Crown Prince Regent: Hasan: 1969 Prime Ministers: Mahmud al-Muntasir (1951–1954); Hussein Maziq (1965–1967); Wanis al-Qaddafi (1968–1969). Legislature: Parliament; Upper House (Senate); Lower House (House of Representatives). Independence: 24 December 1951. Area: 1,759,530 km2 (679,358 square miles). Population: 1,091,830 (as of 1954). The 1951 constitution states that King Idris as-Sanusi is the head of state, who can exercise political power to run the affairs of the country, through a government led by a prime minister, as well as can veto legislations and dissolve the house of representatives. The king's government is made up of the parliament, the upper house (Senate) and the lower house (House of Representatives).

Each of the three provinces of Libya, namely Cyrenaica, Tripolitania and Fezzan, were represented in the Senate by eight representatives. Each province had its own "provincial government." The flag of Cyrenaica, Eastern Libya. The name Sanusi (or Senusi) refers to a political-religious order, said to have been founded by the grandfather of King Idris, the Grand Sanusi (Sayyid Muhammad Ibn Ali as-Senussi), in 1837 in Saudi Arabia. The black flag with white star & crescent was adopted by Idris as-Sanusi. The Sanusi family were involved in the wars against the French (between 1902 to 1913) and against the Italian invasions of Libya. After the Italians returned to Libya, after the treaty they signed with Turkey, the country was destroyed, Emir Idris fled to Egypt, and subsequently Omar al-Mukhtar was hanged in 1931. On the 1st of March 1949, Sayyid Idris proclaimed the eastern region of Libya as "The Emirate of Cyrenaica", and appointed himself the Emir of Cyrenaica.

Even though the UK did recognise the Emirate, the UN failed to recognise the new country. In 1951 King Idris was appointed the King of Libya. Like the American president was reported by Aljazeera to have said in 1968: "King Idris' regime was stable and secure because it was corrupt, truly corrupt". The same source also stated that: "In their bid to dominate Africa, the [Seven] Sisters installed a king in Libya, a dictator in Gabon, fought the nationalisation of oil resources in Algeria, and through corruption, war and assassinations, brought Nigeria to its knees" (aljazeera.com/programmes/specialseries/2013/04/201344105231487582.html). The Berbers of Libya Under King Idris The official status of the Berbers during the kingdom can be argued to have been slightly better than that during Gaddafi's period, and so far the same as during the "transitional" period of the NTC.

However, all these three governments have declared constitutionally that Arabic is the only official language of Libya - even though Berber is the native language of Libya. The king's constitution states this under Article 186. However, Article 24 also states that any Libyan can use any language to 'practice' his or her religion or culture, including its use in literature and the media. After practice, of course, comes the real test - whenever the dictators are ready. In addition to the lack of any official recognition, there was no clear policy to assist the Berbers along those lines to develop their unique culture and nurture their prehistoric identity. When a language is declared official it will have the "legal protection", the "funds", and the dedication to ensure its free evolution. But when it is marginalised or forced into integration into another's freedom then neglect naturally follows. 03 March 2014: The Libyan government has decided to reinstate the Libyan nationality to King Idris and to his family. Decree 146 of 2014, issued by the PMO, also returns all the property confiscated by Gaddafi's government to the Sanusi family.

Libya-US Relations – Embassy of Libya Home About Libya Libya-US Relations The United States established diplomatic relations with Libya following the UN-supported declaration of independence in 1951. The U.S. has strategic interests in a stable Libya, and has continued to reaffirm support for a free, democratic Libya that is an active member of the international community. Since the overthrow of Muammar Gaddafi in 2011, the U.S. has focused on supporting capacity building efforts within Libya’s government institutions, developing civil society and facilitating free and fair elections. All U.S. projects are coordinated with the United Nations Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL). The U.S. provides targeted assistance to Libya to help strengthen national security institutions, which protect civilians, contribute to regional stability, and wrest control of weapons and land from militias. Many of the world’s U.S. based major oil companies are invested and have operations in Libya. The U.S. also has a trade and investment framework agreement with the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, of which Libya is a member. Deborah K. Jones is the current U.S. Ambassador in Libya.

HISTORY OF US-LIBYA RELATIONS INDEPENDENCE AND RELATIONS UNDER KING IDRIS I (1951-1969) The U.S. was an original supporter of the 1949 UN resolution that provided for Libya’s independence. Libya’s first and only king, King Idris I, was chosen to lead Libya under a post-WWII Constitution that instated the country as a monarchy, the drafting of which was overseen by the UN. During King Idris’s rule, the U.S. and the Kingdom of Libya kept close diplomatic ties. In 1954, Libya and the U.S. established embassies in each other’s countries and exchanged ambassadors. King Idris granted the U.S. rights to maintain military bases in Libya. RELATIONS UNDER GADDAFI (1969-2011) Increasing tensions led to the withdrawal of the U.S. ambassador in 1972. Staff members were withdrawn in 1979 after an attack on the embassy and the mission was closed.

LIBYAN REVOLUTION (2011) During the “Arab Spring” in 2011, the Libyan people rose up against Gaddafi to which he responded with brutal force against his own people. The U.S. quickly severed relations with his government. A coalition of military forces, led by the United States, expressed deep concern over the welfare of Libya’s civilians and intervened in the civil war with an air campaign; after which the U.S. announced it was providing over $80 million in humanitarian assistance. By August 2011, anti-Gaddafi forces captured Tripoli, and in October, Gaddafi was captured near Sirte and killed. However unrest in the nation continues, directly impacting the U.S. Libyan relationship, with the assassination of Ambassador Chris Stevens during a terrorist attack on the American mission in Benghazi on September 11, 2012. The U.S. has suspended embassy operations in Tripoli and relocated to Tunisia.

Search Libyan Monarchist Wallpaper by Thasiloron on DeviantArt Digital Art / Photomanipulation / Political ©2013-2017 Thasiloron King Idris I was the first and only King of Libya, reigning from 1951-1969, before being deposed by Colonel Gaddafi. The coup pre-empted Idris' abdication and the succession of his heir the following day. During the Arab Spring, Libyan protesters opposing Gaddafi carried portraits of His Majesty, particularly in Benghazi. The tricolor flag of the Kingdom was later re-adopted as Libya's national flag after the Revolution. Now, the tyrant is dead, and the Throne needs an occupant. Libya, Libya, Libya: Long live the King! Libya: Constitution of Libya [1951-1969] The Constitution of Libya [1951-1969] PREAMBLE In the name of God the benificent, the merciful. We, the representatives of the people of Libya from Cyrenaica, Tripolitania and Fezzan, meeting by the will of God in the cities of Tripoli and Benghazi in a National Constituent Assembly.

Having agreed and determined to form a union(1) between us under the Crown of King Mohammad Idris el Senussi, to whom the nation has offered the Crown and who was declared constitutional King of Libya by this the National Constituent Assembly. And having decided and determined to establish a democratic independent sovereign State which will guarantee the national unitym safeguard domestic tranquillit, provide the means for common defence, secure the establishment of justice, guarantee the principles of libertym equality, and fraternity and promote economic and social progress and the general welfare. And trusting in God, Master of the Universe, do hereby prepare and resolve this Constitution for the Kingdom of Libya(2). (1) Federal Regime repealed by Law No. 1 of 1963. (2) Name of the State amended to read "The Kingdom of Libya" by Law No. 1 of 1963. CONSTITUTION OF LIBYA The Form of the State and the System of Government ARTICLE 1 Libya is a free independent sovereign State. Neither its sovereignty nor any part of its territories may be relinquished. ARTICLE 2 Libya is a State having a hereditary monarchy, and its system of Government is representative. Its name is "THE KINGDOM OF LIBYA".

ARTICLE 3 The Kingdom of Libya is a part of the Arab Home-Land and a portion of the African Continent. ARTICLE 4 The boundaries of the Kingdom of Libya are:- On the North, the Mediterranean Sea; On the East, the United Arab Republic and the Republic of Sudan; On the South, the Republic of Sudan, Chadm Niger and Algeria; On the West, the Republics of Tunisia and Algeria. ARTICLE 5 Islam is the religion of the State. ARTICLE 6 The emblem of the State and its national anthem shall be prescribed by a law. ARTICLE 7 The national flag shall have the following shape and dimensions:- Its length shall be twice its breadth, it shall be divided into three parallel coloured stripes, the uppermost being red, the centre black and the lowest green, the black stripe shall be equal in area to the two other stripes together and shall bear in its centre a white crescent, between the two extremities of which there shall be a five-pointed whit star.

Chapter II Rights of the People ARTICLE 8 Every person who resides in Libya and has no other nationality, or is not the subject of any other State, shall be deemed to be a Libyan if he fulfils one of the following conditions:- (1) that he was born in Libya; (2) that either of his parents was born in Libya; (3) that he has had his normal residence in Libya for a period of not less than ten years. ARTICLE 9 Subject to the provisions of Article 8 of this Constitution, the conditions necessary for acquiring Libyan nationalityshall be determined by a law. Such law shall grant facilities to expatriates of Libyan origin residing abroad and to their children, and to citizens of Arab countries, and to foreigners who are ersiding in Libya and who at the coming into force of this Constitution have had their normal residence in Libya for a period of not less than ten years. Persons od the latter category may opt for Libyan nationality in accordance with the conditions prescribed by the law, provided they apply for it within three years as from the 1st of January 1952. ARTICLE 10 No one may have Libyan nationality and any other nationality at the same time.

ARTICLE 11 Libyans shall be equal before the law. They shall enjoy equal civil and political rights, shall have the same opportunities, and be subject to the same public duties and obligations, without distiction of religionm, belief, race, language, wealth, kinship or political or social opinions. ARTICLE 12 Personal liberty shall be guaranteed and everyone shall be entitled to equal protection of the law. ARTICLE 13 No forced labour shall be imposed upon anyone save in accordance with law in cases of emergency,catastrophe or circumstances which may endanger the safety of the whole or part of the population. ARTICLE 14 Everyone shall have the right to resource to the Courts, in accordance with the provisions of the law. ARTICLE 15 Everyone charged with an offence shall be presumed to be innocent until proved guilty according to law in a trial at which he has the guarantees necessary for his defence. The trial shall be public save in exceptional cases prescribed by law. ARTICLE 16 No one may be arrested, detained, imprisoned or searched except in the cases prescribed by law. No one shall under any circumstances bt tortured by anyone or subjected to punishment degrading to him.

ARTICLE 17 No offence may be established or penalty inflicted except shall be subject to the penalties specified therein for those offences; the penalty inflicted shall not be heavier than the penalty that was applicable at the time the offence was committed. ARTICLE 18 No Libyan may be deported from Libya under any circumstances nor may he be forbidden to reside in any locality or compelled to reside in any specific place or prohibited from moving in Libya except as prescribed by law. ARTICLE 19 Dwelling houses are inviolable; they shall not be entered or searched except in cases and according to the manner prescribed by law. ARTICLE 20 The secrecy of letters, telegrames, telephone communications and all correspondences in whatever form and by whatever means shall be guaranteed; they shall not be censored or delayed except in cases prescribed by law. ARTICLE 21 Freedom of conscience shall be absolute. The State shall respect all religions and faiths and shall ensure to foreigners residing in its territory freedom of conscience and the right freely to practice religion so long as it is not a breach of public order and is not contrary to morality. ARTICLE 22 Freedom of thought ahall be guaranteed.

Everyone shall have the right to express his opinion and to publish it by all means and methods. But this freedom may not be abused in any way which is contrary to public order and morality. ARTICLE 23 Freedom of press and of printing ahall be guaranteed within the limits of the law. ARTICLE 24 Everyone shall be free to use any language in his private transactions or riligious or cultural matters or in the Press or any other publications or in public meetings. ARTICLE 25 The right of peaceful meetings is guaranteed within the limits of law. ARTICLE 26 The right of peaceful associations shall be guaranteed. The exercise of that right shall be regulated by law. ARTICLE 27 Individuals shall have the right to address public authorities by means of letters signed by them in connection with matters which concern them but only organised bodies or justice persons my address the authorities on behalf of a number of persons. ARTICLE 28 Every Libyan shall have the right to education.The State shall ensure the diffusion of education by means of establishment of public schools and of private schools which it may permit to be established under its supervision, for Libyans and foreigners.

ARTICLE 29 Teaching shall be unrestricted so long as it does not constitute a breach of public order and is not contrary to morality. Public education shall be regulated by law. ARTICLE 30 Elementary education shall be compulsory for Libyan children of both sexes; elementary and and primary education in the public schools shall be free. ARTICLE 31 Property shall be inviolable. No owner may be prevented from disposing og his property except within the limits of the law. No property of any person shall be expropriated except in the public interest and in the cases and in the manner determined by law and provided such person is awarded fair compensation. ARTICLE 32 The penalty of general confiscation of property shall be prohibited. ARTICLE 33 The family is the basis of society and shall be entitled to protection by the State. The State shall also protect and encourage marriage. ARTICLE 34 Work is one of the basic elements of life. It shall be protected by the State and shall be the right of all Libyans. Every individual who works shall be entitled to fair remuneration. ARTICLE 35 The State shall endeavour to provide as far as possible for every Libyan and his family an appropriate standard of living.

Chapter III(*) PART I. Powers of the Federal Government, Article 36 and 37(*). PART II. Joints Powers, Article 38 and 39(*) (*) Cancellation:- This Chapter with its two Parts and four Articles: 36. 37, 38 and 39 are repealed in this amendment. Chapter IV General Powers ARTICLE 40 Sovereignty shall belong to God, and by the Most High God's will it shall be entrusted to the nation from which all powers stem. ARTICLE 41 Legislative power shall be excercised by the King in conjunction with Parliament. The King promulgates the laws when they have been approved by Parliament in accordance with the procedures prescribed by this Constitution. ARTICLE 42 Executive power shall be excercised by the King within the limits of this Constitution. ARTICLE 43 Judicial power shall be excercised by the Supreme Court and other courts, which shall have judgements within the limits of this Constitution, in accordance with the law and in the name of the King.

Chapter V The King ARTICLE 44 Subject to what has been provided in Article 40, sovereignty shall be vested by the nation in trust with the King Mohammed Idris el Mahdi el Senussi and after him to his male heirs, the oldest after the oldest, degree after degree. ARTICLE 45 The Throne of the Kingdom is hereditary in accordance with the two Royal Orders promulgated on 22nd of Safar 1374 h., and the 25th of Rabi'e el Thani 1376 h., respectively. Each of these two Orders regulating the succession to the Throne shall have the same force as an article of this Constitution. ARTICLE 46 In the event of the King's death and the Throne remaining vacant owning to the lack of successor to the King or to no successor having been apointed, the Senate and the House of Representatives shall at once hold a joint meeting -without convocation- to appoint a successor within two days; three quarters at least of the number of members of the two chambers shall be present and the voting shall take place openly by a majority of two-thirds of the members present.

If the choice cannot take place within the time specified, the two Chambers shall jointly proceed to make the choice on the eleventh day, in the presence of an absolute majority of the members of each of the twoChambers and by a proportionate majority. If the House of Representatives has been dissolved the old house shall immediately meet until the King has been chosen. ARTICLE 47 Before assuming his constitutional powers, the King shall take the following oath before a joint session of the Senate and the House of Representatives:- "I swear by Almighty God to observe the Constitution and the laws of the country and to devote all my efforts to the maintenance of the independence of Libya and to defending the safety of its territory." ARTICLE 48 Whenever the King wishes to travel outside Libya or when circumstances prevent or delay him temporarily from excercising his constitutional powers, he may appoint one or more Deputies to perform such duties and to excercise such rights and powers as the King may delegate to such Deputy or Deputies. ARTICLE 49 The King shall attain his majority upon the completion of his eighteenth lunar year.

ARTICLE 50 If the King is a minor, or if circumstances prevent or delay him from excercising his constitutional powers and he himself is unable to appoint a Deputy or Deputies, the Council of Ministers shall with the consent of the Parliament appoint a Regent or a Council of Regency to perform the duties of the King and to excercise his rights and powers until such time as he becomes of age or is capable of exercising his powers. If Parliament is not in session it shall be convened. If the House of Representatives has been dissolved the old House shall immediately meet until such time as the Regent or Council of Regency has been appointed. ARTICLE 51 No person may be appointed a Deputy to the Throne or as a Regent or a member of the Council of Regency unless he is a Libyan and a Moslem and has co,pleted his fortieth year (Gregorian); however, a male of the Royal Family who has completed his twenty-first year (Gregorian) may be appointed.

ARTICLE 52 During the period between the death of the King and the taking of the consitutional oath by his successor to the Throne, by the Regent or by the members of the Council of Regency, the Council of Ministers shall, on its own responsibiliy, excercise the constitutional powers of the King in the name of the Libyan nation. ARTICLE 53 The Regent or any member of the Council of Regency shall not assume office unless he has taken the following oath before a joint meeting of the Senate and the House of Representatives:- "I swear by Almighty God to observe the Constitution and the laws of the country, to devote all my efforts to the maintenance of its territory and to be loyal to the King." A Deputy to the Throne shall take his oath before the King or some person designated by the King. ARTICLE 54 A minister or any member of a legislative body may not be Regent or a member of a Council of Regency. If a Deputy to the Throne is a member of any legislative body he shall not take part in the activities of that body during the time he is acting as Deputy to the Throne.

ARTICLE 55 If a Regent or a member of the Council of Regency, appointed in acordance with Article 50, dies or is prevented by any circumstances from performing his duties as Regent or as a member of the Council of Regency, the Council of Ministers may, with the consent of the Parliament appoint another person to replace him, in acordance with the provisions of Article 51m 53 and 54. If Parliament is not in session it shall be convened. If the House of Representatives has been dissolved, the old House shall immediately meet until such time as a Regent or a member of the Council of Regency has been appointed. ARTICLE 56 The Civil List of the King and the Royal Family shall be fixed by law; it may not be reduced during his reign but it may be increased by resolution of Parliament. The law shall limit the salaries of Deputies to the Throne and the Regents which shall be paid from the Civil List of the King. ARTICLE 57 The judicial procedures to be followed in cases brought by the Royal Estate or against it shall be regulated by a law. ARTICLE 58 The King is the Supreme Head of the State.

ARTICLE 59 The King shall be inviolable. He shall be exempt from all responsibility. ARTICLE 60 The King exercises his powers through his Ministries and responsibility rests with them. ARTICLE 61 The king shall not assume a throne outside Libya except after the consent of Parliament. ARTICLE 62 The King sanctions and promulgates the laws. ARTICLE 63 The King shall make the necessary regulations for carrying out the laws without modifying or dispensing with their execution. ARTICLE 64 If, when Parliament is not in session, exceptional circumstances arise which necessitate urgent measures, the King may issue decrees in respect thereof which shall have the force of law provided that they are not contrary to the provisions of this Constitution. Such decrees must be submitted to the Parliament or if they are not approved by either of the Chambers they shall cease to have the force of law. ARTICLE 65 The King shall open the sessions of Parliament and close them, and shall dissolve the House of Representatives in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution, and he may, when necessary, convene a joint meeting of the two Chambers to discuss any important question.

ARTICLE 66 The king may, if he deems necessary convene Parliament to meet in an extraordinary session; he shall also convene it upon the presentation of a petition signed by an absolute majority of the members of the two Chambers. The King shall pronounce the closure of an extraordinary session. ARTICLE 67 The King may adjourn the session of Parliament but the adjourment may not exceed a period of thirty days nor may it be repeated during the same session without the consent of both Chambers. ARTICLE 68 The King is the Supreme Commandor of all the armed forces in the Kingdom of Libya; and their duties are to protect the sovereignty of the country, and the safety and security of its territories. These armed forces consist of the Army and the Security Forces. ARTICLE 69 The King shall declare war and conclude peace and enter into treaties which he ratifies after the approval of Parliament. ARTICLE 70 The King shall proclaim martial law and a state of emergency provided that he shall present the proclamation of martial law to Parliament in order to decide whether it shall continue or be replaced. If that proclamation is made when Parliament is not in session, Parliament must be urgently convened.

ARTICLE 71 The King shall create and confer titles, decorations and all other signs of honour; but creation of civil titles shall be prohibited. ARTICLE 72 The King shall appoint the Prime Minister, he may remove him from office or accept his resignation; he shall appoint the Ministers, remove them from office, or accept their resignation at the proposal of the Prime Minister. ARTICLE 73 The King shall appoint diplomatic representatives and remove them from office at the proposal of the Minister of Foreign Affairs. He shall accept the credentials of the heads of foreign diplomatic missions accredited to him. ARTICLE 74 The King shall establish the public services and appoint senior officials and remove them in accordance with the provisions of the law. ARTICLE 75 Currency shall be issued un the name of the King, according to law. ARTICLE 76 No death sentence imposed by any Libyan Court shall be executed except with the consent of the King. ARTICLE 77 The King shall have the right to grant pardon or to commute a sentence. Chapter VI The Ministers ARTICLE 78 The Council of Ministers shall consist of the Prime Minister and of the Ministers whom the King deems fit to appoint at the proposal of the Prime Minister.

ARTICLE 79 Before assuming office the Prime Minister and Ministers shall take the following oath before the King:- "I swear by Almighty God to be loyal to the country and to the King, to observe the Constitution and the laws, and fully consider the interests of the People." ARTICLE 80 The King may appoint Ministers without profolio in case of necessity. ARTICLE 81 No non-Libyan may be a Minister. ARTICLE 82 No member of the Royal Family may be a Minister. ARTICLE 83 A Minister may at the same time be a Member of the Parliament. ARTICLE 84 The Council of Ministers shall be responsible for the direction of all the internal and external affairs of the State. ARTICLE 85 For the signatures of the King concerning the affairs of the State to be effective, they must have the countersignature of the Prime Minister and of the competent Ministers. The Prime Minister shall be appointed and relieved by Royal Decree, but the ministers shall be appointed and relieved of office by Decrees signed by the King and countersigned by the Prime Minister.

ARTICLE 86 The Ministers are collectively responsible before the House of Representatives for the general policy of the State and each of them individually is responsible for the activity of his ministery. ARTICLE 87 If the House of Representative by a majority of allits members passes a vote of no confidence in the Council of Ministers, the Council of Ministers must resign. If the decision concerns one of the Ministers, he must resign. The House of Representatives shall not consider the request for a vote of no confidence unless it has been presented by fifteen or more of the Deputies. Such request may not be discussed except after eight days from the date of its presentation and shall not be voted upon except after two days from the completion of the discussion therein. ARTICLE 88 Ministers shall have the right to attend the meetings of both Chambers and must be heard whenever they so request; they may not take part in the voting unless they are members. They may have the assistance of any officer they choose of their Ministry or may appoint any such officer as a deputy to represent them. Each Chamber may when necessary request any Minister to attend its meeting.

ARTICLE 89 In the event of the dismissel or resignation of the Prime Minister all the Ministers are considered thereby to have been dismissed or to have resigned. ARTICLE 90 The Ministers may not while holding office assume any other public office, excercise any other profession or purchase or rent any property belonging to the State, or let or hire or sell directly or indirectly take a part in the undertakings concluded and rtenders invited by the Public Administration of the Institutions falling under the administration or control of the State. They may not be members of the Board of Directors of any company nor may they take an active part in any commercial or financial enterprise. ARTICLE 91 The salaries of the Prime Minister and the other Ministers shall be determined by law. ARTICLE 92 A law shall prescribe the civil and criminal responsibilities of the Ministers and the Manner in which they may be charged and tried in respect of offences committed by them in the excercise of their duties. Chapter VII Parliament shall consist of two Chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. PART I. The Senate The Senate shall consist of twenty-four members appointed by the King. ARTICLE 95(*) (*) repealed in accodance with Law No.

1 of the year 1963. ARTICLE 96 In addition to the qualifications provided for in the Electoral Law, the Senator must be a Libyan and, upon his appointment, his age must not be less than forty Gregorian years. ARTICLE 97 The Prisident of the Senate shall be appointed by the King. The Senate shall elect two Vice-Prisidents. The result of the election shall be submitted to the King for approval. The appointment of the President and the election of the Vice-Presidents shall be for a period of two years and the President may be re-appointed and the two Vice-Presidents may be elected. ARTICLE 98 Membership of the Senate shall be for eight years. Half the Senators shall be replaced every four years. Retiring Senators may be re-appointed. ARTICLE 99 The Senate shall meet at the same time as the House of Representatives; its sessions shall close at the same time as the House of Representatives. PART II. The House of Representatives ARTICLE 100 The House of Representatives shall consist of members elected by secret polling in accordance with the provisions of the Electoral Law.

ARTICLE 101 The number of Deputies shall be determined on the basis of one Deputy for every twenty thousand of population or fraction of that number exceeding half. ARTICLE 102 Libyans who have comleted their twenty-first year (Gregorian) shall be entitled to vote in the manner prescribed in the law. Women may excercise this right in accordance with the conditions provided for in the law. ARTICLE 103 1. have comleted his thirtieth year (Gregorian); 2. be inscribed on one of the electoral rolls; and 3. not be a member of the Royal Family. In addition to the condition prescribed by the Electoral Law. ARTICLE 104 The term of office of the House of Representatives shall be four years unless it is dissolved earlier. ARTICLE 105 At the opening of every session, the House of Representatives shall elect a Speaker and two Vice-Presidents, who shall be eligible for re-election. ARTICLE 106 If the House of Representatives is dissolved on account of any matter, the succeeding House of Representatives may not be dissolved on account of the same matter.

ARTICLE 107 The order whereby the House of Representatives is dissolved shall call upon the electors to carry out new elections within a period not exceeding three months. It must also provide for the new Chamber to be convened within twenty days of the completion of the elections. PART III. Provisions Common to the Two Chambers ARTICLE 108 Each Member of Parliament represents the whole people; his electors or the authority that appoints him may not make his mandate subject to any conditions or restrictions. ARTICLE 109 No one may be both a Senator and Deputy at the same time. Other cases of incompatibility shall be determined by the Electoral Law.

ARTICLE 110 Before assuming his duties, each Senator and each Deputy shall take publicly in the place of meeting of his Chamber the following oath:- "I swear by Almighty God to be loyal to the country and to the King, to observe the Constitution and the laws of the Country and to carry out my duties honestly and truthfully." ARTICLE 111 Each Chamber decides upon the validity of the election of its members in accordance with its rules of procedure provided that, in order to decide that the election of a member is invalid, a majority of two-thirds of the members of the Chamber shall be required. This power may be delegated to another authority by virtue of a law. ARTICLE 112 The King shall call Parliament annually to hold its regular meeting in the first week of November. Failing such convocation, Parliament shall meet on the tenth day of the same month. Unless the Chamber of Deputies is dissolved, the regular session shall last for at least five months, and the King shall pronounce the closure of the session. ARTICLE 113 The period of sessions shall be common to both Chambers,.

If both Chambers meet, or either of them meets, at a time other than the legal time, the meeting shall be unlawful and any resolutions taken shall be void. ARTICLE 114 The meeting of the two Chambers shall be public but each Chamber shall, at the request of the Government or of ten of its members, go into secret session in order to decide whether the discussion on the question before it is to be held in public or in secret. ARTICLE 115 During extraordinary sessions, Parliament shall not discuss, except with the consent of the Governmentm questions other than those for which it has been convened. ARTICLE 116 The meetings of either of the two Chambers shall not be valid unless the majority of the members are present at the opening of the meeting. Neither of the two Chambers may take a decision unless the majority of its members are present at the time of the decision. ARTICLE 117 Except in cases where a special majority is required, decisions in each of where a special majority is required, decisions in each of the Chambers shall be adopted by a majority of the members present. If the vote is equally divided, the proposal in question shall be considered to have been rejected.

ARTICLE 118 Voting on questions under discussion in each Chamber shall take place in the manner prescribed in its rules of procedure. ARTICLE 119 Neither Chamber may discuss a bill before it has been considered by the appropriate committee in conformity with its rules of procedure. ARTICLE 120 Every bill adopted by one of the two Chambers shall be transmitted by the President of that Chamber to the President of the other Chamber. ARTICLE 121 A bill which has been rejected by either Chamber may not be re-introduced at the same session. ARTICLE 122 Every member of Parliament has the right, in conditions which shall be determined in the rules of procedure of each Chamber, to address questions and interpellations to Ministers. Discussions on an interpellation shall not take place until at least eight days after it has been presented, except in cases of urgency and with the consent of the person to whom the interpellation is addressed. ARTICLE 123 Each Chamber shall have the right to investigatem in accordance with its rules of procedure, specific questions within its competence.

ARTICLE 124 Members of Parliament shall have immunity with regard to opinions they have expressed in either Chamber or in the committees thereof, subject to the provisions of the respective rules of procedure. ARTICLE 125 Except in cases of flagrance delicto, no criminal procedure may be taken or continued against any member of either Chamber, nor may he be arrested for criminal offencesm while Parliament is in session, without the authorization of the Chamber of which he is a member. ARTICLE 126 Members of Parliament other than those who excecise governmental offices compatible with parliamentary membership may not be granted any decorations or medals, with the exception of military ranks, decorations and medals, during their term of office. ARTICLE 127 The conditions under which a member of Parliament forfeits his membership shall be determined by the Electoral Law, and the decision of such forfeiture shall be taken by a majority of all the members of the Chamber to which such member belongs. ARTICLE 128 If a seat becomes vacant in either of the Chambers, it shall be filled within three months by election or appointment in conformity with the provisions of this Constitution. The period of three months shall commence on the date on which the Chamber informs the Government of the vacancy.

The term of office of a new Senator shall be limited to the term of office of his predecessor. The terms of office of a new member of House of Represetatives shall expire upon the termination of the period of office of the Chamber. ARTICLE 129 Elections for a new House of Representatives shall take place within the three months preceding the expiration of the period of office of the old House of Represetatives. If it is not possible to carry out elections within the said period the term of office of the old House of Representatives shall extend until elections are held, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 104. ARTICLE 130 The replacement of half the members of the Senate shall take place within the three months preceding the expiration of the terms of membership of the retiring Senators. If it is impossible to effect the replacement within that period, the term of membership of the Senators whose period of office has expired shall be prolonged until the appointment of the new Senators. ARTICLE 131 The remuneration of Members of Parliament shall be fixed by law, provided that no increase in such remuneration shall take effect until after the expiration of the term of office of the House of Representatives which decided it.

ARTICLE 132 Each Chamber shall lay its own rules of procedure and it shall specify therein the manner in which it will excercise its functions. ARTICLE 133 The President of each Chamber shall be responsible for maintaining order in his Chamber. No armed force may enter either Chamber or be stationed near its doors except by request of the President. ARTICLE 134 No one may present a request to Parliament except in writing. Each Chamber may transmit the petitions addressed to it to the Ministers. The ministers shall be bound to give the Chamber necessary explanations regarding such petitions whenever the Chamber so requires. ARTICLE 135 The King shall sanction the laws passed by the Parliament and shall promulgate them within thirty days of the date of their communications to him. ARTICLE 136 Within the period prescribed for the promulgatio of a law, the King may refer the law back to Parliament for re-consideration, in which case Parliament must re-consider the law. If the law is passed again by a two-thirds majority of the members composing each of the two Chambers, the King shall sanction and promulgate it within the thirty days following the communication to him of the last decision.

If the majority is less than two thirds the bill shall not be re-considered during that session. If Parliament in another session passes such bill again by a majority of all the members composing each of the two Chambers the King shall sanction and promulgate it within the thirty days following the communication of the decision to him. ARTICLE 137 Laws which are promulgated by the King shall become effective in the Kingdom of Libya after thirty days from the date of their publication in the Official Gazette. This period may be increased. The laws must be published in the Official Gazette within fifteen days of thir promulgation. ARTICLE 138 The right to initiate laws shall be vested in the King, the Senate and the House of Reppresentatives, except when they concern the budget or the imposing of new taxes or the modification of taxes or exemption or part exemption from taxes or their abolition, then the right to initiate such laws shall be vested in the King and the House of Representatives. ARTICLE 139 The President of the Senate shall preside whenever the two Chambers meet together in Congress. In his absence, the Speaker of the House of Represetatives shall preside.

ARTICLE 140 The meetings of Congress shall be valid only when the absolute majority of the members of each of the Chambers composing the Congress id present. Chapter VIII The Judiciary ARTICLE 141 The Supreme Court shall be formed of a President and of Judges appointed by a Decree, and prior taking office, they shall take oath before the King. ARTICLE 142 The President and Judges of the Court shall retire when they have completed the sixty-fifth year of their age (Gregorian). ARTICLE 143 The competences of the Supreme Court shall be determined by the law which shall likewise arrange and designate the competences of the other judicial authorities. ARTICLE 144 The courts shall hold their sessions in public, unless a court decides to hold its session in secret in the interest of public order and morality. ARTICLE 145 The Judges shall be independent; and in the administration of justice they shall be answerable only to the law. They may not be removed from office, as in the manner prescribed in the law. ARTICLE 146 The conditions of appointing the Judges, their transfer and the disciplinary actions taken against them shall be prescribed by law.

ARTICLE 147 The function of the Parquet, its competences and its connection with the Judiciary shall be organised by law. ARTICLE 148 Appointment of the Members of Parquet in the courts, the disciplinary actions taken against them and their removal shall be in accordance with the conditions determined by law. ARTICLE 149 The arrangement of Martial Courts, the manifestation of their competences and the conditions necessary to be required in those who take charge of justice therein shall be organised by law. ARTICLES 150(*) to 158(*) * Articles from 150 to 158 are repealed by Law No. 1 for the year 1963. Chapter IX Fiscal System ARTICLE 159 The general budget shall be submitted to Parliament for examination and approval at lease two months before the begining of the financial year. The budget shall be approved head by head. The begining of the financial year shall be determined by a law. ARTICLE 160 The budget shall be discussed and approved in the first instance by the House of Representatives. ARTICLE 161 The parliamentary session may not be terminated before the budget has been approved.

ARTICLE 162 In the cases where the budget has not been approved before the begining of the financial year, provisional monthly credits shall be opened by Royal Decree on the basis of one twelfth of the credits for the preceding year, and revenue shall be collected and sums expended in accordance with the laws in force at the time of the preceding fiancial year. ARTICLE 163 Any expenditure for which provision has not been made in the budget or which exceeds the budget estimates must be authorized by Parliament, and any transfer of funds from one head of the budget to another must be authorized. ARTICLE 164 Between sessions or during the period when the House of Represetatives is dissolved, and in cases of urgent necessity, new expenditure for which provision has not been made in the budget may be approved or sums may be transferred from one head of the budget to another on condition that such action is taken by Royal Decree and submitted to Parliament within a period of not more than one month after the next meeting.

ARTICLE 165 A draft exceptional budget may, in cases of necessity, be drawn up for more than one year to provide for revenue and expenditure of an exceptional nature; such a budget shall not be put into force until it has been approved by Parliament. ARTICLE 166 The Audit Office shall audit the Government accounts and shall report to Parliament on the result of the audit. The powers of the Audit Office and its constitution and rules of exercising its auditing powers shall be determined by law. ARTICLE 167 No tax may be imposed, modified or abolished except by law. No one may be exemt fro the payment of taxes except in cases provided by law. No one may be asked to pay any amounts of fees except within the limits of the law. ARTICLE 168 No pension, compensation, gratuity or payment from provident fund may be approved for payment out of the Government Treasury except within the limits of the law. ARTICLE 169 No public loan or undertaking that is likely to be a charge on the Treasury for one or more of the following years may be contracted without the consent of Parliament. ARTICLE 170 The Currency System shall be determined by law.

ARTICLE 171 Any dispute between the Senate and the House of Representatives concerning the approval of a head of the budget shall be settled by a decision taken by an absolute majority of the two Chambers meeting in Congress. ARTICLE 172 All revenues of the State including the receipts from all taxes and fees and other properties shall be paid to the public Treasury in conformity with the provisions of the Constitution and the laws. ARTICLES 173(*), 174(*) and 175(*) (*) Repealed in accordance with Law No. 1 for the year 1963. Chapter X Local Administration ARTICLE 176 The Kingdom of Libya shall be divided into administrative units in conformity with the law to be promulgated in this connection. Local and municipal councils may be formed in the Kingdom. The extend of these units shall be determined by law which shall likewise organize these Councils. ARTICLES 177(*) to 185(*) respectively (*) Repealed in accordance with Law No. 1 for the year 1963. Chapter XI Arabic shall be the official language of the State. ARTICLE 187 Cases in which a foreign language may be used in official transactions shall be determined by law.

ARTICLE 188 The Kingdom of Libya has two capitals: Tripoli and Benghazi. ARTICLE 189 The extradition of political refugees shall be prohibited. International treaties and the laws shall prescribe the grounds for the extradition of ordinary criminals. ARTICLE 190 Foreigners shall be deported only in accordance with the provisions of the law. ARTICLE 191 The legal status of foreigners shall be prescribed by law in accordance with the principles of International Law. ARTICLE 192 The State shall guarantee respect for the systems of personal status of non-Moslems. ARTICLE 193 General amnesty shall not be granted except by law. ARTICLE 194 A law shall determine the manner in which the land, sea and air forces are established and organised. ARTICLE 195 No provision of this Constitution may be suspended under any circumstamces except where such suspension is temporary in time of war or during the operation of martial law and is in accordance with law. In any event a parliamentary session may not be suspended when the conditions prescribed by this Constitution for the holding of such a session exist.

ARTICLE 196 The King or either of the two Chambers may propose the revision of this Constitution either by the amendment or decision of one or more of its provisions or by the insertion of additional provisions. ARTICLE 197 No proposal may be made to review the provisions relating to the monarchal form of government, the order of succession to the throne, the representative form of government or the principles of liberty and equality guaranteed by this Constitution. ARTICLE 198 For the purpose of reviewing this Constitution, each of the two Chambers shall, by an absolute majority of all its members, adopt a resolution stating the necessity for the review and prescribing the subject thereof. The two Chambers shall, after discussing the matters subject to review, adopt their decisions in respect thereof. Discussion and voting in each of the two Chambers shall not take place unless three-quarters of its members are present. The resolution to be valid must be adopted by a majority of three-quarters of the members present in each of the two Chambers and must be sanctioned by the King. ARTICLE 199(*) (*) Repealed in accordance with Law No. 1 for the year 1963. ARTICLE 200 Immigration into Libya shall be regulated by law.

Chapter XII Transitory and Provisional Provisions ARTICLE 201 Until the promulgation of the Law on "Local Administration," the Kingdom of Libya shall be divided into ten main administrative units, which shall be named by a Resolution of the Council of Ministers, and each unit shall be headed by an official appointed by Royal Decree. ARTICLE 202 The existing Senate shall retain its present form until the expiry of the membership of each Senator. ARTICLE 203(*) (*) Repealed in accordance with Law No. 1 for the year 1963. ARTICLE 204 All laws, legislation, orders and notices which are in operation in any part of Libya upon the coming into force of this Constitution shall continue to be effective in so far as they are not inconsistent with the provisions of the new constitutional amendment, until they expire, or they are repealed, amended or replaced by other legislation enacted in accordance with the rules prescribed in this Constitution. ARTICLES 205 to 213 repectively(*) (*) Repealed in accordance with Law No. 1 for the year 1963.

The Libyan National Assembly prepared and resolved this Constitution in its meeting held in the city of Benghazi on Sunday, 6th Muharram, Hegera 1371 corresponding to 7th October 1951, and delegated its president and the two Vice-Presidents to promulgate it and submit it to His Majesty, the Exalted King, and published in the Official Gazette in Libya. In pursuance of the Resolution of the National Assembly we have promulgated this Constitution in the city of Benghazi on Sunday, the 6th day of Muharram, Hegera 1371, corresponding to the 7th day of October 1951.

MOHAMED ABULAS'AD EL-ALEM About: Idris of Libya About: Idris of Libya An Entity of Type : royalty , from Named Graph : , within Data Space : dbpedia.org Idris, GBE (Arabic: إدريس الأول‎), also known as "King Idris I of Libya" (born El Sayyid Prince Muhammad Idris bin Muhammad al-Mahdi as-Senussi; 12 March 1889 – 25 May 1983), was the first and only King of Libya, reigning from 1951 to 1969, and the chief of the Senussi Muslim order. While in Turkey for medical treatment, Idris was deposed in a 1969 coup d'etat by army officers led by Muammar Gaddafi.

Property abstract الملك محمد إدريس الأول (12 مارس 1890 م - 25 مايو 1983 م) هو أول حاكم لليبيا بعد الاستقلال عن إيطاليا وعن قوات الحلفاء في 24 ديسمبر/كانون الأول 1951 م وحتى 1969 م. وهو من العائلة السنوسية، من سلالة محمد بن علي السنوسي، مؤسس الطريقة السنوسية. وورث موقع جده. (ar) Idris I de Libia (1890-1983), fue el primer y único rey de Libia (1951-1969). (es) Idrīs, mit vollem Namen Muhammad Idrīs al-Sanūsī (arabisch , DMG Muḥammad Idrīs as-Sanūsī; * 12. März 1890 in Al-Baida; † 25. Mai 1983 in Kairo) war von 1951 bis 1969 König von Libyen.

Er war der Enkel von Sayyid Muhammad bin 'Ali as-Senussi, dem Begründer des Senussi-Ordens. (de) Idris, GBE (Arabic: إدريس الأول), also known as "King Idris I of Libya" (born El Sayyid Prince Muhammad Idris bin Muhammad al-Mahdi as-Senussi; 12 March 1889 – 25 May 1983), was the first and only King of Libya, reigning from 1951 to 1969, and the chief of the Senussi Muslim order. While in Turkey for medical treatment, Idris was deposed in a 1969 coup d'etat by army officers led by Muammar Gaddafi. (en) Mohammed Idris El-Mahdi El-Senussi, né le à Jaghboub (Cyrénaïque alors province ottomane) et mort le au Caire (Égypte), a été roi de Libye du au sous le nom d'Idris Ier (en arabe : إدريس الأول, également retranscrit Idriss Ier).

Il est le petit-fils de Mohammed ben Ali El-Senussi auquel il succède comme chef de la confrérie religieuse des Senussi en 1916 avant d'être contraint de s'exiler en Égypte en 1923. Il épouse Fatima el-Sharif en 1931, future reine de Libye. Reconnu comme émir de Cyrénaïque par le Royaume-Uni en 1946, il est proclamé roi de Libye le lors de l'accession du pays à l'indépendance. Le , alors qu'il est en traitement médical en Turquie, il est déposé par le jeune capitaine Mouammar Kadhafi. Le , il avait transmis au Sénat une lettre d'abdication en faveur de son neveu et héritier, le prince Hassan Reda, qui avait déjà commencé à exercer la plupart des prérogatives royales. Sa renonciation devait prendre effet début septembre, mais la monarchie a été abolie par le coup d'État de Kadhafi.

Le roi, que la nouvelle du coup d'État a surpris alors qu'il se trouvait à l'étranger, refuse le statut de « citoyen d'honneur » que lui propose le nouveau régime, et tente vainement d'obtenir le soutien du Royaume-Uni. En 1972, il est condamné à mort par contumace. Il vit ensuite un exil paisible au Caire, où il meurt à l'âge de 94 ans. (fr) Regnò dal 1951 al 1969; gli succedette il nipote Sayyid Hasan I di Libia, che regnò per un giorno[senza fonte], quando fu detronizzato dal colpo di Stato di Muammar Gheddafi (allora capitano).

(it) Idris I, nascido como Sidi Muhammad Idris al-Mahdi al-Senussi (12 de Março de 1890 – 25 de Maio de 1983), foi o primeiro rei da Líbia, desde a sua independência, em 24 de Dezembro de 1951 até 1 de Setembro de 1969, quando se deu a revolução líbia e consequente queda de seu governo. A Líbia havia sido colonizada pela Itália, que tinha a pretensão de "fechar" um "portão aquático" no mar Mediterrâneo, entre o Mediterrâneo Ocidental e o Mediterrâneo Oriental, tendo seus eixos entre a Itália e a Líbia. Em 24 de Dezembro de 1951, a Líbia declara independência perante a Itália e constitui um reino, tendo Idris I como rei.

Já na década de 1960, Idris I se licencia do trono líbio para cuidar de problemas de saúde, indo fazer tratamentos na Grécia e no Egito. Em seu lugar, como regente, seu sobrinho, Príncipe Hasan as-Senussi lhe substitui. Em 1 de Setembro de 1969 ocorre a revolução líbia, tendo como líder, Al Magrabhi e posteriormente Muammar al-Gaddafi, que instala o golpe de estado e depõe o regime monárquico de quase 18 anos. O rei deposto se exila no Egito, onde recebeu apoio do ex-presidente Anwar Sadat, e onde passa o resto de seus dias.

(pt) イドリース1世（العربية: إدريس الأول, ラテン文字転写: Idris I, 1889年3月12日 - 1983年5月25日）は、リビア王国の国王（在位：1951年12月24日 - 1969年9月1日）。ムハンマド・イドリースとも。初代にして最後の国王である。 1952年に発行されたリビアの5ピアストル（リビア・ディナールの補助通貨）紙幣に肖像が使用されていた。 (ja) Idris I (arab. إدريس الأول; właśc. As-Sajjid Muhammad Idris al-Mahdi as-Sanusi; ur. 12 marca 1890 w Al-Dżaghbub, zm.

25 maja 1983 w Kairze) – emir Cyrenajki (1917-1951) i Trypolitanii (1929-1951), pierwszy i jedyny król Libii. (pl) Idris I van Libië (Arabisch: إدريس الأول), geboren als Sajjid Moehammad Idris bin Sajjid Moehammad al-Mahdi al-Senoessi (Jaghbub, 12 maart 1889 - Caïro, 25 mei 1983), was de enige koning van het Koninkrijk Libië. Idris I leidde Libië naar de onafhankelijkheid in 1951 en regeerde het land tot hij in 1969 werd afgezet na een machtsgreep door Moammar al-Qadhafi. (nl) Мухаммад Идрис ибн-Мухаммад аль-Махди ас-Сануси (араб.

محمد إدريس السنوسي‎;12 марта 1890, Аль-Джагбуб — 25 мая 1983, Каир) — шейх тариката санусия (1918—1969), эмир Киренаики (1914—1922) и (1949—1951), король Ливии (1951—1969).

(ru) 伊德里斯一世，GBE（阿拉伯語：إدريس الأول‎，1889年3月12日－1983年5月25日），本名賽義德·穆罕默德·伊德里斯·本·賽義德·穆罕默德·馬赫迪·塞努西，利比亞王國首任、亦是唯一一任國王，於1951年至1969年執政，他亦是塞努西穆斯林教派的教長。 (zh) Idris I de Libia (1890-1983), fue el primer y único rey de Libia (1951-1969). (es) Idrīs, mit vollem Namen Muhammad Idrīs al-Sanūsī (arabisch , DMG Muḥammad Idrīs as-Sanūsī; * 12. März 1890 in Al-Baida; † 25.

Mai 1983 in Kairo) war von 1951 bis 1969 König von Libyen. Er war der Enkel von Sayyid Muhammad bin 'Ali as-Senussi, dem Begründer des Senussi-Ordens. (de) Regnò dal 1951 al 1969; gli succedette il nipote Sayyid Hasan I di Libia, che regnò per un giorno[senza fonte], quando fu detronizzato dal colpo di Stato di Muammar Gheddafi (allora capitano). (it) Idris I (arab. إدريس الأول; właśc. As-Sajjid Muhammad Idris al-Mahdi as-Sanusi; ur. 12 marca 1890 w Al-Dżaghbub, zm. 25 maja 1983 w Kairze) – emir Cyrenajki (1917-1951) i Trypolitanii (1929-1951), pierwszy i jedyny król Libii.

(pl) Idris I van Libië (Arabisch: إدريس الأول), geboren als Sajjid Moehammad Idris bin Sajjid Moehammad al-Mahdi al-Senoessi (Jaghbub, 12 maart 1889 - Caïro, 25 mei 1983), was de enige koning van het Koninkrijk Libië. Idris I leidde Libië naar de onafhankelijkheid in 1951 en regeerde het land tot hij in 1969 werd afgezet na een machtsgreep door Moammar al-Qadhafi. (nl) Мухаммад Идрис ибн-Мухаммад аль-Махди ас-Сануси (араб.

محمد إدريس السنوسي‎;12 марта 1890, Аль-Джагбуб — 25 мая 1983, Каир) — шейх тариката санусия (1918—1969), эмир Киренаики (1914—1922) и (1949—1951), король Ливии (1951—1969).

(ru) 伊德里斯一世，GBE（阿拉伯語：إدريس الأول‎，1889年3月12日－1983年5月25日），本名賽義德·穆罕默德·伊德里斯·本·賽義德·穆罕默德·馬赫迪·塞努西，利比亞王國首任、亦是唯一一任國王，於1951年至1969年執政，他亦是塞努西穆斯林教派的教長。 (zh) Idris, GBE (Arabic: إدريس الأول‎), also known as "King Idris I of Libya" (born El Sayyid Prince Muhammad Idris bin Muhammad al-Mahdi as-Senussi; 12 March 1889 – 25 May 1983), was the first and only King of Libya, reigning from 1951 to 1969, and the chief of the Senussi Muslim order.

While in Turkey for medical treatment, Idris was deposed in a 1969 coup d'etat by army officers led by Muammar Gaddafi. (en) Mohammed Idris El-Mahdi El-Senussi, né le à Jaghboub (Cyrénaïque alors province ottomane) et mort le au Caire (Égypte), a été roi de Libye du au sous le nom d'Idris Ier (en arabe : إدريس الأول, également retranscrit Idriss Ier).Il est le petit-fils de Mohammed ben Ali El-Senussi auquel il succède comme chef de la confrérie religieuse des Senussi en 1916 avant d'être contraint de s'exiler en Égypte en 1923.Il épouse Fatima el-Sharif en 1931, future reine de Libye.

(fr) イドリース1世（العربية: إدريس الأول, ラテン文字転写: Idris I, 1889年3月12日 - 1983年5月25日）は、リビア王国の国王（在位：1951年12月24日 - 1969年9月1日）。ムハンマド・イドリースとも。初代にして最後の国王である。1952年に発行されたリビアの5ピアストル（リビア・ディナールの補助通貨）紙幣に肖像が使用されていた。 (ja) Idris I, nascido como Sidi Muhammad Idris al-Mahdi al-Senussi (12 de Março de 1890 – 25 de Maio de 1983), foi o primeiro rei da Líbia, desde a sua independência, em 24 de Dezembro de 1951 até 1 de Setembro de 1969, quando se deu a revolução líbia

 e consequente queda de seu governo.O rei deposto se exila no Egito, onde recebeu apoio do ex-presidente Anwar Sadat, e onde passa o resto de seus dias.

(pt) Libya: King Mohammad Idris al-Sanousi Libya: Mohammad "Idris I" al-Sanousi King of Libya [1951 - 1969] Mohammad Idris was born in al-Jaghboub, Libya in 1890. His father Sayyid al-Mahdi al-Sanousi was at that time the head of the Sanousi order. His mother is Aisha al-Bousaifi. He was educated in al-Kufra [al-Taj.] In 1912 Mohammad Idris came of age at al-Kufra and "...some of the Sanousi Ikhwan acting for themselves and on behalf of others asked [him] to take over the responsibilities of [his] late father from Sayyid Ahmad al-Sherif." [Ahmad al-Sherif became the leader of the Sanousi after al-Mahdi's death in 1900] Idris left Libya to Mecca for Hajj [pilgrimage] in 1914 and came back to Libya a year later.

In 1916 [he said] "...I determined to approach the British and the Italian authorities in order to put an end to the war as soon as possible [Idris believed that the Libyan people had suffered enough poverty, hunger and sickness.] He said "... I wrote to Sayyid Ahmad, who was then in al-Dakhla in Egypt, to inform him of this and he replied agreeing to come to terms with the British but not with the Italians." Idris held peace negotiations with British and Italian representitaves in al-Zwaitena which were broken off in early October 1916. Late 1916 Idris again contacted the British asking for resumption of negotiations. The negotiations took place in January 1917 in Akrima [near Tobruk.] Idris continued his contact with the Italians [especially after Ahmed al-Sherif was forced to leave the country and live in exile in Turkey]. In November 1920 the negotiations between Idris and the Italians calminated in the signing of the Treaty of al-Rajma.

The leading provision of that treaty wa s the the recognition of Idris as the Sanousi Amir of the autonomous administration of the oases of al-Jaghboub, Aujila, Jalu and al-Kufra. The Amir received a personal monthly allowance and annual allowance for general general expenses and some monthly allowance for members of his family. Soon after this, the Amir was invited to pay an official visit to Italy. In November 1920 Idris left Benghazi to Italy on an Italian destroyer. He was accompanied by Omar Pasha al-Kikhia, Shaikh Abdulazeez al-Issawi, Shaikh Ehmaida al-Mahjoub, Mohammad al-Fazzani, Ali Pasha al-Abdiya, Sharif al-Gheriani, Hassan bu Khadra, Abdulqader Farkash, Mohammad al-Saqisli and Ibrahim al-Shalhi.

Faced with the refusal of the Cerinaicans to abandon their arm struggle against the Italians [in Bou Mariam Idris promised the Italians to disarm the tribesmen] and the insistence of the Tripolitanian leaders that Tripolitania should be an Emirate under Amir Idris [which the Italians refused to accept], the Amir left Libya for Egypt on the 30th of November 1922. From 1922 till 1931 Omar al-Muktar lead the Libyan resistance against the Italian occupation till he was captured and hanged on the 16th September 1931. Amir Idris came back to Libya afer the end of World War II [during which he established the Libyan Arab Force which fought on the sides of the allied forces] where he became the Amir of Cerinaica till 24 December 1951 [ Libya's Independance Day ] when he became the king of Libya.

While vacationing in Turkey, King Mohammad "Idris I" al-Saousi was overthrown by some members of the armed forces lead by Mu'ammar al-Qadhafi on the first of September 1969 [Libyan Revolution Day] King Idris lived in exile in Egypt till his death on the 25th of May 1983. Reference: "The Life and Times of King Idris of Libya" by E. V. A. De Candole. Published by Mohamed ben Ghalbon, 1990. 5 months prior to his death To send comments, please click here: dribrahim@earthlink.net Notes 10_12 - Libya: From Monarchy to Qaddafi Sanusi Monarchy, 1951-1969 King View Full Document Libya: From Monarchy to Qaddafi Sanusi Monarchy, 1951-1969 • King Idris al-Sanusi announced creation of United Kingdom of Libya on Dec.

25, 1951 from al-Manar Palace in Benghazi, where Rodolfo Graziani, who commanded Italian forces in Libya, had lived • Sanusi leadership was a compromise between Tripolitania and Cyrenaica to achieve independence • Leader of a religious order reluctantly becomes king and Libya becomes unified  federal system Cold War, Western Powers, and Creation of Libyan State • Dirk Vandewalle: Libya had passed from colonialism to independence at the behest of the Great Powers, without a unifying ideology or a movement whose goals and aspirations were shared throughout the country. IN neighboring countries, independence was the end result of a drawn-out ideological or physical struggle that was instrumental in creating a sense of national identity. In Libya, however, political independence was sudden and unexpected.” • Libyan independence achieved through negotiations among Italy, GB, US, This preview has intentionally blurred sections. Sign up to view the full version. This is the end of the preview. Sign up to access the rest of the document. TERM History is written with a point of view. This can be determined by multiple factors: Notes 10_21

Question: Who, from 1951-1969, was the only King of Libya?
Answer: Idris