Kim Campbell Biography Political Career of Kim Campbell Kim Campbell was elected trustee of the Vancouver School Board in 1980. She became Chairperson of the Vancouver School Board in 1983. She was Vice-Chairperson of the Vancouver School Board in 1984 while she completed her law degree. Kim Campbell was first elected to the British Columbia Legislative Assembly in 1986. She was first elected to the House of Commons in 1988. Kim Campbell was appointed Minister of State for Indian Affairs and Northern Development in 1989 by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney . She became Minister of Justice and the Attorney General of Canada in 1990. She took on the porfolio of Minister of National Defence and Veterans Affairs in 1993. With the resignation of Brian Mulroney, Kim Campbell was elected Leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada in 1993 and was sworn in as Prime Minister of Canada. The Progressive Conservative government was defeated and Kim Campbell lost her seat in the general election in October 1993. Jean Chretien became Prime Minister of Canada.

See Also: John A Macdonald | Alexander Mackenzie | John Abbott | John Thompson | Mackenzie Bowell | Charles Tupper | Wilfred Laurier | Robert Borden | Arthur Meighen | William Lyon Mackenzie King | RB Bennett | Louis St Laurent | John Diefenbaker | Lester Pearson | Pierre Trudeau | Joe Clark | John Turner | Brian Mulroney | Kim Campbell | Jean Chretien | Paul Martin | Stephen Harper The rise of Kim Campbell in Federal Canadian politics was relatively fast as was her ultimate demise. Canada's 19th Prime Minister was also it's first female PM. Campbell was born Avril Phaedra Douglas Campbell on March 10th, 1947 in Port Alberni, British Columbia. Her family moved to Vancouver soon after she was born and at age 12 her mother left her home and she decided that Avril would not continue to be her name and from there on in she would be called Kim. She attended Prince of Wales High School where she was elected the first ever female class President which was not t be the first male only barrier she would bring down She attended the University of British Columbia where she earned her BA in 1969 in Political Science.

She then went to the London School of Economics where she worked on her PhD in Soviet Studies. She left early when she decided to marry and move back to Vancouver in 1972 and began teaching at UBC and Vancouver Community College. By 1980 she was back at UBC as a student studying for her Law Degree. Her interest in politics began to take on more of a utilitarian shade when she decided to run for the school board in Vancouver and served in that position from 1980 to 1984. Her first taste of the political life had stimulated her ambition and her next step was into provincial politics when she ran as a Social Credit candidate in 1984. She lost but became a policy advisor to Premier Bill Bennett and in 1987 she ran for the Socreds again and won. Once in the Provincial Legislature she unabashedly opposed the Premier's position on abortion by supporting more access for women to abortion services. Seeing no long term future in provincial politics she switched to the Progressive Conservatives and ran in the 1988 Federal election and won in Vancouver Centre.

Prime Minister Mulroney brought her into the Cabinet in 1989 when she was made Minister of State for Indian Affairs and Northern Development. She worked hard in that ministry and was rewarded in 1990 when she was promoted to Minister of Justice and Attorney General. Facing stiff opposition from members of her own party she brought in tougher control of guns, and then took on the issue of sexual assault by reaffirming the rights of the victims. In 1993 as an election drew near, she was moved to the Department of Defense and had to deal with the controversial questions of buying new helicopters for the military. She also had to deal with actions by Canadian Airborne units in Somalia which while on peacekeeping duties had tortured and killed some Somalis. By 1993 the Progressive Conservatives and Brian Mulroney had fallen to very low levels in the polls and Mulroney realizing that he could not possibly win another mandate, decided to step down. Many in the party were looking for an edge in their next leader which might help resuscitate their fortunes and help win the election.

Campbell was viewed as a dynamic, charismatic leader who might recreate the momentum of Trudeaumania and capture the nations support as the first female Prime Minister. She defeated Jean Charest, a long-time Conservative stalwart and highly respected member of the cabinet, in the leadership race and on June 25, 1993, she became Canada's first female Prime Minister. She was well aware of the fate of John Turner a decade before when he rushed into an election with only a slim initial lead in the polls. She took some very popular actions to start with, such as cutting the number of Cabinet Ministers from 35 to 23, attending the G7 summit in Tokyo and touring the country in July and August. The polls showed her climbing above 51% approval which was extremely high for a Canadian Prime Minister. The Conservative gamble of going with the relatively inexperienced candidate with the momentum seemed to be paying off. By September she was well ahead of the Liberal leader Jean Chretien and had absorbed much of the support of the Reform Party. She decide to call an election for the fall and the writ was dropped an the race was on.

Her lead in the polls almost immediately began to fall and due to inexperience and an uncoordinated Conservative campaign strategy. As the campaign unfolded, the voters were reminded of the unpopular Mulroney, to which the Conservatives, realizing that Campbell was more popular then Chretien, unleashed attack ads against the Liberal leader. One in particular seemed to mock Chretien's speech impediment and the reaction nationwide was highly critical of Campbell and the Conservatives. The election was lost and the best that could be hoped for was a decent number of MP's to form the opposition. As the results began to come in on election night, the vote for the Liberals became a landslide. The final results were Liberals - 177 seats, Bloc = 54 seats, Reform Party 52 seats, NDP 9 seats, Progressive Conservatives 2 seats and others - 1. Several dynamics took hold during the election including the separation of French Canadian nationalist support from the Conservatives with the Bloc benefitting. The weakness of the NDP also helped boost the Liberal numbers as they consolidated the centre and left vote. The resurgence of reform during the election also hurt the Conservatives in the west. Campbell even lost her seat in Vancouver Centre to the Liberals.

Campbell resigned shortly after the election and Jean Charest took over as leader of the 2 seat Conservatives. Kim Campbell returned to teaching Political Science at Harvard University. In 1996 she was appointed as Consul General in Los Angeles, a post which she held until 2000. She has remained very active in many areas but has taken particular pride in her work for the advance of women's opportunities in many different arenas. 10 Firsts for Canadian Women in Government 10 Firsts for Canadian Women in Government 10 Firsts for Canadian Women in Government Historical Firsts for Women in Government in Canada Kim Campbell, Former Prime Minister of Canada. Radim Beznoska / iifa / Getty Images Canada News Expert By Susan Munroe It's hard to believe that it wasn't until 1918 that Canadian women first had the same voting rights as men in federal elections. A year later women gained the right to run for election to the House of Commons and the election of 1921 was the first federal election that included female candidates. Here are more historical firsts for Canadian women in government.

First Canadian Woman Member of Parliament - 1921 Agnes Macphail was the first Canadian woman to be a member of parliament. She was a strong activist for penal reform and founded the Elizabeth Fry Society of Canada, a group working with and for women in the justice system. First Canadian Woman Senator - 1930 Cairine Wilson was the first woman appointed to the Canadian Senate, just months after the Persons Case gave women the right to sit in the Senate. It wasn't until 1953 that another woman was appointed to the Senate in Canada First Canadian Woman Federal Cabinet Minister - 1957 As Minister of Citizenship and Immigration in the Diefenbaker government, Ellen Fairclough was responsible for introducing measures which went a long way towards the elimination of racial discrimination in Canadian immigration policy. First Canadian Woman on the Supreme Court - 1982 Bertha Wilson , the first woman justice of the Supreme Court of Canada , had a strong influence on the application of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. She is well remembered for concurring in the Supreme Court decision overturning Criminal Code of Canada restrictions on abortion in 1988.

First Canadian Woman Governor General - 1984 Jeanne Sauvé was not only Canada's first Canadian woman Governor General, she was also one of the three first women members of parliament to be elected from Quebec, the first woman federal cabinet minister from Quebec, and the first woman Speaker of the House of Commons. First Canadian Woman Federal Party Leader - 1989 Audrey McLaughlin went north looking for adventure, and became the first NDP member of parliament for the Yukon. She went on to be elected leader of the federal New Democratic Party and the first woman leader of a federal Canadian political party. First Canadian Woman Premier - 1991 Most of Rita Johnston 's political career was as a municipal councillor in Surrey, British Columbia, but her foray into provincial politics landed her several cabinet minister posts and a short stint as Premier of British Columbia. First Canadian Woman in Space - 1992 A neurology researcher, Roberta Bondar was one of the six original Canadian astronauts selected in 1984 to train at NASA. Eight years later she became the first Canadian woman and the second Canadian astronaut to go into space.

First Canadian Woman Prime Minister - 1993 Although popular at the start of her brief tenure as Prime Minister, Kim Campbell led the Progressive Conservative Party to the greatest defeat in Canadian political history. First Canadian Woman Chief Justice - 2000 Chief Justice Beverley McLachlin , the first woman to head the Supreme Court of Canada, has tried to improve public understanding of the role of the Supreme Court and the judiciary in Canada. Kim Campbell Biography (Political Figure/Prime Minister of Canada) Birthplace: Port Alberni, British Columbia, Canada Best known as: Canada's first woman prime minister Name at birth: Avril Phaedra Douglas Campbell The Right Honorable Kim Campbell became the first woman prime minister of Canada in 1993. A native of British Columbia, she graduated with a degree in political science from the University of British Columbia (1969), then went to the London School of Economics and worked on a doctoral degree, returning to B.C. in 1973 to be a college lecturer. She entered law school and began her political career in 1980.

After a few years in local politics in Vancouver, Campbell was wooed by Canada's Conservative Party to be a national candidate for a legislative seat in the election of 1988. She won and soon became a cabinet member under Prime Minister Brian Mulroney. Campbell became the first woman to serve as Minister of Justice and Attorney General (1990-93) and Minister of National Defence (1993), and when Mulroney retired in 1993 she had the clout to take over as the leader of Canada's Conservative Party; in June she was officially appointed Prime Minister. Four months later her party was trounced in national elections and Campbell was given the boot. She has since managed a career as a lecturer and board member of a variety of international organizations. Extra credit: Campbell earned her law degree in 1983… She has been married three times… She changed her name to Kim at the age of 12, after her mother abandoned her and her father and sister. Copyright © 1998-2017 by Who2?, LLC. All rights reserved.

1993 the first female Prime Minister of Canada (Kim - POLISCI - 1G06 1993 the first female prime minister of canada (kim SCHOOL View Full Document This is the end of the preview. Sign up to access the rest of the document. Unformatted text preview: 1993 the first female Prime Minister of Canada (Kim Campbell)- 2. Reform Liberal Feminism- Formal equality under the law did not result in equality in practice- Equal opportunity was being denied to women because of the responsibilities that patriarchy had assigned at home- Politically this meant changes to government policy to enable women to participate in the public realm as equals- In sum, the general point of Liberal Feminism (classical and reform) is not that men and women are fundamentally different. 2- They sometimes play different roles in society because of history/culture, o But they are fundamentally equal and should be treated as such- 3.

Marxist Feminism:- Engels, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State , 1884:- The modern individual family is founded on the open or concealed domestic slavery of the wifewithin the family, he is the bourgeoisie, and the wife represents the proletariat- The Problem: Patriarchy exists. But it is fundamentally an economic relationship based upon the exploitation of female labour within the family- The Solution - Eliminate capitalism and patriarchy should fall alongside it- Radical Feminism:- The Problem: Patriarchy is the fundamental ordering principle of society- The history of society is best conceptualized as one of constant struggle between the sexual classes (men and women)- The dominant culture, laws, and institutions are all designed by men to control women... Elite theory Two questions: 1.

Do we have meaningful political equality in modern dem elites Woman Premier Ministers 17.12.1917-09.03.1918 (Acting) Evheniya Bohdanivna Bosch, Ukraine Евгения Богдановна Бош, Yevgeniya Bogdanovna Bosh, or Yevheniya Bohdanivna Bosh was People's Commissioner of, and it was regulated by a number of documents that the holder of this office was the Acting Head of the Executive Power. She had been a socialist activist from 1890's, Head of the Kyiv Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Workerï¿½s Party (RSDRP) 1911-12 until she was imprisoned and a deprived of civil rights and exiled to Siberia for life. After the revolution she became Secretary of Regional Committee of RSDRP(B). She resigned from the government in protest to the Brest-Litovsk Peace, according to which Soviet Russia occupied Ukraine. Afterwards she worked on different party and Soviet posts outside Ukraine. When the pain of her disease became unbearable, she committed suicide.

She was of German-Jewish origin, and she originally named Gotlibovna Maysh, and lived (1879-1925). 21.07.1960-27.03.1965 Sirimavo Ratwatte Dias Bandaranaike, Sri Lanka 29.05.1970-23.07.1977 14.11.1994-10.8.2000 Chairperson 1960-93 and 1993-2000 President of Sri Lanka Freedom Party, 1965-70 and 1988-94 Leader of The Opposition, 1976 Chairperson of the Association of Non Aligned Nations. As Prime Minister, she also held the posts as Minister of Foreign Affairs, Defence, Finance etc. She carried on her husband's policies of socialism, neutrality in international relations, and the active encouragement of the Buddhist religion and of the Sinhalese language and culture.

In 1964 her coalition with the Marxist Lanka Sama Samaja Party caused dissension in her government, which was subsequently defeated in the general election of 1965. In 1970, however, her socialist coalition, the United Front, regained power, and as prime minister she pursued more radical policies. Her strategy, which included the nationalization of important industries, was nullified by repressive measures and failure to deal with ethnic rivalries and economic distress; in the election of July 1977 her party retained only 8 of 168 seats in the National Assembly and she was replaced as prime minister. In 1980 parliament expelled her and barred her from political office, but in 1986 the president granted her a pardon that restored her rights Before her appointment to Prime Minister in 1994, she was Senior Minister without Portfolio (Second in Cabinet) in her daughter, Chandrika's cabinet. She stepped down in August 2000 to let her daughter reorganize the cabinet ahead of elections; she died shortly after voting on election day.

She was the widow of Solomon B., Premier of Ceylon 1956-59 until he was assassinated. Her father Mr. Ratwatte was a Senator. She is mother of three children. She lived (1916-2000). 19.01.1966-24.03.1977 Indira Gandhi, India 14.01.1980-31.10.1984 (ï¿½) President 1959-60 and 1966-77 Leader of the Congress Party. She was Minister of Information 1964-66 and member of Rajya Sabha 1964-67 and of Lok Sabha 1967-77, 1978 and 1980-84. In 1975 she declared a stated of emergency and ruled as a dictator. She lost the 1977-elections and imprisoned.

After her release she was leader of Congress (I) 1978-84 and as Premier she also held posts of Minister of Foreign Affairs, Defence, Finance, Home Affairs etc. Killed by Sikh bodyguard. She was daughter of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru (1947-64(ï¿½)), married to Feroze Gandhi in 1942. Her younger son Rajiv Ghandi was Prime Minister (1984-89(ï¿½)). She lived (1917-84). 17.03.1969-10.04.1974 Golda Meï¿½r, Israel Ambassador to USSR 1948-49, Minister of Labour 1949-56 and Minister of Foreign Affairs 1956-64, 1964-69 Secretary General and 1969-74 Leader of Labour. When she became Foreign Minister her last name was hebrewnized. She was born in Russia as Golda Mabovic and later immigrated to USA.

Mother of two children and she lived (1898-1978). 03.01.1975-07.04.1976 ï¿½lisabeth Domitiï¿½n, Central African Republic As Premier Minister she was also Deputy Head of State and acted as President on occasions when President Bokassa was abroad. Also vice-President of the ruling Social Evolution Movement of Black Africa (MESAN) 1975-79. She criticized the plans of her cousin, Jean Bedel Bokassa, who had been chief of state since 1966, who wanted to become emperor, and in effect he sacked her. After his fall from power in 1979 she was imprisoned and tried in February 1980. She later became an influential businesswoman in Bangui, Married to the chief of the Mobaye Canton-Mayorship. She lived (1925-2005).

03.05.1979-22.11.1990 Margaret Thatcher, United Kingdom of Great Britain MP 1959-90, Parliamentary Secretary of Pensions and National Insurance 1961-64, Secretary of State of Education 1970-74, Shadow Minister of Environment and Housing 1974-75, Shadow Special Minister of Finance and Public Expenditure 1975, Leader of The Conservative Party 1975-90, Leader of Her Majesty's Opposition 1975-79. As Prime Minister she was also First Lord of the Treasury and Minister of the Civil Service. Head of the European Communities Presidency - President of the European Council 1981 and 1986, she was President of the Group of Seven, G-7 all of 1984. Created Baroness Thatcher of Kestaven in 1990 and member of the House of Lords. Mother of twins. She lived (1925-2013). 01.08.1979-3.01.1980 Dr.

Maria de Lourdes Ruivo da Silva de Matos Pintasilgo, Portugal Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo was secretary of State of Social Affairs 1974, Ambassador to UNESCO 1975-79, Minister of Social Affairs 1974-75, Member of Council of State 1979-86 and Presidential Candidate in 1986. Member of the European Parliament 1979-86. Unmarried. She lived (1930-2004). 21.07.1980-14.06.1995 Dame M. Eugenia Charles, Dominica Leader of Dominican Liberty Party 1964-94 and 1974-80 Leader of the Opposition. During her tenure as Premier she was also Minister of External Affairs, Finance, Trade and Industry, Defence, Minister of Information and Public Relations. In 1992 she was Knighted by Queen Elizabeth of the United Kingdom, the former Head of State of Domenica. Unmarried and lived (1916-2005).

04.02.1981-14.10.1981 Gro Harlem Brundtland, Norway 09.05.1986-16.10.1989 30.11.1990-25.10.1996 Minister of Environmental Protection 1974-79, Deputy Leader 1975-81, Deputy Parliamentary Leader 1980-81, Leader 1981-93 and Parliamentary Leader, Parliamentary Leader of Arbeiderpartiet, Labour, 1980-81 and 1989-90 Chairperson of the Foreign and 1989-90 of the Finance Committees, 1998-2002 Director General of the World Health Organization, WHO, and Assistant Secretary General of the United Nations. In 1986 she appointed a world record number of women to the cabinet - 8 of 18. A medical doctor, daughter of Gudmond Harlem (1917-88) a former Minister and mother of 4 children. (b.

1939-). 15.05.1982-15.05.1986 Milka Planinc, Yugoslavia Secretary of Treï¿½njevka Peopleï¿½s Assembly 1957, Secretary of Cultural Affairs of the City of Zagreb 1961-63, Croatian Secretary for Education 1963-65, President of Assembly 1967-71, Leader of the Communist Party in Croatia 1971-82. She lived (1924-2010). 02.12.1988-06.08.1990 Benazir Bhutto, Pakistan 19.10.1993-05.11.1996 Co-Chairperson 1984-94 and Leader of Pakistan People's Party 1994-2007, in house arrest 1977-84 and in exile 1984-86. She also held the Portfolios of Defence, Atomic Energy, Finance, Economy, Information and Establishment.

Both in 1990 and 1996 she was removed from office by the President on charges of corruption and later convinced. Returned to Pakistan in 2007 after 10 years in exile in United Kingdom and Dubai to contest elections in January 2008, which she was widely expected to win, but was killed by a suicide bomb in December 2007, her son and widower took over as party-leaders and in 2008 Asif Ali Zardari was elected president. She was daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the former President and Prime Minister, who was executed after the coup dï¿½etat in 1979. Her three children were born in 1988, 1989 and 1993. She lived (1953-2007). 17.03.1990-10.01.1991 Kasimiera Prunskienė, Lithuania Deputy Premier and Minister of Economy 1989-90 and one of the leaders of the struggle for independence.

She became leader of the government after the declaration of independence at 11.3.90, which was internationally recognized at 6.9.91. In 1991 Chairperson of Democratic Party, and from 1995-2001 Chairperson of Womenï¿½s Party, 1996-2000 Group Chairperson of the independent MPï¿½s, and Chairperson of the Peasants and New Democratic Parties Union 2001-04. Presidential Candidate in 2002 and 2004 and Minister of Agriculture 2004-08. (b. 1945-). 20.03.1991-30.03.1996 Begum Khaleda Zia, Bangladesh 01.09.2001-29.10.2006 Vice-Chairperson of The Nationalist Party 1982-84 and Leader since 1984.

Her husband, President Zia-ur-Rahman, was Premier Minister 1976-77 and President 1977-81 until he was assassinated. Khaleda was detained seven times during nine years of autocratic rule. In the face of mass upsurge spearheaded by the seven-party alliance, led by Khaleda, and the eight-party combine, led by Sheik Hasina Wajed, Ershad resigned in 1990 and handed over power to neutral caretaker government, bringing an end to his nine-year autocratic rule. During her first tenure as Premier she was also Minister of Defence, Establishment, Cabinet Diversion and Planning, Information Energy and Resources. 1996-2001 Leader of the Opposition. Resigned in October 2006 to prepare for the elections later in the year, which was postponed because of unrests. Her sons, Tareque Rahman and Arafat Rahman Koko were arrested on corruption charges in March and April 2007, and In September the same year she was herself charged with corruption and the military supported care-taker government tried to pressure her into exile.

The charges against her was dropped in 2008. (b. 1945- ) 15.05.1991-02.04.1992 Edith Cresson, France Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, External 1981-83, Trade 1983-84, Industry 1984-86, European Affairs 1988-90. She was European Union Commissioner for Science, Research, Education and Youth 1995-99. In march 1999 she brought along the downfall of the EU-Commission as she refused the step down after a rapport had demonstrated that she was responsible of nepotism and mismanagement. (b. 1934-). 08.07.1992-26.10.1993 Hanna Suchocka, Poland As Minister President she was also Vice-President of the National Security Council. Member of Solidarity in 1980 and member of the Sejm 1982-85 and again 1989-2002 for various parties.

1991-97 member of Committee for Foreign Affairs and the Constitutional Committee. Vice-President of the Council of Europe 1991-92. In 1994 she was co-founder of the new Freedom Union (UW, liberal and social democratic) and member of it's leadership. The following year she was candidate in the party's primary for Presidential candidate, 1997-2000 Minister of Justice and Procurator-General. 1999 official Polish candidate for the office of the secretary general of the Council of Europe. Since 2002 Ambassador to the Vatican. Unmarried. (b. 1946-). 10.07.1993-11.02.1994 Sylvie Kinigi, Burundi By the time of her appointment as Premier she was Head of the Economic Planning Office in the Presidentï¿½s Office. During the Civil War the President was killed and as the highest ranking remaining official, she became Acting President (27.10.93-5.2.94). After her resignation she left politics and joined the Burundiï¿½s Commercial Bank. (b.

1952-). 25.06.1993-07.03.1996 Tansu ï¿½iller, Turkey Assistant Professor 1974-83 and 1983-90 Professor of Economics at Bosphorus University. Minister of State and Chief Economic Coordinator 1991-93, Deputy Premier and Minister of Foreign Affairs 1996-97. She was Deputy Chairperson 1990-93 and 1993-2002 Chairperson of DYP, The True Path Party. On 1.6.97 Premier Minister Erbakan, leader of the Islamic Party resigned in order with the purpose of her taking over as Premier, but President Demirel chose Meshut Yilmaz, who managed to form a government among others because of defections from her party. Mother of two children. (b. 1946-). 25.06.1993-04.11.1993 A.

Kim Campbell, Canada Executive Director, Office of British Columbia Premier 1985-86, Progressive Conservative MP 1988-93, Minister of State (Indian Affairs and Northern Development) 1989-90, Minister of Justice and Attorney-General 1990-93 and Minister of Defence and Minister of Veteran Affairs in 1993. As Prime Minister, 1993, she was also Minister responsible for Federal-Provincial Relations. She was leader of the Progressive Conservative party, 13.06.1993-13.12.1993, resigning after the party lost all but two seats in the House of Commons in the 1993 election in spite of gaining about 16% of the vote. She became a lecturer at Harvard University and has been Consul General of Canada in Los Angeles since 1996. Married with a stepdaughter. (b. 1947-).

18.07.1993-07.05.1994 (ï¿½) Agathe Uwilingiyimana, Rwanda Minister of Education from 1992 till her appointment as Premier. On the 06.05 1994 the Hutu President Habyarimana was killed together with his Burundian colleague, Cyprien Ntaryamira, when their plane was rocketed on its way to Kigali airport. Agathe, a Hutu, was killed by the Tutsi Presidential guard together with her family and 10 Belgian soldiers, the day before she was supposed to step down as Premier Minister. The two killings sparked off the civil war and genocide of approximately 1 million Hutus and Tutsies. Mother of about 6 children. She lived (1953-94). 16.10.1994-25.01.1995 (Interim) Reneta Ivanova Indzhova, Bulgaria Also know as Reneta Injova she was leader of an interim government consisting of technocrats.

Her Deputy Premier, Minister of Economy and Finance was Hristina Vucheva. In 1995 she was mayoral candidate in Sofia, 2001 Presidential Candidate and the same year she became Chairperson of the Democratic Alliance. (b. 1953-). 19.8.1994-14.11.1994 Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga, Sri Lanka Chief Minister of the Western Province before becoming Prime Minister. After a few months she became President , and later appointed her mother, Sirivamo Bandaranaike, to her third term as Prime Minister. She was President 1994-2005. (1945-). 07.11.1995-27.02.1996 Claudette Werleigh, Haï¿½ti An economist, she became Minister of Social Affairs 1990-91, Minister of Foreign Affairs 1993-95 and was Executive Director of the Washington Office of Haiti 1993. Later an UN official. (b.

1946- ), 23.06.1996-15.7.2001 Sheikh Hasina Wajed, Bangladesh 06.01.2009- Her father, Prime Minister Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (1920-72-75), and most of her family was killed during a military coup in 1975 when she and her sister were abroard. Returned to Bangladesh in 1981, President of the Awami Leauge from 1981, Opposition Leader 1986-87 and 1991-96 and 2001-06. In 1983, she formed the 15-party alliance to launch a movement to oust General Ershad from power and was in and out of prison throughout the 1980s and was under house arrest a few times. Her party, along with the Bangladesh Nationalist Party, led by Begum Khaleda Zia, was instrumental in the movement against the military rule.

2007 she was arrested on corruption and murder charges, but was allowed to go to USA for medical treatment in 2007 though the military supported care-taker government tried to pressure her into exile. Returned in November 2008 to lead her party in the election campaign, which her party won overwealmingly. Married to the nuclear scientist Dr M. A. Wazed Miah and mother a son, Sajeeb Wazed Joy, and a daughter, Saima Wazed Putul, who both lives in the USA. (b. 1947- ). 17.03.1997-22.12.1997 Janet Jagan, Guyana As Premier Minister she also held the title of 1. Vice-President and she was Minister of Mines. Her political career started in 1950 and she held many positions. In 1997 her husband, Dr. Cheddi Bharat Jagan, died, and she was chosen to replace the Premier who succeeded Mr. Jagan as President. Janet was chosen as her party's candidate in the following Presidential elections, which she won.

Afterwards she re-appointed the former President to the post of Prime Minister after being sworn in as President . She was born as Janet Rosenberg in Chicago and mother of two children, and lived (1920-2009). 08.12.1997-10.12.1999 Jenny Shipley, New Zealand Minister of Women's Affairs 1990-98, Social Affairs 1990-93, Minister of Health 1993-96, Transport, State Services and State-Owned Enterprises, Accident Rehabilitation and Compensation Insurance 1996-97. As Premier she was also Minister in charge of the New Zealand Security Intelligence Service. She ousted then Prime Minister Jim Bolger as leader of the National Party and after his resignation she became leader of the government. 1999-2001 she was Leader of the Opposition. Mother of two children. (b. 1952-).

31.08.1998-23.09.1998 (Acting) Anne Enger Lahnstein, Norway Acting Premier during Kjell Magne Bondevik's sick leave because of stress and psychological problems. She was Deputy Leader 1983-91, Parliamentary Leader, 1989-91 and Leader of The Centre Party 1991-99. 1. Deputy to the Prime Minister and Minister of Culture of the centre-right-government 1997-99, Vice Chairperson of the Defence Committee of Stortinget 1999-2001 and Governor of ï¿½stfold since 2003. (b. 1950-).

03.05.1999-10/18.05.1999 (Acting) Irena Degutienï¿½, Lithuania 27.10.1999-03.11.1999 (Acting) Medical Doctor, 1994-97 Vice-Minister of Health and Minister of Labour and Social Affairs 1997-2000, Deputy Speaker of the Seimas 2008-09 and from 2012 and Speaker 2009-12. (b. 1949-). 22.07.1999-30.07.1999 (Acting) Tuyaa Nyam-Osoryn, Mongolia A former journalist and director in the Foreign Ministry, she was Minister of Foreign Affairs 1998-2000 and appointed acting Premier after her predecessor's resignation. (b. 1958-). 10.12.1999-19.11.2008 Helen Clark, New Zealand MP since 1981.

Chairperson of the Foreign Affairs and Defence Select Committee 1984-87, Minister of Housing and Conservation 1987-89, Deputy Premier and Minister of Labour and Health 1989-90, Deputy Leader of Labour and of the Opposition 1990-93 and Leader of Labour 1993-2008 and Leader of the Opposition 1993-99. As Prime Minister she also held the Portfolio of Arts and Culture and Security Intelligence Service and Ministerial Services and Acting Foreign Minister in 2008. Head of the United Nations Development Programme, UNDP from 2009. In 1981 she married Dr. Peter Davis. No children and Candidate for UN Secretary General in 2016. (b. 1950-). 03.03.2001-04.11.2002 Mame Madior Boye, Sï¿½nï¿½gal Former assistant to the Attorney General of the Republic, judge and first vice President of the Regional High Court in Dakar and former President of the Court of Appeal in Dakar.

Councillor to the Supreme Court of Appeal and Minister of Justice and Keeper of the Seals in 2000-2001. In 2002 she took over as Minister of Defence after the former incumbent resigned after almost 1.000 persons died in a ferry-disaster. (b.1940-). 11.07.2002-31.07.2002 (Acting) Chang Sang, South Korea Appointed Acting Prime Minister upon her designation, which was vetoed by the parliament at the 30.7 and about one month later the parliament also rejected President Kim Dae Jung's nominee as her successor. She holds a doctorate in philosophy from Princeton Theological College in the United States. She has been President of Ewha Women's University since 1996. (b. 1939-).

03.10.2002-16.07.2003 Maria das Neves Ceita Batista de Sousa, Republic of Sï¿½o Tomï¿½ e Prï¿½ncipe 23.07.2003-18.09.2004 Maria das Neves worked as a civil servant in the Ministry of Finance and in the African Development Bank. 1999-2001 Minister of Economics, Agriculture, Fisheries, Commerce and Tourism, 2001-02 Minister of Finance and 2002 Minister of Industry, Commerce and Tourism. On 16th of July 2003 she was detained during a military coup d'etat but on the 23rd the government was reinstated. The following year she was dismissed after aaccusations of corruption. Vice-President of the National Assembly since 2010 and Presidential Candidate in 2011. (b. 1958-).

17.04.2003-24.06.2003 Anneli Jï¿½ï¿½tteenmï¿½ki, Finland 1991-94 and 1999-2000 Deputy Parliamentary Leader and since 2000 leader of Suomen Keskusta/Centern i Finland, 1994-95 Minister of Justice. In 2003 Speaker of the Parliament. On 18.06 she tendered in her resignation application after it was revealed that she had used confidential material to aid her election campaign and then lying about how she had got the documents. (b. 1955-). 28.06.2003-15.12.2003 Dr. Beatriz Merino Lucero, Peru Senator 1990-92, Member of the Congress 1995-2000, Vice-Presidential Candidate 2000 and Superintendent of the National Tax Administration before becoming a very popular President of the Council of Ministers, until she was sacked by the extremely unpopular President. (b. 1949-).

17.02.2004-16.01.2010 Luï¿½sa Dï¿½as Diogo, Moï¿½ambique Head of Department in the Ministry of Finance 1986-89, National Budget Director 1982-89 in Ministry of Planning and Finance, worked in World Bank 1993-94. 1994-2000 Vice-Minister and Minister of Planning and Finance 2000-05. Mother of three children. (b. 1958-). 12.05.2004-02.06.2004 (Acting) 18.11.2004-17.12.2004 (Acting) Radmila Sekerinska, Macedonia As Vice-President of the Government and Minister without Portfolio for Euro-Atlantic Integration 2002-06, she acted as Head of Government from the former Prime Minister Crvenkovski's Presidential inauguration until election of Kostov as new Prime Minister.

She already presided over government sessions and signed documents since Crvenkovski became candidate for President, as he 'renounced' his Premiership during the campaign, but he never officially stepped down. In November she was again appointed Acting Premier after her predecessor resigned, but lost the party internal election for the post of Prime Minister and Leader of the Social Democratic Alliance of Macedonia (SDSM). Party Vice-President 1999-2006 and Leader 2006-08. (b. 1972-). 24.01.2005-08.09.2005 Yuliya Tymoshenko, Ukraine 18.12.2007-11.03.2010 Her name is also transcribed as Yulia Voldyrovna Timoshenkno. She is former Co-Leader of the Hromda party, Director of United Energy System 1998-2000, In 2001 she was charged with corruption but later acquitted.

Leader of the Fatherland's Party 2000/01-05 and of the Bloc Tymoshenko from 2005. In June 2006 a Coalition deal was signed designating her as Prime Minister, but one of the parties broke out. Narrowly defeated in the 2010-presidential elections and afterwards her coalition in parliament broke up and she was defeated by a motion of no confidence. The following year she was sentenced to seven years in prison in what is widely seen as a political trial, but fried after the uprising in February 2014. (b. 1961-). 07.06.2005-21.05.2006 Maria do Carmo Trovoada Pires de Carvalho Silveira, Sï¿½o Tomï¿½ e Princï¿½pe Normally known as Maria do Carmo Silveira, she was governor of the National Bank 2002-05 and member of the Political Bureau of the Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tomï¿½-Social Democratic Party, MLSTP-PSD. Also Minister of Finance from 2005.

(b. 1961-). 03.05.2005-22.06.2005 (Acting) Cynthia A. Pratt, The Bahamas Appointed Acting Prime Minister when the incumbent suffered a minor stroke and stepped aside from his duties, but she has acted on a number of occasions before, when he was abroad. She is also known as "Mother" Pratt. As Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Security 2002-07 she was in charge of the Defence Force and Police. She was Opposition Whip Circa 1992-2000 and from circa 2000 Deputy Leader of the Opposition and Deputy Leader of the Progressive Liberal Democratic Part. A former nurse, she is mother of 6 children (b. 1945-).

22.11.2005- Angela Merkel, Germany 1990 Deputy Spokesperson of the Government of the DDR, 1990-98 Deputy Chairperson of CDU, 1991-94 Federal Minister Women and Youth and 1994-98 Federal Minister of Environment, Protection of Nature and Reactor Safety, 1993-2000 Chairperson of CDU in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, 1998-2000 Federal Secretary General and since 2000 Federal Chairperson of CDU and 2002-05 also Parliamentary Leader, Chairperson of the European Council and President of the Group of Eight, G-8 in 2007. Nï¿½e Kasner and married secondly to Joachim Sauer, no children. (b. 1954-).

30.03.2006-11.09.2007 Portia Simpson-Miller, Jamaica 05.01.2012- 03.03.2016 Since 1976 MP, 1976-82 Parliamentary Secretary of the Prime Minister, Deputy President of People's National Party 1978-2006 and President from 2006. Minister of Labour, Social Welfare and Sports 1989-2000, Candidate for the party leadership and Premiership in 1992, Minister of Tourism, Entertainment, Sports and Womenï¿½s Affairs 2000-02 and Minister of Local Government, Community Development and Sport 2002-06. Acting Prime Minister on various occasions whenever the chief of government was out of the country. 2006-2007 and from 2012 also Minister of Defence and a number of other portfolios. Opposition Leader 2007-11. (b. 1946-).

19.04.2006-07.03.2007 Han Myung-sook, South Korea During the years of the military dictatorship, she started her career as a social activist in the South Korea Christian Academy and was a political prisoner 1979-81. Master in Christian Theology and Women's Studies and B.A. in French. MP from 2000. Minister of Gender Equality 2001-03 and Minister of Environment 2003-04 She resigned to run as candidate in the Uri-party internal primaries but soon after the party merged with other parties into the United New Democratic Party and Chairperson of the Supreme Council of the Democratic United Party from 2012. (1944-). 31.03.2008-14.09.2009 Zinaida Grecianï¿½i, Moldova Vice-Minister 2000-01 and First Vice-Minister of Finance 2001-02, Minister of Finance 2002-05 and 1.

Vice Prime Minister and Coordinator of the activity of executive institution in charge with economic-financial sector from 2005. Following the parliamentary elections in March she was put forward on two rounds of voting for the post of President in May and June but got 60 votes, one short of the required majority. The Communists lost the subsequent elections and she resigned to take up her position as an MP. (b. 1956-). 31.07.2008-11.11.2009 Michï¿½le Pierre-Louis, Haiti The third nominee by president Preval since March, has been Executive Director of the Foundation of Knowledge and Liberty since 1995. On 31.07 the Senate confirmed her nomination and she was appointed to the post by the President and on 05.09 the two chambers had approved her programme of government and list of ministers and she finally took over the government. (b. 1947-).

03.12.2008-05.12.2012 Antonella Mularoni, San Marino As Secretary of Foreign and Political Affairs she also functions as Leader of the Government even though the Captain Generals are both Heads of State and Government. She was Political Secretary to the Minister of Finance 1986-87, Director of the Office for relations with the associations of San Marino citizens living abroad 1987-90, Deputy Permanent Representative to the Council of Europe, 1989-90, Barrister and public notary in the Republic of San Marino 1991-2001, Member of the General Grand Council 1993-2001 and again from 2008, and Judge of the European Court of Human Rights 2001-08. (b. 1961-).

01.02.2009-23.05.2013 Jï¿½hanna Sigurï¿½ardï¿½ttir, Iceland Johanna Sigurdardsottir was Deputy Chairperson of the Social Democrats 1984-93, Chairperson 1994-99 of the National Revival Party until she rejoined the Social Democrats and became it's leader in 2009, Vice-President of the Lower Chamber 1979 and 1983-84 and Vice-Chairperson of the the Alï¿½ing 2003-07, Minister of Social Affairs And Health 1987-91 and Minister of Social Affairs 1991-94 and 2007-09. First married to ï¿½orvaldur Steinar Jï¿½hannesson with whom she has got sons, and is now married to the author Jï¿½nï¿½na Leï¿½sdï¿½ttir, who is mother of 1 son. (b.

1942-) 06.07.2009-23.12.2011 Jadranka Kosor, Croatia Vice-President of the Sabor 1995-2000 and 2011, Deputy Chairperson of HDZ 1995-97, Party Leader 2009-12 and Leader of the Opposition 2011-12. Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of War Weterans from 2003, Minister for Family and Inter-Generation Solidarity 2003-08 and responsible for Foreign Policy and Human Rights. Presidential Candidate 2005. (b. 1953-). 21.10.2009-13.11.2009 (Acting) Canada : History | The Commonwealth The Commonwealth Canada : History History From 1968 to 1984, Canadian politics was dominated by Pierre Trudeau, leader of the Liberal Party and four times Prime Minister. During his administrations, social welfare was increased, immigration liberalised and multiculturalism promoted.

After his retirement in 1984, his party was eventually ousted by the Progressive Conservative Party (PCP) under Brian Mulroney, who promoted more stringent social policies, some privatisation and free trade. Brian Mulroney was succeeded in 1993 by Kim Campbell, Canada’s first woman Prime Minister. Campbell and the Conservatives were crushingly defeated in the October 1993 elections, winning only two seats. The Liberal Party, led by Jean Chrétien, won 177 seats. Recently established parties, the Reform Party (52 seats) and Bloc Québécois (54), did well in the election. In an early general election in June 1997, Chrétien and the Liberal Party retained power with a reduced majority, winning 155 seats. The Reform Party took 60 seats, Bloc Québécois 44. The PCP recovered to 20 seats and the New Democratic Party also won 20, up from nine in 1993. The elections exposed the increasing regionalisation of Canadian politics, with 101 of the Liberal seats being won in Ontario and the remainder in a few large cities.

The Reform Party’s seats were almost exclusively in the west of the country. The Canadian Alliance became the official opposition in the federal House of Commons in March 2000 when the Reform Party joined it. Québec The Parti Québécois (PQ) was founded in 1968, with a separatist programme. It came to power in Québec in 1976 and a referendum on Québec sovereignty was held in 1980 in which 60 per cent of Québec voters rejected secession. However, Québec did not approve the new Federal Constitution of 1982, and the issue remained unresolved. A way forward was apparently found by the Meech Lake accord in 1987. Its main points were the recognition of Québec as a ‘distinct society’ and new provincial powers. However, Manitoba and Newfoundland failed to ratify the accord before the 1990 deadline and New Brunswick then halted its own ratification process. Many Québécois were antagonised by what they interpreted as a rejection of their interests, culture and language. Extensive public consultations on constitutional reform followed, culminating in the Charlottetown accord of 28 August 1992.

Among other things, this accord recognised Québec as a distinct society and also recognised aboriginal rights to self-government within Canada. However, the Charlottetown Accord proposals were rejected in a national referendum in October 1992. Despite the clear practical difficulties of secession, the PQ, winning the provincial elections of 1994, held a referendum on the separatist option on 30 October 1995. The result was a narrow defeat for the secessionists: a majority of less than one per cent voted to remain within the federation of Canada. In August 1998 the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that under both federal and international law Québec only had the right to secede with the agreement of both federal and seven of the ten provincial legislatures. However, it did stipulate that should a clear majority of the people of Québec vote to secede, then the federal and provincial governments should enter into negotiations with it in good faith. In Québec’s provincial elections in November 1998, the vote was evenly divided between the PQ and the Liberals, although the PQ was returned with 75 of the 125 seats – but only 43 per cent of the votes cast.

With voters divided, it seemed unlikely that the PQ would risk another referendum in the near future. During 2000, the federal parliament passed legislation giving it the right to approve questions to be posed in future referendums on secession by individual provinces. Women of Influence A Conversation with Canada’s first female Prime Minister, the Right Honourable Kim Campbell October, 7th, 2011 Profiles A WOMAN OF GROUNDBREAKING FIRSTS: Canada’s first female Prime Minister looks back on her storied career. After breaking barriers in her rise to become Canada’s first female Prime Minister, the Right Honourable Kim Campbell remains a force to be reckoned with on the world stage. She began bursting through glass ceilings at the young age of 16, when she became the first female student body president of her high school in Vancouver. Before rising to prominence as Canada’s first female PM in 1993, Campbell had already blazed a new trail for women in politics as the first woman in Canada to hold the portfolios of Minister of Justice, Attorney General and Minister of Defence, and the first woman to be a defence minister of a NATO country.

“Politics was a wonderful way for me to fulfill many of my goals,” Campbell says of her historic career. “It was an extraordinary education and enabled me to do a lot of very important things. Having been PM allows me to open doors for people and has been very helpful in my work advancing democracy in countries around the world.” Her accomplishments are all the more impressive given that politics wasn’t a career she actively sought out. “I didn’t grow up in a particularly political family,” she recalls, noting the idea of entering politics came to her while lecturing in political science at both the University of British Columbia and Vancouver Community College. Involved in academics, Campbell went on to be the trustee for the Vancouver School Board and served as chair in 1983 and vice-chair in 1984. She entered provincial politics a few years later, running unsuccessfully for the BC Social Credit Party. In October 1986, she was elected to the British Columbia Legislative Assembly. “It sort of unfolded naturally from my other experiences,” she says of her political path. “I had the chance to run for school board and found I had the proper temperament for politics.

But being Prime Minister was something I never imagined, it wasn’t in my plan.” Those plans changed dramatically after then-PM Brian Mulroney resigned in February 1993 in the hopes of bolstering his party’s chances in the upcoming general election. “Mulroney really waited until the last minute and none of us knew whether he was going to step down or not,” Campbell says. “It all happened very fast. I announced my candidacy in March and then the leadership convention was in June. So there was very little time to do much before we had to call an election.” Despite the rocky road that led to her term as PM, Campbell says she relished the experience. “It was wonderful,” she says of her term. “Although it was shorter than I would have liked, I’m quite comfortable with what I accomplished. For me the challenge was not having enough time to change the face of the government and convince Canadians to give the party a second chance.” During her short term in office, Campbell focused on overhauling and streamlining government operations. This included cutting the cabinet from 35 to 23 ministers and consolidating ministries by creating three new entities: the Ministries of Health, Canadian Heritage and Public Safety.

“I want to encourage Canada to become more engaged internationally. I think we have an obligation to engage with international issues and be a player as much as we can, while also preserving what is good in the country. There are continuing challenges for Canada, but you never really solve all challenges. Each generation will always have a new challenge to face.” “One thing I focused on was the process of doing politics,” she explains. “People don’t seem to think that’s important, but it’s very important in terms of making decisions. I was thinking of how to strengthen things that Canadians felt were fundamental to their social contract, while at the same time dealing with a very difficult deficit situation.” Despite her growing popularity, including a 51 per cent approval rating that ranked her as the most popular PM in 30 years, Campbell and the Progressive Conservatives were defeated by Jean Chretien’s Liberals in the 1993 election. Since then, she has made a name for herself internationally as secretary general of the Club of Madrid, an organization of former heads of government and state who work to promote democratization, Chair of the Council of Women World Leaders and president of the International Women’s Forum, among other things.

Her success defied the expectations of many who expected her to fall apart after her defeat. “I was very disappointed, I’m a human being, but if one door closes I find one more will open,” she says of the loss. “My perspective is I tend not to think in terms of failures, I think all the things you face tend to show how strong you are. I feel fortunate to have a life where I’ve had to deal with crises.” Much of Campbell’s work in the years following her defeat has revolved around democracy and the status of women. Many would argue she is especially qualified to deal with the latter after her lengthy experience in the male-dominated political arena. “For many people it was very exciting to have a woman as PM, but it was also a challenge in many ways,” she explains. “It’s always a challenge to break through when you’re part of a non-traditional group. When people think you don’t belong, they never give you the benefit of the doubt. When Chretien made errors or gaffes people said ‘oh, that’s just him,’ because people thought he belonged there.

Whereas with me, it justified the belief that I didn’t belong there.” Although there have been improvements, Campbell believes there is still much to be done when it comes to equality, noting that many may not even recognize their prejudice. “It’s not that people are consciously trying to be unfair, it’s just that we all have these unconscious biases,” she says. “Organizations now are much more explicit in the need to create equality for women. History has shown that when you don’t involve women, peace processes break down. So there are a lot of things that are now accepted as conventional wisdom. Implementing them may be a different story, but we’re not fighting against that fundamental philosophical idea of women as lesser anymore.” When it comes to equality within government, however, many countries are lagging. Canada is currently ranked 40th on the Inter-Parliamentary Union’s List of Women in National Politics. One advancement Campbell would like to see at home is the implementation of proportional representation. “The first past the post system is tough for equality,” she explains, suggesting a two-member constituency where each electoral district would vote for one man and one woman.

“That way you would not lose that grassroots movement of nominating candidates, but it would do away with competition between male and female and create co-operation instead of competition.” Currently in San Diego with husband Hershey Felder, an actor, playwright and composer, Campbell generally splits her time between the U.S. and France — when she’s not travelling, of course. Despite the constant globetrotting, her homeland is never far from her mind. “When I’m working in these centres trying to build democracy, what I learned as a leader in Canada is very valuable,” she says. “I try to have a sense of responsibility from having had the great honour to serve as PM. I consider myself in many ways an ambassador of Canada.” Campbell praises Canada for its position as a global leader, calling it a “remarkable country,” but says she would like to see more leadership on global issues, such as climate change. “I want to encourage Canada to become more engaged internationally,” she says. “I think we have an obligation to engage with international issues and be a player as much as we can while also preserving what is good in the country. There are continuing challenges for Canada, but you never really solve all challenges.

Each generation will always have a new challenge to face.” Campbell says she’s currently trying to “simplify” her life in order to focus on plans for a book. And although she may be slowly retreating from public life, one thing is clear, Campbell still has much to contribute to global dialogue. Liked this? Check out:

Question: Who became Canada's first woman Prime Minister in 1993?
Answer: Kim Campbell