Heroin - Washington Drug Threat Assessment Washington Drug Threat Assessment H eroin Heroin poses a significant problem to Washington, particularly in larger cities such as Seattle, Tacoma, and Yakima. The drug is readily available, and heroin abuse is a significant problem. Violence associated with heroin distribution and abuse is a concern to law enforcement officials. Mexican black tar heroin is the predominant type available in the state. Mexican criminal groups are the dominant transporters of heroin into and through the state. These groups transport the drug primarily from Mexico and California into Washington and are the primary wholesale heroin distributors in the state. Mexican local independent dealers are the primary retail heroin distributors. Abuse Heroin abuse is a significant problem in Washington, particularly in larger cities such as Seattle, Tacoma, and Yakima. According to the Washington Division of Alcohol and Substance Abuse, the number of treatment admissions for heroin abuse to publicly funded facilities increased each year from 2,083 in SFY1994 to 3,664 in SFY2000, then deceased to 3,172 in SFY2001.

Admission rates per 100,000 population also increased each year from 39 to 62.2 in SFY2000, then deceased to 53.1 in SFY2001. According to TEDS data, the number of heroin-related treatment admissions to publicly funded facilities in Washington increased each year from 6,118 in 1997 to 6,889 in 1999, then decreased to 5,965 in 2001. (Disparities between state and federal reporting regarding admissions to substance abuse treatment programs are likely a result of differences in data collection and reporting methodologies.) In the Seattle metropolitan area, heroin-related ED mentions have decreased over the past several years. The number of heroin-related ED mentions decreased from 2,894 in 1997 to 1,927 in 2001. The Seattle metropolitan area ranked ninth in the number of heroin-related ED mentions per 100,000 population among the 21 metropolitan areas reporting to DAWN in 2001.

The number of deaths in which heroin was a factor in the Seattle metropolitan area also decreased from 150 in 1996 to 118 in 2000, according to DAWN mortality data. In spite of this decrease, heroin was a factor in more drug-related deaths in 2000 than any other illicit drug. Of the heroin-related deaths reported in 2000, 16 were heroin-induced (overdoses). A significant number of adult male arrestees in Seattle and Spokane abused heroin in 2001. According to ADAM data, 10.3 percent of adult male arrestees tested positive for heroin use in Seattle in 2001, and 8.1 percent tested positive in Spokane. In 1999 the percentage of Seattle high school students who reported having abused heroin at least once in their lifetime was comparable to the national percentage. According to responses to the 1999 YRBS, 2.8 percent of high school students in Seattle reported that they had used heroin at least once during their lifetime compared with 2.4 percent nationally.

In addition, the percentage (3.1%) of female high school students in Seattle who reported that they had used heroin at least once during their lifetime was higher than the percentage (2.1%) of males. Availability Heroin is readily available throughout Washington, particularly in Seattle, Tacoma, and Yakima. Mexican black tar heroin is the predominant type. Approximately 95 percent of heroin purchased in Seattle in 2000 under the auspices of the DEA Domestic Monitor Program (DMP) was Mexican black tar. Mexican brown powdered, Southeast Asian, and Southwest Asian heroin also are available, but in very limited quantities. The amount of heroin seized in Washington has fluctuated in recent years. According to respondents to the 2002 Northwest HIDTA Threat Assessment survey, state and local law enforcement officials in Washington seized 39 kilograms of heroin in FY1998, 24 kilograms in FY1999, 30 kilograms in FY2000, and 11 kilograms in FY2001.

According to FDSS data, federal law enforcement officials in Washington seized 14 kilograms of heroin in 1998, 27 kilograms in 1999, 14 kilograms in 2000, and 15 kilograms in 2001. The percentage of federal drug sentences in Washington that were heroin-related was higher than the national percentage in FY2001. According to USSC data, 11.9 percent of federal drug sentences in Washington were heroin-related in FY2001 compared with 7.2 percent nationally. Heroin-related federal sentences decreased from 20 in FY1997 to 16 in FY1998. Thereafter, heroin-related federal sentences increased to 19 in FY1999, to 26 in FY2000, and then to 40 in FY2001. The price and purity of Mexican black tar heroin varies throughout the state.

According to the DEA Seattle Division, in FY2002 Mexican black tar heroin sold for $35,000 to $45,000 per kilogram in Seattle and $12,000 to $16,000 per kilogram in Tacoma. During that same time frame, 25 grams or "piece" quantities of heroin sold for $400 to $800 in Seattle, $300 to $800 in Tacoma, and $500 to $700 in Yakima. In FY2002 retail quantities of heroin sold for $50 to $100 per gram in Seattle, $180 per gram in Spokane, and $80 to $100 per gram in Tacoma. Purity levels of retail quantities of heroin ranged from as low as 5 to as high as 70 percent in Washington in FY2002. Violence Violence has been associated with heroin distribution and abuse in Washington.

According to responses to the NDIC National Gang Survey 2000, several street gangs that are involved in heroin distribution also have committed violent crimes such as assault, drive-by shooting, and home invasion, some of which were related to their heroin distribution operations. These gangs include the Norte�os and Sure�os in Vancouver and the West Side 18th Street in Walla Walla. In January 2002 a West Seattle resident pleaded guilty to five counts of robbery--four bank robberies and one carjacking involving a woman and her two children during an attempt to flee after a robbery. The perpetrator told law enforcement officials he robbed banks to support his heroin addiction. In October 2001 another Seattle resident pleaded guilty to four bank robberies during the summer of 2001 in the Seattle area. This perpetrator also told law enforcement officials he robbed banks to support his heroin addiction. Production Opium is not cultivated nor is heroin produced in Washington. Heroin is produced in four primary source regions: Mexico, South America, Southeast Asia, and Southwest Asia. Most of the heroin available in Washington is produced in Mexico; however, a very limited amount of Southeast and Southwest Asian heroin is available.

Transportation Mexican criminal groups are the dominant transporters of wholesale quantities of Mexican black tar and brown powdered heroin into Washington. These groups transport the drug primarily from Mexico and California into the Seattle-Tacoma area and Yakima. Mexican independent dealers also transport heroin into the state from California. Heroin transporters use a variety of means to transport the drug into the state. Mexican criminal groups primarily transport Mexican black tar and brown powdered heroin to Washington in private vehicles on I-5 and US 97 and 101. They also use commercial flights, buses, boats, passenger trains, and private courier services. Heroin transporters use Washington as a transshipment point for heroin destined for other states and Canada. Mexican black tar heroin reportedly has been transported from Seattle and Yakima to drug markets in Alaska, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming, and British Columbia, Canada. Shipments of Southeast Asian and Southwest Asian heroin transit through the Puget Sound commercial port facilities to drug markets on the East Coast. Distribution Mexican criminal groups are the dominant wholesale distributors of Mexican black tar heroin in Washington. Seattle and Yakima are primary distribution centers for heroin in the state, according to the Northwest HIDTA.

Mexican local independent dealers are the primary retail heroin distributors in Washington. Criminal groups, street gangs, and local independent dealers, primarily African American and Caucasian, also distribute heroin at the retail level in the state. Heroin generally is sold at the retail level at open-air drug markets. One such open-air market, known as the Blade, is located in a section of Seattle frequented by tourists, according to the Northwest HIDTA. Retail quantities of heroin often are distributed in small, clear cellophane bags. Washington Facts | KidsKonnect Worksheets / Social Studies / Geography /Washington Facts Washington Facts Washington is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States located north of Oregon, west of Idaho, and south of the Canadian province of British Columbia on the coast of the Pacific Ocean. See the fact file below for more information about the state of Washington.

Capital Seattle, Spokane, Olympia, Tacoma, Kennewick, Pasco, Richland Products red raspberries, hops, spearmint, apples, sweet cherries, peppermint, oil, Concord rapes, carrots, Niagra grapes, lentils, potatoes, prunes, dry peas, asparagus, sweet corn, green peas, plums, onions, barley, trout, wheat, cranberries, strawberries Climate Puget Sound lowlands see clouds and rain in the winter, western, slopes of the Cascades receives larger amounts of snow – drier climate prevails east of the Cascade Range – prevailing winds from the southwest in autumn and winter bring warm and most air masses Yearly Precipitation Yakima County -- Thumbnail History - HistoryLink.org Yakima County -- Thumbnail History Tweet Yakima is Washington's second-largest county in area, covering 4,296 square miles (2.7 million acres), and ranks seventh in population with 222,581 residents counted in the 2000 United States census. The city of Yakima is the county seat.

Yakima County encompasses most of the Yakama Indian Reservation, and federal, state, or tribal governments own nearly 200 million acres of land in the county. The location of many towns within Yakima County was largely determined by the Northern Pacific Railroad, along whose route the sites were chosen, named, platted, and eventually sold to settlers. Yakima County's primary industry is agriculture, bolstered by an annual average of 300 days of sunshine and nutrient-rich volcanic soil and enabled by Yakima River irrigation projects. Political Geography Yakima County is bordered on the west by wilderness areas: the Norse Peak Wilderness and Pierce County to the northwest, the William O. Douglas Wilderness/Snoqualmie National Forest/Goat Rocks Wilderness and Lewis County to the central west, and the Cascade Mountain Range/Mt. Adams Wilderness and Skamania County to the southwest. Kittitas County borders Yakima to the north and the two counties share the 260,000-acre Yakima Firing Center United States Military Reservation. Benton County borders Yakima to the east, and Klickitat County to the south.

The Yakama Indian Reservation comprises 1,271,918 acres (1,573 square miles) in the southern portion of Yakima County and extending into Klickitat County. The reservation encompasses several towns including Parker, Wapato, Toppenish, Vessey Springs, and White Swan, as well as part of the Simcoe mountain range. The eastern half of Mount Adams (12,276 feet), an active andesitic stratovolcano, extends into the southwestern corner of Yakima County. Mount Adams is the third highest peak in the Cascade Range and the second highest peak in Washington (after Mount Rainier). A portion of the mountain extends into the Gifford Pinchot National Forest in Skamania County. Gifford Pinchot National Forest was established as the Columbia National Forest in 1908 and renamed to honor Gifford Pinchot (1865-1946), first Chief of the National Forest Service, in 1949. Yakima County's mountainous western topography gives way to semi-arid foothills and sagebrush in the central portion of the county.

The Yakima River, a tributary of the Columbia, runs through the Yakima Valley and with its tributaries the Naches and Tieton rivers feeds some 2,100 miles of irrigation canals throughout the Yakima Valley. The name Yakima has been translated to mean black bear (from yah-kah, meaning black bear, and the plural ending ma), or runaway, referring either to the rushing waters of the Yakima River or to a tribal legend about a runaway or deported daughter of a Yakama chief. The earliest inhabitants of the region were the confederated bands and tribes of the Yakama Indian Nation who gathered camas, bitter root, and berries, hunted deer, and harvested salmon from the Yakima and Columbia rivers. These bands were nomadic, especially so after they began to acquire horses from northern Great Basin tribes sometime between 1730 and 1760. Euro-American Settlement The earliest European settlers were members of the Catholic Oblate Missionaries of Mary Immaculate. At the invitation of Yakama chiefs Ow-hi (d. 1858) and Kamiakin (ca.

1800-1877), the Oblates established several small missions in the Yakima Valley beginning in 1848 and a larger mission, St. Joseph's Mission on the Ahtanum, in 1852. The first irrigation ditch in the future Yakima County was dug on the grounds of this mission that same year. Washington Territory was established on March 2, 1853, and newly appointed Territorial Governor Isaac Stevens quickly set out to extinguish Indian claim to the land and encourage white settlement. On June 9, 1855, 14 tribal leaders signed the Treaty of Yakima, ceding 10,828,800 acres of their ancestral lands to the United States government. The Yakama Nation Yakama tribal leader Kamiakin was a reluctant signatory. The nearly immediate failure of Stevens to enforce parts of the agreement that protected some Yakama rights led Kamiakin to withdraw his acquiescence to the treaty. On October 5, 1855, gunfire erupted between Kamiakin's men and Major Granville Haller's troops at Toppenish Creek, marking the beginning of the Yakama Indian Wars.

The United States government established Fort Simcoe in 1856 and by 1858 the uprising had been quelled by the slaughter and starvation of many members of the tribe. Many remaining members settled on reservation land, surviving difficult years of transition and carrying on a continual fight for their land rights. In 1994 the tribe changed the spelling of their name to Yakama. The Yakama Nation controls nearly 1.3 million acres, the largest land mass controlled by any of the 29 federally recognized tribes in the state. The tribe has 9,600 enrolled tribal members, more than any other Washington tribe. Three language families were indigenous to the 14 bands and tribes that constitute the Yakama Nation: Sahaptian, Salishan, and Chinookan. The 14 bands and tribes are the Palouse, Pisquouse, Yakama, Wenatchapam, Klinquit, Oche Chotes, Kow was wayee, Sk'in-pah, Kah-miltpah, Klickitat, Wish ham, See ap Cat, Li ay was, and Shyiks.

Cattle in the Yakima Valley The Indians had wintered herds of cattle in the Yakima Valley since Kamiakin brought the first herd to the area in 1840. In 1859 legendary cattleman Ben Snipes (1835-1906) drove his first herd of cattle through the Yakima Valley to the gold fields of the Fraser River in Canada. John Jeffries, Major John Thorp, and many other cattle owners followed. Some stock was also shipped by steamboat to Portland or Kalama and then by rail to Puget Sound. Long cattle drives through the area were common until the arrival of the Northern Pacific Railroad, after which cattle were driven to rail stations and shipped to market by rail. Fielding Mortimer Thorp (1822-1894) and Margaret Bounds Thorp (1822-1888) with their nine children were the first non-Indian, non-missionary settlers to the Yakima Valley, arriving in 1861 at the future site of Moxee to join the 250 head of cattle Thorp had driven there to graze the year before.

The Alfred Henson family and widow Nancy McHaney Splawn Bond (1812-1905) with her five sons, Charles, William, George, Moses, and Andrew J., moved to the Yakima Valley soon after. Other settlers followed, many of them young men associated with the area's increasing cattle culture. W. D. Lyman's History of the Yakima Valley Washington (Vol. 1), published in 1919, quotes Leonard Thorp's description of what he called a cattleman's paradise: "There was rye grass in the bottom as high as a man's shoulders on horseback, so that the stock were fairly swallowed up in it. Though the plains were mainly covered in sagebrush there was mixed with it, and yet more in the hills, the most luxurious bunch grass. This limitless supply of feed, together with the pure cold waters of the Yakima rushing by, made a little world of themselves for the stock" (p272). Present-day Yakima County was briefly (from January 1863 to January 1865) part of a large county called Ferguson County.

When Ferguson was dissolved after only two years, the County of Yakima, including more or less present-day Yakima and Kittitas Counties, was established on January 21, 1865. On November 24, 1883, Kittitas County was divided from Yakima, leaving the county boundaries approximately as they remain. Towns and Trains The first town in the county was Yakima City, established in 1861 and incorporated in 1883. In 1884 the Northern Pacific Railroad located its station four miles north of Yakima City and the townspeople moved most of the town's buildings north to the station. Incorporated in 1886 and initially called North Yakima, in 1918 the new town became simply Yakima. The old town was then renamed Union Gap. Moxee was founded in 1867.

Over the next four decades other Yakima County towns were established, although some were little more than names for their first few years and were not officially incorporated for many more: Mabton (incorporated 1905), Toppenish (incorporated 1907), and Wapato (incorporated 1908) were founded in 1885. Zillah was established in 1892 and incorporated in 1911, Sunnyside was established in 1893 and incorporated in 1902. Granger, established in 1902, and Grandview, established in 1906, both incorporated in 1909. Selah was founded in 1907 and incorporated in 1919, Naches was established in 1908 and incorporated in 1921. Tieton incorporated in 1942 and Harrah in 1946. The River and the Railroad Two overwhelming forces shaped Yakima County's development: the Northern Pacific Railroad and the Yakima River.

Snaking through the Yakima Valley, the Northern Pacific tracks linked the valley with Puget Sound through the Stampede Pass Tunnel. The first train rolled through Stampede Pass on May 27, 1888, replacing a slightly earlier series of track switchbacks that had been the only way across the Cascades. The Northern Pacific owned a vast tract of land along the railroad right-of-way between Lake Superior and Puget Sound, courtesy of the May 23, 1864, Northern Pacific Land Grant. This grant deeded to the railroad alternating square miles of public land adjacent to the track right-of-way in a band 40 miles wide in states and 80 miles wide in territories in exchange for construction of a northern transcontinental line. The Northern Pacific was able to sell irrigated land for as much as $40 to $50 per acre as compared with $2.60 per acre for dry land, a powerful inducement for the railroad to fund irrigation. The Yakima River was the means to irrigate, populate, and make this land productive.

Walter Granger (1855-1930) was an irrigation engineer without whose diligence and determination Yakima County might not have attained its global reputation as an agricultural cornucopia and the fruit basket of the nation. Hired by Northern Pacific president Thomas Oakes (1843-1919) in 1889, Granger organized and managed the Yakima Canal and Land Company (in partnership with the Northern Pacific Railroad under the name Northern Pacific, Yakima, and Kittitas Irrigation Project) and the Washington Irrigation Company. Charged with building irrigation systems and deciding where town sites and stations would be established along the railroad's Yakima Valley route, Granger and Northern Pacific employees took frequent scouting trips, often accompanied by the press or railroad VIPs. Granger determined the locations and names of Zillah, Granger, Sunnyside, and possibly other towns in the county and built the Sunnyside Canal, the largest irrigation canal in the Northwest at the time. Irrigating the Valley Most of Yakima County's population is centered along the Yakima River.

Irrigation for farming was crucial to the success of these communities, and individual farmers had created small canals from the time of non-Indian settlement. The Sunnyside Canal began operation in 1892 and other private irrigation canals followed. These unregulated projects over-appropriated Yakima River supplies. The United States Congress passed the Reclamation Act on June 17, 1902, paving the way for federally funded dam and irrigation construction projects throughout the arid West. The Act required that water users repay construction costs of the irrigation projects from which they received benefits. The Yakima Project, authorized on December 12, 1905, was one of the first and largest efforts of the Federal Bureau of Reclamation, and has irrigated the Yakima Valley since 1910. The government purchased many of the earlier canals and incorporated them into the Yakima Project. Water from the Keechulus, Kachess, and Lake Cle Elum reservoirs feed the Yakima River, while the Tieton and Bumping Lake Reservoirs feed the Yakima's tributaries, the Naches and Tieton Rivers.

These rivers in turn supply the Yakima Valley's nearly 2,100 miles of irrigation canals. Planting and Growing On March 15, 1893 the Washington State Legislature passed the State Fair Act designating North Yakima in Yakima County the site for an annual State Agricultural Fair. Yakima got the event as a consolation prize after losing (to Olympia) the race to have Yakima City proclaimed state capital. With the exception of 1895, the Washington State Fair was held annually from 1894 until 1930, when the state legislature declined to fund a budget. From 1932 to 1936, scaled down versions of the fair occurred but were not considered successful. In 1939 the Central Washington State Fair was founded, using the old State Fairgrounds. The Central Washington State Fair is held annually in September. The first wine grapes in the Yakima Valley were planted in 1869, the first hops in 1872, and the first commercial fruit orchard in 1887. All of these crops would eventually become major parts of Yakima County's primary industry, agriculture.

Once the land was pegged for commercial fruit production, the transformation from sagebrush to cultivated acreage was accomplished briskly. In the Selah Valley, for example, 36,000 fruit trees were reportedly set out in one year alone. The Northern Pacific Railroad provided a ready way for farmers to ship their produce to market, and processing plants and fruit storage facilities soon flourished near railroad stations. Migrant Labor in the Valley Commercial farming was dependant on migratory harvesters. Indian pickers harvested hops each fall. During the Great Depression of the 1930s Yakima County's laden trees and fields provided much-needed employment for the thousands of families from across the country seeking work, and migrant campsites dotted the region. Conditions at these migrant camps varied, but many lacked basic sanitary facilities. By the early 1940s many families of Japanese origin were farming in Yakima County. These families, more than 1,000 individuals, were forced to abandon their farms and enter internment camps under Executive Order 9066.

Increased farm production to aid the war effort and labor shortages caused by internment and the exodus of men into the military during World War II led to the creation of the Bracero Program, a federal program that brought Mexican and Mexican American migrant workers into Washington and other states to harvest crops. After the Bracero Program was discontinued in 1964 Mexican and Mexican American workers continued to provide a substantial portion of the farm labor in Yakima County. In recent years a federal guest worker program has brought Thais to Yakima County to harvest field and tree fruit crops. Today (2006) 558,000 acres of private land in Yakima County are used for agriculture. Manufacturing (especially of food-related products) and fruit warehousing are other major industries in the county. Forestry and livestock are significant industries. Yakima County is a leading global producer of apples, hops, mint, and asparagus, and the county's wine industry continues to expand and flourish. This essay made possible by: The State of Washington Washington State Department of Archeology and Historic Preservation Greetings from Yakima, ca. 1930 Postcard 20 Best Apartments in Washington, (with pictures)!

Algona Apartments for rent in Washington The Pig War? Well, it almost was! In the days of westward expansion, the boundary between the northern United States and the still-British colony of British Columbia was disputed as the line turned south and ran through the water adjacent to the rich and fertile San Juan Islands. Both sides were adamant about who the islands belonged to. A pig strayed onto a sheep farm and was shot. That was reason enough to fight, and both sides took up arms. British warships stood ready to fire. On land, American reinforcements arrived. Over the next 12 years -- yes, 12 -- the Brits and Americans existed in a friendly state of readiness for war. The situation was laughable, but the border was undecided until the dispute was submitted to Kaiser Wilhelm I of Germany for arbitration. He decided in favor of the Americans, and the San Juan Islands have been on the U.S. side of the border since 1872. It was a long war, but the pig was the only casualty. A Lasting Peace Living in Washington State allows to you get to the water almost whenever you want to, and to both the American and Canadian islands as well.

You can ski, enjoy world-class salmon and trout fishing in rivers and streams, hike through a rain forest, operate a farm or an apple orchard, or work in high-tech business. For the adventurous, you can even cross in to British Columbia and enjoy many pursuits in another country. Two mountain ranges, pristine lakes, a protected salt-water sound that leads to the wider Pacific as well as North to Alaska, a generally mild climate -- there's a lot to love about this state. You'll hear a lot of talk about the constant rain in the winter (especially in Seattle) but most of it is good-natured complaining. Residents know the rain makes the flowers grow! The Big Three Seattle, Spokane and Olympia are perhaps the best known names in Washington, but they are not the only cities of note, by any means. Seattle: Seattle, with its iconic Space Needle still reigning from the 1962 World's Fair, is the grande dame of the Pacific Northwest, perhaps only surpassed on the "appeal" scale by Victoria, British Columbia. Seattle's busy port and important international airport, as well as Boeing headquarters, assure its place as a world capital.

Olympia: The capital of Washington State is Olympia, a bit further south and smaller in population than Seattle. It actually does not even make the list of 10 largest cities in the state, but it has its own appeal. Spokane: Spokane is known as the capital of the Inland Empire, located near Idaho. Its vibe is a bit more free-wheeling and down-to-earth than the other cities. Other cities to check out include Yakima, Tacoma, Vancouver (yes, there's one in Canada, too; the Vancouver in Washington, however, is close to the Oregon border), Bellingham and Pullman. Friday Harbor is a great little town. It is situated on San Juan Island, where the pig was shot. Bellevue, Renton and Kent used to be bedroom communities to Seattle, but they have now made the top 10 population list and developed their own unique personalities. Choose Your Own Style In every major city, you will find a variety of home rentals and rental apartments, some with all bills paid. Duplexes for rent can be located in Olympia during legislative sessions, and you can find one-bedroom apartments for long-term lease, or one-bedroom units in historic buildings and renovated older homes.

In Seattle and many other cities, modern lofts are popular and new apartment complexes offer a host of amenities. In 2013, the U.S. Census Bureau reported a modest growth rate in population, a steady representation of the budding economy and surrounding prosperity. Home rentals in Washington are a great alternative to ownership, allowing new residents to get the feel of a community before putting down roots. Diversity is Celebrated The state has two distinct zones -- three if you count the Olympic Peninsula. The peninsula is a relatively pristine and sparsely inhabited spit that stretches between the Pacific Ocean and Hood Canal at the bottom of Puget Sound. Boasting a wild coastline and the Olympic Mountain Range, much of the land mass is part of Olympic National Park. With some national forest as well, it is much like visiting a unique world. Weather, terrain, wildlife, and "life itself" on the peninsula is extremely varied. It is a favorite vacation destination. Coastal cities are beloved because of the mountains and the water. There are only a few places on earth where you can ski in the morning and enjoy a beachside barbecue in the afternoon, and this is one of them.

You can also go boating in November; you might need a sweater in June, and you can be in another country within an hour. Craft breweries, local wineries, organic farms, green businesses and local commerce thrive statewide. Full data available when viewing on a non-mobile device. Overview of Findings Apartment List has released results for Washington from the second annual Apartment List Renter Satisfaction Survey. The survey, which drew on responses from over 30,000 renters, provides insight into what states and cities must do to meet the needs of the 105 million American renters nationwide. “Renters in Washington expressed low satisfaction with their state,” says Andrew Woo, Director of Data Science at Apartment List. “Most categories received below-average scores.” Key findings in Washington include the following: Washington renters give their state a C overall for satisfaction. The highest-rated category in Washington was its access to public transit, which received an A. Renters in Washington were somewhat dissatisfied with local job and career opportunities (C+) and access to parks and community activities (C+). The largest concerns for renters were safety (C), the quality of local schools (C), commute times (D), and affordability (D).

The top rated states nationwide for renter satisfaction included South Dakota, Nebraska, Montana, Alabama, and Kansas. The lowest rated states included Alaska, West Virginia, Wyoming, Connecticut, and New York. Survey Cities: 1970 Census: Women outnumber men in Washington state for first time; Seattle and Spokane lose population as Tacoma and Everett gain; early baby boomers approach adulthood. - HistoryLink.org HistoryLink.org 1970 Census: Women outnumber men in Washington state for first time; Seattle and Spokane lose population as Tacoma and Everett gain; early baby boomers approach adulthood. By John Caldbick Tweet The 1970 census shows that, for the first time since the first census of Washington Territory was taken in 1853, women outnumber men in the state, but barely. There is a continuation of the trend toward urban living, but two of the state's largest cities actually lose population to their urban fringes. E Everett joins Seattle, Spokane, and Tacoma in the list of Washington cities with core populations greater than 50,000.

The full effects of the post-World War II baby boom are clear -- the largest age group by far is those 10 to 19 years old, who alone count for nearly 20 percent of the state's total population. And the census itself is changing after the tumult of the 1960s. In the face of growing distrust and resistance from the public, the 66 questions that the 1960 census had submitted to three million selected homes is reduced to 23, and a letter accompanying the questionnaire explains the need for the data requested and emphasizes the confidentiality of responses. But this will not be the end of the troubles. During the 10 years between the 1970 and 1980 censuses, some of the data for the various states and counties will be significantly revised, changes that will appear in the comparative statistics of the 1980 census. Although most changes are minor and not statistically significant, others are more substantial. The data contained in this essay are taken from the original 1970 census, and thus may not agree in all respects with retrospective data shown in the 1980 census.

Population and Growth The total population of Washington state in 1970 was 3,409,169, an increase of 555,955 (19.5 percent) from the 1960 count of 2,853,214.

The largest 10 of the 39 counties in Washington state by population were: King: 1,156,633 (up 23.7 percent from 1960 count of 935,014) Pierce: 411,027 (up 27.8 percent from 1960 count of 321,590) Spokane: 287,487 (up 3.3 percent over 1960 count of 278,333) Snohomish: 265,236 (up 54 percent from 1960 count of 172,199) Yakima: 144,971 (down 0.1 percent from 1960 count of 145,112) Clark: 128,454 (up 36.9 percent from 1960 count of 93,809) Kitsap: 101,732 (up 20.9 percent from 1960 count of 

84,176 ) Whatcom: 81,950 (up 16.5 percent from 1960 count of 70,317) Thurston: 76,894 (up 39.7 percent from 1960 count of 55,049) Cowlitz: 68,616 57,801 (up 18.7 percent from 1960 count of 57,801) In the 1970 census, Benton County dropped from the top 10 most populous counties and Thurston County was added.

Population Distribution: Urban and Rural "Urban population" includes all persons living in urbanized areas and in places of 2,500 inhabitants or more outside of urbanized areas. "Urbanized areas" are communities with an incorporated "central place" with a population of 50,000 or more, or incorporated cities of 25,000 or greater population which, combined with contiguous places of any size (but with a density of at least 1,000 people per square mile) attain a total population of at least 50,000. "Urban fringe areas" are incorporated places with at least 2,500 inhabitants that border urbanized areas. "Other urban areas" are unincorporated areas of 2,500 people or greater. The urban population in 1970 was 2,476,468 (72.6 percent of total population, up from 68.1 percent in 1960).

Population of urbanized areas and urban fringe areas: 1,873,418 (55 percent of total state population) Population of other urban areas: 603,050 (17.7 percent of total population) The total rural population in 1970 was 932,700 (27.4 percent of total population, down from 31.9 percent in 1960). In Washington, four cities qualified as urbanized areas by having a "central place" with a population greater than 50,000. (Although the population of Bellevue increased from 12,809 in the 1960 census to 61,102 in 1970 (a 377 percent increase), it was counted in the census as "an urban fringe" area and not as an urban area with a central city.) The populations of the four urbanized areas were: Seattle: 530,831 (4.7 percent decrease over 1960 population of 557,087).

In 1970, Seattle was the 22nd largest city in United states, down from 19th in 1960. Spokane: 170,516 (6.1 percent decrease over the 1960 count of 181,608). In 1970, Spokane was the 80th largest city in the United States, down from 68th in 1960. Tacoma: 154,581 (4.5 percent increase over the 1960 count of 147,979). In 1970, Tacoma was the 89th largest city in the United States, down from 84th in 1960. Everett: 53,622 (33 percent increase over the 1960 count of 40,304). Everett did not make the list of the country's 100 most populous cities.

The five largest "other urban areas" in Washington state in 1970 were: Yakima: 45,588 Longview: 28,373 Population Characteristics: Sex In the 1970 census, females outnumbered males in Washington for the first time since counts were started in 1853, although by only 21,675 (0.64 of total population) Female population 1970: 1,715,422 (50.3 percent, up .6 percent from 1960) Female population 1960: 1,418,177 (49.7 percent) Male population 1970: 1,693,747 (49.7 percent, down .6 percent from 1960) Male population 1960: 1,435,037 (50.3 percent) There were roughly equal numbers of men and women up through age 65, at which point female longevity became statistically significant.

In the category of persons age 65 and older, women outnumbered men by 44,015 (183,038 to 139,023). Population Characteristics: Age In 1970 there were 957,731 children 14 years of age or younger in Washington, a jump of 65,598 (7.4 percent) from the 1960 count of 892,133. The median age for all persons in Washington state in 1970 was 27.5 years, meaning that one-half of all persons were older than that and one-half were younger. The median age for males in 1970 was 26.7 years, and the median age for females was 28.4.

The population distribution by age in 1970 was: Under 5 years: 280,875 80 and over: 66,357 Population Characteristics: Race The racial makeup of Washington state in 1970 remained overwhelmingly white, with 3,251,055 (95.4 percent) white residents and only 158,114 (4.6 percent) minorities, of whom 71,308 (2.1 percent of total population) were classified as "Negro." By way of contrast, in the 2000 census 81.8 percent of the state's total population was white, and 18.2 percent belonged to minority groups. The percentages given below may not total exactly 100 percent due to rounding.

Male population by race, 1970: White: 1,612,802 (95.2 percent of male population, 47.3 percent of total population) Negro: 37,837 (2.2 percent of male population, 1.1 percent of total population) Japanese: 20,335 (1.2 percent of male population, 0.6 percent of total population) Indian: 16,678 (.98 percent of male population, 0.5 percent of total population) Filipino: 11,462 (0.68 percent of male population, 0.34 percent of total population) Chinese: 9,201 (0.54 percent of male population, 0.27 percent of total population) Other: 12,422 (0.73 percent of male population, 0.36 percent of total population) Female population by race, 1970: White: 1,638,253 (95.5 percent of female population, 48.1 percent of total population) Negro: 3

3,471 (1.95 percent of female population, 0.98 percent of total population) Indian: 16,708 (0.97 percent of female population, 0.49 percent of total population) Japanese: 11,423 (0.67 percent of female population, 0.34 percent of total population) Filipino: 4,942 (0.29 percent of female population, 0.14 percent of total population) Chinese: 4,400 (0.26 percent of female population, 0.13 percent of total population) Other: 6,225 (0.36 percent of female population, 0.18 percent of total population) The racial makeup of Washington state's three largest cities was: Seattle (total population 530,831) White: 463,870 (87.4 percent of total city population, down from 91.6 percent in 1960) Negro 37,868 (7.13 percent of total city population, up from 4.8 percent in 

1960) Japanese: 9,986 (1.88 percent of total city population) Chinese: 6,261 (1.18 percent of total city population) Filipino: 5,830 (1.1 percent of total city population) American Indian: 4,123 (0.78 percent of total city population) Other 2,893: (0.54 percent of total city population) Spokane: (total population 170,516) White: 165,339 (97 percent of total city population, down from 97.5 percent in 1960) Negro 2,161 (1.27 percent of total city population, down from 1.3 percent in 1960) American Indian: 1,419 (0.83 percent of total city population) Japanese: 985 (0.58 percent of total city population) Chinese: 149 (0.09 percent of total city population) Filipino: 99 (0.06 percent of total city population) Other 364:

 (0.21 percent of total city population) Tacoma: (total population 154,581) White: 140,301 (90.76 percent, down from 94.7 percent in 1960) Negro: 10,436 (6.75 percent, up from 4.0 percent in 1960) American Indian: 1,703 (1.10 percent of total city population) Japanese: 820 (0.53 percent of total city population) Chinese: 165 (0.11 percent of total city population) Filipino: 464 (0.03 percent of total city population) Other: 692: (0.45 percent of total city population) In 1970 the Census Bureau was struggling to categorize persons of Hispanic heritage, a task complicated by the fact that such persons may be of any race.

For purposes of this census, the bureau adopted the term "persons of Spanish language" to refer to those of Hispanic derivation. This descriptor was to prove problematic and was changed in later years. In 1970, "persons of Spanish language" were not counted separately at the city level, but were included in the "White" count. Population Characteristics: Marital Status and Families Single men significantly outnumbered single women in the 1970 census, but there were more than four times as many widows as widowers: Total males over age 14: 1,239,721 Married: 809,832 (65.3 percent) Total females over age 14: 1,280,861 Married: 814,387 (63.6 percent) Widowed: 138,210 (10.8 percent) Divorced: 64,107 (5.0 percent) For purposes of the 1970 census, "family" was defined as comprising two or more individuals who were living together and were related by birth, marriage, or adoption.

Total number of families in 1970 census: 861,689 Total families with children under age 18 living at home: 479,077 (55.6 percent) Total number of two-parent families: 768,097 (89 percent) Total children of two-parent families: 422,393 (55 percent) Population Characteristics: Education Education statistics from the 1970 census, based on 1,825,888 Washington residents age 25 and older, listed by years of schooling completed: No Schooling completed: 12,946 (0.71 percent) Elementary school, one to four years: 27,086 (1.48 percent) Elementary school five and six years: 47,081 (2.58 percent) Elementary school seven years: 50,732 (2.78 percent) Elementary school eight years: 207,575 (11.37 percent) High school, one to three years: 321,236 (17.59 percent

) High school, four years: 661,800 (36.25 percent) College, one to three years: 265,140 (14.52 percent) College, four years: 121,473 (6.65 percent) College, five years or more: 110,819 (6.07 percent) The median number of grades completed in was 12.4.

Population Characteristics: Employment In 1970, males over the age of 16 numbered 1,167,097, and of this number 905,207 (77.6 percent) were considered to be in the labor force, although not necessarily employed. Females over the age of 16 numbered 1,212,512, and of this number 493,791 (40.7 percent) were considered to be in the labor force, although not necessarily employed.

Digging deeper, the following picture of the state's 1970 employment emerges: Men actually employed: 783,307 (86.5 percent of male work force) Men unemployed: 62,503 (6.9 percent of male labor force) Men in armed forces: 59,397 (6.6 percent of labor force) Women actually employed: 449,756 (91 percent of female labor force) Women unemployed: 42,947 (8.7 percent of female labor force) Women in armed forces: 1,088 (.3 percent of female labor force) Of the 1,233,063 men and women workers actually employed in Washington state in 1970, nearly 80 percent were employed in the following trades and professions: Clerical and kindred workers: 215,293 (17.5 percent) Professional, technical, and kindred workers: 206,359 (16.7 percent) Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers: 179,705 (14.6

 percent) Service workers (except private household): 146,080 67,471 (11.6 percent) Operatives (manufacturing and other industries): 115,532 (9.4 percent) Managers and administrators (non-farm) 112,802 (9.2 percent) Population Characteristics: Income "Median income" is the midpoint of all incomes.

Half of all actual incomes will be above the "median income" figure and half will be below. The statistics in Washington for the year 1969 (as measured by the 1970 census) show huge disparities between the sexes: Median income for all employed males over age 14: $8,823 Median income employed white males 14 years and older: $8,885 Median income employed Negro males 14 years and older: $7,170 Median income employed male Hispanics 14 years and older: $6,852 Median income for all employed females over age 14: $4,023 Median income employed white females 14 years and older: $4,028 Median income employed Negro females 14 years and older: $4,081 Median income female Hispanics 14 years and older: $2,988 Population Characteristics: Poverty Poverty levels for purposes of the 1970 census were based on 1969 figures, the last complete year for which income amounts were available.

In 1969, 335,597 persons (10.2 percent of the state's population) were living in poverty.

Persons over age 65 accounted for 22 percent of all those living in poverty in Washington in 1969, and poverty fell much harder on the minority population: Whites below poverty level: 307,842 (9.7 percent of total state white population) White families below poverty level: 60,179 (7.2 percent of all white families) Negroes below poverty level: 13,835 (21.2 of total state Negro population) Negro families below poverty level: 2,568 (16.8 percent of all Negro families) Families of Spanish language below poverty level: 2,502 (17.1 percent of all families of Spanish language) The five Washington counties with the highest percentage of population living in poverty in 1969 were: Pend Oreille: 24.3 percent Stevens: 19.5 percent Grant: 18.2 percent The six Washington counties with the lowest percentage of population living in poverty in 1969 were: King: 7.5 percent Kitsap and Clark (tied): 9.1 percent Button promoting 1970 federal census Courtesy

 United States Census Bureau Map, Washington population density by county, 1970 Courtesy State of Washington Office of Financial Management Chart, Washington state population growth 1960-1970 Courtesy United States Census Bureau Chart, Washington state and U.S.

high school graduation comparison, 1940-2000 Courtesy United States Census Bureau Sources: "Population and Housing Characteristics for the United States, by State: 1970," Bureau of Census Supplementary Report PC(S1)-29, United States Census Bureau website accessed May 11, 2010 ( "Forecast of the State Population by Age and Sex: 1970 to 2030," State of Washington Office of Financial Management website accessed May 11, 2010 ( "1970 Census of the Population Washington," Advance Report: Final Population Count, Vol.

1, Part 49, United States Census Bureau website accessed May 11, 2010 ( "Persons Below the Poverty Level in 1969 and 1959, by Race for States: 1970 and 1960," Bureau of Census Supplementary Report PC (S1)-105, United States Census Bureau website accessed May 12, 2010 ( "Persons by Poverty Status in 1969, 1979, and 1989, by State," Census Historical Poverty Tables: CPH-L-162, United States Census Bureau website accessed May 11, 2010 ( "Table 20.

Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1970," United States Census Bureau website accessed May 11, 2010 ( "General Population Characteristics: Washington," Bureau of Census Advance Report PC(V2)-49, United States Census Bureau website accessed May 12, 2010 ( "Population and Housing Characteristics for the United States, by State," Bureau of Census Supplementary Report PC ( S1)-29, Table P-1, United States Census Bureau website accessed May 12, 2010 ( "Characteristic of the Population: Washington," Vol. 41, Part 49, Table 196, United States Census Bureau website accessed May 17, 2010 ( Note: This essay replaces an earlier essay on the same subject. Auto, Home, Business, Commercial & Health Insurance Best Contractors Insurance & Bonds - Washington 425-828-6824 - Contractors Bonds, Contractors Insurance,Commercial Auto, Washington State HIGH RISK? BAD OR GOOD CREDIT? BCIB specializes in contractor bonds & contractor insurance for clients in WASHINGTON STATE from SEATTLE to Vancouver to Spokane, and all of eastern Washington.

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Thurston County Superior Court:2000 Lakeridge Dr SW, Bldg 2, Olympia, WA 98502 Phone: 360-786-5560 Fax: 360-754-4060 Pierce County Superior Court:930 Tacoma Ave S, Rm 534, Tacoma, WA 98402-2108 Phone: 253-798-3654 Fax: 253-798-7214 King County Superior Court: 516 3rd Ave, Rm C-203, Seattle, WA 98104-2361 Phone: 206-296-9100 Fax: 206-296-0986 Snohomish County Superior Court:30 Putney Road, Brattleboro, VT 05301 Phone: (802) 257-2830 Caledonia County Family Court: 3000 Rockefeller Ave, MS 502, Everett, WA 

98201-4046 Phone: 425-388-3421 Fax: 425-388-3498 Whatcom County Superior Court:311 Grand Ave, Ste 301, Bellingham, WA 98225-4048 Phone: 360-676-6777 Fax: 360-676-6693 Skagit County Superior Court: 205 W Kincaid St, Rm 202, Mount Vernon, WA 98273-4225 Phone: 360-336-9320 Fax: 360-336-9340 Clark County Superior Court:1200 Franklin St, PO Box 5000, Vancouver, WA 98666-5000 Phone: 360-397-2150 Fax: 360-397-6078 Benton County Superior Court: 7122 W Okanogan Pl, Bldg A

, Kennewick, WA 99336-2359 Phone: 509-736-3071 Fax: 509-736-3057 Spokane County Superior Court:1116 W Broadway Ave, Rm 300, Spokane, WA 99260-0350 Phone: 509-477-5790 Fax: 509-477-5714 Yakima County Superior Court: 128 N 2nd St, Rm 314, Yakima, WA 98901-2639 Phone: 509-574-2710 Fax: 509-574-2701 Email: superior.court@co.yakima.wa.us Franklin County Superior Court: 1016 N 4th Ave., Pasco, WA 99301-3706 Phone: 509-736-3071 Fax: 509-736-3057 Grant County Superior

 Court:35 C St NW, 2nd Fl, PO Box 37, Ephrata, WA 98823-0037 Phone: 509-754-2011 Fax: 509-754-6036 The court filing fees for an adoption in Washington are approximately $200.

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Question: In which US state are the cities of Spokane, Tacoma and Yakima?
Answer: Washington