Hallux - definition of hallux by The Free Dictionary Hallux - definition of hallux by The Free Dictionary Related to hallux: hallux limitus hal·lux (hăl′əks) n. pl. hal·lu·ces (hăl′yə-sēz′, hăl′ə-) 1. The innermost or first digit on the hind foot of certain mammals. The human hallux is commonly called the big toe. 2. A homologous digit of a bird, reptile, or amphibian. In birds, it is often directed backward. [Medieval Latin hallux, blend of Latin allus, hallus, thumb, and Latin hallex, big toe.] hallux (ˈhæləks) n (Anatomy) the first digit on the hind foot of a mammal, bird, reptile, or amphibian; the big toe of man [C19: New Latin, from Late Latin allex big toe] hal•lux (ˈhæl əks) n., pl.

hal•lu•ces (ˈhæl yəˌsiz) the first or innermost digit of the foot of humans and of the hind foot of other vertebrates; big toe. [1825–35; < Late Latin (h)allux, for Latin hallus, by association with pollex thumb] hal′lu•cal (-yə kəl) adj. ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Hallux Rigidus - Medical Disability Guidelines Overview | Risk and Causation | Diagnosis | Treatment | Prognosis | Differential Diagnosis | Specialists | Comorbid Conditions | Complications | Factors Influencing Duration | Length of Disability | Duration Trends | Ability to Work | Failure to Recover | Medical Codes | References Sedentary Work Exerting up to 10 pounds (4.5 kg) of force occasionally and/or a negligible amount of force frequently or constantly to lift, carry, push, pull, or otherwise move objects, including the human body. Sedentary work involves sitting most of the time, but may involve walking or standing for brief periods of time. Jobs are sedentary if walking and standing are required only occasionally and other sedentary criteria are met.

Light Work Exerting up to 20 pounds (9.1 kg) of force occasionally and/or up to 10 pounds (4.5 kg) of force frequently, and/or negligible amount of force constantly to move objects. Physical demand requirements are in excess of those for Sedentary Work. Light Work usually requires walking or standing to a significant degree. However, if the use of the arm and/or leg controls requires exertion of forces greater than that for Sedentary Work and the worker sits most the time, the job is rated Light Work. Medium Work Exerting up to 50 (22.7 kg) pounds of force occasionally, and/or up to 25 pounds (11.3 kg) of force frequently, and/or up to 10 pounds (4.5 kg) of forces constantly to move objects. Heavy Work Exerting up to 100 pounds (45.4 kg) of force occasionally, and/or up to 50 pounds (22.7 kg) of force frequently, and/or in excess of 20 pounds (9.1 kg) of force constantly to move objects.

Very Heavy Work Exerting in excess of 100 pounds (45.4 kg) of force occasionally, and/or in excess of 50 pounds (22.7 kg) of force frequently, and/or in excess of 20 pounds (9.1 kg) of force constantly to move objects. Job Classification In most duration tables, five job classifications are displayed. These job classifications are based on the amount of physical effort required to perform the work. The classifications correspond to the Strength Factor classifications described in the United States Department of Labor's Dictionary of Occupational Titles. The following definitions are quoted directly from that publication. Sedentary Work Exerting up to 10 pounds (4.5 kg) of force occasionally and/or a negligible amount of force frequently or constantly to lift, carry, push, pull, or otherwise move objects, including the human body. Sedentary work involves sitting most of the time, but may involve walking or standing for brief periods of time. Jobs are sedentary if walking and standing are required only occasionally and other sedentary criteria are met.

Light Work Exerting up to 20 pounds (9.1 kg) of force occasionally and/or up to 10 pounds (4.5 kg) of force frequently, and/or negligible amount of force constantly to move objects. Physical demand requirements are in excess of those for Sedentary Work. Light Work usually requires walking or standing to a significant degree. However, if the use of the arm and/or leg controls requires exertion of forces greater than that for Sedentary Work and the worker sits most the time, the job is rated Light Work. Medium Work Exerting up to 50 (22.7 kg) pounds of force occasionally, and/or up to 25 pounds (11.3 kg) of force frequently, and/or up to 10 pounds (4.5 kg) of forces constantly to move objects. Heavy Work Exerting up to 100 pounds (45.4 kg) of force occasionally, and/or up to 50 pounds (22.7 kg) of force frequently, and/or in excess of 20 pounds (9.1 kg) of force constantly to move objects.

Very Heavy Work Exerting in excess of 100 pounds (45.4 kg) of force occasionally, and/or in excess of 50 pounds (22.7 kg) of force frequently, and/or in excess of 20 pounds (9.1 kg) of force constantly to move objects. Hallux Rigidus Source: Medical Disability Advisor Causation and Known Risk Factors Hallux rigidus is fairly common and usually not influenced by age, although it is more common in females. Both feet may be involved (bilateral involvement) in individuals with a family history of hallux rigidus (Coughlin 731). It is believed that minor anatomical differences in the foot may make it more likely that certain individuals develop hallux rigidus, such as having a flat foot (pronated foot) or a relatively long first toe, which may place the first MTP joint at risk for acute or repetitive trauma (Calvo 69). Sports that involve running or jumping may predispose an individual to hallux rigidus. Trauma to the great toe may be a precursor to the condition.

Source: Medical Disability Advisor Diagnosis History: Hallux rigidus develops gradually, so individuals may mistakenly associate it with the activity they were doing when pain was first noticed. Individuals may report pain, intermittent swelling, and stiffness or loss of motion in the joint at the base of the great toe (MTP joint). They generally note that pain is worse during walking or running, because the MTP joint does not have the ability to move enough to allow the foot to roll through with each step. Physical exam: Physical examination reveals swelling, tenderness, and very restricted motion of the MTP joint. The joint is painful when moved, particularly upward (dorsiflexion). In severe cases, the ability to bend the toe upward may be lost completely. Osteophytes may be felt (palpated) beneath the skin at the top of the MTP joint. The individual may be unable to perform a toe raise (calf raise) without pain. Tests: X-rays are taken in order to evaluate the full extent of joint degeneration, osteophyte formation on the metatarsal head, and loss of joint space. Source: Medical Disability Advisor Treatment Treatment usually begins with anti-inflammatory medications to control the inflammation and pain associated with the degenerative arthritis.

Cortisone injected directly into the affected joint may give temporary relief. Special shoes that reduce the amount of bending the toe incurs during walking also help lessen symptoms. A rocker-type sole (addition of a metatarsal bar) allows the shoe to take some of the bending force. In some cases, this sole can be combined with a metal brace (steel shank) in the sole to limit its flexibility, thereby reducing painful motion in the MTP joint. Shoes with extra depth and width and those with low heels may help to reduce painful pressure during walking. Physical therapy that focuses on gentle joint mobilization to improve range of motion, and anti-inflammatory modalities such as ultrasound and electrical stimulation, may decrease pain. Activity modification to avoid extreme positions that place the toe in an extended position (squatting, lunging, toe raises) while weight bearing is important. If other treatments fail, surgery may be suggested. One procedure called a cheilectomy involves removing bone spurs at the top of the MTP joint so they do not rub together when the toe extends. This procedure permits the toe to bend better and reduces pain with walking. It works best in the early stages when osteoarthritis has not significantly advanced.

Arthroscopic correction of the great toe joint often is effective in relieving symptoms, especially when there are underlying osteochondral lesions or loose bodies within the joint. Partial removal (resection) of the top part of the joint (partial atherectomy or Valenti technique) may be performed to restore joint range of motion yet preserve joint stability (Harisboure). Cutting away part of the distal joint (proximal phalanx osteotomy or Moberg procedure) decreases compression of the MTP joint and helps restore range of motion. Replacing the joint with an artificial joint (arthroplasty) similar to that of a knee or hip replacement can relieve pain and preserve joint motion. In this outpatient procedure, one of the joint surfaces is removed and replaced with a plastic, metal, ceramic, or polyethylene surface. However, this approach is controversial, as the artificial joint may not last a lifetime, and the individual will require repeat surgery when it fails. Another surgical alternative is to remove the MTP joint between the two bones by joining the bones with a metal pin or screw and allowing them to fuse or grow together (arthrodesis).

This fusion of the MTP joint alleviates pain but leaves the individual with a joint that no longer moves. Wearing a shoe with a rocker-type sole may improve the gait pattern following a fusion. Source: Medical Disability Advisor Prognosis In the majority of individuals, the joint remains arthritic and stiff and tends not to get much worse. However, in some individuals, the joint becomes progressively stiffer and more painful, requiring further intervention. Conservative treatment with anti-inflammatory medications, activity modification, and special footwear can effectively treat symptoms and yield a good long-term outcome for many individuals. When symptoms fail to respond to this type of treatment, surgery is required. Cheilectomy and arthrodesis are the most common forms of surgical treatment. The results of surgery are usually good. Research examining pain relief and patient satisfaction comparing arthrodesis with arthroplasty for hallux rigidus showed better long-term results with arthrodesis than with arthroplasty (Frontera). Source: Medical Disability Advisor Complications As with any foot problem, pain may lead to an altered gait. This can place abnormal stress on other parts of the foot, ankle, and knee, creating pain in these joints and eventually causing back pain.

Source: Medical Disability Advisor Ability to Work (Return to Work Considerations) Since pain is worsened by weight-bearing activities, activities such as squatting, walking, lifting, or prolonged periods of standing may be restricted. According to the individual's job requirements, other accommodations (e.g., use of crutches or a cane or a special postoperative shoe) may be needed. Company policy on medication usage should be reviewed to determine if pain medication use is compatible with job safety and function. Source: Medical Disability Advisor Failure to Recover If an individual fails to recover within the expected maximum duration period, the reader may wish to consider the following questions to better understand the specifics of an individual's medical case. Regarding diagnosis: Was cause of hallux rigidus determined? Was there a previous injury to the joint cartilage? Were there secondary medical conditions that may have contributed to the development of hallux rigidus? Have these been treated? Does individual participate in a sport that involves running or jumping? Does individual experience pain, intermittent swelling, or stiffness, or loss of motion in the MTP joint? Is pain aggravated during walking or running? Were conditions with symptoms similar to hallux rigidus ruled out? Did x-rays confirm arthritic changes? Were bone spurs present?

Regarding treatment: Was individual given oral anti-inflammatory medications or steroid injections? Was individual supplied with special shoes with a rocker-type sole? Was a metal brace in the sole also used? Did conservative treatments fail to alleviate the condition? Was surgery performed? If so, what type of surgery was necessary? Cheilectomy, arthroscopy, osteotomy, partial arthrotomy, fusion of the MTP joint, or arthroplasty? Was appropriate rehabilitative therapy provided after surgery? Regarding prognosis: Is individual's employer able to accommodate any necessary restrictions? Does individual have any conditions that may affect ability to recover? Has joint become progressively more stiff and painful? Did pain cause individual to alter gait? Was gait training provided? Has back pain occurred? References Cited Calvo, A., et al. "The Importance of the Length of the First Metatarsal and the Proximal Phalanx in the Etiopathology of the Hallux Rigidus." Foot and Ankle Surgery 15 2 (2008): 69-74. Cassidy, C., and V. Chung. "Hand and Wrist Ganglia." Essentials of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Eds. Walter R.

Frontera, Julie K. Silver, and Thomas Rizzo. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, Elsevier, 2008. 149-154. Coughlin, Michael J. "Hallux Rigidus: Demographics, Etiology, and Radiographic." Foot & Ankle International 24 10 (2003): 731-743. Hairsboure, A., et al. "The Valenti Technique in the Treatment of Hallux Rigidus." Revue de Chirurgie Orthopedique et Traumatologique 95 3 (2009): 240-247. PubMed. 22 Jun. 2009 < Thoradson, D. B., ed. "Chapter 11: Degenerative Joint Disease/Forefoot Arthritis." Foot and Ankle. 2nd ed. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Source: Medical Disability Advisor Feedback Send us comments, suggestions, corrections, or anything you would like us to hear. If you are not logged in, you must include your email address, in order for us to respond.

We cannot, unfortunately, respond to every comment. If you are seeking medical advice, please contact your physician. Thank you! Send this comment to: Hallux Valgus: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology Pathophysiology Hallux valgus is considered to involve the following: Medial deviation of the first metatarsal Lateral deviation and/or rotation of the hallux Prominence, with or without medial soft-tissue enlargement of the first metatarsal head This condition can lead to painful motion of the joint and difficulty with footwear. In the 19th century, the prevalent understanding of the bunion—hallux valgus—was that it was purely an enlargement of the soft tissue, first metatarsal head, or both, most commonly caused by ill-fitting footwear. Thus, treatment had varying results, with controversy over whether to remove the overlying bursa alone or in combination with an exostectomy of the medial head. Because many surgeons considered these surgeries to be beneath them, a fuller understanding of the pathology of hallux valgus was slow to develop.

Gradually, surgeons began to recognize that bunions could develop as a result of numerous different factors, that they tended to be familial, and that they often were associated with other foot deformities. The first surgical treatment to address this deforming pathology was described by Reverdin on May 4, 1881, in a report delivered to the Medical Society of Genfer. In this procedure, a curved incision medial to the extensor hallucis longus was followed by incision of the periosteum, chiseling off of the exostosis, removal of a wedge of bone from behind the capitulum of the metatarsus, and suturing of the bone with catgut. This operation is the forerunner of all operations that aim to correct hallux valgus via osteotomy. Since its inception, the Reverdin procedure has undergone many variations and modifications, including the addition of lateral releases and proximal osteotomies, in an effort to address deformity. Indeed, more than 100 procedures have been developed for the correction of hallux valgus. However, many were developed out of ignorance; some are even repetitions of previous procedures, with inconsistent rates of failure and success.

Surgeons continue to reevaluate osteotomy for the treatment of hallux valgus to determine the most stable procedure with the fewest complications. Next: Anatomy Effective treatment of hallux valgus depends on a solid understanding of the anatomy involved (see the images below). Lateral view of first metatarsophalangeal joint with ligaments of sesamoid complex. Next: Pathophysiology During the gait cycle, the hallux and digits generally remain parallel to the long axis of the foot, regardless of the degree of forefoot abduction (or pronation) occurring (see the image below). This is because of the pull of the conjoined adductor tendon, extensor hallucis longus, and flexor hallucis longus tendons. The tendons gain greater mechanical advantage the further the joint is displaced, with tension created in the medial aspect of the joint and compression laterally. Line of pull of extensor hallucis longus causing metatarsal to deviate medially and hallux to deviate laterally. View Media Gallery Medial tension causes the medial collateral ligaments to pull on the dorsomedial aspect of the first metatarsal head, causing bone proliferation.

Lateral tension causes the sesamoid apparatus to fixate in a laterally dislocated position. Remodeling also occurs laterally in addition to medially, as evidenced by the increase of the proximal articular set angle or structural remodeling of the cartilage. Therefore, without correction of the biomechanical factors, excessive pronation continues, with propagation of the deformity. Previous Next: Etiology Contrary to common belief, high-heeled shoes with a small toe box or tight-fitting shoes do not cause hallux valgus. However, such footwear does keep the hallux in an abducted position if hallux valgus is present, causing mechanical stretch and deviation of the medial soft tissue and aggravating symptoms. In addition, tight shoes can cause medial bump pain and nerve entrapment. Hallux valgus is known to have numerous etiologies, including biomechanical, traumatic, and metabolic factors. The most common yet most difficult to understand etiology of hallux valgus is biomechanical instability.

Contributing factors, if present, include gastrocnemius or gastrocnemius-soleus equinus, flexible or rigid pes planovalgus, rigid or flexible forefoot varus, dorsiflexed first ray, hypermobility, or short first metatarsal. Most often, excessive pronation at the midtarsal and subtalar joints compensates for these factors throughout the gait cycle. Some pronation must occur in gait to absorb ground-reactive forces. However, excessive pronation produces too much midfoot mobility, which decreases stability and prevents resupination and creation of a rigid lever arm; these effects make propulsion difficult. During normal propulsion, approximately 65° of dorsiflexion is necessary at the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint, yet only 20-30° is available from hallux dorsiflexion. Therefore, the first metatarsal must plantarflex at the sesamoid complex to gain the additional 40° of motion needed. Failure to attain the full 65° because of jamming of the joint during pronation subjects the first MTP to intense forces from which hallux valgus can develop.

If the foot is sufficiently hypermobile as a result of excessive pronation, the metatarsal tends to drift medially and the hallux drifts laterally, producing hallux valgus. If no hypermobility is present, hallux rigidus develops instead. Arthritic/metabolic conditions that may cause hallux valgus include inflammatory arthropathies such as gouty arthritis , rheumatoid arthritis (see the images below), and psoriatic arthritis , as well as connective tissue disorders such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome , Marfan syndrome , Down syndrome , and generalized ligamentous laxity. Rheumatoid arthritis. Note greater deformity of right foot (image left) versus left foot (image right). The myriad neuromuscular diseases that may cause hallux valgus include multiple sclerosis , Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease , and cerebral palsy . Traumatic conditions that may cause hallux valgus include malunions with or without intra-articular damage, soft-tissue injuries of the hallux, and sequelae of dislocations.

Structural deformities that have been associated with hallux valgus include malalignment of articular surface or metatarsal shaft, abnormal metatarsal length, metatarsus primus elevatus, external tibial torsion, genu varum or valgum , and femoral retrotorsion. Previous Next: Epidemiology Although hallux valgus is a common condition that accounts for a significant number of office visits to foot and ankle specialists, the incidence has not been documented accurately. Relatively few studies are available, and much of the information consists of empirical data with low levels of evidence. According to the National Health Interview survey conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics, this condition affects 1% of adults in the United States. Gould et al found that the incidence increased proportionately with age, from 3% in persons aged 15-30 years to 9% in persons aged 31-60 years to 16% in those older than 60 years. Gould et al also reported a two- to fourfold higher incidence in females than in males. Whether this finding indicates a true sex-based dimorphism or whether it reflects differences in footwear remains to be determined.

The role of genetic predisposition has also been noted, with evidence to suggest familial tendencies. No conclusive results have been reported to indicate racial or ethnic predisposition. Previous Next: Prognosis Hallux valgus is a complex deformity, and various approaches are available. To date, no satisfactory studies have been performed to compare the various procedures and their success rates. If the deformity and etiology are addressed successfully, the benefits of treatment far outweigh the risks. [ 1 , 2 ] Schuh et al studied changes of plantar pressure distribution during the stance phase of gait in patients who underwent hallux valgus surgery followed by multimodal rehabilitation. The study included 30 patients who underwent Austin and scarf osteotomy for correction of mild-to-moderate hallux valgus deformity and began a rehabilitation program 4 weeks postoperatively (once weekly for 4-6 weeks). [ 3 ] Plantar pressure analysis was performed preoperatively and at 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 6 months postoperatively. ROM of the first MTP joint was also measured.

[ 3 ] The results of this study included an increased mean American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, from 60.7 points preoperatively to 94.5 points 6 months after surgery, and the first MTP joint ROM increased at 6 months, with a significant increase in isolated dorsiflexion. [ 3 ] In the first metatarsal head region, maximum force increased from 117.8 N to 126.4 N, and the force-time integral increased from 37.9 N⋅s to 55.6 N⋅s. In the great toe region, maximum force increased from 66.1 N to 87.2 N, and the force-time integral increased from 18.7 N⋅s to 24.2 N⋅s. Previous References Mann RA, Rudicel S, Graves SC. Repair of hallux valgus with a distal soft-tissue procedure and proximal metatarsal osteotomy. A long-term follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1992 Jan. 74(1):124-9. [Medline] .

Pressman MM, Stano GW, Krantz MK, Novicki DC. Correction of hallux valgus with positionally increased intermetatarsal angle. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 1986 Nov. 76(11):611-6. [Medline] . Schuh R, Hofstaetter SG, Adams SB Jr, Pichler F, Kristen KH, Trnka HJ. Rehabilitation after hallux valgus surgery: importance of physical therapy to restore weight bearing of the first ray during the stance phase. Phys Ther. 2009 Sep. 89(9):934-45. [Medline] . Stewart S, Dalbeth N, Vandal AC, Rome K. The first metatarsophalangeal joint in gout: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2016 Feb 11. 17:69. [Medline] . Glasoe WM, Jensen DD, Kampa BB, Karg LK, Krych AR, Pena FA, et al.

First ray kinematics in women with rheumatoid arthritis and bunion deformity: a gait simulation imaging study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2014 Jun. 66 (6):837-43. [Medline] . Palestro CJ. Continuing Education on Radionuclide Imaging of Musculoskeletal Infection: A Review. J Nucl Med. 2016 Jul 7. [Medline] . Favinger JL, Porrino JA, Richardson ML, Mulcahy H, Chew FS, Brage ME. Epidemiology and imaging appearance of the normal Bi-/multipartite hallux sesamoid bone. Foot Ankle Int. 2015 Feb. 36 (2):197-202. [Medline] . Collan L, Kankare JA, Mattila K. The biomechanics of the first metatarsal bone in hallux valgus: a preliminary study utilizing a weight bearing extremity CT. Foot Ankle Surg. 2013 Sep. 19 (3):155-61. [Medline] . Smith BW, Coughlin MJ.

Treatment of hallux valgus with increased distal metatarsal articular angle: use of double and triple osteotomies. Foot Ankle Clin. 2009 Sep. 14(3):369-82. [Medline] . Shima H, Okuda R, Yasuda T, Jotoku T, Kitano N, Kinoshita M. Radiographic measurements in patients with hallux valgus before and after proximal crescentic osteotomy. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009 Jun. 91(6):1369-76. [Medline] . Doty JF, Coughlin MJ, Hirose C, Stevens F, Schutt S, Kennedy M, et al. First metatarsocuneiform joint mobility: radiographic, anatomic, and clinical characteristics of the articular surface. Foot Ankle Int. 2014 May. 35 (5):504-11. [Medline] . Root ML, Orien WP, Weed JH. Normal and Abnormal Function of the Foot. Vol 2. Los Angeles, Calif: Clinical Biomechanics; 1977.

Karabicak GO, Bek N, Tiftikci U. Short-Term Effects of Kinesiotaping on Pain and Joint Alignment in Conservative Treatment of Hallux Valgus. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2015 Oct. 38 (8):564-71. [Medline] . Hawke F, Burns J, Radford JA, du Toit V. Custom-made foot orthoses for the treatment of foot pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jul 16. CD006801. [Medline] . Doty JF, Alvarez RG, Ervin TB, Heard A, Gilbreath J, Richardson NS. Biomechanical Evaluation of Custom Foot Orthoses for Hallux Valgus Deformity. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2015 Sep-Oct. 54 (5):852-5. [Medline] . Farzadi M, Safaeepour Z, Mousavi ME, Saeedi H. Effect of medial arch support foot orthosis on plantar pressure distribution in females with mild-to-moderate hallux valgus after one month of follow-up.

Prosthet Orthot Int. 2015 Apr. 39 (2):134-9. [Medline] . Reina M, Lafuente G, Munuera PV. Effect of custom-made foot orthoses in female hallux valgus after one-year follow up. Prosthet Orthot Int. 2013 Apr. 37 (2):113-9. [Medline] . Cancilleri F, Marinozzi A, Martinelli N, Ippolito M, Spiezia F, Ronconi P, et al. Comparison of plantar pressure, clinical, and radiographic changes of the forefoot after biplanar austin osteotomy and triplanar boc osteotomy in patients with mild hallux valgus. Foot Ankle Int. 2008 Aug. 29(8):817-24. [Medline] . Lagaay PM, Hamilton GA, Ford LA, Williams ME, Rush SM, Schuberth JM. Rates of revision surgery using chevron-Austin osteotomy, Lapidus arthrodesis, and closing base wedge osteotomy for correction of hallux valgus deformity.

J Foot Ankle Surg. 2008 Jul-Aug. 47(4):267-72. [Medline] . McCarthy AD, Davies MB, Wembridge KR, Blundell C. Three-dimensional analysis of different first metatarsal osteotomies in a hallux valgus model. Foot Ankle Int. 2008 Jun. 29(6):606-12. [Medline] . Grawe B, Parikh S, Crawford A, Tamai J. Hallux valgus interphalangeus deformity: A case series in the pediatric population. Foot Ankle Surg. 2012 Mar. 18(1):e4-8. [Medline] . Lui TH, Chan KB. Technical tip: Reconstruction of medial collateral ligament in correction of hallux valgus deformity with primary medial collateral ligamentous insufficiency. Foot Ankle Surg. 2012 Mar. 18(1):66-73. [Medline] . Elliot RR, Saxby TS, Whitehouse SL. Intraoperative imaging in hallux valgus surgery. Foot Ankle Surg.

2012 Mar. 18(1):19-21. [Medline] . Unver B, Sampiyon O, Karatosun V, Gunal I, Angin S. Postoperative immobilisation orthosis for surgically corrected hallux valgus. Prosthet Orthot Int. 2004 Dec. 28 (3):278-80. [Medline] . Lui TH, Chan KB, Chow HT, Ma CM, Chan PK, Ngai WK. Arthroscopy-assisted correction of hallux valgus deformity. Arthroscopy. 2008 Aug. 24 (8):875-80. [Medline] . Donatto KC, Rightor N, D'Ambrosia R. Custom-molded orthotics in postoperative hallux valgus immobilization. Orthopedics. 1992 Apr. 15 (4):449-51. [Medline] . Lin YC, Cheng YM, Chang JK, Chen CH, Huang PJ. Minimally Invasive Distal Metatarsal Osteotomy for Mild-to-moderate Hallux Valgus Deformity.

Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2009 Aug. 25(8):431-7. [Medline] . Shibuya N, Thorud JC, Martin LR, Plemmons BS, Jupiter DC. Evaluation of Hallux Valgus Correction With Versus Without Akin Proximal Phalanx Osteotomy. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2016 Jun 8. [Medline] . Yañez Arauz JM, Del Vecchio JJ, Codesido M, Raimondi N. Minimally invasive Akin osteotomy and lateral release: Anatomical structures at risk-A cadaveric study. Foot (Edinb). 2016 Jun. 27:32-5. [Medline] . Buciuto R. Prospective Randomized Study of Chevron Osteotomy Versus Mitchell's Osteotomy in Hallux Valgus. Foot Ankle Int. 2014 Sep 10. [Medline] . Poggio D, Melo R, Botello J, Polo C, Fernández de Retana P, Asunción J.

Comparison of postoperative costs of two surgical techniques for hallux valgus (Kramer vs. scarf). Foot Ankle Surg. 2015 Mar. 21 (1):37-41. [Medline] . Garrido IM, Rubio ER, Bosch MN, González MS, Paz GB, Llabrés AJ. Scarf and Akin osteotomies for moderate and severe hallux valgus: clinical and radiographic results. Foot Ankle Surg. 2008. 14 (4):194-203. [Medline] . Matsumoto T, Kadono Y, Nishino J, Nakamura K, Tanaka S, Yasui T. Midterm results of resection arthroplasty for forefoot deformities in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and the risk factors associated with patient dissatisfaction. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2014 Jan-Feb. 53 (1):41-6. [Medline] . Putti AB, Pande S, Adam RF, Abboud RJ. Keller's arthroplasty in adults with hallux valgus and hallux rigidus. Foot Ankle Surg.

2012 Mar. 18 (1):34-8. [Medline] . Fleming JJ, Kwaadu KY, Brinkley JC, Ozuzu Y. Intraoperative evaluation of medial intercuneiform instability after Lapidus arthrodesis: intercuneiform hook test. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2015 May-Jun. 54 (3):464-72. [Medline] . Mouton A, Le Strat V, Medevielle D, Kerroumi Y, Graff W, French association of foot surgery (AFCP). Patient's satisfaction after outpatient forefoot surgery: Study of 619 cases. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2015 Oct. 101 (6 Suppl):S217-20. [Medline] . Gądek A, Liszka H, Wordliczek J. Postoperative pain and preemptive local anesthetic infiltration in hallux valgus surgery. Foot Ankle Int. 2015 Mar. 36 (3):277-81. [Medline] .

Matricali GA, Vermeersch G, Busschots E, Fieuws S, Deschamps K. Prospective randomized comparative study on V-Y and pants-over-vest capsulorraphy in chevron and scarf osteotomy. Acta Orthop Belg. 2014 Jun. 80(2):280-7. [Medline] . Banks AS. Avascular necrosis of the first metatarsal head. A different perspective. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 1999 Sep. 89(9):441-53. [Medline] . Conklin MJ. Complications of hallux valgus surgery. Foot Ankle Clin. 1998. 3:19-31. Vianna VF, Myerson MS. Complications of hallux valgus surgery: Management of the short first metatarsal and the failed resection arthroplasty. Foot Ankle Clin. 1998. 3:33-49. Duan X, Kadakia AR. Salvage of recurrence after failed surgical treatment of hallux valgus. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg.

2011 Dec 29. [Medline] . Ferrari J. Bunions. Clin Evid (Online). 2009 Mar 11. 2009: [Medline] . Media Gallery Rheumatoid arthritis. Note greater deformity of right foot (image left) versus left foot (image right). Rheumatoid arthritis. Note lateral deviation of hallux, cystic changes of metatarsal head, and hammertoe of lesser digits. Line of pull of extensor hallucis longus causing metatarsal to deviate medially and hallux to deviate laterally. Nonweightbearing foot. Note medial prominence, contracture of extensor hallucis longus, and callus on second digit. Nonweightbearing foot with range of motion being assessed of first ray, which is currently in neutral (neither plantarflexed or dorsiflexed) position. Lateral view of first metatarsophalangeal joint with ligaments of sesamoid complex. Plantar muscles that contribute to deforming forces. Anteroposterior and lateral radiographs, weightbearing views. Medial bony enlargement is more prominent on this lateral oblique projection than on other views.

Template showing angular measurements. Another template showing increased angular relationships. Congruency of first metatarsophalangeal joint. Tibial sesamoid position with bisection of first metatarsal. Positions 1-3 are normal. Positions 4-7 indicate erosion of crista and laterally track-bound, nonreducible hallux valgus. Bunion deformity with minimal joint destruction. Bunion deformity with significant joint destruction. Large intermetatarsal angle and hallux abductovalgus deformity secondary to previous injury. Note increased cortical density of second, third, and fourth metatarsals. Algorithm for choosing surgical correction of hallux abductovalgus. Click image to enlarge. Hallux abductovalgus deformity. Postoperative radiograph obtained after head osteotomy. Preoperative radiograph. Postoperative radiograph shows Keller, or resectional, arthroplasty. Preoperative radiograph shows degenerative joint disease. Postoperative radiograph obtained after resectional arthroplasty and total joint implant placement. Preoperative template for implant placement. Preoperative radiograph shows arthrodesis. Preoperative radiograph shows hypermobile first ray.

Postoperative radiograph shows arthrodesis of first metatarsocuneiform. Lateral release sequence: (1) release of conjoined adductor hallucis tendon, (2) release of fibular sesamoid ligament, (3) tenotomy of lateral head of flexor hallucis brevis, and (4) excision of fibular sesamoid. of 29 Hallux | definition of hallux by Medical dictionary Hallux | definition of hallux by Medical dictionary Related to hallux: hallux limitus hallux [hal´uks] (pl. hal´luces) (L.) the great toe. hallux flex´us hallux rigidus . hallux mal´leus hammer toe affecting the great toe. hallux ri´gidus painful flexion deformity of the great toe with limitation of motion at the metatarsophalangeal joint. hallux val´gus angulation of the great toe toward the other toes of the foot. hallux va´rus angulation of the great toe away from the other toes of the foot. great toe [I] [TA] the first digit of the foot. /hal·lux/ (hal´uks) pl.

hal´luces [L.] the great toe. hallux doloro´sus a painful condition of the great toe, usually associated with flatfoot. hallux flex´us h. rigidus . hallux mal´leus hammer toe affecting the great toe. hallux ri´gidus painful flexion deformity of the great toe with limitation of motion at the metatarsophalangeal joint. hallux val´gus angulation of the great toe toward the other toes. hallux va´rus angulation of the great toe away from the other toes. hallux (hăl′əks) n. pl. halluces (hăl′yə-sēz′, hăl′ə-) 1. The innermost or first digit on the hind foot of certain mammals. The human hallux is commonly called the big toe. 2. A homologous digit of a bird, reptile, or amphibian. In birds, it is often directed backward. hallux Etymology: L, hallex, large toe the great toe. Also spelled hallex. hal·lux The great toe; the first digit of the foot. [a Mod. L. form for L.

hallex (hallic-), great toe] hallux The big toe. hallux the first digit on the hind foot of vertebrates, such as the big toe in humans. hallux the first, great or big toe. hallux rigidus is a stiff and painful toe resulting from osteoarthritis of the metatarsophalangeal joint. In hallux valgus the toe bends at this joint towards the second toe, and the joint bulges from the side of the foot. Can result in permanent displacement (possibly with a degree of external rotation) greater than 10%. Additional friction from poorly fitting footwear can result in a bursa, and the prominence of bone-plus-bursa is known as a bunion . hallux great toe; first toe Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: everted rearfoot References in periodicals archive ?

In brief, mass was measured utilizing a digital scale, tarsus depth was measured with calipers at the midpoint of the tarsus in a front-to-back direction, hallux length was measured as the cord length from the junction of the anterior surface of the talon at the point the claw meets the skin of the toe to the tip of the claw, exposed culmen length was measured with calipers as the cord length between the tip of the beak and the junction of the beak and cere, wing cord was measured with a ruler from the closed wing from the carpal joint to the tip of the longest primary, and tail length was measured with a ruler between the center rectrices from the emergence from the skin to the tip of the longest rectrix (Hull and Bloom 2001). Foot Muscles Anatomy, Function & Diagram | Body Maps Written and medically reviewed by the Healthline Editorial Team Co-developed by: In Depth: Muscles The 20-plus muscles in the foot help enable movement, while also giving the foot its shape. Like the fingers, the toes have flexor and extensor muscles that power their movement and play a large role in balance.

However, many muscles that power the foot’s movement originate as high up as the back of the knee. Some important muscles that affect the foot include: Soleus: This muscle extends from the back of the knee to the heel. It is pivotal in walking and standing. Gastrocnemius (calf muscle): One of the large muscles of the leg, it connects to the heel. It flexes and extends the foot, ankle, and knee. Plantaris: This small, thin muscle is absent in about five to ten percent of people. Its function is superseded by the calf muscle. Abductor hallucis: A muscle on the inner side of the foot that runs from the big toe to the heel, it pulls the big toe, or hallux, away from the body. Tibialis anterior: This muscle runs from the tibia to the first toe, and helps make walking possible by flexing the foot upward and turning it inward. Extensor digitorum longus: This is one of three muscles that pull the foot upward. It also extends the toes, lifts the toes, and turns the foot outward.

Flexor digitorum longus: This muscle in the calf and foot flexes the second through fifth toes and points the toes downward. Fibularis longus: This muscle helps move the foot sideways as well as flex it downward, like when you push down on the gas pedal of a car. Fibularis tertius: This muscle helps move the foot side to side at the ankle joint. Fibularis brevis: This small muscle helps move the foot downward. The muscles create motion in the body by moving the skeleton. The muscles are attached to bone by fibrous tendons. In terms of mobility, the Achilles tendon is one of the most important structures in the leg and foot. This tendon in the back of the calf and ankle connects the plantaris, calf, and soleus muscles to the heel bone. It stores the elastic energy needed for running, jumping, and other physical activity. Ligaments hold bones together and stabilize joints. One of the main ligaments in the foot is the plantar fascia, which forms the arch on the sole of the foot. As it stretches and contracts, the plantar fascia provides balance and strength to the foot.

Debugging Tools Bunion | definition of bunion by Medical dictionary Bunion | definition of bunion by Medical dictionary Related to bunion: Tailor's bunion Bunion Definition A bunion is an abnormal enlargement of the joint (the first metatarsophalangeal joint, or MTPJ) at the base of the great or big toe (hallux). It is caused by inflammation and usually results from chronic irritation and pressure from poorly fitting footwear. Description A displacement of two major bones of the foot (hallux valgus) causes bunions, although not everyone with this displacement will develop the joint swelling and bone overgrowth that characterize a bunion. One of the bones involved is called the first metatarsal bone. This bone is long and slender, with the big toe attached on one end and the other end connected to foot bones closer to the ankle. This foot bone is displaced in the direction of the four other metatarsals connected with the toes. The other bone involved is the big toe itself, which is displaced toward the smaller toes. As the big toe continues to move toward the smaller toes, it may become displaced under or over the second toe.

The displacement of these two foot bones causes a projection of bone on the inside portion of the forefoot. The skin over this projection often becomes inflamed from rubbing against the shoe, and a callus may form. The joint contains a small sac (bursa) filled with fluid that cushions the bones and helps the joint to move smoothly. When a bunion forms, this sac becomes inflamed and thickened. The swelling in the joint causes additional pain and pressure in the toe. Causes and symptoms Bunions may form as a result of abnormal motion of the foot during walking or running. One common example of an abnormal movement is an excessive amount of stress placed upon the inside of the foot. This leads to friction and irritation of the involved structures. Age has also been noted as a factor in developing bunions, in part because the underlying bone displacement worsens over time unless corrective measures are taken. Wearing improperly fitting shoes, especially those with a narrow toe box and excessive heel height, often causes the formation of a bunion. This forefoot deformity is seen more often in women than men. The higher frequency in females may be related to the strong link between footwear fashion and bunions.

In fact, in a recent survey of more than 350 women, nearly 90% wore shoes that were at least one size too small or too narrow. Because genetic factors can predispose people to the hallux valgus bone displacement, a strong family history of bunions can increase the likelihood of developing this foot disorder. Various arthritic conditions and several genetic and neuromuscular diseases, such as Down syndrome and Marfan syndrome , cause muscle imbalances that can create bunions from displacement of the first metatarsal and big toe. Other possible causes of bunions are leg-length discrepancies, with the bunion present on the longer leg, and trauma occurring to the joint of the big toe. Key terms Orthopedics — A medical specialty concerned with treating diseases, injuries, and malformations of the bones and supporting structures, such as tendons, ligaments, and muscles. Orthotic — A device or brace to control, correct, or compensate for a bone deformity. Podiatry — A medical specialty concerned with treating diseases, injuries, and malformations of the feet. Symptoms of bunions include the common signs of inflammation such as redness, swelling, and pain.

The discomfort is primarily located along the inside of the foot just behind the big toe. Because of friction, a callus may develop over the bunion. If an overlapping of the toes is allowed, additional rubbing and pain occurs. Inflammation of this area causes a decrease in motion with associated discomfort in the joint between the big toe and the first metatarsal. If allowed to worsen, the skin over the bunion may break down causing an ulcer, which also presents a problem of potential infection. (Foot ulcers can be particularly dangerous for people with diabetes, who may have trouble feeling the ulcer forming and healing if it becomes infected.) Diagnosis A thorough medical history and physical exam by a physician is always necessary for the proper diagnosis of bunions and other foot conditions. X rays can help confirm the diagnosis by showing the bone displacement, joint swelling, and, in some cases, the overgrowth of bone that characterizes bunions.

Doctors will also consider the possibility that the joint pain is caused by or complicated by arthritis (which causes destruction of the cartilage of the joint), gout (which causes the accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joint), tiny fractures of a bone in the foot (stress fractures), or infection and may order additional tests to rule out these possibilities. Treatment Conservative The first step in treating a bunion is to remove as much pressure from the area as possible. People with bunions should wear shoes that have enough room in the toe box to accommodate the bunion and avoid high-heeled shoes and tight-fitting socks or stockings. Dressings and pads help protect the bunion from additional shoe pressure. The application of splints or customized shoe inserts (orthotics) to correct the alignment of the big toe joint is effective for many bunions. Most patients are instructed to rest or choose exercises that put less stress on their feet, at least until the misalignment is corrected. In some cases, physicians also use steroid injections with local anesthetic around the bunion to reduce inflammation. Surgery If conservative treatment is not successful, surgical removal of the bunion may be necessary to correct the deformity.

This procedure is called a bunionectomy, and there are many variations on the operation, which is usually performed by a surgeon who specializes in treating bone conditions (orthopedics) or by one who specializes in treating the foot (podiatry). Surgeons consider the angle of the bone misalignment, the condition of the bursa, and the strength of the bones when they choose which procedure to use. Most bunionectomies involve the removal of a section of bone and the insertion of pins to rejoin the bone. Sometimes the surgeons may move ligaments (which connect bone to bone in the joint) or tendons (which connect bone to muscle) in order to realign the bones. After this procedure, the bones and other tissues are held in place while they heal by compression dressings or a short cast. The individual must refrain from vigorous exercise for six weeks. Alternative treatment Deep friction massage techniques by a physical or massage therapist can be helpful to increase circulation, reduce inflammation, and prevent soft tissue build up. Physical therapy also provides useful approaches such as ultrasound to help retard or reverse the formation of the bunion. Various taping techniques can be useful to realign the toe and decrease friction and rubbing that may be present.

The homeopathic tissue salt Calcarea phosphorica can be useful in balancing the bone formation/remodeling. Prognosis Often modifications in footwear allow a good prognosis without surgery. If surgery is necessary, complete healing without complications requires approximately four to six weeks. Even after surgery corrects the bone misalignment, patients are usually instructed to continue wearing low-heeled, roomy shoes to prevent the bunion from reforming. Prevention Prevention begins with proper foot wear. Shoes with a wide and deep toe box are best. High-heeled shoes should not be worn for long periods of time. If a bunion is present and becomes inflamed, the foot should be elevated with the application of an ice pack over the painful area for not more than 20 minutes every other hour. If pain and swelling continue, a podiatrist or physician should be contacted. Resources Griffith, H. Winter. "Complete Guide to Symptoms, Illness & Surgery." ThriveOnline. bunion [bun´yun] an abnormal prominence on the inner aspect of the first metatarsal head, with bursal formation, and resulting in lateral or valgus displacement of the great toe.

Bunions can be caused by congenital malformation of the bony structure of the foot or by joint disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, but they are most often caused by wearing shoes with pointed toes, especially ones that are high-heeled and too short. When the shoes do not fit properly they force the great toe toward the outer side of the foot. The result is continued pressure on the joint where the great toe articulates with the first metatarsal head. Chronic irritation causes a buildup of soft tissue and underlying bone in the area. Symptoms are swelling, redness, and pain. Bunion. From Dorland's, 2000. Mild cases can be relieved by changing to properly fitting shoes. If there is severe pain making ambulation difficult or impossible, antiinflammatory agents may be effective. Surgical correction (bunionectomy) is indicated when all other measures fail. bun·ion (bŭn'yŭn), A localized swelling at either the medial or dorsal aspect of the first metatarsophalangeal joint, caused by an inflammatory bursa; a medial bunion is usually associated with hallux valgus. [O.F.

buigne, bump on the head] bunion /bun·ion/ (bun´yun) an abnormal prominence on the inner aspect of the first metatarsal head, with bursal formation, and resulting in displacement of the great toe. (bŭn′yən) n. A painful, inflamed swelling of the bursa at the first joint of the big toe, characterized by enlargement of the joint and lateral displacement of the toe. bunion [bun′yən] Etymology: Gk, bounion, turnip an abnormal, medial enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe. It is caused by inflammation of the bursa, usually as a result of heredity, degenerative joint disease, or chronic irritation and pressure from poorly fitted shoes. It is characterized by soreness, swelling, thickening of the skin, and lateral displacement of the great toe. Bunion bunion A localised, often painful swelling or deformity at the first metatarsal head of the great toe, which may be associated with bursitis or degenerative joint disease (osteoarthritis).

bunion Podiatry A localized, often painful swelling or deformity at the first metatarsal head of the great toe, which may be associated with bursitis or degenerative joint disease (osteoarthritis) bun·ion (bŭn'yŏn) A localized swelling at either the medial or dorsal aspect of the first metatarsophalangeal joint, caused by bursal inflammation and fibrosis; a medial bunion is usually associated with hallux valgus. [O.F. buigne, bump on the head] bunion Inflammation of the protective, fluid-filled tissue bag ( BURSA ) overlying the main joint of the big toe. This is due to wearing pointed shoes which lever the big toes outward and exert pressure on the prominent joint. hallux the first, great or big toe. hallux rigidus is a stiff and painful toe resulting from osteoarthritis of the metatarsophalangeal joint. In hallux valgus the toe bends at this joint towards the second toe, and the joint bulges from the side of the foot. Can result in permanent displacement (possibly with a degree of external rotation) greater than 10%.

Additional friction from poorly fitting footwear can result in a bursa, and the prominence of bone-plus-bursa is known as a bunion . bunion colloquial term for hallux abductovalgus (HAV)

Question: The 'Hallux' is the medical name for what, in the human body?
Answer: BIG TOE