Mycology: The Study of Fungi Mycology: The Study of Fungi Fungi are living things that are one of the five classification systems of organisms. The study of fungi is called mycology. Mycologists look at different types of fungus and categorize them in various specifications, such as those that are helpful and those that cause disease. Mycologists also discover ways to get rid of harmful fungi that have infected people or taken over space; they determine the living conditions to grow fungi; and they look for new uses of fungi to help people. Fungi do not have any way of making their own food, as plants do. In order to continue growing, they then must find a source to get their nutrients. They can grow well in dark places and do not need light as a source of life. Many types of fungi are similar to plants in appearance, but there are also many that do not resemble plants at all. For example, the mushroom is a common fungus that many people think of. Mushrooms look a little bit like plants but they must grow in an area where they can take in food from another source. The source of food can come from almost anywhere.

Some fungus, such as mold, grows on surfaces, or is found in food. Another type of fungus, yeast, grows in food by consuming sugar or other nutrients. There have been over 200,000 types of fungi that have been identified and classified, and there are many more that are yet to be discovered. Fungus is found everywhere and serves many interesting purposes. Truffles are considered a delicacy and are dug from the ground in parts of Europe, bringing a very high price for those who want to eat them. Some fungi work naturally in the environment to decompose organic matter, providing people with composting sites and reducing leaves and waste. There are even types of fungi used in ancient Eastern medicines that treat various ailments; their healing properties are so effective they are considered magical. The study of fungi is very diverse and serves to help people in hundreds of different ways. Many people think negatively about fungus. Fungal infections can cause disease in the skin, mouth, or even the bloodstream and the heart. People can get very sick and require medication to eliminate these infections. Fungus can take over parts of our homes, including mold in the walls, requiring cleanup.

When food is leftover and not cared for, fungus grows on it in the form of mold and spoils the food. Mold dust also causes allergic reactions in people, making them miserable with symptoms of watery eyes and cough when they are near. Many types of fungus are poisonous when consumed, and people have been known to become very sick by eating a mushroom and assuming it was harmless. Fungi also have many good purposes, too. If it were not for certain types of fungi, many thousands of people would not be alive today. Penicillin was an early type of antibiotic use to treat bacterial infections. Penicillin is named for the mold that it was originally made from. This fungus, Penicillium notatum, was found to impede the growth of bacteria. It later was developed into an antibiotic that saved many lives. Fungi are the bases for other types of medication, such as steroids, which treat different types of illness. Yeast causes bread to rise and allows wine to ferment. Yogurt has fungal culture and is considered a healthy food that also can regulate the digestive system. Fungi are so diverse that they cannot be described in exactly one way.

The study of mycology has helped thousands of people and changed many lives because of the fascinating growth of fungus. While nature continues to serve its purposes, growing and changing, there is even more to be discovered about what these are and what they can do. General Fungi Resources What Is The Scientific Study Of Fungi Called? | eNotes What Is The Scientific Study Of Fungi Called? parama9000 | Student, Grade 11 | (Level 1) Valedictorian Posted on May 31, 2014 at 3:01 AM It is known as mycology. Mycology involves the study of the genetic and biochemical properties of fungi. Mycology is closely associated with phytopathology, the study of plant diseases, as most plant diseases are due to fungi. like 0 dislike 0 atyourservice | Student, Grade 11 | (Level 3) Valedictorian Posted on The scientific study of fungi is called mycology. A mycologist usually studies the genetics of fungus and their chemical properties.

like 0 dislike 0 acompanioninthetardis | Student, Undergraduate | (Level 1) Valedictorian Posted on The scientific study of fungi is simply called Mycology. The scientists who study it are Mycologists. like 0 dislike 0 October 10, 2011 at 4:00 PM Mycology is the study of fungi. At various points throughout history, fungi have been considered to be either plants or animals. It was finally concluded that fungi are neither plants nor animals, but are a distinct group. Fungi are now considered one of the five kingdoms into which all living organisms are classified. Fungi have a unique cellular structure and an unusual pattern of sexual reproduction. They may be single-celled or multicelled organisms (the great majority are multicelled), in which each cell contains a nucleus. Examples of fungi include puffballs, mushrooms, yeasts, and molds. Fungi have an unusual cellular structure in that the nuclei stream between cells, making it appear as if the cells have multiple nuclei. This cellular structure, along with their unique method of reproducing by forming spores, distinguish the fungi from all other organisms.

Fungi are heterotrophs, meaning they cannot produce their own food from inorganic matter (not derived from living organisms). Fungi secrete enzymes that breakdown organic matter (derived from living organisms) outside their bodies. Their cells then absorb the products. The digestive activities of fungi are essential in the decomposition (breakdown) of organic material and the cycling of nutrients in nature. Some fungi, called saprobes, obtain nutrients from nonliving organic matter. Other fungi are parasites, meaning they obtain nutrients from the tissues of living host organisms. Sources: Moore-Landecker, Elizabeth. Fundamentals of the Fungi, 3rd ed., pp. 1-2; Starr, Cecie, and Ralph Taggert. Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 6th ed., p. 373. Source: UXL Science Fact Finder, ©1998 Gale Cengage. All Rights Reserved. Full copyright . like 0 dislike 0 fungithe study of fungi s fungus is called, Biology fungithe study of fungi s fungus is called fungithe study of fungi s fungus is called Fungi The study of fungi (s. fungus) is called mycology.

Fungi are unicellular or multicellular chemoheterotrophic eukaryotes. They may be grouped into yeasts, molds and fungal-like agents. Yeasts are oval to spherical single cells; they reproduce by budding. Molds are multicellular filamentous fungi that consist of thread like filaments called hyphae (s. hypha) that grow by elongation of their tips into an intertwining mat called the mycelium (pl. mycelia). Hyphae may be septate or non septate (example: mucor, rhizopus, absidia) Fungal-like agents, viz. Prototheca and Pythium species are discussed traditionally as mycotic agents since they produce elements that resemble fungi in tissue, and some may form yeastlike colonies on mycological media. The cell wall of fungi contain cellulose, chitin, glucan, chitosan or mannan. The mode of reproduction is by means of specialized cells, called spores.

The fungi can be divided into the following four morphological groups: (i) the moulds which are filamentous (ii) the yeasts are unicellular and reproduce by budding (iii) the yeast like fungi, partly grow as yeasts and partly as long filaments (iv) the dimorphic fungi grow either as filaments or as yeasts, pending on cultural conditions. Pathogenic fungi are categorized into groups based on sexual reproduction. These comprise ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, zygomycetes and deuteromycetes (fungi imprfectii). Biology for Kids: Fungi Biology for Kids Fungi Fungi are a group of living organisms which are classified in their own kingdom. This means they are not animals , plants , or bacteria . Unlike bacteria, which have simple prokaryotic cells, fungi have complex eukaryotic cells like animals and plants. Fungi are found throughout the Earth including on land, in the water, in the air, and even in plants and animals. They vary widely in size from microscopically small to the largest organisms on Earth at several square miles large. There are more than 100,000 different identified species of fungi.

How are fungi different from plants? Fungi were once classified as plants. However, they are different from plants in two important ways: 1) fungi cell walls are composed of chitin rather than cellulose (plants) and 2) fungi do not make their own food like plants do through photosynthesis. Characteristics of Fungi They get their food by decomposing matter or eating off their hosts as parasites. They do not possess chlorophyll like plants. They reproduce through numerous spores rather than pollen, fruit, or seeds. They are usually not motile, meaning they cannot actively move around. Roles of Fungi Food - Many fungi are used as food such as mushrooms and truffles. Yeast, a type of fungi, is used when baking bread to help it rise and to ferment beverages. Decomposition - Fungi play an important role in the decomposition of organic matter. This decomposition is necessary for many of the cycles of life such as the carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen cycles . By breaking down organic matter, fungi release carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen into the soil and the atmosphere. Medicine - Some fungi are used to killed bacteria that can cause infections and disease in humans.

They make antibiotics like penicillin and cephalosporin. Types of Fungi Scientists often divide fungi into four groups: club fungi, molds, sac fungi, and imperfect fungi. Some of the more common fungi that you are likely to see or use everyday are described below. Mushrooms - Mushrooms are part of the club fungi group. Mushrooms are the fruiting body of a fungus. Some mushrooms are good to eat and are used as food, while others are very poisonous. Never eat a mushroom you find in the woods! Mold - Molds are formed by filaments called hyphae. Molds tend to form on old fruit, bread, and cheese. They sometimes look furry as the hyphae grow upward and release more mold spores from their tips. Yeast - Yeasts are small round single-celled organisms. Yeasts are important in making bread rise. Interesting Facts about Fungi Scientists who specialize in the study of fungi are called mycologists. The fungi kingdom is more similar to the animal kingdom than the plant kingdom. The word "fungus" is a Latin word meaning "mushroom". It is estimated that there are at least 1.5 million different species of fungi.

The top of a mushroom is called the cap. The small plates under the cap are called gills. The fungus Trichoderma is sometimes used in the process when making stone-washed jeans. Activities Take a ten question quiz about this page. More Biology Subjects What is fungus? What are fungi? - Medical News Today What is fungus? What are fungi? Written by Christian Nordqvist 4.5 64 6 Fungi (Singular: fungus) are classified within their own kingdom - The Kingdom Fungi, while some are in The Kingdom Protista. A fungus is neither a plant nor an animal. It is similar to a plant, but it has no chlorophyll and cannot make its own food like a plant can through photosynthesis. They get their food by absorbing nutrients from their surroundings. Kingdom Fungi includes mushrooms, rusts, smuts, puffballs, truffles, morels, molds, and yeasts, and thousands of other organisms and microorganisms. They range from microscopic single-celled organisms, such as yeast, to gigantic multicellular organisms. Many fungi play a crucial role in decomposition (breaking things down) and returning nutrients to the soil.

They are also used in medicine, an example is the antibiotic penicillin , as well as in industry and food preparation. For a long time fungi were classified as plants, mainly because of their similar lifestyles - both are seen to grow in soil and are sessile (permanently attached; not moving). Plant and fungal cells both have a cell wall, while cells from the animal kingdom don't. Fungi are thought to have diverged from the plant and animal kingdoms about one billion years ago. Human feet have hundreds of fungi - researchers from the National Human Genome Research Institute in Bethesda, Maryland, USA, reported in the journal Nature that nearly 200 types of fungi species live on our feet. Our feet harbor more fungi than any other part of the body . What is Mycology? Mycology is the study of fungi - it is a branch of biology. A mycologist studies fungi's genes, biochemical properties, their use to us as a source of food, their hallucinogenic, poisonous and pathogenic (ability to cause disease) properties. It was not until the 16th century, when the microscope was developed, that mycology became a well established science.

What is the difference between a mushroom and a toadstool? Most reputable scientific reference sources indicate that there is no scientific difference. People tend to refer to toadstools as the toxic (poisonous) ones and mushrooms as the edible ones. However, many mushrooms are poisonous too. A number of non-scientefic dictionaries state that a toadstool is an inedible mushroom. So, the safest answer is "There is no scientific difference, but people refer to toadstools as the inedible or toxic ones." The word toadstool is commonly used in children's stories to indicate a poisonous or colorful mushroom. Where do fungi exist? Fungi exist in various habitats, including deep down in the ocean, lakes, rocks, deserts, very salty environments, and areas of extremely high or low temperatures. Some can prevail even after being exposed to intense UV and cosmic radiation as one would encounter during space travel. During the 13 years the Mir space station was in orbit, a great deal of equipment was continuously being damaged by mutated fungi that had been breeding in the space station. At first technicians were puzzled and thought the problems must have been due to faulty workmanship. The majority of fungi live on land.

Fungi and bacteria are the main decomposers of organic matter in virtually all ecosystems on Earth. Taxonomists have classified approximately 70,000 types of fungi. Experts say there are many more - possibly 1.5 million. Fungi used to be classified according to their shape, structure, biological and biochemical characteristics. Advances in DNA sequencing have helped extend the classification of different species of fungi. Taxonomy is the classification of organisms. How do fungi feed? Although fungi are similar to plants in many ways, they do not have chlorophyll, the green pigment that enables plants to make their own food with the aid of sunlight (photosynthesis). Fungi release digestive enzymes that decompose things around them, turning them into food. The fungus then absorbs the dissolved foods through the walls of its cells. Fungi have adapted various ways of doing this: Parasitic fungi - several species of fungi exist as parasites, feeding on live hosts, which might be animals, plants or even other fungi. Some of these parasitic fungi damage our crops, sicken farm animals, and harm or completely destroy trees. Dutch elm disease, caused by the fungus Ophiostoma ulmi destroyed hundreds of millions of elm tress worldwide.

The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae can devastate rice crops. The following fungi can cause serious diseases to humans: aspergilloses, candidoses, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, mycetomas, and paracoccidioidomycosis. An example is vaginal yeast infection. Saprobes or saprophytes - these break down dead organisms and substances that contain organic compounds and feed on them when they have rotted. Humans welcome saprobes and also fear them. They are useful decomposers of organic material, but also damage wood products and spoil our food. When ships used to be made of wood they were often rendered unusable by wood-digesting saprobes (polypores). Symbiosis - this is when one living thing builds up a relationship with another for the mutual survival of both. Some fungi form mycorrhizae which enhance a plant-root's capacity to absorb nutrients. The plant synthesizes nutrients the fungus needs and exchanges these nutrients for minerals the fungus absorbs from the soil - i.e. the plant and the fungus trade nutrients. Some leaf-cutting ants eat nothing but a type of fungi that lives in their nests.

The fungi live on nothing but the leaves the ants carry in for them. If the ant starved the fungi and killed them the ant would have no food and would die; if the fungi found a way of poisoning the ants and killing them off, the fungi would have no food and would die. They both depend on each other for survival. The structure of fungi The majority of fungi - except for the one-celled oranisms - are composed of hyphae; threadlike tubular filaments. Hyphae is the plural of hypha. A hypha has a rigid wall around it generally made of chitin. The outer skeletons (exoskeletons) of insects are also made of chitin. The hyphae may be partitioned by dividing cross walls called septate hyphae - and are called septate hyphae, while those without cross walls are called nonseptate, or coenocytic hyphae. The cells of all species of fungi contain cytoplasm - a mixture of nutrients and fluids. The cytoplasm flows inside the hyphae and nourishes any part that requires it.

The tips of a hypha grow by elongation and branch out to form an interwoven mat known as the mycelium. As the mycelium gets bigger it may produce structures (fruiting bodies) that contain spores. The fruiting bodies generally grow above the soil or other surfaces so that the spores can blow in the wind and spread. The mycelium is generally beneath the surface of whatever the fungus is decomposing. The umbrella-like structure of a mushroom is its fruiting body and is typically above the surface of whatever animal, plant or substance it is decomposing, while its mycelium is below the surface. How do fungi reproduce? Most fungi reproduce by making spores. A puffball may contain trillions of spores. Sexual reproduction - fungi generally undergo a reproductive cycle that includes the production of sexual spores. A sexual spore contains one nucleus that has set of chromosomes; just half of the total set of the fungal-cell chromosomes - they are haploid. Human sperm and eggs are haploid; they contain 23 chromosomes each, half of the 46 that exist in human cells. Some spores contain two or more nuclei.

When a spore germinates it eventually develops into a mycelium that produces fruiting bodies with sexual spores - and so the reproductive cycle starts all over again. Asexual reproduction - asexual spores may be produced directly from the hypha in some fungi - without the need for fruiting bodies. The spores then germinate and produce additional mycelium, which spreads rapidly. Experts say this allows more rapid dispersal than sexual reproduction. The dikaryon stage - There are two mating strains of hyphae which exist in the mycelium - the plus and the minus strain. They both look the same, but are different. Sexual reproduction occurs when the plus and minus strains fuse. Their nuclei will remain separate during the initial stages - this intermediate stage is called the dikaryon. Dikaryon means a pair of associated but unfused haploid nuclei of a fungus cell capable of participating in repeated cell division as separate entities before their eventual fusion - i.e. two nuclei, each with one half of the chromosome pairs, participating in cell division, but with nuclei not fusing yet, before the nuclei eventually fuse.

With some species the dikaryon stage may last for several years, while with others it may be just a question of weeks. Eventually the two nuclei fuse and become one nucleus with the pairs of chromosomes joined up (two sets containing half the total chromosomes each), forming a diploid cell. The diploid cell then divides producing daughter cells with half the parent cell's genetic material - this process is called meiosis. Usually four genetically unique haploid spores are produced, and the cycle restarts. This form of procreation using genetically different spores helps fungi adapt more effectively to novel diseases and environmental changes. If all the fungi were genetically identical they could all be destroyed by a single disease or a significant environmental change. Fragmentation - in some types of fungi the hyphae fragment, with each fragment developing into a new separate organism. With the single cell of yeast, a bump forms on the cell which eventually breaks off and ultimately becomes a new yeast cell. How are fungi classified? The classification of fungi has long been a subject of controversy among experts. Pier Antonio Micheli, an Italian botanist, was the first to describe fungi in scientific terms we are used to today. He classed them as plants.

For a long time the study of fungi (Mycology) was a subdivision of botany. Robert H. Wittaker (USA, 1920-1980) a vegetation ecologist introduced a 5-Kingdom taxonomy, granting fungi equal status with animals and plants. The 5-Kingdom taxonomy included: Kingdom Animalia (animal kingdom) The Kingdom Plantae (plant kingdom) Kingdom Fungi (fungi kingdom) Kingdom Protista (types of eukaryotic organisms; containing complex structures enclosed within membranes) Kingdom Monera (types of microscopic single-celled organisms whose genetic material is loose in the cell, instead of being held in the cell's nucleus) Today some countries, such as the USA use a 6-Kingdom system: Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Protista Kingdom Prokaryota/Monera Current mycologists say that as some slime molds, mildews and water molds have similar feeding stages to amoebas, plus some other qualities, they should be part of a separate kingdom called Kingdom Protista, while others talk about Kingdom Stremenopila for water molds and downy mildews that have no chitin, as well as some other characteristics.

Kingdoms are divided into phila Today, the main criteria for fungus classification is the type of spores and fruiting bodies it produces. All Kingdoms are divided into phyla (singular: phylum). A phylum is a primary division of a kingdom. Fungi are commonly divided into four broad phyla: Chytridiomycota (Chytrids) - these are microscopic fungi and are mostly found in freshwater or damp/drenched soil. The majority of chytrids are parasites of algae and animals. Some are saprobes (living on decomposed organic matter). A chytrid called Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis causes disease in amphibians. Scientists have identified over 800 species of chytrids. Zygomycota - these mold that forms on bread and many other foods. The mold has tiny black dots (sporangia) which produce sporangiospores - asexual spores. Many types of zygomycota are insect and spider parasites. Ascomycota - there are about 33,000 identified species of ascomycetes that feed on both living and dead matter.

Ascomycetes are primary decomposers of plants. They are also important causes of plant and human diseases. They are used in brewing, baking, winemaking, and as sources of therapeutic drugs. They are also used in the production of some cheeses, such as Camembert, Roquefort and Stilton. Basidiomycota - Both edible and poisonous mushrooms are types of basidiomicetes. They cause devastating plant diseases. Basidiomicetes are commonly found in birds' nests. Most decomposition of living or dead wood that occurs in forests as well as inside man-made structures is caused by basidiomicetes. Leaf ants live exclusively on a type of basidiomicetes, as do some termites. Cryptococcosis, a human infection caused by inhaling a basidiomicetes fungus called Cryptococcus neoformans, commonly infects patients with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV / AIDS , or people receiving medications that suppress their immune system. Infection is usually limited to the lungs, but can spread to other parts of the body, causing meningitis . What do humans use fungi for?

Fungi as a food or used in food preparation Humans have been eating fungi since before we started walking on our hind legs. Today we eat an enormous variety of edible fungi, including truffles, mushrooms, quorn, shitake and hundreds others. We also use fungi, e.g. yeast, in food manufacturing. Yeast is needed for the fermentation of wine, beers and other alcoholic drinks. We add yeast to dough to make the bread rise when we bake it. Fungi used in industry and agriculture Fungi are used in the production of ethanol. They are used extensively to produce industrial chemicals, such as citric acid, gluconic acid, malic acid, and biological detergents. The production of many deliberately faded garments would be much more difficult without using fungi. They are used in bioremediation - the detoxification of polluted water or soil. Fungi are also used in agriculture for pest control and to protect crops from diseases. Fungi used in medicine Antibiotics - Many types of antibiotics come from fungi, such as penicillin (Penicillium chrysogenum), cephalosporin (Acremonium) , and griseofulvin (Penicillium griseofulvin).

Penicillin works by destroying the wall of a bacterial cell. Fungal antibiotics are extensively used for treating tuberculosis , syphilis , and leprosy, to name but a few diseases. Chemotherapy - Antibacterial chemotherapy uses fungi. Lentilan, a drug used in cancer treatment, is sourced from the shiitake mushroom. Immunosuppressants - Cyclosporin is a medication that transplant patients take to suppress their immune system. It is produced by the fungus Beauveria nivea and significantly lowers the risk of transplanted organ refection. Many successful transplant procedures could not have occurred without this drug. Laboratory studies indicate that Agaricus blazei may stimulate the human immune system and could have major implications for human health - especially in the treatment of many cancers. Extracts of the mushroom Phellinus linteus may halt breast cancer growth , according to scientists from the Methodist Research Institute in Indianapolis, USA. Traditional Chinese Medicine includes several types of mushrooms, such as Agaricus, Ganoderma, and Cordyceps among its various therapies. Fungi that cause human diseases - pathogenic fungi Mycosis is a disease caused by a fungus (plural: mycoses).

Fungi that cause diseases are called pathogenic fungi. Mycoses can be divided into four broad groups; these groups are classified according to how deeply the fungus penetrates into the body: Superficial mycosis The fungus does not penetrate at all. It is present only on the surface of the skin or on the patient's hair. This may include various types of ringworm (tinea), including athlete's foot, scalp ringworm, and body (skin) ringworm. Candida albicans is a yeast that causes candidiasis . As a superficial mycosis candidiasis usually affects the vagina of females or the mouth of both males and females. It exists normally in the vagina or gastrointestinal tract, but may multiply rapidly, especially if the person is ill or has a weakened immune system. Taking antibiotics may sometimes result in rapid reproduction of Candida albicans. Fungi that obtain nutrients from keratinized material are called dermatophytes. Dermatophytes cause superficial and cutaneous mycosis (below). Cutaneous mycosis The infection is generally limited to the nonliving keratinized layers of skin, hair, and nails - no living tissue is invaded.

Also includes tinea (ringworm), as well as candidiasis of the skin, mucus membranes and nails (Candida albicans and related species). Subcutaneous mycosis The fungi reach below the skin and infect subcutaneous (area just below the skin), connective and bone tissue. These infections are usually chronic (long-lasting) and often occur when the skin is pierced or wounded, allowing the fungi to enter, usually in the form of vegetable matter. These infections may be hard to treat and often require removal of damaged skin (debridement). Subcutaneous mycoses are much more common in the tropics. Sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix schenckii is an example of subcutaneous mycosis. Sporotrichosis used to be common in Europe, but is very rare there today. It is more common in Australia, South Africa and in the warmer regions of the Americas. Infection may occur as a result of an insect bite, a thorn prick or a scratch from any sharp object. Infection risk is higher among florists, farmers, gardeners and people who work with hay and moss.

Systemic mycosis This is a fungal infection that may reach any part of the body, including the brain and heart, as well as the bloodstream. The fungi usually enter via the lungs, gastrointestinal tract or intravenously. An example of systemic mycosis is cryptococcosis, which is caused by Cryptococcus neoformans, a type of yeast. It can cause subacute or chronic meningitis. The fungi enter the body by inhalation. Infected patients may also develop lung infections. Cryptococcus neoformans may be found in pigeon droppings. Written by Christian Nordqvist Contact our news editors For any corrections of factual information, or to contact our editorial team, please see our contact page . Please note: Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a health care professional. For more information, please read our terms of use . Copyright Medical News Today: Excluding email/sharing services explicitly offered on this website, material published on Medical News Today may not be reproduced, or distributed without the prior written permission of Medilexicon International Ltd. Please contact us for further details .

Most popular in: Biology / Biochemistry Morphology of the Fungi Fungi : More on Morphology Like plants and animals, fungi are eukaryotic multicellular organisms. Unlike these other groups, however, fungi are composed of filaments called hyphae; their cells are long and thread-like and connected end-to-end, as you can see in the picture below. Because of this diffuse association of their cells, the body of the organism is given the special name mycelium, a term which is applied to the whole body of any fungus. When reproductive hyphae are produced, they form a large organized structure called a sporocarp, or mushroom. This is produced solely for the release of spores, and is not the living, growing portion of the fungus. In addition to being filamentous, fungal cells often have multiple nuclei. In the chytrids and zygomycetes, the cells are coenocytic, with no distinction between individual cells. Rather, the filaments are long and tubular, with a cytoplasm lining and large vacuole in the center.

By contrast, the ascomycetes and basidiomycetes are septate; their filaments are partitioned by cellular cross-walls called septa. The structure of these septa varies, and is taxonomically useful. Another feature of fungi is the presence of chitin in their cell walls. This is a long carbohydrate polymer that also occurs in the exoskeletons of insects, spiders, and other arthropods . The chitin adds rigidity and structural support to the thin cells of the fungus, and makes fresh mushrooms crisp. Most members of the kingdom Fungi lack flagella; the structures are completely absent in all stages of their life cycle. The only exception are the chytrids , which produce flagellated gametes. The absence of flagella then, is a synapomorphy which unites all the remaining groups of fungi. This has had a tremendous impact on fungal biology, because it means that no fungus can produce motile gametes, and two organisms must therefore come into direct physical contact to effect sexual reproduction. For more on reproduction in fungi, click on "Life History and Ecology". Source: C.J. Alexopoulos & C. W. Mims, 1979.

Introductory Mycology, 3rd ed. Wiley, NY. Kingdom Fungi The Study of Fungi is called Mycology What is probably the largest living organism on earth has been discovered in the Malheur National Forest. - ppt download Download Presentation is loading. Please wait. Kingdom Fungi The Study of Fungi is called Mycology What is probably the largest living organism on earth has been discovered in the Malheur National Forest. Published by Aja Plumer Modified about 1 year ago Embed Similar presentations More Presentation on theme: "Kingdom Fungi The Study of Fungi is called Mycology What is probably the largest living organism on earth has been discovered in the Malheur National Forest."— Presentation transcript: 1 Kingdom Fungi The Study of Fungi is called Mycology What is probably the largest living organism on earth has been discovered in the Malheur National Forest in eastern Oregon. A fungus living three feet underground is estimated to cover 2,200 acres. After testing samples from various locations, scientists say it is all one organism.

Officially known as Armillaria ostoyae, or the honey mushroom, the fungus is 3.5 miles across and takes up 1,665 football fields. The small mushrooms visible above ground are only the tip of the iceberg. Experts estimate that the giant mushroom is at least 2,400 years old, but could be 7,200 years old. 2 Characteristics of Kingdom Fungi Be Multicellular Have Eukaryotic cells Be Heterotrophs Must have cell walls Most fungi are sedentary..(they don’t move around, they live their lives anchored somewhere) In order to belong to the Kingdom Fungi, organisms must: 3 Cell Walls The cell walls of Fungi are made of Chitin (Chitin is a sugar… the same substance which makes up the exoskeleton of insects) Some fungi have cross walls, or septa, which divide the filaments into compartments having a single nucleus.

septum 4 Some cells lack septa and are multi-nucleated, or coenocytic (have many nuclei) 5 Digestion takes place outside the body (extra-cellular) Fungi are Absorptive Feeders …they simply ingest (absorb) digested foods thru their cell walls 6 Facts Fungi live and grow in their food only seen when the fruiting bodies emerge…. By then it’s too late 7 Facts Cell Walls are either partial or absent………. The cytosol is circulated through simple cyclosis. 8 Ecological Role The major role of Fungi is as Decomposers ( they are the great recyclers)….

They are Saprophytes 9 Fairy Ring 10 11 The Primary Structures of a Fungi Spores Hypha Mycelium Fruiting Body (haploid reproductive cell) (a single filament) (a mass of hyphae) (reproductive and dispersion) 12 Spores: Haploid Reproductive Cells 13 Spore with Developing Hypha ** (some fungi have haustoria, hyphae that can penetrate their host) Spore Hypha 14 The Hypha begins to branch as it digests its way through the food. 15 A Mass of Hyphae form the Mycelium 16 The Mycelium growth in a Petri Dish 17 Fungi spend most of their time as haploid (n) organisms. However, most form a temporary diploid structure for reproduction. The three following stages occur during sexual reproduction…. plasmogamy, karyogamy and meiosis. 18 Plasmogamy is the fusion of two haploid cells from two separate fungi strains. The fusion forms a dikaryon (a cell with the two haploid nuclei). A hypha containing a dikaryon is called a dikaryotic hypha.

19 Karyogamy is the fusing of the two haploid nuclei of a dikaryon to form a single diploid nucleus. 20 Meiosis of the diploid nucleus restores the haploid number. 2n n n 21 Fungi Reproduction Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually. Asexual reproduction includes: 1. fragmentation: the breaking up of hypha 2. budding: the pinching off of a small hypha outgrowth 3. asexual spores: there’s two kinds of asexual spores a. Sporangiospores are produced by sporangia which are located on top of a filament called a sporangiophore. b. Conidia are formed at the tips of specialized hyphae called conidiophores. 22 Asexual Spores Sporangium: Produces the sporangiospores Sporangiophore: Holds up the sporangium 23 Asexual Spores The Conidiophores look like tubes… the conidia look like small black dots inside the tubes. 24 Classification of Fungi mostly classified by the shape of the “Fruiting Bodies” The “Fruiting Bodies” are the reproductive structures.

Phylum Zygomycota (bread mold) Phylum Basidiomycota (mushrooms, puff balls, bracket fungi) Phylum Ascomycota (cup fungi) Phylum Deuteromycota (Imperfect fungi) 25 Phylum Zygomycota A common Zygomycota is Bread Mold Hyphae lack septa Sexual reproduction is by conjugation (fusing) hyphae from two different strains, followed by plasmogamy, karyogamy and meiosis and the production of Zygospores. 26 Zygomycota Sporangium: Produces the spores Sporangiophore: Holds up the sporangium 27 A nice bowl of mold 28 Want an orange ? Zygomycota does !! 29 30 Phylum Basidiomycota Mushrooms Puffballs Shelf (Bracket) Fungi Have Septa and reproduce sexually Underground hyphae intertwine and grow upward to produce a reproductive structure called a basidiocarp. This basidiocarp is what we call a mushroom. Basidiospores are produced on the basidia, reproductive structures, which are found on the edges of the gills.

31 Agaricus (gills) Amanita phalloides “Death Cap” 32 MICRO 2041 Study Guide (2013-14 Hughes) - Instructor Hughes at University of North Texas - StudyBlue Good to have you back! If you've signed in to StudyBlue with Facebook in the past, please do that again. MICRO 2041 Study Guide (2013-14 Hughes) MICRO 2041 Study Guide (2013-14 Hughes) StudyBlue Turbity is an example of a(n): An indirect measurement for determining bacterial counts in a culture. In serial dilutions, the number of bacterial colonies found on the plates will _________________ as the sample is diluted. Decrease Advertisement ) An organism with an optimal growth temperature of 60 degrees C would be considered to be a _______________________. Thermophile Microbial cultures can be stored for long periods of time by using deep-freezing. True. In the ___________ phase, bacteria grow slowly as they adapt to a new growth medium. Lag. The most common isolation method used to obtain pure cultures is the ____________________ method. Streak Plate.

An organism with an optimal growth temperature of 10 degrees C would be considered to be a _______________________. Psychrophile. In a direct microscopic count, dead cells are as likely to be counted as live ones. True. In the ____________ phase, the number of bacterial deaths exceeds the number of new cells formed. Death In the ____________ phase, the number of bacterial deaths exceeds the number of new cells formed. death phase or logarithmic decline phase (T/F) Microbial cultures can be stored for long periods of time by using refrigeration. False. In the ____________ phase, the number of bacterial deaths equals the number of divisions. Stationary In the ____________ phase, the number of bacterial deaths equals the number of divisions. stationary phase In the ___________ phase, bacteria are growing at a sustained, active pace where generation time is constant. Log (exponential) In the ___________ phase, bacteria are growing at a sustained, active pace where generation time is constant log phase or exponential growth phase Advertisement An organism with an optimal growth temperature of 90 degrees C would be considered to be a _______________________.

hypothermophile A(n) __________________ provides steam at high pressure and is used to sterilize items and culture media. Autoclave. (T/F) A .22 micrometer filter can be used to remove almost all types of bacteria from a liquid. True. Thermal death _____________ is the minimum time for all bacteria in a liquid to be killed at a given temperature. Time Pasteurization results in the sterilization of a food product. False ______________________ is destruction of all forms of microbial life. Sterilization Name an example of a halogen that can be used as an antimicrobial. Chlorine or Iodine Name an example of a halogen that can be used as an antimicrobial. iodine or chlorite ______________________ is reduction of microbial counts to safe levels on eating utensils. Sanitation. Thermal death ________________ is the lowest temperature at which all microbes in a liquid will be killed in 10 minutes. Point During transcription, RNA is made in the _____________ direction. 5' to 3' direction During transcription, RNA is made in the _____________ direction. 5' to 3' The __________________ of an organism is its genetic makeup.

Genotype The purpose of the transfer RNA molecule is to: -carry a specific amino acid -match up to a specific codon An operon that is turned on in the presence of a certain amount of a substrate is called a(n) ________________ operon. Inducible An operon that is turned off in the presence of a certain amount of a product is called a(n) ________________ operon. Repressible The DNA directed synthesis of an RNA molecule is called ____________________. Transcription The __________________ of an organism refers to the actual expressed properties you see in the organism. Phenotype (T/F) Plant viruses typically enter through wounds or are assisted in entering by other plant parasites. True Viruses that can induce tumors in animals are called ___________________. Oncovirus The genome of DNA viruses is typically replicated in the host cell's _________________. Nucleus Animal viruses enter cells through the active cellular process of ___________________.

-Pinocytosis separation of different size DNA fragments by gel electrophoresis Which of the following are true for PCR (select all that apply): a method for rapid amplification of DNA RFLP stands for: An enzyme which cuts DNA at a specific sequence is called a: restriction enzyme The enzyme which seals the gaps between fragments of DNA during splicing together of DNA pieces in genetic engineering experiments is: DNA ligase DNA created in a laboratory by joining pieces from different sources is called: recombinant DNA The ____________________________ blot is a method for transferring DNA from gels to nitrocellulose paper for use in identification of genes of interest. Southern is destruction of all forms of microbial life Thermal death point the lowest temperature at which all microbes in a liquid will be killed in 10 minutes.

Thermal death point Temp at which all organisms of a culture will be killed within 10 minutes autoclave provides steam at high pressure and is used to sterilize items and culture media Thermal death time the minimum time for all bacteria in a liquid to be killed at a given temperature Thermal death time How long it takes to kill a specific bacteria A .22 micrometer filter can be used to remove almost all types of bacteria and viruses from a liquid. (T/F) FALSE reduction of microbial counts to safe levels on eating utensils DNA replication is_____ lant viruses typically enter through wounds or are assisted in entering by other plant parasites. (T/F) True a method for rapid amplification of DNA recombinant DNA DNA created in a laboratory by joining pieces from different sources true for the carrier of foreign DNA in genetic engineering -can be a plasmid DNA ligase enzyme which seals the gaps between fragments of DNA during splicing together of DNA pieces in genetic engineering restriction enzyme An enzyme which cuts DNA at a specific sequence streak plate method most common isolation method used to obtain pure cultures hyperthermophile organism with an optimal growth temperature of 90 degrees C Hyperthermophiles Found in extreme heat envirements such as ocean vents or geysers.

110°C mesophile organism with an optimal growth temperature of 35 degrees C Mesophiles Moderate temperatures around 37°C. Escherichia Coli & human intestines Mesophile Midrange temp 30-37 degrees Celcius Turbidity indirect measurement for determining bacterial counts in a culture Temperature affects? average pH of most organisms? 7~8 pH unable to make something that the normal prototroph can make What is an auxotroph? Example? Mutant strain that can grow normally if the PRODUCT of a destroyed pathway is in the medium; humans & vitamins Auxotroph An organism that has lost the ability to synthesize substances required for its growth and metabolism due to mutational changes prototroph can make anything What is a Prototroph? A bacterium that can synthesize all essential organic compounds and can grow on a minimal medium Prototroph An organism capable of synthesizing all it metabolites from inorganic material, requiring no organic nutrients. "Fitness" is central dogma of molecular biology DNA-(transcription)->RNA-(translation)->Protein What is "denatured" and where/when does it occur? An enzyme can become denatured when temperatures reach extreme heat.

The proteins irreversibly unfold. Psychophiles Cold temperatures: Optimum temperature about 8°C Thermophiles Enjoy hotter temperatures around 65°C Thermophiles High temp above 50 degrees Celcius The Basic elements for life are C.H.O.N.P.S. Growing in Oxygen, Eukaryotes produce _____ ATP and Bacterial cells produce_____ ATP 36,38 Why do eukaryotes produce less ATP then Bacteria Cells? Eukaryotic cells lose 2 ATP from moving NADP to mitochondria to use in ETC. Microaerobes Need O in small amounts Facultative Anaerobes Oxygen not needed, but helps Killing a microbrial population is instantaneous. True or False? False, it occurs exponentially. Physical methods for killing microbes are ______, _______, ________, & _______ and examples include: Hot, Cold, Removal, UV radiation.

examples: Brushing teeth, washing hands, showering, freezer/refridgeration, autoclave Chemical methods for killing microbes are H2O2, bleach, ethonal, ammonia, chlorine Mechanical methods for killing microbes are/is ___________ which is NOT effective against ___________ Filtering; Viruses Biological methods for killing microbes are/is ________ which can either ____________________________ or ________________________________. Antibiotics; Bacteriocidal (killing) exponential death curve; Bacteriostatic (stops growth) destroyed by immune system. Describe Nitrogen fixation N2----> NH4 by the free living bacteria in the soil. What is an example of Plant & Bacterial symbiosis? How is it helpful? Symbiosis between Sinorhizobium bacteria & leguminous plants (Beans, peas, blue bonnets, mesquite trees). The bacteria "infect" root nodule on little hairs of plant's roots. The nodule is an anearobic enviroment for the bacteria who there can fix Nitrogen. What are 3 specific enzymed used in DNA replication?

DNA polymerase, helicase, ligase DNA is replicated in the ________ direction, begins at the ________, and is _________ from the replication fork. 5'---->3'; Origin; bidirectional DNA replication in bacteria occurs in the _________ and is _________ in shape, has ____ origin and is ___________ than eukaryotes. Cytoplasm; circular; 1; faster DNA replication in Eukaryotes occurs in the ________ and is ________ in shape and has _________ origin(s) and is a _________ process because it is ___________________ Nucleus; linear; many; slow; highly structured with proteins Transcription begins at ___________ in the ______ direction & creates __________. A major enzyme used is __________________ The promoters; 5'--->3'; mRNA; RNA polymerase Transcription in Eukaryotes occurs in the _________ & the RNA acts directly with ___________. Nucleus; proteins The reciprical exchange between homologous DNA sequences. Ex: Crossover in meiosis Site-Specific Recombinationis: Occurss between non-homologous DNA at a specific site. Ex: Viral integration What are four ways the genome of an organism can be changed?

Naked DNA, Transposons, Plasmids, Transformation The Point of replication in DNA is The replication fork Who discovered "jumping genes"? Where? Barbara McClintock; Corn Carry non-essential genes & are self replicating Conjugative plasmids can _____________ Transfer themselves into other cells Generally, plasmids are trasnferred to other cells through ___________ Transformation High frequency recombination What happens with HFR? Plasmids located in a cells chromosone is transferred & part of the host genome is copied and transferred to the recipiant cell. Transduction is the process of transfering genetic material from one cell to another by a plasmid or bacteriophage There are two types of transduciton, _________ & ___________ General; specialized Transformation DNA leaves one cell & exists for a time in the extracellular enviroment, then is taken to another cell where is may become incorporated into the genome. Transformation is Wehn DNA leaves one cell & exists for a time in the extracellular enviroment where it may taken & become incorporated into another cell's genome.

In natural transformation: DNA is cut into pieces by nuclease and linear fragments are incorporated into resident replicon In artificial transformation: Cells are chilled then treated with CaCl Rolling circle replication occurs during conjugation The 2 types of phages in transduction are: Virulent phages (Kill) & Temperate Phages (passive) What is the process of specialized transduction? Lysogenic cycle occurs where the phage becomes quiescent & exists as plasmids (Prophage). Others are incorporated into chromosones. Once activated, the lytic cycle begins. What is a phototroph? An organism, typically a plant, obtaining energy from sunlight as its source of energy to convert inorganic materials into organic materials for use in cellular functions such asbiosynthesis and respiration. Thymine dimers A pair of abnormally chemically bonded adjacent thymine bases in DNA, resulting from damage by ultra-violet irradiation. The cellular processes that repair this lesion often make errors that create mutations. Repressible Operons are active unless inhibited by a repressor. Trp operon. Inducible Operons Are "off" until "turned on" by a small molecule.

Lac operon An Operon is a unit made up of linked genes that is thought to regulate other genes responsible for protein synthesis. Catabolite repression Regulates many genes in response to the avaliability of carbon sources & allows cell to choose substrate. What is an example of a competent cell? Streptococcus Retroviruses Plus strand RNA viruses that have reverse transcription. Use RNA to make DNA. Enzyme is reverse transcriptase. What metabolic diversity is unique to prokaryotes? Chemoautotrophs Need only an inorganic compound; they oxidize inorganic substance, such as hydrogen sulfide, or ammonia. The Lytic Cycle Is similiar to the virulent phages life cycle Lysogenic Cycle Does not kill cell, quiescent state where phage is called prophage. Exist as plasmids & some incorporated into host cell's chromosone. Become active & lytic cycle begins. Spontaneous generation A mutation occuring in the absence of mutagens, usually due to error in normal functioning of cellular enzymes.

usually off; molecule called inducer inactivates repressor to turn on transcription (Lac Operon) Condenser Where light from a lamp or other source is focused on the specimen Why is safety important in lab. To create an atmosphere that is safe and conducive to learning for you and fellow students Organisms involved in symbiotic relationships of lichens. Ascomycota and phototroph/Green algae/Cyanobacteria Lichens have a symbiotic relationship between ____ Fungus Inoculation technique that lead toisolated colonies 4 quadrant streak technique Rod shaped, circular and white colony, flat, medium Pseudomonas fluorescens Rod, small, irregular colony, flat-raised, transparent light yellow Escherichia coli Straight rod, circular colony, slightly raised with smooth surface, pink Staphylococcus spp. Grape-like cluster colony, coccus, convex elevation, off-white Simple stain Used to colorize the cells in a few simple steps, Methylene blue, B. megaterium or any bacterial culture Negative stain Used to observe bacterial cell morphology under Iola immersion, Nigrosin stain, B.

megaterium, Paenibacillus velaei Gram stain Used for differentiation of bacteria types and their cell wall, crystal violet, gram's iodine, alcohol, safranin, B. megaterium (purple gram +), Pseudomonas fluorescens (pink gram -) Endospore stain Used to distinguish the endoscopes within vegetative cells, Malachite green water, safranin, (2-3/7-10 day) B. megaterium Acid fast stain Used to identify members of genus Mycobacterium, carbol fuchsin, acid alcohol, methylene blue, Mycobacterium smegmatis In endosperm staining the thick spore coate makes it difficult to Stain the endospore. Only possible in presence of heat. Endospore a highly resistant to. Harsh environmental conditions like heat, desiccation, and UV radiation In acid fast staining members of Mycobacterium contain large amounts of mycolic acid which is ____ Waxy material in their cell wall. Aqueous environmental stresses are usually repelled.

Enzymes need to remain at the optimal temp for____ Proper functioning Serratia marcescens Used in effect on enzymes experiment, produced prodigiosin pigment at 25 degrees Celcius indicating functioning enzymes Psychrophile Low temp 5 degrees Celcius or below Organisms used in effect of temp on growth experiment. E. coli and B. stearothermophilus E. coli incubated at 4 degrees Celcius and 37 degrees Celcius. No growth; growth Lethal effect of temp organisms? E. coli and B. megaterium (more resistant to high temp because thermophile) Mutagenic effect of UV light on organisms? DNA damage by formation of pyrimidine dimers Wavelength most damaging to bacterial DNA? 260 nm Enzyme that can repair UV damage Organism more resistant to UV light exposure ? B. megaterium (1-week old) because of formation of endospores Main component of culture media? Nutrients Source of energy and synthesis of cell materials as well as support growth of bacteria Macronutrients Exact components added to media cannot be determined ex.

Nutrient broth agar, tryptic soy broth Defined, chemical/synthetic medium Exact chemical makeup is known. Ex. E. coli and Pseudomonas minimal medium Sterilization of media? Autoclave at 15 lbs per square inch, 121 degrees Celcius for 15 minutes Aseptic technique Laboratory methods used to keep worker and work area free of bacterial contamination and that culture media and inoculated only with organism of interest Main reason aseptic technique is used in lab? For inoculation of different types of media Pure culture Only one type of bacteria (we used this) Mixed culture More than one species of organism Selective media Used to isolate particular groups of organisms while suppressing the growth of others Differential media Allow the differentiation of colonies of desired organisms from others that grow in the same plate Enriched media Media supplemented by blood or other special nutrients to allow growth of organisms Mycology Organism that grown at low pH 0~5.5 Alkaliphile Organism that grows at high pH Neutrophile Accepts stain in neutral solution Organisms used in pH experiment?

Saccharomyces cerevisae (Fungi grow best at pH 5)Staphylococcus epidermidis(bacteria grow best at pH 7) Osmosis Process by which war diffuses across the membrane Hypertonic solution High solute content outside the cell where water is lost through the membrane Hypotonic solution Low solute content outside of the cell where water diffuses in through the membrane Isotonic soultion Solute concentration the same inside and outside the cell Halotolerant adaptation of living organisms to conditions of high salinity Ex. Staphylococcus organisms that live in high salt concentrations Objective lens International journal of systematic bacteriology What are taxonomic levels? Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, origin, family, genus, and species What are phylogeny and class based on? Ancestry What is a phylogenic tree? A branching diagram showing inferred evolutionary relationships among various biological species based on similarities and differences in physical and genetic characteristics. Morphology Examples: There are three basic morphologies of bacteria (based on the shape of a single cell): bacillus (little rod), coccus (grain or berry) or spirillum (coiled or helical).

Differential Staining Examples: Gram staining: Staphylococcus and Escherichia coli (broth cultures) Acid fast : Escherichia coli (broth culture) and mycobacterium phlei (slant culture) Spore stain: Baccillus magaterium and clostridum sporogenes (broth cultures) Biochemical Tests Example: Catalase Test---where The purpose is to see if the microbe has catalase, a protective enzyme capable of destroying the dangerous chemical Oxidase Test--A test used to identify microorganisms containing the enzyme cytochrome oxidase. Urease test--used to identify bacteria capable of hydrolyzing urea using the enzyme urease. Serology Serology is the diagnostic identification of antibodies in the serum Examples: Blood typing, fluorescent antibodies, precipitation Other Tools DNA and RNA analysis What is the purpose of Bergey's Manuals and how they are organized. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology is the main resource for determining the identity of bacteria species, utilizing every characterizing aspect. The manual was published subsequent to the Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, though the latter is still published as a guide for identifying unknown.

Eubacterial Deep Lineages o decomposition o primary production the main components of the carbon cycle is the transfer of ____ from ____ to living matter and back to ____ carbon, CO2, CO2 the cycle of carbon atoms on the earth. humans have an effect on the carbon cycle. nitrogen (N2) in atmosphere, nitrates (NO3-) in soil, plants, consumers, bacteria of decay, AMMONIA in soil ammonia is turned back into nitrites (NO2-), then to nitrates, then reabsorbed into plants ammonia is denitrified by bacteria in the soil and released into atmosphere as nitrogen (N2) 3.24 page 71 A prokaryotic species is defined as a group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves. (True/False) False In _______________ typing, bacteria are classified based on the types of viruses that can infect them. Phage Polymerase chain reaction can be used to identify microorganisms more quickly than traditional culture methods.

(True/False) True The segment that makes up the body of a cestode is called a Proglottid The genus __________________ is the cause of a roundworm disease that is contracted by humans who eat poorly cooked pork from infected pigs. Trichinella Biofilms are harmful and do not provide any benefits to humans. (True/False) False Biofilms form a flat, uniform matrix of cells across a surface. (True/False) False The system of cell communication where bacteria can recognize the density of a population is known as _____________ _______________. quorum sensing The genetic expression of biofilm bacteria is the same as the genetic expression of planktonic bacteria. (True/False) False Biofilms form only on surfaces that stay wet all of the time. (True/False) False Biofilms form a complex vertical structure with water channels that deliver fluid and nutrients deep into the biofilm. (True/False) True Evidence of biofilms has been found in rocks as old as 3.5 billion years old. (True/False) True "BOD" in sewage treatment refers to: Biochemical Oxygen Demand In the United States, the indicator organisms used to monitor sewage contamination in freshwater are ____________________ bacteria.

Coliform What is the genus of yeast used for primary alcohol fermentation in wine making? Saccharomyces Activated sludge contains no microorganisms. (True/False) False __________________ is the process gardeners use to convert plant remains into the equivalent of natural humus. composting The genus of bacteria responsible for the production of the antibiotic cyclohexamide is _________________. Streptomyces True or False: A Eukaryotic species is defined as agroup of closelt related organisms that breed among themselves. TRUE Bacteria being classified based on the types of viruses that can infect them is called _____________________ Phage Typing True or False: Polymerse chain reaction can be used to identify microorganisms more quickly than traditional culture methods. TRUE ____________ are maps that show evolutionary relationshops among organisms. Cladograms In _________ testing, mocrobial strains can be differential based on different antigens. Serological ________ are used in identification through a series of wuestions that have two possible answers each. Dichotomous keys The largest phylum of bacteria is the ___________ Proteobacteria The genus _____________ includes filamentous bacteria that can form asexual spores on the end of ariel filaments.

Streptomyces Heliobacteria is a member of the ___________ Epsilonproteobacteria The genus _______ has some of the most complex life cycles found inbacteria, including the production of fruiting bodies. Myxococcus & Stigmatella True or False: The bacterium, Epulopiscium, has a volume a million times larger than that of Escherichia coli. TRUE True or False: Many arechea are extremophiles. TRUE Mushrooms are found in the __________. Basidiomycetes The study of fungi is called Mycology What is an example of a trematode (fluke)? Paragonimus _____________ can be the source of many chronic diseases in humans. Biofilms The process that gardeners use to convert plant remains into the equivalent of natural humus. The the U.S., the indicator organisms used to monitor sewage contamination in freshwater are ______________ bacteria. Coliform True or False: Activated sludge contains large numbers of sewage-metabolizing microbes. TRUE What is "BOD"? Where is this term used? Biochemical Oxygen Demand; Sewage treatment Eukaryotes are ________ ________ within a species.

sexually isolated In terms of classification, prokaryotes are: Colelctions of strains that share many stable/similar properties & differ significantly from other groups of strains. Define Strain A population of organisms descended from single organism. Define: Biovars, Morphovars, & Serovars Differ biochemically;Differ in shapes; Differ in antigenic properties The International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology does what? Decides what an organism will be officially named. What are the levels for taxonomic classification? Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species What are some tools for taxonomy classification? Morphology (Rods, spirrilus, coccus), Differential staining (Gram, acid-fast, spore), Biochemical tests (Catalyst tests, differential media), Serology, B.L.A.S.T. ( Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) Define Phylogeny Branch of biology that studies the evolutionary development & diversification of a species or group of organisms, or their particular features. What is a Molecular Chronometer? A timeline showing changes. What are ribosomes good for in Phylogeny? They are good "clocks" to examine ancestors of cell's evolution by changes in molecules.

What does it mean when an organism has a high G + C content? In the genome, G + C will make up a higher percentage of the DNA codons than the A + T. Generally have a higher thermostability. Autolysis more common. What is Bergey's Manual? Main resource for determining the identity of bacteria species, utilizing every characteristic aspect. Genus Aquifex Optimum temp of 85°C; Chemoautotroph (Fixes its own Carbon); Gram Negative; OLDEST branch of Eubacteria tree Genus Deinococcus Stains Gram Positive but under and Electron Microscope it is Gram Negative 3 Types of Photosynthetic Bacteria: Anoxygenic Photosynthetic; Green Sulfur; Green Non-Sulfur Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacteria are Green Sulfur Photosynthetic Bacteria are __________ __________. Ex Genus: Obligate anaerobes; Chlorbi

Question: What is the study of fungi called?
Answer: Mycology