IBM100 - Deep Blue IBM100 Choose your Country and Language: On May 11, 1997, an IBM computer called IBM ® Deep Blue ® beat the world chess champion after a six-game match: two wins for IBM, one for the champion and three draws. The match lasted several days and received massive media coverage around the world. It was the classic plot line of man vs. machine. Behind the contest, however, was important computer science, pushing forward the ability of computers to handle the kinds of complex calculations needed to help discover new medical drugs; do the broad financial modeling needed to identify trends and do risk analysis; handle large database searches; and perform massive calculations needed in many fields of science. Since the emergence of artificial intelligence and the first computers in the late 1940s, computer scientists compared the performance of these “giant brains” with human minds, and gravitated to chess as a way of testing the calculating abilities of computers. The game is a collection of challenging problems for minds and machines, but has simple rules, and so is perfect for such experiments. Over the years, many computers took on many chess masters, and the computers lost.

IBM computer scientists had been interested in chess computing since the early 1950s. In 1985, a graduate student at Carnegie Mellon University, Feng-hsiung Hsu, began working on his dissertation project: a chess playing machine he called ChipTest. A classmate of his, Murray Campbell, worked on the project, too, and in 1989, both were hired to work at IBM Research. There, they continued their work with the help of other computer scientists, including Joe Hoane, Jerry Brody and C. J. Tan. The team named the project Deep Blue. The human chess champion won in 1996 against an earlier version of Deep Blue; the 1997 match was billed as a “rematch.” The champion and computer met at the Equitable Center in New York, with cameras running, press in attendance and millions watching the outcome. The odds of Deep Blue winning were not certain, but the science was solid. The IBMers knew their machine could explore up to 200 million possible chess positions per second. The chess grandmaster won the first game, Deep Blue took the next one, and the two players drew the three following games.

Game 6 ended the match with a crushing defeat of the champion by Deep Blue. The match’s outcome made headlines worldwide, and helped a broad audience better understand high-powered computing. The 1997 match took place not on a standard stage, but rather in a small television studio. The audience watched the match on television screens in a basement theater in the building, several floors below where the match was actually held. The theater seated about 500 people, and was sold out for each of the six games. The media attention given to Deep Blue resulted in more than three billion impressions around the world. Deep Blue had an impact on computing in many different industries. It was programmed to solve the complex, strategic game of chess, so it enabled researchers to explore and understand the limits of massively parallel processing. This research gave developers insight into ways they could design a computer to tackle complex problems in other fields, using deep knowledge to analyze a higher number of possible solutions. The architecture used in Deep Blue was applied to financial modeling, including marketplace trends and risk analysis; data mining—uncovering hidden relationships and patterns in large databases; and molecular dynamics, a valuable tool for helping to discover and develop new drugs.

Ultimately, Deep Blue was retired to the Smithsonian Museum in Washington, DC, but IBM went on to build new kinds of massively parallel computers such as IBM Blue Gene ®. [Read more about this Icon of Progress.] The Deep Blue project inspired a more recent grand challenge at IBM: building a computer that could beat the champions at a more complicated game, Jeopardy!. Over three nights in February 2011, this machine—named Watson—took on two of the all-time most successful human players of the game and beat them in front of millions of television viewers. The technology in Watson was a substantial step forward from Deep Blue and earlier machines because it had software that could process and reason about natural language, then rely on the massive supply of information poured into it in the months before the competition. Watson demonstrated that a whole new generation of human - machine interactions will be possible.

IBM's Deep Blue beats chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997 - NY Daily News Deep Blue, IBM's supercomputer, defeats chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997 IBM's Deep Blue beats chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997 World chess champion Garry Kasparov is seen on a video screen pondering a move against IBM's chess playing computer, Deep Blue, in New York while chess fans look on. (ADAM NADEL/AP) NEW YORK DAILY NEWS Sunday, May 10, 2015, 12:00 PM The world's greatest human chess player threw a tantrum and cried foul yesterday after being thrashed by a supercomputer. It took IBM's Deep Blue just 19 moves to defeat world chess champion Garry Kasparov a stunning finale to an epic week-long battle of man versus machine. Not mollified by his $400,000 loser's share, Kasparov stormed off like a sore loser after resigning. He later accused IBM of unfairly programing the high-speed computer to beat him specifically.

He suggested that Deep Blue, which was supposed to play on its own, was coached during the match. He stopped short of saying the computer team cheated. "I suspect there were things in the match that were well beyond my understanding," Kasparov said. "And when a big corporation with unlimited resources would like to do so, there are many ways to achieve the result, and the result was achieved." IBM team leader C.J. Tan denied the computer was coached. "Once the clock started, it relied on Deep Blue's system itself," he said. Kasparov's pal, Michael Khodarkovski, blamed Kasparov's graceless exit on a lack of practice he said Kasparov had never lost a match. Kasparov came close to losing to Anatoly Karpov in a 1984-85 championship match that was suspended without a victory on either side. The New York Daily News edition May 12, 1997 edition is seen. (The New York Daily News) Kasparov, 34, considered by some chess experts as the greatest player in the history of the game, last year defeated Deep Blue 4-2.

After losing the opening game of the rematch at the Equitable Center in Manhattan, the computer won the second game and fought Kasparov to draws in the next three. Then yesterday with a swiftness that stunned the chess world Deep Blue took advantage of Kasparov's clumsy opening moves and placed him in a no-win situation after less than an hour of play. Unable to find a way out, Kasparov playing the black pieces tipped his king and resigned. He buried his head in his hands and didn't look at IBM's Tan when they shook hands. The final score was 31/2 points for the computer and 21/2 points for Kasparov. Kasparov said he "cracked under the pressure." "I am ashamed," said Kasparov, who would have won $700,000 if he had beaten the computer. Patrick Wolff, author of "The Complete Idiot's Guide to Chess," said the world champ "basically cracked." Gary Kasparov in a chess rematch against Deep Blue, an IBM computer. (Gerald Herbert) Kasparov, playing black, used a standard defense known as the "Caro-Kann," forcing white to sacrifice a piece.

But for some reason he botched his seventh move and "he became lost," Wolff said. "This is not a position he wanted to get into," said Ilya Gurevich, a grand master from Manhattan. "It's a pure calculating position where the computer has a big advantage. The computer's strength is tactics." The computer Kasparov battled was capable of analyzing 200 million positions per second twice as many positions per second as the IBM model he defeated in Philadelphia last year. One expert said he was surprised when Kasparov resigned. "It didn't seem lost," said grand master John Fedorowicz of the Bronx, who helped the IBM team prepare its game plan. At Chess Forum on Thompson St. in Greenwich Village, die-hard chess fans expressed shock at Kasparov's loss. "This is a historic event," said Mark Wieder, 46, also a computer programer. "The greatest human player of all time lost to a machine." Chess Forum owner Imad Khachan, 31, said Kasparov was following in the footsteps of other sore losers by suggesting his for didn't play fair. "This is not uncommon in chess," he said.

"When Viktor Korchnoi was playing Karpov in the '70s, Korchnoi made the accusation that the KGB was sending him telepathic messages to destroy his concentration." Tags: The chess games of Garry Kasparov [ what is this? ] One of the greatest players of all time, Kasparov was undisputed World Champion from 1985 until 1993, and Classical World Champion from 1993 until 2000. Known to chess fans world wide as the <Beast From Baku> on account of his aggressive and highly successful style of play, his main early influence was the combative and combinative style of play displayed by Alexander Alekhine . Early Years Originally named Garry Kimovich Weinstein (or Weinshtein), he was born in Baku, in what was then the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (now the Republic of Azerbaijan), and is the son of Klara Shagenovna Kasparova and Kim Moiseyevich Weinstein. At five years old, young Garry Weinstein taught himself how to play chess from watching his relatives solve chess puzzles in a newspaper.

His immense natural talent was soon realized and from age 7, he attended the Young Pioneer Palace in Baku (where for some time he was known as "Garry Bronstein".*). At 10, he began training at the Mikhail Botvinnik Soviet chess school. He was first coached by Vladimir Andreevich Makogonov and later by Alexander Shakarov . Five years after his father's untimely death from leukemia, the twelve year old chess prodigy adopted the Russian-sounding name Garry Kasparov (Kas-PARE-off) a reference to his mother's Armenian maiden name, Gasparyan (or Kasparian). Championships Junior Twelve-year old Kasparov won the Soviet Junior Championship, held in Tbilisi in 1976 scoring 7/9, and repeated his success in 1977, winning with a score of 8� of 9. The next several years were spent marking his rise as a world-class talent. He became World Junior Champion in 1980 in Dortmund, the same year he earned the grandmaster title.

National He first qualified for the Soviet Chess Championship at age 15 in 1978, the youngest ever player at that level. He won the 64-player Swiss system tournament at Daugavpils on tiebreak over Igor Vasilievich Ivanov , to capture the sole qualifying place. He was joint Soviet Champion in 1980-81 with Lev Psakhis ** and in 1988 Kasparov and Anatoly Karpov tied in the Super-Soviet Championship***. In 2004, Garry Kasparov won the Russian Championships (2004) with a stunning +5 score. World On the basis of his result in the 1981 Soviet Championship, which doubled as a zonal tournament for the USSR region, he earned a place in the 1982 Moscow Interzonal tournament, which he won, to qualify for the Candidates Tournament matches that were held in 1983 and 1984. At age 19, he was the youngest Candidate since Robert James Fischer , who was 15 when he qualified in 1958.

At this stage, he was already the #2-rated player in the world, trailing only world champion Karpov on the January 1983 list. These Candidates matches were the first and last Candidates matches Kasparov contested, as he declined to participate in the Candidates held under the auspices of the PCA in 2002 to decide a challenger to his successor as classical World Champion, Vladimir Kramnik . Kasparov's first Candidates match in Moscow was a best-of-ten affair against Alexander Beliavsky , whom he defeated 6�3 (+4 -1 =4). After much political ado, Kasparov defeated Viktor Korchnoi in London in the best-of-12 semi-final match by 7�4 (+4 -1 =6), and in early 1984 in Vilnius he defeated former World Champion Vasily Smyslov in the best-of-16 finals played by 8.5-4.5 (+4 =9 -0) to earn his challenge against Karpov. By the time the match with Smyslov was played, Kasparov had become the number-one ranked player in the world with a FIDE rating of 2710.

He became the youngest ever world number-one, a record that lasted 12 years until being broken by Vladimir Kramnik in January 1996 and again by his former pupil, Magnus Carlsen in 2010. At one stage during the Karpov - Kasparov World Championship Match (1984) , Kasparov trailed 5-0 in the first-to-win-6 match. He then fought back to win three games and bring the score to 5�3 in Karpov's favour after 48 games, making it the longest world championship match ever. At that point, the match was ended without result by the then FIDE President, the late Florencio Campomanes , with Karpov thus retaining the title. Further details can be found in the match link at the head of this paragraph. Kasparov won the best-of-24 games Karpov - Kasparov World Championship Match (1985) in Moscow by 13�11, winning the 24th and last game with Black. He was then 22, the youngest ever World Champion, and broke the record held by Mikhail Tal for over 20 years.

Karpov exercised his right to a rematch, the Karpov - Kasparov World Championship Rematch (1986) , which took place in 1986, hosted jointly in London and Leningrad, with each city hosting 12 games. Kasparov won 12��11�, retaining the title. The fourth match, the Kasparov - Karpov World Championship Match (1987) was held in Seville. Karpov had been directly seeded into and won the final match of the Candidates' Matches to again become the official challenger. Kasparov retained his title by winning the final game and drawing the match 12�12. The fifth and last championship match between the two, Kasparov - Karpov World Championship Match (1990) , was held in New York and Lyon in 1990, with each city hosting 12 games. Kasparov won by 12��11�. In their five world championship matches, the combined game tally was +21 -19 =104 in Kasparov�s favour.

Kasparov subsequently defended his title against Nigel Short under the auspices of the PCA in 1993, and against Viswanathan Anand in 1995. Five years later, in 2000 ( Kasparov - Kramnik World Championship Match (2000) ), Kasparov finally relinquished his crown to his former student, Vladimir Kramnik, who was granted the right to challenge without having to qualify, the first time this had happened since 1935, when Alexander Alekhine selected Max Euwe as his challenger. Subsequently, Kasparov remained the top rated player in the world, ahead of both Kramnik and the FIDE World Champions, on the strength of a series of wins in major tournaments. Under the "Prague Agreement� which was put together by Yasser Seirawan to reunite the two titles, Kasparov was to play a match against the 2002 FIDE World Champion Ruslan Ponomariov in September 2003. But this match was cancelled when Ponomariov was dissatisfied with the terms of the contract.

Subsequent plans for a match against 2004 FIDE World Champion Rustam Kasimdzhanov , to be held in January 2005 in the United Arab Emirates, fell through due to lack of funding. Shortly after this, Kasparov announced his retirement from competitive chess. In an interview in 2007, Kasparov said that <�my decision in 1993 to break away from the world chess federation, FIDE, with Nigel Short was the worst mistake of my career. It was a serious miscalculation on my part. I thought we could start fresh with a professional organisation, but there was little support among the players. It led to short-term progress in commercial sponsorship for chess, but in the long run hurt the game...> **** Classical Tournaments In 1978, Kasparov won the Sokolsky Memorial tournament in Minsk as a wild card entry, a victory which convinced Kasparov he could aim for the World Championship. He played in a grandmaster tournament in Banja Luka, Yugoslavia in 1979 while still unrated, due to Korchnoi�s withdrawal.

He took first place with an undefeated record, two points ahead of the field. Game Collection: Banja Luka 1979 He emerged with a provisional rating of 2595, immediately landing at world number 15, a feat only surpassed by Gata Kamsky in July 1990. His first win in a superclass-level international tournament was scored at Bugojno, Yugoslavia in 1982, and his win in Linares in 2002 was the tenth victory in a row, a record for the most consecutive victories in super tournaments: Linares 4 (1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, Wijk aan Zee 3 (1999, 2000, 2001), Sarajevo 2 (1999, 2000) and Astana 1 (2001). Kasparov also holds the record for most consecutive professional tournament victories, placing first or equal first in 15 individual tournaments from 1981 to 1990.

It started with the 1981 USSR Championship and finished in Linares in 1990. His five epic title matches against Karpov were held during this period. Subsequently, Kasparov won Linares again in 1992, 1993, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2005, the latter being his swan song from the game. Olympiads Kasparov played in eight Olympiads. He represented the Soviet Union four times, in 1980, 1982, 1986 and 1988, and Russia four times: in 1992, 1994, 1996 and 2002 playing board 1 on each occasion apart from 1980 (2nd reserve) and 1982 (2nd board).

In 82 games, he scored (+50 =29 -3), for 78.7% and won a total of 19 medals, including 8 team gold medals, 5 board golds, 2 performance golds, 2 performance silvers and 2 board bronzes. Kasparov also represented the USSR once in Youth Olympiad competition at Graz in 1981, when he played board 1 for the USSR board 1, scoring 9/10 (+8 =2 -0), the team winning the gold medal. Team chess Kasparov made his international teams debut for the USSR at age 16 in the 1980 European Team Championship at Skara and played for Russia in the 1992 edition of that championship. He won a total of five medals including at Skara 1980, as USSR 2nd reserve, 5�/6 (+5 =1 -0), team gold, board gold and at Debrecen 1992, Russia board 1, 6/8 (+4 =4 -0), team gold, board gold, performance silver.

Matches <Computer> Kasparov defeated the chess computer Deep Thought (Computer) in both games of a two-game match in 1989. In February 1996, he defeated IBM's chess computer Deep Blue (Computer) with three wins and two draws and one loss. In 1997, an updated version of Deep Blue defeated Kasparov 3��2� in a highly publicised six-game match. The match was even after five games but Kasparov lost Game 6 - Deep Blue vs Kasparov, 1997 - to lose the match. This was the first time a computer had ever defeated a world champion in match play. In January 2003, he played and drew a six game FIDE Man - Machine WC (2003) match against Deep Junior (Computer) . In November 2003, he played and drew a four-game Man - Machine World Chess Championship (2003) against the computer program X3D Fritz (Computer) X3D Fritz, although he was constrained through the use of a virtual board, 3D glasses and a speech recognition system.

<Human � classical> Kasparov played several matches apart from his matches in the World Championship cycles. Full details can be seen at Game Collection: Match Kasparov! . <Human � rapid> In 1998, Kasparov played a blitz match against Kramnik in Moscow, that match being drawn +7-7=10. He fared better in the 2000 internet blitz match against Judit Polgar , winning one and drawing one. The following year, he played a blitz match against the many times Greek speed chess champion Hristos Banikas of Greece, winning 5 and drawing one. In his 2002 blitz against Elisabeth Paehtz in Munich, he won 6-0. Later in 2002, Kasparov lost a four game rapid match (+1 -2 =1) over two days in December 2002 in New York City against Anatoly Karpov.

In 2009 in Valencia, Spain, he again played Karpov, and won the Kasparov - Karpov Rapid Match (2009) 3-1 and the Kasparov - Karpov Blitz Match (2009) by 6-2. In 2011, as part of his Chess In Schools campaign, he played a two game Kasparov - Lagrave Blitz Match (2011) in Clichy France, winning by 1.5-0.5. A few months later in October 2011, he won the Kasparov - Short Blitz Match (2011) 4.5-3.5 (+3 -2 =3), breaking the deadlock after game 7 by winning game 8 to win the match. <Simuls> In 1985, Kasparov played his first simul against a team, the Hamburg Bundesliga team lead by GM Murray Chandler , and lost 3.5-4.5, the first and only time he lost a simul against a team.

In 1987, he played a simul against the same albeit slightly stronger team, but this time he was prepared and crushed the Hamburg players 7-1; later in 1987 he also crushed the Swiss team: Game Collection: Kasparov vs Swiss Team Simul by 5.5-0.5, drawing only with former World Junior Champion Werner Hug . In 1988 he played a simul against the French team in Evry ( Game Collection: Kasparov vs French Team Simul ), winning 4, drawing one and losing one; he played the French team again in 1989 ( Game Collection: Kasparov vs French Team Simul 1989 ), this time winning three and drawing 3 games. Also in 1988 he played a simul against a group of powerful US Juniors, and won by 4-2 (+3 -1 =2)*****. In 1992, Kasparov played a clock simul against the German team ( Game Collection: Kasparov vs German National Team Simul which included former title contender Vlastimil Hort with whom he drew, winning 2 and drawing 2.

He played a simul against the Argentinean team ( Game Collection: Kasparov vs Argentinian Team Simul ) winning (+7 -1 =4); in 1998 he played the Israeli team ( Game Collection: Kasparov vs Israeli National Team Simul ) winning 7-1, and in 2001 he played the Czech team ( Game Collection: Kasparov vs Czech National Team Simul ) in Prague, winning by +4 -1 =3. Rating Kasparov's ratings achievements include being rated world #1 according to Elo rating almost continuously from 1986 until his retirement in 2005. He was the world number-one ranked player for 255 months, a record that far outstrips all other previous and current number-one ranked players. Kasparov had the highest Elo rating in the world continuously from 1986 to 2005. However, Vladimir Kramnik equaled him in the January 1996 FIDE ratings list, technically supplanting him because he played more games.

He was also briefly ejected from the list following his split from FIDE in 1993, but during that time he headed the rating list of the rival PCA. At the time of his retirement, he was still ranked #1 in the world, with a rating of 2812. In January 1990 Kasparov achieved the (then) highest FIDE rating ever, passing 2800 and breaking Bobby Fischer's old record of 2785. On the July 1999 and January 2000 FIDE rating lists Kasparov reached a 2851 Elo rating, which became the highest rating ever achieved until surpassed by Magnus Carlsen in 2013. There was a time in the early 1990s when Kasparov was over 2800 and the only person in the 2700s was Anatoly Karpov. Other Under Kasparov's tutelage, Carlsen became the youngest ever to achieve a FIDE rating higher than 2800, and the youngest ever world number one.

Kasparov also assisted Anand�s preparation for the Anand - Topalov World Chess Championship (2010) against challenger Veselin Topalov . Since his retirement, Kasparov has concentrated much of his time and energy in Russian politics. He is also a prolific author, most famously his <My Great Predecessors> series. His politics and authorship are discussed at some detail in the wiki article and at his official website cited below. In 2007, he was ranked 25th in The Daily Telegraph's list of 100 greatest living geniuses and has won 11 Chess Oscars. Kasparov has been married three times: first to Masha, with whom he had a daughter, Polina (b. 1993), before divorcing; to Yulia, with whom he had a son, Vadim (b. 1996) before their 2005 divorce; and to Daria, with whom he also has a daughter, Aida (b. 2006).

Biography: Kasparov�s official website: Kasparov Chess Foundation: ] john barleycorn : <MissScarlett: Don't think things were better in the old days...> And who of them was a selfstyled "democratic activist"? Steinitz in his happiest hours was giving pawn odds to God but he would never have dared to advise Kaiser Wilhelm II. MissScarlett : <he would never have dared to advise Kaiser Wilhelm II.> Which brings us neatly to Lasker, world champion and war-monger: Boris Spassky once said that to be world champion was to be a criminal... Jun-26-16 john barleycorn : When there is light there is shadow. Jun-27-16 vileblunder : Garry, you're an excellent chess player. Good on you. Stop commenting on politics in Britain, you have no idea what you're talking about. In fact, stop talking about Western politics altogether, you are completely clueless and ignorant. If you must occasionally remind people that the Soviet Union was corrupt (everyone knows this anyway) please do so. Don't talk about things you know nothing about. Your views on politics and economics in the Western world are blinkered and ultimately laughable.

The only reason that you're paid a lot of money to speak at conferences on these matters is because you're being used by elitists, neocons and the utterly corrupt. It's not because your view has any substance. Just because you were quite good at a board game, it does not make you an intellectual. Keep your nose out of our business. And before you speak publicly on politics and economics, you need to educate yourself massively. At present, you are stultifyingly misinformed. It would be better if you turned up to these conferences and said nothing at all rather than what you say at the moment. Jun-27-16 AsosLight : Stop approach Mr Weinsten as politician, he is not, he is a political comedian and a true genius in this. Jun-28-16 Howard : But what I fail to understand is why Kasparov didn't have a FIDE rating after the 1978 Soviet championship. Surely, a super-strong event like that would have earned him a rating ? Or am I missing something ? whiteshark : Am I hallucinating or do I see young Garry there?

Jul-30-16 john barleycorn : <whiteshark: Am I hallucinating or do I see young Garry there?> yes, you are. at that time he was still "Garik" chancho : From the NY Times, 1988: <I Lost to Kasparov: A Chess Patzer's Tale Harold C. Schonberg.> <How does a patzer feel while playing Gary Kasparov, the chess champion of the world, in a simultaneous exhibition? Nervous. Scared. At the end, in a state of shock. On Tuesday night Mr. Kasparov, in New York for a brief visit, played 32 boards at the Casa de Espa�a. Against him were chess players ranging from patzer to master and international master. He started moving pieces at 6 P.M. He was finished at 9:07. The result: 28 wins, 4 draws. I was not one of the four. I had never expected to be, not even in my most ambitious fantasies. I am, after all, a patzer. A patzer, also known as a woodpusher, is the lowest form of chess player.

He is rudimentary and ill formed. When he attempts strategy, it is worse than his tactics. When he attempts tactics, it is worse than his strategy. On a scale with Harold C. Schonberg he is a chess player, kibitzer and on-again, off-again chess correspondent for The New York Times. He has lost to some of the game's greatest players, including Bobby Fischer. He is little more than a caterpillar, but he perseveres. His problem is that he loves chess. I decided to go into training for my game at the simultaneous exhibition, known to chess players as a ''simul.'' I had Asa Hoffman, a master at the Manhattan Chess Club, brief me on openings. We worked on the opening move that the champion probably would make: P-K4 or P-Q4. Mr. Hoffman guided me through the intricacies of the Ruy Lopez and Queen's Gambit. He was gentle and patient. He kept urging me to think and not move so fast. After a while I had the opening variations of P-K4 pretty much in my head. Or so I thought. I had no illusions. All I wanted to do was hold out for 20 moves or so.

That would be a moral victory. Sure enough, Mr. Kasparov played P-K4. We swung into a Ruy Lopez, one of the oldest openings in chess. After 10 moves I was unhappy. I suddenly realized that I had failed to make a prophylactic pawn push that my teacher had warned was integral to the Ruy Lopez. After 15 moves I was being attacked by White's queen, bishop and knight. I looked at Mr. Kasparov for mercy when he came to my board. There was none. The famous line of William Blake came to mind: ''Tiger, tiger, burning bright . . .'' Does a tiger spare the lamb? I was in a cold sweat and also a mating met. Like a gentleman I resigned. On the 18th move. I could have persisted in my lost position, and prolonged the game for another 10 moves or so, but that would have meant playing with a piece down in a hopeless situation. I noticed, after resigning, that some players kept on going in a position comparable to mine. They wanted to brag that they had lasted 25 moves against the champ. A Terrifying Figure. But I had a moral victory of sorts.

I was not the first to resign. Mr. Kasparov smashed a half-dozen or so before me. Mr. Kasparov was terrifying as he raced from board to board. He is an athletic young man, medium-sized, strongly built, handsome, hirsute, neatly dressed, with an air of complete, menacing authority. He looks older than his 25 years. He was perpetual motion at the simul. Even against the best players he spent hardly more than 10 seconds on a move. Against the patzers his moves came instantly. In a simul, the players have the black pieces. They are obliged to move when the Grandmaster comes to their board. Mr. Kasparov's strategy soon became clear. He did not want the strongest players to have too muc.h time. Hence his speed. And when he approached the boards he expected an immediate move from his opponent, becoming irritated if there was any hesitation. After the last game was over, some experienced players, discussing the simul, marveled at Mr. Kasparov's ability to synthesize everything with incredible speed and always come up with the strongest move. Mr.

Kasparov himself said it was a strong simul and mentioned such players as the international master Jay Bonin (who lost), and Pablo San Segundo, the 18-year-old junior champion of Spain (who drew). They were the highest-rated players in the simul. The candidates' matches for the next world championship will begin shortly, and the one who comes out on top will be playing Mr. Kasparov. Who, I asked Mr. Kasparov, had the best chance of winning? Mr. Kasparov said: ''Karpov has good chances. But anything could happen.'' Wasn't Mr. Kasparov tired of playing Mr. Karpov? They already have had three long head-to-head confrontations. ''No,'' said Mr. Kasparov, smiling a tiger's smile, burning bright.> Jul-30-16 HeMateMe : if memory serves, Kasparov was critical of Gorbachev even when the West was thrilled that someone was loosening up the barriers a little, freeing up the USSR a little. They gave up their eastern European empire, Ukraine and central Asia. It seemed they had turned the corner--why complain?

But GK astutely opined that Gorbachev's reforms were not nearly enough, that it was just smoke screen, cosmetic change, and the communist party was still in charge. Indeed, a few years later Boris Yeltsyn, the mayor of Moscow, was elected president of Russia, and Gorby was simply unemployed, he no longer had a job. It was off to make pizza commercials with Mario Cuomo. the people had spoken. kasparov accurately predicted this, so he isn't a complete boob. Jul-31-16 AsosLight : Gorbachev was ousted because he over-reformed not because he under-reformed like our man manifest time and again. Weinsten IS an empty cocoon! Jul-31-16 alexmagnus : Gorbachev tried to serve both the reform wing and the conservative wing in the Communist party. Making both unsatisfied as a result - with the ulra-reformer Yeltsin he was in a constant conflict, and the conservatives attempted a coup d'etat in August 1991 (which failed within three days, see if you are too young to remember that part of history :)).

Jul-31-16 HeMateMe : Not sure who you are referencing. I remember the coup attempt, as much as was reported on the news. Confused soldiers in Moscow, not sure what to do. Yeltsyn standing out in the middle of the street refusing to move for tanks. Fortunately the transfer of power went off without a lot of bloodshed. I think one soldier was killed in Moscow. Amazing that was all the violence that occurred. I wonder what happened to the coup plotters, the ones who ordered Gorby seized at the Black sea dacha? I assume they never worked in government again. alexmagnus : <Fortunately the transfer of power went off without a lot of bloodshed. I think one soldier was killed in Moscow. Amazing that was all the violence that occurred.> Three people among the protesters against the coup died. <I wonder what happened to the coup plotters,> Well, it were only eight people, the "Commitee for the State of Emergency". One committed suicide the day after the coup failed. The rest was accused of treason but got amnesty in 1994.

Some even made it to mid-level political posts afterwards, but not even close to where they were before the coup. By now all but three are dead (and the three living very old - 84, 89 and 91). Oct-10-16 MissScarlett : <if memory serves, Kasparov was critical of Gorbachev even when the West was thrilled that someone was loosening up the barriers a little...> Have to check the record, but didn't Kasparov's antipathy toward Gorbachev only become marked with the latter's response to, and alleged role in fomenting the violence against Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh? If that's what Garry really believed, and still believes, shouldn't we cut him some slack? But I would like to ask him what the difference is between his support for the 'nationalists' and 'extremists' who supported the unification of Nagorno-Karabakh with Armenia, and the Crimean Russians who backed its secession from Ukraine. Garry Kasparov - Biography Biography Worldwide agents for Garry Kasparov, the greatest chess player of all-time.

Garry Kasparov - Biography Baku, Azerbaijan Residence:Moscow, Russia Mother:Klara Shagenovna Kasparova Father:Kim Moiseyevich Weinstein Interests:History, Politics, Literature, Computers Chess Highlights 1st Player ever to top 2800 rating: 1990 Only player ever to reach 2851 rating 1999 Won Linares & announced retirement From competitive chess 2005 Championship Defenses Kasparov vs. Karpov, Moscow, 1985. Kasparov and Karpov battled each other five times in seven years for the world championship title. (Compare this to Kramnik who beat Kasparov in 2000 and then took four years before he played Leko, a hand-picked opponent for the title - ironically at the time Kramnik was ranked #3 in the world and Leko #6.) The 1984 the world championship match which was in progress was called off by the FIDE President Florencio Campomanes. In 1985 Kasparov beat Karpov to become the youngest player ever to win the World Chess Championship.

Kasparov (the champion) and Karpov (the challenger) played again in 1986, 1987 and in 1990. These were the golden years of the World Championship matches and the match in Sevilla in 1987 was the most widely televised chess match in the world. Then followed title defenses against Nigel Short in London in 1993, against Vishy Anand in New York City in 1995 where they played on the 106th Floor of the World Trade Center and Mayor Rudolf Giuliani made the first move on of all days, "September eleventh". In 2000 after 15 years, Kasparov's reign as World Champion came to end with a loss to Kramnik in London. Number One Age 21. Garry Kasparov achieved the #1 ELO rating for the first time in the summer of 1984 at age 21. Then followed the legendary 1984 World Chess Championship resulting in a notorious decision by Florencio Campomanes (FIDE President) to call off the match because of players fatigue.

Although widely favored to win the world title if they had continued, Garry Kasparov lost 10 points and Anatoly Karpov gained 10 points, thus winning back the #1 spot he had just surrendered to Kasparov. Karpov's #1 position was short-lived. On Nov. 9th, 1985 Garry Kasparov defeated Anatoly Karpov for the world title and coincidentally by January of 1986 he had regained the #1 spot. He has made the #1 rating his own for most of the past 20 years, although for a brief period in January of 1996, Vladimir Kramnik joined him as co #1, each of them had a 2775 ELO points rating. Kasparov soon however opened the gap between himself and Kramnik who eventually fell to the #3 behind Vishy Anand. As of January 1st, 2005, Garry Kasparov retains his #1 rating, Vishy Anand is second and Vladmir Kramnik has since fallen behind Topalov to #4.

Kasparov first was rated #1 in 1984 and except for the short period mentioned above, he has been the top rated player in the world for over 20 years (1984 - 2005). The Computer Wars Deep Blue In February 1996 in Philadelphia, he played IBM's Deep Blue computer. His opponent was able to analyze 50 billion moves in three minutes. In NYC in May 1997, Kasparov again played the monster computer. The series stands at one match each and the World Champion, backed by the world's estimated 200 million Chess players, challenged IBM to a tie-breaking third match. IBM cashed in its silicon chips and sailed off into the sunset, satisfied with a tied series. These two matches created two incredible statistics. Chess received the greatest exposure the game has ever known and IBM's PR unit was quoted as saying that the company received over one billion dollars in quantifiable publicity and 72 million hits on their Internet site. Deep Junior In Jan of 2003 FIDE's President, Kirsan Ilyumzhinov decided to hold a world championship challenge match between the world's #1 ranked player vs.

the reigning world computer chess champion, an Israeli program called Deep Junior. The highly publicized and tightly contested event played in New York City saw Garry Kasparov battle the computer to a 3 - 3 draw. X3D Challenge, 2003. X3D Fritz Later on in 2003, Kasparov made world headlines when he played X3D's Fritz computer program to a draw in four games. What was unusual about this contest was Kasparov's use of darkly tinted 3-D glasses with the added handicap of speaking his moves without ever touching the board. Team Challenges The restless Russian is always looking for new challenges and for the past decade has astounded the Chess world by beating some of the world's strongest Olympic chess teams, playing four to six Grandmasters simultaneously. Kasparov vs the World Apart from his match against Deep Blue, Kasparov has always been at the cutting edge of innovations in chess. For four months in 1999, he battled THE WORLD on the internet in a Microsoft sponsored event which opened new frontiers for chess. Intercontinental Promotion On a lighter note, he played Boris Becker "live" on CNN for one hour.

Garry was in Manhattan and Boris was in Munich. Other Milestones All Time Great In 1988, a computer program was devised to analyze a vast collection of chess statistics in order to create a ranking of the all-time chess greats. Top of the list was the twenty-five year old Russian Garry Kasparov, above Capablanca, Karpov, Fischer and the rest. Ten in a Row In March 2005, Garry Kasparov won the Linares Super Tournament for the ninth time in sixteen years (90, 92, 93, 97, 99, 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2005). Winning Linares, the "Wimbledon of Chess" for four straight years was one thing, but even more spectacular was that his win in Linares in 2002 made it ten super-tournament victories in a row for the world's number one. The scoreboard: Linares 4, Wijk aan Zee 3, Sarajevo 2 and Astana 1. Man & Machine vs.

Man & Machine (Advanced Chess) Kasparov has been at the forefront of the use of computers in chess and in 1998, he played against Bulgarian Grandmaster Veselin Topalov in the first highly publicized game of Advanced Chess in Leon, Spain. Advanced Chess is Man & Computer vs Man & Computer and the fascination for everyday chess fans is that they feel that they are "peeking" inside the minds of the great players as they make their moves. The Person Garry with Sting. Those close to Garry know his unrestrained contagious laugh, his kindness and caring and know him as a multi-faceted human being. All of his adult life the courage of his convictions has been put to the test. His matches against Anatoly Karpov (the previous champion closely connected with the Communist establishment) were widely regarded as a show of individual opposition to the authoritarian state. He had difficulties with the USSR Sports Committee, the Communist Party and even the KGB. He was in the forefront of the anti-Communist movement, resulting in real threats to his person.

1990 The Brain of the Year The BRAIN CLUB & SYNAPSIA in London elected Garry as its first "Brain of the Year" and described him as "The World Chess Champion, athlete and humanitarian both, and a cultivated and curious man who closely follows literature, films and politics". With Arnold Schwarzenegger. TV Commercials He is a regular on TV talk shows. He has made half a dozen TV commercials in three countries and his Pepsi-Cola ad, shown during the Superbowl in 2001, was nominated for a Cleo Award, the highest achievement in TV advertising. W.S.J. Contributor He has been a regular contributor to the editorial page of the Wall Street Journal since 1991. Author After the spectacular success of the multiple-volume "My Great Predecessors" which follows the history of the twelve world champions who preceded Garry Kasparov, he has embarked on another even more ambitious project. "How Life Imitates Chess" will be released in a dozen languages. It will be Kasparov's first venture into the larger general book publishing world. Worldwide Speaking Engagements Garry Kasparov is a new "star" on the worldwide speakers circuit.

He has thrown himself into this new profession with the zeal and gusto that exemplifies the Kasparov manner of enthusiastically attacking anything worthwhile whether old or new. In 2006 he has delivered more than twenty speeches to top companis around the world, on a wide array of topics. Charity Work Kasparov has a passion for expanding chess into the educational system in the world at large. He is passionate about the Kasparov Chess Foundation which is headquartered in the US and is promoting chess in the classroom nationwide. Retirement from Chess On Friday, 11th March, 2005, Kasparov announced his retirement from competitive chess after twenty-two years as the Number One Ranked Player in the World. Politics Kasparov is busy campaigning throughout the length and breadth of Russia and, as he explains, "We are not fighting to win elections - we are fighting for having elections.

The goal is to bring all opposition groups into a broad coalition to return Russia to the path of democracy." In 2004, Garry Kasparov was elected Co-Chairman of the ALL RUSSIA CIVIL CONGRESS and in 2006, he became Chairman of the UNITED CIVIL FRONT OF RUSSIA. These and other political and human rights leaders have now come together under the coalition banner of THE OTHER RUSSIA, which organizes pro-democracy rallies nationwide. Garry Kasparov is now the leader of The Other Russia coalition. Websites Deep Blue defeats Garry Kasparov in chess match - May 11, 1997 - HISTORY.com Deep Blue defeats Garry Kasparov in chess match Share this: Deep Blue defeats Garry Kasparov in chess match Author Deep Blue defeats Garry Kasparov in chess match URL Publisher A+E Networks On May 11, 1997, chess grandmaster Garry Kasparov resigns after 19 moves in a game against Deep Blue, a chess-playing computer developed by scientists at IBM.

This was the sixth and final game of their match, which Kasparov lost two games to one, with three draws. Kasparov, a chess prodigy from Azerbaijan, was a skillful chess player from childhood. At 21, Kasparov played Anatoly Karpov for the world title, but the 49-game match ended indecisively. The next year, Kasparov beat Karpov to become the youngest world champion in history. With a FIDE (Federation International des Echecs) score of 2800, and a streak of 12 world chess titles in a row, Kasparov was considered the greatest chess player in history going into his match with Deep Blue. Chess-playing computers had existed since the 1950s, but they initially saw little success against accomplished human players. That changed in 1985, when Carnegie Mellon doctoral student Feng-hsing Hsu developed a chess-playing computer named “Chiptest” that was designed to play chess at a higher level than its predecessors. Hsu and a classmate went to work for IBM, and in 1989 they were part of a team led by developer C.J.

Tan that was charged with creating a computer capable of competing against the best chess players in the world. The resulting supercomputer, dubbed Deep Blue, could calculate many as 100 billion to 200 billion moves in the three minutes traditionally allotted to a player per move in standard chess. Kasparov first played Deep Blue in 1996. The grandmaster was known for his unpredictable play, and he was able to defeat the computer by switching strategies mid-game. In 1997, Kasparov abandoned his swashbuckling style, taking more of a wait-and-see approach; this played in the computer’s favor and is commonly pointed to as the reason for his defeat. The last game of the 1997 Kasparov v. Deep Blue match lasted only an hour. Deep Blue traded its bishop and rook for Kasparov’s queen, after sacrificing a knight to gain position on the board. The position left Kasparov defensive, but not helpless, and though he still had a playable position, Kasparov resigned–the first time in his career that he had conceded defeat.

Grandmaster John Fedorowicz later gave voice to the chess community’s shock at Kasparov’s loss: “Everybody was surprised that he resigned because it didn’t seem lost. We’ve all played this position before. It’s a known position.” Kasparov said of his decision, “I lost my fighting spirit.” More on This Topic Deep Blue beat G. Kasparov in 1997 - YouTube Deep Blue beat G. Kasparov in 1997 Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on May 13, 2007 Short documentary about computer chess history up to the third millennium and especially about the 1997 chess match between Garry Kasparov World Chess Champion and IBM's computer Deep Blue. The computer won the match 3.5 - 2.5 and Kasparov lost a chess match for the first time in his life.

____________________________________________ Un minidocumentar despre meciul de sah din 1997 dintre computerul Deep Blue si Garry Kasparov, castigat de catre masinarie. Category Did Deep Blue beat Kasparov because of a computer bug? | WIRED UK Did Deep Blue beat Kasparov because of a computer bug? By Klint Finley Monday 1 October 2012 In May 1997, an IBM supercomputer known as Deep Blue beat then chess world champion Garry Kasparov, who had once bragged he would never lose to a machine. Kasparov and other chess masters blamed the defeat on a single move made by the IBM machine. Either at the end of the first game or the beginning of the second, depending on who's telling the story, the computer made a sacrifice that seemed to hint at its long-term strategy. ADVERTISEMENT Kasparov and many others thought the move was too sophisticated for a computer, suggesting there had been some sort of human intervention during the game.

"It was an incredibly refined move, of defending while ahead to cut out any hint of countermoves," grandmaster Yasser Seirawan told Wired.com in 2001 , "and it sent Garry into a tizzy." Fifteen years after the historical match, one of Big Blue's designers says the move was the result of a bug in Deep Blue's software. Read more WIRED Awake: 10 must-read articles for January 19 By WIRED The revelation was published in a book by statistician and New York Times journalist Nate Silver, titled The Signal and the Noise -- and promptly highlighted by Ezra Klein of the Washington Post . For his book, Silver interviewed Murray Campbell, one of the three IBM computer scientists who designed Deep Blue, and Murray told him that the machine was unable to select a move and simply picked one at random. At the time, Deep Blue versus Kasparov was hailed as a seminal moment in the history of computer science -- and lamented as a humiliating defeat for the human intellect. But it may have just been a lesson that as humans, we tend to blow things way out of proportion.

ADVERTISEMENT China says it will finish 'super supercomputer' prototype this year By Matt Burgess Many chess masters have long claimed that Kasparov was at a significant disadvantage during the match. Deep Blue's designers had the opportunity to tweak Deep Blue's programming between matches to adapt to Kasparov's style and strategy. They also had access to the full history of his previous public matches. Kasparov had no similar record of Deep Blue's performance. Because the machine had been heavily modified since he had last played it, he was essentially going in blind. That strange move was chalked up to these advantages. ADVERTISEMENT Zuckerberg denies VR tech theft in £1.6bn Oculus trial By Matt Kamen The IBM team did tweak the algorithms between games, but part of what they were doing was fixing the bug that resulted in that unexpected move. The machine made a mistake, then they made sure it wouldn't do it again. The irony is that the move had messed with Kasporav's mind, and there was no one to fix this bug. "Kasparov had concluded that the counterintuitive play must be a sign of superior intelligence," Campbell told Silver.

"He had never considered that it was simply a bug." It's tempting to think there's a lesson here about human nature. After all, a human mistake in the development of the software led to the machine's victory. It's sort of reassuring to think that a human flaw is actually what made Deep Blue successful. But it's not clear that things would have turned out all that differently had that bug never surfaced. Years after the final Deep Blue match, both Kasparov and Vladimir Kramnik, his successor as world chess champion, played against various versions of Deep Blue's successor Fritz. But in these matches, no code modifications were permitted between games. Read more Kramnik even had the chance to play against the software in advance of the matches , and had the right to adjourn a game until the next if it went past 56 moves. The results aren't that encouraging for humans. And Kramnik lost to Fritz due to a blunder in 2006 . ADVERTISEMENT These weren't decisive victories for the machines, but the humans still couldn't win. Even though humans can conceive of strategies to counteract the computation advantage of computers, we get tired, make blunders, and suffer from anxiety.

Machines never get tired or flustered. But the relationship between chess players and computers is actually more symbiotic than adversarial. Today's chess masters use computers extensively as learning aids. That said, today's computers make Deep Blue look puny. Maybe it's time for a rematch. Garry Kasparov and Deep Blue: The Computer's Winning Move Was a Bug SHARE Ted Thai—The LIFE Picture Collection/Gett Chess champion Gary Kasparov contemplating a board in 1997, training for his May rematch with a smarter version of Deep Blue Feb. 17, 1996: Chess champion Garry Kasparov beats the IBM supercomputer “Deep Blue,” winning a six-game chess match Garry Kasparov was not afraid of a computer. When the world chess champion agreed to play a match against Deep Blue, the IBM supercomputer designed to beat him, he was so confident that, according to TIME, he scoffed at an offer to split the $500,000 purse 60-40 between winner and loser. He preferred all or nothing. While Kasparov won the match on this day, Feb.

17, in 1996, victory didn’t come as easily as he had predicted. In fact, Deep Blue won the first game they played. It was “a shattering experience” for Kasparov, as his coach told TIME. And he wasn’t the only one reeling. Luddites everywhere were on notice: here was a machine better than humankind’s best at a game that depended as much on gut instinct as sheer calculation. Surely the Cylons were on their way. But after rallying to beat Deep Blue, winning three matches and drawing two after his initial loss, Kasparov wasn’t ready to give up on the human race — or himself. He later explained, in an essay for TIME , that Deep Blue flummoxed him in that first game by making a move with no immediate material advantage; nudging a pawn into a position where it could be easily captured. “It was a wonderful and extremely human move,” Kasparov noted, and this apparent humanness threw him for a loop. “I had played a lot of computers but had never experienced anything like this.

I could feel — I could smell — a new kind of intelligence across the table.” Later, he discovered the truth: Deep Blue’s calculation speed was so advanced that, unlike other computers Kasparov had battled before, this one could see the material advantage of losing a pawn even if the advantage came many moves later. Knowing that it was still basically a calculating machine gave Kasparov his edge back. He boasted, “In the end, that may have been my biggest advantage: I could figure out its priorities and adjust my play. It couldn’t do the same to me. So although I think I did see some signs of intelligence, it’s a weird kind, an inefficient, inflexible kind that makes me think I have a few years left.” He did not, as it turned out. The next year, he played against a new and improved Deep Blue and lost the match. Once again, the psychological toll of facing off against an inscrutable opponent played a key role. Although he easily won the first game, Deep Blue dominated the second. Kasparov, according to NPR , was visibly perturbed — sighing and rubbing his face — before he abruptly stood and walked away, forfeiting the match.

He later said he was again riled by a move the computer made that was so surprising, so un-machine-like, that he was sure the IBM team had cheated. What it may have been, in fact, was a glitch in Deep Blue’s programming: Faced with too many options and no clear preference, the computer chose a move at random. According to Wired , the move that threw Kasparov off his game and changed the momentum of the match was not a feature, but a bug. Read TIME’s original analysis of the 1996 face-off, here in the archives: Can Machines Think? Did a Computer Bug Help Deep Blue Beat Kasparov? | WIRED Did a Computer Bug Help Deep Blue Beat Kasparov? subscribe 6 months for $5 - plus a FREE Portable Phone Charger. Author: Klint Finley. Klint Finley Culture Date of Publication: 09.28.12. Time of Publication: 6:30 pm. 6:30 pm Did a Computer Bug Help Deep Blue Beat Kasparov?

Chess Grand Master Garry Kasparov, left, comtemplates his next move against IBM's Deep Blue chess computer while Chung-Jen Tan, manager of the Deep Blue project looks on during the first game of a six-game rematch between Kasparov and Deep Blue in this file photo from 1997. The computer program made history by becoming the first to beat a world chess champion, Kasparov, at a serious game. Photo: Adam Nadel/Associated Press In May 1997, an IBM supercomputer known as Deep Blue beat then chess world champion Garry Kasparov, who had once bragged he would never lose to a machine. Kasparov and other chess masters blamed the defeat on a single move made by the IBM machine. Either at the end of the first game or the beginning of the second, depending on who’s telling the story, the computer made a sacrifice that seemed to hint at its long-term strategy. Kasparov and many others thought the move was too sophisticated for a computer, suggesting there had been some sort of human intervention during the game.

“It was an incredibly refined move, of defending while ahead to cut out any hint of countermoves,” grandmaster Yasser Seirawan told Wired in 2001 , “and it sent Garry into a tizzy.” Fifteen years later, one of Big Blue’s designers says the move was the result of a bug in Deep Blue’s software. The revelation was published in a book by statistician and New York Times journalist Nate Silver titled The Signal and the Noise — and promptly highlighted by Ezra Klein of the Washington Post . For his book, Silver interviewed Murray Campbell, one of the three IBM computer scientists who designed Deep Blue, and Murray told him that the machine was unable to select a move and simply picked one at random. At the time, Deep Blue versus Kasparov was hailed as a seminal moment in the history of computer science — and lamented as a humiliating defeat for the human intellect. But it may have just been a lesson that as humans, we tend to blow things way out of proportion. Many chess masters have long claimed that Kasparov was at a significant disadvantage during the match. Deep Blue’s designers had the opportunity to tweak Deep Blue’s programming between matches to adapt to Kasparov’s style and strategy.

They also had access to the full history of his previous public matches. Kasparov had no similar record of Big Blue’s performance. Because the machine had been heavily modified since he had last played it, he was essentially going in blind. That strange move was chalked up to these advantages. The IBM team did tweak the algorithms between games, but part of what they were doing was fixing the bug that resulted in that unexpected move. The machine made a mistake, then they made sure it wouldn’t do it again. The irony is that the move had messed with Kasporav’s mind, and there was no one to fix this bug. “Kasparov had concluded that the counterintuitive play must be a sign of superior intelligence,” Campbell told Silver. “He had never considered that it was simply a bug.” It’s tempting to think there’s a lesson here about human nature. After all, a human mistake in the development of the software led to the machine’s victory. It’s sort of reassuring to think that a human flaw is actually what made Deep Blue successful. But it’s not clear that things would have turned out all that differently had that bug never surfaced.

Years after the final Deep Blue match, both Kasparov and Vladimir Kramnik, his successor as world chess champion, played against various versions of Deep Blue’s successor Fritz. But in these matches, no code modifications were permitted between games. Kramnik even had the chance to play against the software in advance of the matches , and had the right to adjourn a game until the next if it went past 56 moves. The results aren’t that encouraging for humans. In Upset, Computer Beats Chess Champion - The New York Times The New York Times U.S. |In Upset, Computer Beats Chess Champion Search Continue reading the main story In an unexpected victory of machine over man, Deep Blue, the new I.B.M. chess computer, trounced the world chess champion, Gary Kasparov, yesterday in the first game of their scheduled six-game match here at the Pennsylvania Convention Center. Computers have beaten grandmasters before, mostly in games of speed chess, but this is the first time a world champion has ever lost a game played against a computer with regulation time limits, in which each player has two hours to make his (or its) first 40 moves. When Mr.

Kasparov resigned instead of making his 37th move, he had only 5 minutes and 42 seconds left on his clock; the computer had nearly an hour left and had clearly been in control of play for some time. As Mr. Kasparov stood and reached across the chessboard to shake the hand of Feng-Hsiung Hsu, the I.B.M. research scientist who moved the pieces on behalf of Deep Blue, the other members of the I.B.M. team, monitoring the game in an adjoining room, burst into applause. "This is what we've been hoping for, but until it happens you never know if it's even possible," said A. Joseph Hoane, who has been working on Deep Blue software for five years. After shaking hands, Mr. Kasparov left the stage briskly and did not speak to reporters. Going into the match, he had been the heavy favorite, based on the assessment of virtually all chess aficionados. Deep Blue is acknowledged to be the strongest chess computer ever built, but it had never competed at its full strength before and even its programmers, who tinkered with it up until match time, were uncertain how it would perform. In midgame, however, Mr.

Hoane, who had acknowledged that he was nervous before the game began, said the computer could not have done better. Advertisement Continue reading the main story "I'm not stretching things to say that we've got one of the greatest concentrations of computing power ever focused on a single problem working here today," Mr. Hoane said, adding that at some points during the game, Deep Blue was searching in excess of 100 million chess positions a second. For its first hour and a half, the game was tense and closely contested, by the assessments of both the chess experts on hand and a computer program known as Fritz, which last May in Hong Kong won the world computer chess championship. Analyzing the game mathematically, Fritz estimated that either one player or the other was ahead by less than the strength of a single pawn through the first 20 moves. Please verify you're not a robot by clicking the box. Invalid email address. Please re-enter. You must select a newsletter to subscribe to. Sign Up Privacy Policy Then, Mr. Kasparov mounted a daring attack, featuring a pawn sacrifice, which was fended off by Deep Blue. When the attack failed, his position collapsed. Mr.

Kasparov showed his distress in his facial expressions, clenching his jaw muscles, furrowing his brow, cupping his chin fiercely in the palms of his hands. By move 28, he had removed his sport jacket; by move 30, he was leaning precipitously over the board, examining it with the pieces just inches from his chin. "He is devastated," said Maurice Ashley, an international master who was among those providing live commentary on the game for an audience of some 200 people in an adjoining auditorium. "Look at him, shaking his head under the cold, cold attack of the computer. I wish he could pull a rabbit out of his hat, but I'm afraid the rabbit's dead." Everyone from I.B.M. made sure to note that today's game was only one victory in a six-game match that runs through next Saturday, with Game 2 being played on Sunday. They were aware that Mr. Kasparov is known for his tenacity and grit in coming back from a defeat. Still, it was a moment of celebration. "We feel like this is, in itself, a victory," said Joel Benjamin, an American grandmaster who advised the Deep Blue team on chess strategy.

"After all, it's never happened before."

Question: What was the name of the computer that beat Gary Kasparov at chess in 1997?
Answer: Deep Blue