Chile - Trade and finance | history - geography | Britannica.com Trade and finance Pedro de Valdivia Chile’s principal markets for mining and agricultural commodities are the European Union , the United States, China, Japan, and South Korea . Most imports are from the United States, China, Brazil , Argentina, and Germany. The balance of payments, generally unfavourable since the 1950s because of increased foreign expenditures and payment of external loans, showed occasional improvement after 1976 but with considerable fluctuation. In the early 2000s Chile signed many free-trade agreements, including one with the United States that was implemented in 2004. Nontraditional exports (seafood, fruit, wine, wood products, foodstuffs) also contributed to economic growth in the early 21st century. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. The peso is the national currency of Chile. The Central Bank of Chile, established in 1925, is the official bank of the country; it implements the internal banking policies of the government and also conducts foreign trade. In 1989 the bank became an autonomous institution entirely responsible for the country’s financial and exchange-rate policies.

The State Bank of Chile is also a state entity, but it functions as a private commercial bank. National private banks as well as international banks from Europe, the United States, and Asia operate freely in the country. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Within the Chilean economic system there is collaboration between the private and public sectors, with the private sector contributing an increasing percentage of the total annual investment. Private businesses are generally organized as joint-stock companies (similar to U.S. corporations) that participate in all areas of economic activity. Transportation The country’s length and physical barriers constrain communication and traffic flow. Only the sea offers an expeditious means of transportation, which was taken advantage of during the 19th century when Chile owned one of the largest merchant fleets in Latin America. Chile’s overall economic decline during the early 20th century and the supplanting of maritime transport with overland means resulted in the reduction of the fleet. Eventually only international transport was conducted by ship. The main port of entry is Valparaíso. San Antonio , the port for Santiago, exports copper and agricultural commodities. Other ports, such as Antofagasta and Arica, serve the trade with Bolivia.

Chañaral, Huasco, Guayacán, and Tocopilla export minerals. The port of Talcahuano serves the industrial complex of Concepción. The development of an overland transportation system began with two railway systems initiated about the turn of the 20th century: the northern network, between La Calera (near Valparaíso) and Iquique, now in disuse, and the southern network, between La Calera and Puerto Montt . The most traveled sections connect Santiago with Valparaíso and Santiago with Puerto Montt; both sections are electrified, making them more competitive with road transportation. The railway system is controlled by the Empresa de los Ferrocarriles del Estado (State Railway Enterprise). International railroads connect Arica and La Paz (Bolivia), Antofagasta and Oruro (Bolivia), and Los Andes and Mendoza (Argentina). A railbus transports passengers over the short route between Arica and Tacna (Peru). Related Places Maule Chile’s rapid motorization has brought enhanced highway transportation for passengers and goods.

The backbone of the Chilean road system is the paved Pan-American Highway, which connects Arica with Puerto Montt, near Chiloé Island, a distance of more than 2,100 miles. From this main artery secondary routes connect numerous cities, including Santiago, with the ports of San Antonio and Valparaíso, Bulnes with Concepción, and Los Lagos with Valdivia . The most important international paved road connects Santiago with Mendoza (Argentina). All-weather roads connect Iquique with Oruro (Bolivia), Antofagasta with Salta (Argentina), La Serena with San Juan (Argentina), Osorno with San Carlos de Bariloche (Argentina), and Punta Arenas with Río Gallegos (Argentina). Air transport serves mostly the cities at both extremes of the country and some towns of difficult access, such as El Salvador and Coihayque. The main airline is Línea Aérea Nacional de Chile (LAN; National Airline of Chile). A tourist service is maintained by LAN between Santiago and Easter Island, in the Pacific, with the flight continuing to Papeete, Tahiti.

All major South American lines, plus others from the United States and Europe, handle the flow of international passengers to the Arturo Merino Benítez airport near Santiago. Chacalluta, northeast of Arica, is another major airport. Administration and social conditions Chile - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up) When seen on a map, the republic of Chile looks like a long piece of narrow ribbon on the southwestern coast of South America. Chile is a land of physical extremes, from its desert north-one of the driest places on earth-to its windswept and rainy south, which is roughly comparable to the Pacific coast of Canada. It is bordered by Peru in the north, Bolivia in the northeast, and Argentina in the east. The Pacific Ocean shapes its western coastline. The origin of the country’s name is uncertain, but it may have derived from an Amerindian word meaning land’s end. Area 291,930 square miles (756,096 square kilometers). Population (2016 est.) 18,201,000. Article Contributors Chilean Exports - Chile Facts - Pepe's Chilean Adoration Page Traveling to Chile?

Don't go to Chile until you read this... Find out what you should know before landing in Chile. The Gringo's Culture Guide to Chile is designed to help you understand Chileans, their culture, food, language, and daily life so you can enjoy your time in this beautiful country and not be blindsided by culture shock. Chile: Economy Economy Chile Economy Chile's economy is based on the export of minerals, which account for about half of the total value of exports. Copper is the nation's most valuable resource, and Chile is the world's largest producer. Agriculture is the main occupation of about 15% of the population; it accounts for about 6% of the national wealth, and produces less than half of the domestic needs. The Vale of Chile is the country's primary agricultural area; its vineyards are the basis of Chile's wine industry. Grapes, apples, pears, onions, wheat, corn, oats, peaches, garlic, asparagus, and beans are the chief crops. Livestock production includes beef and poultry. Sheep raising is the chief pastoral occupation, providing wool and meat for domestic use and for export. Fishing and lumbering are also important economic activities.

Chile's industries largely process its raw materials and manufacture various consumer goods. The major products are copper and other minerals, processed food, fish meal, iron and steel, wood and wood products, transportation equipment, and textiles. The dependence of the economy on copper prices and the production of an adequate food supply are two of Chile's major economic problems. Chile's main imports are petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, electrical and telecommunications equipment, industrial machinery, vehicles, and natural gas. In addition to minerals, it also exports fruit, fish and fish products, paper and pulp, chemicals, and wine. The chief trading partners are the United States, China, Brazil, Argentina, and South Korea. Sections in this article: Chile International Shipping | Shipping a Car to Chile Chile International Shipping Chile International Shipping Population: 16,572,475 Currency: Peso (CLP) Largest City: Santiago Learn more about how you can ship a car to Chile, as well as some of the characteristics regarding Chile's culture and landscape. Important Links: Chilean Government Ministry of Transport and Telecommunications National Customs Service A Brief Description of Chile Chile is among a growing number of South American nations that have begun to thrive after decades of economic and political turmoil.

Situated along a long and seemingly impossibly narrow strip of land along South America’s southwest coast, Chile has the distinction of being one of the most stable and prosperous countries in Latin America these days. The country is a leader in areas such as per capita income, economic freedom, globalization and human development. Chile is a representative democracy with a president as the head of government. Chile's population of roughly 17.5 million people makes it the 62nd largest country in the world by population. From a geographic perspective, Chile is an astonishingly narrow country. It stretches north to south for more than 2,700 miles along South America’s southwest coast, a distance that is roughly equivalent to the distance between San Francisco and New York. Yet, from east to west, the country is no more than 150 miles broad. It is one of the only countries in the world to feature a subtropical climate, a desert and an arctic tundra region within its borders. Chile is literally wedged in between the formidable Andes Mountains along its eastern border and the Pacific Ocean on the west. Most of Chile’s population is centered in a 500-mile corridor in the central region of the country.

The city of Santiago anchors the northern section of this central corridor, while the southern end is dominated by primeval rain forests. Economically, Chile is ranked as the 30th most competitive nation in the world, well ahead of much larger Latin American nations, such as Brazil and Argentina. The country’s economy is anchored by the mining, forestry, agriculture and fishing industries. Shipping a Car to Chile International shipping to Chile is available from virtually every major port in the United States to major Chilean ports such as Valparaiso, San Antonio, Iquique, Antofagasta and Arica. Chile international shipping companies offer door-to-door delivery and pick up services from any location in the United States to any location in Chile. Most of the shipping companies and brokers that offer these services provide a full suite of services to help shippers fill out import documents and clear their vehicles through all required customs inspection formalities. Shipping a car to Chile from the United States takes roughly 10 to 15 days, depending on the port of origin and destination. Vehicles are typically shipped in 20-foot or 40-foot containers, or on board Roll on Roll off (RoRo) vessels.

The cost to ship a car from the U.S. East Coast to Santiago in a 20-foot container is roughly $3,200, while the cost to ship it on a RoRo vessel is about $3,100. Those looking at shipping a car from Chile to the U.S. can expect to pay roughly the same price as well. The fares quoted by transporters for shipping to Chile or from the country typically include customs clearance costs, as well as bill of lading and bunker adjustment factor (BAF) costs. In addition to the actual shipping costs, customers seeking to import or export a car between the two countries can also expect to pay additional costs to clear their vehicles through the safety and emissions controls processes in both countries. Recent Articles Chile - Settlement patterns | history - geography | Britannica.com Settlement patterns Orlando Letelier Climatic characteristics and historic events have strongly influenced settlement patterns and population distribution in Chile. The early settlement by Spaniards occurred in the temperate part of the country, known as the Central Nucleus, or Zona Central, where the agriculture, industry, and main population centres developed.

The area’s traditional agriculture developed on the basis of large landed estates, the haciendas, which covered about three-fourths of Chile’s arable land. The agrarian reform initiated by the Christian Democratic president Eduardo Frei Montalva in 1965, and continued by the Socialist president Salvador Allende Gossens into the early 1970s, resulted in a redistribution of the land. Agrarian productivity to boost exports was accentuated. In the Central Nucleus are the major cities of Chile. Santiago was founded there and grew into the country’s major metropolis. Seventy miles west of Santiago is the port city of Valparaíso and the neighbouring resort city of Viña del Mar , which form the second largest population centre of Chile. In the Central Valley, south of the Santiago basin, stretches a series of secondary cities, the development of which has been tied to the agricultural success of central Chile. Among them are Rancagua , Curicó , Talca , Chillán , and Los Angeles . All of these cities are connected by rail and the Pan-American Highway . Most of Chile’s cities were founded during the colonial era, and they were arranged around a central square (plaza de armas).

The original buildings were made of adobe (sun-dried brick) and wood, materials that would deteriorate or burn. Most of the colonial buildings fell prey to earthquakes and fires; much rebuilding took place and the cities of central Chile have become showcases of modern urbanization, high population density, and bustling commercial and industrial activities. On the coast of the southern Central Nucleus lies Concepción and its port city of Talcahuano , both industrial centres. Norte Chico, the semiarid north-central part of Chile, developed in close association with the Central Nucleus. Agricultural production and mining characterize this region, of which La Serena , near the coast, and the port of Coquimbo are the major centres. The population is primarily concentrated in the irrigated valleys of the Copiapó, Huasco, Elqui, and Limarí rivers or else dispersed in the mountains, where there are mining activities. The main cities, somewhat smaller than those of central Chile, are located in the valleys: they include Copiapó, in the valley of that name, the most important mining centre of the country during the 19th century; Vallenar, Ovalle, and Vicuña.

Agriculture, goat raising, and iron and copper mining are the main economic activities. From this region come the famous pisco (a white brandy distilled from sun-dried grapes), fine wines, and high-quality fruits for export. Related Places Calama During colonial times, the fringe of territory at the southern extreme of the Central Nucleus was bitterly contested by Spaniards and Araucanians , the original Indian population, which gave the northern part of south-central Chile its name, La Frontera (“The Border”). After the pacification of the Araucanians in the 1880s, the area was gradually settled by Chileans and by European colonists who had already begun immigrating there in the 1850s. It developed in modern times as a region of grain growing and commercial pine forestry for cellulose manufacture. The regional capital is Temuco , and in the surrounding countryside still live—in rather precarious conditions—a concentration of Araucanians, locally called Mapuche . Colonization of the Lake District, located south of La Frontera, began after 1850 with immigrants from Germany, Switzerland, and Belgium.

Homesteads, rather than large haciendas as in the Central Nucleus, became the pattern of rural settlement. Although the land has been consolidated in recent times, land fragmentation is still visible. The largest city of this region is Valdivia, founded in early colonial times. This once active industrial centre for footwear, textiles, brewing, and shipbuilding declined after most of its manufacturing installations were destroyed by a 1960 earthquake. Osorno and Puerto Montt are other regional centres, specializing in dairy and flour production. The scenic piedmont lakes and the snow-capped volcanoes attract a steady flow of tourists. Structures of Government: Fact or Fiction? The extreme north and the extreme south could be considered the population and resource frontiers. Both are sparsely populated and rich in natural resources. Settlement of the arid Norte Grande in northernmost Chile began in the middle of the 19th century in response to the exploitation of minerals in the interior. A string of coastal cities emerged as export centres for nitrates, borax, and copper. Iquique , once an exporter of nitrates, has become the capital of Chile’s fish meal industry.

Antofagasta, the railroad terminus to Oruro, Bolivia, is an active administrative and trading centre and an export facility for the Chuquicamata copper mine. Arica, which acts as a port for Bolivia at the end of the railroad to La Paz , supports fish meal plants and oversees the agricultural production of the Azapa Valley. Once the automobile assembly centre of Chile, Arica has lost its prominence as an industrial city. The only city of significance in the interior of the Norte Grande is Calama , adjacent to the Chuquicamata copper mine, the world’s largest open-pit mine. Still, the rest of the area remains picturesque. Old Indian towns, scattered oases, and spectacular desert scenery attract tourists. At the Shrine of La Tirana, on the Tamarugal Plain, Indian and mestizo pilgrims from northern Chile, Bolivia, and southern Peru gather for a colourful festival each July. Connect with Britannica Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest The extreme south encompasses three natural units: the Chiloé island group, the Channels region, and Chilean Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego.

Chiloé and its neighbouring islands are among the most undeveloped regions of the country; rudimentary agriculture and algae (used in making confectionary products) and shellfish gathering are the main activities. The small towns of Castro and Ancud are the main population centres of the mostly rural habitat. The Channels region is characterized by islands, separated by glacially carved channels, where colonization has been unsuccessfully attempted since the 1920s. Outlying towns such Puerto Aisén and Coihaique are the only population centres. The region of Magallanes, hinged on the Strait of Magellan , is the most developed area of Chilean Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego. Sheep raising estancias (ranches), which have exported wool since the late 19th century, and oil and natural gas, which have been exploited since 1945, are the pillars of its economy. These activities, combined with meat-packing plants and the trading functions of Punta Arenas, have made this one of the more modernized parts of Chile.

Chile - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up) When seen on a map, the republic of Chile looks like a long piece of narrow ribbon on the southwestern coast of South America. Chile is a land of physical extremes, from its desert north-one of the driest places on earth-to its windswept and rainy south, which is roughly comparable to the Pacific coast of Canada. It is bordered by Peru in the north, Bolivia in the northeast, and Argentina in the east. The Pacific Ocean shapes its western coastline. The origin of the country’s name is uncertain, but it may have derived from an Amerindian word meaning land’s end. Area 291,930 square miles (756,096 square kilometers). Population (2015 est.) 18,068,000. Article Contributors Study in Chile | Top Universities See the results of the QS University Rankings: Latin America 2016 Life in Chile With highly developed infrastructure, sophisticated cities, renowned universities and natural scenery to rival any country in the world, Chile is one of Latin America’s most appealing study abroad destinations.

Having emerged from the authoritarian regime of General Augustus Pinochet in 1990, Chile has over the past few decades blazed a trail as one of South America’s most socially and economically progressive nations. It remains among the safest and most politically stable countries in the region, and in 2010 signed up as the first South American nation to join the OECD. Santiago Chile’s vibrant capital, Santiago was included among the world’s top 75 cities for students in the 2016 edition of the QS Best Student Cities . The thriving and unique culture of the city can be found in the gourmet worlds of Bellavista and Providencia, the bohemian gatherings in the old district of Barrio Brazil, and the formal legacy of the nation in a multitude of museums and galleries. The modern day arts scene is also a flourishing aspect of the city, where theater, film and a vibrant café culture combine to create a growing social and cultural energy, making it easy to forget about the smog and noise pollution that comes with such a bustling and heated city.

Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile and the Universidad de Chile, the two highest-ranked universities in Chile, are located here, as well as the Universidad de Santiago de Chile and, just 20 minutes east of the city center by car, the Universidad Adolfo Ibanez. Concepción Heading south of the capital, a whole nine hours’ drive south, is the city of Concepción located on the north bank of the Río Biobío, Chile’s only significant navigable waterway. Ravaged by the earthquake of 2010 and still healing, ‘Conce’ remains an important part of Chile’s economy due to its port facilities, manufacturing industry, nearby coal deposits and a significant number of universities – one of which, the Universidad de Concepción, is featured in the world rankings. Attractions in Concepción include museums, galleries and parks, as well as the Reserva Nacional Nonguén, which boasts many kilometers of South American deciduous forest. Valdivia Valdivia, located on the confluence of the Cau Cau, Calle Calle and Cruces rivers, is particularly scenic, even by Chile’s standards.

It is also home to the Universidad Austral de Chile, and therefore the southernmost town in the nation to feature an internationally ranked university. As recently as 2007, Valdivia became the capital of Chile’s newest administrative region (Los Ríos). As a university town, Valdivia offers a strong arts scene as well as highly affordable student accommodation and eateries. Valparaíso Otherwise known as ‘Valpo’, the city of Valparaíso can be found two hours’ drive northwest of the capital along the coastal bays of central Chile. A somewhat unusual city, influenced heavily by the constant comings and goings of sailors and dockworkers, Valparaíso is more than just its port. With two internationally ranked universities, the Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso and the Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso represents a major hub for education.

Meanwhile those with a taste for both historic and natural beauty will find plenty to explore here; houses which were once vibrantly colored are spread over the hills circling the bays in what seems to be an impenetrable maze, often only to be reached by using the city’s system of lifts, or ‘ascensores’ in Spanish, which offer stunning views over the entire city. Those wishing to study in Valparaíso should be aware that crime and poverty are relatively high here, and parts of the city can be dangerous at night. This certainly shouldn’t rule the city out, but is important to bear in mind if you plan to spend time here. Other places to visit in Chile Perhaps the nation's most iconic site is Easter Island, also known as Rapa Nui. This island, some 3,500km off the west coast of Chile, is famed for its 887 monolithic human statues or ‘moai’, which are thought to have been carved between AD 1100 and the 1800s. The island became a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1995.

The mountains of Parque Nacional Torres Del Paine, the beautifully colored Laguna Verde, and the alternative urban hub of Vina del Mar located above Valparaiso, are also must-see locations. See where Santiago ranks in the QS Best Student Cities Applying to study in Chile The degree structure in Chile corresponds roughly to that used in the EU and US, consisting of Licenciatura (equivalent to a bachelor’s degree), Magister (master’s degree) and Doctor (PhD). The Licentiatura is generally a four-year program, though certain subject areas such as engineering or architecture may require a longer period of study. Undergraduates applying to state universities in Chile must take a test called the Prueba de Seleccion Universitaria (PSU), similar to the SAT test commonly used in the US. Each university sets its own PSU entry requirement, with ‘traditional’ universities generally requiring higher scores than the newer private universities. In order to study at universities in Chile, international students will also need to demonstrate their ability to study in Spanish. For more information on applying to study in Chile, students should contact their chosen university directly.

Living costs and tuition fees While Chile isn’t cheap in comparison to most other Latin American countries, it’s still relatively well-priced by international standards. A standard monthly living budget, including food, transport and residence, can range from approximately US$700 on a strict budget to US$1,100 on a more generous allowance. In recent years tuition fees at universities in Chile, both public and private, have been rising. Students at private universities now pay US$5,500 on average a year, and, thanks to recent tuition fee hikes, public universities now charge similar prices. Students of STEM subjects (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) are likely to be charged slightly more, at around US$5,900, while students of medicine can expect to pay more again, with average figures standing at around US$6,300 per year. Visa information Those who are studying in Chile for less than 90 days can do so with just a tourist visa. These are issued as stamps upon arrival in the country and cost approximately US$160. Residents from a number of countries, including the UK and the US, do not require tourist visas to enter the country.

If you are planning to study in Chile for longer than 90 days, however, you will need to apply for a student visa through your local Chilean embassy or consulate at least a month before travelling. For this you’ll need to provide a passport which should be valid for at least six months beyond the end of your planned studies, evidence of sufficient funds to cover tuition and living costs, and proof of a return or onward ticket. You’ll also need a letter of acceptance onto an approved university course, a letter of police clearance and a clear bill of health. Student visas are valid for up to one year, but you must be sure to leave the country before the visa expires. This visa costs approximately US$160, but fees vary depending on your country of residence. It is illegal to gain work in Chile as a tourist or student, so make sure you account for this when figuring out your budget. OEC - Chile (CHL) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners Chile borders Argentina , Bolivia and Peru . Exports In 2014 Chile exported $77.3B, making it the 44th largest exporter in the world.

During the last five years the exports of Chile have increased at an annualized rate of 6.6%, from $56.2B in 2009 to $77.3B in 2014. The most recent exports are led by Refined Copper which represent 23.3% of the total exports of Chile, followed by Copper Ore , which account for 21.5%. Explore on Visualizations page Imports In 2014 Chile imported $69.1B, making it the 44th largest importer in the world. During the last five years the imports of Chile have increased at an annualized rate of 11%, from $41.1B in 2009 to $69.1B in 2014. The most recent imports are led by Crude Petroleum which represent 7.86% of the total imports of Chile, followed by Refined Petroleum , which account for 7.72%. Explore on Visualizations page Trade Balance As of 2014 Chile had a positive trade balance of $8.22B in net exports.

As compared to their trade balance in 1995 when they still had a positive trade balance of $901M in net exports. Explore on Visualizations page Destinations Explore on Visualizations page Origins Chile Country Snapshot Chile Country Snapshot FedEx® 10kg Box and FedEx® 25kg Box • Chile Domestic Services No *Services may not be available to every city. Solutions may not be available with every FedEx service. Please reference the FedEx Service Guide for more information. Country Information Operates on Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) Chile GMT - 4 Back to Top Trade Group Member APEC, the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation, promotes trade among the Pacific Rim members (Australia; Brunei Darussalam; Canada; Chile; People's Republic of China; Hong Kong, China; Indonesia; Japan; Republic of Korea; Malaysia; Mexico; New Zealand; Papua New Guinea; Peru; Republic of the Philippines; Russia; Singapore; Chinese Taipei; Thailand; USA; Vietnam). CITES, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of wild fauna and flora provides for the seizure of shipments prohibited under this agreement and the assessment of fines.

Chile is a party to various international agreements related to the environment and natural conservation including agreements on Climate Change, Hazardous Wastes, and Ozone Layer Protection. WTO, the World Trade Organization is the successor to GATT (General Agreement on Tariff and Trade) and oversees the negotiation and arbitration of many international trade agreements. (Numerous bilateral and multilateral agreements such as the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing are grouped under the umbrella of the WTO.) MFN or Most Favored Nation tariff treatment is accorded to all countries which have ratified the WTO as well as to the other previous GATT members who have yet to ratify the accord. Chile has Free Trade Agreements with Canada, Mexico, European Union countries and U.S. that are similar to NAFTA. The agreements provide for the elimination or progressive reduction of tariffs between the Canada and Chile and between Mexico and Chile. The exemption or reduced tariff is applicable only to goods qualified under the agreement as originating goods. Chile is a member of the Latin America Integration Association (LAIA/ALADI) and has trade agreements with fellow members including Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela and the Mercosur countries.

Chile is an associate member of Mercosur, which provides for the reduction of tariffs between Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay for eligible goods that qualify under strict rules of origin. Chile, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua have signed a Free Trade Agreement which encourages the free trade of goods and services and multilateral investments. Chile participates in the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) process, which is attempting to integrate the economies of the Western Hemisphere into a single free trade arrangement. Chile is a member of the Organization of American States, which promotes the welfare of its people by encouraging democracy, free trade and peace in the hemisphere. General Import Clearance Information Clearance Process Chile has adopted the Harmonized System (HS) and requires that a full and complete description be provided for all shipments entering the country. The description must include the value of each commodity. (Shipments which arrive without an accurate description and value may be seized by Customs.) If possible, the HS# should also be provided. If the commercial invoice does not breakout the value and quantity of each commodity, a packing list should be provided.

In some cases, the exporter will need to provide a certificate of origin and/or a Phytosanitary certificate. Customs entries are generally submitted by a customs broker, either electronically or by submitting copies of the required documents (Individuals who import non-commercial goods valued less than US$500 can handle customs entry without using a customs broker.) When they have all the information necessary for customs entry, brokers can use the Advanced Customs Procedure in which the entry is submitted prior to physically submitting the goods for any required inspection, treatment, etc. (Some goods require inspection or testing before Customs will permit entry.) Chilean Customs provides a list of customs brokers on their website and information on their responsibilities to their clients and to the government. Document Requirements Commercial forms used by both local importers and exporters are: commercial invoice, certificate of origin, bill of lading, freight insurance and packing list. All non document shipments require an orginal numbered Commercial Invoice. The Commercial Invoice must be on company letterhead with an itemized list of contents, true FOB value and be signed or stamped by the shipper. Consignee's tax ID number should be on Air Waybill and Commercial Invoice. A passport number is acceptable for non Chilean residents.

Pro Forma invoices are acceptable as exceptions by Chilean Customs as valid documents for clearance. A minimum value of $1.00 USD must be on all non document shipments. Import Licenses - all imports require a license, but, according to legislation governing the Central Bank since 1990, import licenses are granted as a routine procedure for nearly all goods. Licensing requirements are maintained largely as a statistical gathering mechanism, not as a control. More rigorous licensing procedures apply for pharmaceuticals and weapons. Customs Valuation Chilean customs valuation uses the normal value of merchandise, without special discounts, plus freight and insurance (CIF). Used goods are valued by the customs service according to the current new value of similar merchandise, discounting 10% per year of use, up to a 70% discount. Import Duties Imports are subject to duties and taxes which must be paid before customs will release goods. An "ad valorem" customs duty (a percentage of the CIF value of the goods) is imposed on most goods and "specific" duties (based on the quantity) on certain goods.

(The "specific" duties have been as high as 30%) The uniform "ad valorem" tariff of 6% applies to most goods. Antidumping Trade laws also allow Customs to assess antidumping duties or countervailing duties. Antidumping duties are assessed on imported merchandise that is sold in Chile at less than the normal price of the good in the manufacturer's home market (also called the Fair Market Value). Countervailing duties are assessed to counter the effects of subsidies provided by a foreign government for merchandise exported to Chile resulting in artificially low prices that are detrimental to Chilean industries. Excise Duties Alcoholic beverages and tobacco products are subject other taxes. A surcharge may be assessed on used goods. The new law establishes an ad valorem tax rate of 27% for all liquor. Additional Duties Imported automobiles are also subject to luxury tax (85 percent on the value above $15,000, which is adjusted annually for U.S. inflation) and engine size (a sliding scale -- this is being phased out). Duties on capital goods purchased for use in export production may be deferred for a period of seven years and waived under some circumstances.

Exceptions to the standard tariff and tax policies are: certain agricultural products, luxury goods, computers, and software. Such commodities as sugar, wheat, edible oils, wheat flour, are subject to a price band to protect local producers. The price band results in raises the effective tax rates on these imports to 34% or more. Luxury goods are affected by substantial domestic excise taxes ranging from 30 to 70%, viz, liquor, articles of gold, platinum and ivory, furs, high quality rugs, yachts, beer, wine, whiskey, mineral water, cigarettes. Software: to take advantage of special terms of the Uruguay Round, the actual software programs on magnetic media and the accompanying manuals are imported separately. Thus 90% of the value of the software exported is declared as technical printed matter, and as such is not subject to Chile's import duty. The balance 9% is declared magnetic media and subject to the current 6% import duty. Computers enter Chile duty-free as a result of the Information Technology Agreement. Import Taxes An IVA (Impuesto al Valor Agregado = Value Added Tax) tax of 19% is assessed on the value of the imported goods plus the amount of customs duty.

Customs Fees There are no customs fees. Exchange Controls Money exchange operations in Chile are particularly efficient and active by Latin American standards. As a general rule, currency may be freely traded in two markets; the formal and informal or inter-bank market. The Central Bank is empowered to require that certain transactions be executed only through the formal market, such as those related to the import or export of goods and services, foreign loans, capital flows and profit remittances. It may also determine that certain operations be subject to prior approval as in the case of foreign loans and investments, repatriation, hedging and other future market operations. The exchange rate is allowed to float within 5% band on either side of an agreed rate (dolar acuerdo) that is adjusted to compensate for differences between Chilean inflation and that of its trading partners. The band allows for significant fluctuation in the real value of the peso. Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT's) Technical barriers or non-tariff barriers to trade as they are sometimes known, can cause many problems for exporters looking for new markets for their products. These barriers can be in the form of regulations, standards, testing and certification procedures.

The World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade tries to ensure that these barriers do not create unnecessary obstacles. To obtain further information on Technical Barriers to Trade as well as Notifications on technical regulations and conformity assessment procedures, go to the WTO website at Consular Fees Legalization of shipping documents is generally not required as a condition of entry of goods into Chile. Dangerous Goods as defined by IATA (Intl. Air Transport Association) Back to Top General Import Restrictions You are prohibited from tendering the following items for shipment to any international destinations unless otherwise indicated, and you agree not to do so. (Additional restrictions may apply depending on destination. Various regulatory clearances in addition to customs clearance may be required for certain commodities, thereby extending the transit time.) APO/FPO addresses. C.O.D. shipments. Human corpses, human organs or body parts, human and animal embryos, or cremated or disinterred human remains. Explosives (Class 1.4 explosives are acceptable for carriage to Canada, Germany, France, Japan, United Arab Emirates and United Kingdom. Note: United Arab Emirates only allows Class 1.4 explosives to be shipped hold-for-pickup to the FedEx Express facility in Dubai).

Items resembling a bomb, hand grenade or other explosive device, except as provided in the Dangerous Goods section. This includes, but is not limited to, inert products such as novelty items, training aids and works of art. Firearms, weaponry and their parts (acceptable between the U.S. and Puerto Rico). Perishable foodstuffs and foods and beverages requiring refrigeration or other environmental control. An exception is available by contract only. Contact your FedEx account executive for information. Live animals including insects, except as provided in the Live Animals section in the FedEx Service Guide. (Call the FedEx Live Animal Desk at 1.800.405.9052). Plants and plant material, including cut flowers (cut flowers are acceptable from the U.S. to selected points in Canada and from Colombia, Ecuador and the Netherlands to the U.S.). Lottery tickets and gambling devices where prohibited by law. Money (coins, cash, currency, paper money and negotiable instruments equivalent to cash such as endorsed stocks, bonds and cash letters). Pornographic and/or obscene material. Carnets U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration export permit. Letters of Credit.

Shipments subject to Letters of Credit are generally prohibited, with the exception of shipments subject to Letters of Credit calling for a “courier receipt”, as defined by Article 25 of UCP 600, shipped using the FedEx Expanded Service International Air Waybill. Certificate of Registration shipments (CF4455). Hazardous waste, including, but not limited to, used hypodermic needles or syringes transported for sterilization, recycling, disposal or for any other purpose, or other medical waste. Shipments that may cause damage to, or delay of, equipment, personnel or other shipments. Shipments that require us to obtain any special licenses or permit for transportation, importation or exportation. Shipments or commodities whose carriage, importation or exportation is prohibited by any law, statute or regulation. Counterfeit goods, including, but not limited to, goods under a trademark, without the approval or oversight of the registered trademark owner (also commonly referred to as "fake goods" or "knock-offs"). Marijuana, as defined by U.S. federal law, 21 U.S.C. 802(16), including marijuana intended for recreational or medicinal use, and synthetic cannabinoids.

Shipments with a declared value for customs in excess of that permitted for a specific destination. (See the Declared Value for Carriage and Limits of Liability section in the FedEx Service Guide). Dangerous goods except as permitted under the Dangerous Goods section of these terms and conditions. Processed or unprocessed dead animals, including insects and pets. Taxidermy-finished hunting trophies or completely processed (dried) specimens of whole animals or parts of animals are acceptable for shipment into the U.S. Packages that are wet, leaking or emit an odor of any kind. Wildlife products that require U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service export clearance by FedEx prior to exportation from the U.S. In-bond shipments destined to or being withdrawn from a Foreign Trade Zone or bonded warehouse, unless the FedEx International Broker Select option is selected for U.S. import shipments, or the FedEx International Controlled Export service option is selected for U.S. export shipments. Notwithstanding any other provision of the FedEx Service Guide, we are not liable for delay of, loss of damage to a shipment of any prohibited item.

The shipper agrees to indemnity FedEx for any and all costs, fees and expenses FedEx incurs as a result of the shipper's violation of any local, state or federal laws or regulations or from tendering any prohibited item for shipment. You may be able to ship these items via FedEx International Controlled Export, FedEx International Premium, FedEx International Express Freight (IXF) or FedEx International Airport-to-Airport (ATA). For information on FedEx International Controlled Export, call International Customer Service at 1.800.GoFedEx 1.800.463.3339 (say "international services"). For information on the other services listed call FedEx Express Freight Customer Service at 1.800.332.0807. Back to Top Chile Restrictions Other exceptions to import restriction are used ambulances, armored cars, mobile homes, prison vans, street and highway cleaning vehicles, and cement making vehicles. Importers of these goods pay the 15% import duty plus the IVA. Fire fighting vehicles are not subject to import duty, and IVA is paid on their CIF value only.

Special laws allow used/new car imports by persons returning from exile, returning after working or studying abroad for a number of years, or domiciled in domestic free trade zones. These imports are also tax exempt. Chile applies animal health and phytosanitary requirements for imports of animals and plant based products. Phytosanitary requirements are applied to imports of wheat, fresh fruit, and poultry. Chilean authorities have in some cases eliminated specific requirements when presented scientific evidence by U.S. animal health or phytosanitary officials. Firearms can be imported but they require a special permit from a military authority in Chile. The importation of pharmaceutical specialties, cosmetics, and most biological and biochemical preparations require prior registration with the Institute of Public Health (Instituto de Salud Publica), and may be subject o special labeling and other requirements, depending on the nature of the product. Imported goods that are considered inconsistent with Chilean "morals, public health, national security, or environment" require special authorization to enter into Chile. These include certain person security products such as mace sprays, certain chemicals/processes, and some media products which face review and possible censorship.

It should be noted all films, videos, and TV programs, imported or locally produced, are reviewed for suitability. Special Import Provisions Temporary Entry Although most goods entered in Chile are subject to duty and tax, goods that are entered for temporary use in an exhibition approved by the government are allowed duty and tax free entry providing certain conditions are met. Temporary importation for other exhibitions or for demonstration purposes are eligible for reduced tax assessment providing the resident end-user arranges for a temporary admission certificate at time of entry and meets other conditions set by the government. Free Trade Zones Goods entered into one of Chile's Free Trade Zones (which have facilities for packaging and manufacturing) are exempted from duties and taxes. Chile's two free-trade zones are the Free Zone of Iquique (ZOFRI) in the northern tip (Region I) of Chile and the Free Zone of Punta Arenas in the southern tip (Region XII). ZOFRI encompasses the free ports of Arica and Iquique. ZOFRI is a major entry point for products bound for Bolivia and to a lesser extent for products going to Peru, Paraguay and northern Argentina. Punta Arenas also has a free port. Modern facilities for packaging, manufacturing and exporting exist in each zone.

Duties and IVA requirements for free trade zones are as follows: imports entering and remaining in Chile's free-trade zones pay no duty or IVA; imports leaving the free trade zones but remaining in regions I or XII (considered "extended' duty-free zones) pay a six-percent import duty but no IVA; imports leaving the free-trade zones to enter the greater Chilean market pay full tariff and IVA charges; subject to negotiations with Chilean customs officials, imports can remain in-bond for extended periods while awaiting transshipment to other countries. Imported goods may remain in customs warehouses for 90 days. If said goods are unclaimed after the 90-day period, the goods will be declared abandoned by Customs and sold at public auction. Personal Effects Generally, Chile permits duty-free entry of personal belonging to returning citizens and foreign visitors. The goods must fall within the definition of personal goods provided by customs and must either accompany the traveler or within 120 days of his/her arrival. Samples Samples into Chile are exempt from duties and taxes if the value does not exceed US$30.00. To qualify as samples goods have to be mutilated. The import documentation accompanying the shipment must also be clearly marked "samples".

Gifts Gift shipments are acceptable; duties/taxes will be assessed. Gifts and aid to the governments and to charitable and educational institutions which are recognized by the government are eligible for exemption of most customs duties and IVA tax. More information on qualifications for these exemptions is available on the customs website and in Part 0012 of the Chile Customs Tariff. Standards Labeling/Marking Consumer goods must be marked with the country of manufacture prior to sale. Packaged goods must also indicate the quality or purity, the ingredients, and the net weight or measure of the contents. Canned or packaged foodstuffs imported into Chile must bear labels in Spanish for all ingredients, including additives, manufacturing and expiration dates of the products, and the name of the producer or importer. All sizes and weights of the net contents also must be converted to the metric system. Goods not complying with these requirements may be imported but not sold to consumers until conversion is made. Thus, foodstuffs labeled in English have to be re-labeled in Chile before they can be sold. Standards Products used by the gas, electricity, and construction industries may be required to comply with certain government standards.

However, most product standards in Chile are voluntary and compliance is used as a competitive edge. Animal and Plant Health Requirements Importation of animal and plant products are subject to special requirements and may require that the exporter provide a Phytosanitary certificate as a condition of entry. Some of these products are subject to additional requirements such as pre-shipment certification of processing facilities, special labeling, and sampling and testing upon arrival. Chile is involved in international discussions about adopting international health/sanitary standards. Censorship and other controls To ensure the health and welfare of its citizens, special authorization is required to import certain products such as firearms, certain chemicals, pharmaceuticals or other goods that may adversely impact the morals, public heath, national security, or environment of Chile. Films, videos and other media products are reviewed upon arrival and can be denied entry if found to be detrimental to the public welfare. Importers of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, biological and bio-chemical preparation must be registered with the Instituto de Salud Publico prior to shipment arrival and these products often must meet additional requirements such as special labels.

Leather and mineral samples require approval from Ministry of Agriculture The import of pharmaceutical specialties, cosmetics and most biological and bio-chemical preparations requires prior registration with the Institute of Public Health (Instituto de Salud Publica) and may be subject to special labeling and other requirements, depending on the nature of the individual product. Back to Top General Export Clearance Information All goods leaving Chile must be cleared through a Customs port. An Export Entry must be submitted to Customs and if the declared value of the good is over U$1000, the exporter must submit a DUS (Documento Unico de Salida) or an embarkation order. In order to comply with international agreements and to gather statistics, an export license may be required and exportation of some commodities require that the exporter obtain pre-departure export authorization from the government. Some of the goods subject to this type of control include firearms and other weapons, narcotics and psychotropics, and goods subject to CITES. For the export of agricultural products (wood, wine, grapes) Customs requires the phytosanitary certificate prior to export. Exporting from Chile requires: Proper documentation including permits, licenses and related certificate of origins; Pre-shipment requirements from the destination country.

Document Requirements Export Permits – Specific export permits are for commodities subject to export controls. The Ministry of Defense (Ministerio de Nacional Defensa de Chile) is the government office for dual use exports (commercial items that may have military applications). Other departments and agencies have regulatory jurisdiction and issue licenses for controlled substances and precursor chemicals, for endangered fish and wildlife species, for defense services and articles, for arms and munitions, for nuclear material, equipment and technology, for fuels, for drugs and medical devices. Before exporting these items, special licenses must be obtained from customs office to insure that the items are not part of the national heritage of Chile. License requirements are dependent upon an item’s technical characteristics, the destination, the end-use, end-user and other activities of the end-user. Specific questions pertaining to commodity licensing requirements should be directed to the lead agency. Agency information, telephone number and basic commodities that might require export permits could be identified by accessing the department and agency web sites listed in the profile. Exporters must fill out a registration certificate when exporting goods valued over $2000 FOB. This is to help the government gather trade data.

Other commercial forms used by both importers and exporters are commercial invoice, certificate of origin, bill of lading, freight insurance and packing list. General Export Clearance Information The following commodities are prohibited for export from Chile: Illicit Narcotics and Drugs Back to Top General Export Restrictions You are prohibited from tendering the following items for shipment to any international destinations unless otherwise indicated, and you agree not to do so. (Additional restrictions may apply depending on destination. Various regulatory clearances in addition to customs clearance may be required for certain commodities, thereby extending the transit time.) APO/FPO addresses. C.O.D. shipments. Human corpses, human organs or body parts, human and animal embryos, or cremated or disinterred human remains. Explosives (Class 1.4 explosives are acceptable for carriage to Canada, Germany, France, Japan, United Arab Emirates and United Kingdom. Note: United Arab Emirates only allows Class 1.4 explosives to be shipped hold-for-pickup to the FedEx Express facility in Dubai). Items resembling a bomb, hand grenade or other explosive device, except as provided in the Dangerous Goods section. This includes, but is not limited to, inert products such as novelty items, training aids and works of art.

Firearms, weaponry and their parts (acceptable between the U.S. and Puerto Rico). Perishable foodstuffs and foods and beverages requiring refrigeration or other environmental control. An exception is available by contract only. Contact your FedEx account executive for information. Live animals including insects, except as provided in the Live Animals section in the FedEx Service Guide. (Call the FedEx Live Animal Desk at 1.800.405.9052). Plants and plant material, including cut flowers (cut flowers are acceptable from the U.S. to selected points in Canada and from Colombia, Ecuador and the Netherlands to the U.S.). Lottery tickets and gambling devices where prohibited by law. Money (coins, cash, currency, paper money and negotiable instruments equivalent to cash such as endorsed stocks, bonds and cash letters). Pornographic and/or obscene material. Carnets U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration export permit. Letters of Credit. Shipments subject to Letters of Credit are generally prohibited, with the exception of shipments subject to Letters of Credit calling for a “courier receipt”, as defined by Article 25 of UCP 600, shipped using the FedEx Expanded Service International Air Waybill.

Certificate of Registration shipments (CF4455). Hazardous waste, including, but not limited to, used hypodermic needles or syringes transported for sterilization, recycling, disposal or for any other purpose, or other medical waste. Shipments that may cause damage to, or delay of, equipment, personnel or other shipments. Shipments that require us to obtain any special licenses or permit for transportation, importation or exportation. Shipments or commodities whose carriage, importation or exportation is prohibited by any law, statute or regulation. Counterfeit goods, including, but not limited to, goods under a trademark, without the approval or oversight of the registered trademark owner (also commonly referred to as "fake goods" or "knock-offs"). Marijuana, as defined by U.S. federal law, 21 U.S.C. 802(16), including marijuana intended for recreational or medicinal use, and synthetic cannabinoids. Shipments with a declared value for customs in excess of that permitted for a specific destination. (See the Declared Value for Carriage and Limits of Liability section in the FedEx Service Guide). Dangerous goods except as permitted under the Dangerous Goods section of these terms and conditions.

Processed or unprocessed dead animals, including insects and pets. Taxidermy-finished hunting trophies or completely processed (dried) specimens of whole animals or parts of animals are acceptable for shipment into the U.S. Packages that are wet, leaking or emit an odor of any kind. Wildlife products that require U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service export clearance by FedEx prior to exportation from the U.S. In-bond shipments destined to or being withdrawn from a Foreign Trade Zone or bonded warehouse, unless the FedEx International Broker Select option is selected for U.S. import shipments, or the FedEx International Controlled Export service option is selected for U.S. export shipments. Notwithstanding any other provision of the FedEx Service Guide, we are not liable for delay of, loss of damage to a shipment of any prohibited item. The shipper agrees to indemnity FedEx for any and all costs, fees and expenses FedEx incurs as a result of the shipper's violation of any local, state or federal laws or regulations or from tendering any prohibited item for shipment. You may be able to ship these items via FedEx International Controlled Export, FedEx International Premium, FedEx International Express Freight (IXF) or FedEx International Airport-to-Airport (ATA).

For information on FedEx International Controlled Export, call International Customer Service at 1.800.GoFedEx 1.800.463.3339 (say "international services"). For information on the other services listed call FedEx Express Freight Customer Service at 1.800.332.0807. Back to Top Chile Restrictions Chile applies export controls through the requirement of an export license, as well as phytosanitary and quality controls on certain products controlled by the National Health Service (Servicio Nacional de Salud, SNS), the Agricultural and Livestock Service (Servicio Agricola y Ganadero, SAG), and the National Fishing Service (Servicio Nacional de Pesca, SERNAP). Again, the licenses are required more as a means of gathering statistics. Chile. | POPLINE.org United States. Department of State. Bureau of Public Affairs Source: BACKGROUND NOTES. 1988 Sep; 1-10. Abstract: Chile is a long (2650 miles), narrow (250 miles at widest point) country sandwiched between the Andes mountains and the Pacific.

The northern desert is rich in copper and nitrates; the temperate middle region is agricultural and supports the major cities, including Santiago, the capital, and the port of Valparaiso; and the southern region is a cold and damp area of forests, grasslands, lakes, and fjords. The country is divided into 12 administrative regions. Chile's population of 12.5 million are mainly of Spanish or Indian descent or mestizos. Literacy is 92.3%, and the national language is Spanish. Infant mortality is 18.1/1000, and life expectancy is 68.2 years. 82% of the people are urban, and most are Roman Catholics. Chile was settled by the Spanish in 1541 and attached to the Viceroyalty of Peru. Independence was won in 1818 under the leadership of Bernardo O'Higgins. In the 1880s Chile extended its sovereignty over the Strait of Magellan in the south and areas of southern Peru and Bolivia in the north.

An officially parliamentary government, elected by universal suffrage, drifted into oligarchy and finally into a military dictatorship under Carlos Ibanez in 1924. Constitutional government was restored in 1932. The Christian Democratic government of Eduardo Frei (1964-70) inaugurated major reforms, including land redistribution, education, and far-reaching social and economic policies. A Marxist government under Salvador Allende lasted from 1970 to 1973 when the present military government of General Pinochet Ugarte took power, overthrew Allende, abolished the Congress, and banned political parties. It has moved the country in the direction of a free market economy but at the cost of systematic violations of human rights. A new constitution was promulgated in 1981, and congressional elections have been scheduled for October, 1989. A "National Accord for Transition to Full Democracy" was mediated by the Catholic Church in 1985. The social reforms of the Allende government resulted in enormous fiscal deficits, economic recession, inflation, and severe decline in the gross domestic product.

In 1982 the government devalued the peso and agreed to the International Monetary Fund's 2-year austerity program to lower the $20.5 billion national debt. In 1987 the gross domestic product was $18.4 billion, $1465 per capita; the annual real growth rate was 5.4%, and inflation had fallen from an annual rate of over 1000% to 21.5%. 245 Chilean pesos equal US1$. Chile's chief export is copper ($2.2 billion in 1987), of which Chile is the world's largest producer and exporter. Chile also exports gold, silver, iron ore, molybdenum, iodine, and nitrates. Chile has 20% of the world's copper reserves and 33% of the world's lithium. 21% of Chile's gross domestic product consists of textiles, metal manufacturing, food processing, pulp, paper, and wood products; and 10% consists of agricultural produce. Relations with the United States deteriorated after the 1976 murder in Washington, DC, of former Chilean ambassador Orlando Letelier.

Arms and security assistance to Chile were banned, and in 1981 the US Agency for International Development and the Peace Corps ceased operations in Chile. Language:

Question: If the currency is the Peso, copper the major export and Valparaiso the major port, what is the country?
Answer: CHILE