The National Intelligence Agency of Israel | Belfast Child The national intelligence agency of Israel Mossad is responsible for intelligence collection, covert operations, and counterterrorism, as well as bringing Jews to Israel from countries where official Aliyah agencies are forbidden, and protecting Jewish communities. Its director reports directly to the Prime Minister. MOSSAD The Worlds Most Efficient Killing Machine Mossad ( Hebrew : הַמוֹסָד‎, IPA: [ha moˈsad] ; Arabic : الموساد‎, al-Mōsād; literally meaning “the Institute”), short for HaMossad leModiʿin uleTafkidim Meyuḥadim ( Hebrew : המוסד למודיעין ולתפקידים מיוחדים‎, meaning “Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations”; Arabic : الموساد للاستخبارات والمهام الخاصة‎ al-Mōsād lil-Istikhbārāt wal-Mahāmm al-Khāṣṣah), is the national intelligence agency of Israel . It is one of the main entities in the Israeli Intelligence Community , along with Aman ( military intelligence ) and Shin Bet (internal security).

Mossad is responsible for intelligence collection , covert operations , and counterterrorism , as well as bringing Jews to Israel from countries where official Aliyah agencies are forbidden, and protecting Jewish communities. Its director reports directly to the Prime Minister . Organization Executive offices The largest department of Mossad is Collections, tasked with many aspects of conducting espionage overseas. Employees in the Collections Department operate under a variety of covers, including diplomatic and unofficial. The Political Action and Liaison Department is responsible for working with allied foreign intelligence services, and nations that have no normal diplomatic relations with Israel. Additionally, Mossad has a Research Department, tasked with intelligence production, and a Technology Department concerned with the development of tools for Mossad activities. The Birth of Israel(full length) History Mossad was formed on December 13, 1949, as the Central Institute for Coordination at the recommendation of Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion to Reuven Shiloah . Ben Gurion wanted a central body to coordinate and improve cooperation between the existing security services—the army’s intelligence department (AMAN), the Internal Security Service (Shin Bet), and the foreign office’s “political department”.

In March 1951, it was reorganized and made a part of the prime minister’s office, reporting directly to the prime minister. Motto History of Israel MOSSAD – Special Elite Forces Documentary ———————- Mossad’s former motto, be-tachbūlōt ta`aseh lekhā milchāmāh ( Hebrew : בתחבולות תעשה לך מלחמה‎) is a quote from the Bible (Proverbs 24:6): “For by wise guidance you can wage your war” ( NRSV ). The motto was later changed to another Proverbs passage: be-‘éyn tachbūlōt yippol `ām; ū-teshū`āh be-rov yō’éts ( Hebrew : באין תחבולות יפול עם, ותשועה ברוב יועץ‎, Proverbs 11:14).

This is translated by NRSV as: “Where there is no guidance, a nation falls, but in an abundance of counselors there is safety.” Counter-terrorist units The Kidon is described by Yaakov Katz as “an elite group of expert assassins who operate under the Caesarea branch of the espionage organization. Not much is known about this mysterious unit, details of which are some of the most closely guarded secrets in the Israeli intelligence community .” The unit only recruits from “former soldiers from the elite IDF special force units .” Directors In 1960, Mossad discovered that the Nazi leader Adolf Eichmann was in Argentina . A team of five Mossad agents led by Shimon Ben Aharon slipped into Argentina and through surveillance , confirmed that he had been living there under the name of Ricardo Klement. He was abducted on May 11, 1960 and taken to a hideout. He was subsequently smuggled to Israel, where he was tried and executed.

Argentina protested what it considered as the violation of its sovereignty, and the United Nations Security Council noted that “repetition of acts such as [this] would involve a breach of the principles upon which international order is founded, creating an atmosphere of insecurity and distrust incompatible with the preservation of peace” while also acknowledging that “Eichmann should be brought to appropriate justice for the crimes of which he is accused” and that “this resolution should in no way be interpreted as condoning the odious crimes of which Eichmann is accused.” Mossad abandoned a second operation, intended to capture Josef Mengele . United States During the 1990s, Mossad discovered a Hezbollah agent operating within the United States in order to procure materials needed to manufacture IEDs and other weapons. In a joint operation with U.S. intelligence, the agent was kept under surveillance in hopes that he would betray more Hezbollah operatives, but was eventually arrested.

Mossad informed the FBI and CIA in August 2001 that based on its intelligence as many as 200 terrorists were slipping into the United States and planning “a major assault on the United States.” The Israeli intelligence agency cautioned the FBI that it had picked up indications of a “large-scale target” in the United States and that Americans would be “very vulnerable.”. However, “It is not known whether U.S. authorities thought the warning to be credible, or whether it contained enough details to allow counter-terrorism teams to come up with a response,” A month later, terrorists struck at the World Trade Center and the Pentagon . Uruguay Mossad assassinated Latvian Nazi collaborator Herberts Cukurs in 1965. Europe Mossad gathered information on Austrian politician Jörg Haider using a mole . Belgium Mossad is alleged to be responsible for the killing of Canadian engineer and ballistics expert Gerald Bull on March 22, 1990. He was shot multiple times in the head outside his Brussels apartment. Bull was at the time working for Iraq on the Project Babylon supergun .

Others, including Bull’s son, believe that Mossad is taking credit for an act they did not commit to scare off others who may try to help enemy regimes. The alternative theory is that Bull was killed by the CIA. Iraq and Iran are also candidates for suspicion. Bosnia and Herzegovina Assisted in air and overland evacuations of Bosnian Jews from war-torn Sarajevo to Israel in 1992 and 1993. Cyprus The killing of Hussein Al Bashir in Nicosia, Cyprus, in 1973 in relation to the Munich massacre . France Cherbourg Project – Operation Noa, the 1969 smuggling of five Sa’ar 3-class missile boats out of Cherbourg. The alleged killing of Zuheir Mohsen , a pro-Syrian member of the PLO in 1979. The alleged killing of Atef Bseiso , a top intelligence officer of the PLO in Paris in 1992.

French police believe that a team of assassins followed Atef Bseiso from Berlin, where that first team connected with another team to close in on him in front of a Left Bank hotel, where he received three head-shots at point blank range. The killing of Yehia El-Mashad , the head of the Iraq nuclear weapons program, in 1980. The killing of Dr. Mahmoud Hamshari, coordinator of the Munich massacre , with an exploding telephone in his Paris apartment in 1972. The killing of Dr. Basil Al-Kubaissi, who was involved in the Munich massacre , in Paris in 1973. The killing of Mohammad Boudia, member of the PFLP , in Paris in 1973. On April 5, 1979, Mossad agents are believed to have triggered an explosion which destroyed 60 percent of components being built in Toulouse for an Iraqi reactor. Although an environmental organization, Groupe des écologistes français, unheard of before this incident, claimed credit for the blast, most French officials discount the claim. The reactor itself was subsequently destroyed by an Israeli air strike in 1981.

Mossad allegedly assisted Morocco ‘s domestic security service in the disappearance of dissident politician Mehdi Ben Barka in 1965. Germany Operation Plumbat (1968) was an operation by Lekem -Mossad to further Israel’s nuclear program. The German freighter “Scheersberg A” disappeared on its way from Antwerp to Genoa along with its cargo of 200 tons of yellowcake , after supposedly being transferred to an Israeli ship. The sending of letter bombs during the Operation Wrath of God campaign. Some of these attacks were not fatal. Their purpose might not have been to kill the receiver. A Mossad letter bomb led to fugitive Nazi war-criminal Alois Brunner losing 4 fingers from his right hand in 1980. The alleged targeted killing of Dr Wadie Haddad , using poisoned chocolate. Haddad died on 28 March 1978, in the German Democratic Republic supposedly from leukemia.

According to the book Striking Back, published by Aharon Klein in 2006, Haddad was eliminated by Mossad, which had sent the chocolate -loving Haddad Belgian chocolates coated with a slow-acting and undetectable poison which caused him to die severals months later. “It took him a few long months to die”, Klein said in the book. Mossad discovered that Hezbollah had recruited a German national named Steven Smyrek, and that he was travelling to Israel. In an operation conducted by Mossad, the CIA , the German Internal Security agency Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz (BfV), and the Israeli Internal Security agency Shin Bet , Smyrek was kept under constant surveillance, and arrested as soon as he landed in Israel. [27] Mossad is alleged to have been involved in industrial espionage in Germany. In the late 1990s, the head of the BfV reportedly warned his department chiefs that Mossad remained a prime threat in stealing the country’s latest computer secrets. Greece The killing of Zaiad Muchasi, Fatah representative to Cyprus , by an explosion in his Athens hotel room in 1973.

Ireland The assassination of Mahmoud Al-Mabhouh – a senior Hamas military leader – in Dubai , 2010, was suspected to be the work of Mossad, and there were eight Irish passports (six of which were used) fraudulently obtained by the Israeli embassy in Dublin , Ireland for use by apparent Mossad agents in the operation. The Irish government was angered over the use of Irish passports, summoned the Israeli ambassador and expelled the Israeli diplomat deemed responsible from Dublin, following an investigation. One of the passports was registered to a residence on Pembroke Road, Ballsbridge , on the same road as the Israeli embassy. The house was empty when later searched, but there was suspicion it had been used as a Mossad safe house in the past. Mossad is reported to have a working relationship with Ireland’s national intelligence agency, the Directorate of Military Intelligence , and has previously tipped the Irish authorities off about arms shipments from the Middle East to Ireland for use by dissident republican militants, resulting in their interception and arrests. Mossad is also believed to cooperate with the British government in combating IRA terrorism, including involvement in Operation Flavius , 1988.

Italy The killing of Wael Zwaiter , thought to be a member of Black September . In 1986, Mossad used an undercover agent to lure nuclear whistleblower Mordechai Vanunu from the United Kingdom to Italy in a honey trap style operation where he was abducted and shipped to Israel where he was tried and found guilty of treason because of his role in exposing Israel’s nuclear programme Malta The killing of Fathi Shiqaqi . Shiqaqi, a leader of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad , was shot several times in the head in 1995 in front of the Diplomat Hotel in Sliema , Malta . Norway Main article: Lillehammer affair On July 21, 1973, Ahmed Bouchiki , a Moroccan waiter in Lillehammer , Norway, was killed by Mossad agents. He had been mistaken for Ali Hassan Salameh , one of the leaders of Black September , the Palestinian group responsible for the Munich massacre , who had been given shelter in Norway. Mossad agents had used fake Canadian passports , which angered the Canadian government. Six Mossad agents were arrested, and the incident became known as the Lillehammer affair . Israel subsequently paid compensation to Bouchiki’s family.

United Kingdom Mossad assisted the UK Intelligence organisation MI5 following the 7/7 bombings in London. According to the 2007 edition of a book about Mossad titled Gideon’s Spies , shortly after the 7/7 London underground bombings, MI5 gathered evidence that a senior al-Qaeda operative known only by the alias Mustafa travelled in and out of Britain shortly before the 7/7 bombings. For months, the real identity of Mustafa remained unknown, but in early October 2005, Mossad told MI5 that this person was, in fact, Azhari Husin , a bomb-making expert with Jemaah Islamiyah , the main al-Qaeda affiliate in Southeast Asia. Husin studied in Britain and reports claim that he met the main 7/7 bomber, Mohammad Sidique Khan , in late 2001 in a militant training camp in the Philippines (see Late 2001). Meir Dagan, the then head of Mossad, apparently also told MI5 that Husin helped plan and recruit volunteers for the bombings.

Mossad claimed that Husin may have been in London at the time of the bombings, and then fled to al-Qaeda’s principal haven in the tribal area of Pakistan, where he sometimes hid after bombings. Husin was killed in a shootout in Indonesia in November 2005. Later official British government reports about the 7/7 bombings did not mention Husin. Switzerland According to secret CIA and US State Department documents discovered by the Iranian students who took over the U.S. Embassy in Tehran on November 4, 1979: In Switzerland the Israelis have an Embassy in Bern and a Consulate-General in Zurich which provide cover for Collection Department officers involved in unilateral operations. These Israeli diplomatic installations also maintain close relations with the Swiss on a local level in regard to overt functions such as physical security for Israeli official and commercial installations in the country and the protection of staff members and visiting Israelis. There is also close collaboration between the Israelis and Swiss on scientific and technical matters pertaining to intelligence and security operations. Swiss officials have made frequent trips to Israel. There is a continual flow of Israelis to and through Switzerland.

These visits, however, are usually arranged through the Political Action and Liaison regional controller at the Embassy in Paris directly with the Swiss and not through the officials in the Israeli Embassy in Bern , although the latter are kept informed. “ ” In February 1998, five Mossad agents were caught wiretapping the home of a Hezbollah agent in a Bern suburb. Four agents were freed, but the fifth was tried, found guilty, sentenced to one year in prison, and following his release was banned from entering Switzerland for five years. Soviet Union/Russia Mossad was involved in outreach to Refuseniks in the Soviet Union during the crackdown on Soviet Jews in the 50’s, 60’s, 70’s, and 80’s. Mossad helped establish contact with Refuseniks in the USSR, and helped them acquire Jewish religious items, banned by the Soviet government, in addition to passing communications into and out of the USSR. Many rabbinical students from Western countries travelled to the Soviet Union as part of this program in order to establish and maintain contact with refuseniks.

Ukraine In February 2011, a Palestinian engineer, Dirar Abu Seesi , was allegedly pulled off a train by Mossad agents en route to the capital Kiev from Kharkiv . He had been planning to apply for Ukrainian citizenship, and reappeared in an Israeli jail only 3 weeks after the incident. Middle East A report published on the Israeli military’s official website in February, 2014 said that Middle Eastern countries that cooperate with Israel (Mossad) are the United Arab Emirates , Afghanistan , the Republic of Azerbaijan , Bahrain and Saudi Arabia . The report claimed that Bahrain has been providing Israel with intelligence on Iranian and Palestinian organizations. The report also highlights the growing secret cooperation with Saudi Arabia, claiming that Mossad has been in direct contact with Saudi intelligence about Iran ’s nuclear energy program. [44] [45] [46] Egypt Provision of intelligence for the cutting of communications between Port Said and Cairo in 1956. Mossad spy Wolfgang Lotz , holding West German citizenship, infiltrated Egypt in 1957, and gathered intelligence on Egyptian missile sites, military installations, and industries.

He also composed a list of German rocket scientists working for the Egyptian government, and sent some of them letter bombs. After the East German head of state made a state visit to Egypt, the Egyptian government detained thirty West German citizens as a goodwill gesture. Lotz, assuming that he had been discovered, confessed to his cold war espionage activities. After a tense May 25, 1967 confrontation with CIA Tel Aviv station chief John Hadden, who warned that the United States would help defend Egypt if Israel launched a surprise attack, Mossad director Meir Amit flew to Washington, D.C. to meet with U.S. Defense Secretary Robert McNamara and reported back to the Israeli cabinet that the United States had given Israel “a flickering green light” to attack. [47] Operation Bulmus 6 – Intelligence assistance in the Commando Assault on Green Island, Egypt during the War of Attrition .[ citation needed ] Operation Damocles – A campaign of assassination and intimidation against German rocket scientists employed by Egypt in building missiles.

Iran Prior to the Iranian Revolution of 1978–79, SAVAK (Organization of National Security and Information), the Iranian secret police and intelligence service was created under the guidance of United States and Israeli intelligence officers in 1957. After security relations between the United States and Iran grew more distant in the early 1960s which led the CIA training team to leave Iran , Mossad became increasingly active in Iran, “training SAVAK personnel and carrying out a broad variety of joint operations with SAVAK.” A US intelligence official told The Washington Post that Israel orchestrated the defection of Iranian general Ali Reza Askari on February 7, 2007. This has been denied by Israeli spokesman Mark Regev . The Sunday Times reported that Askari had been a Mossad asset since 2003, and left only when his cover was about to be blown. Le Figaro claimed that Mossad was possibly behind a blast at the Iranian Revolutionary Guard’s Imam Ali military base, on October 12, 2010. The explosion at the base killed 18 and injured 10 others.

Among the dead was also general Hassan Tehrani Moghaddam , who served as the commander of the Revolutionary Guards’ missile program and was a crucial figure in building Iran’s long-range missile program. The base is believed to store long-range missiles, including the Shahab-3 , and also has hangars. It is one of Iran’s most secure military base. Iranian Intelligence Minister Heydar Moslehi has accused Mossad of assassination plots and killings of Iranian physicists in 2010. Reports have noted that such information has not yet been evidently proven. Iranian state TV broadcast a stated confession from Majid Jamali-Fash, an Iranian man who claimed to have visited Israel to be trained by Mossad. Mossad has been accused of assassinating Masoud Alimohammadi , Ardeshir Hosseinpour , Majid Shahriari , Darioush Rezaeinejad and Mostafa Ahmadi-Roshan ; scientists involved in the Iranian nuclear program . It is also suspected of being behind the attempted assassination of Iranian nuclear scientist Fereydoon Abbasi .

Meir Dagan , who served as Director of Mossad from 2002 until 2009, while not taking credit for the assassinations, praised them in an interview with a journalist, saying “the removal of important brains” from the Iranian nuclear project had achieved so-called “white defections ,” frightening other Iranian nuclear scientists into requesting that they be transferred to civilian projects. In early February 2012, Mossad director Tamir Pardo met with U.S. national security officials in Washington, D.C. to sound them out on possible American reactions in the event Israel attacked Iran over the objections of the United States. Iraq MiG-21 at the Israeli Air Force Museum in Hatzerim Assistance in the defection and rescuing of the family of Munir Redfa , an Iraqi pilot who defected and flew his MiG-21 to Israel in 1966: “ Operation Diamond “. Redfa’s entire family was also successfully smuggled from Iraq to Israel. Previously unknown information about the MiG-21 was subsequently shared with the United States.

Operation Sphinx – Between 1978 and 1981, obtained highly sensitive information about Iraq’s Osirak nuclear reactor by recruiting an Iraqi nuclear scientist in France. Operation Bramble Bush II – In the 1990s, Mossad began scouting locations in Iraq where Saddam Hussein could be ambushed by Sayeret Matkal commandos inserted into Iraq from Jordan . The mission was called off due to Operation Desert Fox and the ongoing Israeli-Arab peace process. Jordan In what is thought to have been a reprisal action for a Hamas suicide-bombing in Jerusalem on July 30, 1997 that killed 16 Israelis, Benjamin Netanyahu authorised an operation against Khaled Mashal , the Hamas representative in Jordan. On September 25, 1997, Mashal was injected in the ear with a toxin (thought to have been a derivative of the synthetic opiate Fentanyl called Levofentanyl). Jordanian authorities apprehended two Mossad agents posing as Canadian tourists and trapped a further six in the Israeli embassy. In exchange for their release, an Israeli physician had to fly to Amman and deliver an antidote for Mashal.

The fallout from the failed killing eventually led to the release of Sheik Ahmed Yassin , the founder and spiritual leader of the Hamas movement, and scores of Hamas prisoners. Netanyahu flew into Amman on September 29 to apologize personally to King Hussein, but was met instead by the King’s brother, Crown Prince Hassan. Lebanon The provision of intelligence and operational assistance in the 1973 Operation Spring of Youth special forces raid on Beirut . The sending of letter bombs to PFLP member Bassam Abu Sharif . Sharif was severely wounded, but survived. The targeted killing of Ali Hassan Salameh , the leader of Black September , on January 22, 1979 in Beirut by a car bomb. The killing of the Palestinian writer and leading PFLP member Ghassan Kanafani , also by a car bomb, in 1972. Providing intelligence for the killing of Abbas al-Musawi , secretary general of Hezbollah, in Beirut in 1992. Allegedly killed Jihad Ahmed Jibril , the leader of the military wing of the PFLP-GC, in Beirut in 2002.

Allegedly killed Ali Hussein Saleh , member of Hezbollah, in Beirut in 2003. Allegedly killed Ghaleb Awwali , a senior Hezbollah official, in Beirut in 2004. Allegedly killed Mahmoud al-Majzoub , a leader of Palestinian Islamic Jihad , in Sidon in 2006. Mossad was suspected of establishing a large spy network in Lebanon, recruited from Druze , Christian , and Sunni Muslim communities, and officials in the Lebanese government, to spy on Hezbollah and its Iranian Revolutionary Guard advisors. Some have allegedly been active since the 1982 Lebanon War . In 2009, Lebanese Security Services supported by Hezbollah’s intelligence unit, and working in collaboration with Syria , Iran , and possibly Russia, launched a major crackdown which resulted in the arrests of around 100 alleged spies “working for Israel”. Previously, in 2006, the Lebanese army uncovered a network that allegedly assassinated several Lebanese and Palestinian leaders on behalf of Israeli intelligence agency Mossad. Syria Eli Cohen infiltrated the highest echelons of the Syrian government, was a close friend of the Syrian President, and was considered for the post of Minister of Defense.

He gave his handlers a complete plan of the Syrian defenses on the Golan Heights , the Syrian Armed Forces order of battle, and a complete list of the Syrian military’s weapons inventory. He also ordered the planting of trees by every Syrian fortified position under the pretext of shading soldiers, but the trees actually served as targeting markers for the Israel Defense Forces. He was discovered by Syrian and Soviet intelligence, tried in secret, and executed publicly in 1965. His information played a crucial role during the Six Day War . On 1 April 1978, 12 Syrian military and secret service personnel were killed by a sophisticated Israeli listening device planted on the main telephone cable between Damascus and Jordan. The alleged death of General Anatoly Kuntsevich, who from the late 1990s was suspected of aiding the Syrians in the manufacture of VX nerve-gas, in exchange for which he was paid huge amounts of money by the Syrian government. On April 3, 2002, Kuntsevich died mysteriously during a plane journey, amid allegations that Mossad was responsible.

The alleged killing of Izz El-Deen Sheikh Khalil , a senior member of the military wing of Hamas , in an automobile booby trap in September 2004 in Damascus . The uncovering of a nuclear reactor being built in Syria as a result of surveillance by Mossad of Syrian officials working under the command of Muhammad Suleiman. As a result, the Syrian nuclear reactor was destroyed by Israeli Air Forces in September 2007 (see Operation Orchard ), while Suleiman was assassinated by Israel a year later. The alleged killing of Muhammad Suleiman , head of Syria’s nuclear program, in 2008. Suleiman was on a beach in Tartus and was killed by a sniper firing from a boat. On July 25, 2007, the al-Safir chemical weapons depot exploded, killing 15 Syrian personnel as well as 10 Iranian engineers. Syrian investigations blamed Israeli sabotage. The alleged killing of Imad Mughniyah , a senior leader of Hezbollah complicit in the 1983 United States embassy bombing , with an exploding headrest in Damascus in 2008.

The decomposed body of Yuri Ivanov, the deputy head of the GRU , Russia’s foreign military intelligence service, was found on a Turkish beach in early August 2010, amid allegations that Mossad may have played a role. He had disappeared while staying near Latakia, Syria. United Arab Emirates Mossad is suspected of killing Mahmoud al-Mabhouh , a senior Hamas military commander, in January 2010 at Dubai , United Arab Emirates . The team which carried out the killing is estimated, on the basis of CCTV and other evidence, to have consisted of at least 26 agents traveling on bogus passports. The operatives entered al-Mabhouh’s hotel room, where Mabhouh was subjected to electric shocks and interrogated. The door to his room was reported to have been locked from the inside. Although the UAE police and Hamas have declared Israel responsible for the killing, no direct evidence linking Mossad to the crime has been found.

The agents’ bogus passports included six British passports, cloned from those of real British nationals resident in Israel and suspected by Dubai, five Irish passports, apparently forged from those of living individuals, forged Australian passports that raised fears of reprisal against innocent victims of identity theft, a genuine German passport and a false French passport. Emirati police say they have fingerprint and DNA evidence of some of the attackers, as well as retinal scans of 11 suspects recorded at Dubai airport. Dubai’s police chief has said “I am now completely sure that it was Mossad,” adding: “I have presented the (Dubai) prosecutor with a request for the arrest of (Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin) Netanyahu and the head of Mossad,” for the murder. Africa Morocco In September 1956, Mossad established a secretive network in Morocco to smuggle Moroccan Jews to Israel after a ban on immigration to Israel was imposed. In early 1991, two Mossad operatives infiltrated the Moroccan port of Casablanca and planted a tracking device on the freighter Al-Yarmouk, which was carrying a cargo of North Korean missiles bound for Syria .

The ship was to be sunk by the Israeli Air Force , but the mission was later called off by Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin . Tunisia The 1988 killing of Khalil al-Wazir (Abu Jihad), a founder of Fatah . The alleged killing of Salah Khalaf , head of intelligence of the PLO and second in command of Fatah behind Yasser Arafat , in 1991. Uganda For Operation Entebbe in 1976, Mossad provided intelligence regarding Entebbe International Airport [91] and extensively interviewed hostages who had been released. South Africa In the late 1990s, after Mossad was tipped off to the presence of two Iranian agents in Johannesburg on a mission to procure advanced weapons systems from Denel , a Mossad agent was deployed, and met up with a local Jewish contact. Posing as South African intelligence, they abducted the Iranians, drove them to a warehouse, and beat and intimidated them before forcing them to leave the country.

Sudan After the 1994 AMIA bombing , the largest bombing in Argentine history, Mossad began gathering intelligence for a raid by Israeli Special Forces on the Iranian embassy in Khartoum as retaliation. The operation was called off due to fears that another attack against worldwide Jewish communities might take place as revenge. Mossad also assisted in Operation Moses , the evacuation of Ethiopian Jews to Israel from a famine-ridden region of Sudan in 1984, also maintaining a relationship with the Ethiopian government. Asia Pakistan In a September 2003 news article, it was alleged by Rediff News that General Pervez Musharaf, the then-President of Pakistan, decided to establish a clandestine relationship between Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) and Mossad via officers of the two services posted at their embassies in Washington, DC. North Korea Mossad may have been involved in the 2004 explosion of Ryongchon , where several Syrian nuclear scientists working on the Syrian and Iranian nuclear-weapons programs were killed and a train carrying fissionable material was destroyed.

Oceania Further information: Israel-New Zealand relations In July 2004, New Zealand imposed diplomatic sanctions on Israel over an incident in which two Australian based Israelis, Uriel Kelman and Eli Cara, who were allegedly working for Mossad, attempted to fraudulently obtain New Zealand passports by claiming the identity of a severely disabled man. Israeli Foreign Minister Silvan Shalom later apologized to New Zealand for their actions. New Zealand cancelled several other passports believed to have been obtained by Israeli agents. Both Kelman and Cara served half of their six-month sentences and, upon release, were deported to Israel. Two others, an Israeli, Ze’ev Barkan, and a New Zealander, David Reznick, are believed to have been the third and fourth men involved in the passport affair but they both managed to leave New Zealand before being apprehended. Share this: Directors of the National Intelligence Agency (Mossad) | Jewish Virtual Library Directors of the National Intelligence Agency (Mossad) (1949 - Present) The Israel National Intelligence Agency is called HaMossad LeModi'in U'LeTafkidim Meyuchadim in Hebrew. It is commonly refered to as the Mossad.

Service Years A Comparative Analysis of the Structures and Functions of Intelligence Community in Israel and India MOSSAD Special Division The organization of Mossad and Shin Beth is a centralized one with no intermediate layer of accountability between the Directors of Mossad, Shin Beth and the Prime Minister. The Internal Structure of Mossad: The Mossad is based in Tel Aviv with recently estimated number of about 1,200 personnel and until lately, the identity of the Mossad director was a state secret13. Mossad has a total of eight departments. The director oversees, the Research, Technology and Technical Operations Departments. The director also chaperons Operation Planning and Coordination, Manpower Finance Logistics and Security, Training, Collection and Political Action, and Liaison. The latter two conduct single or multiple stations in Central America, South America, Eastern Europe/USSR, Africa, Asia and Ocean, Mediterranean and the Middle East, Europe and North America. Under the Political Action and Liaison Department is known to exist the Special Operations Division which runs highly sensitive covert operations 14. (See Figure No. 2) FIGURE NO. 2 INTERNAL ORGANIZATION OF MOSSAD (Organization of the Mossad (1971).

Source: Foreign Intelligence Organizations; Jefferey Richelson) Director Europe North America Intelligence is direction of Field Security Units, Territorial Command Combat Intelligence, Air Force Intelligence and Naval Intelligence15. Lastly, the General Security Service of Israel is known as Shin Beth, which is primarily responsible for counter-espionage and internal security. Shin Beth is organized into eight operational and functional departments: Arab Affairs, Non-Arab Affairs, Protective Security, Operational Support, Technology, Interrogation and Legal Counsel, Coordination and Planning, and Administration16. The first three constitute the operational division and the rest, Support Divisions. Although there is a deputy director�s office, all of the other departments are also directly responsible to the director. Coordination of the Israeli Management Structure: The pivotal faculty of Intelligence Community in Israel is known as the Va�adat Rashei Hasherutim or simply Va�adat. The Va�adat consists of the directors of Mossad, AMAN, Shin Beth and IG Police. It also includes the Director General of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Director of the Research and Political Planning Center and the anti-terrorist advisers of the Prime Minister, political and military17 both.

All the members of Va�adat are supposedly at parity, however, in terms of importance and power, the director of AMAN is known to eclipse the director of Mossad18. FUNCTIONS OF THE ISRAELI INTELLIGENCE AGENCIES 1. Functions of Mossad: Mossad�s essential functions are: human intelligence collection, covert action and counter terrorism. Its primary focus is to do clandestine operations against the Arab countries as well as against other organizations throughout the world19. The Mossad collects information on the leadership, disposition, morale and armaments of the Arab Military forces20. Mossad monitors the Arab commercial activity in relation to weapons acquisition and attempts to sabotage the Arab states� recruitment of military, economic and political experts 21. Although exact functional detail remains somewhat abstruse, the largest of the departments with responsibility for most espionage operations is the Department of Collections. The Political Action and Liaison Department is responsible for liaison with friendly states, as well as those states that do not have any diplomatic ties with Israel22. Israeli liaison and manoeuvring between friendly and non-friendly states is amazingly professional.

It exchanges intelligence information not only with countries like the US with whom it has formal ties, but also with states as diverse as Egypt, Pakistan, Iran and India. It provided Pakistan some information on India that was obtained by the Israeli agent in the US, Jonathan Jay Pollard, in return for some strategic information about some other countries. At the same time Israel exchanged information with India about the Pakistan�s endeavours to construct the atom bomb 23. The Special Operations Division or Metsada conducts highly sensitive assassinations, engages in sabotage, paramilitary operations and psychological warfare projects24. Among the least violent functions of Mossad is its liaison, propaganda and training25. About 10 Israeli agents trained nearly one hundred Sri Lankans in intelligence tactics in order to combat the Tamil Separatists in Northern Sri Lanka26. Among the more violent functions of Mossad are kidnapping and assassinations. Colonel Mustapha Hafez, an Egyptian intelligence officer was killed by Mossad as he was considered a key element in the organization of the Palestinians27. In 1972, in Munich, Germany the Black September faction of PLO kidnapped and subsequently killed ten Israeli athletes in an attempt to recover two hundred Palestinian prisoners held in Israel.

This started the most extensive set of assassinations undertaken by the Mossad. The Mossad set up a special unit called the Wrath of God to carry out this operation which it successfully completed by eliminating its targets one by one28. Lohamah Psichologit or the LAP Department of Mossad operates for its psychological warfare, propaganda and deception operations. The Research Department produces the intelligence in form of daily reports, situation reports, weekly summaries and detailed monthly reports from its different geographical desks29. One of the very important functions of Mossad besides gathering intelligence is the acquisition of military hardware, the assessment of enemy equipment and the enhancement of Israeli capabilities. One of Mossad�s most successful acquisitions was the theft of highly enriched Uranium from an American company, Nuclear Materials and Equipment Corp., located in Apollo, Pennsylvania 30. This took place in 1965. The president of the company stated that 386.1 pounds of Uranium, enough for at least ten atom bombs, was simply lost ! However, the experts believed that it was transferred to Israel. 2. Functions of Shin Beth: The Arab Affairs Department conducts anti-terrorist operations, maintenance of an index on Arab terrorists and it also performs political subversion.

Whereas the non-Arab department, which is divided into Communist and non-Communist sub-sections, is responsible for the functions of penetration of foreign intelligence organizations, diplomatic missions in Israel and interrogation of Jewish immigrants from Russia and Eastern Europe31. The Protective Security Branch of Shin Beth functions as the guardian of all the state buildings, embassies, defence related industries, scientific installations, industrial plants and the national airline32. All foreigners are regarded with suspicion by the Shin Beth, regardless of nationality and religion. Informants are recruited from professions of hospitality industry, educational institutions and trade unions with occupations such as bartenders, telephone operators, secretaries, prostitutes and taxi drivers 33. 3. The Functions of AMAN: The Military Intelligence of Israel produces comprehensive national intelligence estimates for the prime minister and cabinet, which includes communications intercepts, target studies on the contact Arab states in propinquity, and intelligence on the risk of war34. AMAN�s Foreign Relations Department maintains liaison with the foreign intelligence organizations, engages in deep reconnaissance and conducts cross-border operations35. 4.

Air Force Intelligence and the Naval Intelligence: The Air Force Intelligence performs the function of data collection by the means of aerial reconnaissance and signals intelligence using a variety of intelligence equipment which also includes the use of RPVs (remotely piloted vehicles), which are recoverable and recyclable after first use36. These devices are excellent for photographic information which can be directly transmitted to the commander�s headquarters who can make immediate decisions regarding troop deployment without sending out the ground reconnaissance 37. The Naval intelligence is a small service which provides AMAN on a consultative basis, assessments of the sea-based threats to Israel. Its targeting department is also responsible for coastal studies, naval gunfire missions and beach studies for amphibious assaults 38. Part II. India Background: The origin of the Indian Intelligence Services lays in the Colonial Period, when the British needed to monitor the internal security of the empire, the information was also gathered from Central Asia for the sake of external security, in order to thwart a military threat from Russia. The first real organized intelligence collection took place in British India in 1892-93.

With the appointment of Major General Charles Mc Gregor, who was appointed as the Quartermaster General of the Indian Army and he accepted the leadership of the nascent Department of Intelligence. Russia had strong imperial ambitions and a special interest in South Asia. The intelligence office in St. Petersburg collected information about the Indian government, and the officers on the borders disguised themselves as the workers of East India Company, to collect information on British Indian administrative, political and military machinery. Before General Mc Gregor�s appointment, an organization called the Survey of India, located in Dehra Dun, performed the basic intelligence functions. It gathered topographical information, made maps based on the information provided by its agents on the borders and also assessed the fighting order of the Russian military, troop disposition and composition. Until this point the intelligence activities of the British Indian Military were badly organized because of the rivalry among the Political Department, Department of Intelligence and the Survey of India. The Political Department resisted Mc Gregor�s consolidation of Intelligence activities owing to its bureaucratic machinations.

While General Mc Gregor thought of the FSOs (Foreign Service Officers) as �faggots serving overseas�, who make this issue as a matter of turf and get in the way of his sensible intelligence collection activities39. The contemporary intelligence structure of India has its roots, in the state institutions in the British colonial India and its military organization. Its creation was partly the result of the activities of the Russian interests and its well-placed intelligence machinery, and partially due to the domestic needs of consolidation of the British Raj in India. The Department of Intelligence in many ways outperformed the MI-6, the British Military Intelligence in UK, in collection of the most sensitive information within Europe 40. THE STRUCTURE OF INDIAN INTELLIGENCE AGENCIES Minute details about the structure and function of the Indian Intelligence Community are not known, however the Federation of American Scientists� sources provide the best available analysis of structures and functions of intelligence activity in India and its relation to other ministries of the Indian state. At the very top of the Intelligence organizations in India is the Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC), which has its own secretariat which is located under the Cabinet Secretariat.

In it is the National Security Council (NSC), established 1990, which includes as its members, the Home Minister, Minister of External Affairs, Minister of Defence, and the Finance Minister. The Chairman of NSC is the Prime Minister of India. Next in the hierarchy of Intelligence community are the Research and Analysis Wing or RAW and the Intelligence Bureau (IB). RAW is the external intelligence agency of India and is considered to be the most powerful one. The Intelligence Bureau on the other hand is the Indian government�s domestic intelligence agency and is also considered the modern world�s oldest intelligence organization 41. The JIC, RAW and the IB form the very top of the pyramid of intelligence structure in India, however the RAW reports directly to the Prime Minister and bypasses the parliament. Also, RAW has always enjoyed the backing of the Indian governments and the exact structure, system of ranks and pays and the perks enjoyed by RAW officials, are all kept secret from the Parliament. Nonetheless, the network of intelligence collection underneath is extremely extensive and wide ranging from pure Defence to Economics and Commerce. To best understand these structures, they can be grouped under three ministries: The Ministry of Defence, Ministry of State for Home Affairs and the Ministry of Finance.

Ministry of Defence: The Ministry of Defence is the highest authority over any kind of intelligence related to military matters. The Ministry of Defence coordinates the collection and analysis from Army, Navy and the Air Force through the Joint Cipher Bureau. The Ministry of Defence in India is linked to the civilian political authorities for budget and administration, and also for the industrial and policy matters that have the potential to affect the military. Army, Air Force and Navy Intelligence: Within the Ministry of Defence, the main military intelligence unit is the Army Directorate of Military Intelligence which was reorganized by General Sir Charles McGregor as a coherent intelligence organization. The MI was restructured in 1947 because most of the intelligence was done by the British officers prior to the partition, who either destroyed or took most of the records with them when they left, leaving the Indians with a small database 42. Other branches of Army constitute the Defence Security Corps which has 31,000 personnel, Special Frontier Force, which has around 10,000 personnel and it was structured with the help of CIA and RAW together.

National Security Guards NSG (also known as the Black Cat Commandos) is India�s counter-terrorist force and it came about as a result of the National Security Guard Act of 1986. The NSG is comprised of about 7,500 personnel and subdivided into two groups, Special Action Group (SAG), which is its offensive wing, and the Special Rangers Group (SRG), which is the support group for the SAG which derives its members from central police organizations. Lastly, the Special Security Bureau is also under the Army, which is simultaneously an intelligence agency as well as a commando organization. It is the size of about two battalions. The Air Force and Naval Intelligence also constitute important sources of intelligence gathering. The Air Force is linked to the Indian Space Programme to enhance the space based imagery and intelligence capabilities. The SIGINT intercepts are routed through the Director of Naval Operations/ Director of Naval Signals as a part of operational tasking. Within the purview of naval intelligence is the Coast Guard (formed 1977), created in response to smuggling and poaching by foreign vessels. The Coast Guard can be considered to be the naval counterpart of the Border Security Force of the Indian Army.

Ministries of Home and Finance: These two ministries have further specialized agencies that have expertise in information gathering to enhance internal security. The Ministry of Home Affairs manages the Indian Police Service, paramilitary forces and the internal intelligence bureaus. Since police is a civil service, the head of police department reports to the Prime Minister at the Union level and to the Chief Minister at the state level. The Ministry of Home comprises of the Central Investigation Bureau (CBI) and the Department of Internal Security. The Central Bureau of Investigation and the Department of Internal Security are both governed by the Home Ministry. Increasing separatist insurgencies and communalism, as well as the growth of intelligence bureaus has given the Home Ministry a more prominent role in regards to law and order matters in the country. The Department of Internal Security has six special bureaus for internal security; These are the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), Rapid Action Force (RAF), the Special Protection Group (SPG), Central Industrial Security Force, the Border Security Force (BSF) and the Home Guards. (See Figure 3) The Ministry of Finance deliberates over the Economic Intelligence Council an the Department of Revenue.

The Department of Revenue is further divided into the Central Economic Intelligence Bureau and the Narcotics Control Board (NCB). The former has four directorates below it, which are Directorates General of Revenue Intelligence (DGRI), Enforcement, Anti-Evasion and Income-Tax Investigation. THE FUNCTIONS OF INDIAN INTELLIGENCE SERVICES JIC: The Joint Intelligence Services is the meridian unit for the analysis of intelligence data that comes from Intelligence Bureau, RAW, the Directorate of Military Intelligence and Directorates of Naval and Air Intelligence. Since its inception in 1990, it has only met once. RAW: Raw is the most powerful external intelligence agency of India and about Rs. 25 crore (approx. a quarter billion rupees) are spent on the upkeep of Ministry of External Affairs and RAW together. RAW has become an effective apparatus of the Indian national power and prestige. One of its main functions is to lodge disinformation campaigns, espionage and sabotage in the neighbouring countries, particularly in Pakistan. In 1968 India established a special branch of its intelligence service specially targeted on Pakistan43. RAW believed that Pakistan was engaged in training the Sikhs of East Punjab, whereas Pakistan blamed RAW for having supported the Saraiki Movement in Pakistan 44.

RAW has an extensive network of anti-government agents working in Pakistan, in collaboration with several sectarian and ethnic groups in Sindh and Punjab. Published sources purport that as many as 35,000 RAW agents have penetrated Pakistan between 1983-93, and as many as 40 terrorist training camps in Rajasthan, East Punjab, Held Kashmir and UP are run by the RAW�s Special Service Bureau (SSB)45. Allegedly, RAW executed a hijacking of an Indian Airliner to Lahore in 1971 which was attributed to the Kashmiris, in order to bequeath a terrorist label to the Kashmiri national movement46. Similarly RAW has involvement in Bangladesh which is known to date from the 1960s, when it first fuelled dissatisfaction against West Pakistan, then funded Mujibur Rahman�s general election in 1970 and finally provided training and armament of the Mukti Bahini47. More recently however, RAW is busy beefing up the secular forces as well as the Hindu minority in Bangladesh. Outside of the Sub-Continent, RAW is busy in espionage in the United States.

There is an extensive network of Indian operatives, controlled and managed by the Indian Embassy. Some of its covert activities include infiltration of the US long distance telephone lines and obtaining valuable information, is used to blackmail the relatives of the US residents in India in order to achieve its objectives 48. It is also known to covertly fund political candidates running for the elections in the US. MINISTRY OF DEFENCE: Through the 1960s, MI was largely focused on field security services, rather than external intelligence. Main functions of MI are counter-insurgency operations, policing the army, fighting corruption etc. Its external function is to collaborate with friendly states to share data on imagery. During the 1971 war with Pakistan, the Russian satellite imagery gave India information about the Chinese movement and positioning of troops along the western border 49. The Defence Security Corps perform the function of providing security at the Defence Ministry Sites in India whereas the Special Frontier Force performs espionage to gather foreign intelligence and disrupt enemy logistics behind its lines. National Security guards or the Black Cat Commandos are India�s counter-terrorist force.

It provides security to the VIPs, performs anti-sabotage checks and it is accountable for neutralizing terrorist threats to vital installations in the country 50. It has two sub-organizations, SAG and SRG. The former is the offence wing with its members recruited from within the army and the latter�s recruitment is done from within the Central Police and it performs the function of backing up the Special Action Force to isolate the target areas. NSG was established in 1984, in the wake of the Sikh rebellion and the Golden Temple crisis51. And finally, within the army, the Special Security Bureau acts as both, an intelligence agency as well as a commando organization for behind the enemy lines operations. The Air Force intelligence is responsible for imagery intelligence collection through its reconnaissance aircraft. Currently, the Indian Air Force is focusing on independent space-based imagery and intelligence capabilities. Whereas the Naval Intelligence specializes in Signals Intelligence. By the means of communication equipment, it can intercept signals and analyze them to produce usable information against the enemy. And finally the Indian Navy�s Coast Guard monitors its coast for general security and obtains information on smuggling in and out of India.

MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS: The Ministry of Home Affairs has several units that perform a diversified intelligence task. The CBI, which is India�s investigation agency is responsible for a wide variety of criminal and national security matters. The Bofors scandal was investigated by the CBI that linked millions of dollars in pay-offs to Rajiv Gandhi from a Swedish arms company AB Bofors, as the item for sale by Bofors was inferior to that of a competitive French firm 52. The Special Protection Group provides protection to the Prime Minister, obtains information to stay vigilant about the security matters during transport, functions and engagements. It also provides security to the immediate family of the Prime Minister. Out of its four sub-divisions, the Intelligence and Tours Branch is responsible for threat assessment, internal intelligence pertaining to personnel and verification of antecedents 53. Another agency working under the Home Ministry is the Central Industrial Security Force. This agency is responsible for the security of all the ports of entry and other transportation facilities. This organization however suffers from bad reputation of harassing its rural population and has been implicated for some human rights� abuses. Lastly, the BSF has an extensive intelligence network of peacetime surveillance of trans-border crimes.

Out of the 180,000 strong BSF personnel, about one third is deployed in Jammu and Kashmir. this is in addition to the more than half a million soldiers and about a quarter million paramilitary forces. BSF is implicated in serious human rights violations; search, cordon, detention, torture and extra-judicial killings constitute the modus operandi of BSF for the purpose of gaining information54. It should be also noted that the security legislation in India authorizes these forces �shoot to kill� and destruction of civilian property. MINISTRY OF FINANCE: As noted in the nature and scheme of intelligence structure in India, the Ministry of Finance plays an important role in the gathering and dissemination of intelligence relating to commercial and industrial activity. A two-tiered system is established in which the Economic Intelligence Council plays a pivotal role under the chairmanship of the Union Finance Minister and 18 regional Economic Intelligence Committees. The Economic Intelligence Bureau obtains information about the underground economy, foreign exchange and substance smuggling, and to ensure the coordination of the Reserve Bank of India and Intelligence Bureau 55. The Directorate of Revenue Intelligence handles custom duty evasion, collection, collation and dissemination of information on smuggling activities.

The Directorates of Evasion and Income Tax Investigation probe into matters of evasion of direct taxes, organized search to reveal black money and most importantly the dissemination of information and intelligence collected by passing on the same information to the concerned departments which includes the authorities that carry on the assessment. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS The purpose of this paper is to do a comparative analysis of the intelligence services of Israel and India, in their structures and functions. Making comparisons between two entities without a third point of reference is sometimes a futile exercise and doesn�t lead to substantial knowledge. It is more useful to judge similarities or differences from a third platform that is independent of the two entities being compared and contrasted. Therefore, an occasional reference will be made to the UK intelligence structures that are the forerunners of these organizations. The main point of contrast in the origin of Indian and Israeli intelligence is the nature of contact with the British world. Jews constituted a second class citizenry of the Kingdom whereas the Indians experienced severity of repressive colonial rule like none other place in the world and like no other times in their own history. The European Jews were repressed, and persecuted later, but were never colonized directly.

Whereas the Indians went from the status of �rulers� to the ruled�. Worst yet, in the Indian case the psychological colonization of mind and systematic eradication of their institutions (of learning and governing) impaired their ability to create structures for themselves. It is under this light that one can understand institution building or the lack thereof, in Israel and India. European Jews came from the land of �modern institution builders� and imbibed the culture of societies that progressively eclipsed rest of the world. There was much to be learnt from the Western societies, the knowledge of which they used to their own advantage. Their persecution provided them the incentive to create a new state and the techniques they learnt, helped them achieve it. And the already well-developed British intelligence organizations and their efficacy in the strategic arena served as a role model for them. United Kingdom�s intelligence structure is understood to correspond to the Confederation Type (See Endnote 12). This type has relatively more autonomy vested in the agencies whereas the overall coordination comes from outside of the Intelligence services. There is a stronger concatenation of intelligence agency with the civilian world. The Israeli case resembles this to an extent, especially at the origin, but it deviates in its subsequent development.

The British model is more layered and doesn�t permit an unfettered access to the head of the state by any particular agency, all of whom are ostensibly treated as equals. However, in the case of Israel, and India to some extent, there is a departure from this rule. Mossad in Israel and RAW in India, both have a direct access to the seat of power. In the case of Israel, this evolution particularly took place in 1951. Upon the Coordinator Ruben Shiloach�s return from Washington, he convinced the then Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion that the CIA was breaking new grounds in the techniques of espionage and that Israel should have a similar agency which has the latitude and independence of reporting directly to the Prime Minister56. Similarly in India the JIC performs the same task that the Coordinator of Intelligence and Security performs in UK. As far as the proximity to the seat of power is concerned, it deviates from the English model in that the JIC includes the Prime Minister whereas the Coordinator of Intelligence and Security in the case of UK, excludes the Prime Minister. Moreover, the RAW, like the Mossad also has direct access to the Prime Minister.

The Indian intelligence structure seems to possess more of a cross between the confederation and a federation, an element which is also visible in the case of Israel. Despite its relative functional clarity, the Israeli intelligence organization, like in any bureaucratic organization, has a duplicity of function. The Shin Beth for example, which is an internal intelligence and security force, has some external functions, whereas the Mossad, which is primarily Israel�s external intelligence organisation, has some internal functions. In the case of India, there is also considerable overlap in the functions of intelligence community. Due to the paucity of research on Indian Intelligence organizations and their function, there is some ambiguity about the exact functional character of intelligence services in India. MI for example, which was instituted primarily as a field security force, has been implicated in some cross-border operations. However, the Mossad and the RAW are each other�s counterpart in terms of function and character, and the IB in India can be considered as the equivalent of Shin Beth in Israel. Both Israel and India are parliamentary democracies with a considerably strong nexus between their agencies and the policy makers. In its democratic aspect, India is arguably closer to the British model and has, at least in principle, more diffusion of power in the intelligence community.

This similarity is of course merely procedural and being a democracy doesn�t have a direct correlation with the structure of these organizations. Rather there are other factors that are responsible for these differences: 1. History obviously plays a very prominent role in determining these differences. Although both Israel and India became independent around the same time, as a state India existed much longer than Israel. Israel started the state-building from scratch and the Jews of Israel built a state that suited their needs. Whereas in the case of India, a colonial state was left to them as the British abandoned that part of empire. The white �Sahib� left the state apparatus and the brown �Sahib� filled the gap. Even to this day, the state of India has those manipulative and extractive features that reflect the legacy of colonial rule. Indian state institutions exhibit a higher degree of cultural inertia and much less innovation when compared to Israel, the creation of which is a direct result of marvellous intelligence operation and perhaps the biggest success story in the contemporary intelligence history. 2. Another social factor that is responsible for shaping these organizations is culture.

The ruling elite in Israel is of the Ashkenazi background, whereas the Sephardi Jews are considered second class citizen whose contribution to the enterprise of state-building is less than the Ashkenazim. �The European Jews founded the Zionist movement, dominated it, and overwhelmed the long-existing Sephardi community in Palestine. They imposed their institutions and values on the politics, society and culture of the yishuv (the Jewish community in the pre-1948 Palestine) and the State of Israel, assuming that the Jews from �backward� non-European areas would simply have to adjust to the established order� 57. Thus the officer elite in the Israeli intelligence is mostly Western/Modern, compared to the Indian elite which is in the process of �westernizing/modernizing�. However, a point of similarity is that in both the cases there is a foreign culture superimposed on a local one, albeit differently. 3. Geography and Strategic depth of the territory in Israel and India is radically different and perhaps it is the single biggest factor that differentiates Israel from rest of the organizations. Israel�s land mass is thin and narrow, surrounded by its hostile Muslim neighbours whose wrath it acquired by dispossessing them of their soil.

It was only after creating a credible nuclear deterrent that its position has become relatively secure, nonetheless, it is still dependent on deft and clever intelligence. In the field of comparative intelligence...�Israel represents a special case of intelligence: A small country with considerable wealth ($ 7 million a day in foreign aid from the United States alone)... [which] spends a higher proportion of their national wealth on intelligence than most other countries� 58. The very survival of Israel depends on good intelligence. India on the other hand is secure by the Indian Ocean in the South and Himalayas to the East, left with part of its border along Pakistani and Bangladeshi territory to worry about. Its trepidation is more immediate and not as far fetched as that of Israel. Israel monitors most of the world in an effort to obtain any piece of information that would complete an incomplete puzzle. In 1981, Israel took the possibility of a nuclear attack against it very seriously, a single one of which might have been enough to impair the whole state. The American intelligence indicated that Pakistan will have an atom bomb by 1982 and Iraq by 1983 59.

The Uranium Oxide for the Pakistani nuclear reactor came from Niger via Tripoli leading the Israelis to conjecture that if Pakistan transfers just one bomb to Libya, Gaddafi might use it on Israel. The 1984 destruction of the Osirak reactor in Iraq is a logical step in the same direction to eliminate threat by a pre-emotive strike. The exact precision of attacking the targets was a result of first class intelligence. 4. Lastly, another salient feature of difference that is instrumental in distinguishing between the Israeli and Indian agencies is the threat environment. The security predicament of Israel is primarily external, while that of India is internal. Israel, despite its diversity is a consolidated nation. Its identity is rooted in religion and thus much clear as compared to that of the Indians, who belong to a highly fragmented society. India�s perceived threat comes from Pakistan and the hostility with Pakistan is deep rooted as it was once the part of the British India. India, which is predominantly a Hindu state, still adheres to the ideology of Akhand Bharat or �One India� and only reluctantly accepts Pakistan. The creation of Pakistan is a function of India�s failure to exist as a consolidated society.

The same threat of its large and uneasy minorities looms large even today, 51 years after its independence. The rise of fascist movement in India, religious intolerance and movements of irredentism, all pose a grave internal threat to the internal unity of India. The challenge to these and all intelligence organizations of the world is how to modify their structures to match the ever changing process of intelligence. This itself varies with the physical environment, cultural moorings, available resources and need. These elements are much more efficiently integrated in the Israeli intelligence agencies than the Indian. n NOTES 1. Muslims in India are persecuted every now and then. The cultural clash is not between the tra-ditional/rural Hindus and Muslims but the modern/urban ones. The identity of the �modern Hindu� is constructed in opposition to the Muslim who is often blamed along with his heritage and history, as a problem in the society. Such trend is more visible in the conservative factions of Hindu society as in the followers of Bharatiya Janta Party. In case of Israel, all opposition from its most immediate vicinity comes from the Muslims.

Their resistance and call for justice comes in the name of Islam as a response to tyrannical practices of the Israeli state, accompanied by its gross violation of Human Rights. 2. Harry Ellis, The Dilemma of Israel. (US Interests in the Middle East Series). American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. 1970, P.12. 3. Ibid. P.12. Israel’s National Intelligence Agency (Mossad) Was Behind September 11th 2001 Attacks – FOX NEWS REPORTS | CSGlobe Israel’s National Intelligence Agency (Mossad) Was Behind September 11th 2001 Attacks – FOX NEWS REPORTS By Apr 4, 2015 5332 This was aired then immediately banned and removed from the Fox archives right after 9-11, a lot have people still have never seen it and is a must for the first step in the process. I remember these stories very well, from 2001. They were major news, and then… poof! Vanished. Down the “memory hole”, along with every other story that points to the real perpetrators of 9/11.

Not another word was said about it — in the corporate media. It does not surprise me that this piece was removed by FOX – what surprises me is that it ever got to air at all! The internal censorship practiced by all American mass media let this one get by it. Why pull the truth? Lies get better ratings… And before you cry “Liberal”, 90% of news media is owned by 6 corporations . Meaning Fox, CNN, BBC, MSNBC, NBC, ABC, CBS, FOX, are a part of the propaganda machine. Fox just happens to have the highest ratings thus meaning they lie to the most people by default. SHARE 10 Best Intelligence Agencies in the World 10 Best Intelligence Agencies in the World An Intelligence Agency is an effective instrument of a national power. Aggressive intelligence is its primary weapon to destabilize the target. Indeed, no one knows what the intelligence agencies actually do so figuring out who the best intelligence service is can be difficult. The very nature of intelligence often means that the successes will not be public knowledge for years, whereas failures or controversial operations will be taken to the press. It’s a thankless situation.

Still, from what little has emerged, one can have an idea of some of the better intelligence services out there, with the understanding that this is based on incomplete data. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia Annual budget The Hon. Stephen Smith MP, Minister for Foreign Affairs Nick Warner, Director-General Australian Secret Intelligence Service is the Australian government intelligence agency responsible for collecting foreign intelligence, undertaking counter-intelligence activities and cooperation with other intelligence agencies overseas. For more than twenty years, the existence of the agency was a secret even from its own government. Its primary responsibility is gathering intelligence from mainly Asian and Pacific interests using agents stationed in a wide variety of areas. Its main purpose, as with most agencies, is to protect the country’s political and economic interests while ensuring safety for the people of Australia against national threats. K. C. Verma, Secretary (R) Parent agency Prime Minister’s Office, GoI Research and Analysis Wing is India’s external intelligence agency.

It was formed in September 1968, after the newly independent Republic of India was faced with 2 consecutive wars, the Sino-Indian war of 1962 and the India-Pakistani war of 1965, as it was evident that a credible intelligence gathering setup was lacking. Its primary function is collection of external intelligence, counter-terrorism and covert operations. In addition, it is responsible for obtaining and analyzing information about foreign governments, corporations, and persons, in order to advise Indian foreign policymakers. Until the creation of R&AW, the Intelligence Bureau handled both internal and external intelligence. External Documentation and Counter-Espionage Service Minister responsible Hervé Morin, Minister of Defence Agency executive Erard Corbin de Mangoux, Director Directorate General for External Security is France’s external intelligence agency. Operating under the direction of the French ministry of defence, the agency works alongside the DCRI (the Central Directorate of Interior Intelligence) in providing intelligence and national security, notably by performing paramilitary and counterintelligence operations abroad. The General Directorate for External Security (DGSE) of France has a rather short history compared to other intelligence agencies in the region.

It was officially founded in 1982 from a multitude of prior intelligence agencies in the country. Its primary focus is to gather intelligence from foreign sources to assist in military and strategic decisions for the country. The agency employs more than five thousand people. Preceding agency KGB The Federal Security Service of Russian Federation (FSD) is the main domestic security agency of the Russian Federation and the main successor agency of the Soviet-era Cheka, NKVD and KGB. The FSB is involved in counter-intelligence, internal and border security, counter-terrorism, and surveillance. Its headquarters are on Lubyanka Square, downtown Moscow, the same location as the former headquarters of the KGB. All law enforcement and intelligence agencies in Russia work under the guidance of FSB, if needed. For example, the GRU, spetsnaz and Internal Troops detachments of Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs work together with the FSB in Chechnya. The FSB is responsible for internal security of the Russian state, counterespionage, and the fight against organized crime, terrorism, and drug smuggling. The number of FSB personnel and its budget remain state secrets, although the budget was reported to jump nearly 40% in 2006.

Parent agency Central Intelligence Group The Bundesnachrichtendienst is the foreign intelligence agency of the German government, under the control of the Chancellor’s Office. The BND acts as an early warning system to alert the German government to threats to German interests from abroad. It depends heavily on wiretapping and electronic surveillance of international communications. It collects and evaluates information on a variety of areas such as international terrorism, WMD proliferation and illegal transfer of technology, organized crime, weapons and drug trafficking, money laundering, illegal migration and information warfare. As Germany’s only overseas intelligence service, the BND gathers both military and civil intelligence. People’s Republic of China Headquarters Geng Huichang, Minister of State Security Parent agency State Council Ministry of State Security is the security agency of the People’s Republic of China. It is also probably the Chinese government’s largest and most active foreign intelligence agency, though it is also involved in domestic security matters. Article 4 of the Criminal Procedure Law gives the MSS the same authority to arrest or detain people as regular police for crimes involving state security with identical supervision by the procuratorates and the courts. It is headquartered near the Ministry of Public Security of the People’s Republic of China in Beijing.

According to Liu Fuzhi, Secretary-General of the Commission for Politics and Law under the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and Minister of Public Security, the mission of the MSS is to ensure “the security of the state through effective measures against enemy agents, spies, and counter-revolutionary activities designed to sabotage or overthrow China’s socialist system.” One of the primary missions of the MSS is undoubtedly to gather foreign intelligence from targets in various countries overseas. Many MSS agents are said to have operated in the Greater China region (Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan) and to have integrated themselves into the world’s numerous overseas Chinese communities. At one point, nearly 120 agents who had been operating under non-official cover in the U.S., Canada, Western and Northern Europe, and Japan as businessmen, bankers, scholars, and journalists were recalled to China, a fact that demonstrates the broad geographical scope of MSS agent coverage. Parent agency Office of the Prime Minister The Mossad is responsible for intelligence collection and covert operations including paramilitary activities. It is one of the main entities in the Israeli Intelligence Community, along with Aman (military intelligence) and Shin Bet (internal security), but its director reports directly to the Prime Minister.

The list of its successes is long. Israel’s intelligence agency is most famous for having taken out a number of PLO operatives in retaliation for the attack that killed eleven Israeli athletes at the 1972 Olympic games in Munich. However, this agency has other success to its name, including the acquisition of a MiG-21 prior to the Six-Day war of 1967 and the theft of the plans for the Mirage 5 after the deal with France went sour. Mossad also assisted the United States in supporting Solidarity in Poland during the 1980s. Agency executive Lieutenant General Ahmad Shuja Pasha, PA Director General With the lengthiest track record of success, the best know Intelligence so far on the scale of records is ISI. The Inter-Services Intelligence was created as an independent unit in 1948 in order to strengthen the performance of Pakistan’s Military Intelligence during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. Its success in achieving its goal without leading to a full scale invasion of Pakistan by the Soviets is a feat unmatched by any other through out the intelligence world. KGB, The best of its time, failed to counter ISI and protect Soviet interests in Central Asia.

It has had 0 double agents or Defectors through out its history, considering that in light of the whole war campaign it carried out from money earned by selling drugs bought from the very people it was bleeding, The Soviets. It has protected its Nuclear Weapons since formed and it has foiled Indian attempts to attain ultimate supremacy in the South-Asian theatres through internal destabilization of India. It is above All laws in its host country Pakistan ‘A State, with in a State’. Its policies are made ‘outside’ of all other institutions with the exception of The Army. Its personnel have never been caught on camera. Its is believed to have the highest number of agents worldwide, close to 10,000. The most striking thing is that its one of the least funded Intelligence agency out of the top 10. Sir John Sawers KCMG, Director General Parent agency Foreign and Commonwealth Office The British have had a long public perception of an effective intelligence agency (due to the success of the unrealistic, yet entertaining, James Bond movies). This perception matches reality.

MI6, the British equivalent to the CIA, has had two big advantages in staying effective: The British Official Secrets Act and D notices can often prevent leaks (which have been the bane of the CIA’s existence). Some stories have emerged. In the Cold War, MI6 recruited Oleg Penkovsky, who played a key part in the favorable resolution of the Cuban Missile Crisis, and Oleg Gordievski, who operated for a decade before MI6 extracted him via Finland. The British were even aware of Norwood’s activities, but made the decision not to tip their hand. MI6 also is rumored to have sabotaged the Tu-144 supersonic airliner program by altering documents and making sure they fell into the hands of the KGB.

Question: What is the national intelligence agency of Israel?
Answer: The Mossad