Stomatitis: Types, Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Are usually gone in 7 to 10 days Are sometimes associated with cold or flu -like symptoms Causes of Stomatitis: Canker Sores and Cold Sores Canker Sores Nobody knows what exactly causes canker sores, but many things may contribute to their development, such as certain medications, trauma to the mouth, poor nutrition , stress, bacteria or viruses, lack of sleep , sudden weight loss , and certain foods such as potatoes, citrus fruits, coffee, chocolate , cheese, and nuts. Canker sores may also be related to a temporarily reduced immune system because of a cold or flu , hormonal changes, or low levels of vitamin B12 or folate. Even biting the inside of the cheek or chewing a sharp piece of food can trigger a canker sore. Continued Canker sores may result from a genetic predisposition and are considered an autoimmune disease; they are not contagious. About 20% people in the U.S. will have canker sores at some point during their lifetime -- women more often than men. Cold Sores Cold sores are caused by a virus called herpes simplex type 1.

Unlike canker sores, cold sores are contagious from the time the blister ruptures to the time it has completely healed. The initial infection often occurs before adulthood and may be confused with a cold or the flu . Once the person is infected with the virus, it stays in the body, becoming dormant and reactivated by such conditions as stress, fever, trauma, hormonal changes (such as menstruation ), and exposure to sunlight. When sores reappear, they tend to form in the same location. In addition to spreading to other people, the virus can also spread to another body part of the affected person, such as the eyes or genitals. Treatment for Common Forms of Stomatitis Mouth sores generally don't last longer than two weeks, even without treatment. If a cause can be identified, your doctor may be able to treat it. If a cause cannot be identified, the focus of treatment shifts to symptom relief. The following strategies might help to ease the pain and inflammation of mouth sores: Avoid hot beverages and foods as well as salty, spicy, and citrus-based foods. Use pain relievers like Tylenol or ibuprofen . Gargle with cool water or suck on ice pops if you have a mouth burn.

For canker sores, the aim of treatment is to relieve discomfort and guard against infection. Try the following: Drink more water. Practice proper dental care . Apply a topical anesthetic such as lidocaine or xylocaine to the ulcer (not recommended for children under 6). Use a topical corticosteroid preparation such as triamcinolone dental paste (Kenalog in Orabase 0.1%), which protects a sore inside the lip and on the gums. Blistex and Campho-Phenique may offer some relief of canker sores and cold sores, especially if applied when the sore first appears. Continued Stomatitis | definition of stomatitis by Medical dictionary Stomatitis | definition of stomatitis by Medical dictionary Definition Inflammation of the mucous lining of any of the structures in the mouth, which may involve the cheeks, gums, tongue, lips, and roof or floor of the mouth. The word "stomatitis" literally means inflammation of the mouth.

The inflammation can be caused by conditions in the mouth itself, such as poor oral hygiene , poorly fitted dentures, or from mouth burns from hot food or drinks, or by conditions that affect the entire body, such as medications, allergic reactions, or infections. Description Stomatitis is an inflammation of the lining of any of the soft-tissue structures of the mouth. Stomatitis is usually a painful condition, associated with redness, swelling, and occasional bleeding from the affected area. Bad breath (halitosis) may also accompany the condition. Stomatitis affects all age groups, from the infant to the elderly. Causes and symptoms A number of factors can cause stomatitis; it is a fairly common problem in the general adult population in North America. Poorly fitted oral appliances, cheek biting, or jagged teeth can persistently irritate the oral structures. Chronic mouth breathing due to plugged nasal airways can cause dryness of the mouth tissues, which in turn leads to irritation. Drinking beverages that are too hot can burn the mouth, leading to irritation and pain .

Diseases, such as herpetic infections (the common cold sore), gonorrhea , measles, leukemia, AIDS , and lack of vitamin C can present with oral signs. Other systemic diseases associated with stomatitis include inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and Behçet's syndrome, an inflammatory multisystem disorder of unknown cause. Aphthous stomatitis, also known as recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAU) or canker sores , is a specific type of stomatitis that presents with shallow, painful ulcers that are usually located on the lips, cheeks, gums, or roof or floor of the mouth. These ulcers can range from pinpoint size to up to 1 in (2.5 cm) or more in diameter. Though the causes of canker sores are unknown, nutritional deficiencies, especially of vitamin B12, folate, or iron is suspected. Generalized or contact stomatitis can result from excessive use of alcohol, spices, hot food, or tobacco products. Sensitivity to mouthwashes, toothpastes, and lipstick can irritate the lining of the mouth. Exposure to heavy metals, such as mercury, lead, or bismuth can cause stomatitis.

Thrush, a fungal infection, is a type of stomatitis. Diagnosis Diagnosis of stomatitis can be difficult. A patient's history may disclose a dietary deficiency, a systemic disease, or contact with materials causing an allergic reaction. A physical examination is done to evaluate the oral lesions and other skin problems. Blood tests may be done to determine if any infection is present. Scrapings of the lining of the mouth may be sent to the laboratory for microscopic evaluation, or cultures of the mouth may be done to determine if an infectious agent may be the cause of the problem. Treatment The treatment of stomatitis is based on the problem causing it. Local cleansing and good oral hygiene are fundamental. Sharp-edged foods such as peanuts, tacos, and potato chips should be avoided. A soft-bristled toothbrush should be used, and the teeth and gums should be brushed carefully; the patient should avoid banging the toothbrush into the gums. Local factors, such as ill-fitting dental appliances or sharp teeth, can be corrected by a dentist. An infectious cause can usually be treated with medication. Systemic problems, such as AIDS, leukemia, and anemia are treated by the appropriate medical specialist.

Minor mouth burns from hot beverages or hot foods will usually resolve on their own in a week or so. Chronic problems with aphthous stomatitis are treated by first correcting any vitamin B12, iron, or folate deficiencies. If those therapies are unsuccessful, medication can be prescribed which can be applied to each aphthous ulcer with a cotton-tipped applicator. This therapy is successful with a limited number of patients. More recently, low-power treatment with a carbon dioxide laser has been found to relieve the discomfort of recurrent aphthae. Major outbreaks of aphthous stomatitis can be treated with tetracycline antibiotics or corticosteroids . Valacyclovir has been shown to be effective in treating stomatitis caused by herpesviruses. Patients may also be given topical anesthetics (usually a 2% lidocaine gel) to relieve pain and a protective paste (Orabase) or a coating agent like Kaopectate to protect eroded areas from further irritation from dentures, braces, or teeth. Alternative treatment Alternate treatment of stomatitis mainly involves prevention of the problem. Patients with such dental appliances as dentures should visit their dentist on a regular basis.

Patients with systemic diseases or chronic medical problems need to ask their health care provider what types of oral problems they can expect from their particular disease. These patients must also contact their medical clinic at the first sign of problems. Common sense needs to be exercised when consuming hot foods or drinks. Use of tobacco products should be discouraged. Alcohol should be used in moderation. Mouthwashes and toothpastes known to the patient to cause problems should be avoided. Botanical medicine can assist in resolving stomatitis. One herb, calendula (Calendula officinalis), in tincture form (an alcohol-based herbal extract) and diluted for a mouth rinse, can be quite effective in treating aphthous stomatitis and other manifestations of stomatitis. More recently, a group of researchers in Brazil have reported that an extract made from the leaves of Trichilia glabra, a plant found in South America, is effective in killing several viruses that cause stomatitis. Prognosis The prognosis for the resolution of stomatitis is based on the cause of the problem. Many local factors can be modified, treated, or avoided.

Infectious causes of stomatitis can usually be managed with medication, or, if the problem is being caused by a certain drug, by changing the offending agent. Prevention Stomatitis caused by local irritants can be prevented by good oral hygiene, regular dental checkups, and good dietary habits. Problems with stomatitis caused by systemic disease can be minimized by good oral hygiene and closely following the medical therapy prescribed by the patient's health care provider. Resources Books Beers, Mark H., MD, and Robert Berkow, MD., editors. "Disorders of the Oral Region." In The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Laboratories, 2004. Periodicals Cella, M., D. A. Riva, F. C. Coulombie, and S. E. Mersich. "Virucidal Activity Presence in Trichilia glabra Leaves." Revista Argentina de microbiologia 36 (July-September 2004): 136-138. Miller, C. S., L. L. Cunningham, J. E. Lindroth, and S. A. Avdiushko.

"The Efficacy of Valacyclovir in Preventing Recurrent Herpes Simplex Virus Infections Associated with Dental Procedures." Journal of the American Dental Association 135 (September 2004): 1311-1318. Mirowski, Ginat W., DMD, MD, and Christy L. Nebesio. "Aphthous Stomatitis." eMedicine September 24, 2004. Sciubba, James J., DMD, PhD. "Denture Stomatitis." eMedicine June 11, 2002. Shulman, J. D., M. M. Beach, and F. Rivera-Hidalgo. "The Prevalence of Oral Mucosal Lesions in U.S. Adults: Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994." Journal of the American Dental Association 135 (September 2004): 1279-1286. Wohlschlaeger, A.

"Prevention and Treatment of Mucositis: A Guide for Nurses." Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing 21 (September-October 2004): 281-287. Organizations American Dental Association. 211 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611. (312) 440-2500. American Medical Association. 515 N. State St., Chicago, IL 60612. (312) 464-5000. Key terms Aphthous stomatitis — A specific type of stomatitis presenting with shallow, painful ulcers. Also known as canker sores. Stomatitis — Inflammation of the lining of the mouth, gums, or tongue. Thrush — A form of stomatitis caused by Candida fungi and characterized by cream-colored or bluish patches on the tongue, mouth, or pharynx. stomatitis [sto″mah-ti´tis] (pl. stomati´tides) inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth; it may be caused by any of numerous diseases of the mouth or it may accompany another disease.

Both gingivitis and glossitis are forms of stomatitis. Causes. The causes of stomatitis vary widely, from a mild local irritant to a vitamin deficiency or infection by a possibly dangerous disease-producing organism. Inflammation may arise from actual injury to the inside of the mouth, as from cheek-biting, jagged teeth, tartar accumulations, and badly fitting dentures. Irritating substances, including alcohol, and tobacco, may also cause stomatitis. Other causes are infectious bacteria, such as streptococci and gonococci or those causing necrotizing ulcerative stomatitis , diphtheria , and tuberculosis ; the fungus causing thrush ; or the viruses causing herpes simplex and measles . Extreme vitamin deficiencies can result in mouth inflammation, as can certain blood disorders. Poisoning with heavy metals, such as lead or mercury , can also cause stomatitis. Symptoms. There is generally swelling and redness of the tissues of the mouth, which may become quite sore, particularly during eating. The mouth may have an unpleasant odor. In some types of stomatitis the mouth becomes dry, but in others there is excessive salivation.

Ulcerations may appear, and, in extreme cases, gangrene (gangrenous stomatitis). Other forms of stomatitis may occasionally cause more severe symptoms, including chills, fever, and headache. Sometimes bleeding or white patches in the mouth can be seen. In thrush , the symptoms themselves may be slight (white spots in the mouth resembling milk curds) but the disease may give rise to serious infections elsewhere in the body. In some cases, stomatitis causes inflammation of the parotid glands. Stomatitis resulting from certain diseases presents special identifying symptoms. Syphilitic stomatitis produces painful ulcers in the mouth; in scarlet fever the tongue first has a strawberry color, which then deepens to a raspberry hue; in measles, Koplik's spots appear. Treatment and Prevention. The treatment varies according to the cause. When the inflammation is caused by anemia, vitamin deficiency, or any infection of the body, both the underlying disease and the stomatitis are treated. Antibiotics often are effective against the infection and prevent its spreading to the parotid glands. Severe stomatitis can be a side effect of chemotherapy and radiation to the head and neck as treatment for cancer.

Measures to alleviate the inflammation and promote healing include increasing fluid intake and using artificial saliva to minimize dryness and help buffer acidity in the mouth, avoiding liquids and foods that are chemically irritating or extremely hot, and frequent and consistent mouth care . With proper care, many cases of stomatitis can be prevented. Cleanliness is essential, especially of the mouth, teeth, dentures, and feeding utensils. Infants may acquire mouth infection from the mother's oral flora, dirty bottles, or the mother's nipples. In the case of a prolonged fever or of any severe general illness, dryness of the mouth should be avoided by ingestion of increased amounts of fluids. angular stomatitis superficial erosions and fissuring at the angles of the mouth; it may occur in riboflavin deficiency and in pellagra or result from overclosure of the jaws in denture wearers. Called also perlèche . Angular Stomatitis Treatment, Causes, Remedies and Cure Angular Stomatitis Treatment, Causes, Remedies and Cure Split Corner of Mouth and Symptoms Getting sick is something that an unhealthy person would have gotten used to already.

However, a healthy person who is not used to certain abnormalities in his body would become confused and get distressed when his body develops certain illnesses. This is why even if you are not a doctor or a medical student you have to know the symptoms to certain disorders and afflictions. Thus, you also have to know the symptoms of angular stomatitis or angular cheilitis which would surely be evident with split corner of mouth. 1. Lesions or wound-like marks on the mouth, lips, and corners of the mouth. Bacteria that cause this infection likely live in the folds on the corners of thee mouth. Thus, this is where the first few lesions would be found. Moreover, these parts also break easily every time the mouth is opened. In some cases, the corner of the mouth would even experience worse when it seems to weep or get crusted. Fluid would flow out of the split corners of mouth. 2. Soreness is always felt even if you will not have lesions or wounds on your mouth or lips. This is also one of the earliest warning signs of the invasion of the infection-causing bacteria and fungi. This feeling would even get worse when you actually have split corner of mouth. 3.

Dry lips would be a common sight in a person with Angular Stomatitis in addition to the split corner of mouth symptom that would harvest mocking stares from some people with malicious minds, thinking that the sufferer may have AIDS or syphilis. When you have this symptom, you have to keep your tongue to its own corner instead of touring all over the lips. Licking your lips will only make things more painful for you. 4. Blisters or rashes would add to the assumption of other people that you really have AIDS or cold sore as this will strengthen the signs started by the split corners of mouth that you already have Stomatitis: Definition and Patient Education Key points Cold sores and canker sores are two common types of stomatitis. Cold sores, or herpes stomatitis, are highly contagious. Canker sores, or aphthous stomatitis, are not contagious. If you have mouth sores, identifying the type of sore is important for knowing how to treat and prevent the spread of them. Stomatitis is a sore or inflammation inside of the mouth. The sore can be in the cheeks, gums, inside of the lips, or on the tongue.

The two main forms of stomatitis are herpes stomatitis, also known as a cold sore, and aphthous stomatitis, also known as a canker sore. Keep reading to learn more about these two forms of stomatitis. What causes stomatitis? An infection of the herpes simplex 1 (HSV-1) virus cases herpes stomatitis. It is more common in young children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years. People exposed to HSV-1 may develop cold sores later in life as a result of the virus. HSV-1 is related to HSV-2, the virus that causes genital herpes , but it isn’t the same virus. Aphthous stomatitis can be one or a cluster of small pits or ulcers in the cheeks, gums, the inside of the lips, or on the tongue. It’s more common in young people, most often between 10 and 19 years of age. Aphthous stomatitis is not caused by a virus and is not contagious. Instead, it’s caused by problems with oral hygiene or damage to mucous membranes.

Some causes include: dry tissues from breathing through the mouth due to clogged nasal passages small injuries due to dental work, accidental cheek bite, or other injuries sharp tooth surfaces, dental braces, dentures, or retainers tongue lip border The blisters may make it difficult or painful to eat, drink, or swallow. Dehydration is a risk if drinking is uncomfortable. Drooling, pain, and swollen gums can also occur. And cold sores can also cause irritability. If your child is irritable and not eating or drinking, that may be a sign that they are about to develop a cold sore. A fever is another symptom of the HSV-1 infection, and it can get as high as 104°F (40°C). The fever occurs a few days before the blisters appear. After the blisters pop, ulcers can form in their place. Secondary infections of these ulcers can occur. The entire infection lasts between seven and 10 days. Aphthous stomatitis are round or oval ulcers with a red, inflamed border. The center is usually white or yellow. Most canker sores are small and oval, and heal within one to two weeks without scarring.

Larger, irregular sores can occur with extensive injury and take six or more weeks to heal. These can leave scars in the mouth. Older adults may develop something called a “herpetiform” canker sore. The HSV-1 virus does not cause these. Herpetiform canker sores are tiny, but occur in clusters of 10 to 100. They heal within two weeks. What are treatments for stomatitis? Treatment will depend on the type of stomatitis you have. Herpes stomatitis treatment The antiviral drug acyclovir (Zovirax) can treat herpes stomatitis. Taking this drug can shorten the length of the infection. Dehydration is a risk with young children, so have them drink enough liquid. A liquid diet of nonacidic foods and beverages is recommended. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) can be used to reduce pain and fever. For severe pain, topical lidocaine (AneCream, RectiCare, LMX 4, LMX 5, RectaSmoothe) may be used. Lidocaine numbs the mouth, so it can cause problems with swallowing, burns, or choking. It should be used with care.

An HSV-1 infection may become an eye infection called herpetic keratoconjunctivitis. This is a serious complication that could lead to blindness. Seek treatment immediately if you experience eye pain, blurry vision, and eye discharge. Aphthous stomatitis treatment Aphthous stomatitis is usually not severe and does not need treatment. If pain is significant or sores are larger, topical creams with benzocaine (Anbesol, Zilactin-B) or another numbing agent may be applied. For large outbreaks of canker sores, medications that may be prescribed include cimetidine (Tagamet), colchicine , or oral steroid medications. These are rarely used and only for complex canker sores that return. Occasionally, canker sores are burned away with debacterol or silver nitrate. Sores that take a long time to heal or sores accompanied by a fever that will not go away need medical care. Sores that return again and again might show a more serious condition or a secondary infection. Speak with a doctor if you regularly develop canker sores. What’s the outlook?

If you have mouth sores, identifying the type of sore is important for knowing how to treat and prevent the spread of them. If you have a cold sore, or herpes stomatitis, avoid sharing cups or utensils with people while you have an outbreak. You should also avoid kissing people. There’s no treatment for herpes stomatitis, but you may be able to take medication to reduce your symptoms. Aphthous stomatitis is not contagious. You may be able to prevent or reduce your risk for canker sores through lifestyle changes. You may not need medical treatment for canker sores. Can you prevent stomatitis? Once infected with the HSV-1 virus, you will have the virus for the rest of your life. It’s found in about 90 percent of adults worldwide. Refraining from kissing or sharing eating utensils with someone with an open cold sore can help prevent the spread of infection. For aphthous stomatitis, certain nutritional supplements like B vitamins (folate, B-6, B-12) may help. Foods high in these vitamins can also help. Some foods high in B vitamins include: broccoli lentils asparagus Proper oral hygiene is also important.

You should also avoid acidic or spicy foods if those foods have triggered outbreaks in the past. And another way to avoid an outbreak is to not speak while eating, as this increases the chance of biting the cheek. Dental wax can smooth the edges of dental appliances like retainers or braces. If stress appears to be a trigger, relaxation exercises can help. Stomatitis: Types, Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Are usually gone in 7 to 10 days Are sometimes associated with cold or flu -like symptoms Causes of Stomatitis: Canker Sores and Cold Sores Canker Sores Nobody knows what exactly causes canker sores, but many things may contribute to their development, such as certain medications, trauma to the mouth, poor nutrition , stress, bacteria or viruses, lack of sleep , sudden weight loss , and certain foods such as potatoes, citrus fruits, coffee, chocolate , cheese, and nuts. Canker sores may also be related to a temporarily reduced immune system because of a cold or flu , hormonal changes, or low levels of vitamin B12 or folate. Even biting the inside of the cheek or chewing a sharp piece of food can trigger a canker sore.

Continued Canker sores may result from a genetic predisposition and are considered an autoimmune disease; they are not contagious. About 20% people in the U.S. will have canker sores at some point during their lifetime -- women more often than men. Cold Sores Cold sores are caused by a virus called herpes simplex type 1. Unlike canker sores, cold sores are contagious from the time the blister ruptures to the time it has completely healed. The initial infection often occurs before adulthood and may be confused with a cold or the flu . Once the person is infected with the virus, it stays in the body, becoming dormant and reactivated by such conditions as stress, fever, trauma, hormonal changes (such as menstruation ), and exposure to sunlight. When sores reappear, they tend to form in the same location. In addition to spreading to other people, the virus can also spread to another body part of the affected person, such as the eyes or genitals. Treatment for Common Forms of Stomatitis Mouth sores generally don't last longer than two weeks, even without treatment. If a cause can be identified, your doctor may be able to treat it.

If a cause cannot be identified, the focus of treatment shifts to symptom relief. The following strategies might help to ease the pain and inflammation of mouth sores: Avoid hot beverages and foods as well as salty, spicy, and citrus-based foods. Use pain relievers like Tylenol or ibuprofen . Gargle with cool water or suck on ice pops if you have a mouth burn. For canker sores, the aim of treatment is to relieve discomfort and guard against infection. Try the following: Drink more water. Practice proper dental care . Apply a topical anesthetic such as lidocaine or xylocaine to the ulcer (not recommended for children under 6). Use a topical corticosteroid preparation such as triamcinolone dental paste (Kenalog in Orabase 0.1%), which protects a sore inside the lip and on the gums. Blistex and Campho-Phenique may offer some relief of canker sores and cold sores, especially if applied when the sore first appears. Continued Nicotine Stomatitis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology Nicotine Stomatitis Author: Dana Gelman Keiles, DMD; Chief Editor: William D James, MD more...

Share Overview Background Nicotinic stomatitis (smoker's palate), a lesion of the palatal mucosa, has been described in the literature since 1926. In 1941, Thoma named the lesion stomatitis nicotine because it is almost exclusively observed in individuals who smoke tobacco. [ 1 ] The concentrated heat stream of smoke from tobacco products causes nicotine stomatitis. [ 2 , 3 ] These mucosal changes are most often observed in pipe and reverse cigarette smokers and less often in cigarette and cigar smokers. Generally, it is asymptomatic or mildly irritating. Patients typically report that they are either unaware of the lesion or have had it for many years without changes. See the image below Classic nicotine stomatitis. Note the speckled white and red appearance from the hyperkeratosis and minor salivary gland openings. Next: Pathophysiology Nicotine stomatitis affects the oral mucosa of the hard palate posterior to the rugae and the adjacent soft palate. [ 4 , 5 ] Previous Frequency United States The incidence of nicotinic stomatitis in the United States is unknown. However, approximately 40 million Americans smoke.

[ 6 ] International A large study in Saudi Arabia showed that 29.6% of all smokers had nicotine stomatitis and that 60% of pipe smokers had nicotinic stomatitis. See also studies of smokers in India, [ 7 ] Turin, [ 8 ] and China. [ 9 ] Race The appearance of nicotine stomatitis is related directly to the population that smokes tobacco products. Sex Men and women who smoke tobacco products are affected equally by nicotinic stomatitis. Women smoke pipes less often than men; therefore, nicotinic stomatitis is less prevalent in women. Age Nicotinic stomatitis is related to duration, intensity, and types of smoking and is not related to the age of the smoker. [ 10 ] Previous Next: Prognosis Nicotine stomatitis is generally a reversible lesion once the irritant is removed. The prognosis for nicotinic stomatitis is excellent. Although nicotine stomatitis is caused by smoking tobacco products, it is generally not associated with dysplastic or malignant changes. [ 11 ] The exception to this is in individuals who reverse smoke. Reverse smoking is common in some parts of the Caribbean and Southeast Asia.

The concentrated heat and chemicals increase the potential for malignant change. [ 12 ] Previous Next: Patient Education Educate patients with nicotinic stomatitis concerning the dangers of tobacco use. Many cigar and pipe smokers believe that they are not at risk for cancer because they do not inhale. Previous References Thoma KH. Stomatitis nicotine and its effect on the palate. Am J Orthod. 1941. 27:38-47. Rossie KM, Guggenheimer J. Thermally induced 'nicotine' stomatitis. A case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1990 Nov. 70(5):597-9. [Medline] . dos Santos RB, Katz J. Nicotinic stomatitis: positive correlation with heat in maté tea drinks and smoking. Quintessence Int. 2009 Jul-Aug. 40(7):537-40. [Medline] . Vellappally S, Fiala Z, Smejkalova J, Jacob V, Somanathan R. Smoking related systemic and oral diseases. Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove). 2007.

50(3):161-6. [Medline] . Samatha Y, Sankar AJ, Ganapathy KS, Srinivas K, Ankineedu D, Choudary AL. Clinicopathologic evaluation of lesions associated with tobacco usage. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2014 Jul 1. 15 (4):466-72. [Medline] . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Current Cigarette Smoking Among Adults in the United States. Available at #national . March 14, 2016; Accessed: September 23, 2016. Mathew AL, Pai KM, Sholapurkar AA, Vengal M. The prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in patients visiting a dental school in Southern India. Indian J Dent Res. 2008 Apr-Jun. 19(2):99-103. [Medline] . Pentenero M, Broccoletti R, Carbone M, Conrotto D, Gandolfo S. The prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in adults from the Turin area. Oral Dis. 2008 May.

14(4):356-66. [Medline] . Gu D, Kelly TN, Wu X, et al. Mortality attributable to smoking in China. N Engl J Med. 2009 Jan 8. 360(2):150-9. [Medline] . Hoeijmakers JH. DNA damage, aging, and cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009 Oct 8. 361(15):1475-85. [Medline] . Regezi J, Sciubba J, Jordan R, eds. White Lesions. Oral Pathology. 4th ed. St. Louis, Mo: WB Saunders; 2003. 81-2. Silverman S Jr, ed. Oral Cancer. 5th ed. Hamilton, Canada: BC Decker; 2003. 1-16. Jones KB, Jordan R. White lesions in the oral cavity: clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2015 Dec. 34 (4):161-70. [Medline] .

Myung SK, McDonnell DD, Kazinets G, Seo HG, Moskowitz JM. Effects of Web- and computer-based smoking cessation programs: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 2009 May 25. 169(10):929-37. [Medline] . [Guideline] US Public Health Service. Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update U.S. Public Health Service Clinical Practice Guideline executive summary. Respir Care. 2008 Sep. 53(9):1217-22. [Medline] . American Dental Association. Appendix. Ciancio S. Dental Therapeutics. 5th ed. Chicago, Ill: American Dental Association; 2009. 1115-1120. Hays JT, Ebbert JO. Varenicline for tobacco dependence. N Engl J Med. 2008 Nov 6. 359(19):2018-24. [Medline] . Media Gallery Classic nicotine stomatitis.

Note the speckled white and red appearance from the hyperkeratosis and minor salivary gland openings. Fissured appearance of nicotine stomatitis. Notice the gingival-palatal areas where a partial denture protects the mucosa from the heat and smoke. Nicotine stomatitis in a reverse smoker. Notice the increased hyperkeratosis, hyperplasia, and swelling of minor salivary glands. of 3 Canker Sores Canker Sores Canker sores (recurrent aphthous stomatitis, RAS) are among the most common of oral conditions and are experienced by more than half of the population. These small, round or oval, painful yellowish sores often first appear in adolescence. They usually affect the softer parts of the mouth that move, such as the tongue, soft palate, cheeks, and lips. This condition is recurrent because these sores usually will heal on their own but then reappear in the same or new locations after a period of time. In some severe cases, old ulcers may be healing while new ones appear. There are three main forms: Minor Aphthous Stomatitis: this is the form that affects more than 80% of canker sore sufferers.

The sores are usually small (less than 1 centimeter in diameter), heal in about a week, and do not cause scarring. Major Aphthous Stomatitis: this more severe form affects approximately 15% of patients with canker sores. These sores often last two weeks or more and are typically over 1 centimeter in diameter. They can be extremely painful and often heal with scarring. Herpetiform Aphthous Stomatitis: This form of the condition is uncommon, occurring in less than 5% of people with canker sores. They occur as clusters of very small ulcers (less than a millimeter in some cases) that sometimes merge together to form larger ulcers. They usually heal in just over one week. Most of the time, canker sores are self-limiting. This means that they will go away even without treatment. The cause of canker sores is not known. However, in some instances, they can be a sign of other conditions affecting the body (such as a gastrointestinal disease). Be sure to tell your doctor if you are experiencing fatigue, abdominal pain, fever, eye discomfort, or have rashes or sores on other parts of your body.

A Typical Minor Aphthous Ulceration More Extensive Major Ulcerations QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT CANKER SORES Q: Is the condition contagious? Did I catch it and can I give it to anyone else? A: No. This condition is not like herpes and cannot be transmitted, even if you have open sores. Q: How can I tell the difference? A: The location is a good clue. Your doctor may recommend performing culture testing or a biopsy to be certain. Q: Then what causes canker sores? A: No one really knows, but it is thought to be caused by an immune system malfunction that causes white blood cells to temporarily attack the mucosal cells lining the mouth. Sometimes they are a form of allergic reaction to food ingredients or components of toothpastes or mouthwash. Canker sores can also be associated with some systemic conditions such a Crohn’s disease and nutritional deficiencies. Q: How can I tell if my canker sores are related to an allergy or systemic condition? A: Your doctor can often make this diagnosis after carefully assessing your medical history. Sometimes simple blood tests may be required to see if you have a nutritional deficiency, or your doctor may suggest allergy testing.

Q: Is there a cure for canker sores? A: Not yet. However, therapies are available to decrease pain, shorten the time of the ulcers, and even reduce how often they occur. These range from creams applied to the sores to stronger systemic medications. Q: Can anything prevent them? A: The best way to attempt preventing them is to keep an ulcer diary. By writing down when you have outbreaks of canker sores, you may find that there are connections between your diet, toothpaste, or lifestyle. You should share this information with your doctor as it may help him or her develop a more effective treatment strategy. Q: What about “canker sore toothpastes”? A: These lack a detergent known as SLS (sodium lauryl sulfate). In some patients, using an SLS free toothpaste reduces the frequency of outbreaks. Q: When should I talk to my dentist about my Canker Sores? A: If you experience more than three canker sore outbreaks per month, if you are never without an ulcer, or if you have any symptoms listed in this sheet or feel that there could be other factors connected to your canker sores Q: I see many canker sore medicines in the store.

Is one better than the other? A: While there are numerous products marketed to treat canker sores, there is no perfect product and there are few well designed trials comparing the efficacy of these products against each other. A product that works well for you may not work well for someone else. You should advise your dentist of any products you have used or are currently using to treat your canker sores. A summary of commonly recommended therapeutic agents is discussed in the Patient Information Sheet “Treatment of Canker Sores” Prepared by the AAOM Web Writing Group Updated 31 December 2007 Medical Terms in Lay Language | Human Subjects Office Medical Terms in Lay Language Alternative Lay Language for Medical Terms in Consent Forms This glossary of terms is derived from a list copyrighted by the University of Kentucky. We have edited this list. Please feel free to use these terms in place of medical jargon, wherever you feel they might be better understood. These terms are not the only acceptable plain language alternatives for these vocabulary words.

ABDOMEN/ABDOMINAL body cavity below diaphragm that contains stomach, intestines, liver and other organs ABSORB take up fluids, take in ACIDOSIS condition when blood contains more acid than normal ACUITY clearness, keenness, esp.

of vision and airways ACUTE new, recent, sudden, urgent ADENOPATHY swollen lymph nodes (glands) ADJUVANT helpful, assisting, aiding, supportive ADJUVANT TREATMENT added treatment (usually to a standard treatment) ANTIBIOTIC drug that kills bacteria and other germs ANTIMICROBIAL drug that kills bacteria and other germs ANTIRETROVIRAL drug that works against the growth of certain viruses ADVERSE EFFECT side effect, bad reaction, unwanted response ALLERGIC REACTION rash, hives, swelling, trouble breathing AMBULATE/AMBULATION/AMBULATORY walk, able to walk ANAPHYLAXIS serious, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction ANEMIA decreased red blood cells; low red cell blood count ANESTHETIC a drug or agent used to decrease the feeling of pain, or eliminate the feeling of pain by putting you to sleep ANGINA pain resulting from not enough blood flowing to the heart ANGINA PECTORIS pain resulting from not enough blood flowing to the heart ANOREXIA disorder in which person will not eat; lack of appetite ANTECUBITAL related to the inner side of the forearm ANTIBODY protein made in the body in

 response to foreign substance ANTICONVULSANT drug used to prevent seizures ANTILIPEMIC a drug that lowers fat levels in the blood ANTITUSSIVE a drug used to relieve coughing ARRHYTHMIA abnormal heartbeat; any change from the normal heartbeat ASPIRATION fluid entering the lungs, such as after vomiting ASSAY lab test ASSESS to learn about, measure, evaluate, look at ASTHMA lung disease associated with tightening of air passages, making breathing difficult ASYMPTOMATIC without symptoms CARDIAC related to the heart CARDIOVERSION return to normal heartbeat by electric shock CATHETER a tube for withdrawing or giving fluids CATHETER a tube placed near the spinal cord and used for anesthesia (indwelling epidural) during surgery CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) brain and spinal cord CEREBRAL TRAUMA damage to the brain CESSATION stopping CHEMOTHERAPY treatment of disease, usually cancer, by chemical agents CHRONIC continuing for a long time, ongoing CLINICAL pertaining to medical care CLINICAL TRIAL an experiment involving human subjects COMA unconscious state COMPLETE RESPONSE total disappearance of disease CONGENITAL present before birth CONJUNCTIVITIS redness and irritation of the thin membrane

 that covers the eye CONSOLIDATION PHASE treatment phase intended to make a remission permanent (follows induction phase) CONTROLLED TRIAL research study in which the experimental treatment or procedure is compared to a standard (control) treatment or procedure COOPERATIVE GROUP association of multiple institutions to perform clinical trials CORONARY related to the blood vessels that supply the heart, or to the heart itself CT SCAN (CAT) computerized series of x-rays (computerized tomography) CULTURE test for infection, or for organisms that could cause infection CUMULATIVE added together from the beginning CUTANEOUS relating to the skin CVA stroke (cerebrovascular accident) DERMATOLOGIC pertaining to the skin DIASTOLIC lower number in a blood pressure reading DISTAL toward the end, away from the center of the body DIURETIC "water pill" or drug that causes increase in urination DOPPLER device using sound waves to diagnose or test DOUBLE BLIND study in which neither investigators nor subjects know what drug or treatment the subject is receiving DYSFUNCTION state of improper function DYSPLASIA abnormal cells ECHOCARDIOGRAM sound wave test of the heart EDEMA excess fluid collecting in tissue EEG electric brain wave tracing

 (electroencephalogram) EFFICACY effectiveness ELECTROCARDIOGRAM electrical tracing of the heartbeat (ECG or EKG) ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE an imbalance of minerals in the blood EMESIS vomiting EMPIRIC based on experience ENDOSCOPIC EXAMINATION examination of an internal part of the body with a lighted tube ENTERAL by way of the intestines EPIDURAL outside the spinal cord ERADICATE get rid of (such as disease) Page 2 of 7 EVALUATED, ASSESSED examined for a medical condition EXPEDITED REVIEW rapid review of a protocol by the IRB Chair without full committee approval, permitted with certain low-risk research studies EXTERNAL outside the body EXTRAVASATE to leak outside of a planned area, such as out of a blood vessel F FDA U.S.

Food and Drug Administration, the branch of federal government that approves new drugs FIBROUS having many fibers, such as scar tissue FIBRILLATION irregular beat of the heart or other muscle G GENERAL ANESTHESIA pain prevention by giving drugs to cause loss of consciousness, as during surgery GESTATIONAL pertaining to pregnancy HEMATOCRIT amount of red blood cells in the blood HEMATOMA a bruise, a black and blue mark HEMODYNAMIC MEASURING measuring of blood flow HEMOLYSIS breakdown in red blood cells HEPARIN LOCK needle placed in the arm with blood thinner to keep the blood from clotting HEPATOMA cancer or tumor of the liver HERITABLE DISEASE disease that can be transmitted to one’s offspring, resulting in damage to future children HISTOPATHOLOGIC pertaining to the disease status of body tissues or cells HOLTER MONITOR a portable machine for recording heart beats HYPERCALCEMIA high blood calcium level HYPERKALEMIA high blood potassium level HYPERNATREMIA high blood sodium level HYPERTENSION high blood pressure HYPOCALCEMIA low blood calcium level HYPOKALEMIA low blood potassium level HYPONATREM

IA low blood sodium level HYPOTENSION low blood pressure HYPOXEMIA a decrease of oxygen in the blood HYPOXIA a decrease of oxygen reaching body tissues HYSTERECTOMY surgical removal of the uterus, ovaries (female sex glands), or both uterus and ovaries I IATROGENIC caused by a physician or by treatment IDE investigational device exemption, the license to test an unapproved new medical device IDIOPATHIC of unknown cause IMMUNITY defense against, protection from IMMUNOGLOBIN a protein that makes antibodies IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE drug which works against the body's immune (protective) response, often used in transplantation and diseases caused by immune system malfunction IMMUNOTHERAPY giving of drugs to help the body's immune (protective) system; usually used to destroy cancer cells IMPAIRED FUNCTION abnormal function IMPLANTED placed in the body IND investigational new drug, the license to test an unapproved new drug INDUCTION PHASE beginning phase or stage of a treatment INDURATION hardening INDWELLING remaining in a given location, such as a catheter INFARCT death of tissue due to lack of blood supply INFECTIOUS DISEASE disease that is transmitted from one person to the

 next INFLAMMATION swelling that is generally painful, red, and warm INFUSION slow injection of a substance into the body, usually into the blood by means of a catheter INGESTION eating; taking by mouth INTERFERON drug which acts against viruses; antiviral agent INTERMITTENT occurring (regularly or irregularly) between two time points; repeatedly stopping, then starting again INTERNAL within the body INTERIOR inside of the body INTRAMUSCULAR into the muscle; within the muscle INTRAPERITONEAL into the abdominal cavity INTRATHECAL into the spinal fluid INTRAVENOUS (IV) through the vein INTRAVESICAL in the bladder INTUBATE the placement of a tube into the airway INVASIVE PROCEDURE puncturing, opening, or cutting the skin INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG (IND) a new drug that has not been approved by the FDA INVESTIGATIONAL METHOD a treatment method which has not been proven to be beneficial or has not been accepted as standard care ISCHEMIA decreased oxygen in a tissue (usually because of decreased blood flow) L LAPAROTOMY surgical procedure in which an incision is made in the abdominal wall to enable a doctor to look

 at the organs inside LESION wound or injury; a diseased patch of skin LETHARGY sleepiness, tiredness LEUKOPENIA low white blood cell count LIPID fat LIPID CONTENT fat content in the blood LIPID PROFILE (PANEL) fat and cholesterol levels in the blood LOCAL ANESTHESIA creation of insensitivity to pain in a small, local area of the body, usually by injection of numbing drugs LOCALIZED restricted to one area, limited to one area LUMEN the cavity of an organ or tube (e.g., blood vessel) LYMPHANGIOGRAPHY an x-ray of the lymph nodes or tissues after injecting dye into lymph vessels (e.g., in feet) LYMPHOCYTE a type of white blood cell important in immunity (protection) against infection LYMPHOMA a cancer of the lymph nodes (or tissues) M MALAISE a vague feeling of bodily discomfort, feeling badly MALFUNCTION condition in which something is not functioning properly MALIGNANCY cancer or other progressively enlarging and spreading tumor, usually fatal if not successfully treated MEDULLABLASTOMA a type of brain tumor MEGALOBLASTOSIS change in red blood cells METABOLIZE process of

 breaking down substances in the cells to obtain energy METASTASIS spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another METRONIDAZOLE drug used to treat infections caused by parasites (invading organisms that take up living in the body) or other causes of anaerobic infection (not requiring oxygen to survive) MI myocardial infarction, heart attack MINIMAL slight MINIMIZE reduce as much as possible Page 4 of 7 MONITOR check on; keep track of; watch carefully MOBILITY ease of movement MORBIDITY undesired result or complication MORTALITY death MOTILITY the ability to move MRI magnetic resonance imaging, diagnostic pictures of the inside of the body, created using magnetic rather than x-ray energy MUCOSA, MUCOUS MEMBRANE moist lining of digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts MYALGIA muscle aches MYOCARDIAL pertaining to the heart muscle MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION heart attack NASOGASTRIC TUBE tube placed in the nose, reaching to the stomach NCI the National Cancer Institute NECROSIS death of tissue NEOPLASIA/NEOPLASM tumor, may be benign or malignant NEUROBLASTOMA a cancer of nerve tissue NEU

ROLOGICAL pertaining to the nervous system NEUTROPENIA decrease in the main part of the white blood cells NIH the National Institutes of Health NONINVASIVE not breaking, cutting, or entering the skin NOSOCOMIAL acquired in the hospital O ONCOLOGY the study of tumors or cancer OPHTHALMIC pertaining to the eye OPTIMAL best, most favorable or desirable ORAL ADMINISTRATION by mouth ORTHOPEDIC pertaining to the bones OSTEOPETROSIS rare bone disorder characterized by dense bone OSTEOPOROSIS softening of the bones OVARIES female sex glands PATENCY condition of being open PATHOGENESIS development of a disease or unhealthy condition PERCUTANEOUS through the skin PERIPHERAL not central PER OS (PO) by mouth PHARMACOKINETICS the study of the way the body absorbs, distributes, and gets rid of a drug PHASE I first phase of study of a new drug in humans to determine action, safety, and proper dosing PHASE II second phase of study of a new drug in humans, intended to gather information about safety and effectiveness of the drug for certain uses PHASE III large-scale studies to confirm and expand information on safety and effectiveness of new drug for certain uses,

 and to study common side effects PHASE IV studies done after the drug is approved by the FDA, especially to compare it to standard care or to try it for new uses PHLEBITIS irritation or inflammation of the vein PLACEBO an inactive substance; a pill/liquid that contains no medicine PLACEBO EFFECT improvement seen with giving subjects a placebo, though it contains no active drug/treatment PLATELETS small particles in the blood that help with clotting POTENTIAL possible POTENTIATE increase or multiply the effect of a drug or toxin (poison) by giving another drug or toxin at the same time (sometimes an unintentional result) POTENTIATOR an agent that helps another agent work better PRENATAL before birth PROPHYLAXIS a drug given to prevent disease or infection PER OS (PO) by mouth PRN as needed PRONE lying on the stomach PROSPECTIVE STUDY study following patients forward in time PROSTHESIS artificial part, most often limbs, such as arms or legs PROTOCOL plan of study PROXIMAL closer to the center of the body, away from the end PULMONARY pertaining to the lungs Q QID four times a day R RADIATION THERAPY x-ray or cobalt treatment RANDOM by chance

 (like the flip of a coin) RANDOMIZATION chance selection RECOMBINANT formation of new combinations of genes RECONSTITUTION putting back together the original parts or elements RECUR happen again REFRACTORY not responding to treatment REGENERATION re-growth of a structure or of lost tissue REGIMEN pattern of giving treatment RELAPSE the return of a disease REMISSION disappearance of evidence of cancer or other disease RENAL pertaining to the kidneys REPLICABLE possible to duplicate RESECT remove or cut out surgically RETROSPECTIVE STUDY study looking back over past experience S SARCOMA a type of cancer SEDATIVE a drug to calm or make less anxious SEMINOMA a type of testicular cancer (found in the male sex glands) SEQUENTIALLY in a row, in order SOMNOLENCE sleepiness SPIROMETER an instrument to measure the amount of air taken into and exhaled from the lungs STAGING an evaluation of the extent of the disease STANDARD OF CARE a treatment plan that the majority of the medical community would accept as appropriate STENOSIS narrowing of a duct, tube, or one of the blood vessels in the heart STOMATITIS mouth sores, inflammation of the mouth STRATIFY arrange in

 groups for analysis of results (e.g., stratify by age, sex, etc.) STUPOR stunned state in which it is difficult to get a response or the attention of the subject SUBCLAVIAN under the collarbone SUPINE lying on the back SUPPORTIVE CARE general medical care aimed at symptoms, not intended to improve or cureunderlying disease SYMPTOMATIC having symptoms SYNDROME a condition characterized by a set of symptoms SYSTOLIC top number in blood pressure; pressure during active contraction of the heart T TERATOGENIC capable of causing malformations in a fetus (developing baby still inside the mother’s body) TESTES/TESTICLES male sex glands THROMBUS blood clot TID three times a day TITRATION a method for deciding on the strength of a drug or solution; gradually increasing the dose T-LYMPHOCYTES type of white blood cells TOPICAL on the surface TOPICAL ANESTHETIC applied to a certain area of the skin and reducing pain only in the area to which applied TOXICITY side effects or undesirable effects of a drug or treatment TRANSDERMAL through the skin Stomatis: Inflamed and sore mouth making it difficult to eat Stomatitis Stomatitis is inflammation

 or ulcers in the mouth , sometimes called dental stomatitis or denture stomatitis.

The mucous membranes lining the mouth get inflamed and sore, which can make it uncomfortable to speak, eat or sleep. This condition can occur anywhere within the mouth, including the inside of the cheeks, gums , tongue , lips and palate. The condition does not get passed on to other people. Who gets stomatitis? Wearing dentures or braces can increase the chances of getting stomatitis as these may cause irritation. It is also more common in people with some medical conditions, including diabetes , and people taking steroids or antibiotics . Symptoms of stomatitis Radiotherapy cancer treatment. Treatment for stomatitis The main treatment for stomatitis is good oral hygiene – brushing the teeth twice a day and other things your dentist may recommend, such as flossing or mouthwash. If dentures or braces are causing problems, see your dentist. Better cleaning may be needed or adjustments may need to be made. Medicated lozenges may be recommended to treat stomatitis if other measures haven’t helped. Painkillers may help with discomfort and swelling. Home care tips include: Avoiding food or drink that's too hot and possible trigger foods – such as spicy food or citrus drinks.

Gargling, salt water rinses or use of special mouthwashes may help with discomfort. Gels are available for mouth ulcers, including age-appropriate ones for children. Seek medical advice if stomatitis problems keep coming back – there may be an underlying medical cause or nutritional deficiency, such as a lack of folate or vitamin B12 . Over the counter treatments are available for cold sores, often containing an antiviral agent such as aciclovir . Oral antiviral tablets may be prescribed by a doctor in some cases. Next Article: Stomatitis facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Stomatitis Stomatitis Definition Stomatitis is an inflammation of the mucous lining of the mouth, which may involve the cheeks, gums, tongue, lips, and roof or floor of the mouth. The word "stomatitis" literally means inflammation of the mouth. Description Stomatitis is an inflammation of the lining of any of the soft-tissue structures of the mouth. It is usually a painful condition, associated with redness, swelling, and occasional bleeding from the affected area.

The inflammation may be caused by conditions in the mouth itself, such as poor hygiene, from burns from hot food or drinks, or by conditions that affect the entire body, such as medications, allergic reactions, or infections. Children may develop stomatitis at any point in their development, from infancy to adolescence . The two most common types seen in children are herpes stomatitis, which is caused by the herpes simplex virus, and aphthous stomatitis, more often referred to as canker sores . Transmission Depending upon its cause, stomatitis may or may not be contagious. Herpes stomatitis is considered contagious. Children may be exposed through kissing, sharing food, or playing in close contact with others who have an active herpes infection, such as a cold sore . Aphthous stomatitis is not contagious. Demographics Though stomatitis may occur at any time during a child's growth, different types affect children at different times. Herpes stomatitis can occur anywhere between six months and five years of age but is most common in children one to two years old who have not been exposed to the herpes virus before. Aphthous stomatitis begins in childhood or adolescence, with peak onset in those aged ten to 19 years.

Aphthous ulcers may be more common in females than males. Children of higher socioeconomic status may be more affected than those who are from lower socioeconomic groups. Causes and symptoms Causes A number of factors can cause stomatitis. Cheek biting, braces, or jagged teeth may persistently irritate the oral structures. Chronic mouth breathing due to plugged nasal airways may cause dryness of the mouth tissues, which in turn leads to irritation. The cause of herpes stomatitis is the herpes virus type 1 (not to be confused with genital herpes, which is caused by the herpes virus type 2 and is a sexually transmitted disease). The cause of aphthous stomatitis is unknown, although several factors are suspected. There may be an inherited tendency to develop canker sores and there may also be an immune system link. In addition, they may be triggered by emotional stress; nutritional deficiencies of iron, folic acid , or vitamin B12; menstrual periods; food allergies ; or viral infections. They may occur with no identifiable cause. Symptoms Stomatitis is characterized by pain or discomfort in the mouth and the presence of open sores or ulcers in the mouth.

Herpes stomatitis may cause the following symptoms: fever , sometimes as high as 101–104°F (38.3–40°C), which may precede the appearance of blisters and ulcers by one or two days irritability and restlessness blisters in the mouth, often on the tongue or cheeks or roof of the mouth, which then pop and form ulcers (These ulcers are usually small [about one to five millimeters in diameter], grayish white in the middle, and red around the edges.) swollen gums, which may be irritated and bleed pain in the mouth Aphthous stomatitis may cause the following symptoms: burning or tingling sensation in the mouth prior to the onset of other symptoms skin lesions on the mucous membranes of the mouth, which begin as a red spot or bump, then develop into an open ulcer, which is usually small (one to two millimeters to one centimeter in diameter) (The ulcers can be single or break out in clusters. The ulcers are painful, and the center appears white or yellow with a fibrous texture.

The border of the sore may be bright red.) When to call the doctor Parents should call the doctor if any of the following occur: inability to drink or swallow high temperature fussiness and inability to settle down symptoms not improved after three days If the child appears dehydrated, parents should seek immediate medical attention. Signs include dry lips, the absence of tears when crying, a sinking soft spot on an infant's head, and no urination in eight hours or very dark urine. Parents should also seek care if the child is very weak, tired, or difficult to waken. Diagnosis Stomatitis is diagnosed by the doctor based primarily upon the appearance of the mouth sores. Both herpes and aphthous stomatitis have lesions that are unique in appearance. Although laboratory studies are seldom performed, the physician may order further blood tests or cultures of the lesions in order to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other causes. Treatment The treatment of stomatitis is based upon the problem causing it. For all types, local cleansing and good oral hygiene is fundamental. Sharp-edged foods such as peanuts, tacos, and potato chips should be avoided. A soft-bristled toothbrush should be used, and the teeth and gums should be brushed carefully.

If toothbrushing is too painful, the child should rinse out his mouth with plain water after each meal. Local factors, such as sharp teeth or braces, can be addressed by a dentist or orthodontist. Herpes stomatitis treatment In herpes stomatitis, the most important part of treatment is for parents to keep their child drinking as normally as possible. Bland fluids such as apple juice, liquid flavored gelatin, or lukewarm broth are easiest to drink. Sucking on a Popsicle or sherbet may be soothing. Citrus juices and spicy or salty foods should be avoided. In the event of severe disease, the doctor may use intravenous fluids to prevent dehydration . Acetaminophen may be used for temperatures over 101°F (38.3°C) and to address pain. Medicines that numb the mouth, like viscous lidocaine or topical anesthetics only last for a brief time and, by numbing the mouth, may cause your child to further injure damaged tissues without knowing it. Antibiotics are of no help in treating herpes stomatitis.

However, if the case is particularly severe, the doctor may prescribe an antiviral medication such as acyclovir which, if given at the beginning of the outbreak, may help clear things up faster. Aphthous stomatitis treatment Medical treatment is usually not necessary for aphthous stomatitis, unless the ulcers are severe (larger than one centimeter or lasting longer than two weeks). In this case medical evaluation and treatment may be indicated, and topical or oral tetracycline may be given. However, tetracycline is usually not prescribed for children until after all of their permanent teeth have erupted, as it can permanently discolor teeth that are still forming. Avoid hot or spicy foods to minimize discomfort. Mild mouth washes such as salt water or over-the-counter mouthwashes may help. Over-the-counter topical medications applied to the ulcerated area may reduce discomfort and sooth the area. To prevent bacterial infections from developing, parents should encourage their child to brush and floss teeth regularly. Alternative treatment Placing a spent tea bag on a canker sore may provide comfort. Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), a component of some toothpastes, is a potential cause of canker sores.

In one study, most recurrent canker sores were eliminated just by avoiding SLS-containing toothpaste for three months. Nutritional concerns Some physicians may recommend a variety of dietary measures to treat stomatitis. These may include eating cottage cheese, buttermilk, and yogurt, as well as foods high in B vitamins . Some doctors may recommend supplementation with folic acid, iron, or vitamin B12. Prognosis The prognosis for the resolution of stomatitis is based upon the cause of the problem. Many mouth ulcers are benign and resolve without specific treatment. In the case of herpes stomatitis, complete recovery is expected within ten days without any medical intervention. Oral acyclovir may speed up recovery. Most children are minimally inconvenienced by aphthous stomatitis, because attacks are usually infrequent and only last a few days. Prevention Stomatitis caused by irritants can be prevented by good oral hygiene, regular dental checkups, and good dietary habits. Because so many adults and children carry the herpes virus, and because they can pass it on even if they have no symptoms, there is no practical way to prevent herpes stomatitis.

Parents can, however, discourage their child from kissing, sharing food, or playing in close contact with people who have an active herpes infection. Canker sores may be minimized by teaching children to avoid trauma, even minor trauma, to the mouth, such as hard toothbrushes and rough foods. If the doctor has determined that the child has a nutritional deficiency, parents can insure that the child is taking the appropriate supplements and eating the recommended foods. Avoiding stressful situations may also be beneficial. Parental concerns Most cases of stomatitis in children are benign and resolve within a relatively short period of time. Children with herpes stomatitis may return to school or day care when their fever is gone and the mouth sores are healed. Since aphthous stomatitis is not contagious, there is no need to curtail a child's activities unless they have developed signs of complications, such as infection. See also Canker sores. Resources PERIODICALS Vander Schaaf, Rachelle. "Cool Relief for Canker Sores." Parenting 17, no. 6 (August 1, 2003): 38. ORGANIZATIONS American Dental Association. 211 E.

Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60612. Web site: < WEB SITES "Medical Encyclopedia: Herpetic Stomatitis." Medline Plus January 16, 2004. Available online at < (accessed October 14, 2004). Stine, Annie. "Gingivostomatitis (herpes mouth sores)." Babycenter.com 2004. Available online at < (accessed October 14, 2004). Deanna M. Swartout-Corbeil, RN Joseph Knight, PA KEY TERMS Aphthous stomatitis —A specific type of stomatitis presenting with shallow, painful ulcers. Also known as canker sores. Herpes stomatitis —A form of stomatitis caused by the herpes 1 virus, usually seen in young children. Stomatitis —Inflammation of the mucous lining of any of the structures of the mouth, including the cheeks, gums, tongue, lips, and roof or floor of the mouth.

Cite this article Stomatitis Definition Inflammation of the mucous lining of any of the structures in the mouth, which may involve the cheeks, gums, tongue, lips, and roof or floor of the mouth. The word "stomatitis" literally means inflammation of the mouth. The inflammation can be caused by conditions in the mouth itself, such as poor oral hygiene, poorly fitted dentures, or from mouth burns from hot food or drinks, or by conditions that affect the entire body, such as medications, allergic reactions, or infections. Description Stomatitis is an inflammation of the lining of any of the soft-tissue structures of the mouth. Stomatitis is usually a painful condition, associated with redness, swelling, and occasional bleeding from the affected area. Bad breath (halitosis) may also accompany the condition. Stomatitis affects all age groups, from the infant to the elderly. Causes and symptoms A number of factors can cause stomatitis; it is a fairly common problem in the general adult population in North America . Poorly fitted oral appliances, cheek biting, or jagged teeth can persistently irritate the oral structures.

Chronic mouth breathing due to plugged nasal airways can cause dryness of the mouth tissues, which in turn leads to irritation. Drinking beverages that are too hot can burn the mouth, leading to irritation and pain. Diseases, such as herpetic infections (the common cold sore), gonorrhea, measles, leukemia, AIDS , and lack of vitamin C can present with oral signs. Other systemic diseases associated with stomatitis include inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and Behçet's syndrome, an inflammatory multisystem disorder of unknown cause. Aphthous stomatitis, also known as recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAU) or canker sores, is a specific type of stomatitis that presents with shallow, painful ulcers that are usually located on the lips, cheeks, gums, or roof or floor of the mouth. These ulcers can range from pinpoint size to up to 1 in (2.5 cm) or more in diameter. Though the causes of canker sores are unknown, nutritional deficiencies, especially of vitamin B12, folate, or iron is suspected. Generalized or contact stomatitis can result from excessive use of alcohol, spices, hot food, or tobacco products.

Sensitivity to mouthwashes, toothpastes, and lipstick can irritate the lining of the mouth. Exposure to heavy metals, such as mercury, lead, or bismuth can cause stomatitis. Thrush, a fungal infection, is a type of stomatitis. Diagnosis Diagnosis of stomatitis can be difficult. A patient's history may disclose a dietary deficiency, a systemic disease, or contact with materials causing an allergic reaction. A physical examination is done to evaluate the oral lesions and other skin problems. Blood tests may be done to determine if any infection is present. Scrapings of the lining of the mouth may be sent to the laboratory for microscopic evaluation, or cultures of the mouth may be done to determine if an infectious agent may be the cause of the problem. Treatment The treatment of stomatitis is based on the problem causing it. Local cleansing and good oral hygiene are fundamental. Sharp-edged foods such as peanuts, tacos, and potato chips should be avoided. A soft-bristled toothbrush should be used, and the teeth and gums should be brushed carefully; the patient should avoid banging the toothbrush into the gums. Local factors, such as ill-fitting dental appliances or sharp teeth, can be corrected by a dentist.

An infectious cause can usually be treated with medication. Systemic problems, such as AIDS, leukemia, and anemia are treated by the appropriate medical specialist. Minor mouth burns from hot beverages or hot foods will usually resolve on their own in a week or so. Chronic problems with aphthous stomatitis are treated by first correcting any vitamin B12, iron, or folate deficiencies. If those therapies are unsuccessful, medication can be prescribed which can be applied to each aphthous ulcer with a cotton-tipped applicator. This therapy is successful with a limited number of patients. More recently, low-power treatment with a carbon dioxide laser has been found to relieve the discomfort of recurrent aphthae. Major outbreaks of aphthous stomatitis can be treated with tetracycline antibiotics or corticosteroids. Valacyclovir has been shown to be effective in treating stomatitis caused by herpesviruses. Patients may also be given topical anesthetics (usually a 2% lidocaine gel) to relieve pain and a protective paste (Orabase) or a coating agent like Kaopectate to protect eroded areas from further irritation from dentures, braces, or teeth.

Alternative treatment Alternate treatment of stomatitis mainly involves prevention of the problem. Patients with such dental appliances as dentures should visit their dentist on a regular basis. Patients with systemic diseases or chronic medical problems need to ask their health care provider what types of oral problems they can expect from their particular disease. These patients must also contact their medical clinic at the first sign of problems. Common sense needs to be exercised when consuming hot foods or drinks. Use of tobacco products should be discouraged. Alcohol should be used in moderation. Mouthwashes and toothpastes known to the patient to cause problems should be avoided. Botanical medicine can assist in resolving stomatitis. One herb, calendula (Calendula officinalis ), in tincture form (an alcohol-based herbal extract) and diluted for a mouth rinse, can be quite effective in treating aphthous stomatitis and other manifestations of stomatitis. More recently, a group of researchers in Brazil have reported that an extract made from the leaves of Trichilia glabra, a plant found in South America , is effective in killing several viruses that cause stomatitis. Prognosis The prognosis for the resolution of stomatitis is based on the cause of the problem.

Many local factors can be modified, treated, or avoided. Infectious causes of stomatitis can usually be managed with medication, or, if the problem is being caused by a certain drug, by changing the offending agent. Prevention Stomatitis caused by local irritants can be prevented by good oral hygiene, regular dental checkups, and good dietary habits. Problems with stomatitis caused by systemic disease can be minimized by good oral hygiene and closely following the medical therapy prescribed by the patient's health care provider. Resources BOOKS Beers, Mark H., MD, and Robert Berkow, MD., editors. "Disorders of the Oral Region." In The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Laboratories, 2004. PERIODICALS Cella, M., D. A. Riva, F. C. Coulombie, and S. E. Mersich. "Virucidal Activity Presence in Trichilia glabra Leaves." Revista Argentina de microbiologia 36 (July-September 2004): 136-138. Miller, C. S., L. L. Cunningham, J. E.

Lindroth, and S. A. Avdiushko. "The Efficacy of Valacyclovir in Preventing Recurrent Herpes Simplex Virus Infections Associated with Dental Procedures." Journal of the American Dental Association 135 (September 2004): 1311-1318. Mirowski, Ginat W., DMD, MD, and Christy L. Nebesio. "Aphthous Stomatitis." eMedicine September 24, 2004. 〈〉 . Sciubba, James J., DMD, PhD. "Denture Stomatitis." eMedicine June 11, 2002. 〈〉 . Shulman, J. D., M. M. Beach, and F. Rivera-Hidalgo. "The Prevalence of Oral Mucosal Lesions in U.S. Adults: Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994." Journal of the American Dental Association 135 (September 2004): 1279-1286. Wohlschlaeger, A.

"Prevention and Treatment of Mucositis: A Guide for Nurses." Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing 21 (September-October 2004): 281-287. ORGANIZATIONS American Dental Association. 211 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611. (312) 440-2500. 〈〉 . American Medical Association. 515 N. State St., Chicago, IL 60612. (312) 464-5000. 〈〉 . KEY TERMS Aphthous stomatitis— A specific type of stomatitis presenting with shallow, painful ulcers. Also known as canker sores. Stomatitis— Inflammation of the lining of the mouth, gums, or tongue. Thrush— A form of stomatitis caused by Candida fungi and characterized by cream-colored or bluish patches on the tongue, mouth, or pharynx. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. MLA

Question: In medicine, stomatitis affects which part of the body?
Answer: Mouth