What does Petroleum mean? Definitions for Petroleumpəˈtroʊ li əm This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word Petroleum Princeton's WordNet(3.67 / 3 votes)Rate this definition: petroleum, crude oil, crude, rock oil, fossil oil, oil(noun) a dark oil consisting mainly of hydrocarbons Wiktionary(5.00 / 11 votes)Rate this definition: petroleum(Noun) A flammable liquid ranging in color from clear to very dark brown and black, consisting mainly of hydrocarbons, occurring naturally in deposits under earth surface. Origin: From petroleum, from petra + oleum. Webster Dictionary(5.00 / 1 vote)Rate this definition: Petroleum(noun) rock oil, mineral oil, or natural oil, a dark brown or greenish inflammable liquid, which, at certain points, exists in the upper strata of the earth, from whence it is pumped, or forced by pressure of the gas attending it. It consists of a complex mixture of various hydrocarbons, largely of the methane series, but may vary much in appearance, composition, and properties.

It is refined by distillation, and the products include kerosene, benzine, gasoline, paraffin, etc Origin: [NL., fr. L. petra a rock + oleum oil: cf. F. ptrole. Cf. Petrify, and Oil.] Freebase(5.00 / 1 vote)Rate this definition: Petroleum Petroleum is a naturally occurring flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other liquid organic compounds, that are found in geologic formations beneath the Earth's surface. The name Petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oils and petroleum products that are made up of refined crude oil. A fossil fuel, it is formed when large quantities of dead organisms, usually zooplankton and algae, are buried underneath sedimentary rock and undergo intense heat and pressure. Petroleum is recovered mostly through oil drilling. This comes after the studies of structural geology, sedimentary basin analysis, reservoir characterization. It is refined and separated, most easily by boiling point, into a large number of consumer products, from petrol and kerosene to asphalt and chemical reagents used to make plastics and pharmaceuticals.

Petroleum is used in manufacturing a wide variety of materials, and it is estimated that the world consumes about 90 million barrels each day. Chambers 20th Century Dictionary(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Petroleum pē-trō′lē-um, n. a liquid inflammable substance issuing or pumped up from the earth in various parts of the world.—ns. Pet′rol, a spirit obtained from petroleum; Petroleur (pā-tro-lār′), one of those Parisians who, with the help of petroleum, set fire to many of the public buildings of Paris in May 1871: an incendiary:—fem. Petroleuse′.—adj. Petrolif′erous, yielding petroleum. [L. petra, rock, oleum, oil.] The Nuttall Encyclopedia(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Petroleum is the common name of a series of rock oils found in large quantities in the United States and Canada, near Rangoon, and in the neighbourhood of the Caspian Sea.

The oil issues from the rocks, or is drawn from subterranean reservoirs, where its presence is supposed to result from natural distillation of vegetable and animal substances, and after refining, put in the market as benzoline, paraffin, and lubricating oil. It is extensively used in the industries, and has been applied as fuel to steamships. Pétroleuse U.S. National Library of Medicine(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Petroleum Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. Numerology The numerical value of Petroleum in Chaldean Numerology is: 8 Pythagorean Numerology Petroleum | Define Petroleum at Dictionary.com petroleum [puh-troh-lee-uh m] /pəˈtroʊ li əm/ Spell noun 1.

an oily, thick, flammable, usually dark-colored liquid that is a form of bitumen or a mixture of various hydrocarbons, occurring naturally in various parts of the world and commonly obtained by drilling: used in a natural or refined state as fuel, or separated by distillation into gasoline, naphtha, benzene, kerosene, paraffin, etc. Origin of petroleum 1520-30; < Medieval Latin: literally, rock oil, equivalent to Latin petr(a) rock (< Greek pétra) + oleum oil Related forms Examples from the Web for petroleum Expand U.S. Closing Trade Deficit With Better Oil Numbers Daniel Gross June 4, 2013 Historical Examples These petroleum lamps do not give much light, but the graduation of the light is easily effected with them. Commercial Geography Jacques W. Redway In recent years petroleum, long known to the natives, has added much to the wealth of Java. Commercial Geography Jacques W. Redway As fuel, my choice this time fell on petroleum (“snowflake”). British Dictionary definitions for petroleum Expand noun 1.

a dark-coloured thick flammable crude oil occurring in sedimentary rocks around the Persian Gulf, in parts of North and South America, and below the North Sea, consisting mainly of hydrocarbons. Fractional distillation separates the crude oil into petrol, paraffin, diesel oil, lubricating oil, etc. Fuel oil, paraffin wax, asphalt, and carbon black are extracted from the residue Word Origin C16: from Medieval Latin, from Latin petra stone + oleum oil Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for petroleum Expand n. early 15c. "petroleum, rock oil" (mid-14c. in Anglo-French), from Medieval Latin petroleum, from Latin petra "rock" (see petrous ) + oleum "oil" (see oil (n.)).

Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper petroleum (pə-trō'lē-əm) A thick, flammable, yellow-to-black mixture of gaseous, liquid, and solid hydrocarbons that occurs naturally beneath the Earth's surface. It can be separated into fractions including natural gas, gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, paraffin wax, asphalt, and fuel and lubricating oils, and is used as raw material for a wide variety of derivative products. It is believed to originate from the accumulated remains of fossil plants and animals, especially in shallow marine environments. The American Heritage® Science Dictionary Copyright © 2002. Published by Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved. Petroleum - definition of petroleum by The Free Dictionary Petroleum - definition of petroleum by The Free Dictionary (pə-trō′lē-əm) n.

A thick, flammable, yellow-to-black mixture of gaseous, liquid, and solid hydrocarbons that occurs naturally beneath the earth's surface, can be separated into fractions including natural gas, gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, fuel and lubricating oils, paraffin wax, and asphalt and is used as raw material for a wide variety of derivative products. [Middle English, from Medieval Latin petrōleum : Latin petra, rock; see petrous + Latin ōleum, oil; see oil.] petroleum (pəˈtrəʊlɪəm) n (Elements & Compounds) a dark-coloured thick flammable crude oil occurring in sedimentary rocks around the Persian Gulf, in parts of North and South America, and below the North Sea, consisting mainly of hydrocarbons. Fractional distillation separates the crude oil into petrol, paraffin, diesel oil, lubricating oil, etc. Fuel oil, paraffin wax, asphalt, and carbon black are extracted from the residue [C16: from Medieval Latin, from Latin petra stone + oleum oil] pe•tro•le•um (pəˈtroʊ li əm) n.

an oily, thick, flammable, usu. dark-colored liquid that is a form of bitumen or a mixture of various hydrocarbons, occurring naturally and commonly obtained by drilling: used as fuel, or separated by distillation into gasoline, naphtha, benzene, kerosene, paraffin, etc. [1520–30; < Medieval Latin: literally, rock oil = Latin petr(a) rock (< Greek pétra) + oleum oil ] pe•tro′le•ous, adj. pe·tro·le·um (pə-trō′lē-əm) A thick, black to yellow, flammable liquid mixture of hydrocarbons. Petroleum occurs naturally, mainly below the Earth's surface, and is believed to originate from the accumulated remains of ancient plants and animals. It is the source of petrochemicals and is used to make gasoline, lubricating oils, plastics, and many other products. petroleum Mineral oil composed of hydrocarbons formed in the Earth’s crust.

ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: crude , crude oil , fossil oil , rock oil , oil atomic number 6 , carbon , C - an abundant nonmetallic tetravalent element occurring in three allotropic forms: amorphous carbon and graphite and diamond; occurs in all organic compounds fossil fuel - fuel consisting of the remains of organisms preserved in rocks in the earth's crust with high carbon and hydrogen content oil - a slippery or viscous liquid or liquefiable substance not miscible with water resid , residual oil - oil products that remain after petroleum has been distilled Translations petroleum products NPL → derivados mpl del petróleo petroleum [pəˈtrəʊliəm] n → pétrole mpetroleum jelly n → Vaseline® fpetrol gauge n [car] → jauge f d'essence petroleum n → Vaselin nt, → Vaseline f petroleum refinery petrol (ˈpetrəl) noun (American gas or gasoline) a liquid got from petroleum, used as fuel for motor cars etc. I'll stop at the next garage and buy more petrol; (also adjective) a petrol engine.

petrol بِترول бензин gasolina benzín(ový) das Benzin, Benzin-... benzin; benzin- βενζίνη gasolina bensiin بنزین bensiini essence בֶּנזִין पेट्रोल benzin benzin bensin bensín benzina ガソリン 휘발유, 가솔린 benzinas benzīns petrol benzine bensin benzyna بنزين gasolina benzină бензин benzín; benzínový bencin za motorje benzin bensin น้ำมันปิโตรเลียม benzin 汽油 бензин; моторне пальне پٹرول xăng 汽油 petroleum (pəˈtrəuliəm) noun oil in its raw, unrefined form, which is found in natural wells below the earth's surface and from which petrol, paraffin etc are obtained.

petroleum نَفْط، بِتْرول нефт petróleo ropa das Erdöl råolie πετρέλαιο petróleo nafta نفت خام raakaöljy pétrole נפט पेट्रोलियम nafta kőolaj minyak tanah jarð-/hráolía petrolio 石油 석유 nafta nafta petroleum aardolie råolje ropa naftowa پټرول ، معد نى تيل، دموټر تيل، خام نفت petróleo ţiţei; petrol нефть ropa nafta nafta råolja, petroleum น้ำมันดิบ petrol 石油 нафта خام پٹرول dầu mỏ 石油 petroleum jelly a soft substance got from petroleum, used eg in ointments.

petroleumjellie هُلام вазелиново масло vaselina vazelína (z ropy) das Vaselin vaseline βαζελίνη vaselina vaseliin مرهم وازلین vaseliini vaseline וזלין पेट्रोलियम जेली vazelin vazelin vaselin vaselín vaselina ワセリン 바셀린 vazelinas vazelīns jeli petroleum petrolatum vaselin wazelina واسلین vaselina vaselină вазелин vazelína (z ropy) vazelin vazelin vaselin ขี้ผึ้งปิโตรเลียม vazelin 凡士林 вазелін پٹروليم جيلي جو مرہم وغيرہ ميں استعمال ہوتي ہے mỡ bò 凡士林 petrol pump (American gasoline pump) an apparatus at a petrol station which pumps petrol into cars etc, and which measures the amount of petrol it pumps.

petrolpomp مِضَخَّة نَفْط помпа bomba de gasolina benzínová pumpa die Zapfsäule benzinpumpe αντλία βενζίνης bomba/surtidor de gasolina bensiinipump دستگاه پمپاژ بنزین bensiinipumppu pompe à essence מַשׁאֵבַת דֶּלֶק पेंट्रोल पम्प benzinska pumpa benzinkút pompa bensin bensíndæla pompa di benzina ガソリンポンプ 급유 펌프 degalinės kolonėlė, benzino siurblys degvielas pildne; degvielas iepildes skaitītājs pam minyak benzinepomp bensinpumpe pompa benzynowa, dystrubutor د تیلو تانک bomba de gasolina pompă de benzină бензонасос benzínová pumpa črpalka za bencin benzins

ka pumpa bensinpump หัวจ่ายน้ำมัน benzin pompası 汽油泵 бензонасос پٹرول پمپ bơm xăng 汽油泵 petrol station (especially American filling stationor informally gas station) a garage where petrol is sold.

petrolstasie, vulstasie مَحَطَّة بَنْزين бензиностанция posto de gasolina benzínová stanice die Tankstelle benzintank; tankstation πρατήριο βενζίνης gasolinera bensiinijaam پمپ بنزین bensiiniasema station-service תַּחֲנַת דלק पेट्रोल उपलब्ध कराने का स्थान benzinska stanica benzinkút pompa bensin bensínstöð stazione di rifornimento ガソリンスタンド 쥬유소 degalinė degvielas uzpildes stacija stesen minyak benzinestation bensinstasjon stacja benzynowa د تیلو تانک bomba de gasolina staţie de benzină бензоколонка benzínová stanica bencinska črpalka benzinska pumpa bensinstation สถานีบริการน้ำมัน benzin istasyonu 加

油站 бензозаправка پٹرول اسٹيشن trạm xăng 加油站 petroleum n petróleo; — jelly vaselina, petrolato petro-, petr-, petri-, peter- - Word Information petro-, petr-, petri-, peter- (Greek > Latin: stone, rock) petrography (s) ( noun ), petrographies (pl) The scientific description of the composition and formation of rocks: Petrography is the systematic classification of igneous and metamorphic stones on the basis of their mineralogical and textural relationships; especially, by means of microscopic studies.

petrol (s) ( noun ), petrols (pl) 1. A British term for gasoline, or gas, for motor-driven vehicles: On their holiday in England Jerry and Janice stopped at a fuel station to fill their rented car with petrol. 2. Any of numerous organic compounds; such as, benzene and methane, that contain only carbon and hydrogen; including octane, heptane, hexane, etc., which are extracted from petroleum; primarily used as a fuel in internal-combustion engines: Petrol is known to contain such ingredients as corrosion inhibitors and antiknock compounds and lighter hydrocarbons from gasoline that can be used in dirigible balloons. 3. Etymology: "gasoline" from French pétrol (1892); earlier used (1585) in reference to the unrefined substance, from Middle French petrole, "petroleum"; from Old French; from Modern Latin petroleum.

petrolatum (s) ( noun ), petrolatums (pl) A translucent, oily, semisolid, amorphous, yellowish or whitish mass obtained from petroleum: Petrolatum is used as a lubricant, as a rust preventive, and in cosmetics and medicine as a protective dressing, emollient, or an ointment. petroleous ( adjective ), more petroleous, most petroleous Relating to something that is abounding in or containing a slippery or viscous liquid or liquefiable substance that cannot be mixed with water: Sam was astounded when he found out that he actually had petroleous resources on his property and so it was possible to obtain a lot of oil and that is why he contacted the local refinery to see when it could start the process of collecting it.

petroleum (s) ( noun ), petroleums (pl) A naturally occurring liquid mixture of complex hydrocarbon compounds that yields combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants upon distillation; usually found in deposits beneath the earth's surface and thought to have originated from plant and animal remains of the geologic past: Petroleum is by far the most widely used fuel source in the industrialized world and it is also used in many industrial products; such as, plastics, synthetic fibers, and drugs. petrolic ( adjective ), more petrolic, most petrolic Pertaining to something that is produced from oil: When Tom went to the gas station to get some gas for his car, little Susi, who sat in the back seat, was fascinated by the petrolic odor which came in through her open window. petroliferous ( adjective ), more petroliferous, most petroliferous Descriptive of geological formations that contains or consists of a thick, dark, and smooth liquid from under the ground which is used for making gas and other fuels: There are petroliferous sandstones and petroliferous shale oils located in various parts of the world.

petrologic ( adjective ), more petrologic, most petrologic Relating to the devision of science concerned with the study of various geological formations: Jack’s petrologic research included research in the origin, history, structure, and the categorizing of inorganic materials; such as, gravel, cliffs, mountains, etc. petrological ( adjective ), more petrological, most petrological Descriptive of the field of knowledge dealing with inorganic matter: Troy's petrological studies have revealed the microscopic details of the compositions of gemstones and minerals. petrologically ( adverb ), more petrologically, most petrologically Pertaining to how rocks originate, are composed, are structured and are systemized: Jane worked quite petrologically while identifying the gems and precious stones she had to analyze for her geology class at school.

petrologist (s) ( noun ), petrologists (pl) A person who is a specialist in the field of large and small boulders: A famous petrologist was invited to be a guest speaker at Calvin's university and to give a talk about the composition and texture of igneous matter; such as, slate, marble, granite, and schist or fine-grained sandstone, etc. petrology (s) ( noun ), petrologies (pl) The scientific study of stones: Petrology includes the academic research of the occurrence, the chemical composition and classification of quartz, geodes, chalk, obsidian, etc. petrophile (s) ( noun ), petrophiles (pl) Evergreen shrubs (of the family Proteaceae) found in Australia, New South Wales and Queensland: These bushes are usually known as conebushes that have prickly leafage and yellow or pink flowers which then produce gray, conical fruits.

petrophilous ( adjective ), more petrophilous, most petrophilous In biology, descriptive of something that thrives on rocks or in stony habitats: Most species of rattlesnakes found in the Mojave Desert live among the open, rocky areas, often hiding out of the sun in the cracks of boulders. —Source: Natur-Palette , Zurich Insurance Calendar, 1992. petrophily (s) ( noun ), petrophilies (pl) An organism which has its habitat in areas with stones or lapideous regions: Some petrophilies, like the chuckwalles, are rock-dwelling creatures, vegetarians and feed on leaves, flowers and fruits of any desert plants. Products | Rigel Petro Chemicals AMMONIA MAZUT M-100 Mazut is a heavy, low quality fuel oil, used in generating plants and similar applications. In the United States and Western Europe, mazut is blended or broken down, with the end product being diesel. Mazut may be used for heating houses in the former USSR and in countries of the Far East that do not have the facilities to blend or break it down into more conventional petro-chemicals.

In the West, furnaces that burn mazut are commonly called "waste oil" heaters or "waste oil" furnaces. Mazut-100 is a fuel oil that is manufactured to GOST specifications, (GOST is the Russian system of standards, much like ASTM, for example). Mazut is almost exclusively manufactured in the Russian Federation and few other countries like Iran,Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan. This product is typically used for larger boilers in producing steam since the BTU content is high. The most important consideration (not the only consideration) when grading this fuel is the sulfur content, which can mostly be affected by the source feedstock. For shipment purposes, this product is considered a ”dirty oil” product, and because viscosity drastically affect whether it is able to be pumped, shipping has unique requirements. Mazut is much like Number 6 Oil, and is part of the products left over after gasoline and lighter components are evaporated from the crude oil. The main difference between the different types of Mazut-100 is the content of sulphur.

The grades are represented by these sulfuric levels: • ”Very Low Sulphur” is mazut with a sulphur content of 0.5% • ”Low Sulphur” is a mazut with a sulphur content of 0.5-1.0% • ”Normal Sulphur” is a mazut with a sulphur content of 1.0-2.0% • ”High Sulphur” is a mazut with a sulphur content of 2.0-3.5% Very Low Sulfur mazut is generally made from the lowest sulfur crude feed stocks. It has a very limited volume to be exported because: • The number of producers in Russia are limited. Refineries which produce this are generally the largest of oil companies, such as Lukoil and Rosneft, etc. • A minimum of half of the total volume is sold only to the domestic market in Russia and the CIS. • Most of the remainder of this specific product are reserved by state quotas for state controlled companies abroad. • The remaining volumes available for export are sold according to state quotas, via state auctions, accessible only to Russian domestic companies with special access and experience with these auctions.

Low to high sulfur Mazut is available from Russia and other countries like Azerbaizan & Iran. The technical specifications are represented in the same way, according to the Russian GOST standard 10585-99. The Russian origin Mazut demands higher prices. GASOLINE Gasoline also known as petrol outside of North America, is a transparent, petroleum-derived liquid that is used primarily as a fuel in internal combustion engines. It consists mostly of organic compounds obtained by the fractional distillation of petroleum, enhanced with a variety of additives. A 42-gallon barrel of crude oil yields about 19 gallons of gasoline, when processed in an oil refinery. The characteristic of a particular gasoline blend to resist igniting too early (which causes knocking and reduces efficiency in reciprocating engines) is measured by its octane rating. Gasoline is produced in several grades of octane rating. Tetraethyllead and other lead compounds are no longer used in most areas to regulate and increase octane-rating, but many other additives are put into gasoline to improve its chemical stability, control corrosiveness and provide fuel system 'cleaning,' and determine performance characteristics under intended use.

Sometimes, gasoline also contains ethanol as an alternative fuel, for economic or environmental reasons. Gasoline, as used worldwide in the vast number of internal combustion engines used in transport and industry, has a significant impact on the environment, both in local effects (e.g., smog) and in global effects (e.g., effect on the climate). Gasoline may also enter the environment uncombusted, as liquid and as vapors, from leakage and handling during production, transport and delivery, from storage tanks, from spills, etc. As an example of efforts to control such leakage, many (underground) storage tanks are required to have extensive measures in place to detect and prevent such leaks. Gasoline contains benzene and other known carcinogens. DIESEL OIL Diesel fuel /ˈdiːzəl/ in general is any liquid fuel used in diesel engines, whose fuel ignition takes place, without spark, as a result of compression of the inlet air mixture and then injection of fuel. (Glow plugs, grid heaters and heater blocks help achieve high temperatures for combustion during engine startup in cold weather.) Diesel engines have found broad use as a result of higher thermodynamic and thus fuel efficiencies.

This is particularly noted where diesel engines are run at part-load; as their air supply is not throttled as in a petrol engine, their efficiency still remains very high.. The most common type of diesel fuel is a specific fractional distillate of petroleum fuel oil, but alternatives that are not derived from petroleum, such as biodiesel, biomass to liquid (BTL) or gas to liquid (GTL) diesel, are increasingly being developed and adopted. To distinguish these types, petroleum-derived diesel is increasingly called petrodiesel.[1] Ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD) is a standard for defining diesel fuel with substantially lowered sulfur contents. As of 2006, almost all of the petroleum-based diesel fuel available in UK, Europe and North America is of a ULSD type. In the UK, diesel fuel for on-road use is commonly abbreviated DERV, standing for diesel-engined road vehicle, which carries a tax premium over equivalent fuel for non-road use (see Taxation).[2] In Australia diesel fuel is also known as 'distillate' JET FUEL Jet fuel, aviation turbine fuel (ATF), or avtur, is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in aircraft powered by gas-turbine engines.

It is colourless to straw-colored in appearance. The most commonly used fuels for commercial aviation are Jet A and Jet A-1, which are produced to a standardized international specification. The only other jet fuel commonly used in civilian turbine-engine powered aviation is Jet B, which is used for its enhanced cold-weather performance. Jet fuel is a mixture of a large number of different hydrocarbons. The range of their sizes (molecular weights or carbon numbers) is restricted by the requirements for the product, for example, the freezing point or smoke point. Kerosene-type jet fuel (including Jet A and Jet A-1) has a carbon number distribution between about 8 and 16 (carbon atoms per molecule); wide-cut or naphtha-type jet fuel (including Jet B), between about 5 and 15. NAPHTHA Naphtha is a general term that has been used for over two thousand years to refer to flammable liquid hydrocarbon mixtures. Mixtures labeled naphtha have been produced from natural gas condensates, petroleum distillates, and the distillation of coal tar and peat.

It is used differently in different industries and regions to refer to gross products like crude oil or refined products such as kerosene. Naphtha is the root of the word naphthalene. The second syllable of "naphtha" can also be recognised in phthalate. It also enters the word napalm from "naphthenic acid and palmitic acid", as the first napalm was made from a mixture of naphthenic acid with aluminium and magnesium salts of palmitic acid. There is a conjecture that the Greek word naphtha came from the Indo-Iranian god name Apam Napat, which occurs in Vedic and in Avestic; the name means "grandson of (the) waters", and the Vedas describe him as fire emerging from water. KEROSENE Kerosene, also known as lamp oil, is a combustible hydrocarbon liquid widely used as a fuel in industry and households. Its name derives from Greek: κηρός (keros) meaning wax, and was registered as a trademark by Abraham Gesner in 1854 before evolving into a genericized trademark.

It is sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage.The term "kerosene" is common in much of India, Canada, the United States, Argentina, Australia and New Zealand. Kerosene is usually called paraffin in the UK, Southeast Asia, East Africa and South Africa. A more viscous paraffin oil is used as a laxative. A waxy solid extracted from petroleum is called paraffin wax. Kerosene is widely used to power jet engines of aircraft (jet fuel) and some rocket engines, and is also commonly used as a cooking and lighting fuel and for fire toys such as poi. In parts of Asia, where the price of kerosene is subsidized, it fuels outboard motors on small fishing boats. Kerosene lamps are widely used for lighting in rural areas of Asia and Africa where electrical distribution is not available or too costly for widespread use. World total kerosene consumption for all purposes is equivalent to about 1.2 million barrels per day. To prevent confusion between kerosene and the much more flammable and volatile gasoline, some jurisdictions regulate markings or colorings for containers used to store or dispense kerosene.

For example, in the United States, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania requires that portable containers used at retail service stations be colored blue, as opposed to red (for gasoline) or yellow (for diesel fuel). FUEL OIL Fuel oil or heavy oil is a fraction obtained from petroleum distillation, either as a distillate or a residue. Broadly speaking, fuel oil is any liquid fuel that is burned in a furnace or boiler for the generation of heat or used in an engine for the generation of power, except oils having a flash point of approximately 40 °C (104 °F) and oils burned in cotton or wool-wick burners. In this sense, diesel is a type of fuel oil. Fuel oil is made of long hydrocarbon chains, particularly alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatics. The term fuel oil is also used in a stricter sense to refer only to the heaviest commercial fuel that can be obtained from crude oil, i.e., heavier than gasoline and naphtha. BASE OIL Base oils are used to manufacture products including lubricating greases, motor oil and metal processing fluids. Different products require different compositions and properties in the oil.

One of the most important factors is the liquid’s viscosity at various temperatures. Whether or not a crude oil is suitable to be made into a base oil is determined by the concentration of base oil molecules as well as how easily these can be extracted. Base oil is produced by means of Oil Trading crude oil. This means that the crude oil is heated in order that various distillates can be separated from one another. During the heating process, light and heavy hydrocarbons are separated – the light ones can be refined to make petrol and other fuels, while the heavier ones are suitable for bitumen and base oils. There are large numbers of crude oils all around the world that are used to produce base oils. The most common one is a type of paraffinic crude oil, although there are also naphthenic crude oils that create products with better solubility and very good properties at low temperatures. By using hydrogenation technology, in which sulfur and aromatics are removed using hydrogen under high pressure, you can obtain extremely pure base oils, which are suitable when quality requirements are particularly stringent. Chemical substances – additives – are added to the base oil in order to meet the quality requirements for the end products in terms of, for example, friction and cleaning properties.

Certain types of motor oils contain more than twenty per cent additives. According to the American Petroleum Institute (API), base oils fall into five main groups. This breakdown is based on the Oil Trading method and the base oil’s properties in terms of, among other things, viscosity and the proportion of saturates and sulphur content. Group I, the least refined type, consists of conventional paraffinic base oils. Groups II and III also include paraffinic base oils, although these are purer because of better process technology. Group IV consists of synthetic oils, while Group V includes, among others, naphthenic oils. BITUMEN Asphalt also known as bitumen is a sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum. It may be found in natural deposits or may be a refined product; it is a substance classed as a pitch. Until the 20th century, the term asphaltum was also used. The word is derived from the Ancient Greek ásphaltos (itself perhaps an Eastern word, though see "Etymology" below). The primary use (70%) of asphalt/bitumen is in road construction, where it is used as the glue or binder mixed with aggregate particles to create asphalt concrete.

Its other main uses are for bituminous waterproofing products, including production of roofing felt and for sealing flat roofs. The terms asphalt and bitumen are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance. In American English, asphalt (or asphalt cement) is the carefully refined residue from the distillation process of selected crude oils. Outside the United States, the product is often called bitumen. Geologists often prefer the term bitumen. Common usage often refers to various forms of asphalt/bitumen as "tar", such as at the La Brea Tar Pits. Another archaic term for asphalt/bitumen is "pitch". Naturally occurring asphalt/bitumen is sometimes specified by the term "crude bitumen". Its viscosity is similar to that of cold molasses[8][9] while the material obtained from the fractional distillation of crude oil boiling at 525 °C (977 °F) is sometimes referred to as "refined bitumen".

LPG(LIQUID PETROLEUM GAS) Liquefied petroleum gas or liquid petroleum gas (LPG or LP gas), also referred to as simply propane or butane, are flammable mixtures of hydrocarbon gases used as fuel in heating appliances, cooking equipment, and vehicles. It is increasingly used as an aerosol propellant and a refrigerant[citation needed], replacing chlorofluorocarbons in an effort to reduce damage to the ozone layer. When specifically used as a vehicle fuel it is often referred to as autogas. Varieties of LPG bought and sold include mixes that are primarily propane (C3H8), primarily butane (C4H10) and, most commonly, mixes including both propane and butane. In the northern hemisphere winter, the mixes contain more propane, while in summer, they contain more butane.[1][2] In the United States, primarily two grades of LPG are sold: commercial propane and HD-5. These specifications are published by the Gas Processors Association (GPA)[3] and the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM).[4] Propane/butane blends are also listed in these specifications.

Propylene, butylenes and various other hydrocarbons are usually also present in small concentrations. HD-5 limits the amount of propylene that can be placed in LPG to 5%, and is utilized as an autogas specification. A powerful odorant, ethanethiol, is added so that leaks can be detected easily. The internationally recognized European Standard is EN 589. In the United States, tetrahydrothiophene (thiophane) or amyl mercaptan are also approved odorants,[5] although neither is currently being utilized. LPG is prepared by Oil Trading petroleum or "wet" natural gas, and is almost entirely derived from fossil fuel sources, being manufactured during the Oil Trading of petroleum (crude oil), or extracted from petroleum or natural gas streams as they emerge from the ground. It was first produced in 1910 by Dr. Walter Snelling, and the first commercial products appeared in 1912. It currently provides about 3% of all energy consumed, and burns relatively cleanly with no soot and very few sulfur emissions. As it is a gas, it does not pose ground or water pollution hazards, but it can cause air pollution.

LPG has a typical specific calorific value of 46.1 MJ/kg compared with 42.5 MJ/kg for fuel oil and 43.5 MJ/kg for premium grade petrol (gasoline).[6] However, its energy density per volume unit of 26 MJ/L is lower than either that of petrol or fuel oil, as its relative density is lower (about 0.5–0.58 kg/L, compared to 0.71–0.77 kg/L for gasoline). As its boiling point is below room temperature, LPG will evaporate quickly at normal temperatures and pressures and is usually supplied in pressurised steel vessels. They are typically filled to 80–85% of their capacity to allow for thermal expansion of the contained liquid. The ratio between the volumes of the vaporized gas and the liquefied gas varies depending on composition, pressure, and temperature, but is typically around 250:1.

The pressure at which LPG becomes liquid, called its vapour pressure, likewise varies depending on composition and temperature; for example, it is approximately 220 kilopascals (32 psi) for pure butane at 20 °C (68 °F), and approximately 2,200 kilopascals (320 psi) for pure propane at 55 °C (131 °F). LPG is heavier than air, unlike natural gas, and thus will flow along floors and tend to settle in low spots, such as basements. There are two main dangers from this. The first is a possible explosion if the mixture of LPG and air is within the explosive limits and there is an ignition source. The second is suffocation due to LPG displacing air, causing a decrease in oxygen concentration. LNG(LIQUIFIED NATURAL GAS) Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas (predominantly methane, CH4) that has been converted to liquid form for ease of storage or transport. It takes up about 1/600th the volume of natural gas in the gaseous state.

It is odorless, colorless, non-toxic and non-corrosive. Hazards include flammability after vaporization into a gaseous state, freezing and asphyxia. The liquefaction process involves removal of certain components, such as dust, acid gases, helium, water, and heavy hydrocarbons, which could cause difficulty downstream. The natural gas is then condensed into a liquid at close to atmospheric pressure by cooling it to approximately −162 °C (−260 °F); maximum transport pressure is set at around 25 kPa (4 psi). A typical LNG process. The gas is first extracted and transported to a processing plant where it is purified by removing any condensates such as water, oil, mud, as well as other gases such as CO2 and H2S. An LNG process train will also typically be designed to remove trace amounts of mercury from the gas stream to prevent mercury amalgamizing with aluminium in the cryogenic heat exchangers. The gas is then cooled down in stages until it is liquefied. LNG is finally stored in storage tanks and can be loaded and shipped.

LNG achieves a higher reduction in volume than compressed natural gas (CNG) so that the (volumetric) energy density of LNG is 2.4 times greater than that of CNG or 60 percent of that of diesel fuel. This makes LNG cost efficient to transport over long distances where pipelines do not exist. Specially designed cryogenic sea vessels (LNG carriers) or cryogenic road tankers are used for its transport. LNG is principally used for transporting natural gas to markets, where it is regasified and distributed as pipeline natural gas. It can be used in natural gas vehicles, although it is more common to design vehicles to use compressed natural gas. Its relatively high cost of production and the need to store it in expensive cryogenic tanks have hindered widespread commercial use. Despite these drawbacks, on energy basis LNG production is expected to hit 10% of the global crude production by 2020. AMMONIA Ammonia or azane is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3. It is a colourless gas with a characteristic pungent smell. Ammonia contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to food and fertilizers.

Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceuticals and is used in many commercial cleaning products. Although common in nature and in wide use, ammonia is both caustic and hazardous in its concentrated form. The global industrial production of ammonia for 2012 was anticipated to be 198,000,000 tonnes (195,000,000 long tons; 218,000,000 short tons),[10] a 35% increase over the estimated 2006 global output of 146,500,000 tonnes (144,200,000 long tons; 161,500,000 short tons). NH3 boils at −33.34 °C (−28.012 °F) at a pressure of one atmosphere, so the liquid must be stored under pressure or at low temperature. Household ammonia or ammonium hydroxide is a solution of NH3 in water.

The concentration of such solutions is measured in units of the Baumé scale (density), with 26 degrees baumé (about 30% (by weight) ammonia at 15.5 °C or 59.9 °F) being the typical high-concentration commercial product. < Call us today at +971(0)554885917 or Email us at info@rigelpetrochemicals.com We strive to provide Our Customers with Top Notch Support to make their Experience Wonderful Contact Us ADDRESS Crude petroleum - definition of Crude petroleum by The Free Dictionary Crude petroleum - definition of Crude petroleum by The Free Dictionary Related to Crude petroleum: Petroleum oil pe·tro·le·um (pə-trō′lē-əm) n. A thick, flammable, yellow-to-black mixture of gaseous, liquid, and solid hydrocarbons that occurs naturally beneath the earth's surface, can be separated into fractions including natural gas, gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, fuel and lubricating oils, paraffin wax, and asphalt and is used as raw material for a wide variety of derivative products.

[Middle English, from Medieval Latin petrōleum : Latin petra, rock; see petrous + Latin ōleum, oil; see oil.] petroleum (pəˈtrəʊlɪəm) n (Elements & Compounds) a dark-coloured thick flammable crude oil occurring in sedimentary rocks around the Persian Gulf, in parts of North and South America, and below the North Sea, consisting mainly of hydrocarbons. Fractional distillation separates the crude oil into petrol, paraffin, diesel oil, lubricating oil, etc. Fuel oil, paraffin wax, asphalt, and carbon black are extracted from the residue [C16: from Medieval Latin, from Latin petra stone + oleum oil] pe•tro•le•um (pəˈtroʊ li əm) n. an oily, thick, flammable, usu. dark-colored liquid that is a form of bitumen or a mixture of various hydrocarbons, occurring naturally and commonly obtained by drilling: used as fuel, or separated by distillation into gasoline, naphtha, benzene, kerosene, paraffin, etc.

[1520–30; < Medieval Latin: literally, rock oil = Latin petr(a) rock (< Greek pétra) + oleum oil ] pe•tro′le•ous, adj. pe·tro·le·um (pə-trō′lē-əm) A thick, black to yellow, flammable liquid mixture of hydrocarbons. Petroleum occurs naturally, mainly below the Earth's surface, and is believed to originate from the accumulated remains of ancient plants and animals. It is the source of petrochemicals and is used to make gasoline, lubricating oils, plastics, and many other products. petroleum Mineral oil composed of hydrocarbons formed in the Earth’s crust.

ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: crude , crude oil , fossil oil , rock oil , oil atomic number 6 , carbon , C - an abundant nonmetallic tetravalent element occurring in three allotropic forms: amorphous carbon and graphite and diamond; occurs in all organic compounds fossil fuel - fuel consisting of the remains of organisms preserved in rocks in the earth's crust with high carbon and hydrogen content oil - a slippery or viscous liquid or liquefiable substance not miscible with water resid , residual oil - oil products that remain after petroleum has been distilled Translations petroleum products NPL → derivados mpl del petróleo petroleum [pəˈtrəʊliəm] n → pétrole mpetroleum jelly n → Vaseline® fpetrol gauge n [car] → jauge f d'essence petroleum n → Vaselin nt, → Vaseline f petroleum refinery petrol (ˈpetrəl) noun (American gas or gasoline) a liquid got from petroleum, used as fuel for motor cars etc. I'll stop at the next garage and buy more petrol; (also adjective) a petrol engine.

petrol بِترول бензин gasolina benzín(ový) das Benzin, Benzin-... benzin; benzin- βενζίνη gasolina bensiin بنزین bensiini essence בֶּנזִין पेट्रोल benzin benzin bensin bensín benzina ガソリン 휘발유, 가솔린 benzinas benzīns petrol benzine bensin benzyna بنزين gasolina benzină бензин benzín; benzínový bencin za motorje benzin bensin น้ำมันปิโตรเลียม benzin 汽油 бензин; моторне пальне پٹرول xăng 汽油 petroleum (pəˈtrəuliəm) noun oil in its raw, unrefined form, which is found in natural wells below the earth's surface and from which petrol, paraffin etc are obtained.

petroleum نَفْط، بِتْرول нефт petróleo ropa das Erdöl råolie πετρέλαιο petróleo nafta نفت خام raakaöljy pétrole נפט पेट्रोलियम nafta kőolaj minyak tanah jarð-/hráolía petrolio 石油 석유 nafta nafta petroleum aardolie råolje ropa naftowa پټرول ، معد نى تيل، دموټر تيل، خام نفت petróleo ţiţei; petrol нефть ropa nafta nafta råolja, petroleum น้ำมันดิบ petrol 石油 нафта خام پٹرول dầu mỏ 石油 petroleum jelly a soft substance got from petroleum, used eg in ointments.

petroleumjellie هُلام вазелиново масло vaselina vazelína (z ropy) das Vaselin vaseline βαζελίνη vaselina vaseliin مرهم وازلین vaseliini vaseline וזלין पेट्रोलियम जेली vazelin vazelin vaselin vaselín vaselina ワセリン 바셀린 vazelinas vazelīns jeli petroleum petrolatum vaselin wazelina واسلین vaselina vaselină вазелин vazelína (z ropy) vazelin vazelin vaselin ขี้ผึ้งปิโตรเลียม vazelin 凡士林 вазелін پٹروليم جيلي جو مرہم وغيرہ ميں استعمال ہوتي ہے mỡ bò 凡士林 petrol pump (American gasoline pump) an apparatus at a petrol station which pumps petrol into cars etc, and which measures the amount of petrol it pumps.

petrolpomp مِضَخَّة نَفْط помпа bomba de gasolina benzínová pumpa die Zapfsäule benzinpumpe αντλία βενζίνης bomba/surtidor de gasolina bensiinipump دستگاه پمپاژ بنزین bensiinipumppu pompe à essence מַשׁאֵבַת דֶּלֶק पेंट्रोल पम्प benzinska pumpa benzinkút pompa bensin bensíndæla pompa di benzina ガソリンポンプ 급유 펌프 degalinės kolonėlė, benzino siurblys degvielas pildne; degvielas iepildes skaitītājs pam minyak benzinepomp bensinpumpe pompa benzynowa, dystrubutor د تیلو تانک bomba de gasolina pompă de benzină бензонасос benzínová pumpa črpalka za bencin benzins

ka pumpa bensinpump หัวจ่ายน้ำมัน benzin pompası 汽油泵 бензонасос پٹرول پمپ bơm xăng 汽油泵 petrol station (especially American filling stationor informally gas station) a garage where petrol is sold.

petrolstasie, vulstasie مَحَطَّة بَنْزين бензиностанция posto de gasolina benzínová stanice die Tankstelle benzintank; tankstation πρατήριο βενζίνης gasolinera bensiinijaam پمپ بنزین bensiiniasema station-service תַּחֲנַת דלק पेट्रोल उपलब्ध कराने का स्थान benzinska stanica benzinkút pompa bensin bensínstöð stazione di rifornimento ガソリンスタンド 쥬유소 degalinė degvielas uzpildes stacija stesen minyak benzinestation bensinstasjon stacja benzynowa د تیلو تانک bomba de gasolina staţie de benzină бензоколонка benzínová stanica bencinska črpalka benzinska pumpa bensinstation สถานีบริการน้ำมัน benzin istasyonu 加

油站 бензозаправка پٹرول اسٹيشن trạm xăng 加油站 petroleum n petróleo; — jelly vaselina, petrolato petrochemical - definition - What is ?

What is ? petrochemical definition : petrochemical Petrochemicals, also called petroleum distillates, are chemical products derived from petroleum. Some chemical compounds made from petroleum are also obtained from other fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas, or renewable sources such as corn or sugar cane. The two most common petrochemical classes are olefins (including ethylene and propylene) and aromatics (including benzene, toluene and xylene isomers). Oil refineries produce olefins and aromatics by fluid catalytic cracking of petroleum fractions. Chemical plants produce olefins by steam cracking of natural gas liquids like ethane and propane. Aromatics are produced by catalytic reforming of naphtha. Olefins and aromatics are the building-blocks for a wide range of materials such as solvents, detergents, and adhesives. Olefins are the basis for polymers and oligomers used in plastics, resins, fibers, elastomers, lubricants, and gels. Global ethylene and propylene production are about 115 million tonnes and 70 million tonnes per annum, respectively. Aromatics production is approximately 70 million tonnes.

The largest petrochemical industries are located in the USA and Western Europe; however, major growth in new production capacity is in the Middle East and Asia. There is substantial inter-regional petrochemical trade. Primary petrochemicals are divided into three groups depending on their chemical structure: * Olefins includes ethylene, propylene, and butadiene. Ethylene and propylene are important sources of industrial chemicals and plastics products. Butadiene is used in making synthetic rubber. * Aromatics includes benzene, toluene, and xylenes. Benzene is a raw material for dyes and synthetic detergents, and benzene and toluene for isocyanates MDI and TDI used in making polyurethanes. Manufacturers use xylenes to produce plastics and synthetic fibers. * Synthesis gas is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen used to make ammonia and methanol. Ammonia is used to make the fertilizer urea and methanol is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate. The prefix "petro-" is an arbitrary abbreviation of the word "petroleum"; since "petro-" is Ancient Greek for "rock" and "oleum" means "oil".

Therefore, the etymologically correct term would be "oleochemicals". However, the term oleochemical is used to describe chemicals derived from plant and animal fats. == Sources == The adjacent diagram schematically depicts the major hydrocarbon sources used in producing petrochemicals are: :*Methane, ethane, propane and butanes: Obtained primarily from natural gas processing plants. :*Naphtha obtained from petroleum refineries. :*Benzene, toluene and xylenes, as a whole referred to as BTX and primarily obtained from petroleum refineries by extraction from the reformate produced in catalytic reformers. :*Gas obtained from petroleum refineries. Methane and BTX are used directly as feedstocks for producing petrochemicals.

However, the ethane, propane, butanes, naphtha and gas oil serve as optional feedstocks for steam-assisted thermal cracking plants referred to as steam crackers that produce these intermediate petrochemical feedstocks: :*Ethylene :*Propylene :*Butenes and butadiene :*Benzene In 2007, the amounts of ethylene and propylene produced in steam crackers were about 115 Mt (megatonnes) and 70 Mt, respectively. The output ethylene capacity of large steam crackers ranged up to as much as 1.0 – 1.5 Mt per year. Steam crackers are not to be confused with steam reforming plants used to produce hydrogen and ammonia. ==Manufacturing locations== Like commodity chemicals, petrochemicals are made on a very large scale. Petrochemical manufacturing units differ from commodity chemical plants in that they often produce a number of related products. Compare this with specialty chemical and fine chemical manufacture where products are made in discrete batch processes.

Petrochemicals are predominantly made in a few manufacturing locations around the world, for example in Texas & Louisiana in the USA, in Teesside in the Northeast of England in the United Kingdom, in Rotterdam in the Netherlands and in Jamnagar & Dahej in Gujarat India. Not all of the petrochemical or commodity chemical materials produced by the chemical industry are made in one single location but groups of related materials are often made in adjacent manufacturing plants to induce industrial symbiosis as well as material and utility efficiency and other economies of scale. This is known in chemical engineering terminology as integrated manufacturing. Speciality and fine chemical companies are sometimes found in similar manufacturing locations as petrochemicals but, in most cases, they do not need the same level of large scale infrastructure (e.g., pipelines, storage, ports and power, etc.) and therefore can be found in multi-sector business parks. The large scale petrochemical manufacturing locations have clusters of manufacturing units that share utilities and large scale infrastructure such as power stations, storage tanks, port facilities, road and rail terminals.

In the United Kingdom for example, there are 4 main locations for such manufacturing: near the River Mersey in Northwest England, on the Humber on the East coast of Yorkshire, in Grangemouth near the Firth of Forth in Scotland and in Teesside as part of the Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster (NEPIC). To demonstrate the clustering and integration, some 50% of the United Kingdom's petrochemical and commodity chemicals are produced by the NEPIC industry cluster companies in Teesside.

==List of significant petrochemicals and their derivatives== The following is a partial list of the major commercial petrochemicals and their derivatives: * ethylene - the simplest olefin; used as a chemical feedstock and ripening stimulant ** polyethylene - polymerized ethylene **ethanol - via ethylene hydration (chemical reaction adding water) of ethylene ** ethylene oxide - via ethylene oxidation *** ethylene glycol - via ethylene oxide hydration **** engine coolant - ethylene glycol, water and inhibitor mixture **** polyesters - any of several polymers with ester linkages in the main chain *** glycol ethers - via glycol condescension *** ethoxylates ** vinyl acetate ** 1,2-dichloroethane *** trichloroethylene *** tetrachloroethylene - also called perchloroethylene; used as a dry cleaning solvent and degreaser *** vinyl chloride - monomer for polyvinyl chloride **** polyvinyl chloride (PVC) - type of plastic used for piping, tubing, other things * propylene - used as a monomer and a chemical feedstock ** isopropyl alcohol - 2-propanol; often used as a solvent or rubbing alcohol **

 acrylonitrile - useful as a monomer in forming Orlon, ABS ** polypropylene - polymerized propylene ** propylene oxide ***polyether polyol - used in the production of polyurethanes *** propylene glycol - used in engine coolant and aircraft deicer fluid *** glycol ethers - from condensation of glycols ** acrylic acid *** acrylic polymers ** allyl chloride - *** epichlorohydrin - chloro-oxirane; used in epoxy resin formation **** epoxy resins - a type of polymerizing glue from bisphenol A, epichlorohydrin, and some amine * C4 hydrocarbons - a mixture consisting of butanes, butylenes and butadienes ** isomers of butylene - useful as monomers or co-monomers *** isobutylene - feed for making methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) or monomer for copolymerization with a low percentage of isoprene to make butyl rubber ** 1,3-butadiene (or buta-1,3-diene) - a diene often used as a monomer or co-monomer for polymerization to elastomers such as polybutadi

ene, styrene-butadiene rubber, or a plastic such as acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) *** synthetic rubbers - synthetic elastomers made of any one or more of several petrochemical (usually) monomers such as 1,3-butadiene, styrene, isobutylene, isoprene, chloroprene; elastomeric polymers are often made with a high percentage of conjugated diene monomers such as 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, or chloroprene * higher olefins ** polyolefins such poly-alpha-olefins, which are used as lubricants ** alpha-olefins - used as monomers, co-monomers, and other chemical precursors.

For example, a small amount of 1-hexene can be copolymerized with ethylene into a more flexible form of polyethylene.

** other higher olefins ** detergent alcohols * benzene - the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon ** ethylbenzene - made from benzene and ethylene *** styrene made by dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene; used as a monomer **** polystyrenes - polymers with styrene as a monomer ** cumene - isopropylbenzene; a feedstock in the cumene process *** phenol - hydroxybenzene; often made by the cumene process *** acetone - dimethyl ketone; also often made by the cumene process *** bisphenol A - a type of "double" phenol used in polymerization in epoxy resins and making a common type of polycarbonate **** epoxy resins - a type of polymerizing glue from bisphenol A, epichlorohydrin, and some amine **** polycarbonate - a plastic polymer made from bisphenol A and phosgene (carbonyl dichloride) *** solvents - liquids used for dissolving materials; examples often made from petrochemicals include ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, benzene, toluene, xylenes ** cyclo

hexane - a 6-carbon aliphatic cyclic hydrocarbon sometimes used as a non-polar solvent *** adipic acid - a 6-carbon dicarboxylic acid, which can be a precursor used as a co-monomer together with a diamine to form an alternating copolymer form of nylon.

**** nylons - types of polyamides, some are alternating copolymers formed from copolymerizing dicarboxylic acid or derivatives with diamines *** caprolactam - a 6-carbon cyclic amide **** nylons - types of polyamides, some are from polymerizing caprolactam ** nitrobenzene - can be made by single nitration of benzene *** aniline - aminobenzene **** methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) - used as a co-monomer with diols or polyols to form polyurethanes or with di- or polyamines to form polyureas ** alkylbenzene - a general type of aromatic hydrocarbon, which can be used as a presursor for a sulfonate surfactant (detergent) *** detergents - often include surfactants types such as alkylbenzenesulfonates and nonylphenol ethoxylates ** chlorobenzene * toluene - methylbenzene; can be a solvent or precursor for other chemicals ** benzene ** toluene diisocyanate (TDI) - used as co-monomers with

 polyether polyols to form polyurethanes or with di- or polyamines to form polyureas polyurethanes ** benzoic acid - carboxybenzene *** caprolactam **** nylon * mixed xylenes - any of three dimethylbenzene isomers, could be a solvent but more often precursor chemicals ** ortho-xylene - both methyl groups can be oxidized to form (ortho-)phthalic acid *** phthalic anhydride ** para-xylene - both methyl groups can be oxidized to form terephthalic acid *** dimethyl terephthalate - can be copolymerized to form certain polyesters **** polyesters - although there can be many types, polyethylene terephthalate is made from petrochemical products and is very widely used.

*** purified terephthalic acid - often copolymerized to form polyethylene terephthalate **** polyesters ** meta-xylene *** isophthalic acid **** alkyd resins **** Polyamide Resins **** Unsaturated Polyesters ===Petrochemicals products=== ==See also== *Petroleum *Petroleum products *Instrumentation in petrochemical industries *Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries *Asia Petrochemical Industry Conference(APIC) *Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster(NEPIC) ==References== Learn and talk about Petrochemical, Petrochemicals The two most common petrochemical classes are olefins (including ethylene and propylene ) and aromatics (including benzene , toluene and xylene isomers ). Oil refineries produce olefins and aromatics by fluid catalytic cracking of petroleum fractions. Chemical plants produce olefins by steam cracking of natural gas liquids like ethane and propane . Aromatics are produced by catalytic reforming of naphtha . Olefins and aromatics are the building-blocks for a wide range of materials such as solvents , detergents , and adhesives .

Olefins are the basis for polymers and oligomers used in plastics , resins , fibers , elastomers , lubricants , and gels . [1] [2] Global ethylene and propylene production are about 115 million tonnes and 70 million tonnes per annum, respectively. Aromatics production is approximately 70 million tonnes. The largest petrochemical industries are located in the USA and Western Europe ; however, major growth in new production capacity is in the Middle East and Asia . There is substantial inter-regional petrochemical trade. Primary petrochemicals are divided into three groups depending on their chemical structure : Olefins includes ethylene, propylene, and butadiene . Ethylene and propylene are important sources of industrial chemicals and plastics products . Butadiene is used in making synthetic rubber . Aromatics includes benzene, toluene, and xylenes. Benzene is a raw material for dyes and synthetic detergents, and benzene and toluene for isocyanates MDI and TDI used in making polyurethanes . Manufacturers use xylenes to produce plastics and synthetic fibers.

Synthesis gas is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen used to make ammonia and methanol . Ammonia is used to make the fertilizer urea and methanol is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate. The prefix "petro-" is an arbitrary abbreviation of the word "petroleum"; since "petro-" is Ancient Greek for "rock" and "oleum" means "oil". Therefore, the etymologically correct term would be "oleochemicals". However, the term oleochemical is used to describe chemicals derived from plant and animal fats. Contents Benzene, toluene and xylenes, as a whole referred to as BTX and primarily obtained from petroleum refineries by extraction from the reformate produced in catalytic reformers . Gas obtained from petroleum refineries. Methane and BTX are used directly as feedstocks for producing petrochemicals.

However, the ethane, propane, butanes, naphtha and gas oil serve as optional feedstocks for steam-assisted thermal cracking plants referred to as steam crackers that produce these intermediate petrochemical feedstocks: Ethylene Butenes and butadiene Benzene In 2007, the amounts of ethylene and propylene produced in steam crackers were about 115 M t (megatonnes) and 70 Mt, respectively. [5] The output ethylene capacity of large steam crackers ranged up to as much as 1.0 – 1.5 Mt per year. [6] Steam crackers are not to be confused with steam reforming plants used to produce hydrogen and ammonia . Manufacturing locations[ edit ] Like commodity chemicals , petrochemicals are made on a very large scale. Petrochemical manufacturing units differ from commodity chemical plants in that they often produce a number of related products. Compare this with specialty chemical and fine chemical manufacture where products are made in discrete batch processes.

Petrochemicals are predominantly made in a few manufacturing locations around the world, for example in Jubail & Yanbu Industrail Cities in Sauid Arabia, Texas & Louisiana in the USA, in Teesside in the Northeast of England in the United Kingdom , in Rotterdam in the Netherlands, and in Jamnagar & Dahej in Gujarat , India . Not all of the petrochemical or commodity chemical materials produced by the chemical industry are made in one single location but groups of related materials are often made in adjacent manufacturing plants to induce industrial symbiosis as well as material and utility efficiency and other economies of scale. This is known in chemical engineering terminology as integrated manufacturing. Speciality and fine chemical companies are sometimes found in similar manufacturing locations as petrochemicals but, in most cases, they do not need the same level of large scale infrastructure (e.g., pipelines, storage, ports and power, etc.) and therefore can be found in multi-sector business parks. The large scale petrochemical manufacturing locations have clusters of manufacturing units that share utilities and large scale infrastructure such as power stations, storage tanks, port facilities, road and rail terminals.

In the United Kingdom for example, there are 4 main locations for such manufacturing: near the River Mersey in Northwest England, on the Humber on the East coast of Yorkshire, in Grangemouth near the Firth of Forth in Scotland and in Teesside as part of the Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster (NEPIC). To demonstrate the clustering and integration, some 50% of the United Kingdom's petrochemical and commodity chemicals are produced by the NEPIC industry cluster companies in Teesside. List of significant petrochemicals and their derivatives[ edit ] The following is a partial list of the major commercial petrochemicals and their derivatives: Chemicals produced from ethylene

Question: The Greek word petro/petros, as in petroleum and petrochemicals, etc, means?
Answer: Rock