kent.

Her mother Elizabeth was a daughter of the Duke of Norfolk. Anne had lived abroad, and spoke French well. She was tall, dark and clever. In January 1533 King Henry and Anne were married secretly. Anne was already pregnant. The baby princess King Henry was delighted Anne was having a baby. He made big plans to celebrate the birth of a son. On 7 September 1533 the baby was born at Greenwich Palace, near London. The baby was a girl. She was named Elizabeth. Henry was not pleased! He cancelled the celebrations. Elizabeth's childhood What happened to Elizabeth's mother? Anne Boleyn and her family had enemies. They told the King that Anne had been seeing other men. Henry decided Anne would never have the son he wanted. So he had Anne locked up in the Tower of London. On 19 May 1536 she was beheaded . Little Princess Elizabeth was sent to live with her sister Mary. Elizabeth never really knew her mother. But she kept a tiny picture of Anne Boleyn in a ring. A baby brother King Henry married Jane Seymour. In October 1537 Jane had a son. Henry was very happy. But Jane died soon after the birth.

Elizabeth now had a brother, Prince Edward. One day he would be king. First Edward, then next in line for the throne was Mary. Elizabeth did not expect to be Queen. Henry's wives Henry VIII married Anne of Cleves in 1540. His fifth wife was Catherine Howard, in 1542. In 1543, he married his sixth (and last) wife, Catherine Parr. Queen Catherine was kind to Elizabeth. King Henry hoped to marry Elizabeth off to a foreign prince when she was old enough. A clever girl Elizabeth had lessons with her governess , Kat Ashley. She and brother Edward also had tutors . Elizabeth was clever. She read books in Latin and English. She learned French and Italian. Henry VIII dies In 1547 Henry VIII died. Elizabeth's brother Edward became king. Until Edward was old enough to rule, noblemen helped him govern England. Edward Seymour became Lord Protector . Elizabeth lived in Chelsea with Catherine Parr. Catherine had now married Thomas Seymour, brother of the Lord Protector. Rivals for power England's nobles were rivals for power. They plotted and schemed. Thomas Seymour may have planned to marry the young princess Elizabeth, and perhaps become king himself.

Catherine sent Elizabeth away to the country. In 1549 Thomas Seymour was arrested for treason and beheaded. In 1552 Edward Seymour was also executed. Elizabeth was lucky to escape. Edward VI and Mary I In 1553 Edward VI died. There were more plots. Lady Jane Grey was queen for nine days. She too was executed. Elizabeth's sister Mary became queen. Mary was a Catholic . She decided to marry Philip of Spain, a Catholic prince. This upset many Protestants in England. Another lucky escape Sir Thomas Wyatt led a rebellion against Queen Mary. He failed, but Mary believed Elizabeth knew of his plan. Elizabeth was taken to the Tower of London. She was locked up for 8 weeks. After Wyatt was executed, she was set free. It was another lucky escape. Elizabeth is Queen Mary's reign was unhappy. Some Protestants were burned at the stake . The queen did not have the child she hoped for. Her husband went back to Spain. Mary I died in November 1558. Elizabeth was at Hatfield, in Hertfordshire. A fast rider brought the news. She was now queen.

Queen of England A good start Elizabeth's coronation was in January 1559. People lit bonfires, and 'made merry' with parties. Elizabeth was red-haired like her father Henry VIII. When they saw her, people shouted out 'Remember old King Henry!'. Everyone hoped Elizabeth would be a good queen. Most wanted no more arguments about religion. They wanted peace. What kind of queen was she? The Queen liked to get her own way. She had a quick temper. Yet she chose wise advisers to help her rule. William Cecil, Lord Burghley, gave her good advice for 40 years. In London, the Queen lived in fine palaces. Her court became the centre of fashion. She loved jewels, clothes, dancing and music. Touring the country Elizabeth travelled around England. She visited castles and great houses. With her went hundreds of servants, soldiers, ladies in waiting and gentlemen of the court. There were feasts , plays, jousting , dances and deer-hunts. A visit from the Queen cost a lot of money! Queen in danger The Catholic Church said Henry and Anne Boleyn had never been lawfully married. So Elizabeth wasn't England's Queen - Mary Queen of Scots was.

This put Elizabeth in danger. She was the target for plots by enemies abroad and at home. Should the Queen marry? People wanted the Queen to marry. She must have children to be king or queen after her. Elizabeth was very cautious. A husband would expect to be king. Lots of husbands came forward including Philip of Spain, the Duke of Alencon and Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester. She was very fond of Robert Dudley but she did not marry anyone. Plots, pirates and the Armada More plots In 1568 Mary Queen of Scots fled to England. Mary was a rival. So Elizabeth kept her a prisoner. Elizabeth and Mary never met. In 1569 Catholic nobles plotted to make Mary Queen of England. This plot failed, but there were others. Elizabeth's spy-chief, Francis Walsingham, was kept busy hunting down plotters. Plotters were caught, tortured and executed. Drake's voyage In 1580 Francis Drake sailed around the world. He returned in the ship Golden Hind. He had also attacked Spanish ships and stolen Spanish gold. The Spanish king was very angry. Elizabeth said she knew nothing about English 'pirates', but was pleased with her share of the gold.

Mary loses her head In 1586 yet another plot was uncovered. It was led by Antony Babington, a young Catholic. The plotters were arrested. Letters were found. The letters seemed to link Mary Queen of Scots to the plot. In 1587 Mary was executed. The Armada In 1588 King Philip of Spain sent the Armada to attack England. He hoped to remove Elizabeth as queen. Spanish and English ships fought battles in the English Channel. Both sides fought bravely. A terrible storm scattered the Spanish ships. Half never reached home. England celebrated a great victory. Elizabeth was safe. The Elizabethan age ends Royal pleasures During the Elizabethan age, London had its first theatres. From the 1590s, audiences packed The Globe theatre in London to see plays by William Shakespeare and other writers. Elizabeth enjoyed private shows. Shakespeare performed several times for the Queen. Losing old friends Elizabeth's last years were lonely. Old friends died. Robert Dudley died in 1588. William Cecil died in 1598. His son Robert became the Queen's chief adviser. Elizabeth's favourite at court was the young Earl of Essex. He was hot-headed.

In 1601 he led a rebellion . Being the Queen's favourite did not save him. Essex was executed. Who will follow me? As the queen grew older, everyone wondered who would rule England after she died. Next in line was James VI of Scotland. He was the son of Mary Queen of Scots. He was also related to Elizabeth. The queen dies Elizabeth I died on 24 March 1603, at her palace at Richmond. She was buried in Westminster Abbey beside her grandfather Henry VII. King James VI came from Scotland to become James I of England. The Stuarts had taken over from the Tudors .

Question: Who was the first Tudor King of England?
Answer: Henry VII