The History Place - This Month in History: October October 2, 1975 - Japanese Emperor Hirohito made his first-ever visit to the White House . Birthday - Indian political and spiritual leader Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi (1869-1948) was born in Porbandar, India. He achieved worldwide fame for his devout lifestyle and nonviolent resistance which ended British rule over India. He was assassinated by a religious fanatic in the garden of his home in New Delhi on January 30, 1948. Birthday - American statesman Cordell Hull (1871-1955) was born in Pickett County, Tennessee. He served in both houses of Congress, as Secretary of State, and was instrumental in the establishment of the United Nations. October 3 October 3, 1863 - President Abraham Lincoln issued a proclamation designating the last Thursday in November as Thanksgiving Day. October 3, 1929 - Yugoslavia became the official name of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. October 3, 1932 - Iraq gained independence from Britain and joined the League of Nations.

October 3, 1974 - Frank Robinson was hired by the Cleveland Indians as baseball's first African American major league manager. October 3, 1990 - After 45 years of Cold War division, East and West Germany were reunited as the Federal Republic of Germany. October 4 October 4, 1582 - The Gregorian Calendar took effect in Catholic countries as Pope Gregory XIII issued a decree stating the day following Thursday, October 4, 1582, would be Friday, October 15, 1582, correcting a 10-day error accumulated by the Julian Calendar. Britain and the American colonies adopted the Gregorian Calendar in 1752. October 4, 1830 - Belgium gained its independence, after having been a part of the Netherlands since 1815. October 4, 1943 - The Island of Corsica became the first French territory in Europe freed from Nazi control as Free French troops liberated the city of Bastia. October 4, 1957 - The Space Age began as the Russians launched the first satellite into orbit. Sputnik I weighed just 184 lbs.

and transmitted a beeping radio signal for 21 days. The remarkable accomplishment by Soviet Russia sent a shockwave through the American political leadership resulting in U.S. efforts to be the first on the moon. October 4, 1965 - Pope Paul VI became the first Pope to visit the U.S. and the first to address the United Nations. October 4, 1993 - Russian tank-soldiers loyal to President Boris Yeltsin shelled the Russian White House, crushing a hard-line Communist rebellion. Yeltsin then fired Vice-president Alexander Rutskoi and jailed other opposition leaders. Birthday - St. Francis of Assisi (1181-1226) was born in Assisi, Umbria, Italy (as Giovanni Francesco Bernardone). He renounced his family's wealth and founded the Friars Minor (Franciscan Order). Birthday - Rutherford B. Hayes (1822-1893) the 19th U.S. President was born in Delaware, Ohio. He served from March 4, 1877 to March 3, 1881.

He was a Republican best known for his much-quoted statement, "He serves his party best who serves his country best." Birthday - Artist Frederic Remington (1861-1909) was born in Canton, New York. He studied at Yale Art School then traveled extensively throughout the American West in the late 1800s sketching cowboys, Native Americans, frontiersmen, and soldiers. He also created lively sculptures featuring bucking broncos. October 5 Return to Top of Page October 5, 1813 - Shawnee Indian Chief Tecumseh was defeated and killed during the War of 1812. Regarded as one of the greatest American Indians, he was a powerful orator who defended his people against white settlement. When the War of 1812 broke out, he joined the British as a brigadier general and was killed at the Battle of the Thames in Ontario. October 5, 1877 - Following a 1,700-mile retreat, Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce Indians surrendered to U.S. Cavalry troops at Bear's Paw near Chinook, Montana.

"From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever," he declared. October 5, 1908 - Bulgaria proclaimed its independence from the Ottoman Empire. October 5, 1910 - Portugal became a republic following a successful revolt against King Manuel II. October 5, 1938 - Czech President Dr. Eduard Benes resigned and fled abroad amid threats from Adolf Hitler. October 5, 1964 - The largest mass escape since the construction of the Berlin Wall occurred as 57 East German refugees escaped to West Berlin after tunneling beneath the wall. October 5, 1986 - Former U.S. Marine Eugene Hasenfus was captured by Nicaraguan Sandinistas after a plane carrying arms for the Nicaraguan rebels (Contras) was shot down over Nicaragua. This marked the beginning of the "Iran-Contra" controversy resulting in Congressional hearings and a major scandal for the Reagan White House after it was revealed that money from the sale of arms to Iran was used to fund covert operations in Nicaragua. Birthday - Theologian Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758) was born in East Windsor, Connecticut.

He led the "Great Awakening" religious revival in the American colonies and later became president of Princeton. Birthday - Chester A. Arthur (1830-1886) the 21st President of the U.S. was born in Fairfield, Vermont. He succeeded to the presidency following the assassination of James A. Garfield. He served from September 20, 1881 to March 3, 1885, but was not nominated by the Republican Party for a second term. Birthday - "Father of the Space Age" Robert Goddard (1882-1945) was born in Worcester, Massachusetts. During his lifetime he was ridiculed by the public and the press over his idea of constructing a space flight machine. In 1926, he launched the world's first liquid-fueled rocket on a farm near Auburn, Mass. In 1935, his liquid-fueled rocket surpassed the speed of sound. Other developments included a steering apparatus for rocket machines, staged rockets to reach high altitudes, rocket fuel pumps, and a self-cooling rocket motor.

Birthday - Czech playwright and political leader Vaclav Havel was born in Prague, October 5, 1936. He spent over 5 years in prison for speaking out against government abuses. He went on to lead the peaceful "velvet revolution" which ended Soviet-style Communism in Czechoslovakia in 1989. October 6 October 6, 1927 - The first "talkie" opened in New York. The Jazz Singer starring Al Jolson was the first full-length feature film using spoken dialogue. October 6, 1928 - Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek became president of the Republic of China upon the introduction of a new constitution. October 6, 1949 - "Tokyo Rose" (Iva Toguri d'Aquino) was sentenced in San Francisco to 10 years imprisonment and fined $10,000 for treason. She had broadcast music and Japanese propaganda to American troops in the Pacific during World War II. She was pardoned by President Gerald Ford in 1977.

October 6, 1973 - The Yom Kippur War started as Egypt and Syria launched attacks on Israeli positions on the East Bank of the Suez and the Golan Heights. October 6, 1978 - Iranian religious leader Ayatollah Khomeini was granted asylum in France after being expelled from Iran for his opposition to the Shah. October 6, 1981 - Egyptian President Anwar Sadat (1918-1981) was assassinated in Cairo by Muslim fundamentalists while watching a military parade. He had shared the 1978 Nobel Peace Prize with Menachem Begin of Israel. He had signed an American-sponsored peace accord with Israel, but had been denounced by other Arab leaders. Birthday - Engineer and inventor George Westinghouse (1846-1914) was born in Central Bridge, New York. He developed air brakes for trains and was later responsible for the adoption of alternating current (AC) systems for electric power transmission in the U.S. He was also the first employer to give his employees paid vacations. Birthday - Norwegian explorer Thor Heyerdahl was born in Larvik, Norway, October 6, 1914.

He used Kon-Tiki and other primitive ocean-going vessels to prove the possibility of transoceanic contact between ancient, widely separated civilizations. October 7 October 7, 1765 - The Stamp Act Congress convened in New York City with representatives from nine colonies meeting in protest to the British Stamp Act which imposed the first direct tax by the British Crown upon the American colonies. October 7, 1940 - During World War II in Europe , German troops invaded Romania to take seize strategic oil fields. October 7, 1949 - The German Democratic Republic came into existence in East Germany. Dominated by Soviet Russia, it lasted until German reunification in 1990. October 7, 1985 - Palestinian terrorists seized the Italian passenger ship Achille Lauro carrying about 440 persons, threatening to blow it up if Israel did not free 50 Palestinian prisoners. Leon Klinghoffer, an elderly wheelchair-bound American, was murdered. October 8 October 8, 1871 - The Great Fire of Chicago erupted. According to legend, it started when Mrs. O'Leary's cow kicked over a lantern in her barn on DeKoven Street.

Over 300 persons were killed and 90,000 were left homeless as the fire leveled 3.5 square miles, destroying 17,450 buildings. Financial losses totaled over $200 million. October 8, 1918 - During World War I in the Argonne Forest in France, U.S. Sergeant Alvin C. York single-handedly took out a German machine-gun battalion, killing over a dozen and capturing 132. He was later awarded the Medal of Honor and the French Croix de Guerre. October 8, 1993 - The U.N. General Assembly lifted economic sanctions against South Africa following the end of racial apartheid. The sanctions had been imposed since the 1960s. October 8, 1996 - Palestinian President Yasser Arafat made his first public visit to Israel for talks with Israeli President Ezer Weizman at his private residence. October 8, 1998 - The U.S. House of Representatives voted 258-176 to approve a resolution launching an impeachment inquiry of President Bill Clinton. It was only the third time in U.S.

history the House launched a formal impeachment inquiry of a sitting president. (The other two: Andrew Johnson and Richard Nixon). Birthday - American fighter pilot Ace Eddie Rickenbacker (1890-1973) was born in Columbus, Ohio. He commanded the first U.S. aero unit to take part in World War I and was credited with 26 victories, becoming America's leading Ace. He was awarded the Medal of Honor. He later got involved in auto racing and headed Eastern Air Lines from 1934-63. October 9 October 9, 1962 - Uganda achieved independence after nearly 70 years of British rule. October 9, 1970 - Cambodia declared itself the Khmer Republic following the abolishment of the monarchy by the legislature. Birthday - John Lennon (1940-1980) was born in Liverpool, England. He was a member of The Beatles, an influential rock group which captivated audiences first in England and Germany, and later in America and throughout the world. He was murdered in New York City on December 8, 1980.

October 10 Return to Top of Page October 10, 1954 - Ho Chi Minh entered Hanoi, Vietnam , after the withdrawal of French troops, in accordance with armistice terms ending the seven-year struggle between Communist Vietnamese and the French. October 10, 1973 - Spiro T. Agnew (1918-1996) resigned the office of Vice President of the United States amid charges of income tax evasion on illegal payments allegedly received while he was governor of Maryland and after he became Vice President. He was later given a $10,000 fine and sentenced to serve three years probation. He was succeeded as Vice President by Gerald R. Ford, who went on to become President after the resignation of Richard M. Nixon. Birthday - Italian opera composer Giuseppi Verdi (1813-1901) was born in Le Roncole, Italy. His 26 operas include; Rigoletto, Il Trovatore, La Traviata and Aida, and are among the most popular of all classical music performed today.

October 11 October 11, 1521 - King Henry VIII of England was given the title "Defender of the Faith" by Pope Leo X following the publication of the King's book against Martin Luther. October 11, 1899 - The Boer War began in South African between the British Empire and Boers of the Transvaal and Orange Free State. The war ended in 1902 with the Treaty of Pretoria in which the Transvaal and Orange Free State became British colonies. October 11, 1939 - Albert Einstein warned President Franklin D. Roosevelt that his theories could lead to Nazi Germany's development of an atomic bomb. Einstein suggested the U.S. develop its own bomb. This resulted in the top secret "Manhattan Project." October 11, 1962 - The Second Vatican Council was opened in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome by Pope John XXIII. Sessions were held in four successive autumns from 1962-65.

Vatican II resulted in sweeping changes to the Catholic Church including the use of English and local native languages in the Mass instead of Latin, and openness and cooperation with other religions and denominations. October 11, 1976 - The "Gang of Four," including the widow of Mao Zedong, was arrested in China, charged with plotting a coup. They were subsequently tried and convicted of various crimes against the state. Birthday - Eleanor Roosevelt (1884-1962) was born in New York City. She was the wife of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 32nd U.S. President. As First Lady, she led an unprecedented independent life, striving to improve the lives of people all over the world. In 1933, she became the first wife of a president to give her own news conference in the White House. She traveled extensively on her own and was affectionately called "First Lady of the world." She served as a U.S. delegate to the United Nations for many years and helped write the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

October 12 October 12, 1492 - After a 33-day voyage, Christopher Columbus made his first landfall in the New World in the Bahamas. He named the first land sighted as El Salvador, claiming it in the name of the Spanish Crown. Columbus was seeking a western sea route from Europe to Asia and believed he had found an island of the Indies. He thus called the first island natives he met, 'Indians.' October 12, 1811 - Paraguay declared its independence from Spain and Argentina. October 12, 1822 - Brazil became independent of Portugal. October 12, 1960 - During a debate over colonialism in the United Nations, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev took off his shoe and pounded his desk repeatedly. Birthday - British composer and conductor Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872-1958) was born in Down Ampney, Gloucestershire, England. He combined modern composition techniques with traditional English folk and Tudor music to create a uniquely British style. His major compositions include; Mass in G Minor, Fantasia on a Theme of Tallis and the opera The Pilgrim's Progress.

He also composed nine symphonies, church and choral music, film and stage music and several operas. October 13 October 13, 54 A.D. - Roman Emperor Claudius died after eating mushrooms poisoned by his wife, the Empress Agrippina. October 13, 1775 - The United States Navy was born after the Second Continental Congress authorized the acquisition of a fleet of ships. October 13, 1792 - The cornerstone of the White House was laid by George Washington. The building, located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, is three stories tall with over 100 rooms, and was designed by James Hoban. In November of 1800, President John Adams and his family moved in. The building was first known as the "Presidential Palace," but acquired the name "White House" about 10 years after its completion. It was burned by British troops in 1814, then reconstructed, refurbished and reoccupied in 1817. October 13, 1884 - Greenwich was established as the universal time from which standard times throughout the world are calculated.

October 13, 1943 - Italy declared war on its former Axis partner Germany after the downfall of Mussolini and collapse of his Fascist government. October 13, 1990 - The first Russian Orthodox service in over 70 years was held in St. Basil's Cathedral, next to the Kremlin, in Red Square, Moscow. Birthday - Molly Pitcher (1754-1832) was born near Trenton, New Jersey (as Mary Ludwig). She was a water carrier at the Battle of Monmouth in 1778 during the American Revolution . After her husband, artilleryman John Hays, collapsed, she took his place at his cannon. October 14 October 14, 1066 - The Norman Conquest began with the Battle of Hastings in which King Harold II of England, the last of the Saxon kings, was defeated and killed by William of Normandy's troops. October 14, 1912 - Former President Theodore Roosevelt was shot by a fanatic while campaigning in Milwaukee. Roosevelt was saved by his thick overcoat, a glasses case and a folded speech in his breast pocket, all of which slowed the bullet.

Although wounded, he insisted on making the speech with the bullet lodged in his chest and did not go to the hospital until the meeting ended. Roosevelt, a rugged outdoorsman, fully recovered in two weeks. October 14, 1933 - Nazi Germany announced its withdrawal from the League of Nations and stated it would take no further part in the Geneva Disarmament Conference. October 14, 1947 - U.S. Air Force Captain Chuck Yeager became the first man to break the sound barrier, flying in a rocket-powered research aircraft . October 14, 1964 - Civil Rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., became the youngest recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. He donated the $54,000 in prize money to the Civil Rights movement. Birthday - Pennsylvania founder William Penn (1644-1718) was born in London. In 1681, he received a Royal charter with a large land grant in America from King Charles II. Penn, a Quaker, welcomed members of all religious faiths and established a democratic form of government in his province which measured over 50,000 square miles. Birthday - Dwight D.

Eisenhower (1890-1969) the 34th U.S. President was born in Denison, Texas. He served two terms as President, from January 20, 1953 to January 20, 1961. Nicknamed "Ike," he was a West Point graduate and career Army officer who became Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe during World War II. He held the rank of Five-star General of the Army. October 15 Return to Top of Page October 15, 1815 - Napoleon Bonaparte arrived on the Island of St. Helena beginning a British-imposed exile following his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo. October 15, 1917 - World War I spy Mata Hari was executed by a French firing squad at Vincennes Barracks, outside Paris. October 15, 1945 - Pierre Laval, the former premier of Vichy France, was executed for collaborating with Nazi Germany during World War II.

October 15, 1946 - Nazi leader Hermann Goering committed suicide by swallowing poison in his Nuremberg prison cell just hours before his scheduled hanging for war crimes. October 15, 1964 - Soviet Russia's leader Nikita Khrushchev was deposed as First Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party, and replaced by Leonid Brezhnev. October 15, 1991 - The U.S. Senate confirmed Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court by a 52-48 vote following several days of tumultuous hearings before the Senate Judiciary Committee concerning sexual harassment charges made by a former aide. Thomas became the second African American to sit on the Court, replacing retired Justice Thurgood Marshall, an African American. Birthday - German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) was born in the Province of Saxony. Best known for stating, "God is dead," and for his prediction in the late 1800s, "There will be wars such as there have never been on Earth before." He eventually succumbed to mental illness.

Birthday - Lee Iacocca was born to Italian immigrant parents in Allentown, Pennsylvania, October 15, 1924 (as Lido Anthony Iacocca). Dubbed "America's first corporate folk hero," he was a mechanical engineer who became an automobile executive at Ford and later helped save Chrysler from bankruptcy. He also served as foundation chairman for the rehabilitation of the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island. October 16 October 16, 1701 - Yale University was founded in Killingworth, Connecticut (as the Collegiate School of Connecticut). The school moved to New Haven in 1716. Two years later, the name was changed to Yale College to honor Elihu Yale, a philanthropist. In 1886, it became Yale University. October 16, 1793 - Queen Marie Antoinette was beheaded during the Reign of Terror following the French Revolution. She was the wife of King Louis XVI and had become the symbol of the people's hatred for the old regime due to her extravagance and frivolity. According to legend, she responded, "Let them eat cake," when told poor people had no bread.

October 16, 1853 - The Crimean War began after the Turkish Ottoman Empire declared war on Russia, Britain, France and portions of Italy allied with the Turks against Russia. It became the first war observed up close by newspaper reporters and photographers. One of the battles was immortalized in Tennyson's poem , The Charge of the Light Brigade. Amid poor sanitary conditions, disease killed many wounded French and British troops. British nurse Florence Nightingale then pioneered modern-style sanitation methods, saving many lives. October 16, 1859 - Fanatical abolitionist John Brown seized the Federal Arsenal at Harpers Ferry with about 20 followers. Three days later, Brown was captured and the insurrection was put down by U.S. Marines under the command of Col. Robert E. Lee. Brown was convicted by the Commonwealth of Virginia of treason, murder, and inciting slaves to rebellion, and was hanged on December 2, 1859. October 16, 1916 - The first birth control clinic in America was opened in Brooklyn, New York, by Margaret Sanger, a nurse who worked among the poor on the Lower East Side of New York City.

October 16, 1946 - Ten former Nazi leaders were hanged by the Allies following their conviction for war crimes at Nuremberg, Germany. October 16, 1964 - China detonated its first nuclear bomb at the Lop Nor test site in Sinkiang. October 16, 1978 - Cardinal Karol Wojtyla of Poland was elected Pope. He was the first non-Italian Pope chosen in 456 years and took the name John Paul II. October 16, 1995 - The Million Man March took place in Washington, D.C., under the direction of Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan, who delivered the main address to the gathering of African American males. Birthday - American teacher and journalist Noah Webster (1758-1843) was born in West Hartford, Connecticut. His name became synonymous with "dictionary" after he compiled the first American dictionaries of the English language. Birthday - Irish poet and playwright Oscar Wilde (1854-1900) was born in Dublin, Ireland. Best known for his comedies including; The Importance of Being Earnest.

And his novel The Picture of Dorian Gray in which he wrote, "There is only one thing in the world worse than being talked about and that is not being talked about." Birthday - David Ben-Gurion (1886-1973) was born in Plonsk, Poland. He was largely responsible for founding the modern state of Israel in 1948 and is revered as "Father of the Nation." Birthday - American playwright Eugene O'Neill (1888-1953) was born in New York City. He wrote more than 35 plays and was the first American dramatist awarded a Nobel Prize for literature. He also received four Pulitzers. His dramas, which dealt realistically with psychological and social problems, included; Beyond the Horizon, The Iceman Cometh, The Emperor Jones and Long Day's Journey into Night. Birthday - American jurist William O. Douglas (1898-1980) was born in Maine, Minnesota. He served as an associate justice on the Supreme Court for 36 years and was also a world traveler, conservationist, outdoorsman and author.

October 17 October 17, 1777 - During the American Revolutionary War , British General John Burgoyne and his entire army of 5,700 men surrendered to American General Horatio Gates after the Battle of Saratoga, the first big American victory. October 17-25, 1944 - The Battle of Leyte Gulf, the largest naval battle in history, took place off the Philippine Islands, during World War II in the Pacific . The battle involved 216 U.S. warships and 64 Japanese ships and resulted in the destruction of the Japanese Navy including the Japanese Battleship Musashi, one of the largest ever built. Birthday - Pope John Paul I (1912-1978) was born in Forno di Canale, Italy (as Albino Luciani). He was elected the 263rd Pope of the Roman Catholic Church on September 28, 1978, but died in Rome just 34 days later.

October 18 October 18, 1685 - The Edict of Nantes was revoked by King Louis XIV of France thus depriving Protestant Huguenots of all religious and civil liberties previously granted to them by Henry IV in 1598. October 18, 1945 - The Nuremberg War Crimes Trial began with indictments against 24 former Nazi leaders including Hermann Göring and Albert Speer. The trial lasted 10 months, with delivery of the judgment completed on October 1, 1946. Twelve Nazis were sentenced to death by hanging, three to life imprisonment, four to lesser prison terms, and three were acquitted. October 19 October 19, 1781 - As their band played The World Turned Upside Down, the British Army marched out in formation and surrendered to the Americans at Yorktown. More than 7,000 British and Hessian troops, led by British General Lord Cornwallis, surrendered to General George Washington. The war between Britain and its American colonies was effectively ended. The final peace treaty was signed in Paris on September 3, 1783.

October 19, 1960 - The U.S. embargo of Cuba began as the State Department prohibited shipment of all goods except medicine and food. October 19, 1987 - "Black Monday" occurred on Wall Street as stocks plunged a record 508 points or 22.6 per cent, the largest one-day drop in stock market history. October 19, 1990 - Beset by a seriously eroding economy, Soviet Russia's President Mikhail Gorbachev won parliamentary approval to switch to a market economy. October 20 Return to Top of Page October 20, 1818 - The U.S. and Britain agreed to set the U.S.- Canadian border at the 49th parallel. October 20, 1935 - Mao Zedong's 6,000 mile "Long March" ended as his Communist forces arrived at Yanan, in northwest China, almost a year after fleeing Chiang Kai-shek's armies in the south.

October 20, 1944 - During World War II in the Pacific, General Douglas MacArthur set foot on Philippine soil for the first time since his escape in 1942, fulfilling his promise, "I shall return." October 20, 1968 - Jacqueline Kennedy married multi-millionaire Greek businessman Aristotle Onassis, ending nearly five years of widowhood following the assassination of her first husband, President John F. Kennedy . October 20, 1973 - The 'Saturday Night Massacre' occurred during the Watergate scandal as President Richard M. Nixon fired Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus. Attorney General Elliot Richardson resigned. A firestorm of political protest erupted over the firings leading to widespread demands for Nixon's impeachment. Birthday - British architect Christopher Wren (1632-1723) was born in Wiltshire, in southwestern England. Considered one of the greatest minds of his time, he designed St. Paul's Cathedral and 52 churches for the City of London. His secular buildings included the "new" wing of Hampton Court near London and Greenwich Hospital, now the Royal Naval College.

October 21 October 21, 1805 - The Battle of Trafalgar took place between the British Royal Navy and the combined French and Spanish fleets. The victorious British ended the threat of Napoleon's invasion of England. British naval hero Admiral Horatio Nelson was mortally wounded aboard his ship Victory. October 21, 1879 - Thomas Edison successfully tested an electric incandescent lamp with a carbonized filament at his laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey, keeping it lit for over 13 hours. October 21, 1915 - The first transatlantic radio voice message was made by the American Telephone and Telegraph Company from Virginia to Paris. October 21, 1944 - During World War II in Europe , American troops captured Aachen in western Germany after a week of hard fighting. It was the first large German city taken by the Allies. October 21, 1967 - Thousands of anti-war protesters stormed the Pentagon during a rally against the Vietnam War in Washington, D.C. About 250 were arrested. No shots were fired, but demonstrators were struck with nightsticks and rifle butts.

Birthday - Jazz great Dizzy Gillespie (1917-1993) was born in Cheraw, South Carolina (as John Birks Gillespie). He was a trumpet player, composer, band leader and one of the founding fathers of modern jazz, known for his trademark puffed cheeks and bent trumpet. October 22 October 22, 1962 - President John F. Kennedy appeared on television to inform Americans of the existence of Russian missiles in Cuba. The President demanded their removal and announced a naval "quarantine" of Cuba. Six days later, the Russians announced they would remove the weapons. In return, the U.S. later removed missiles from Turkey. October 22, 1979 - The exiled Shah of Iran arrived in the United States for medical treatment. A few weeks later, Iranian militants seized the U.S. Embassy in Tehran and took 66 Americans hostage. They demanded the return of the Shah for trial. The U.S. refused. The Shah died of cancer in July of 1980. The hostages were freed in January of 1981.

Birthday - Hungarian composer Franz Liszt (1811-1886) was born in Raiding, Hungary. He was a brilliant pianist best known for Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2, Liebestraum No. 3, and his Faust and Dante symphonies. October 23 October 23, 1942 - British General Bernard Montgomery launched a major offensive against German forces under Erwin Rommel at El Alamein, Egypt. October 23, 1956 - A Hungarian uprising against Communist rule began with students and workers demonstrating in Budapest. Soviet Russians responded by sending in tanks and put down the revolt after several days of bitter fighting. October 23, 1983 - Terrorists drove a truck loaded with TNT into the U.S. and French headquarters in Beirut, Lebanon, exploding it and killing 241 U.S. Marines and 58 French paratroopers. October 23, 1989 - Hungary declared itself a republic 33 years after Soviet Russian troops crushed a popular revolt against Communist rule.

October 23, 1990 - Ukrainian Prime Minister Vitaly Masol resigned after mass protests by students, becoming the first Soviet official of that rank to quit under public pressure. October 24 October 24, 1861 - The first transcontinental telegram in America was sent from San Francisco to Washington, addressed to President Abraham Lincoln from the Chief Justice of California. October 24, 1922 - The Irish Parliament voted to adopt a constitution for an Irish Free State, which formally came into existence in December. October 24, 1929 - "Black Thursday" occurred in the New York Stock Exchange as nearly 13 million shares were sold in panic selling. Five days later "Black Tuesday" saw 16 million shares sold. October 24, 1931 - Chicago gangster "Scarface" Al Capone was sentenced to 11 years in jail for Federal income tax evasion. In 1934, he was transferred to Alcatraz prison near San Francisco. He was paroled in 1939, suffering from syphilis. He retired to his mansion in Miami Beach where he died in 1947.

October 24, 1945 - The United Nations was founded. October 24, 1980 - Communist authorities in Poland granted recognition to the trade union "Solidarity." It was subsequently outlawed in 1981 after the government imposed martial law. In 1989, it was re-legalized. October 24, 1994 - For the first time in 25 years, British troops were absent from the streets of Londonderry, Northern Ireland, following cease-fires by Irish Republican Army (IRA) and pro-British forces. October 25 Return to Top of Page October 25, 1854 - During the Crimean War, the Charge of the Light Brigade occurred as Lord Cardigan led the British cavalry against the Russians at Balaclava. Of 673 British cavalrymen taking part in the charge, 272 were killed. The Charge was later immortalized in the poem by Alfred Lord Tennyson . October 25, 1955 - Austria reassumed its sovereignty with the departure of the last Allied forces.

The country had been occupied by the Nazis from 1938-45. After World War II, it was divided into four occupation zones by the U.S., Russia, Britain and France. October 25-30, 1983 - The Caribbean island of Grenada was invaded by the U.S. to restore "order and democracy." Over 2,000 Marines and Army Rangers seized control after a political coup the previous week had made the island a "Soviet-Cuban colony," according to President Ronald Reagan. Birthday - Artist Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) was born in Malaga, Spain. He was an experimental painter and also became a fine sculptor, engraver and ceramist. October 26 October 26, 1881 - The shoot-out at the O.K. Corral in Tombstone, Arizona, occurred between the feuding Clanton and Earp families. Wyatt Earp, two of his brothers and "Doc" Holliday gunned down two Clantons and two others.

October 26, 1825 - The Erie Canal opened as the first major man-made waterway in America, linking Lake Erie with the Hudson River, bypassing the British-controlled lower St. Lawrence. The canal cost over $7 million and took eight years to complete. October 26, 1951 - Winston Churchill became Britain's prime minister for a second time, following his Conservative Party's narrow victory in general elections. In his first term from 1940-45 he had guided Britain through its struggle against Nazi Germany. October 26, 1955 - Ngo Dinh Diem proclaimed South Vietnam a republic and declared himself president. Birthday - Hillary Rodham Clinton was born in Park Ridge, Illinois, October 26, 1947. She was First Lady from 1993-2001 during the presidency of her husband Bill Clinton. In 2000, she became the only First Lady ever elected to the U.S. Senate, serving as a Democrat from New York. She was re-elected in 2006 and then began a presidential campaign, hoping to become America's first female president.

She lost the Democratic nomination to Barack Obama who went on to win the general election and appointed her as U.S. Secretary of State in 2008. October 27 October 27, 1787 - The first of 85 Federalist Papers appeared in print in a New York City newspaper. The essays argued for the adoption of the new U.S. Constitution. They were written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay. October 27, 1904 - The New York City subway began operating, running from City Hall to West 145th Street, the first underground and underwater rail system in the world. October 27, 1978 - The Nobel Peace Prize was awarded jointly to Menachem Begin of Israel and Anwar Sadat of Egypt. Birthday - British navigator James Cook (1728-1779) was born in Yorkshire, England. He explored New Zealand, Australia, and the Hawaiian Islands. Birthday - Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) the 26th U.S. President was born in New York City. He succeeded to the presidency following the assassination of President William McKinley.

Roosevelt served from September 14, 1901 to March 3, 1909. Best remembered for stating, "Speak softly and carry a big stick." Birthday - Welsh poet and playwright Dylan Thomas (1914-1953) was born in Swansea, Wales. His works included; The World I Breathe, Portrait of the Artist as a Young Dog, The Doctor and the Devil and the drama Under Milk Wood. October 28 October 28, 1636 - Harvard University, the oldest institution of higher learning in America, was founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It was named after John Harvard, a Puritan who donated his library and half of his estate. Distinguished alumni include; Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Henry James, and NAACP founder W.E.B. Du Bois. October 28, 1846 - The Donner Party departed Illinois heading for California. The group totaled 90 persons, including immigrants, families and businessmen, led by George and Jacob Donner. Tragedy later struck as they became stranded in snow in the Sierras where famine and cannibalism took its toll.

There were 48 survivors by the end of their journey in April of 1847. October 28, 1886 - The Statue of Liberty was dedicated on Bedloe's Island in New York Harbor. The statue was a gift from the people of France commemorating the French-American alliance during the American Revolutionary War . Designed by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi, the entire structure stands 300 feet (92.9 meters) tall. The pedestal contains the words: "Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, the wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!" October 28, 1918 - The Republic of Czechoslovakia was founded, assembled from three provinces - Bohemia, Moravia, and Slovakia - which had been part of the former Austro-Hungarian empire. October 28, 1918 - In the waning days of World War I , mutiny broke out in the German fleet at Kiel. Ships in port ran up the red flag of revolution.

The uprising spread to Hamburg, Bremen and Lubeck, resulting in a general strike in Berlin which brought the government of Kaiser Wilhelm to a halt. October 28, 1919 - Prohibition began in the U.S. with the passage of the National Prohibition (Volstead) Act by Congress. Sales of drinks containing more than one half of one percent of alcohol became illegal. Called a "noble experiment" by Herbert Hoover, prohibition last nearly 14 years and became highly profitable for organized crime which manufactured and sold liquor in saloons called speakeasies. October 28, 1922 - Fascist blackshirts began their "March on Rome" from Naples which resulted in the formation of a dictatorship under Benito Mussolini. October 28, 1949 - Helen Anderson became the first woman ambassador, appointed by President Harry Truman to be Ambassador to Denmark. October 28, 1958 - Cardinal Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, Patriarch of Venice, was elected Pope, taking the title John XXIII. Best known for undertaking the 21st Ecumenical Council (Vatican II).

October 28, 1962 - The Cuban Missile Crisis ended with the announcement by Soviet Russia's leader Nikita Khrushchev that his Soviet government was halting construction of missile bases in Cuba and would remove the offensive missiles. President Kennedy immediately accepted the offer then lifted the U.S. naval blockade of Cuba. October 28, 1971 - The British House of Commons voted 356-244 in favor of joining the European Economic Community. Birthday - Dr. Jonas Salk (1914-1995) was born in New York City. In 1952, he developed a vaccine for the dreaded childhood disease Polio (poliomyelitis, also known as infantile paralysis). His vaccine reduced deaths from Polio in the U.S. by 95%. Birthday - Microsoft founder Bill Gates was born in Seattle, Washington, October 28, 1955. In 1975, he co-founded Microsoft with Paul Allen, designing software for IBM computers. By 1980, Microsoft became the leading software company for IBM compatible computers.

Gates became a billionaire by age 31 and remains one of the world's wealthiest individuals. October 29 October 29, 1618 - British explorer Sir Walter Raleigh was executed in London for treason on orders from King James I. October 29, 1929 - The stock market crashed as over 16 million shares were dumped amid tumbling prices. The Great Depression followed in America, lasting until the outbreak of World War II. Birthday - Nazi propaganda minister Paul Joseph Goebbels (1897-1945) was born in Rheydt, near Dusseldorf, Germany. Considered a master propagandist, he controlled all Nazi newspapers, radio and film production. He was a virulent anti-Semite who advocated the extermination of the Jews. Devoted to Hitler until the end, he died at Hitler's Berlin bunker in 1945 after poisoning his six children. October 30 October 30, 1905 - To counter the spread of revolutionary movements in Russia, Czar Nicholas II took a step toward constitutional government by allowing for an elected parliament (Duma) with legislative powers and guaranteeing civil liberties.

October 30, 1938 - The War of the Worlds radio broadcast panicked millions of Americans. Actor Orson Welles and the Mercury Players dramatized the story by H.G. Wells depicting a Martian invasion of New Jersey. Their script utilized simulated radio news bulletins which many listeners thought were real. October 30, 1990 - For the first time since the Ice Age, Great Britain was connected with the European continent, via a new rail tunnel under the English Channel. Birthday - John Adams (1735-1826) the 2nd U.S. President was born in Braintree, Massachusetts. He served from March 4, 1797 to March 3, 1801. He had been George Washington's vice president, and was the father of John Quincy Adams, the 6th President. He died on July 4, 1826, the same day as Thomas Jefferson, on the 50th anniversary of adoption of the Declaration of Independence. Birthday - Emily Post (1872-1960) was born in Baltimore, Maryland.

She wrote influential books on etiquette and a syndicated newspaper column giving advice on manners in specific situations. Birthday - Admiral William "Bull" Halsey (1882-1959) was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey. He was the American fleet commander during World War II in the Pacific and played a leading role in the defeat of the Japanese. In 1942, he launched the Doolittle Raid, the first air raid on Japan. From 1942-44, he coordinated successful attacks on the Solomon Islands and New Guinea. In 1944, he led the U.S. fleet to victory at the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the largest naval battle in history. October 31 October 31st - Halloween or All Hallow's Eve, an ancient celebration combining the Christian festival of All Saints with Pagan autumn festivals. October 31, 1517 - Martin Luther nailed his 95 Theses to the door of Wittenberg's palace church, denouncing the selling of papal indulgences and questioning various ecclesiastical practices. This marked the beginning of the Protestant Reformation in Germany.

October 31, 1940 - The Battle of Britain concluded. Beginning on July 10, 1940, German bombers and fighters had attacked coastal targets, airfields, London and other cities, as a prelude to a Nazi invasion of England. British pilots in Spitfires and Hurricanes shot down over 1,700 German aircraft while losing 915 fighters. "Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few," declared Prime Minister Winston Churchill. October 31, 1941 - Mount Rushmore National Memorial was completed after 14 years of work. The memorial contains 60-foot-tall sculptures of the heads of Presidents George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln and Theodore Roosevelt - representing America's founding, political philosophy, preservation, and expansion and conservation. October 31, 1950 - Earl Lloyd became the first African American to play in a National Basketball Association (NBA) game when he took the floor for the Washington Capitols in Rochester, New York. October 31, 1952 - The U.S.

detonated its first hydrogen bomb at the Elugelab Atoll in the Eniwetok Proving Grounds in the Pacific Marshall Islands. October 31, 1961 - The body of Joseph Stalin was removed from the mausoleum in Red Square and reburied within the Kremlin walls among the graves of lesser Soviet heroes. This occurred as part of Russia's de-Stalinization program under his successor Nikita Khrushchev. Stalin's name was also removed from public buildings, streets, and factories. Stalingrad was renamed Volgograd. October 31, 1968 - During the Vietnam War , President Lyndon Johnson ordered a halt of American bombing of North Vietnam. October 31, 1984 - Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was assassinated by three Sikh members of her bodyguard while walking in the garden of her New Delhi home. Birthday - Chinese soldier and statesman Chiang Kai-shek (1887-1975) was born in Chekiang. Educated at the Wampoa Military Academy, he led the KMT (nationalist) forces in the struggle against the Communist army led by Mao Zedong.

(Photo and picture credits: Library of Congress and U.S. National Archives) New national newspaper New Day hits the streets - BBC News BBC News New national newspaper New Day hits the streets 29 February 2016 Image copyright Matt Cardy/Getty Images Trinity Mirror, the publisher of the Daily and Sunday Mirror, has launched another daily title. It claims that the New Day is the first "standalone" national daily in 30 years. The title, which has an "optimistic approach" and is politically neutral, is aimed at readers who no longer buy a paper. The launch comes as Trinity reported a £14.4m fall in annual pre-tax profit to £67.2m in a "challenging" print market. Two million copies of New Day are being distributed free on Monday. It will then cost 25p for two weeks before rising to 50p. Trinity Mirror hopes to sell about 200,000 copies a day. Chief executive Simon Fox said the new title "fills a gap in the market for a daily newspaper designed to co-exist in a digital age". It will not have a website.

The New Day is being edited by Alison Phillips, the Mirror's weekend editor. Image copyright Trinity Mirror Image caption New Day editor Alison Phillips She said she aimed to "cover important stories in a balanced way, without telling the reader what to think". The title would be a standalone product rather than a cut-down version of the Daily or Sunday Mirror, Ms Phillips said, although it will take content from those titles along with Trinity's regional papers and the Press Association news agency. It has just 25 staff and the publisher hoped it could become profitable quickly. It is the first new national paper since the launch of i, a slimmed-down version of the Independent, went on sale in October 2010. Trinity Mirror claims it is the first standalone title since the Independent's own debut in 1986. The New Day arrives despite declining sales of newspapers as readers increasingly move online. Newspaper closures Earlier this month the owner of the Independent titles said the print versions would close at the end of March with only its online edition surviving. Given the shrinking market Mr Fox told BBC Radio 5 live that more national newspapers could close or merge.

"Although print is difficult it is still a key part of what we do and we still want to protect it," he said. Many newspaper publishers still make the bulk of their revenues from print editions despite the popularity of reading content online. Advertisers pay more for print rather than digital advertising and print titles also generate revenue from their cover price. Image copyright Getty Images However, print advertising has suffered a sharp slide in recent months, with the Daily Mail owner reporting a 20% fall in print revenues at the start of 2016. Mr Fox said there was still a significant demand for local news, which was one reason why Trinity Mirror had bought rival publisher, Local World , last year for about £187m. The company said annual revenues were down 6.9% to £592m, but the better than expected figure helped send Trinity Mirror shares up 3.6% in afternoon trading to 158.25p. However, the shares are still down about 20% over the past 12 months. Trinity Mirror also said it had put aside £29m in relation to civil claims arising from phone hacking charges.

What Happened on October 1st This Day in History October 1st What Happened on the day you were born on This day in History Japan 1964 Japan High Speed Trains 1st October, 1964: The Shinkansen ( Bullet Train ) network of high-speed railway lines in Japan opens to co-incide with the Tokyo Olympics with the first trains traveling at 210 km/h (130 mph). The current models can achieve speeds in excess of 300 MPH. Germany 1946 Germany War Crimes Oct. 1st, 1946: Twelve high ranking Nazis are sentenced to death by the International War Crimes Tribunal in Nuremberg including Joachim von Ribbentrop, Nazi minister of foreign affairs. Hermann Goering, founder of the Gestapo and chief of the German air force. Wilhelm Frick, minister of the interior. Seven others, including Rudolf Hess, Adolf Hitler's former deputy, were given prison sentences ranging from 10 years to life. Three others were acquitted. Full Size Original Here: U.S. 1908 U.S.A. Ford Model T Oct.

1st, 1908: The Ford Model T was introduced to the public, and was the first car that was affordable and reliable for the ordinary citizen of the United States. Known as the "Tin Lizzie," . The Tin Lizzie was the first car built using mass production methods and when first introduced cost $850 seating two people, and by the time it was discontinued in 1927, nearly 15,000,000 Model T's had been sold. Full Size Original Here: U.S. 1910 U.S.A. Los Angeles Times Oct. 1st, 1910: The Los Angeles Times building is bombed with dynamite , causing the death of twenty one people. Union organizers were believed to be responsible due to the ongoing fight between the publisher and local unions. Syria 1918 Syria Lawrence of Arabia Oct. 1st, 1918: Arab and British forces commanded by Lawrence of Arabia capture Damascus from Turkish forces .

Full Size Original Here: 1921 Ireland Negotiations Saturday, 1st October, 1921: Negotiations are to start in London again between Eamonn De Valera ( Sinn Feine ) and Lloyd George concerning the future of Ireland . Great Britain have repeatedly said they would prefer to fight with Ireland than give the full independence Ireland wants because Great Britain would feel vulnerable with Ireland not still a member of the British Empire. Both sides would prefer a compromise than a fight so it is hoped that this meeting can provide a solution that all will be happy with. Russia 1933 Soviet Union Religion Oct. 1st, 1933: Since the communist revolution in the Soviet Union the state has been trying to suppress religion due to it's anti god idealism, but small protestant groups in rural areas continue to survive as martyrs to their faith. Spain 1936 Spain Franco Oct. 1st, 1936: General Francisco Franco is named head of the rebel Nationalist government in Spain Full Size Original Here: U.S. 1937 U.S.A.

Marihuana ( Marijuana ) Tax Act 1st October, 1937: The US House of Representatives passed The Marihuana Tax Act, Pub. 238, 75th Congress, 50 Stat. 551 the bill was an important bill on the path that led to the criminalization of cannabis. It stipulated that pot could not be sold without a license and licenses were never issued. Canada 1942 Canada Wheat Harvest Oct. 1st, 1942: As the Wheat Harvest comes to an end the United States and Canada now have enough wheat to feed the free world due to the best crop seen in modern times, bread will be in plentiful supply throughout the free world. Italy 1943 World War II Allies Naples Oct. 1st, 1943: Allies marched into Naples as part of the Italian offensive on the road to Rome. UK 1946 UK Mensa Created Oct. 1st, 1946: Mensa the well known high-IQ society is formed which is non political and free from all social distinctions (racial, religious, etc.). The society is created by Roland Berrill and Dr.

Lancelot Ware, the only qualification for membership being a high IQ in the top 98th percentile, membership is estimated to be over 100,000 worldwide. Over the years Mensa has attracted some surprising members including boxers, actors and actresses, writers, politicians and inventors. Taiwan 1949 Republic of China Taiwan Island Of Formosa 1st October, 1949: Following the communist revolution led by Mao Tse Tung in China, the defeated Nationalists under Chiang Kai-shek fled to Taiwan and took control of the island of Formosa. By the end of the year the Chinese Nationalist government moved from the Chinese mainland to Formosa. U.S. 1954 U.S.A. Oppenheimer Oct. 1st, 1954: Dr J Robert Oppenheimer the controversial nuclear scientist has been re-elected as the director of the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton University New Jersey. Full Size Original Here: UK 1957 UK Asian Flu Oct.

1st, 1957 : Following on from the many thousands killed during the world wide Asian Flu pandemic around the globe with estimates that as many as 60,000 deaths recorded in the United States alone. The British Health Service is making available a free vaccine which requires two injections within a three week period to provide protection. The numbers of units is not yet sufficient for all, all medical staff will receive first priority followed by the elderly, young children and those with heart or lung disease. U.S. 1962 U.S.A. Segregation Oct. 1st, 1962: James Meredith registered at the University of Mississippi accompanied by 400 U.S. deputy marshals and 1000 troops to guard the campus from further trouble. Meredith broke the school's 110 year history of segregation by being the first African-American student to attend classes at the University of Mississippi. Two days prior to his registration, rioting broke out at the University, resulting in 75 injured and 2 deaths. U.S. 1962 U.S.A.

First Broadcast Of The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson 1st October, 1962: The late night talk show "The Tonight Show" starring Johnny Carson is broadcast for the first time from New York City by NBC, he retired from the show in 1992 when the current presenter Jay Leno started as the presenter. U.S. 1966 U.S.A. First Loss Of A DC9 Oct. 1st, 1966: The first major DC9 accident occurs when a DC9 built by Douglas crashes. West Coast Airlines Flight 956 travelling between Seattle, Washington and San Francisco, California crashes in an unpopulated section of the Mount Hood National Forest with the loss of life for all 13 passengers and 5 crew members. China 1968 China Purge Oct.

1st, 1968: Red China is now celebrating 20 years of rule by Mao Tse-tung and insists the purge of enemies to his rule will continue, it is now 2 years since the Great Cultural Revolution started which set out to purge and purify the 17 million members of the party, it is estimated 500,000 people were in the Heavenly Peace Square in Peking to celebrate 20 years of Mao Tse-tung rule. Full Size Original Here: Egypt 1970 Egypt Mourners Crushed To Death During President Abdel Nasser's Funeral Oct. 1st, 1970: The Funeral Procession for President Abdel Nasser on the streets of Cairo turns from a solemn occasion to a tragedy as dozens of mourners are crushed to death due to the large numbers ( estimated that five million mourners lined the streets ) of grief-stricken Egyptians who wished to pay their respect to the dead President. Full Size Original Here: U.S. 1971 U.S.A.

Walt Disney World Resort Opens 1st October, 1971 : Walt Disney World Resort Opens in Orlando Florida, the resort opened with the Magic Kingdom theme park featuring the Cinderella Castle at it's center and has since added Epcot and the others. The project had begun way back in 1959 after the success of Disneyland in California ( opened 1955 ) , and because he did not want land speculators to realize what he was up to he bought land through dummy corporations 27,400 acres in the area. The Walt Disney World Resort is not actually in Orlando as it is outside city limits. Philippines 1975 Philippines Muhammad Ali Oct. 1st, 1975: Muhammad Ali beat Joe Fraser in the 14th round with a technical knockout in what was considered to be one of the greatest boxing matches in history on their third and final fight and is often known as the "Thrilla in Manilla" match. Full Size Original Here: U.S. 1976 U.S.A. Swine Flu Fever Oct.

1st, 1976: The largest immunization program in US history starts today as Americans throughout the nation roll up their sleeves for shots to stop the new deadly disease of Swine Flu Fever which is expected to appear later in the winter. This flu is closely related to the flu strain outbreak in 1918 - 1919 that killed over 500,000 Americans Canada 1976 Canada CN Tower Official Opening 1st October, 1976: The CN tower in Toronto, Ontario, Canada the worlds tallest free standing structure Height with Antenna/Spire 1,815.4 ft, on land in the world officially opens. The construction of the tower had started in February 1973 and opened to the public on June 26, More News and Events From 1976 . It held the title for over 30 years until the Burj Dubai in the United Arab Emirates overtakes it. Full Size Original Here: U.S. 1982 U.S.A. Cyanide Poisoning Oct.

1st, 1982: The 7th and final victim from cyanide poisoning from laced Tylenol capsules dies. The crime of the laced capsules in Chicago Suburbs was never solved but did change the way many pills and other foodstuff is protected to stop tampering. U.S. 1982 U.S.A. Epcot Opens Oct. 1st, 1982: EPCOT (Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow) theme park opens at Walt Disney World, Florida, Epcot is the second Disney park to open in Florida and features international culture and a number of future world pavilions each featuring innovations and applications of technology. The World Showcase features pavilions representing eleven countries from around the world including culture, history, foods and shops selling some of the goods you would find in each country. U.S. 1985 U.S.A. Aids 1st October, 1985: The public health service agency has issued a master plan to combat the spread of Aids and has stated that an Aids vaccine is unlikely to be available till 1990.

In other parts of the plan they have concluded the only way to stop the spread is through education for the most at risk groups . UK 1985 United Kingdom Riots Oct. 1st, 1985: In the second night of race riots in Toxteth and Peckham, police in riot gear have closed off areas of Liverpool and London in an effort to contain continued outbreaks of violence and vandalism with gangs of youths throwing petrol bombs and setting shops alight. U.S. 1987 U.S.A. Earthquake Oct. 1st, 1987: A 6.1 magnitude earthquake hits Whittier, California, killing 6 people and injuring 100 more . Russia 1988 Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev 1st October, 1988: Mikhail Gorbachev names himself head of the Supreme Soviet. Full Size Original Here: Denmark 1989 Denmark Registered Partnership 1st October, 1989: Denmark become the first country in the world to enact a law "Registered Partnership" which grants same sex couples nearly all of the rights and responsibilities of marriage. U.S. 1992 U.S.A.

Ross Perot Oct. 1st, 1992: Ross Perot has formally announced he will run in the upcoming presidential race against Bill Clinton and President Bush , he has stated the reason he is running is the government is in a mess and neither party has addressed the needs and concerns of the ordinary voter . His meagre standing in the latest polls may well mean he can not win but his entry will effect the race for the Presidency. Full Size Original Here: U.S. 1993 U.S.A. Polly Klaas Oct. 1st, 1993 : Polly Klaas ( 12 ) is kidnapped at knifepoint from her Petaluma, Calif., home during a slumber party and later raped and murdered. Her grandfather Joe Klaas was a strong advocate of California Proposition 66 to "fix the flaw in the law" of the Three strikes law known as "habitual offender laws" which requires state courts to hand down a mandatory and extended period of incarceration to persons who have been convicted of a serious criminal offense on three or more separate occasions. U.S. 1997 U.S.A. Fen-phen Withdrawn Oct.

1st, 1997 : Following the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) request for the withdrawal of Fen-phen from the market due to problems identified with valvular heart disease and pulmonary hypertension, American Home Products ( Wyeth ) withdraws the anti-obesity medication from the market. Currently more than 50,000 product liability lawsuits had been filed by alleged Fen-phen victims with estimates of total liability in excess of $10 billion. Peru 1998 Peru Protests Over third term for President Alberto Fujimori Oct. 1st, 1998 : Trade Unions have called a one day strike in protest at President Alberto Fujimori plans to stand for election for a third term. Many of those protesting have also stormed the presidential palace in the capital, Lima, Peru where soldiers and police fire shots into the air to disperse the several hundred protesters. U.S. 2004 U.S.A. Bush - Kerry Debate Oct.

1st, 2004 : The long awaited debate between President George W Bush and the democratic challenger John Kerry ended as a dead heat with no real new words by either candidate and neither making bad mistakes in what could appear to be a well rehearsed TV show, not a debate for the most powerful job on earth. Indonesia 2005 Bali Suicide Bombers 1st October, 2005: Suicide bombers strike three restaurants in two tourist areas on the Indonesian island of Bali killing 22 UK 2006 UK New Minimum Wage Oct. 1st, 2006: New Minimum wages come into effect in the UK 16 to 17 years old £3.30 18 to 21 years old £4.45 Over 21 years old £5.35 equiv to US $10.03 The US federal minimum wage in 2007 is $5.85 but does range up to $7.80 ( Oregon Current Highest ) depending on State Laws.

This Day In History For Tomorrow October 2nd Day After October 3rd Or You Can Use the link to this Month at the top of the page to find the day or month you are looking for Thailand 2006 Thailand Interim Prime Minister Oct. 1st, 2006: Surayud Chulanont, a retired general, was chosen to be Thailand’s interim prime minister by coup leaders. United States 2007 United States Sub Prime Losses 1st October, 2007: Major Financial Institutions including Citigroup, Credit Suisse and Swiss Bank UBS report lower earnings due to US sub-prime mortgage market losses . Yemen 2007 Yemen Volcano Eruption Oct. 1st, 2007: A volcano erupted on the small al-Tair island of Yemen in the Red Sea, killing a total of eight people.. Indonesia 2009 Indonesia Earthquake Sumatra Oct. 1st, 2009: A second Earthquake on the Island of Sumatra registering 6.8 follows the first quake of 7.6 close to the Sumatran city of Padang.

The death toll so far is in excess of 1,000 with more than 3,000 who are still trapped under rubble. International efforts are underway with Rescue teams from several countries on route to the Island with specialist equipment, medical supplies and food and shelter. The quakes close to the city of Pedang have caused wide scale devistation but concerns for those in outlying areas are growing because many of these areas are cut off and difficult to access. Australia 2011 Australia Plane Crashes Into Ferris Wheel Near Sydney Oct. 1st, 2011 : A small Cheetah S200 plane crashed into a Ferris wheel leaving four people trapped. Two men on the plane and two Ferris wheel passengers were stuck for a while before a crane was used to rescue them. Libya 2011 Libya Sirte heavy fighting 1st October, 2011 : In the Libyan City of Sirte where many believe Muammar Gaddafi is hiding heavy fighting for control of the city continues between rebels and forces loyal to Colonel Muammar Gaddafi.

China 2012 China Tourist Bus Fire in China 1st October, 2012 : Six people died after a tourist bus caught fire in Tianjin near Beijing, China. The bus ran into a truck and caught on fire, five of the deaths were German tourists. United States 2013 United States US Government Shuts Down 1st October, 2013 : The United States government stopped all non-essential functions after Congress failed to reach a deal on the budget. The shut down meant that national parks and museums would be closed and hundreds of thousands of workers would not be able to go to work. South Korea 2013 South Korea Military Parade in South Korea 1st October, 2013 : South Korea holds one of its biggest military parades in nearly ten years according to officials, amid tensions with North Korea. The parade displayed large weapons like torpedoes and cruise missiles. The parade was meant as a celebration of South Korea's armed forces and their 65th anniversary. Born This day in History 1st October Celebrating Birthday's Today

Question: Which British national newspaper went on sale for the first time on 7th October, 1986?
Answer: The Independent