Learn and talk about Coprophagia, Eating behaviors, Ethology, Feces, Pica (disorder) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A female Oriental latrine fly ( Chrysomya megacephala ) feeds on feces. Coprophagia /kɒp.rə.ˈfeɪ.dʒi.ə/ [1] or coprophagy /kəˈprɒfədʒiː/ is the consumption of feces . The word is derived from the Greek κόπρος copros, "feces" and φαγεῖν phagein, "to eat". Coprophagy refers to many kinds of feces-eating, including eating feces of other species (heterospecifics), of other individuals (allocoprophagy), or one's own (autocoprophagy) – those once deposited or taken directly from the anus . [2] In humans, coprophagia has been observed in individuals with mental illness. Some animal species eat feces as a normal behavior; other species may not normally consume feces but do so under very unusual conditions.

Contents Two Adonis blue butterflies lap at a small lump of feces lying on a rock. A female picture-winged fly feeding on feces Coprophagous insects consume and redigest the feces of large animals. These feces contain substantial amounts of semi-digested food , particularly in the case of herbivores , owing to the inefficiency of the large animals' digestive systems . Two feces-eating insects are the dung-beetle and certain species of fly . Termites eat one another's feces as a means of obtaining their hindgut protists . Termites and protists have a symbiotic relationship (e.g. with the protozoan that allows the termites to digest the cellulose in their diet). For example, in one group of termites, there is a three-way symbiotic relationship: termites of the family Rhinotermitidae, cellulolytic protists of the genus Pseudotrichonympha in the guts of these termites, and intracellular bacterial symbionts of the protists. [5] Vertebrates[ edit ] Domesticated and wild mammals are known to consume feces. In the wild they either bury or eat waste to protect their trail from predators.

Mothers of certain species are known to eat the feces of their newborn young during the earliest phase after birth, presumably to eliminate cues to potential predators and to keep the den clean.[ citation needed ] Dogs may be coprophagic, possibly to rebalance their microbiome or to ingest missing nutrients. [6] Species within the Lagomorpha ( rabbits , hares , and pikas ) produce two types of fecal pellets: hard ones, and soft ones called cecotropes . Animals in these species reingest their cecotropes, to extract further nutrients. Cecotropes derive from chewed plant material that collects in the cecum , a chamber between the large and small intestine, containing large quantities of symbiotic bacteria that help with the digestion of cellulose and also produce certain B vitamins. After being excreted, they are eaten whole by the animal and redigested in a special part of the stomach. The pellets remain intact for up to six hours in the stomach; the bacteria within continue to digest the plant carbohydrates.

This double-digestion process enables these animals to use nutrients that they may have missed during the first passage through the gut, as well as the nutrients formed by the microbial activity and thus ensures that maximum nutrition is derived from the food they eat. [7] This process serves the same purpose within these animals as rumination (cud-chewing) does in cattle and sheep. [8] Cattle in the United States are often fed chicken litter . There are concerns that the practice of feeding chicken litter to cattle could lead to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad-cow disease) because of the crushed bone meal in chicken feed. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulates this practice by attempting to prevent the introduction of any part of a cow's brain or spinal cord into livestock feed. [9] Other countries, like Canada, have banned chicken litter for use as a livestock feed. [10] The young of elephants , giant pandas , koalas and hippos eat the feces of their mothers or other animals in the herd, in order to obtain the bacteria required to properly digest vegetation found in their ecosystems. [11] When such animals are born, their intestines are sterile and do not contain these bacteria.

Without doing this they would be unable to obtain any nutritional value from plants. Hamsters, guinea pigs , chinchillas and naked mole-rat eat their own droppings, which are thought to be a source of vitamins B and K , produced by gut bacteria.[ citation needed ] Gorillas have been recorded to consume their feces extremely rarely, possibly out of boredom, a desire for warm food, or to reingest seeds contained in the feces. [12] Pigs sometimes eat the feces of herbivores that leave a significant amount of semi-digested matter, including their own. In some cultures it was common for poor families to collect horse feces to feed their pigs, which contributes to the risk of parasite infection.[ citation needed ]The pig toilet is an application of porcine coprophagy to human sanitation . Plants[ edit ] Some carnivorous plants, such as pitcher plants of the genus Nepenthes , obtain nourishment from the feces of commensal animals. [13] [14] History[ edit ] Lewin reported that "...

consumption of fresh, warm camel feces has been recommended by Bedouins as a remedy for bacterial dysentery ; its efficacy (probably attributable to the antibiotic subtilisin from Bacillus subtilis ) was anecdotally confirmed by German soldiers in Africa during World War II". [15] Centuries ago, physicians tasted their patients' feces, to better judge their state and condition. [16] Society and culture[ edit ] Coprophagia is depicted in pornography , usually under the term scat (from scatology ). [17] The 120 Days of Sodom , a novel by the Marquis de Sade written in 1785, is full of detailed descriptions of erotic sadomasochistic coprophagia. [18] Thomas Pynchon 's award-winning 1973 novel Gravity's Rainbow contains a detailed scene of coprophagia. [19] François Rabelais , in his classic Gargantua and Pantagruel , often employs the expression mâche-merde or mâchemerde, meaning shit-chewer.

This in turn comes from the Greek comedians Aristophanes and particularly Menander , who often use the term skatophagos (σκατοϕάγος). [20] The Austrian actor and pornographic director Simon Thaur created the series "Avantgarde Extreme" and "Portrait Extrem", which explores coprophagy, coprophilia and urophagia. Modern Russian writer Vladimir Sorokin 's novel Norma describes a society where coprophagia is institutionalised and mandatory. The comic book author Kalem Enginar used the Turkish name for a feces-eating fly, the Ferdogan, as a character in his graphic novel Dark Lightbulbs. Original courtesy of Wikipedia: — Please support Wikipedia. This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia . A portion of the proceeds from advertising on Digplanet goes to supporting Wikipedia. We're sorry, but there's no news about "Coprophagia" right now. Limit to books that you can completely read online Include partial books (book previews) Oops, we seem to be having trouble contacting Twitter Support Wikipedia A portion of the proceeds from advertising on Digplanet goes to supporting Wikipedia. Please add your support for Wikipedia!

Searchlight Group Digplanet also receives support from Searchlight Group. Visit Searchlight Copyright © 2009-2017 Digparty. All rights reserved. Coprophagia : Wikis (The Full Wiki) The Full Wiki Coprophagia: Wikis Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . Related top topics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A female Oriental Latrine Fly ( Chrysomya megacephala ) feeds on animal feces. Coprophagia is the consumption of feces , from the Greek κόπρος copros ("feces") and φαγεῖν phagein ("to eat"). Many animal species practice coprophagia as a matter of course; other species do not normally consume feces but may do so under unusual conditions. Coprophagy refers to many kind of feces eating including eating feces of other species (heterospecifics), other individuals (allocoprophagy), or its own (autocoprophagy), those once deposited or taken directly from the anus .

[1] Contents Two Common Blue butterflies consume a small lump of feces lying on a rock. A female Physiphora alceae feeding on feces in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Coprophagous insects consume and redigest the feces of large animals. These feces contain substantial amounts of semi-digested food ( herbivores ' digestive systems are especially inefficient). The most notable feces-eating insect is the dung-beetle and the most ubiquitous is the fly . Pigs, like the above insects, will eat the feces of herbivores that leave a significant amount of semi-digested matter. In certain cultures, it was common for poor families to collect horse feces to feed their pigs. Pigs are also known to eat their own feces and even human feces as well. However, domesticated pigs should not be allowed to eat any sort of feces, as this contributes to the risk of parasite infection. Perhaps for reasons associated with pigs' ready coprophagy, pork was scripturally banned as human food first in the Old Testament and then the Qur'an .

Practicing Jews, Seventh Day Adventists and Muslims familiar with this behavior by pigs may cite it as an additional important reason why pork should not be eaten.[citation needed] Capybara , rabbits , hamsters and other related species do not have a complex ruminant digestive system. Instead they extract more nutrition from grass by giving their food a second pass through the gut . Soft fecal pellets of partially digested food are excreted and generally consumed immediately. They also produce normal droppings , which are not eaten. Young elephants , pandas , koalas , and hippos eat the feces of their mother to obtain the bacteria required to properly digest vegetation found on the savanna and in the jungle . When they are born, their intestines do not contain these bacteria (they are completely sterile). Without them, they would be unable to obtain any nutritional value from plants . Gorillas eat their own feces and the feces of other gorillas. Similar behavior has also been observed among Chimpanzees . Such behavior may serve to improve absorption of vitamins or of nutritive elements made available from the re-ingestion of seeds.

Hamsters , guinea pigs and chinchillas eat their own droppings, which are thought to be a source of vitamins B and K , produced by bacteria in the gut. Apes have been observed eating horse feces for the salt content. Monkeys have been observed eating elephant feces. Coprophagia also has been observed in the naked mole rat . Coprophagia in dogs Coprophagia is a behavior often observed in dogs . Hofmeister, Cumming, and Dhein (2001) wrote that this behavior in dogs has not been well-researched and prepared a study. [2] In a preliminary paper , they write that there are various hypotheses for this behavior in canines , although none have been proven: Dogs might want attention from their caretakers. Food allergies , leading to malabsorption The dogs might be hungry , such as when eating routines are changed, food is withheld, or nutrients are not properly absorbed. Carnivores may sometimes eat or roll in the feces of their prey to ingest and exude scents that mask their own. Another hypothesis is that dogs want to investigate the diet of their opponents and get more acquainted with their smell.

Some veterinarians recommend adding meat tenderizer to dog food, as this makes the feces taste excessively bad to dogs. Several companies produce food additives that can also be added to the animal's food to make feces taste bad. Often, these food additives will contain Capsicum Oleoresin , which gives off a repugnant odor making the fecal matter undesirable to the dog. Coprophagia in humans Sexual aspects Coprophagia is uncommon in humans. A subset of coprophiles engage in this practice. Psychologists using the classification system of the DSM-IV would consider this to be a symptom of the paraphilia known as coprophilia . Coprophagia is also sometimes depicted in pornography , usually under the term "scat". [3] Medical aspects From the medical literature, coprophagia has been observed in a small number of patients with schizophrenia , [4] depression , [5] and pica . [6] Consuming other people's feces carries the risk of contracting diseases and bacteria spread through fecal matter, such as E. coli , Hepatitis A , Hepatitis E , pneumonia , polio , and influenza . Coprophagia also carries a risk of contracting intestinal parasites .

Lewin (2001) reports that "... consumption of fresh, warm camel feces has been recommended by Bedouins as a remedy for bacterial dysentery ; its efficacy (probably attributable to the antibiotic subtilisin from Bacillus subtilis ) was confirmed by German soldiers in Africa during World War II ." [7] The introduction of foreign bacteria into the human GI tract via infusion of fecal enemas is, moreover, an established medical practice in cases of ulcerative colitis, especially where the patient's own intestinal flora has been significantly depleted by antibiotic therapy applied for other maladies. [8] Cultural aspects Kopi Luwak is a coffee made from coffee beans that have been ingested and excreted by the Asian Palm Civet . Punk musician and performance artist GG Allin often engaged in coprophagia during his performances. Divine was well known for her consumption of dog feces at the conclusion of Pink Flamingos . In one scene of the film Salò , adolescent prisoners are fed feces at a dinner banquet; another scene also has a man defecating and forcing a girl to eat his feces.

Coprophagia came into recent spotlight after viral video 2 Girls 1 Cup spread on the Internet in 2007. Serial killer Albert Fish was known to indulge on coprophagia, amongst other types of masochism. In the film Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me, a visual gag shows Austin unwittingly drinking the feces of Fat Bastard believing it to be coffee. In the film Young Guns II , prisoners are fed horse feces as their only source of nourishment. Notes Coprophagia - Wikipedia, Photos and Videos Coprophagia NEXT GO TO RESULTS [51 .. 100] WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE Jump to: navigation , search Not to be confused with Coprographia . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2016) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A female Oriental latrine fly ( Chrysomya megacephala ) feeds on feces.

Coprophagia /kɒp.rə.ˈfeɪ.dʒi.ə/ [1] or coprophagy /kəˈprɒfədʒiː/ is the consumption of feces . The word is derived from the Greek κόπρος copros, "feces" and φαγεῖν phagein, "to eat". Coprophagy refers to many kinds of feces-eating, including eating feces of other species (heterospecifics), of other individuals (allocoprophagy), or one's own (autocoprophagy) – those once deposited or taken directly from the anus . [2] In humans, coprophagia has been observed in individuals with mental illness. Some animal species eat feces as a normal behavior; other species may not normally consume feces but do so under very unusual conditions. Contents Two Adonis blue butterflies lap at a small lump of feces lying on a rock. A female picture-winged fly feeding on feces Coprophagous insects consume and redigest the feces of large animals.

These feces contain substantial amounts of semi-digested food , particularly in the case of herbivores , owing to the inefficiency of the large animals' digestive systems . Two feces-eating insects are the dung-beetle and certain species of fly . Termites eat one another's feces as a means of obtaining their hindgut protists . Termites and protists have a symbiotic relationship (e.g. with the protozoan that allows the termites to digest the cellulose in their diet). For example, in one group of termites, there is a three-way symbiotic relationship: termites of the family Rhinotermitidae, cellulolytic protists of the genus Pseudotrichonympha in the guts of these termites, and intracellular bacterial symbionts of the protists. [5] Vertebrates[ edit ] Domesticated and wild mammals are known to consume feces. In the wild they either bury or eat waste to protect their trail from predators.

Mothers of certain species are known to eat the feces of their newborn young during the earliest phase after birth, presumably to eliminate cues to potential predators and to keep the den clean.[ citation needed ] Dogs may be coprophagic, possibly to rebalance their microbiome or to ingest missing nutrients. [6] Species within the Lagomorpha ( rabbits , hares , and pikas ) produce two types of fecal pellets: hard ones, and soft ones called cecotropes . Animals in these species reingest their cecotropes, to extract further nutrients. Cecotropes derive from chewed plant material that collects in the cecum , a chamber between the large and small intestine, containing large quantities of symbiotic bacteria that help with the digestion of cellulose and also produce certain B vitamins. After excretion of the soft cecotrope , it is again eaten whole by the animal and redigested in a special part of the stomach. The pellets remain intact for up to six hours in the stomach; the bacteria within continue to digest the plant carbohydrates.

This double-digestion process enables these animals to use nutrients that they may have missed during the first passage through the gut, as well as the nutrients formed by the microbial activity and thus ensures that maximum nutrients are derived from the food they eat. [7] This process serves the same purpose within these animals as rumination (cud-chewing) does in cattle and sheep. [8] Cattle in the United States are often fed chicken litter . There are concerns that the practice of feeding chicken litter to cattle could lead to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad-cow disease) because of the crushed bone meal in chicken feed. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulates this practice by attempting to prevent the introduction of any part of a cow's brain or spinal cord into livestock feed. [9] Other countries, like Canada, have banned chicken litter for use as a livestock feed. [10] The young of elephants , giant pandas , koalas and hippos eat the feces of their mothers or other animals in the herd, in order to obtain the bacteria required to properly digest vegetation found in their ecosystems. [11] When such animals are born, their intestines are sterile and do not contain these bacteria.

Without doing this they would be unable to obtain any nutritional value from plants. Hamsters, guinea pigs , chinchillas and naked mole-rat eat their own droppings, which are thought to be a source of vitamins B and K , produced by gut bacteria.[ citation needed ] Gorillas have been recorded to consume their feces extremely rarely, possibly out of boredom, a desire for warm food, or to reingest seeds contained in the feces. [12] Pigs sometimes eat the feces of herbivores that leave a significant amount of semi-digested matter, including their own. In some cultures it was common for poor families to collect horse feces to feed their pigs, which contributes to the risk of parasite infection.[ citation needed ]The pig toilet is an application of porcine coprophagy to human sanitation . Plants[ edit ] Some carnivorous plants, such as pitcher plants of the genus Nepenthes , obtain nourishment from the feces of commensal animals. [13] [14] History[ edit ] Lewin reported that "...

consumption of fresh, warm camel feces has been recommended by Bedouins as a remedy for bacterial dysentery ; its efficacy (probably attributable to the antibiotic subtilisin from Bacillus subtilis ) was anecdotally confirmed by German soldiers in Africa during World War II". [15] Centuries ago, physicians tasted their patients' feces, to better judge their state and condition. [16] Society and culture[ edit ] Coprophagia is depicted in pornography , usually under the term scat (from scatology ). [17] The 120 Days of Sodom , a novel by the Marquis de Sade written in 1785, is full of detailed descriptions of erotic sadomasochistic coprophagia. [18] Thomas Pynchon 's award-winning 1973 novel Gravity's Rainbow contains a detailed scene of coprophagia. [19] François Rabelais , in his classic Gargantua and Pantagruel , often employs the expression mâche-merde or mâchemerde, meaning shit-chewer.

This in turn comes from the Greek comedians Aristophanes and particularly Menander , who often use the term skatophagos (σκατοϕάγος). [20] The Austrian actor and pornographic director Simon Thaur created the series "Avantgarde Extreme" and "Portrait Extrem", which explores coprophagy, coprophilia and urophagia. Modern Russian writer Vladimir Sorokin 's novel Norma describes a society where coprophagia is institutionalised and mandatory. The comic book author Kalem Enginar used the Turkish name for a feces-eating fly, the Ferdogan, as a character in his graphic novel Dark Lightbulbs. Coprophagia : definition of Coprophagia and synonyms of Coprophagia (English) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (May 2008) A female Oriental Latrine Fly ( Chrysomya megacephala ) feeds on animal feces.

Coprophagia or coprophagy is the consumption of feces , from the Greek κόπρος copros ("feces") and φαγεῖν phagein ("to eat"). Many animal species practice coprophagia as a matter of course; other species do not normally consume feces but may do so under unusual conditions. Coprophagy refers to many kinds of feces eating including eating feces of other species (heterospecifics), other individuals (allocoprophagy), or its own (autocoprophagy), those once deposited or taken directly from the anus . [1] Contents 5 External links In plants and animals Some carnivorous plants, such as pitcher plants of the genus Nepenthes , obtain nourishment from the feces of commensal animals. Two Common Blue butterflies lap at a small lump of feces lying on a rock. A female fly feeding on feces Coprophagous insects consume and redigest the feces of large animals. These feces contain substantial amounts of semi-digested food ( herbivores ' digestive systems are especially inefficient). The most notable feces-eating insect is the dung-beetle and the most common is the fly .

Termites eat their mother's feces as a means of obtaining their hindgut protists . Termites and protists have a symbiotic relationship that allows the termites to digest the cellulose in their diet via the protists. It has also been proposed that hormones are passed to offspring in this way.[ citation needed ] Pigs , like the above insects, will eat the feces of herbivores that leave a significant amount of semi-digested matter, including their own. In certain cultures it was common for poor families to collect horse feces to feed their pigs. However, allowing domestic pigs to consume feces contributes to the risk of parasite infection. Cattle in the United States are often fed chicken litter due to the high amount of protein and low cost of the feed versus other sources of protein. It has been reported that this process is made safe in regards to bacteria loading by heating the chicken litter to 160 °F (71 °C) prior to consumption. There are, however, concerns that the practice of feeding chicken litter to cattle could lead to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad-cow disease) because of the crushed bone meal in chicken feed. The U.S.

Food and Drug Administration regulates this practice by attempting to prevent the introduction of any part of a cow's brain or spinal cord into livestock feed. [2] Other countries, like Canada, have banned chicken litter for use as a livestock feed. Capybara , rabbits , hamsters and other related species do not have a complex ruminant digestive system. Instead they are hindgut fermenters that digest cellulose via microbial fermentation. In addition, they extract further nutrition from grass by giving their food a second pass through the gut . Soft fecal pellets of partially digested food are excreted and generally consumed immediately. Consuming these cecotropes is important for adequate nutritional intake of vitamin B12 . They also produce normal droppings , which are not eaten. Young elephants , pandas , koalas , and hippos eat the feces of their mothers or other animals in the herd to obtain the bacteria required to properly digest vegetation found on the savanna and in the jungle . [3] When they are born, their intestines do not contain these bacteria (they are completely sterile). Without them, they would be unable to obtain any nutritional value from plants. Gorillas eat their own feces and the feces of other gorillas.

Similar behavior has also been observed among chimpanzees . Such behavior may serve to improve absorption of vitamins or of nutritive elements made available from the re-ingestion of seeds. Hamsters, guinea pigs and chinchillas eat their own droppings, which are thought to be a source of vitamins B and K , produced by bacteria in the gut. Apes have been observed eating horse feces for the salt content. Monkeys have been observed eating elephant feces. Coprophagia also has been observed in the naked mole rat . Cat mothers are known to eat the feces of their newborn kittens during the very earliest phase after birth, presumably to eliminate cues to potential predators and to keep the den clean. Both domesticated and wild mammals are known to consume feces. In the wild they either bury or eat waste to protect their trail from predators. In species of cats, the dominant feline openly displays feces. In domesticated mammals, choosing not to offend the dominant owner, they eat or more prominently bury waste. In the novel Jurassic Park , Procompsognathus (i.e. "compys") consume the excrement of sauropods and in doing so help keep the park clean.

[4] In human beings Medical aspects Fecal bacteriotherapy is when feces from a close relative or spouse are given to patients suffering from intractable diarrhea caused by Clostridium difficile . The purpose is to repopulate the intestines with the normal gut flora (intestinal bacteria ) to decimate the clostridium. The healthy stool is administered by nasogastric tube , enema , or in a capsule . Consuming other people's feces carries the risk of contracting diseases and bacteria spread through fecal matter, such as E. coli , Hepatitis A , Hepatitis E , pneumonia , polio , and influenza . Coprophagia also carries a risk of contracting intestinal parasites . Lewin (2001) reports that "...

consumption of fresh, warm camel feces has been recommended by Bedouins as a remedy for bacterial dysentery ; its efficacy (probably attributable to the antibiotic subtilisin from Bacillus subtilis ) was confirmed by German soldiers in Africa during World War II ." [5] The introduction of foreign bacteria into the human GI tract via infusion of fecal enemas is, moreover, an established medical practice in cases of ulcerative colitis, especially where the patient's own intestinal flora has been significantly depleted by antibiotic therapy applied for other maladies. [6] From the psychiatry literature, coprophagia has been observed in a small number of patients with schizophrenia , [7] depression , [8] and pica . [9] Centuries ago, physicians used to taste their patients' excretions , to better judge their state and condition. [10] Sexual aspects Some coprophiles engage in this practice. Psychiatrists using the classification system of the DSM-IV would consider this a symptom of the paraphilia called coprophilia "if the behavior, sexual urges, or fantasies cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning".

Coprophagia is also depicted in pornography , usually under the term scat (from scatology ). [11] In literature François Rabelais , in his classic Gargantua and Pantagruel , often employs the expression mâche-merde or mâchemerde, meaning shit-chewer. It is in turn a citation of the Greek comedians Aristophanes and particularly Menander , which often use the term skatophagos (σκατοϕάγος). [12] In one dialogue, Rabelais speaks of coprophagia as a Christian gesture, saying that monks swallow the shit of the world, that is the sins, and for this they are ostracized by society. [13] Thomas Pynchon 's award winning novel Gravity's Rainbow , contains a very detailed scene of coprophagia. [14] coprophagia coprophagia Summary: Eating of excrement.

Top Publications Effective treatment of coprophagia in a patient with schizophrenia with the novel atypical antipsychotic drug perospirone K I Harada Coprophagia in an elderly man: a case report and review of the literature David A Beck University of Missouri Columbia, USA Int J Psychiatry Med 35:417-27. 2005 Comparison of two treatments for preventing dogs eating their own faeces D L Wells Canine Behaviour Centre, School of Psychology, Queen s University of Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN Vet Rec 153:51-3. 2003 On the possible adaptive value of coprophagy in free-ranging chimpanzees Sabrina Krief Eco anthropologie, 4 av du petit château, 91800 Brunoy, France Primates 45:141-5. 2004 A case of coprophagia presenting with sialadenitis C A Donnellan Department of Geriatric Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospitals, UK Age Ageing 28:233-4.

1999 Coprophagy in young laboratory rat V Novakova Institute of Physiology, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague Physiol Bohemoslov 38:21-8. 1989 Effects of diet on clinical signs of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in dogs Elias Westermarck Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Hämeentie 57, 00014 Finland J Am Vet Med Assoc 228:225-9. 2006 Behaviors and nutritional importance of coprophagy in captive adult and young nutrias (Myocastor coypus) T Takahashi Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Okayama University, Japan J Comp Physiol B 168:281-8.

1998 [Space and time distribution along a succesional gradient of coprofagous coleopterans (Scarabaeinae, Aphodiinae) fauna in a tropical mountain forest, Nariño, Colombia] F Escobar Departamento de Biologia, Universidad del Valle, Apartado Aéreo 25360 Cali, Valle Colombia Rev Biol Trop 48:961-75. 2000 Scientific Experts Detail Information Publications93 Effective treatment of coprophagia in a patient with schizophrenia with the novel atypical antipsychotic drug perospirone K I Harada Pharmacopsychiatry 39:113. 2006 Here we report on a patient with schizophrenia who suffered from medication-refractory coprophagia. Although there were few cases in which psychotropic medication was effective against coprophagia, we encountered a patient with .. Coprophagia in an elderly man: a case report and review of the literature David A Beck University of Missouri Columbia, USA Int J Psychiatry Med 35:417-27.

2005 b>Coprophagia or the ingestion of feces has long been associated with psychiatric illness. It is considered to be a variant of pica. This behavior requires an extensive medical and psychiatric differential diagnosis... Comparison of two treatments for preventing dogs eating their own faeces D L Wells Canine Behaviour Centre, School of Psychology, Queen s University of Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN Vet Rec 153:51-3. 2003 ..The behavioural problem was reduced most effectively in the dogs treated with the spray collar, and continued to decrease during the period of treatment... Coprophagy in dogs On the possible adaptive value of coprophagy in free-ranging chimpanzees Sabrina Krief Eco anthropologie, 4 av du petit château, 91800 Brunoy, France Primates 45:141-5. 2004 ..These seeds were either whole and hard or whole/broken and soft imbibed. A mechanical and/or chemical effect of the gut passage may enable the chimpanzees to chew and ingest the seeds, thus providing nutritional intake...

A case of coprophagia presenting with sialadenitis C A Donnellan Department of Geriatric Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospitals, UK Age Ageing 28:233-4. 1999 ..On two occasions she developed submandibular masses. Faeces were aspirated from her mouth and a diagnosis made of recurrent submandibular sialadenitis secondary to coprophagia. Coprophagy in young laboratory rat V Novakova Institute of Physiology, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague Physiol Bohemoslov 38:21-8. 1989 ..This early hyperphagy had later consequences for the feeding behaviour of adult males, which looked for food and consumed it more intensively in a new environment and also hoarded it. Defensive behaviour was not affected... Effects of diet on clinical signs of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in dogs Elias Westermarck Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Hämeentie 57, 00014 Finland J Am Vet Med Assoc 228:225-9.

2006 ..To assess the effects of dietary modification on clinical signs of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) in dogs... Behaviors and nutritional importance of coprophagy in captive adult and young nutrias (Myocastor coypus) T Takahashi Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Okayama University, Japan J Comp Physiol B 168:281-8. 1998 ..To Met and Lys intake the contribution of soft feces was 26% and 19%, respectively in adult animals. These results suggest that coprophagy is quite an effective manner for nutrias to ingest extra protein... [Space and time distribution along a succesional gradient of coprofagous coleopterans (Scarabaeinae, Aphodiinae) fauna in a tropical mountain forest, Nariño, Colombia] F Escobar Departamento de Biologia, Universidad del Valle, Apartado Aéreo 25360 Cali, Valle Colombia Rev Biol Trop 48:961-75.

2000 ..26; P = 0.41), nor between rainfall and number of individuals collected throughout the year (r2 = 0.07; P = 0.84). For all species the number of individuals collected decreased during dry season and during the onset of the rainy season... Thyrotoxicosis in a dog induced by the consumption of feces from a levothyroxine-supplemented housemate Steven R Shadwick Animal Emergency and Referral Center of Minnesota, 1163 Helmo Avenue North, Oakdale, Minnesota 55128, USA Shadwick University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1008 West Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61802, USA Ridgway, Kubier Can Vet J 54:987-9. 2013 ..Clinical signs resolved and serum thyroxine decreased to normal levels in the affected dog with prevention of coprophagy. ..

Lack of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) induction in the rat liver by starvation without coprophagy H C Chung College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Sillim dong, Kwanak gu, Seoul 151 742, South Korea Drug Metab Dispos 29:213-6. 2001 ..These results provide evidence that CYP2E1 is not induced by starvation without coprophagy, raising the contention that the mechanistic basis for CYP2E1 induction by starvation should be reevaluated... Fossilized soft tissues in a Silurian platyceratid gastropod M D Sutton Department of Earth Sciences and Engineering, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK Proc Biol Sci 273:1039-44. 2006 ..Analysis of the new material suggests that a patellogastropod affinity is the more plausible of these hypotheses...

Neutrophils and tumour necrosis factor-alpha are important for controlling early gastrointestinal stages of experimental murine listeriosis J W Conlan Trudeau Institute Inc, Saranac Lake, New York 12983, USA J Med Microbiol 46:239-50. 1997 ..monocytogenes infection initiated by a natural (in this case the oral) route, as well as in the control of subsequent systemic infection... Nutritional responses to different diet quality in the subterranean rodent Ctenomys talarum (tuco-tucos) Natalia S Martino Laboratorio de Ecofisiologia, Departamento de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, CC 1245, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 147:974-82. 2007 ..Feces reingestion was not associated to resting. Furthermore, it was observed during fresh food ingestion, being pellets chewed. Soft and hard feces differed in morphological and nutritional characteristics...

Canine exocrine pancreatic insufficiency treated with porcine pancreatic extract Ju Won Kim Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea J Vet Sci 6:263-6. 2005 ..intact female Maltese dog was presented because of a history of chronic diarrhea, polyphagia, weight loss, and coprophagia. The patient was severely emaciated and evacuated very moist and four-smelling, yellow feces... False-positive Trichuris suis egg counts in pigs in relation to coprophagia J Boes Danish Centre for Experimental Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg C, Denmark Parasite 5:91-3. 1998 ..A significant correlation was found between T. suis egg counts of infected and control pigs penned together (r = 0.89, P < 0.001). These results suggest that false-positive faecal egg counts may be the result of coprophagia.

Cannibalism and coprophagy are modes of transmission of Blastocrithidia triatomae (Trypanosomatidae) between triatomines G A Schaub Institut für Biologie I Zoologie, Albert Ludwigs Universitat, Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany J Protozool 36:171-5. 1989 ..Blastocrithidia triatomae in dry feces was taken up only if the feces were redissolved in fresh feces. Infections also appeared in groups of bugs fed on chickens previously used for feeding infected bugs... Feeding and drinking behavior problems K A Houpt Behavior Clinic, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 21:281-98. 1991 ..behavior include obesity and anorexia in both species, flank or blanket sucking in Doberman Pinschers, coprophagia and stone chewing in dogs, and wool chewing in cats...

Cecotrophy behavior and use of urea as non-protein nitrogen (NPN) source for capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) Sérgio Luiz Gama Nogueira-Filho Laboratório de Nutrição de Animais Silvestres, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Jorge Amado km 16, 45662 900, Ilheus, Bahia, Brazil Trop Anim Health Prod 45:1703-8. 2013 ..The replacement of soybean meal with urea in capybara diet is not recommended. .. Following an imaginary Campylobacter population from farm to fork and beyond: a bacterial perspective T M Wassenaar Molecular Microbiology and Genomics Consultants, Zotzenheim, Germany Lett Appl Microbiol 53:253-63. 2011 ..The indirect environmental burden that results from poultry production should not be ignored as it may pose a diffuse, but possibly significant risk factor for disease...

Differences in coprophilous beetle communities structure in Sierra de Minas (Uruguay): a mosaic landscape Patricia González-Vainer Seccion Entomologia, Depto de Biologia Animal, Fac de Ciencias, Montevideo, Uruguay Neotrop Entomol 41:366-74. 2012 ..Typifying species in pastures were Onthophagus hirculus, Ateuchus robustus (Harold), and Ataenius platensis Blanchard. Habitat type had a strong effect on the coprophilous beetle community structure and composition... Rhinoscopic diagnosis of Eucoleus boehmi infection in a dog Mieke Baan Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, USA J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 47:60-3. 2011 ..The dog was successfully treated with a 2 wk course of fenbendazole and measures preventing reinfection through coprophagia. Patients with chronic nasal discharge should have a fecal examination performed to rule out infection with E...

[Etiology of and therapy for coprophagia] R C Nap Suspected carprofen toxicosis caused by coprophagia in a dog Rae G Hutchins Departments of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA J Am Vet Med Assoc 243:709-11. 2013 ..A 1-year-old spayed female mixed-breed dog was evaluated because of urinary incontinence, polyuria, polydipsia, and minimally concentrated urine... Erythrocyte copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase is increased following marginal copper deficiency in adult and postweanling mice Katie C Lassi Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN J Nutr 142:292-7. 2012 ..The CuD mice in Expt. 2 were more deficient than the CuD mice in Expt. 1, likely due to coprophagia differences. In fact, the CuD mice in Expt. 1 had unaltered Sod1 or Cp levels...

Intake, selection, digesta retention, digestion and gut fill of two coprophageous species, rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus), on a hay-only diet R Franz Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 95:564-70. 2011 ..A lighter digestive tract could contribute to a peculiarity of lagomorphs: their ability to run faster than other similar-sized mammals... Effect of ivermectin on the survival and fecundity of Euoniticellus intermedius (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Magdalena Cruz Rosales Red de Ecoetología, Instituto de Ecologia, A C Carretera a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa 91070, Veracruz, Mexico Rev Biol Trop 60:333-45.

2012 ..The prolonging of development time may cause a phase lag in the field activity cycle, this lag may reduce the number of E. intermedius individuals and the efficiency of the environmental services that they provide... Investigation on the growth of coprophagy-prevented rats with supplemented vitamin B12 S Sukemori Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 90:402-6. 2006 ..Vitamin B12 supplementation was not able to raise feed intake significantly and hence it obviously was not a severely limiting factor under the respective experimental condition which depressed feed intake... Effects of coprophagy on serum urea and the weight of the gastrointestinal tract of fed or fasted rats S Levine Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in pigeons Olga Amann Division of Avian and Exotic Animal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Universiteit Utrecht, Yalelaan 8, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands Avian Pathol 35:58-62.

2006 ..was based on clinical signs due to malabsorption-like light-coloured voluminous faeces, voracious appetite, coprophagia and weight loss, and on the response to treatment with pancreatic enzyme formulas... Defecation behavior and ecology of insects Martha R Weiss Biology Department, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA Annu Rev Entomol 51:635-61. 2006 ..As is true for foraging, ecological interactions involving defecation may have far-reaching evolutionary consequences and merit further study... Coprophagy by wild ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) in human-disturbed locations adjacent to the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar Krista D Fish Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80301, USA Am J Primatol 69:713-8. 2007 ..Coprophagy in this population may be a behavioral adaptation that provides animals access to energy and nutrients and may be an important nutritional source for older, and/or dentally impaired individuals during the dry season... Demonstrating coprophagy with passage markers?

The example of the plains viscacha (Lagostomus maximus) Marcus Clauss Division of Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 147:453-9. 2007 .... [Dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) of the northwestern slope of the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, Colombia] Neis J Martínez Functional analysis and treatment of coprophagia Anna D Ing Munroe Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, USA J Appl Behav Anal 44:151-5. 2011 In the current investigation, functional analysis results suggested that coprophagia, the ingestion of fecal matter, was maintained by automatic reinforcement... Rectocele in children: a case report Sunny Z Hussain Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA J Pediatr Surg 45:e35-8.

2010 ..A more vigilant approach may have implications in the prevention of more severe rectal and uterovaginal prolapse in the future... Innate olfactory preferences in dung beetles Laurent Dormont Centre d Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS UMR 5175, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France J Exp Biol 213:3177-86. 2010 ..Further experiments should examine whether Agrilinus adults can learn new dung odours, and whether larval diet may influence the behaviour of adults in other coprophagous species... Surgical extractions for periodontal disease in a Western Lowland gorilla John F Huff VCA Alameda East Veterinary Hospital, Denver, CO 80247, USA J Vet Dent 27:24-32. 2010 ..This case report includes a review of gorilla dental anatomy, oral disease in primates, pathogenesis of periodontal disease, predisposing factors to periodontal disease, and principles of surgical tooth extraction...

Shark-bitten vertebrate coprolites from the Miocene of Maryland Stephen J Godfrey Department of Paleontology, Calvert Marine Museum, P O Box 97, Solomons, MD 20688, USA Naturwissenschaften 97:461-7. 2010 ..Shark behaviors that could account for these impressions include: (1) aborted coprophagy, (2) benthic or nektonic exploration, or (3) predation... Effect of D-mannitol on feed digestion and cecotrophic system in rabbits Hamza Hanieh Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan Anim Sci J 80:157-62. 2009 ..05). These results suggest the possibility of using D-mannitol as a stimulator of cecal microbial growth and cellulolytic activity, and therefore, improved rabbits performance...

Coprophagy-related interspecific nocturnal interactions between Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui) and sika deer (Cervus nippon yakushimae) Mari Nishikawa Human Evolution Studies, Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo ku, Kyoto, 606 8502, Japan Primates 51:95-9. 2010 ..Finally, we discuss the influence of this interaction on macaques and speculate on the influential factors leading to nocturnal coprophagy of macaques' feces by deer... Plasticity in food assimilation, retention time and coprophagy allow herbivorous cavies (Microcavia australis) to cope with low food quality in the Monte desert Paola L Sassi Biodiversity Research Group, Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Aridas, CCT Mendoza CONICET, CC 507, 5500, Mendoza, Argentina Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 155:378-82. 2010 ....

Effect of diet quality and soil hardness on metabolic rate in the subterranean rodent Ctenomys talarum Paula P Perissinotti Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas, Argentina Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 154:298-307. 2009 ..This study shows that RMR is limited by digestive efficiency which is influenced by diet quality, but also thermal stress may limit the conversion of assimilated energy into work and heat... From coprophagy to predation: a dung beetle that kills millipedes Trond H Larsen Significance of coprophagy for the fatty acid profile in body tissues of rabbits fed different diets Florian Leiber Department of Agricultural and Food Science, ETH Zurich, Universitatstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland Lipids 43:853-65. 2008 ..alfalfa) had smaller effects on the FA profiles. Indications of diet effects on endogenous desaturation, chain elongation and differential distribution of functional FA between the two tissues investigated were found...

Copro-necrophagous beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) diversity in an agroecosystem in Yucatan, Mexico Enrique Reyes Novelo Rev Biol Trop 55:83-99. 2007 ..The B. alicastrum plantation is beneficial to the entire ranch production system because it functions as a dispersion and development area for stenotopic species limited to tree cover... Canine echinococcosis in Kyrgyzstan: using prevalence data adjusted for measurement error to develop transmission dynamics models I Ziadinov Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH 8057 Zurich, Switzerland Int J Parasitol 38:1179-90. 2008 ..The 93% specificity of the coprological-PCR for E. granulosus could suggest coprophagia rather than true infections... A case of non-scaling in mammalian physiology?

Body size, digestive capacity, food intake, and ingesta passage in mammalian herbivores Marcus Clauss Division of Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland, Winterthurerstr 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 148:249-65. 2007 .... Entomophagy and coprophagy in undifferentiated schizophrenia Anand Lingeswaran Department of Psychiatry, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Pondy Cuddalore Main Road, Pillayarkuppam, Pondicherry 607 402, India Indian J Psychol Med 31:52-3. 2009 b>Coprophagia or the ingestion of feces, considered to be a variant of pica, has been associated with medical disorders like seizure disorders, cerebral atrophy, and tumors and with psychiatric disorders like mental retardation, alcoholism,..

Symbiotic fermentation, digesta passage, and gastrointestinal morphology in bullfrog tadpoles (Rana catesbeiana) Gregory S Pryor Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611 8525, USA Physiol Biochem Zool 78:201-15. 2005 ..The physiological and behavioral characteristics of these tadpoles are remarkably similar to those of other small-bodied, hindgut-fermenting vertebrates, suggesting convergent digestive strategies among a broad range of herbivorous taxa... Effect of type of fiber on the rate of passage and on the contribution of soft feces to nutrient intake of finishing rabbits M J Fraga Dept of Anim Prod, E T S Ingenieros Agronomos, Universidad Politecnica, Madrid, Spain J Anim Sci 69:1566-74. 1991 ..abstract truncated at 250 words).. The extent of coprophagy in rats with differing iron status and its effect on iron absorption P Tidehag Biophysics Laboratory, University of Umea, Sweden Lab Anim 22:313-9.

1988 ..Thus comparisons of iron absorption from diets with and without bran should not be affected by coprophagy... Coprophagy in female mice during pregnancy and lactation K Y Ebino Toxicology Division, Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Ibaraki, Japan Jikken Dobutsu 37:101-4. 1988 ..Acceleration of coprophagy during pregnancy and lactation seemed to correlate with the increased nutritional requirements of females during the reproductive stage... Changes in eating in dementia C G Fairburn Oxford University Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, England Neurobiol Aging 9:28-9. 1988 ..Studying these changes in eating and weight may therefore further our understanding of certain of the pathological processes underlying dementia and suggest new approaches to the management of these problems... Autochthonous intestinal bacteria and coprophagy: a possible contribution to the ontogeny and rhythmicity of slow wave sleep in mammals R Brown Department of Psychology, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia Med Hypotheses 26:171-5.

1988 ..The practice of coprophagy in rats and rabbits is considered as an efficient method of FS ingestion during the sleep period... [Lifelong coprophagy in male mice] K Y Ebino Toxicology Division, Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Tokyo, Japan Jikken Dobutsu 36:273-6. 1987 ..These results suggest that the frequency of coprophagy changes in association with the nutritional requirements of mice during the process of growth or aging... Coprophagia as a manifestation of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a case report S B Zeitlin Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 26:57-63. 1995 b>Coprophagia is seen, though uncommonly, in psychiatric hospitals among adult patients with diffuse brain disease and in individuals with subaverage intelligence... Coprophagy in rabbits: autoingestion of hard feces K Y Ebino Toxicology Division, Mitsukaido Laboratories, Ibaraki, Japan Jikken Dobutsu 42:611-3.

1993 ..It seems possible that coprophagy may be initiated by the colonic or rectal wall expanding effects of the fecal material itself... Effects of a nutritional supplement on coprophagia: a study of three cases C Bugle Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, IL 62901 6517 Res Dev Disabil 14:445-56. 1993 The cases of three individuals with profound mental retardation and long histories of coprophagia (ingestion of feces) were studied to determine if fecal material could be providing a nutrient that was unavailable from a standard .. Coprophagia in a schizophrenic patient: case report S K Chaturvedi Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India Psychopathology 21:31-3. 1988 b>Coprophagia is an uncommonly reported psychiatric symptom. A young schizophrenic patient exhibiting coprophagia and smearing is described here...

Coprophagy in marmosets due to insufficient protein (amino acid) intake C I Flurer Institut fûr Physiology, Tieräztlichen Fakultät München, FRG Lab Anim 22:330-1. 1988 ..It occurred in most animals fed diets either with a protein content below 6% or lacking histidine/arginine. The protein level of 6% had previously been evaluated as being the minimal protein requirement for maintenance of marmosets... Transmission factors and socioeconomic status as determinants of diarrhoeal incidence in Lima, Peru B A Yeager Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 9:186-93. 1991 ..Therefore, it would seem that (SES) does not independently determine diarrhoeal incidence, but rather may be functioning through these transmission factors to affect diarrhoeal incidence...

[Improved model of a fecal collection device for the prevention of coprophagia in the rat] K Schaarschmidt Kinderchirurgische Universitätsklinik, Munster J Exp Anim Sci 34:67-71. 1991 ..It is transparent, cheap to be made, and easy to empty and was tested in 118 animals for two and four weeks. In no case the cup did loosen or had to be removed due to infections, strangulations or any local problems... Coprophagy in animals: a review O Soave National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079 Cornell Vet 81:357-64. 1991 ..Bacterial synthesis of nutrients occurs in the lower gastrointestinal tract in these animals where little absorption is realized. The eating of their feces provides a method for obtaining these nutrients...

The effects of increased dietary cellulose on the anatomy, physiology and behaviour of captive water voles, Arvicola terrestris (L.) (Rodentia: Microtinae) P F Woodall Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, UK Comp Biochem Physiol A Comp Physiol 94:615-21. 1989 ..4. Coprophagy included eating directly from the anus and eating faecal pellets from the floor of the cage. The frequency of the latter type increased significantly for animals on a high fibre diet... Problems in estimating the extent of coprophagy in the rat G Fajardo Universitat Hohenheim, Institut fur Zoophysiologie, Stuttgart, West Germany Br J Nutr 62:551-61. 1989 ..It is concluded that rats are able to regulate the amount of faeces eaten precisely according to their requirements... Megadose effects of vitamin C on vitamin B-12 status in the rat S W Thenen Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St Paul 55108 J Nutr 119:1107-14.

1989 ..Thus, the results of this research indicate that vitamin C ingestion partially protects rats from vitamin B-12 deficiency... Effects of prevention of coprophagy on pregnant mice--is coprophagy beneficial on a balanced diet? K Y Ebino Toxicology Division, Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Ibaraki, Japan Jikken Dobutsu 38:245-52. 1989 .... Effect of diet on composition of cecal contents and on excretion and composition of soft and hard feces of rabbits R Carabaño Dept de Nutr Anim Escuela Technica Superior de Ingenieros Agronomos, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Spain J Anim Sci 66:901-10. 1988 ..From this study we conclude that dietary fiber has a major effect on the digestive processes in the rabbit and that dietary starch level has no influence on any of the variables studied... Prevention of coprophagy does not alter the hypocholesterolaemic effects of oat bran in the rat K A Jackson CSIRO Division of Human Nutrition, Glenthorne Laboratory, O Halloran Hill, Australia Br J Nutr 70:211-9.

1993 ..The propionate pool was highest with OB-, intermediate with OB+, and equally low in all other groups. The pool of butyrate was highest with JS+ and lowest with OB-.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS).. Escalation of a fetish: coprophagia in a nonpsychotic adult of normal intelligence T N Wise Department of Psychiatry, Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA 22046, USA J Sex Marital Ther 21:272-5. 1995 A 47-year-old man is described whose fetish of fecal smearing, coprophilia, escalated to coprophagia in a setting of depression and alcohol abuse. The case is the first described in a nonpsychotic adult of normal intelligence... Amino acid, mineral and vitamin levels in hydrous faeces obtained from coprophagy-prevented rats S Sukemori Department of Zootechnical Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 87:213-20.

2003 ..Therefore, it appears that cyanocobalamin was supplied by the ingestion of hydrous faeces and that this cyanocobalamin supports conventional growth in rats... Early weaning and culling eradicated Helicobacter hepaticus from an acetylcholinesterase knockout 129S6/SvEvTac mouse colony Ellen Gail Duysen Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198 6805, USA Comp Med 52:461-6. 2002 ..It is concluded that the non-coprophagic behavior of AChE -/- mice accounts for a low infection rate and that the combination of early weaning, routine testing, and culling provide an effective method for eradication of H. hepaticus... Scrotal dog bite in an infant Sushil Budhiraja Department of Paediatric Surgery, Pt B D Sharma Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak 124001, Haryana, India Pediatr Surg Int 18:206-7.

2002 ..An unusual case of scrotal trauma along with loss of the right testis due to a bite by a stray dog in an infant is reported in view of its extreme rarity... More on Merde Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093 0202, USA Perspect Biol Med 44:594-607. 2001 .... Forensic Science Centre, Adelaide, Australia Am J Forensic Med Pathol 22:96-9. 2001 .... Changes in amount of bacteria during gut passage of leaf litter and during coprophagy in three species of Bibionidae (Diptera) larvae J Frouz Institute of Soil Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czechia Folia Microbiol (Praha) 48:535-42.

2003 ..Proteinase activity, however, had an optimum at pH > 12, suggesting that the digestion of bacteria in the bibionid gut is caused by a combination of digestive proteinases and alkaline pH in the anterior mesenteron... Variables influencing the origins of diverse abnormal behaviors in a large sample of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) L T Nash Primate Foundation of Arizona, Mesa 85277 0027, USA Am J Primatol 48:15-29. 1999 ..This indicates that some abnormal behaviors may not be always be indicative of reduced psychological well-being in captive chimpanzees... Malingering uncommon psychiatric symptoms among defendants charged under California's "three strikes and you're out" law M E Jaffe USC Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, USC School of Medicine, USA J Forensic Sci 43:549-55. 1998 ..The defendants exhibited the following uncommon psychiatric symptoms: coprophagia (eating feces), eating cockroaches and many reported seeing little green men...

False-positive Ascaris suum egg counts in pigs J Boes Danish Centre for Experimental Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg C, Denmark Int J Parasitol 27:833-8. 1997 ..suum egg counts in pigs are the result of coprophagia in indoor experiments and coprophagia/geophagia in pasture experiments. False-positive A... [The symbiont digestion in the rabbit stomach] K S Laktionov Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova 90:1178-83. 2004 Natural superinfection of Parascaris equorum in a stall-confined orphan horse foal E T Lyons Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546 0099, USA Vet Parasitol 66:119-23. 1996 ..The foal had been observed repeatedly eating its own feces and the question is posed as to whether "recycling' of P. equorum eggs several times by coprophagy allowed time for embryonation and reinfection to occur...

Scatolia: psychosis to protest Ashworth Hospital Liverpool University J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 3:303-11. 1996 ..There are issues of concern from diverse organizational settings that overlap between those persons who engage in scatolia who may be deemed mentally impaired, psychiatrically disordered, or protest behaviour... Oocysts of Neospora caninum, Hammondia heydorni, Toxoplasma gondii and Hammondia hammondi in faeces collected from dogs in Germany G Schares Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich Loeffler Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Seestrasse 55, 16868 Wusterhausen, Germany Int J Parasitol 35:1525-37. 2005 ..The latter findings suggest that coprophagia with a subsequent intestinal passage by dogs plays a role in the dissemination of coccidian parasites for which .. Microbial amino acid synthesis and utilization in rats: the role of coprophagy D Torrallardona Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen Br J Nutr 76:701-9.

1996 ..5 g/6 d) than in the non-coprophagic rats (3.1 g/6 d). It was concluded that, in rats, the utilization of microbial lysine occurred exclusively via coprophagy... Increased serum concentrations of secondary bile salts during cholate feeding are due to coprophagy. A study with wild-type and Atp8b1-deficient mice Annemiek Groen AMC Liver Center, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Mol Pharm 3:756-61. 2006 ..Whether housed in conventional cages or in metabolic cages, wild-type and Atp8b1-deficient mice had similar concentrations in portal blood, suggesting that intestinal bile salt absorption is not altered in Atp8b1-deficient mice... Daily rhythms of food intake and feces reingestion in the degu, an herbivorous Chilean rodent: optimizing digestion through coprophagy G J Kenagy Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA Physiol Biochem Zool 72:78-86.

1999 ..The ingestion of feces during parts of the day when food is unavailable provides for continued intake into the digestive tract and appears to represent an increase in overall efficiency of gut use... Coprophagy in wild bonobos (Pan paniscus) at Wamba in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a possibly adaptive strategy? Tetsuya Sakamaki Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kanrin 41, Inuyama, Aichi, 484 8506, Japan Primates 51:87-90. 2010 ..Although coprophagy occurred only rarely among wild bonobos, this practice appeared to represent a possibly adaptive feeding strategy during periods of food scarcity rather than a behavioral abnormality... Comparison of challenge models for determining the colonization dose of Campylobacter jejuni in broiler chicks J Line

Question: Coprophagia is the eating (by insects and certain animals) of what?
Answer: Dung