Guy Fawkes The York UK link to the gunpowder plot 1605 Constantine Guy Fawkes and the Gunpowder Plot 1605 - The York Connection On November 5 2005 we celebrated the 400th anniversary of the arrest of Guy Fawkes. With the utmost in considered wisdom, as one would expect from York Council, they decided to keep the full location of the Rocket Launch site, from where the fireworks would come a secret. The obvious aim here is to stop the mass hysteria that would otherwise erupt if everyone in town knew where to go, as had happened for hundreds of years previous. So grab a beer in a pub and stand outside in the cold and rain, you may get lucky. This is what I can only call a sad affair and a real lack of insight by the city council. There is an obvious opportunity for tourism in the city on a date of the calander that is otherwise "the down season". Non the less, Guy Fawkes death is still celebrated as bonfire night on November 5th every year in England. Even if York city council can't see this opportunity, the public do celebrate it anyway.

Guy Fawkes Life Born: in 1570 in York, North Yorkshire Baptized: 16th Apr 1570 at Saint Michael-le-Belfrey which is in York just outside the minster Died: 31st Jan 1606 at Old Palace Yard, Westminster Schooled: Saint Peter's in York England which is out of the city along Monkgate 14 October 1591 Fawkes leased "three and a half acres in Clifton, with one other acre there, and a barn and garth attached to Gillygate" for twenty one years. This was leased from Christopher Lomley of Yorke who was a tailor. Clifton is an area of York just a short distance away from St Peters where he went to school. In 1593 or there about Fawkes left England for Flanders. He enlisted in the Spanish army. His commander was the Archduke Albert of Austria. As the Spaniards took Calais in 1596, under the command of King Philip II of Spain, Mr Fawkes had risen through to hold a post of command himself.

November 5, 1605, Guy Fawkes was arrested. He was caught in the cellars of Parliament House. He first gave a false name. He purported to be one John Johnson. It is after this, through the courts of the day, the true plot unfolded to what was one of the greatest catholic anarcho-synidicates of the last millennium. The Fawkes Family Father: Mr Edward FAWKES Born: about 1533 Died:1578 or 1579 Buried: 17th Jan 1579 at York Minster, York, Yorkshire Mother: Mrs Edith FAWKES (maiden name BLAKE or JACKSON) Married in York in 1566 to Edward Sister: Anne born 3 October 1568. His sister was sadly short lived, born before Guy and only lived a mere seven weeks.

She was then buried on 14 November in the year 1568 Sister: Anne FAWKES Born: 1572 Baptized: 12th Oct 1572 at Saint Michael-le-Belfry, York, Yorkshire Sister: Elizabeth FAWKES Born:1575 Baptized:27th May 1575 at Saint Michael-le-Belfry, York, Yorkshire As you can guess by some of the above the Church of St Michael le Belfrey is an anglican church in York and still stands today. Five core members of the gunpowder plot: 1) The Head Honcho was Guy Fawkes. He was born in 1570 in York and died in the year 1606. Guy was arrested in the Palace of Westminster on 4th November 1605. 2) Mr Robert Catesby: Born in 1573 Died in 8 November 1605, Holbeache House, Staffordshire. He was what we can consider to be the mover of the scheme.

Mr Thomas Wintour who was born in 1571 and died on 31 January 1606, Old Palace Yard, Westminster Mr Thomas Percy: Born: 1563 Died: 8 November 1605, Holbeche House. This man was a catholic convert and with such conviction did fervently indulge in this illegal plot. John (Jack) Wright Born: 13 January 1568, Welwick, Yorkshire Died: 8 November 1605, Holbeche House, Staffordshire Other conspirators in the gunpowder plot. Kit Wright: brother of John and schooled with Guy Fawkes, cousin of Francis Tresham. Francis Tresham: tried to get the other to postpone the plot. Robert and Thomas Wintour: brothers. Thomas Bates: servant of Catesby. Robert Keyes: Who took charge of gunpowder at Lambeth. Sir Everard Digby: Resided in Coughton Court; he sent the horses for the plotters. Hugh Owen: Introduced Fawkes to Catesby. Ambrose Rookwood: A late arrival. he was young and educated abroad.

John Grant Guy Fawkes Night: The Life and Death of Guy Fawkes Guy Fawkes was born on or about April 13, 1570 in Stonegate, Yorkshire. He was the only son of Edward Fawkes of York and Edith Blake . Prior to the birth of Fawkes, his mother had been delivered of a daughter on October 3, 1568, but the infant (whose had been given the name of Anne), lived a mere seven weeks, being buried on November 14 of the same year. Fawkes had two younger sisters...another Anne (born October 12, 1572), who later married Henry Kilburns in Scotton some time during 1599, and Elizabeth (born May 27, 1575), who later married William Dickenson, also in Scotton, some time during 1594. Fawkes' father had descended from the Fawkes Family of Farnley and was either a notary or proctor of the ecclesiastic courts and advocate of the consistory court of the Archbishop of York.

His mother was descended from the Harrington Family, prominent merchants and Aldermen of the City of York. Fawkes, originally raised as a Protestant, was a pupil of the Free School of St. Peters in York, located in "Le Horse Fayre." This school had been founded by Royal Charter of Philip and Mary in 1557. At this place of learning, Fawkes' schoolfellows may have included John and Christopher Wright (both of whom would be among the co-conspirators of the Gunpowder Plot) and Thomas Morton, who later became the Bishop of Durham. During Fawkes' time at St. Peters, he was under the tutelage of one John Pulleyn, kinsman to the Pulleyns of Scotton and a suspected Catholic who, according to some sources, may have had an early effect on the impressionable Fawkes. In 1578, Fawkes' father died and was buried at St. Michael-le-Belfry on January 17.

For the nine years which followed, Edith remained a sedate and respectable widow before moving to Scotton some time between April 18, 1587 and February 2, 1589. There, she married Dionysius (or Dennis) Bainbridge, son of Philip Bainbridge of Wheatley Hall and Frances Vavasour of Weston (who had previously been associated with the Fawkes Family through her first marriage to Antony Fawkes of York who had died in 1551). Described by a contemporary as being "more ornamental than useful," both Dionysius and Edith seemed to have made use of Fawkes' meager inheritance while it was still within their powers to do so. There is a possibility that Fawkes was married. The International Genealogy Index, compiled by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, records a marriage between "Guy Fawkes" and "Maria Pulleyn" in Scotton during 1590. The same records also note the birth of a son named "Thomas" to Fawkes and Maria on February 6, 1591.

However, these entries appear to have been taken from some secondary source and not from actual parish register entries. Thus, they cannot be authenticated. Fawkes reached the age of majority in 1591 and proceeded to dispose of various parts of his inheritance. The first documentary proof of these actions is through an indenture of lease dated October 14 of that year, whereby it is recorded that "Guye Faux of Scotton" leased "three and a half acres in Clifton" to one "Christopher Lomley of Yorke." This document was found in 1830 by Robert Davis who recorded that the seal bore the "figure of a bird...apparently a falcon." Apparently, such a seal would confirm Fawkes' ancestry since the falcon is the Family Crest of the Fawkes of Farnley. In yet another document, dated August 1, 1592, it is recorded that "Guye Fawkes of the cittie of Yorke" executed an indenture of conveyance to "Anna Skipseye of Clifton." Therefore, it would appear that Fawkes was no longer in Scotton at that time.

For a brief period after this, it would seem that he was employed as a footman by Anthony Browne, the second Lord Montague and member of a leading recusant family. It is believed that Fawkes left England in either 1593 or 1594 accompanied by one of his Harrington cousins who later became a priest. There destination was Flanders, where Fawkes enlisted in the Spanish Army under the Archduke Albert of Austria...later Governor of the Netherlands. Fawkes is known to have held a post of command when the Spanish took Calais in 1596 under the orders of King Philip II.

Described at this time as a man of "excellent good natural parts, very resolute and universally learned," Fawkes was "sought by all the most distinguished in the Archduke's camp for nobility and virtue." He is also described as "a man of great piety, of exemplary temperance, of mild and cheeful demeanour, an enemy of broils and disputes, a faithful friend, and remarkable for his punctual attendance upon religious observance." Physically by now, Fawkes was apparently most impressive in appearance, being a tall and powerfully-built man with thick reddish-brown hair, a flowing moustache, bushy auburn beard and grey-blue eyes. He has also seemingly adopted the name or affectation of "Guido" instead of "Guy." Fawkes' extraordinary fortitude and "considerable fame among soldiers" (possibly acquired through his services under Colonel Bostock at the Battle of Nieuport in 1600 when, it is thought, he was wounded) brought him to the attention of Sir William Stanley (who was in charge of the English Regiment in Flanders), Hugh Owen and Father William Baldwin.

Fawkes severed his connection with the army of the Archduke on February 16, 1603. At this time, he was granted leave to travel to Spain on behalf of Stanley, Owen and Baldwin in order to "enlighten King Philip II concerning the true position of the Romanists in England." During his stay in Spain, Fawkes renewed his acquaintance with former schoolmate Christoper Wright and the pair began to work toward rallying Spanish support for an invasion of England upon the death of Queen Elizabeth I. This mission would ultimately prove to be a fruitless one. Upon his return from this rallying journey, Fawkes was informed while in Brussels that Thomas Wintour has been asking for him. Around the time of Easter, when Wintour was preparing to embark for England, Stanley presented Fawkes to him. Although it cannot be absolutely proven, it seems likely that it was at this time Wintour informed Fawkes of the conspirators' intentions.

The basis for this is found in Fawkes' confession taken after the defeat of the Gunpower Plot, wherein he states: "I confess that a practice in general was first broken to me against his Majesty for reliefe of the Catholique cause, and not invented or propounded by myself. And this was first propounded unto me about Easter last was twelve month, beyond the Seas, in the Low Countries of the Archduke's obeyance, by Thomas Wintour, who came thereupon with me into England." Some time between Easter and May, Fawkes was invited by Robert Catesby to accompany Thomas Wintour to Bergen in order to meet with Juan De Velasco, Constable of Castile, who was on his way to the Court of King James I to discuss a treaty between Spain and England. Some time in May of 1604, Fawkes met with Robert Catesby, Thomas Percy, John Wright and Thomas Wintour at an inn known as the "Duck and Drake," located in the fashionable Strand District of Londong. There, he agreed under oath with Percy to join the other three in the Gunpowder Conspiracy.

This oath was then sanctified in an adjoining room by the performing of mass and administering of the sacraments by the Jesuit priest, John Gerard. It was at this time that Fawkes assumed the identify of one "John Johnson." Posing as Percy's servant, Fawkes was entrusted to take care of the tenement which Percy had rented. Around Michaelmas, Fawkes was asked to begin preparations for the mining work, which was the original plan of the conspirators (later abandoned altogether) in order to gain access to the Houses of Parliament. However, these mining preparations had to be delayed until early December, given that the Commissioners of the Union between England and Scotland were meeting in the same house. Eventually, the work in the mine proved too slow and too difficult for men who were unaccustomed to such physical labor and further accomplices were sworn into the Plot. Around March of 1605, the conspirators hired a cellar beneath Parliament...once again, through the contacts of Thomas Percy. Fawkes assisted in filling the room with barrels of powder hidden beneath iron bars and faggots (bundles of sticks and branches bound together).

He was then dispatched to Flanders, presumably in order to communicate the details of the Plot to Stanley and Owen. By the end of August, Fawkes was back in London, working on replacing the spoiled powder barrels and residing at the house of one Mrs. Herbert..."a widow that dwells on the backside of St. Clement's Church." However, Fawkes left the home of Mrs. Herbert when she began to suspect his involvement with the Catholics. On October 18, Fawkes traveled to White Webbs for a meeting with Catesby, Thomas Wintour and Francis Tresham, the purpose of which was to discuss how certain Catholic peers could be excluded from the impending explosion. On October 26, the now famous "Monteagle Letter" was delivered into the hands of William Parker, the Fourth Baron Monteagle and concern quickly circulated amongst the conspirators. Nevertheless, the apparent vague nature of the letter prompted Catesby to continue with institution of the Plot. On Wednesday, October 30, Fawkes (apparently ignorant of the letter's existence) inspected the cellar once more and satisfied himself that the gunpowder was still in place and had not been disturbed.

The following Sunday (November 3), a few of the leading conspirators met in London and agreed that it appeared the authorities remained unaware of the Plot. However, all but Fawkes made plans for a speedy exit from London. Agreeing to remain and watch the cellar by himself, Fawkes had already been given the task of firing the powder (doubtless due to his munitions experience in the Low Countries where he had been taught how to "fire a slow train"). His orders were to embark for Flanders as soon as the powder had been fired and to spread news of the explosion throughout the Continent. The following Monday afternoon, Thomas Howard (Earl of Suffok and the Lord Chamberlain) searched the buildings of Parliament accompanied by Monteagle and John Whynniard, owner of the munitions-laden cellar. In that cellar, they discovered an unusually large pile of faggots and noted the presence of Fawkes, whom they described as a "very bad and desperate fellow." When asked who claimed this suspicious pile, Fawkes replied that it belonged to Thomas Percy, his employer.

These details were reported to the King and believing by the look of Fawkes that "he seemed to be a man shrewd enough, but up to no good," the cellar was searched a second time...a little before midnight on the following evening. On this occasion, the search party was led by Sir Thomas Knyvett, a Westminster Magistrate and Gentleman of the Privy Chamber. Fawkes had sought out Percy that same day in order to warn him, but had returned to his post before nightfall. Once again, the pile of faggots, coal and iron bars was searched. This time, the powder unearthed. Fawkes was promptly arrested. Upon his person was discovered a watch, slow matches and touchwood. Later, Fawkes declared that if he had been in the cellar when Knyvett entered, he would have "blown him up, house, himself and all!" During the early morning hours of November 5, the Privy Council gathered in the King's bedchamber and Fawkes was brought in under guard. He declined to reveal any information beyond the fact that his name was "Johnson" and that he was a servant of Thomas Percy.

Further questioning later that day unveiled little more than Fawkes' apparent contempt. When asked by the King how it were possible the he could conspire to such a hideous form of treason, Fawkes responded that a dangerous disease required a desperate remedy...and that his intent was to blow all the Scotsmen present back to the border. By order of King James, "gentler tortours" were first to be administered to Fawkes, since torture was contrary to common law unless authorized by the reigning monarch or Privy Council. Eventually, on November 7, Fawkes' spirit was broken. He confessed his true name and that the Plot had been confined to five men. The following day, he recounted the events of the conspiracy without naming names...but, on November 9, Fawkes identified his fellow conspirators, having heard that some of them had already been arrested at Holbeche. Fawkes' final signature (a barely legible scrawl) is testament to his suffering. There is no record of exactly what forms of torture Fawkes was subjected to, although it is almost certain that manacles were employed and, most probably, also the rack.

It would appear that he was also confined for some period of time to the infamous "Little Ease" located in the Tower of London...a cell so small that it was impossible to stand, sit or lie down properly with any degree of comfort. On Monday, January 27, 1606, the trial of the eight surviving conspirators commenced in Westminster Hall. The proceedings were little more than a legal formality since a guilty verdict had almost certainly already been handed down. The conspirators pled their innocence...a plea which caused some consternation among those present at the trial. Fawkes later explained that his personal objection was to the implication that the "seducing Jesuits" were the principal offenders.

On Friday, January 31, 1606, Guy Fawkes, Thomas Wintour, Ambrose Rookwod and Robert Keyes were taken to the Old Palace Yard at Westminster and hung, drawn and quartered "in the very place which they had planned to demolish in order to hammer home the message of their wickedness." The last of the four to suffer his appointed fate was Fawkes...the "romantic caped figure of such evil villainy." A spectator to the scene later wrote: Last of all came the great devil of all, Guy Fawkes, alias Johnson, who should have put fire to the powder. His body being weak with the torture and sickness, he was scarce able to go up the ladder, yet with much ado, by the help of the hangman, went high enough to break his neck by the fall. He made no speech, but with his crosses and idle ceremonies made his end upon the gallows and the block, to the great joy of all the beholders that the land was ended of so wicked a villainy.

According to "A Narrative of the Gunpowder Plot" written by David Jardine in 1857, Fawkes should not be regarded as a "mercenary ruffian, ready for hire to do any deed of blood; but as a zealot, misled by misguided fanaticism, who was, however, by no means destitute of piety or humanity." Guy Fawkes Biography - life, family, name, story, death, history, school, mother, young, son Guy Fawkes Biography Guy Fawkes Biography Guy Fawkes (1570–1606), a devout and militant Catholic in an age when the Protestant Church of England had solidified its hold on British religious life, is remembered as the individual who tried to perpetrate what is thought to have been one of history's most notorious terrorist acts. The Gunpowder Plot, also known as the Powder Treason, was a failed conspiracy to blow up Britain's Houses of Parliament on November 5, 1605. Fawkes, lurking in a cellar below the Parliament buildings, was arrested as he prepared to ignite the explosion. Fawkes was not the originator of the Gunpowder Plot.

He was a traveling soldier—mercenary would be the wrong word, for his motivations were primarily religious, not monetary—brought in on the plan because of his munitions experience. Ever since the plot's discovery, however, he has been the figure most associated with it in the public mind. His perceived primacy has been due to a confluence of several factors, first and foremost being that it was he who actually tried to execute the plan, and was tortured afterwards to make him give up the names of his coconspirators. Fawkes was also a charismatic figure who has seized the imaginations of makers of popular culture, all the way up to the hit film V for Vendetta (2006). Had Mixed Religious Background The Gunpowder Plot was a chapter in the long history of conflict between Britain's Protestants and Catholics, and the religious dichotomy was present in Guy Fawkes's own family background. Fawkes was born on April 13, 1570, in the town of Stonegate in England's Yorkshire region. He had two sisters, Anne and Elizabeth. His father, Edward Fawkes (sometimes spelled Faux), was a judicial court official.

As such, he was required, under the state Church of England religion (now known as Anglicanism, with the Episcopal Church as its American branch), to swear an oath pledging that he was a Protestant, and there was nothing in his own family background to suggest that he was anything else. Fawkes's mother, Edith, was another story. She, like many other Catholics, put up a Protestant facade, but her nephew became a Jesuit priest and some of her relatives were recusants—English Catholics who refused to attend Protestant church services. Edward Fawkes died when Guy was eight, and his mother showed her true sympathies by marrying another recusant, Denis (or Dionysus) Bainbridge, described by an acquaintance (according to the Gunpowder Plot Society) as "more ornamental than useful." The family moved to a home near the village of Scotton in North Yorkshire. From that point on, Fawkes likely began to come in contact with devout Catholics who were working through official channels and also by underground means to safeguard and advance the rights of Catholics under the country's increasingly entrenched Anglican regime. He likely received another dose of this underground Catholicism when he attended St.

Peter's School in the city of York (which still exists, and notes Fawkes as an alumnus if not as a role model). The school's headmaster, John Pulleine (or Pulleyn), was nominally Protestant, but St. Peter's was likely a hotbed of Catholic resistance; its former headmaster had been imprisoned for 20 years as a convicted recusant, and Pulleine's entire family was sympathetic to the Catholic cause. One local noblewoman, according to Gunpowder Plot historian Antonia Fraser, called the school "Little Rome." Fawkes, according to one source, married Pulleine's daughter Maria and had a son, named Thomas, in 1591. Other early accounts of Fawkes's life make no mention of the marriage, which could suggest that it was very short (perhaps with mother and child dying in childbirth) or that it did not occur at all. Several contemporary accounts agree, in any event, that Fawkes as a young man had become serious about Catholicism.

When he reached adulthood, he took steps to raise cash for an extended period of military service abroad, renting out his family's land near York to one Christopher Lomley under a 21-year lease. For a year or two he worked as a footman to the Catholic nobleman Lord Montague, and he may have met Robert Catesby, the originator of the Gunpowder Plot, through family connections during this period. Around 1593, he left England for Flanders (a Dutch-speaking region now divided among northern Belgium, France, and the Netherlands), which was then under the control of Spain, Western Europe's great Catholic power, and he enlisted in the Spanish army. A military associate (quoted by David Herber) described Fawkes as "a man of great piety, of exemplary temperance, of mild and cheerful demeanor, an enemy of broils and disputes, a faithful friend, and remarkable for his punctual attendance upon religious observance." Recognized by Superiors Spain, whose feared Armada had tried unsuccessfully to launch an invasion of England in 1588, had expansionist ambitions, and was also facing resistance to the north from Dutch Protestants.

Fawkes saw plenty of military action, serving under the command of the Archduke Albert of Austria, Spain's ally. He fought for the Spaniards in a battle at Calais, in western France, in 1595, and he may have been wounded at the Battle of Nieuport in Flanders in 1600. Among his assignments was one in which he learned to blow up a procession of military wagons. In both these campaigns he came to the attention not only of his Spanish and Austrian commanders but also of a group of English Catholic nobles sympathetic to the Catholic side. He was recognized not only for military valor but also for his virtue and general intelligence. By 1603 Fawkes was serving in a regiment commanded by one of these English nobles, Sir William Stanley. Styling himself Guido Fawkes, he was an ensign, on his way to the rank of captain. But Stanley and his associates decided that Fawkes's skills might better be put to use in the diplomatic arena. That year he was sent to Spain on a mission to convince the Spanish monarchy that the time was ripe for another invasion of England on behalf of its beleaguered Catholics.

At the time, King James I had just acceded to the throne after the death of the childless Queen Elizabeth I. Fawkes, whom Fraser (drawing on contemporary artworks) described as "a tall, powerfully built man, with thick, reddish-brown hair, a flowing moustache in the tradition of the time, and a bushy, reddish-brown beard," presented a powerful case. English citizens, he claimed, were ready to throw off the rule of James, a Scot enmeshed in a variety of political intrigues. The move, however, had more than a hint of desperation. After the establishment of the Church of England under King Henry VIII and a temporary and gruesome return to Catholicism under Queen Mary ("Bloody Mary"), Protestantism had become well entrenched under Elizabeth, as even the Spaniards recognized. They gave Fawkes a polite reception, but they were moving in the direction of a permanent peace with England, and Fawkes's mission went nowhere. Meanwhile King James, suspicious of the intentions of English Catholics, sharpened his anti-Papist invective and imposed new fines on recusants.

In Brussels after his Spanish mission, Fawkes was introduced by Stanley to Tom Wintour, a Catholic soldier. Wintour or Stanley informed Fawkes of a plot under consideration by English nobleman Robert (or Robin) Catesby, whose father had undergone long imprisonment for his Catholic affiliation, and whose own militancy had deepened as he fell on hard times. Fawkes seemed the perfect foot soldier for the plan's execution. He knew guns and explosives well, and since he had been away from England for many years, his name and face were unknown to Sir Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury and the head of the English monarchy's secret police. Hatched Plot in Pub In May of 1604, Fawkes, Catesby, Wintour, and two other conspirators met at an inn in London's upscale Strand district and swore an oath to carry out Catesby's plan: to throw England into chaos by killing its king and lawmakers in a massive explosion, to install King James's young daughter, Elizabeth, as Queen and arrange her marriage to a Catholic monarch from elsewhere in Europe, thus restoring a Catholic monarchy.

As time passed, other Catholic activists were let in on the plan, which may have contributed to its ultimate undoing. Fawkes assumed the identity of John Johnson, a servant to one of the other plotters, Thomas Percy. At first the plan was to tunnel under the Parliament buildings, but the plotters benefited from a stroke of good fortune: the empty cellar of an adjoining building extended underneath their target, and they succeeded in renting it. The Westminster district in London's West End was a crowded warren of streets and businesses at the time, and Fawkes/Johnson attracted little notice as he was installed as caretaker. By early 1605 the plotters had begun to fill the cellar with barrels of gunpowder. To disguise it they covered it with iron bars and bundles of kindling, known in British English as faggots. They had to replace the powder as it "decayed" or went stale. Finally a date for the explosion was set: November 5, 1605, when King James, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons would all be in attendance in the same chamber.

The Powder Treason began to unravel on the night of October 26, with the delivery of an anonymous letter to a Catholic nobleman, Lord Monteagle, advising him to concoct an excuse to avoid the opening of the Parliament session on November 5. Monteagle informed Sir Robert Cecil of the letter's contents, and Cecil informed the King. Continuing uncertainty over who wrote the letter, together with signs that pointed to its being a forgery, have given rise over the centuries to theories that the Gunpowder Plot was devised not by Catholic militants but by Cecil himself, with the intention of permanently crippling Britain's Catholics in the ensuing uproar. In this version of events (promoted in recent times by Francis Edwards), Fawkes and Catesby were double agents. The preponderance of historical opinion holds that the Treason was a genuine terrorist plot, but the debate continues. Whatever the case, the cellars beneath the Parliament buildings were searched on the night of November 4, and Fawkes was discovered, along with the gunpowder. Described as a very tall and desperate fellow, he gave his name as John Johnson.

King James, according to Fraser, ordered that "the gentler Tortures are to be first used unto him et sic per gradus ad ima tenditur [and so by degrees proceeding to the worst]," although torture was illegal in England at the time, and had been since the signing of the Magna Carta, the 1215 document that restricted the power of the English kings. Fawkes was hung from a wall in manacles and proba- bly placed on the rack, a notorious device that slowly stretched a prisoner's body until he lost the use of his limbs. After two days, Fawkes gave up the names of his coconspirators, all but one of whom were tracked down and executed or killed. Prior to his execution by hanging in Westminster's Old Palace Yard on January 31, 1606, Fawkes was barely able to sign his own name on a confession. After dying on the scaffold, he was drawn and quartered. Restrictions harsher than any they had yet experienced were placed on English Catholics by King James, and November 5 became a national holiday in England, known as Firework Night, Bonfire Night, or Guy Fawkes Day.

In the colonial United States it was celebrated as Pope Day, featuring a ceremony in which the Pope was burned in effigy, but the holiday was gradually absorbed into the Halloween festivities that occurred a few days earlier. Guy Fawkes Day evolved away from its roots in Britain, where the targets of the fire might include contemporary figures despised by the public. As part of a group of anti-terrorist measures, the cellars of the Houses of Parliament are still searched by guards each year before the legislature opens in November. Books BBC - Who was the real Guy Fawkes Who was the real Guy Fawkes Guy Fawkes was born into a respectable Protestant family in York History's most infamous act of treachery against the English government was committed by a man from York. Guy Fawkes' effigy is burned on bonfires across the country in November; the man behind the myth was the only son of Protestant parents, Edward and Edith, both of York. Guy's father Edward worked as a notary of the ecclesiastical courts and an advocate of the court of the Archbishop of York. On his mother's side, Guy was descended from the Harrington family, eminent merchants and Aldermen of York.

Both of his parents appear to have been Protestants, so how did this middle-class Yorkshireman become a famous Catholic traitor? Early years Guy served with the forces of the Spanish King in the Netherlands Young Guy was a pupil of St Peter's School, York, under a tutor named John Pulleyn, who was a suspected Catholic. It's believed the tutor may have had an early effect on the impressionable Fawkes. Another strong influence may have been some of his fellow pupils, among whom were the brothers John and Christopher Wright, who were later part of the Gunpowder Plot conspiracy. Guy's father died when he was still only seven years old. His mother remained a respectable widow for nine years, but when she did remarry, her new husband was a Catholic. In his mid-teens, Guy may have been influenced by his stepfather, Dennis Bainbridge, or fired with youthful zeal because of the perceived injustice that Catholics were subjected to under the rule of Elizabeth I. Catholic convert & plotter Whatever the reasons for his conversion, he became an ardent Catholic. In his early twenties, Guy went to Flanders and enlisted in the Spanish army. It was around this time that he changed his name to Guido.

He spent almost ten years fighting with the Spanish forces, achieving an early post of command, and gaining a reputation as a good fighting man of strong Catholic beliefs. Concerned about the plight of Catholics in England, he travelled to Spain in 1603 to try to gain support for a Spanish invasion of England once the elderly Queen Elizabeth had died. This mission failed, but when he returned to Brussels, he was introduced to Thomas Wintour, another fellow conspirator. It's believed that Wintour may have used this opportunity to recruit Guy as one of the Gunpowder Plotters. The rest, as they say, is history. Guy Fawkes' life story shows how a reasonably wealthy, middle-class Protestant lad from York became embroiled in the annually remembered act of treachery for the Catholic cause. Bookmark with: Guy Fawkes - History Learning Site History Learning Site historylearningsite.co.uk . The History Learning Site , 17 Mar 2015. 16 Aug 2016.

Guy Fawkes is the name most associated with the 1605 Gunpowder Plot – the attempt by Guy Fawkes and others like Thomas Wintour, Everard Digby and Thomas Percy to blow up the king, James I, and members of Parliament. Guy Fawkes was literally caught on the spot and a ‘guy’ is still burned on bonfires – lit to celebrate the ‘miraculous’ survival of James I. Guy Fawkes was born on April 13th, 1570 at Stonegate in Yorkshire. Fawkes was the only son of Edward Fawkes and his wife Edith. He went to the Free School of St. Peter’s and among the other pupils there were Christopher and John Wright. Fawkes was tutored by John Pulleyn who some at the time believed to be a Catholic. As with so many ordinary people living at this time, the early years of Fawkes are clouded with mystery. If he had not found fame or infamy in 1605, few would have been bothered.

There are some secondary sources that state that Fawkes married a Maria Pulleyn in 1590 – but the information for this did not come from parish records so such claims are open to dispute. It is also thought that Fawkes found employment as a footman – his employer was Anthony Browne, 2nd Lord Monteagle. It is thought that Guy Fawkes left England in 1593 or 1594 for Flanders. Here he joined the Spanish Army, which at the time was under the command of the Archduke Albert of Austria who later became governor of the Netherlands. Fawkes clearly impressed senior officers in the Spanish Army. In 1596, the Spanish took Calais and Fawkes held a position of command during this campaign. Fawkes was described as a man of “excellent good natural parts, very resolute and universally learned." Other references refer to Fawkes’ “virtue" and “nobility". Others noted his religious devotion and his punctual attendance at religious ceremonies. By around 1600, Fawkes was using Guido as a Christian name instead of Guy.

In 1603, Fawkes left Archduke Albert’s forces and was granted permission to go to Spain. Here he wanted to enlighten Philip III as to the true standing of Catholics in England. While on this visit he met up again with Christopher Wright. It is believed that the two spent time devising a plan for a Spanish invasion of England on the death of Elizabeth I. However, any chance of Spanish support for such a venture was minimal as the Spanish were still very much affected by the disaster of the 1588 Spanish Armada – a calamitous defeat that had left deep scars in Spanish society. From Spain, Fawkes went to Brussels. Here he met Thomas Wintour (Winter). In his signed confession after his arrest, though it was signed under the duress of torture, Fawkes claimed that it was in Brussels that Wintour told him of his intention to kill James I. By May 1604, Fawkes had met up with Thomas Wintour, Christopher Wright, Robert Catesby, John Wright and Thomas Percy. They are said to have taken an oath at the Duck and Drake inn in the Strand in London that was to lead to the Gunpowder Plot .

The Jesuit priest, John Gerard, sanctified the oath in another room at the inn. Now Fawkes became ‘John Johnson’ who was the servant to Thomas Percy. Probably in March 1605, the conspirators hired a cellar beneath Parliament. The cellar, on the advice of Fawkes, was filled with barrels of gunpowder that were hidden beneath iron bars and faggots. Fawkes returned to Flanders possibly to let the relevant parties know how far advanced was the plan. In August 1605, Fawkes returned to London and he went to the cellar to check on the gunpowder that had been stored there. The 18th October 1605 is a crucial date with regards to the conspiracy. The plotters met on this day. They discussed how Catholic peers might be spared from the planned explosion. This led to the famed ‘Monteagle Letter’ written in October 26th to William Parker, the 4th Baron Monteagle. A number of the conspirators were concerned when the contents of letter became known. However, they believed that the letter was so vague that they could continue with their plans.

On October 30th 1605, Fawkes once again inspected the gunpowder stored in the cellar. On November 3rd, the conspirators met in London – though not Fawkes – to make plans for what should happen after the explosion. All of them made plans for a speedy exit from London. Fawkes was due to flee to Flanders after the explosion having set a slow fuse. On November 4th, the cellars of Parliament were searched. The Lord Chamberlain, Thomas Howard, Earl of Suffolk led the search party. They found Fawkes and decided that he was a “bad fellow" and reported their findings to James I. The cellar was searched again. Between both searches, Fawkes had left the cellar to seek out Percy to warn him about what had occurred. Fawkes then returned to the cellar. It was during the second search that Fawkes was found again in the cellar. Fawkes was arrested. On him, the arresting party found slow matches and touchwood. Early on November 5th, 1605, Fawkes was questioned. One of his questioners was James I.

Fawkes claimed that he was ‘John Johnson’ but he made clear his real intention when he said that he wanted to blow a Scotsman back to Scotland. On November 6th, James I gave permission for the torture of Fawkes to progress from the “gentler tortures" to the “worst". James wrote “et sic per gradus ad ima tenditur". He told the torturers “God speede youre worke." Fawkes broke his silence on November 7 th . He confessed that he was Guy Fawkes and that five men were involved in the plot. On November 8 th , he gave an account of how the conspiracy was to progress and on November 9 th , he named the other conspirators. No evidence exists as to what tortures were used on Fawkes but it is generally accepted that the torture that most broke him was the feared rack. The trial of the conspirators started on January 27th 1606. There was never any doubt that those arrested were guilty. On Friday 31st 1606, Fawkes was taken to the Old Palace Yard in Westminster – he had been sentenced to be hung, drawn and quartered.

He was meant to be the last of the conspirators to be executed. It is generally accepted that Fawkes escaped the butchery of this by breaking his neck during the hanging process. While the process of drawing and quartering was carried out, Fawkes was dead. He was to go into history as the man who tried to bring down a monarchy. Every November 5th, people in England are asked to “remember, remember, the 5th of November, gunpowder, treason and plot." Effigies of Guy Fawkes are burned throughout the land, and in Lewes, East Sussex, an effigy of the pope is traditionally burned to further remind people of the Catholic aspect to the plot. BBC NEWS | UK | England | North Yorkshire | Guy Fawkes city snubs fireworks Guy Fawkes city snubs fireworks Guy Fawkes was schooled in York The city where Guy Fawkes is believed to have been born will not hold a public fireworks display after the council said it was too expensive. It is the fourth year that no official free fireworks display has been held in York. The city council said a previous public consultation had shown residents felt the money could be better spent.

Tourism chiefs said they were keen to see a Guy Fawkes Festival held in the city. The last time the council staged an event was in 2005 to mark the 400th anniversary of the Gunpowder Plot, in which Guy Fawkes was a main protagonist. Tourism potential Charlie Croft, from York City Council, said a previous public consultation had asked residents whether large fireworks displays, which cost about £70,000, were good value for money. He said: "People felt on balance it wasn't worth the money so the council has honoured it and stuck with the decision." John Yeomans, chairman of Visit York, said: "Guy Fawkes is an enormously valuable potential for tourism in York and it would be wonderful if we could exploit that. "At the moment we can't do that with public funding. I would like to find a way to try and do it involving the private sector." Guy Fawkes was the only son of Edward and Edith Fawkes, both of York. As a youngster he was a pupil at St Peter's School in the city.

Advertisement Guy Fawkes Day: A Brief History - History in the Headlines Guy Fawkes Day: A Brief History November 5, 2012 By Jesse Greenspan Share this: Guy Fawkes Day: A Brief History Author Guy Fawkes Day: A Brief History URL Google Catholic dissident Guy Fawkes and 12 co-conspirators spent months planning to blow up King James I of England during the opening of Parliament on November 5, 1605. But their assassination attempt was foiled the night before when Fawkes was discovered lurking in a cellar below the House of Lords next to 36 barrels of gunpowder. Londoners immediately began lighting bonfires in celebration that the plot had failed, and a few months later Parliament declared November 5 a public day of thanksgiving. Guy Fawkes Day, also known as Bonfire Night, has been around in one form or another ever since. Though originally anti-Catholic in tone, in recent times it has served mainly as an excuse to watch fireworks, make bonfires, drink mulled wine and burn Guy Fawkes effigies (along with the effigies of current politicians and celebrities).

Catholicism in England was heavily repressed under Queen Elizabeth I, particularly after the pope excommunicated her in 1570. During her reign, dozens of priests were put to death, and Catholics could not even legally celebrate Mass or be married according to their own rites. As a result, many Catholics had high hopes when King James I took the throne upon Elizabeth’s death in 1603. James’ wife, Anne, is believed to have previously converted to Catholicism, and his mother, Mary Queen of Scots, was Elizabeth’s Catholic archrival prior to being executed. There were even rumors, inspired by his diplomatic overtures to the pope, that James himself would become Catholic. It soon became clear, however, that James did not support religious tolerance for Catholics. In 1604 he publicly condemned Catholicism as a superstition, ordered all Catholic priests to leave England and expressed concern that the number of Catholics was increasing. He also largely continued with the repressive policies of his predecessor, such as fines for those refusing to attend Protestant services. Portrait of James I. English Catholics had organized several failed conspiracies against Elizabeth, and these continued under James.

In 1603 a few priests and laymen hatched the so-called Bye Plot to kidnap James, only to be turned in by fellow Catholics. Another related conspiracy that year, known as the Main Plot, sought to kill James and install his cousin on the throne. Then, in May 1604, a handful of Catholic dissidents—Guy Fawkes, Robert Catesby, Tom Wintour, Jack Wright and Thomas Percy—met at the Duck and Drake inn in London, where Catesby proposed a plan to blow up the Houses of Parliament with gunpowder. Afterwards, all five men purportedly swore an oath of secrecy upon a prayer book. Eight other conspirators would later join what became known as the Gunpowder Plot. But although Catesby was the ringleader, Fawkes has garnered most of the publicity over the past 400-plus years. Born in 1570 in York, England, Fawkes spent about a decade fighting for Spain against Protestant rebels in the Spanish-controlled Netherlands. He also personally petitioned the king of Spain for help in starting an English rebellion against James.

According to writings in the Spanish archives, Fawkes believed the English king was a heretic who would drive out his Catholic subjects. Fawkes also apparently expressed strong anti-Scottish prejudices. By 1605 Fawkes was calling himself Guido rather than Guy. He also used the alias John Johnson while serving as caretaker of a cellar—located just below the House of Lords—that the plotters had leased in order to stockpile gunpowder. Under the plan, Fawkes would light a fuse on November 5, 1605, during the opening of a new session of Parliament. James, his eldest son, the House of Lords and the House of Commons would all be blown sky-high. In the meantime, as Fawkes escaped by boat across the River Thames, his fellow conspirators would start an uprising in the English Midlands, kidnap James’ daughter Elizabeth, install her as a puppet queen and eventually marry her off to a Catholic, thereby restoring the Catholic monarchy. Nineteenth-century depiction of the Gunpowder Plot’s discovery. On October 26, an anonymous letter advising a Catholic sympathizer to avoid the State Opening of Parliament alerted the authorities to the existence of a plot.

To this day, no one knows for sure who wrote the letter. Some historians have even suggested that it was fabricated and that the authorities already knew of the Gunpowder Plot, only letting it progress as an excuse to further crack down on Catholicism. Either way, a search party found Fawkes skulking in his cellar around midnight on November 4, with matches in his pocket and 36 barrels of gunpowder stacked next to him. For Fawkes, the plot’s failure could be blamed on “the devil and not God.” He was taken to the Tower of London and tortured upon the special order of King James. Soon after, his co-conspirators were likewise arrested, except for four, including Catesby, who died in a shootout with English troops. Fawkes and his surviving co-conspirators were all found guilty of high treason and sentenced to death in January 1606 by hanging, drawing and quartering. A Jesuit priest was also executed a few months later for his alleged involvement, even as new laws banned Catholics from voting in elections, practicing law or serving in the military. In fact, Catholics were not fully emancipated in England until the 19th century.

After the plot was revealed, Londoners began lighting celebratory bonfires, and in January 1606 an act of Parliament designated November 5 as a day of thanksgiving. Guy Fawkes Day festivities soon spread as far as the American colonies, where they became known as Pope Day. In keeping with the anti-Catholic sentiment of the time, British subjects on both sides of the Atlantic would burn an effigy of the pope. That tradition completely died out in the United States by the 19th century, whereas in Britain Guy Fawkes Day became a time to get together with friends and family, set off fireworks, light bonfires, attend parades and burn effigies of Fawkes. Children traditionally wheeled around their effigies demanding a “penny for the Guy” (a similar custom to Halloween trick-or-treating) and imploring crowds to “remember, remember the fifth of November.” Guy Fawkes himself, meanwhile, has undergone something of a makeover.

Once known as a notorious traitor, he is now portrayed in some circles as a revolutionary hero, largely due to the influence of the 1980s graphic novel “V for Vendetta” and the 2005 movie of the same name, which depicted a protagonist who wore a Guy Fawkes mask while battling a future fascist government in Britain. Guy Fawkes masks even cropped up at Occupy Wall Street protests in New York City and elsewhere. “Every generation reinvents Guy Fawkes to suit their needs,” explained historian William B. Robison of Southeastern Louisiana University. “But Fawkes was just one of the flunkies. It really should be Robert Catesby Day.” Tags Guy Fawkes Guy Fawkes References Guy Fawkes, the only son of a Edward Fawkes and his wife, Edith Jackson, was born in York in 1570. Fawkes father was a proctor of the ecclesiastical courts and advocate of the consistory court of the Archbishop of York, and a staunch Protestant. (1) His mother's family were recusant Catholics, and his cousin, Richard Cowling, became a Jesuit priest.

(2) Edward Fawkes died in January, 1579, and three years later his widow married Denis Bainbridge of Scotton, a Roman Catholic . Fawkes was educated at St Peter's School in York . Also at the school was John Wright and Christopher Wright . The headmaster, John Pulleyn, came from a family of noted Yorkshire recusants. It is claimed that the three boys were greatly influenced by being taught about the way Henry VIII had persecuted religious dissents. (3) Guy Fawkes in Spain In 1592 Guy Fawkes married Maria Pulleyn. He sold the small estate in Clifton which he had inherited from his father and went to fight for the armies of Catholic Spain in the Low Countries. He was described as conscientious and brave and behaved gallantly at the siege of Calais in 1596. A close friend described him as being a devout Catholic who was "pleasant of approach and cheerful of manner, opposed to quarrels and strife… loyal to his friends, but... a man highly skilled in matters of war". (4) Later he travelled to Spain in an attempt to persuade the king to send Catholic troops to invade England.

(5) King James and Roman Catholics Queen Elizabeth died on 24th March, 1603. Later that day, Robert Cecil , read out the proclamation announcing James VI of Scotland as the next king of England. The following day the new king wrote from Edinburgh informally confirming all the privy council in their positions, adding in his own hand to Cecil, "How happy I think myself by the conquest of so wise a councillor I reserve it to be expressed out of my own mouth unto you". (6) James left for England on 26th March 1603. When he arrived at York his first act was to write to the English Privy Council for money as he was deeply in debt. His demands were agreed as they were anxious to develop a good relationship with their king who looked like a promising new leader. "James's quick brain, his aptitude for business, his willingness to take decisions, right or wrong, were welcome enough after Elizabeth's tedious procrastination over trifles.

They were charmed, too, by his informal bonhomie." (7) Soon after arriving in London , King James told Henry Howard , 1st Earl of Northampton, "as for the catholics, I will neither persecute any that will be quiet and give but an outward obedience to the law, neither will I spare to advance any of them that will by good service worthily deserve it." James kept his promise and the catholics enjoyed a degree of tolerance that they had not known for a long time. Catholics now became more open about their religious beliefs and this resulted in accusations that James was not a committed Protestant. (8) The king responded by ordering in February 1605, the reintroduction of the penal laws against the catholics. It has been estimated that 5,560 people were convicted of rucusancy during this period. (9) The Gunpowder Plot Roman Catholics felt bitter by what they saw as the king's betrayal. They now realised that they were an isolated minority in a hostile community. In February 1604, Robert Catesby devised the Gunpowder Plot , a scheme to kill King James and as many Members of Parliament as possible.

Catesby recruited Thomas Wintour and in April 1604, he introduced him to Guy Fawkes. (10) At a meeting at the Duck and Drake Inn on 20th May, Catesby explained his plan to Guy Fawkes, Thomas Wintour, Thomas Percy and John Wright . All the men agreed under oath to join the conspiracy. Over the next few months Francis Tresham , Everard Digby , Robert Wintour , Thomas Bates and Christopher Wright also agreed to take part in the overthrow of the king. (11) Crispen van de Passe, The Gunpowder Plot Conspirators (c.1606) Catesby's plan involved blowing up the Houses of Parliament on 5th November, 1605. This date was chosen because the king was due to open Parliament on that day. At first the group tried to tunnel under Parliament. This plan changed when Thomas Percy was able to hire a cellar under the House of Lords . The plotters then filled the cellar with barrels of gunpowder. The conspirators also hoped to kidnap the king's daughter, Elizabeth .

In time, Catesby was going to arrange Elizabeth's marriage to a Catholic nobleman. (12) One of the people involved in the plot was Francis Tresham . He was worried that the explosion would kill his friend and brother-in-law, Lord Monteagle . On 26th October, Tresham sent Lord Monteagle a letter warning him not to attend Parliament on 5th November. Monteagle became suspicious and passed the letter to Robert Cecil. Cecil quickly organised a thorough search of the Houses of Parliament. (13) While searching the cellars below the House of Lords, Sir Thomas Knyvett, keeper of the Palace of Westminster, and his men found Guy Fawkes, who claimed he was John Johnson, the servant of Thomas Percy . He was arrested, and when his men hauled away the faggots and brushwood, they uncovered thirty-six barrels - nearly a ton - of gunpowder. (14) Henry Peronett Briggs , The Discovery of the Gunpowder Plot (c. 1823) Guy Fawkes was tortured and admitted that he was part of a plot to "blow the Scotsman (James) back to Scotland".

On the 7th November, after enduring further tortures, Fawkes gave the names of his fellow conspirators. "Catesby suggested... making a mine under the upper house of Parliament... because religion had been unjustly suppressed there... twenty barrels of gunpowder were moved to the cellar... It was agreed to seize Lady Elizabeth, the king's eldest daughter... and to proclaim her Queen". (15) The trial began on the 27th January, 1606. The Attorney-General Sir Edward Coke made a long speech, that included a denial that the King had ever made any promises to the Catholics. He then read out the confessions of the men accused of the crime. Thomas Wintour made a statement where he admitted his involvement but pleaded that his brother, Robert Wintour , should be spared. Everard Digby pleaded guilty, but justified his actions by claiming that the insisting that the King had reneged upon promises of toleration for Catholics. (16) On 30th January, Everard Digby, Robert Wintour, John Grant, and Thomas Bates, were tied to hurdles and dragged through the crowded streets of London to St Paul's Churchyard.

Digby, the first to mount the scaffold, asked the spectators for forgiveness, and refused the attentions of a Protestant clergyman. He was stripped of his clothing, and wearing only a shirt, climbed the ladder to place his head through the noose. He was quickly cut down, and while still fully conscious was castrated, disembowelled, and then quartered, along with the three other prisoners. (17) The following day, Thomas Wintour, Ambrose Rookwood, Robert Keyes, and Guy Fawkes were taken to the Old Palace Yard at Westminster to be hanged from the gallows, then drawn and quartered in public. A contemporary described Fawkes on the gallows: "Last of all came the great devil of all, Guy Fawkes, who should have put fire to the powder.

His body being weak with the torture and sickness he was scarce able to go up the ladder, yet with much ado, by the help of the hangman, went high enough to break his neck by the fall." (18) According to Camilla Turner he did not die in the way that was expected: "As he awaited his grisly punishment on the gallows, Fawkes leapt to his death - to avoid the horrors of having his testicles cut off, his stomach opened and his guts spilled out before his eyes. He died from a broken neck." His body was subsequently quartered, and his remains were sent to "the four corners of the kingdom" as a warning to others. (19) Engraving of the execution of those found guilty of the Gunpowder Plot (1606) This is the traditional story of the Gunpowder Plot. However, in recent years some historians have begun to question this version of events. Some have argued that the plot was really devised by Sir Robert Cecil . This version claims that Cecil blackmailed Catesby into organising the plot. It is argued hat Cecil's aim was to make people in England hate Catholics.

For example, people were so angry after they found out about the plot, that they agreed to Cecil's plans to pass a series of laws persecuting Catholics. (20) Cecil's biographer, Pauline Croft , has argued that this is unlikely to have been true: "In the inflamed atmosphere after November 1605, with wild accusations and counter-accusations being traded by religious polemicists, there were allegations that Cecil himself had devised the Gunpowder Plot to elevate his own importance in the eyes of the king, and to facilitate a further attack on the Jesuits. Numerous subsequent efforts to substantiate these conspiracy theories have all failed abysmally." (21) Robert Cecil definitely took advantage of the situation. Henry Garnett , head of the Jesuit mission in England, was arrested. As Roger Lockyer has pointed out: "The evidence against him was largely circumstantial, but the government was determined to tar all the missionary priests with the brush of sedition in the hope of thereby depriving them of the support of the lay catholic community.

A further step in this direction came in 1606, with the drawing up of an oath of allegiance which all catholics were required to take." (22) The failed Gunpowder Plot united the nation. The anniversary of 5th November became an annual holiday. In the Parliament that followed the conspiracy James obtained a vote of subsidies and other levies amounting to about £450,000. In April, 1606, James managed to persuade Parliament to accept that the newly designed Union Jack flag would be flown on British ships. English ships would continue to fly the St George's cross, whereas Scottish ones would still use the St Andrew flag. (23)

Question: Guy Fawkes was born and schooled in which English city?
Answer: York