flax | plant | Britannica.com plant Alternative Titles: common flax, Linum usitatissimum Related Topics flaxseed Flax (Linum usitatissimum), plant of the family Linaceae , cultivated both for its fibre , from which linen yarn and fabric are made, and for its nutritious seeds, called flaxseed or linseed, from which linseed oil is obtained. Though flax has lost some of its value as a commercial fibre crop owing to the availability of synthetic fibres, it has grown in popularity as a health food and remains economically significant in a number of countries around the world, including China , Russia , and Canada . (For additional information on the nutrition and uses of the seeds, see flaxseed ). Harvesting flax near Hrodna, in western Belarus. A. Perekhod/Tass from Sovfoto Flaxseed, or linseed, harvested from flax (Linum usitatissimum). AdstockRF Flax is an herbaceous annual .

When densely planted for fibre, plants average 0.9 to 1.2 metres (3 to 4 feet) in height, with slender stalks 2.5 to 4 mm (about 0.10 to 0.15 inch) in diameter and with branches concentrated at the top. Plants cultivated for seed are shorter and many-branched. The leaves , alternating on the stalk, are small and lance-shaped. The flowers , borne on stems growing from the branch tips, have five petals, usually blue in colour but sometimes white or pink. The fruits are small dry capsules composed of five lobes. Flax (Linum usitatissimum) in bloom. The plant is grown for its useful fibres as well as for … © Mykola Ivashchenko/Shutterstock.com A bast fibre , flax is one of the oldest textile fibres. Evidence of its use has been found in the prehistoric lake dwellings of Switzerland . Fine linen fabrics, indicating a high degree of skill, have been discovered in ancient Egyptian tombs. Phoenician traders apparently brought linen from the Mediterranean area to Gaul and Britain , and the Romans introduced linen manufacture throughout their empire.

In the 17th century the German states and Russia were major sources of raw material, and the linen industry was established in the Netherlands, Ireland, England , and Scotland. In North America the expansion of the cotton industry reduced the importance of linen. Similar Topics Vegetarians in Paradise/Flaxseeds History/Flaxseeds Nutrition/Flaxseeds Folklore/Flaxseeds Recipe Recipe If one were to conjure up an ideal, imaginary plant that could provide food, offer healing, and produce many useful products, one could not improve on the multiplicity of the flax plant. John uses flax oil to prevent his garden pruners from rusting. Mrs. Thompson makes flaxseed tea to relieve her constipation. Sally considers flaxseed oil best for making hand cream. Mark sprinkles flaxseeds on his cereal to lower his cholesterol. Dr. Anthony makes a poultice from flaxseeds to heal his patient's boil. The ABC Linen Company buys linen thread to weave linen cloth. Heinz uses linseeds to make bread from his German mother's recipe. Could all these products be derived from just one plant? Indeed they can!

Actually, the few applications for flax mentioned above are just that--only a few. Scientists and product manufacturers are still discovering new ways to use the flax plant, an unassuming herb whose attractive blue flowers do not even bloom for an entire day. Archeological remains indicate that several plants were first cultivated about the same time in Mesopotamia before traveling southward to Egypt. These plants included flax, emmer wheat, barley, einkorn wheat, peas, lentils, chickpeas, and bitter vetch. In establishing an acquaintance with flaxseeds, one cannot ignore its strong connection to the linen fibers derived from the plant. Linen was used to wrap the mummies of ancient Egypt dating back at least 5,000 BCE. The Babylonians may have been the earliest people to cultivate flax as a food source. By 2,000 BCE irrigation ditches were formed along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers of the Fertile Crescent to insure a good water supply for the fields of flax.

In his epic poem The Iliad (8th century BCE) Homer writes that linen was used for cord and sail-cloth, an indication that the Greeks were cultivating flax plants and were, no doubt, consuming the seeds as well. Hippocrates (460 to 377 BCE), a Greek physician often called the "Father of Medicine," recognized the value of flax in relieving numerous intestinal disorders. When he prescribed flax, his patients benefited from its healing properties. Upon conquering Gaul in 57 BCE, the Romans noticed the extensive fields of flax growing there as well as the attractive, high quality linen woven in the region. Wherever flax was grown for its linen, one can speculate the seeds of the plant were put to use, either as food, medicine, or both. Fine linen is mentioned several times in the Old Testament: Joseph wore garments of linen. One of the ten plagues, hail, was said to destroy the flax fields. Linen was the fabric used in garments worn by Jewish High Priests. The curtains of the tabernacle were woven of linen. Spinning linen was an art attributed to the Caananites.

Linen was also used for lamp wicks, mentioned in Isaiah. The New Testament mentions that the Savior wore linen garments when Joseph of Arimathaea laid Him in his tomb. Charlemagne, the 8th century King of France, regarded flax so highly for its health benefits he made detailed entries in his medical law books that pertained to the cultivation and use of flax for food and medicine. He ordered his subjects to consume flax to maintain good health and prevent disease. Flaxseeds were grown in India for centuries and were consumed as a food grain. Mahatma Ghandi once said, "Whenever flaxseeds become a regular food item among the people, there will be better health." By the 16th century flax cultivation for linen production was a burgeoning industry that brought wealth to local Flemish farmers. During this century flaxseeds were consumed as a common food source throughout Europe. Germans, especially, were incorporating them into a variety of whole-grain breads, a practice their bakers have turned into a fine craft even today. Raw, unrefined, food grade flaxseed oil was introduced into the U..S.

by Nature's Distributors, Inc., a company that began looking into research by German scientist, Dr. Johanna Budwig in 1986. The scientist began her work in the mid 1950's and discovered that flaxseeds play an important role in the function of all the body's processes from normalizing blood pressure to boosting the immune system. Today, flax, along with spelt and sunflowers, is grown in the northern areas of Europe as an alternative crop. Because the area suffers from overproduction of pork, butter, and wine, farmers have had to cut back on production and even destroy some of their harvests. The result is that flaxseeds, called linseeds in Europe, have become popular among health conscious Europeans and are readily available in health food stores In Russia during medieval and post medieval times, it was common to combine flaxseed oil, flaxseeds, and hemp seeds with peas during religious fasts. During the 17th century, the Tsar's table included dishes prepared with flaxseed oil. The ancient Greeks made nourishing, high-fiber bread by combining flaxseeds with corn.

In the Middle East flaxseed oil provided the base for Ful Medames, a traditional dish consisting of cooked fava beans seasoned with garlic, lemon juice, olive oil and salt that remains a favorite today. The Germans prepare a linseed bread called Leinsamenbrot, a heavy, dense bread containing whole flaxseeds, mainly as a remedy for constipation. However, its whole-grain composition and rich flavor make the bread a tasty health food. Many Uses of Flax Seeds and Flaxseed Oil Linseed oil has long been a highly favored oil applied to fine furniture. Rubbing each piece with linseed oil always creates a unique finish on quality teak furniture made famous by the attractive styling of Danish furniture designers. Customers were advised to purchase linseed oil at the hardware store and polish the teakwood with it about once or twice a year. Customary among farmers is the practice of coating their farm tools and implements with flaxseed oil to prevent rust. The oil dries on the implements and forms a hard seal that does not evaporate or dissipate.

While most of us are aware that the earliest writing papers were made of parchment and papyrus, few have knowledge that about 750 CE people of Samarkand and Uzbekistan were making paper of linen rags that originated with the fibers of the flax plant. The process passed through many lands and cultures until it reached paper manufacturers in l8th century Europe. Because linseed oil readily absorbs oxygen when exposed to air, the oil is incorporated as a drying agent in the manufacture of house paints as well as artists oils. The linseed oil used to polish furniture and to provide a drying medium in paints is raw, unrefined oil. What was unknown in the U.S. is that linseed oil is actually flaxseed oil. After the oil is pressed from the flaxseeds, the remaining matter, a gummy, mucilaginous material called oil cake, is sold to farmers who purchase it for cattle feed as well as for manure. A mixture of honey and flaxseed oil was used as a remedy for removing unwanted spots on the face. People today can make their own hair-setting gel by boiling flaxseed in water to extract its mucilaginous contents.

The flaxseeds are then strained off and the liquid cooled to a gel consistency before it is ready to use. Many European farmers regularly feed their animals with flaxseeds to prevent as well as treat diseases. Farmers also observed that their animals had healthier skin and coats when flaxseeds were part of their regular diet. Veterinarians who treat farm animals use flax oil as a purgative for horses and sheep. Today linseed oil is incorporated as an emollient in making soap and as a drying agent in manufacturing printer's ink, artists paints, and house paints. The linseed oil is also used in the commercial production of liniments for burns and joint pain. Flaxseeds contain both soluble and insoluble fiber, with insoluble fiber in the form of cellulose and lignin comprising the larger proportion. The National Cancer Institute recognized fiber to be important in the prevention of various cancers, including colon cancer. Because ancient herbalists recognized that the mucilaginous qualities of flaxseeds offered relief to sufferers of chronic constipation, they recommended ingesting a tea made of ground flaxseeds. Modern day herbalists recognize the wisdom of the ancients and continue to offer the flaxseed remedy to their patients.

Flaxseed oil contains Omega-3 alpha linolenic acid, an essential fatty acid necessary for regulating a host of bodily functions. Because the human body does not manufacture the essential Omega-3 fatty acid, people must consume it from food sources. Flax is one of the few plant foods that contains the alpha linolenic acid; others include walnuts, soybeans, and canola oil. The Omega-3 in flax is similar to that in fish but not identical. Some claim Omega-3 from flax may not have the same cardiac benefit as fish oil, but that view is controversial. Fish oils contain two fatty acids, EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexanoic acid) that flaxseed oil does not contain. However, the body can manufacture the EPA and DHA fatty acids from flaxseed oil when other oils are eliminated from the diet, suggesting that flaxseed oil can have the same benefit as fish oil. Just as amino acids are the building blocks of protein, essential fatty acids such as Omega-3 fats, are the building blocks of prostaglandins, hormonelike substances present in both male and female reproductive glands.

The prostaglandins may also aid in regulating blood pressure. The University of Toronto conducted a study using flaxseeds and found them successful in lowering cholesterol as well as inhibiting the growth of new cancer cells. At a 1995 Toronto meeting of the American Association of Cancer Research, a scientist and member of the study team announced that the lignans in flaxseeds may be responsible for reducing the tumor growth in rats. Flaxseeds contain the highest concentration of lignans found in any food. Lignans are plant estrogens, also called phytoestrogens, that may aid in maintaining strong bones, preventing the growth of many cancerous tumors, and inhibiting the formation of gallstones. These plant estrogens may have antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-fungal properties. Lignins are fibers that may bind to testosterone, the male hormone, and inhibit the growth of prostate tumors. An item reported in the British Journal of Nutrition during a four-week study indicated that flax oil was beneficial in helping to regulate blood glucose levels in diabetics.

Because most Americans consume highly processed refined oils, many are deficient in Omega-3 fatty acids that may provide numerous health benefits to people with high cholesterol, heart disease, stroke, angina, high blood pressure, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis and eczema, and cancer. Flaxseeds, an unrefined food, provide the richest source of Omega-3 fatty acids. Flaxseeds are attributed with the ability to boost the immune system, increase vitamin D levels, and prevent loss of calcium and magnesium. The seeds may be beneficial in alleviating stomach acidity and heartburn. Since flaxseeds are very alkaline, frequent consumption of flaxseed meal can help regulate the stomach's acid-alkaline balance. Additional benefits of flax are derived from compounds that are converted into lignans by bacteria in the gut. Some women have derived relief of menopausal hot flashes when using flax on a daily basis. A Duke University Medical Center study published in the July 2001 issue of Urology included 25 men who were awaiting surgery to remove their prostates.

Their low-fat diet was supplemented daily with 3 tablespoons of flaxseed meal that they sprinkled on their cereals, salads, yoghurt, applesauce, or juice. After 34 days the men showed lower cholesterol levels, decreased testosterone levels, and fewer tumor cells compared to the control group. Their PSA levels also fell. Whole flaxseeds may pass through body undigested because they do not break down easily. They must be thoroughly chewed or ground into a meal to aid digestion. Alpha lipoic acid, a component in flaxseeds, is a powerful antioxidant that protects against free radical damage of both water and fat-soluble nature. Flaxseeds also protect DNA and aid in recycling vitamins C and E. These tiny miracle seeds may even have anti-aging benefits. Linseed meal is used for poultices, sometimes in combination with mustard seeds at the site of ulcerated wounds to relieve irritation and to discharge pus. Herbalists found it helpful in treating boils and abscesses. To prepare a poultice, put three tablespoons of flaxseeds into the center of an 8-inch (20 cm) square or rectangular cloth.

Gather up the ends and twist or tie to enclose the seeds. Lower seed portion of the poultice bag into boiling water to moisten. Wring out excess water. Apply the poultice to the problem area and cover it with a towel to retain the heat. Leave the poultice in place until it cools, then remove. Flaxseeds are helpful in relieving the discomfort of colds and coughs. Some women have also found that a tea made of flaxseeds alleviates irritation of the urinary tract. To relieve the pain of burns and scalds, combine flaxseed oil with lime-water and apply to the wound. Flaxseed oil and ground flaxseeds are also used as a laxative. The seeds, whether ground or whole, tend to soak up large quantities of water and form a mucilaginous bulk that acts as a digestive aid that eases constipation. Making Flax Oil A special, carefully controlled expeller process that does not exceed temperatures of 96 F (36 C) in order to prevent damage produces truly high quality flax oil. Quality flax oil is easily recognized by its lack of odor and its delicate, almost flavorless taste.

Some describe the taste of flaxseed oil as slightly nutty. The term expeller pressed involves a mechanical process of pressing oil from the flaxseeds. Though product labels may say cold pressed, temperatures produced by this process that are not carefully controlled can reach as high as 200 F (93 C), even though no external heat source is used. Higher temperatures produce more oil though it is of a lesser quality because flax oil is a highly polyunsaturated oil and can easily be damaged by heat, light, and exposure to air. In its damaged state, flax oil becomes tainted with toxic molecules called lipid peroxides that are harmful to the body. The telltale signs are a bitter taste and rancid odor. During the Middle Ages, the flax flowers were believed to be a protection against sorcery. The Bohemians, who occupied the area that is now Prague, had a belief that centered on seven-year-old children. Families brought their children to dance among the flax fields because their faith led them to believe this rite would make the children beautiful.

The ritual also recognized that the entire field was under the protection of a Teuton mythological goddess named Hulda, who is said to have passed on her art of growing, spinning, and weaving the flax to mortals. Flax, Linum usitatissimum, is an annual herb grown for two distinct purposes: producing linen fibers and harvesting the seeds. Flax cultivated for its seeds requires a rich soil, similar to soil prepared for growing wheat. The plant is rather particular about its soil. Its preferences are deep, moist loam, rich in vegetable matter, not too loose, not too hard like clay, and neither sandy nor rocky. If manure is added to the soil, it must be well aged. Enjoying a warm moist climate, flax will grow in all temperate and tropical regions. All of man's efforts to cultivate flax has not prevented it from escaping into a semi-wild state in all the regions where it is grown. Flaxseeds are planted at the end of March. By the end of May, attractive blossoms appear, making a flax field a breathtaking sight, but only for a few hours. The flowers are mostly blue, with some plants producing white, pink, or violet blossoms.

The blooms are extremely delicate and perish quickly. Pollination by bees is a necessity for flax to set seed capsules. The long, hollow and woody stems vary from 2 to 4 feet (60 to 120 cm). Round seedpods form at the top of the stem and contain about 10 seeds each that measure about 1/8-inch (.5 cm) in length. The tough, shiny seeds are brown, flat, and pointed at one end and contain about 35% to 45% of the valuable flax oil known for its health benefits. The flax cultivated for its linen is known for its two varieties: blue-flowered and white flowered. The white-flowered variety produces more seeds and a coarser fiber than its blue rival. Flax grown for its seeds produces poor linen fibers. Today, flax is mostly grown in the U.S., Canada, Australia, and Eastern Europe with minor growth in France and Great Britain where it is referred to as linseed. In North America flax is grown mainly for human consumption rather than for its linen fibers.

With all its outstanding Omega-3 essential fatty acid properties, flaxseed oil also contains 120 calories for 1 tablespoon that amounts to 14 grams of fat, 1 gram saturated. Whole flaxseeds have 59 calories per tablespoon and 4.1 gram of fat, .4 saturated. The whole seeds are highly nutritious with that same tablespoon offering 2 grams of protein and 3 grams of fiber. Surprisingly, 1 tablespoon of the little flaxseeds offer a full range of B vitamins with 33.4 mcg of folic acid. Additionally, that tablespoon contains 23.9 mg of calcium, 43.4 mg of magnesium, 82 mg of potassium, and trace amounts of iron and zinc. Flaxseeds contain linolenic acid (the Omega-3 fatty acid) and linoleic acid (the Omega-6 fatty acid), both essential to human health. Because humans are unable to manufacture these essential fats, they must supply these fats in their regular diets to assist in the function of the nervous system, the brain, sexual organs, and the largest organ, the skin. Buy only food grade flaxseed oil.

Never purchase artist's linseed oil to use as a human food source. Always look for this product in the refrigerated section of a reputable health food store. When selecting flax oil, look for oil made from organic flaxseeds to avoid the possibility of pesticides and herbicides that may be present in non-organic flaxseeds. Check the expiration date on the bottle to make sure it is fresh. Look for the words expeller pressed to avoid those that are heat pressed. Choose flaxseed oil in liquid form rather than in capsules. The flax oil contained in capsules can become rancid, but the gel caps prevent the buyer from detecting rancidity. Flaxseed oil is highly perishable when exposed to heat, light, and air. Quality flaxseed oil is always sold in dark, opaque plastic bottles. Some manufacturers are using a natural rosemary antioxidant to make flax oil more shelf stable. As soon as you bring the flaxseed oil home, put it in the refrigerator. Purchase the oil in small quantities and use it up within a month or two. Flax oil can even become rancid in the refrigerator when kept for long periods. Raw is the only way to consume flax oil.

Do not use flax oil for cooking. When polyunsaturated oils such as flaxseed oil are subjected to high heat, their chemical make-up is converted to unhealthful lipid peroxides. Whole flaxseeds do not break down in the digestive system. If you consume them whole, chew them thoroughly. Even then, many may not have broken down and will pass through the digestive system without being absorbed. Still, they offer the benefits of fiber by cleansing the intestinal tract. Store flaxseed meal in the refrigerator. Be sure to drink plenty of water when consuming whole flaxseeds or the flaxseed meal because flax tends to absorb large quantities of liquid during the digestion process. Flaxseed flour, purchased in a health food store, can be combined with wheat flour for baking. Whole flaxseeds can easily be ground into meal by putting small batches into a small electric coffee grinder and processing very briefly, only a second or two. Enjoy flaxseed meal by sprinkling a heaping tablespoon on cereals and salads.

Flaxseed meal will enhance almost any food, whether it's a tofu scramble, a stir fry dish, or a casserole by adding it at the end of the cooking to avoid excess exposure to heat. When preparing homemade salad dressing, use flax oil in place of other oils. Use flax oil in place of other oils in dips, spreads, and bean dishes such as hummos. Sprinkle whole flaxseeds or the meal as a garnish for soups, salads, entrees, dips, sandwiches, and pasta dishes. To replace an egg in a recipe, soak 1 tablespoon of flaxseeds in 1/3 cup (80 ml) of water until it becomes gelatinous, then strain off the seeds. As an alternative, combine the same quantities of flaxseeds and water in a small saucepan, and bring to a boil. Immediately reduce the heat and simmer for 5 minutes or until the mixture reaches the consistency of a raw egg white. Strain off the seeds.

Native Plant Oils 1400 Independence Ave., SW, Mailstop Code: 1103 Washington DC 20250-1103 Native Plant Oils Essential Oils Mountain monardella (Monardella odoratissima) is a wonderful smelling member of the mint family. Photo by Teresa Prendusi. Sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) were domesticated prior to corn according to some sources. Photo by Teresa Prendusi. Arrowleaf balsamroot (Balsamorhiza sagittata). Essential oils are produced in various parts of a plant such as in the flower, seeds, bark, root, leaves, resin, or wood and can be responsible for the distinctive odor or flavor of a plant. Among the plants notable for their essential oils and used as a source of fragrances and flavorings, are members of the following plant families.

carrot family (anise, dill, angelica) ginger family (cardamom, ginger) mint family (peppermint, rosemary, thyme) myrtle family (clove, allspice) nutmeg family (nutmeg, mace) pepper family (black pepper) Oils derived from plants, namely vegetable oils, have been used thousands of years. Plants have been a healthy alternative to animal derived oils since their discovery, containing virtually no cholesterol. Most vegetables oils are pressed from seeds, however in a few cases, such as olives and palm fruits, oils are pressed from the fruit pulps. About 70% of the world production of plant oil comes from four plant species: soybeans, oil palm, rape, and sunflower. Of these, only sunflower (Helianthus annuus) can claim North America as its original home. Evidence suggests that Native Americans in present-day Arizona and New Mexico cultivated the sunflower about 3,000 BC. Sunflower seeds were eaten and crushed for oil. Wild, weedy populations of this annual species still occur throughout Canada, the United States, and Mexico. Wild plants are branched, bearing numerous relatively small heads.

Domesticated sunflowers usually have one large head atop a single flowering stem. Some archaeologists suggest that sunflower may have been domesticated before corn. The seed of the native perennial herb, arrowleaf balsamroot, Balsamorhiza sagittata, was a prized source of oil for many Native Americans. Arrowleaf balsamroot is a showy member of the sunflower family. “Balsamorhiza" refers to the balsam-like taste and smell of the resinous and woody root. Non-Edible Plant Oils Although most vegetable oils end up in foods, large quantities are used by industry for the manufacture of non-edible products. Sunflower oil has industrial uses in certain paints, varnishes, and plastics. The oil contains 93% of the energy of some diesel fuels, and blends of sunflower oil and diesel have potential as a fuel. North American native, Lewis flax (Linum lewisii), related to flax used for linseed oil. Photo by Clarence A. Rechenthin, USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database.

Linseed oil, made from the seeds of Linum usitatissimum, an annual herb in the flax family that is native to central Asia and the Mediterranean region, is one of the oldest oils to have been used commercially. Currently, the paint and varnish industries consume about four-fifths of the linseed oil produced. Remains of flax plants have been found in refuse of Stone Age dwellings and it has been cultivated in Mesopotamia, Assyria, and Egypt for over 5,000 years. It has also been used as a folk medicine . The Sonoran desert is the native home to one of the oldest cultivated species in North America, the Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) plant. This slow-growing shrub species sends its roots up to 35 feet deep and can live to be more than a century old. Its seeds produce golden-colored oil that closely resembles natural human oils. Native American cultures of the southwestern deserts utilized jojoba oil to treat skin conditions as well as cosmetically rubbing it on their hair and bodies as a protectant. One of the unusual attributes of jojoba oil is that it does not oxidize or become rancid.

It is also easily refined into an odorless, colorless product that makes it ideal for use in cosmetics, moisturizers and as a fragrance carrier for perfumes. Jojoba joined the industrial world during World War II as a substitute for dwindling supplies of other oil resources. It was used as an important substitute and additive for motor, transmission, and gear oil. Even machine guns were lubricated with jojoba oil! Today, jojoba is being cultivated around the world—from South America to Australia and the Middle East—for many industrial and commercial uses. Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis). Photo by J.S. Peterson @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database. Jojoba seeds. Photo by Steve Hurst @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database. The jojoba plant is the Sonoran Desert’s second most economically valuable plant after the Washintonia palm. Its seed oil has been used in cosmetics, lubricants, pharmaceuticals and even for replacement of sperm oil in manufacturing of waxes, resins, and detergents.

Flaxseed Oil Manufacturer, Buy Flaxseed Oil, Refined Flaxseed Oil Packing: 180-190kg/iron drun; or according to customer's inquirement Production description: Flaxseed oil is derived from the seeds of the flax plant (Linum usitatissimum, L.). Flaxseed oil and flaxseed contain substances that promote good health. One of these substances is alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), an essential fatty acid that appears to be beneficial for heart disease, inflammatory bowel disease, arthritis, and other health conditions. Flaxseed, in addition to ALA, contains a group of chemicals called lignans that may play a role in the prevention of cancer. Please see the flaxseed monograph for further information on this herbal agent. ALA, as well as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), belongs to a group of substances called omega-3 fatty acids. EPA and DHA are found primarily in fish while ALA is mostly found in flaxseed oil and other vegetable oils. Although similar in structure, the benefits of ALA, EPA, and DHA are not necessarily the same.

It is important to maintain an appropriate balance of omega-3 and omega-6 (another essential fatty acid) in the diet, as these two substances work together to promote health. These essential fats are both examples of polyunsaturated fatty acids, or PUFAs. Omega-3 fatty acids help reduce inflammation and most omega-6 fatty acids tend to promote inflammation. An inappropriate balance of these essential fatty acids contributes to the development of disease while a proper balance helps maintain and even improve health. A healthy diet should consist of roughly 2 - 4 times more omega-6 fatty acids than omega-3 fatty acids. The typical American diet tends to contain 14 - 25 times more omega-6 fatty acids than omega-3 fatty acids, and many researchers believe this imbalance is a significant factor in the rising rate of inflammatory disorders in the United States. Omega-3 fatty acids have been shown to reduce inflammation and help prevent certain chronic diseases such as heart disease and arthritis. These essential fatty acids appear to be particularly important for cognitive and behavioral function as well as normal growth and development. Uses: Clinical studies suggest that flaxseed oil and other omega-3 fatty acids may be helpful in treating a variety of conditions.

The evidence is strongest for heart disease and problems that contribute to heart disease, but the range of possible uses for flaxseed oil include: High cholesterol People who follow a Mediterranean diet tend to have an increased high density lipoprotein (also called HDL, or "good") cholesterol level. The Mediterranean diet consists of a healthy balance between omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9 (found in olive oil) fatty acids. It emphasizes whole grains, root and green vegetables, daily intake of fruit, fish and poultry, olive and canola oils, and ALA (from flaxseed, flaxseed oil, and walnuts), along with discouragement of ingestion of red meat and not much use of butter and cream. Flaxseed and flaxseed oil have been reported to possess cholesterol-lowering properties in laboratory studies. Human studies have used flaxseed products and measured effects on cholesterol, with mixed results. A recent human study found that dietary flaxseed significantly improved lipid (cholesterol) profile in patients with high cholesterol, and may favorably modify cardiovascular risk factors. Heart disease A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts or legumes, and ALA-rich foods may substantially reduces the recurrence of heart disease.

One of the best ways to help prevent and treat heart disease is to eat a low-fat diet and to replace foods rich in saturated and trans-fat with those that are rich in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats (including omega-3 fatty acids from flaxseed). Evidence suggests that people who eat an ALA-rich diet are less likely to suffer a fatal heart attack. ALA may reduce heart disease risks through a variety of biologic mechanisms, including platelet function (making them less "sticky"), inflammation, blood vessel health, and arrhythmia (irregular heart beat). Several human studies also suggest that diets rich in omega-3 fatty acids (including ALA) may lower blood pressure. Other Although further research is needed, preliminary evidence suggests that omega-3 fatty acids may also prove helpful in protecting against certain infections and treating a variety of conditions including autism, ulcers, migraine headaches, preterm labor, emphysema, psoriasis, glaucoma, Lyme disease, systemic lupus erythmatosus (lupus), irregular heart beats (arrhythmias), multiple sclerosis, and panic attacks. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation may also help to reduce stress and the effects it has on the body.

Dietary Sources: Flaxseed oil is obtained from the seed of the flax plant. It contains 50 - 60% omega-3 fatty acids in the form of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). This amount is roughly double that contained in fish oil. However, ALA must be converted in the body into usable forms. ALA from flaxseed may not have the same benefit as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) because it is more difficult for the body to efficiently convert ALA to a form of omega-3 fatty acids that it can readily use. Available Forms: Flaxseed oil is available in liquid and softgel capsule forms. Like any oil, flaxseed oil may turn rancid if it is not refrigerated. Flaxseed oil requires special packaging because it is easily destroyed by heat, light, and oxygen. The highest quality flaxseed products are manufactured using fresh pressed seeds, bottled in dark or opaque containers, and processed at low temperatures in the absence of light, extreme heat, or oxygen.

Be sure to buy flaxseed oil supplements made by reputable companies who certify that their products are free of heavy metals such as lead and mercury. How to Take It: The dosage to prevent and treat disease will vary depending on the amount of fatty acids in the diet and the type of disorder being treated. Pediatric Flaxseed oil may be added to a child's diet to help balance fatty acids. If an infant is breastfed, the mother may ingest oil or fresh ground seed to increase fat content in breast milk. See adult dosage below. Only use flaxseed oil supplements in children under 18 years of age under the supervision of a health care provider. Adult Flaxseed oil: Take 1 - 2 tablespoonfuls daily, or 1 - 2 capsules daily. Flaxseed oil is often used in a liquid form, which contains approximately 7 grams of ALA per 15 mL (1 tbsp), and contains approximately 130 calories. As a substitute for fish oil, a dose of 7.2 grams of flaxseed oil is approximately equivalent to 1 gram of fish oil.

Precautions: Because of the potential for side effects and interactions with medications, dietary supplements should be taken only under the supervision of a knowledgeable health care provider. Flaxseed may slow down the absorption of oral medications or other nutrients if taken at the same time. Try to avoid taking flaxseed at the same time as medications and other supplements. People with either diabetes or schizophrenia may lack the ability to convert ALA to EPA and DHA, the forms more readily used in the body. Therefore, those with either condition should obtain their omega-3 fatty acids from dietary sources rich in EPA and DHA. Although studies have found that regular consumption of fish (which includes the omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA) may reduce the risk of macular degeneration, a recent study including two large groups of men and women found that diets rich in ALA may substantially increase the risk of this disease. More research is needed in this area. Until this information becomes available, it is best for people with macular degeneration to obtain omega-3 fatty acids from sources of EPA and DHA, rather than ALA.

Similar to macular degeneration, fish and fish oil may protect against prostate cancer, but ALA may be associated with increased risk of prostate cancer in men. More research in this area is needed. Possible Interactions: If you are currently being treated with any of the following medications, you should not use flaxseed oil (alpha-linolenic acid or ALA) or other omega-3 fatty acids without first talking to your health care provider. Blood-thinning medications -- Omega-3 fatty acids may increase the effects of blood thinning medications, including aspirin, warfarin (Coumadin), and clopedigrel (Plavix). While the combination of aspirin and omega-3 fatty acids may actually be helpful under certain circumstances (such as in heart disease), they should only be taken together under the guidance and supervision of a health care provider. Blood sugar lowering medications -- Taking omega-3 fatty acid supplements may increase fasting blood sugar levels.

Use with caution if taking blood sugar lowering medications, such as glipizide (Glucotrol and Glucotrol XL), glyburide (Micronase or Diabeta), glucophage (Metformin), or insulin, as omega-3 fatty acid supplements may increase your need for the medication(s). Cyclosporine -- Taking omega-3 fatty acids during cyclosporine (Sandimmune) therapy may reduce toxic side effects, such as high blood pressure and kidney damage, associated with this medication in transplant patients. Etretinate and topical steroids -- The addition of omega-3 fatty acids (specifically EPA) to the drug therapy etretinate (Tegison) and topical corticosteroids may improve symptoms of psoriasis. Cholesterol-lowering medications -- Following certain nutritional guidelines, including increasing the amount of omega-3 fatty acids in your diet and reducing the omega-6 to omega-3 ratio, may allow a group of cholesterol lowering medications known as "statins," including atorvastatin (Liptor), lovastatin (Mevacor), and simvastatin (Zocor) to work more effectively.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) -- In an animal study, treatment with omega-3 fatty acids reduced the risk of ulcers from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including ibuprofen (Motrin or Advil) and naproxen (Alleve or Naprosyn). More research is needed to evaluate whether omega-3 fatty acids would have the same effects in people. Alternative Names: Flax Uses, Benefits & Side Effects - Drugs.com Herbal Database ●...No safety concerns despite wide use. What is Flax? The flax plant grows as a slender annual with branches tipped with 1 or 2 delicate blue flowers. Flax was introduced to North America from Europe, and it now grows widely in Canada and the northwestern United States. Additional members of the genus Linum are used throughout the world for their fiber and oil content. Slideshow What is it used for? Traditional/Ethnobotanical uses Flax has been used for more than 12,000 years as a source of fiber for producing linen. It was one of the earliest plants used for purposes other than food. Flax is prepared from the fibers in the stem of the plant.

Flaxseed or linseed oil, derived from the flaxseed, has been used to smooth and soften the skin, and as a laxative, particularly for animals. Flaxseed oil also is used in paints and varnishes and as a waterproofing agent. Flaxseed cakes, the material left after oil has been extracted from the plant, have been used as cattle feed. Traditional medicinal uses of the plant have been varied and, at times, unusual; one text notes that the seeds have been used to remove foreign material from the eye. A moistened seed would be placed under the closed eyelid for a few moments to allow the material to adhere to the seed, thereby facilitating removal. Other uses include the treatment of coughs and colds, constipation, and urinary tract infections. The related L. catharticum yields a purgative decoction. General uses Flaxseed and flaxseed oil contain essential fatty acids, particularly alpha linolenic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid and precursor to the longer and less saturated omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid.

Flaxseed (but not flaxseed oil) also contains substantial amounts of fiber that may have health benefits similar to other high-fiber products and phytoestrogens that may exert weak estrogenic or antiestrogenic effects depending on biological levels of estradiol. Historically, linseed oil, derived from flaxseed, has been used to smooth and soften skin, as a laxative, and as a treatment for coughs, colds, and urinary tract infections. More recently, flaxseed has been investigated for protection against atherosclerotic heart disease, including reduction of serum cholesterol, platelet aggregation, and inflammatory markers; chemoprotection against some cancers; improvement of menopausal symptoms; improvement of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms; and renoprotection in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. However, clinical trials are limited. What is the recommended dosage? Flaxseed has been given in clinical trials at dosages from 5 to 50 g per day. Flaxseed oil supplementation equivalent to 200 mg of ALA content has been given. How safe is it? Contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to flaxseed.

Pregnancy/nursing The use of flaxseed and flaxseed oil during pregnancy and lactation is not recommended. Interactions None well documented. Side Effects Flaxseed and flaxseed oil appear to be well tolerated, with few adverse reactions reported except type 1 hypersensitivity. Toxicities Ingestion of large amounts of raw flax or flaxseed may be harmful because of cyanogenic glycosides. These glycosides have not been detected after flaxseed has been baked. References Flax. Review of Natural Products. Facts & Comparisons 4.0. St. Louis, MO: Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc; February 2009. Accessed January 23, 2009. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health Linseed Linseed Uma Winterlien The flax plant has been known to be cultivated for linseed or flaxseed since very ancient times; it is one of the oldest cultivated plants known to man. For example, excavations of the most ancient Egyptian tombs have come up with flax seeds as well as the flax fiber cloth woven from this plant.

Historians and archeologist are also sure that the first linen mentioned in the Bible was spun from flax. The flax plant was thus very important as a source of seeds and clothing in early human history. Flax is a small herbaceous annual plant, with striking turquoise blue blossoms and appears very graceful with an erect stem that can reach one to two feet in height when fully grown. There is normally only a single stem per plant, the stem of the flax is quite smooth, and bears alternate rows of linear and sessile leaves that can each reach nearly an inch in length when fully grown. In the Bible, the seed vessels of the flax plant with their five celled capsules are called "bolls." Harvest is carried out when the bolls turn ripe; the entire flax plant is pulled out and tied in bundles for processing. The bundled plants are soaked in water for several weeks at a stretch to bring about the separation of the fiber from the stalks, following which they are spread out to dry and processed into cloth. The linseed oil and meal is made from crushed or milled flaxseeds. A hard transparent varnish is given to wood on rubbing this linseed oil to wood surfaces in thin layers.

Some veterinarians use this oil as a purgative for sheep and horses. The boiled seeds are also turned into a jelly used to feed young calves in farms. Parts used Seeds, seed oil. Uses There are a lot of unsaturated fats as well as mucilage in the linseed. The presence of these compounds in the plant turns the flax into a highly valued remedy especially for treating many of the intestinal and chest conditions. Seeds consumed can induce a soothing action along the digestive tract and these are best when they are taken whole instead of as jelly or infusion. The whole seeds also tend to draw out toxins in the body and absorb fluid and swell up into a jellylike mass inside the body - in this way, the seeds turn into bulk laxative and are beneficial for the body. Essential fatty acids can also be obtained from the seeds if the seeds are split before they are swallowed whole. The urinary tract is greatly benefited by the seeds, to a lesser extent compared to how the benefits on the digestive system.

Topical application of crushed flax seed poultice can be beneficial in the treatment of chronic coughs , in treating problems such as bronchitis , in the treatment of pleurisy , as well as in the treatment of emphysema in patients. External and painful boils can be relieved and subdued by application of poultice made from crushed linseeds or linseed flour. A mixture of linseed oil and red wine is recommended by old Portuguese books for the treatment of wounds . Other medical uses Wrinkles Habitat and cultivation The linseed belongs to the temperate zones of Europe and Asia - the plant is a native of these places. Since very ancient time, the linseed has been cultivated worldwide and used as a source for fiber, for seeds, as well as for seed oil from the seeds. During late autumn or in the waning summer months, harvesting of the seeds takes place and the harvested seeds are milled or crushed for linseed oil and flour.

Constituents Linseed contains 30-40% fixed oil (including 36-50% linolenic acid and 23-24% linoleic acid ), 6% mucilage , 25% protein, and small amounts of linamarin (a cyanogenic glycoside). Linamarin has a sedative effect on the respiratory system. Usual dosage The dosage requirement of the linseed remedy for adults and children over twelve are about 5 - 10 g of the seeds - either whole or crushed, if these are soaked in water, they can be taken thrice daily with some liquid. The person can be observed to see the effects of the dose 18 - 24 hours later. This dosage regimen can be continued for two to three days at a time. Half the adult dosage can be given to children who are from 6 to 12 years of age. Linseed should be given to children under 6 years of age only under strict medical supervision. Baked goods such as muffins also often have the flax seeds as an ingredient. A laxative effect is often evident when such baked foods are consumed.

A variety of doses of the linseed have cardiovascular effects which were evident during clinical trials on patients. A dosage of up to 50 g of the flaxseed, which is nearly equal to 20 g flaxseed oil taken a day, is known to be safe and also palatable for most patients. Applications Linseed: SEEDS ï¿½ The linseeds can be taken for the treatment of constipation , patients can consume about 1-2 tbsp of the seeds, by taking it with one or two glasses of water. When taken with water, seeds swell in the bowel and endow a gentle action and have a bulking laxative effect on the body. At breakfast, flax seeds can also be mixed with items like muesli, cereal, or with some honey and soft cheese to make a delicious repast. It is vital to include a lot of fluids when eating the seeds. INFUSION ï¿½ The linseed infusion can be taken for the treatment of conditions such as coughs and to ease problems like sore throats . The seeds can be flavoured using honey and lemon juice for ease of consumption.

POULTICE ï¿½ A flax seed poultice can be prepared by crush the seeds, and this can be applied as a remedy to treat boils , skin abscesses , as well as ulcers . The herbal linseed poultice can also be applied locally for relieving the pain of pleurisy . MACERATION ï¿½ Thick herbal mucilage can be obtained by soaking the seeds in some water. This can be taken for treating inflammations affecting the mucous membranes in the body, during problems such as gastritis and pharyngitis in patients. OIL ï¿½ Linseed herbal oil contains a lot of the essential fatty acids, which are very good for the treatment of eczema , all kinds of menstrual disorders , as well as problem like rheumatoid arthritis , and atherosclerosis . The daily diet can be fortified by adding two tsp of the freshly pressed oil or 1 to 2 tsp of the freshly crushed seeds. Whole plant: INFUSION ï¿½ To treat problems like constipation, liver congestion, and rheumatic pain the whole plant may be made into an infusion and consumed daily.

Flaxseed oil The old adage from the bible that ï¿½there is nothing new under the sunï¿½ is a good proverb to remember when thinking of the many "new" supplements, such as flaxseed or linseed oil - since these have been used medicinally by human societies since pre-history. It is known that as long ago as 8,500 years ago, the first hunter-gatherer ancestors of the human race ate the flax and other types of wild grasses as a part of their diet. In ancient time, each part of the whole flax plant was put to good use in the diet of early humans. Cooking oil and paint was made from the oil of the flax seeds. Strong rope and cloth were spun from the flax fibers as well. As a commercial product, flax plant is still used to this day for making cloth, flax paper, and other useful products. The serious consideration of introducing the linseed into the modern diet is a relatively recent development. The omega-3 fatty acids, which are a type of "good" fat typically missing from the normal Western diet, are found in good quantities in flax seed oil.

The beneficial effects of the omega-3 fatty acids have been described in many European studies where it was shown that the fatty acids can induce shrinkage in cancerous tumors. These beneficial fatty acids are also potent in their tumor killing powers and have an anti-cancer effect on tumors of the breast , the prostate , and on lung cancer cells as well. Flaxseed oil is also a very rich source for fibers called lignans aside from its content of the beneficial omega-3 fatty acids; this fiber is converted by the gut dwelling "friendly bacteria " into organic compounds which fight against cancer in the body. The hormone levels in the body are also modulated by these compounds and this results in gaining relief from some of the physical symptoms that are seen during menopause , symptoms like the hot flashes and the sudden yeast infections that comes on during vaginal dryness accompanying menopause . Hormonal imbalances which caused premenstrual syndrome can also be treated using flaxseed oil.

Many natural anti-inflammatory compounds are also found in the flaxseed oil along with the beneficial omega-3 fatty acids, such as compounds that aid in bringing relief from the symptoms of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, from the symptoms of psoriasis , as well as symptoms induced by various allergies , and all manners of inflammatory diseases affecting the body. There is a lot of success attached to the flaxseed oil and many natural herbal healers give such prescriptions on a routinely basis for different types of conditions. Aside from the beneficial action against cancer, the flaxseed derived omega-3 fatty acids also afford great protection against various types of heart disease - this is one of the main benefits of these acids as proven in many laboratory studies. Problems of high cholesterol and high blood pressure can be beneficially affected by the omga-3-fatty acids, which lower these elevated levels, the acids also help in reducing elevated blood triglyceride levels in the body, and also prevent blood clots at the same time. The beneficial omega-3 rich content is useful in other ways. The ability of these omega-3 fatty acids to lower levels of protein homocysteine in the blood has recently been discovered in research.

The presence of elevated levels of the protein homocysteine is considered to be a major risk factor for the onset of heart disease in susceptible patients. The ability of the flaxseed oil supplements to increase the stamina has been a recent claim made by some body builders, these people also suggest that the oil helps them to recover faster from the strain of workouts and injury. The presence of a natural anti-oxidant in the flaxseed may be one factor that enables the tired muscles of body builders to recover at a faster rate. Problems like muscle soreness after exercise are probably relieved by the anti-inflammatory action of the flaxseed oil. Flaxseed oil is not very easy to use; indeed, this is the only downside of the oil. The oil is quite unstable and, can turn rancid fairly fast unless proper processing steps are undertaken in preparing the oil. The use of flaxseed oil capsules on a daily basis may be much more convenient without the bother of preparing the oil - these capsules are available in the herbal market. Flaxseed Oil - What You Need to Know Flaxseed is also said to protect against some forms of cancer (including breast cancer and prostate cancer ), promote weight loss , and prevent heart disease .

Benefits of Flaxseed Oil It's too soon to recommend flaxseed oil in the treatment of any health condition, according to the National Institutes of Health (NIH). What's more, the NIH warns that flaxseed oil seems ineffective for lowering cholesterol and managing rheumatoid arthritis. However, there's some evidence that consuming flaxseed oil may provide some health benefits. For instance, studies suggest that flaxseed oil may help prevent hardening of the arteries (also known as atherosclerosis ), keep blood pressure in check, and improve symptoms of dry eye syndrome. Furthermore, some research shows that heart disease patients who increase their dietary intake of ALA may reduce their risk of dying from cardiovascular problems. Preliminary findings from laboratory research also indicate that flaxseed oil may help protect against breast cancer. Flaxseed Oil and Omega-3s After flaxseed oil is consumed, the body converts ALA into eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), two other types of omega-3 fatty acids. Although there's some evidence that ALA may offer certain health benefits, the evidence for the health effects of EPA and DHA is significantly stronger.

What's more, since the body is not highly efficient at converting ALA into EPA and DHA, some medical experts recommend obtaining your omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil (rather than from flaxseed oil). Indeed, research shows that fish oil is likely effective for increasing your defense against heart disease. In addition, fish oil may help reduce your stroke risk, protect against hardening of the arteries, and provide a number of other health benefits. Where to Find It Available for purchase online, flaxseed oil can be found in most natural-foods stores. In addition, flaxseed oil is sold in many grocery stores and stores specializing in dietary supplements. How to Use It Flaxseed oil can be used as an ingredient in salad dressings. You can also add flaxseed oil to smoothies, vegetable dishes, and cereal. Unlike flaxseed oil, whole flaxseeds contain soluble fiber and lignans (naturally occurring chemicals with estrogen-like effects). While flaxseed oil is available in whole flaxseeds, it's better to opt for pure flaxseed oil or flaxseed oil supplements if you're looking to increase your intake of ALA.

Since whole flaxseeds may pass through your intestine undigested, nutrition experts often recommend grinding flaxseed (in a coffee grinder, for example) before adding it to cereals, smoothies, or other foods. Caveats Since flaxseed oil may slow blood clotting and lower blood pressure, anyone taking anticoagulant drugs or blood pressure medications should use caution when consuming flaxseed oil. There's also some evidence that flaxseed oil might increase the chance of premature birth when taken during the second or third trimesters of pregnancy. Therefore, the NIH advise that pregnant women avoid taking flaxseed oil. It's also important to note that the fiber in flaxseed may lower the body's ability to absorb medications that are taken by mouth. Therefore, flaxseed should not be consumed at the same time as any conventional oral medications or other dietary supplements. Although flaxseeds are generally considered safe, overconsumption may lead to increased bowel movements and/or flatulence. Using Flaxseed Oil for Health Due to the limited research, it's too soon to recommend flaxseed oil as a treatment for any condition.

It's also important to note that self-treating a condition and avoiding or delaying standard care may have serious consequences. If you're considering using flaxseed oil for any health purpose, make sure to consult your physician first. Sources Barceló-Coblijn G, Murphy EJ, Othman R, Moghadasian MH, Kashour T, Friel JK. "Flaxseed oil and fish-oil capsule consumption alters human red blood cell n-3 fatty acid composition: a multiple-dosing trial comparing 2 sources of n-3 fatty acid." Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Sep;88(3):801-9. Duda MK, O'Shea KM, Tintinu A, Xu W, Khairallah RJ, Barrows BR, Chess DJ, Azimzadeh AM, Harris WS, Sharov VG, Sabbah HN, Stanley WC. "Fish oil, but not flaxseed oil, decreases inflammation and prevents pressure overload-induced cardiac dysfunction." Cardiovasc Res. 2009 Feb 1;81(2):319-27. Dwivedi C, Natarajan K, Matthees DP.

"Chemopreventive effects of dietary flaxseed oil on colon tumor development." Nutr Cancer. 2005;51(1):52-8. Harper CR, Edwards MJ, DeFilippis AP, Jacobson TA. "Flaxseed oil increases the plasma concentrations of cardioprotective (n-3) fatty acids in humans." J Nutr. 2006 Jan;136(1):83-7. Harper CR, Edwards MC, Jacobson TA. "Flaxseed oil supplementation does not affect plasma lipoprotein concentration or particle size in human subjects." J Nutr. 2006 Nov;136(11):2844-8. Kaul N, Kreml R, Austria JA, Richard MN, Edel AL, Dibrov E, Hirono S, Zettler ME, Pierce GN. "A comparison of fish oil, flaxseed oil and hempseed oil supplementation on selected parameters of cardiovascular health in healthy volunteers." J Am Coll Nutr. 2008 Feb;27(1):51-8. Lee P, Prasad K.

"Effects of flaxseed oil on serum lipids and atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic rabbits." J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2003 Sep;8(3):227-35. National Institutes of Health " Flaxseed oil: MedlinePlus Supplements ". September 2011. Paschos GK, Magkos F, Panagiotakos DB, Votteas V, Zampelas A. "Dietary supplementation with flaxseed oil lowers blood pressure in dyslipidaemic patients." Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007 Oct;61(10):1201-6. Taylor CG, Noto AD, Stringer DM, Froese S, Malcolmson L. "Dietary milled flaxseed and flaxseed oil improve N-3 fatty acid status and do not affect glycemic control in individuals with well-controlled type 2 diabetes." J Am Coll Nutr. 2010 Feb;29(1):72-80. Truan JS, Chen JM, Thompson LU.

"Flaxseed oil reduces the growth of human breast tumors (MCF-7) at high levels of circulating estrogen." Mol Nutr Food Res. 2010 Oct;54(10):1414-21. Disclaimer: The information contained on this site is intended for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for advice, diagnosis or treatment by a licensed physician. It is not meant to cover all possible precautions, drug interactions, circumstances or adverse effects. You should seek prompt medical care for any health issues and consult your doctor before using alternative medicine or making a change to your regimen. Continue Reading Flexible Flax: Everyday Uses for Flax Flexible Flax: Everyday Uses for Flax Learn about the uses for this versatile plant. By Jill Jepson Flax, one of humanity’s most useful plants, offers up its carefree blue flowers as a bonus. Photo By Rita Buchanan • Flax Granola Few plants are as useful to humanity as flax. For 10,000 years, people have woven flax into linen fabric for clothing.

Paints, varnishes, and enamels made from flaxseed oil—also known as linseed oil—have decorated and protected homes and furniture for centuries, and strong rope and twine have long been made from flax fiber. From medicine and food to fine linen papers and durable floor coverings, flax has been an essential part of our lives. Archaeologists have discovered evidence that ten millennia ago the prehistoric Swiss Lake Dwellers spun and wove flax. The Book of Exodus mentions the cultivation of flax, as does the Talmud, and both forbid the blending of flax with “impure” wool. Ancient Egyptians grew flax along the Nile and wove linen fabrics for clothing, bed sheets, diapers, sails, even wrappings for mummies. In contrast to the Egyptians, the Greeks and the Romans preferred woolen fabrics. Neither civilization cultivated much flax, but the Roman emperors wore some linen, imported from as far away as Egypt, Babylonia, Germany, and Spain. Culinary uses for flax were also known at this time: both the Greek historian Thucydides and the Roman Pliny mention the use of flax for food.

After the decline of the Roman Empire, flax cultivation dwindled until the eighth century. The French leader Charlemagne pronounced flax more sanitary than wool (because linen is so much easier to launder than woolen fabrics) and ordered his subjects to cultivate it. European production flourished, and with it, the uses for this versatile plant expanded. The medieval herbalist Bartholomew listed dozens of applications—clothing, sheets, sacks, purses, sails, fish nets, thread, ropes, bowstrings, measuring lines, matches, and even ships’ caulking. Bartholomew considered flax the most beneficial of all herbs: “None herbe is so needfull to so many dyurrse uses to man­kynde as is the flexe.” The value of flax to these early cultures is reflected in the rich folklore that surrounds the plant. Flax was believed to be a blessed plant—one that could bring good fortune, restore health, and protect against witchcraft. To the ancient Egyptians, white linen was a symbol of divine light and purity associated with the great mother-goddess Isis.

The Norse goddess Huldah was known as the Guardian of Flax Fields, no doubt because it was she who taught mortals the arts of spinning and weaving. It was believed that no evil witchcraft could be practiced in a flax field, only good magic. German folklore also associated flax with luck. A German bride of old would often put a few flaxseeds in her shoes to protect her fortune, and she might tie a flaxen string around her left leg to make her marriage thrive. Early Bohemians believed that a seven-year-old child who danced in a flax field would become beautiful, no matter what the child’s original appearance. And in Mediterranean countries, a baby who wasn’t thriving would be laid upon the ground in a flax field and sprinkled with flaxseeds: it was believed that the child would recover as the seeds sprouted. Non-European cultures developed their own uses for flax. In parts of North Africa, flax was a food staple and an important medicine. The Chinese created oilcloth—a protective fabric made from flaxseed oil applied to canvas—perhaps 2000 years ago.

Flax in the New World Native Americans occasionally gathered fibers and seeds from the few species of flax that grew wild in the United States, using the fibers to make fish nets and twine. However, the wild species were never cultivated, and the use of flax was minor until Colonial times. In the seventeenth century, seeds of European flax were brought by ship to Massachusetts and Virginia along with spinning wheels. At that time, cloth production was deemed so important to the survival of the colonies that laws were passed requiring every household to spin a certain amount of flax or woolen yarn each year. Later, as the American frontier expanded westward, families took flaxseed with them. Flax was often the first crop planted as a homestead was set up. Although much of the importance of flax derived from the popularity of linen, the fiber is not the only useful part of the flax plant. Linseed oil is just as important. When first pressed from the seeds, linseed oil is a thick, sticky fluid, but when exposed to oxygen from the air, it gradually hardens and dries. When painted on wood or other surfaces, linseed oil makes a pliant but strong protective coating.

In our grandparents’ day, households used so many linseed-oil products that most families would not have been able to operate normally without them. Oilcloth, first produced in the United States in 1809, was made into tablecloths, shelf paper, floor and wall coverings, rain gear, and carrying bags. Paints and varnishes had a linseed-oil base, and linseed oil was a common finish for furniture and other woodwork. “My grandmother, Amanda, always had linseed oil around her house,” says Alice Correia, a seventy-nine-year-old Kentucky native. “Every winter, my father would rub linseed oil on our shoes. It softened the leather and helped waterproof them.” Rachel Johnson, seventy-eight and also from Kentucky, recalls, “We always treated wooden garden implements and other wooden tools with linseed oil. It was an excellent protection.” In 1863, it was discovered that boiled linseed oil, when mixed with cork, applied to a burlap backing, and rolled into sheets, made an excellent floor covering. Within a decade, linoleum decorated most of the houses in North America, and flax production soared.

Modern Uses Until fairly recently, many North American and other households benefited from the medicinal qualities of flax. Flaxseed tea was used to treat coughs and urinary tract disorders. A mixture of linseed oil and limewater was taken internally as a laxative and applied externally to scalds and burns. When flaxseeds are steeped in water, they become soft and gummy, making them useful as a skin emollient. In A Modern Herbal (1931), Maud Grieve notes: “The crushed seeds . . . make a very useful poultice, either alone or with mustard. . . . [A] linseed poultice allays irritation and pain and promotes suppuration.” Alice Correia remembers: “Once when I was nine or so, I dropped a tiny bead into my eye. The bead was so small, we couldn’t see it to get it out. Grandmother took a flaxseed, soaked it in a little water, and placed it under my eyelid. The wet seed was sticky, so that when it was taken out, the tiny bead came with it.” In some parts of the world, pregnant women still take flaxseed.

“In my country, powdered flaxseed is added to hot water and honey,” says Yewoubdar Beyenne, a medical anthropologist from Ethiopia. “Women start drinking this mixture about a week before their due date to cleanse the system and also to make for an easy labor.” Like many folk customs, this one has a basis in fact. According to Beyenne, flaxseed contains prostaglandin, a substance believed to ease labor. Flaxseed has never been a major part of the diet in Europe or the United States. This is unfortunate, because its subtle, nutty flavor is delicious in breads, muffins, and breakfast cereal. “In Ethiopia, flaxseed is eaten almost daily,” Beyenne says. “The powdered seed is made into salad dressing and dip, and we use the moistened powder as a substitute for cooking oil. Flaxseed powder is considered a soothing food, good for the stomach.” Roasted flax­seeds can be substituted for coffee, and unripe fruits can be used in chutneys. In Nature’s Kitchen (Pownal, Vermont: Storey Publishing, 1986), herbalist Fred Rohe observes that flaxseed is an excellent source of nutritional fiber and protein.

Unfortunately, it is also loaded with fat: a single tablespoon yields more than four grams, about the same as a tablespoon of peanuts, sesame seeds, walnuts, or pecans. In North America, the invention of the cotton gin in 1794 made cotton fabric cheaper and easier to produce than linen. At about the same time, hemp rope supplanted rope made from flax. Now, 200 years later, vinyl floor coverings and latex-based paints and varnishes have largely replaced linseed oil–based products, and plastic substitutes have made oilcloth virtually ­obsolete. Flax is still a desirable natural product, however. Linen clothing is popular for spring and summer wear. Woodworkers continue to use linseed oil on unpainted carvings. Wooden tools and other implements still are treated with linseed oil to protect them against water. Weavers use a mucilage made from boiled flaxseeds to size linen warps. Even the meal left over after pressing linseed oil is useful. Made into bars called oilseed cakes, it serves as a nutritious feed for cattle and poultry.

Fiber flax is still produced in Russia, China, Egypt, and parts of Europe, and there are pilot projects to revive the U.S. fiber flax industry, starting in Maine and in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Flax grown for seed is a minor crop in both the United States and Canada, with just a few producers based in both Dakotas, Alberta, and Saskatche­wan. Further Reading • Flax and Linen by Patricia Baines (Shires Publications, 1985) • A Weaver’s Garden by Rita Buchanan (Interweave Press, 1987) • H. Fiber Crops by James Dempsey (University of Florida, 1975) • “Flax and Linen” Spin-Off 16, 2 (Summer 1992), 52–84. • The Magic of Linen: Flax Seed to Woven Cloth by Linda Heinrich (Orca Books, 1992) Jill Jepson is a medical anthropologist and freelance writer in central California. She specializes in herbal medicines and other plant uses. Linseed Acid | Cosmetics Info Overview What Is It?

Linum Usitatissimum (Linseed) Seed Oil is an edible oil expressed from the seeds of Linum Usitatissimum. Linseed oil is also called flax seed oil. The fatty acids obtained from linseed oil are called Linseed Acid. Linum Usitatissimum (Linseed) Seed Oil may be used in bath products, cleansing products and skin care products. Why is it used in cosmetics and personal care products? When used in cosmetics and personal care products, Linum Usitatissimum (Linseed) Seed Oil functions as a skin-conditioning agent - occlusive and as a skin-conditioning agent- miscellaneous. Linseed Acid functions as a surfactant - cleansing agent . Scientific Facts: Linum usitatissimum is a widely cultivated plant native to an area from the eastern Mediterranean to India. Used as a dietary supplement, linseed oil contains high levels of an essential fatty acid , linolenic acid. In addition to approximately 57% linolenic acid, linseed oil also contains approximately 19% oleic acid, 15% linoleic acid, 6% palmitic acid and 4% stearic acid.

Safety Safety Information: The safety of Linum Usitatissimum (Linseed) Seed Oil and Linseed Acid has been assessed by the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel. The CIR Expert Panel evaluated scientific data and concluded that these ingredients were safe for use in cosmetics and personal care products. Botanical and botanically derived ingredients used in the formulation of cosmetics are generally mild and safe. Prior to marketing the finished cosmetic product, the safety of each ingredient must be substantiated in accordance with 21 CFR 740.10. Safety substantiation of cosmetic ingredients may include tests for ocular and skin irritation as well as allergenicity, phototoxicity, photoallergenicity and mutagenicity, depending on the application or intended use. There is a considerable body of information about the safety of botanical ingredients and a well-established history of use. These resources are consulted to ensure the safety of these materials as they are used in cosmetics. More safety Information: CIR Safety Review: Linum Usitatissimum (Linseed) Seed Oil and Linseed Acid were included in the CIR Expert Panel's review of plant-derived fatty acids oils.

Based on a history of safe use in food, the composition of the oils, and data indicating that these ingredients were not dermal irritants or sensitizers, the CIR Expert Panel concluded that plant-derived fatty acid oils including Linum Usitatissimum (Linseed) Seed Oil and Linseed Acid were safe as used in cosmetic products. Link to the EU Cosmetic Regulation: More scientific Information: In naming plants, botanists use a Latin name made up of the genus and species of the plant. For example, under this system linseed is known as Linum usitatissimum L. where "L." stands for Linneaus, the person who first described the type of plant specimen. Plants are also known by a common name that has been handed down through generations. For example, linseed is also known as flax. These common names may vary from country to country. Therefore, Latin names, which are more likely to be recognized in many countries, are frequently used on the label of a product to identify an ingredient made from plants. Resources

Question: From which plant is linseed oil derived?
Answer: FLAX