Henry Morton Stanley - Explorer Said Dr. Livingstone I Presume Henry Morton Stanley Explorer Who Found Livingstone in Africa Henry Morton Stanley. London Stereoscopic Company/Getty Images By Robert McNamara Updated September 28, 2015. Henry Morton Stanley was a classic example of a 19th century explorer, and he is best remembered today for his brilliantly casual greeting to a man he had spent months searching for in the wilds of Africa: “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?” The reality of Stanley’s unusual life is at times startling. He was born to a very poor family in Wales, made his way to America, changed his name, and somehow managed to fight on both sides of the Civil War . He found his first calling as a newspaper reporter before becoming known for his African expeditions. Early Life Stanley was born in 1841 as John Rowlands, to an impoverished family in Wales. At the age of five he was sent to a workhouse, a notorious orphanage of the Victorian era . In his teens, Stanley emerged from his difficult childhood with a reasonably good practical education, strong religious feelings, and a fanatical desire to prove himself.

To get to America, he took a job as a cabin boy on a ship bound for New Orleans. continue reading below our video 10 Best Universities in the United States After landing in the city at the mouth of the Mississippi River, he found a job working for a cotton trader, and took the man’s last name, Stanley. Early Journalism Career When the American Civil War broke out, Stanley fought on the Confederate side before being captured and eventually joining the Union cause. He wound up serving aboard a U.S. Navy ship and wrote accounts of battles that were published, thus beginning his journalism career. After the war, Stanley got a position writing for the New York Herald, a newspaper founded by James Gordon Bennett. He was dispatched to cover a British military expedition to Abyssinia (present day Ethiopia), and successfully sent back dispatches detailing the conflict. Questions About David Livingstone Fascinated the Public The public held a fascination for a Scottish missionary and explorer named David Livingstone. For many years Livingstone had been leading expeditions into Africa, bringing back information to Britain. In 1866 Livingstone had returned to Africa, intent on finding the source of the Nile, Africa’s longest river.

After several years passed with no word from Livingstone, the public began to fear that he had perished. The New York Herald's editor and publisher James Gordon Bennett realized it would be a publishing coup to find Livingstone, and gave the assignment to the intrepid Stanley. Stanley Searched for Livingstone In 1869 Henry Morton Stanley was given the assignment to find Livingstone. He eventually arrived on the east coast of Africa in early 1871, and organized an expedition to head inland. Having no practical experience, he had to rely on the advice and apparent assistance of Arab slave traders. Stanley pushed the men with him brutally, at times whipping the black porters. After enduring illnesses and harrowing conditions, Stanley finally encountered Livingstone at Ujiji, in present day Tanzania, on November 10, 1871. Dr. Livingstone, I Presume? The famous greeting Stanley gave Livingstone, “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?” may have been fabricated after the famous meeting. But it was published in New York City newspapers within a year of the event, and it has gone down in history as a famous quotation.

Stanley and Livingstone remained together for a few months in Africa, exploring around the northern banks of Lake Tanganyika. Stanley's Controversial Reputation Stanley succeeded in his assignment of finding Livingstone, yet newspapers in London roundly mocked him when he arrived in England. Some observers ridiculed the idea that Livingstone had been lost and had to be found by a newspaper reporter. Livingstone, despite the criticism, was invited to have lunch with Queen Victoria . And whether or not Livingstone had been lost, Stanley became famous, and remains so to this day, as the man who "found Livingstone." Stanley's reputation was tarnished by accounts of punishment and brutal treatment meted out to men on his later expeditions. Stanley's Later Explorations After Livingstone's death in 1873, Stanley vowed to continue explorations of Africa. He mounted an expedition in 1874 that charted Lake Victoria, and from 1874 to 1877 he traced the course of the Congo River. In the late 1880s he returned to Africa, embarking on a very controversial expedition to rescue the Emin Pasha, a European who had become a ruler of part of Africa.

Suffering from recurring illnesses picked up in Africa, Stanley died at the age of 63 in 1904. Legacy of Henry Morton Stanley There is no doubt that Henry Morton Stanley contributed greatly to the western world's knowledge of African geography and culture. And while he was controversial in his own time, his fame, and the books he published, brought attention to Africa and made the exploration of the continent a fascinating subject to the 19th century public. Stanley Finds Livingstone, 1871 Stanley Finds Livingstone, 1871 Printer Friendly Version >>> Henry Morton Stanley, 1872 David Livingstone arrived in Africa in 1840 with two goals: to explore the continent and to end the slave trade (see Livingstone Discovers Victoria Falls, 1855 ). In England, his writings and lectures ignited the public's imagination regarding the "Dark Continent" and elevated Livingstone to the status of a national hero. In 1864 Livingstone returned to Africa and mounted an expedition through the central portion of the continent with the objective of discovering the source of the Nile River. As months stretched into years, little was heard from the explorer.

Rumors spread that Livingstone was being held captive or was lost or dead. Newspapers headlined the question "Where is Livingstone?" while the public clamored for information on the whereabouts of their national hero. By 1871, the ruckus had crossed to the shores of America and inspired George Bennett, publisher of the New York Herald, to commission newspaper reporter Henry Stanley to find Livingstone. Henry Stanley was a remarkable man. Orphaned at an early age he spent his formative years in a workhouse in Wales, crossed the Atlantic at age 15 as a crewman of a merchant ship and jumped ship in New Orleans. Befriended by a local merchant, he took the man's name - Henry Stanley - as his own and went on to fight in the Civil War before working his way into a career in journalism. (see The Battle of Shiloh, 1862 ) Leading an expedition of approximately 200 men, Stanley headed into the interior from the eastern shore of Africa on March 21, 1871.

After nearly eight months he found Livingstone in Ujiji, a small village on the shore of Lake Tanganyika on November 10, 1871. "Doctor Livingstone, I presume?" Stanley and his expedition approach the village of Ujiji on the shore of Lake Tanganyika. He describes the scene: ADVERTISMENT "We push on rapidly. We halt at a little brook, then ascend the long slope of a naked ridge, the very last of the myriads we have crossed. We arrive at the summit, travel across, and arrive at its western rim, and Ujiji is below us, embowered in the palms, only five hundred yards from us! At this grand moment we do not think of the hundreds of miles we have marched, of the hundreds of hills that we have ascended and descended, of the many forests we have traversed, of the jungles and thickets that annoyed us, of the fervid salt plains that blistered our feet, of the hot suns that scorched us, nor the dangers and difficulties now happily surmounted.

Our hearts and our feelings are with our eyes, as we peer into the palms and try to make out in which hut or house lives the white man with the gray beard we heard about on the Malagarazi. We are now about three hundred yards from the village of Ujiji, and the crowds are dense about me. Suddenly I hear a voice on my right say, 'Good morning, sir!' Startled at hearing this greeting in the midst of such a crowd of black people, I turn sharply around in search of the man, and see him at my side, with the blackest of faces, but animated and joyous, - a man dressed in a long white shirt, with a turban of American sheeting around his woolly head, and I ask, 'Who the mischief are you?' 'I am Susi, the servant of Dr. Livingstone,' said he, smiling, and showing a gleaming row of teeth. 'What! Is Dr. Livingstone here?' 'Yes, Sir.' Stanley's Route 'Are you sure?' 'Sure, sure, Sir. Why, I leave him just now.' In the meantime the head of the expedition had halted, and Selim said to me: 'I see the Doctor, Sir.

Oh, what an old man! He has got a white beard.' My heart beats fast, but I must not let my face betray my emotions, lest it shall detract from the dignity of a white man appearing under such extraordinary circumstances. So I did that which I thought was most dignified. I pushed back the crowds, and, passing from the rear, walked down a living avenue of people until I came in front of the semicircle of Arabs, in the front of which stood the white man with the gray beard. As I advanced slowly toward him I noticed he was pale, looked wearied, had a gray beard, wore a bluish cap with a faded gold band round it, had on a red-sleeved waistcoat and a pair of gray tweed trousers. I would have run to him, only I was a coward in the presence of such a mob, - would have embraced him, only, he being an Englishman, I did not know how he would receive me; so I did what cowardice and false pride suggested was the best thing, - walked deliberately to him, took off my hat, and said, 'Dr.

Livingstone, I presume?' 'Yes,' said he, with a kind smile, lifting his cap slightly. I replace my hat on my head and he puts on his cap, and we both grasp hands, and I then say aloud, 'I thank God, Doctor, I have been permitted to see you.' He answered, 'I feel thankful that I am here to welcome you.' Then, oblivious of the crowds, oblivious of the men who shared with me my dangers, we - Livingstone and I - turn our faces towards his tembe. He points to the veranda or, rather, mud platform, under the broad overhanging eaves; he points to his own particular seat, which I see his age and experience in Africa has suggested, namely, a straw mat, with a goatskin over it, and another skin nailed against the wall to protect his back from contact with the cold mud. I protest against taking this seat, which so much more befits him than me, but the Doctor will not yield: I must take it. . . . Conversation began. What about? I declare I have forgotten. Oh!

we mutually asked questions of one another, such as: 'How did you come here?' and 'Where have you been all this long time? - the world has believed you to be dead.' Yes, that was the way it began; but whatever the Doctor informed me, and that which I communicated to him, I cannot correctly report, for I found myself gazing at him, conning the wonderful man at whose side I now sat in Central Africa. Every hair of his head and beard, every wrinkle of his face, the wanness of his features, and the slightly wearied look he wore, were all imparting intelligence to me, - the knowledge I craved for so much ever since I heard the words, 'Take what you want, but find Livingstone.' A contemporary illustration of the meeting I called 'Kaif-Halek,' or 'How-do-ye-do,' and introduced him to Dr. Livingstone, that he might deliver in person to his master the letter bag he had been intrusted with. This was that famous letter bag marked 'November 1, 1870,' which was now delivered into the Doctor's hand 365 days after it left Zanzibar!

How long, I wonder, had it remained at Unyanyembe had I not been dispatched into Central Africa in search of the great traveler? The Doctor kept the letter bag on his knees, then presently opened it, looked at the letters contained there, and read one or two of his children's letters, his face in the meantime lighting up. He asked me to tell him the news. 'No, Doctor,' said I, 'read your letters first, which I am sure you must be impatient to read.' 'Ah,' said he, 'I have waited years for letters, and I have been taught patience. I can surely afford to wait a few hours longer. No, tell me the general news. How is the world getting along?' " References: Farwell, Byron, The Man Who Presumed; a Biography of Henry M. Stanley (1957); Stanley, Henry, How I Found Livingstone (1872). How To Cite This Article: "Stanley Finds Livingstone, 1871", EyeWitness to History, (2004).

Stanley's expedition had suffered through over 6 1/2 months of drought, famine, floods, dysentery and starvation before it reached Ujiji. Two-thirds of the original number of porters had deserted or died. David Livingstone died a few months after his encounter with Stanley on April 30, 1872. Stanley - Exploration and exploitation in Africa, Henry Morton Stanley <MAP NAME="boxmap-p14"><AREA SHAPE="RECT" COORDS="37, 588, 126, 600" HREF="" ><AREA COORDS="0,0,10000,10000" HREF="" ></MAP><img src="" width="160" height="600" border="0" usemap="#boxmap-p14" alt="Shop at Amazon.com"> Stanley Exploration - exploitation John Rowlands, born January 28th 1841, was the illegitimate child of a woman from Wales. His mother and everybody else deserted him completely in his childhood, and in his early teens he left for America on a ship.

He found work as a servant in New Orleans and was more or less adopted by the family he worked for. He took his new name from his employer and now became Henry Morton Stanley. He is notorious for making his own life story look different than it was, and he changed many facts in his autobiography and other of his books. He even lied about his heritage and claimed to be born in USA. Stanley fought for the south-states army in the American civil war from 1862, but was soon captured by enemy forces. To avoid staying in prison he changed side and became soldier in the north state forces. Stanley developed to become a young and ambitious journalist. He frequently improved his stories or simply made them up. But he was good at it and it kept the editors happy. In 1870 he was assigned by New York Herald to search for the missionary David Livingstone in Africa. Livingstone had been reported missing for some time. Rumors were that he had been killed giving out prayers and medicine somewhere near Lake Tanganyika. Livingstone was already world famous and a best selling author. Any news about him could sell newspapers. Gordon Bennet Jr.

, the owner of the New York Herald, was ready to pay a high price for the Livingstone-story. Bennet employed Stanley to find the missing adventurer -dead or alive, so to speak. After preparing for almost a year, Stanley and his crew of around 170 men followed the same route as Livingstone. They started from the island Zanzibar out of the East African coast. An official expedition led by Verney Cameron had already been sent out, but the Americans (Bennet/Stanley) wanted to prove that they were superior to the British Empire. Livingstone was a legend and it would be a scoop for any journalist/newspaper to find him. A race for Livingstone had started. Cameron had a bad start, fighting diseases - and after several months of trekking it was Stanley who caught up with Dr. Livingstone. Sir Henry Morton Stanley, Anglo-American journalist and explorer. Born: 1904 in London Following in the footsteps of Livingstone On November 10, 1871 Stanley approached Livingstone in the village of Ujiji. The village is on the eastern coast of Lake Tanganyika in what we today know as Tanzania.

Stanley had found the only other white man in this remote part of the "dark continent". He greeted him with the famous words: "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" Livingstone was old and troubled by diseases, but with help from Stanley he came back on his feet and continued his search for the source of the Nile. In the next four months they explored the northern part of Lake Tanganyika together. While Livingstone continued his search, Stanley returned to London to tell his story about how the two explorers became friends. It is important to notice that the only source to these events are Stanley himself, as Livingstone did not return from Africa alive. Stanley wrote a book about their meeting and he was present when the remains of Livingstone was buried a few years later. He probably enjoyed seeing how the British said goodbye to a hero, but did he really understand what Livingstone had done to deserve this honor? Livingstone cleared the way for many years of brutal exploitation of Africa - but his aim was different. He was loved by his African followers when he preached his way through the jungle. He shared his knowledge of medicine and wanted progress for Africa. First all he hoped to stop the inhumane slave trade once and for all.

Stanley, on the other hand, clearly despised the black Africans (and any other non-caucasian). Stanley was hard on his helpers and often whipped or chained them as punishment for being "lazy". Henry Stanley is in charge of his African men: "If you drop that, I will shoot!". He must have been really proud of himself as the drawing is from Stanley's own book "How I found Livingstone". In the following years Stanley returned to Africa exploring deeper into today's D.R. Congo and Uganda. This expedition was different. Stanley traveled with several hundred men, modern equipment, a ship(!) and plenty of weapons. He was still in competition with Cameron and other explorers, so he used guns to force his men forward at high pace. Livingstone didn't kill anyone on his expeditions, but Stanley destroyed everything in his way and fought wars with the local tribes. He managed to navigate on Lake Victoria and finally followed the Congo River all the way to the Atlantic Ocean. He became the first European to map these areas. In 1878 he went back to Europe loaded with Ivory and eager to tell of his findings.

A dirty job for the King of Belgium King Leopold II of Belgium wanted his own colony abroad more than anything else. He probably already owned everything else and his only aim was to increase his own personal wealth and power. The small country of Belgium had no fleet and was relative isolated in the middle of Europe. Neither the Belgium government nor the other European countries would give the King what he wanted, so he decided to take it himself. He heard about Stanley's discoveries in Congo and was intrigued by the promises of this rich country far away. The King hired Stanley as his personal head of a colonization project with almost unlimited resources. The official story was that the King had formed the "African International Association for development in Central Africa" - and Stanley was expected to make local contacts on his expedition. Stanley had become famous from his meeting with Livingstone, and this story probably gave the expedition some credibility. But compared to Livingstone, Stanley suffered from a complete lack of moral. Stanley was in Africa once again. This time he started his expedition from the Atlantic coast and he brought with him hundreds of workers. He struggled his way into Congo, put ships in Congo River, constructed roads and railways at an amazing speed.

Stanley cleared all obstacles for the greedy ambitions of the Belgian King. When moving forward, he was very efficient in cheating or forcing the local chiefs to sell their land and submit to horrible conditions of the new owner. Stanley became more and more brutal in his methods and did not hesitate to shoot the Africans. Soon he had conquered the country and King Leopold had complete control with what was now called the "Congo Free State". Free trade of course, certainly not free for the people living there. The horrors and tragedies in Africa during colonialism are endless, but it is probably safe to assume that no place were as evil a place as the huge Belgian colony. The King personally owned Congo! The colony was not the property of the Belgian state. The King earned a giant fortune from selling concessions for rubber and mining in the Free State. By taking women and children as hostages, men were forced to work for king Leopold. The King's soldiers also used torture, killing and started a horrible tradition of cutting off hands to prove that their bullets were spent well. The navigator and author Joseph Conrad wrote his famous novel Heart of Darkness after seeing with his own eyes what Leopold II were doing to Congo.

In 1908 the colony was finally turned over to the Belgian government and became "Belgian Congo". Some reforms were made, but at very slow pace and for Congo it was just a new chapter in the tragedy. Stanley did an outstanding job for King Leopold II. When he had finished his deeds in Africa, he went to London and was offered a seat in the Parliament. He died in 1904. Henry Morton Stanley's Unbreakable Will | History | Smithsonian Henry Morton Stanley's Unbreakable Will The explorer of Dr. Livingstone-fame provides a classic character study of how willpower works Henry Morton Stanley, photographed in 1872 at age 31, is best known for his epic search for the missionary David Livingstone, whom he finally encountered in 1871 in present-day Tanzania. (Hulton-Deutsch Collection / Corbis) By Roy F. Baumeister and John Tierney Smithsonian Magazine | Subscribe December 2011 Is willpower a mood that comes and goes? A temperament you’re born with (or not)? A skill you learn? In Willpower: Rediscovering the Greatest Human Strength , Florida State University psychologist Roy F.

Baumeister and New York Times journalist John Tierney say willpower is a resource that can be renewed or depleted, protected or wasted. This adaptation from their book views Henry Morton Stanley’s iron determination in the light of social science. From This Story Henry Morton Stanley is best known for his epic search for the missionary David Livingstone, whom he finally encountered in 1871 in present-day Tanzania. (Bettmann / Corbis) Stanley's European companions marveled at his "strength of will." (Hulton-Deutsch Collection / Corbis) On Stanley’s third expedition, in 1887, supplies ran out and men succumbed in “Starvation Camp.” (HO.1954.72.249 Coll. RMCA Tervuren) Stanley was the first European to sail the entire Congo River (1877) and circumnavigate Lake Victoria. (Granger Collection, NYC) The explorer became engaged to Pike in 1874, then set sail again for Africa. But their love was doomed. (Alice Pike Barney, In Wedding Gown (1876) by Jared B.

Flagg, Gift of Laura Dreyfus Barney and Natalie Clifford Barney in memory of their mother, Alice Pike Barney / Smithsonian American Art Museum) “Whatever I have achieved in life,” Stanley said in 1892, “has been achieved by my own hard work.” (Hulton-Deutsch Collection / Corbis) Stanley Meets Livingstone In 1887, Henry Morton Stanley went up the Congo River and inadvertently started a disastrous experiment. This was long after his first journey into Africa, as a journalist for an American newspaper in 1871, when he’d become famous by finding a Scottish missionary and reporting the first words of their encounter: “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?” Now, at age 46, Stanley was leading his third African expedition. As he headed into an uncharted expanse of rain forest, he left part of the expedition behind to await further supplies. The leaders of this Rear Column, who came from some of the most prominent families in Britain, proceeded to become an international disgrace. Those men allowed Africans under their command to perish needlessly from disease and poisonous food. They kidnapped and bought young African women.

The British commander of the fort savagely beat and maimed Africans, sometimes ordering men to be shot or flogged almost to death for trivial offenses. While the Rear Column was going berserk, Stanley and the forward portion of the expedition spent months struggling to find a way through the dense Ituri rain forest. They suffered through torrential rains. They were weakened by hunger, crippled by festering sores, incapacitated by malaria and dysentery. They were attacked by natives with poisoned arrows and spears. Of those who started with Stanley on this trek into “darkest Africa,” as he called that sunless expanse of jungle, fewer than one in three emerged with him. Yet Stanley persevered. His European companions marveled at his “strength of will.” Africans called him Bula Matari, Breaker of Rocks. “For myself,” he wrote in an 1890 letter to The Times, “I lay no claim to any exceptional fineness of nature; but I say, beginning life as a rough, ill-educated, impatient man, I have found my schooling in these very African experiences which are now said by some to be in themselves detrimental to European character.” In his day, Stanley’s feats enthralled the public.

Mark Twain predicted, “When I contrast what I have achieved in my measurably brief life with what [Stanley] has achieved in his possibly briefer one, the effect is to sweep utterly away the ten-story edifice of my own self-appreciation and leave nothing behind but the cellar.” Anton Chekhov saw Stanley’s “stubborn invincible striving towards a certain goal, no matter what privations, dangers and temptations for personal happiness,” as “personifying the highest moral strength.” But in the ensuing century, his reputation plummeted as historians criticized his association in the early 1880s with King Leopold II, the profiteering Belgian monarch whose ivory traders would later provide direct inspiration for Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness. As colonialism declined and Victorian character-building lost favor, Stanley was depicted as a brutal exploiter, a ruthless imperialist who hacked and shot his way across Africa. But another Stanley has recently emerged, neither a dauntless hero nor a ruthless control freak. This explorer prevailed in the wilderness not because his will was indomitable, but because he appreciated its limitations and used long-term strategies that social scientists are only now beginning to understand.

This new version of Stanley was found, appropriately enough, by Livingstone’s biographer, Tim Jeal, a British novelist and expert on Victorian obsessives. Jeal drew on thousands of Stanley’s letters and papers unsealed in the past decade to produce a revisionist tour de force, Stanley: The Impossible Life of Africa’s Greatest Explorer . It depicts a flawed character who seems all the more brave and humane for his ambition and insecurity, virtue and fraud. His self-control in the wilderness becomes even more remarkable considering the secrets he was hiding. If self-control is partly a hereditary trait—which seems likely—then Stanley began life with the odds against him. He was born in Wales to an unmarried 18-year-old woman who went on to have four other illegitimate children by at least two other men. He never knew his father. His mother abandoned him to her father, who cared for him until he died when the boy was 5. Another family took him in briefly, but then one of the boy’s new guardians took him to a workhouse.

The adult Stanley would never forget how, in the moment his deceitful guardian fled and the door slammed shut, he “experienced for the first time the awful feeling of utter desolateness.” Single Page Previous Page 1 of 4 Next 1 2 3 4 Like this article? Matthew Rubery, “On Henry Morton Stanley’s Search for Dr. Livingstone, 1871-72″ | BRANCH Matthew Rubery, “On Henry Morton Stanley’s Search for Dr. Livingstone, 1871-72″ Abstract The meeting between Henry Morton Stanley and Dr. David Livingstone in Africa was one of the most sensational news stories of the nineteenth century. Stanley’s greeting, “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?” is still a well known phrase. The Scottish missionary had been out of contact for several years when an American newspaper sent its correspondent to search for him. The meeting turned public attention to the African slave trade and was a pivotal moment in the relationship among the United States, Europe, and Africa. Download this page in PDF format Photograph of David Livingstone (by Thomas Annan) Dr.

David Livingstone had been missing for nearly three years when an American newspaper sent its reporter, Henry Morton Stanley, to Africa to find him. Livingstone spent most of his adult life in Africa after traveling there from Scotland as a Protestant missionary in 1841. He made a number of expeditions across the continent that he recounted in Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa (1857), which introduced audiences unfamiliar with Africa to its tribal customs, “exotic” wildlife, and picturesque landscapes. Its opening scene described Livingstone’s mauling by a lion in a manner resembling an adventure tale as much as a factual travelogue (12). The book was a tremendous success in both America and Britain, and it established Livingstone’s reputation as a celebrated explorer and a resolute opponent of the African slave trade. Stanley traveled to Africa in October 1870 to find Livingstone before anyone else. The Royal Geographical Society (RGS) in Britain had already sent one expedition to find Livingstone in response to rumors of his death in 1866, and it sent a second search party there at the same time as Stanley.

No news had been received from Livingstone back in Britain since a letter dated 30 May 1869. Many assumed he was dead. The New York Herald suspected that the first sighting of Dr. Livingstone would be an extraordinary story. According to Stanley, the paper had given him the following assignment: “Find out Livingstone, and get what news you can relating to his discoveries” (qtd. in Bennett 3). The Herald was one of the first newspapers in the United States to expand coverage beyond political affairs to entertaining “human interest” stories of questionable news value in order to reach a mass audience (Crouthamel x). Its editors, who had a reputation for racially insensitive and staunchly anti-British views, foresaw a major scoop when they arranged for a correspondent to go to Africa in search of the missing explorer. Africa became increasingly important to European commercial and humanitarian interests during the nineteenth century. The shift was dramatic: “In 1800 most Africans had seen few if any Europeans. In 1900 nearly all of Africa was ruled by Europe” (McCaskie 687).

However, little was known about the African interior until technological and medical advances made it possible for Europeans to overcome the continent’s formidable geography. Stanley referred to Africa as the “Dark Continent” in the title of one of his books (Through the Dark Continent). The term was first used by missionaries to describe a spiritual darkness in need of the Gospel’s light. For others, the phrase evoked the continent’s unmapped geography, the skin color of its inhabitants, or even the high death toll. Many previous explorers from Europe had died while trying to open up the continent to outside eyes. More than half of the men perished on the four British expeditions sent to Africa prior to Stanley’s arrival, including the disastrous Zambezi expedition (1858-64) led by Livingstone. Transport was difficult since rapids and sandbanks obstructed the waterways, and draft animals were susceptible to the bite of the tsetse fly. Diseases such as malaria, sleeping sickness, and yellow fever remained serious threats even after the introduction of medicines like quinine. Livingstone himself suffered twenty-seven attacks of malaria during his coast-to-coast journey across Africa (1853-56).

Stanley reached Africa’s eastern coast on 6 January 1871. Once there, he assembled a caravan of over a hundred men to carry trade goods and equipment into the interior. Stanley led the caravan on an Arab stallion. The group traveled for eight months through hazardous territory beset by tribal conflicts, losing many men to illness and desertion along the way, before hearing rumors of a white man staying at a nearby village. The reports of Livingstone’s death were untrue. Livingstone was still alive, but he was badly in need of resources. Gaunt from dysentery and hobbled by foot ulcers, he was stranded without medicine or supplies in Ujiji, an Arab settlement on the eastern coast of Lake Tanganyika. Nearly all of his followers had deserted him, and he was demoralized after witnessing a massacre of hundreds by the Arab slave traders at Nyangwe. Stanley arrived in Ujiji five days after Livingstone, in either October or November 1871 (the precise date is unknown). Stanley’s caravan entered Ujiji brandishing the American flag and firing rifles in salute. It was here that Stanley encountered the explorer who had been “missing” for so many years.

Stanley recalled the moment in his dispatches: “Passing from the rear of [the expedition] to the front I saw a knot of Arabs, and, in the centre, in striking contrast to their sunburnt faces, was a pale-looking and gray-bearded white man, in a navy cap, with a faded gold band about it, and red woolen jacket. This white man was Dr. David Livingstone, the hero traveller, the object of the search” (Bennett 51). The two men raised their hats to one another and then shook hands. The scene of the two explorers meeting for the first time was memorably depicted in newspapers, magazines, and in Stanley’s How I Found Livingstone: Travels, Adventures, and Discoveries in Central Africa (1872). (illus. 1) They spent four months together, undertaking a joint expedition to the northern coast of Lake Tanganyika before Stanley returned to Britain with news of the meeting. Livingstone stayed behind to continue his search for the source of the Nile. The two men never met again as Livingstone died the following year.

[Illustration 1: Engraving of Stanley’s meeting with Livingstone from How I Found Livingstone (1872). Stanley, Henry M., How I Found Livingstone: Travels, Adventures and Discoveries in Central Africa: Including an Account of Four Months' Residence with Dr. Livingstone. New York: Scribner, Armstrong, & Co., 1872. Engraving facing p. 412] Illustration 1: Engraving of Stanley’s meeting with Livingstone Stanley’s meeting with Livingstone was one of the most sensational news stories of the nineteenth century. The New York Herald reported the meeting on 2 July 1872. News of the event covered the paper’s entire third page, on which a large map of equatorial Africa appeared alongside twenty-two headings running down the left-hand column of the page: LIVINGSTONE. Herald Special from Central Africa. —————— Exciting History of the Successful Herald Expedition. —————— Perils and Losses by Sickness, Hostile Tribes and Jungle Disaster. —————— Arrival at Unyanyembe—A Reign of Terror. —————— The Herald Carries the War Into Africa.

—————— Two Villages Captured–The Natives Killed–The Herald Commander Fever-Stricken. —————— An Ambuscade by Mirambo–Slaughter and Flight of the Arabs. —————— Rallying Under the Herald Leader and the American Flag. —————— A Further Journey of Four Hundred Miles. —————— IN SIGHT OF TANGANYIKA LAKE. —————— A Triumphal Entry to Ujiji–Drums Beating and Colours Flying. —————— A Picture for History–The Grasp of the Two Explorers. —————— The Chambezi the True Source of the Nile. —————— IT IS NOT SUPPLIED FROM TANGANYIKA. —————— The Great Doctor to Remain Two Years Longer. (“Livingstone”) [Illustration 2: The New York Herald, 2 July 1872.] Page of _The New York Herald_, 2 July 1872 Beneath the headings, the Herald announced that it had received the following dispatch from its London correspondent: “THE GLORIOUS NEWS. It is with the deepest emotions of pride and pleasure that I announce the arrival this day of letters from Mr.

Stanley, Chief of the HERALD Exploring Expedition to Central Africa” (“Telegram”). The announcement preceded a summary of Stanley’s letters supplying a detailed narrative of the African expedition. A vivid account of the climactic event appeared under the heading “A HISTORIC MEETING”: Preserving a calmness of exterior before the Arabs which was hard to simulate as he reached the group, Mr. Stanley said:–“Doctor Livingstone, I presume?” A smile lit up the features of the hale white man as he answered:– “YES, THAT IS MY NAME.” (“Telegram”) The evening papers across the United States reprinted the news, and the Herald informed readers on the following day that all of the American and British papers had reported the triumph. It was one of the first major stories to be told simultaneously on both sides of the Atlantic, thanks to the copper telegraph cable that had been laid across the ocean floor in 1866. “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?” is one of the most well known phrases in the history of journalism. Stanley’s greeting was the source of endless mirth back in America and Europe, where the phrase became a punchline in clubs, pubs, and music halls.

Audiences found it amusing to hear a formal introduction used at such an emotionally charged moment in the middle of the African jungle. American audiences laughed at the spectacle of one of their journalists mimicking English customs while at the same time triumphing over rivals in the race to find Livingstone. English audiences reveled in the awkward imitation of a gentleman by a Yankee while at the same time regretting their own search party’s ineffectiveness. Stanley explained afterward that he had been unsure whether it was truly Dr. Livingstone standing before him. Ironically, Stanley might not even have spoken the phrase on which so much of his fame rests. Biographer Tim Jeal concludes that he did not, and attributes the invented phrase to Stanley’s insecurity about an impoverished Welsh background that he concealed for most of his life (117). There is no way of knowing for sure since the relevant page in Stanley’s diary is torn out. At any rate, the press widely reported the memorable phrase and lodged it indelibly in public memory. American and British newspapers continued to report on Stanley’s meeting with Livingstone throughout the summer of 1872. The two countries nevertheless emphasized very different aspects of the story.

The British press emphasized the issue of the African slave trade and the horrific details of the Nyangwe massacre witnessed by Livingstone prior to Stanley’s arrival. Livingstone’s revelations played a major role in raising public awareness of racial and imperial issues in Africa; his account of the massacre was submitted to Parliament and led directly to the closure of the slave market in Zanzibar the following year. By contrast, the American press celebrated the expedition as a national triumph. It was as much a commercial as a humanitarian achievement for the New York Herald, which seized the opportunity to claim credit for what had begun as a solely British endeavor. The Herald prominently displayed the letter from Livingstone expressing gratitude toward the American rescue expedition. The rescue of a British public figure by an American newspaper was an occasion for hand-wringing among the press in England. The Daily Telegraph correspondent who interviewed Stanley on his way back from Africa expressed regret at finding Stanley to be an American (Stanley was still concealing his Welsh background at the time). The Illustrated London News observed: “What the expedition organised by the Royal Geographical Society failed to accomplish, Mr.

Stanley, representing nothing more than the energy and the pecuniary credit of the New York Herald, has had the good fortune to compass single-handed” (“Finding” 98). The press lamented the decline in British nerve following a long tradition of heroic explorers from Francis Drake to Richard Burton. Some publications even refused to accept the reports coming out of Africa. The magnitude of the story led journalists on both sides of the Atlantic to question the story’s authenticity, even to suspect a hoax. The Standard was the first to suggest that Stanley may have forged Livingstone’s letters. Newspapers circulated allegations of fraud alongside charges that the interview itself was a fabrication. At least one publication accused Stanley of inventing the encounter after finding the dead explorer’s belongings. Others suspected the Herald itself of manufacturing the controversy in order to sell newspapers (Rubery 508). Confirmation from Livingstone’s family was necessary to dispel doubts about the veracity of Stanley’s account. The story came at an opportune moment for diplomacy. The handshake between Stanley and Livingstone provided a sorely needed image of Anglo-American unity after the bitter divisions opened up by the American Civil War.

Britain had only recently settled reparation claims with the Union for support (despite an official position of neutrality) given to the pro-slavery Confederacy. The meeting between the two men was a chance to re-establish an Anglo-American alliance based on the shared value of freedom across the globe (Pettitt 12). Livingstone’s lifelong campaign against the slave trade made him a powerful symbol of unity. Capitalizing on the fact that America had abolished slavery at home, Livingstone’s letters to the New York Herald asked for help in combating the slave trade in Africa: “Now that you have done with domestic slavery forever, lend us your powerful aid towards this great object” (qtd. in Hall 197). The prominence of the American flag in illustrations of the famous meeting appearing in publications throughout North America and Europe reinforced this image of transatlantic unity. The meeting between Stanley and Livingstone captured the attention of readers who paid little attention to international affairs. Yet it is difficult to determine how representative Livingstone’s story was of Britain’s imperial agenda. The British presence in Africa was a minor one for much of the nineteenth century.

Prior to 1872, policymakers viewed Africa largely in terms of coastal trading posts, transport routes to India and the East, or humanitarian interventions to stop the slave trade. Missionaries such as Livingstone were exceptional in their aspirations to civilize Africa through trade, education, and Christianity. The failure of such humanitarian efforts led to a more pessimistic view of the continent in subsequent decades. The previous generation’s confidence was difficult to maintain when confronted with the poor record of Christian converts, the failure to develop commerce, and the persistence of the slave trade. The Partition of Africa, or annexation of African territory among European nations between 1881 and 1914, resulted in a shift from military and economic influence to direct rule in many cases. By 1911, Britain’s colonial expansion had resulted in the acquisition of territory in every quarter of the continent (Newbury 626). The expansion went together with a shift in attitudes towards Africa and Africans, often inflected by an increasing racial awareness. The view that Africans stood little chance of governing themselves gained in prominence.

The sense of European superiority was reinforced by imperial gains in other parts of the globe and the rise of a pseudo-scientific racism that laid the groundwork for the Imperial Age in Africa. Stanley undertook the expedition to find Livingstone in Africa in order to make a sensational headline for the press. He had little idea that the meeting with Livingstone would turn out to be a pivotal moment in the history of exploration and the future colonization of Africa. Stanley’s account of the meeting contributed to the iconic image of Dr. Livingstone that inspired numerous settlers to travel to the continent in his footsteps. The myth of Livingstone as a saintly Christian missionary singlehandedly combating the slave trade in Africa persisted even though Livingstone failed to make a single lasting convert to Christianity or to accomplish his goal to locate the source of the Nile. When Livingstone died in 1873, his remains were returned to Britain and ceremoniously interred at Westminster Abbey. Stanley was a pallbearer at the funeral.

Now a celebrity himself, Stanley returned to Africa to cover the British campaign against the Ashanti in 1873 and again in 1874, after Livingstone’s death, to pursue the geographical questions about Central Africa left unresolved by previous explorers. Matthew Rubery is Lecturer in Nineteenth-Century Literature at Queen Mary, University of London. He is the author of The Novelty of Newspapers: Victorian Fiction after the Invention of the News (2009) and editor of Audiobooks, Literature, and Sound Studies (2011). HOW TO CITE THIS BRANCH ENTRY (MLA format) Rubery, Matthew. “On Henry Morton Stanley’s Search for Dr. Livingstone, 1871-72.” BRANCH: Britain, Representation and Nineteenth-Century History. Ed. Dino Franco Felluga. Extension of Romanticism and Victorianism on the Net. Web. [Here, add your last date of access to BRANCH]. WORKS CITED Bennett, Norman R., ed. Stanley’s Despatches to the New York Herald, 1871-1872, 1874-1877.

Boston: Boston UP, 1970. Print. Crouthamel, James L. Bennett’s New York Herald and the Rise of the Popular Press. Syracuse: Syracuse UP, 1989. Print. “The Finding of Dr. Livingstone.” Illustrated London News. 3 Aug. 1878, 98. The Illustrated London News Historical Archive 1842-2003. Gale Cengage. Accessed Dec. 7, 2011. Hall, Richard Seymour. Stanley: An Adventurer Explored. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1975. Print. Jeal, Tim. Stanley: The Impossible Life of Africa’s Greatest Explorer. London: Faber and Faber, 2007. Print. “Livingstone.” New York Herald. 2 Jul. 1872. 3. Microfilm. Livingstone, David. Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1858. Print. McCaskie, T.C.

“Cultural Encounters: Britain and Africa in the Nineteenth Century.” Porter 665-89. Newbury, Colin. “Great Britain and the Partition of Africa, 1870-1914.” Porter 624-50. Pettitt, Clare. Dr Livingstone, I Presume? Missionaries, Journalists, Explorers, and Empire. London: Profile Books, 2007. Print. Porter, Andrew, ed. The Nineteenth Century. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1999. Print. Vol. 3 of The Oxford History of the British Empire. 5 vols. 1998-1999. Print. Rubery, Matthew. “A Transatlantic Sensation: Stanley’s Search for Livingstone and the Anglo-American Press.” U.S. Popular Print Culture: 1860-1920. Ed. Christine Bold. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2011. 501-518. Print. Vol. 6 of The Oxford History of Popular Print Culture. 6 vols. 2011. Stanley, Henry M.

How I Found Livingstone: Travels, Adventures and Discoveries in Central Africa: Including an Account of Four Months’ Residence with Dr. Livingstone. New York: Scribner, Armstrong, & Co., 1872. Print. —. Through the Dark Continent; Or, The Sources of the Nile around the Great Lakes of Equatorial Africa and Down the Livingstone River to the Atlantic Ocean. London: Sampson Low, Searle, Rivington, 1878. Print. “Telegram to the New York Herald.” New York Herald. 2 Jul. 1872. 3. Microfilm. BRANCH 2017 © All Rights Reserved Explorations in Africa, By Dr. David Livingstone, and Others, Giving a Full Account of the Stanley-Livingstone Expedition of Search, under the Patronage of the New York Herald, as Furnished by ... - World Digital Library Explorations in Africa, By Dr. David Livingstone, and Others, Giving a Full Account of the Stanley-Livingstone Expedition of Search, under the Patronage of the New York Herald, as Furnished by Dr. Livingstone and Mr.

Stanley Description David Livingstone (1813-73) was a Scottish missionary and medical doctor who explored much of the interior of Africa. In a remarkable journey in 1853-56, he became the first European to cross the African continent. Starting on the Zambezi River, he traveled north and west across Angola to reach the Atlantic at Luanda. On his return journey he followed the Zambezi to its mouth on the Indian Ocean in present-day Mozambique. Livingstone’s most famous expedition was in 1866-73, when he explored central Africa in an attempt to find the source of the Nile. Not heard from for years, he was believed lost. Both the Royal Geographical Society and the sensationalist New York Herald organized expeditions to find him. Henry M. Stanley (1841-1904), a British-born reporter who was to become a noted explorer in his own right, led the Herald’s expedition. On November 10, 1871, Stanley found Livingstone in the town of Ujiji, on the shores of Lake Tanganyika, in present-day Tanzania. News of the discovery caused a worldwide sensation.

This book, which appeared in Chicago in 1872, was part of the effort by publishers to capitalize on the demand from the public for information about Livingstone and Stanley and about Africa in general. Contributor Henry Stanley 1841 - 1904 Sir Henry Morton Stanley, British explorer and journalist, opened Central Africa to exploitation by Western nations. Henry Stanley was originally named John Rowland. He was born near Denbigh Castle, Wales, to John Rowland, a farmer, and an unmarried woman. The boy lived with his maternal grandfather until he was about 6, when his grandfather died. The youngster was sent to a workhouse, where he remained until the age of 15, when he ran away. Young Rowland lived on a hand-to-mouth basis with various relatives until he was 18, when he signed on as a cabin boy and shipped to New Orleans. There a cotton broker, Henry Morton Stanley, adopted him and gave him his name. Stanley's adopted father died without providing for him. The young man volunteered as a Confederate soldier and was captured at Shiloh. He was released from prison by changing sides and finished the war in the Union Navy.

After the war Stanley became a newspaper correspondent. He covered Indian campaigns in the American West. In 1868 he went to Abyssinia to cover a British expedition. In 1869 the publisher of the New York Herald commissioned Stanley to find Dr. David Livingstone, a Scottish missionary explorer, lost somewhere in Central Africa. Stanley found Livingstone at Ujiji in 1871 after an 8-month search. They did some exploring together, and when Livingstone died in 1873, Stanley stepped into his shoes. In 1874 Stanley began a 3-year journey to measure the lakes of Central Africa. From 1879 to 1884 he opened the Congo River Basin and laid the groundwork for the Congo Free State after setting up 21 trading posts along the river. Between 1887 and 1890 he led a mission to rescue Emin Pasha, the governor of Equatoria. Stanley settled the question of the source of the Nile and opened a vast territory which accelerated the desire of European countries to control African soil. On July 12, 1890, Stanley married Dorothy Tennant.

In 1895 he became a member of Parliament, and 4 years later he was knighted, receiving the Grand Cross of the Bath. He died on May 10, 1904, in London. ~~~<"((((((><~~~<"((((((><~~~<"((((((><~~~<"((((((><~~~<"((((((><~~~ Sir Henry Morton Stanley, born John Rowlands (January 28, 1841 – May 10, 1904), was a journalist and explorer famous for his exploration of Africa and his search for David Livingstone. Stanley is often remembered for the words uttered to Livingstone upon finding him: "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" Biography He was born in Denbigh, Wales. His mother, Betsy Parry, was nineteen years old at the time of his birth. According to Stanley himself, his father, John Rowlands, was an alcoholic; there is some doubt as to his true parentage [1]. The parents were unmarried, so his birth certificate refers to him as a bastard, and the stigma of illegitimacy weighed heavily upon him all his life.

He was raised by his grandfather until the age of five. When his guardian died, the boy was sent to St. Asaph Union Workhouse, where overcrowding and lack of supervision resulted in frequent abuse by the older boys. He stayed until the age of 15. After completing an elementary education, he was employed as a pupil teacher in a National School. In 1859, at the age of 18, he made his passage to the United States in search of a new life. Upon arriving in New Orleans, he became friendly with a wealthy trader named Stanley, whose name he later assumed. After military service with both sides in the American Civil War, Stanley was recruited in 1867 by Colonel Samuel Forster Tappan (a one-time journalist) of the Indian Peace Commission to serve as a correspondent to cover the work of the Commission for several newspapers. Stanley was soon retained exclusively by James Gordon Bennett (1795-1872), founder of the New York Herald. This early period of his professional life is described in Volume I of his book My Early Travels and Adventures in America and Asia (1895).

He became one of the Herald's overseas correspondents and, in 1869, was instructed by Bennett's son to find the Scottish missionary and explorer David Livingstone, who was known to be in Africa but had not been heard from for some time. According to Stanley's account, he asked James Gordon Bennett, Jr. (1841-1918), who had succeeded to the paper's management at his father's retirement in 1867, how much he could spend. The reply was "Draw ï¿½1,000 now, and when you have gone through that, draw another ï¿½1,000, and when that is spent, draw another ï¿½1,000, and when you have finished that, draw another ï¿½1,000, and so on — BUT FIND LIVINGSTONE!"" Stanley travelled to Zanzibar and outfitted an expedition with the best of everything, requiring no fewer than 200 porters.

He found Livingstone on November 10, 1871, in Ujiji near Lake Tanganyika in present-day Tanzania, and greeted him (at least according to his own journal) with the now famous, "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" Stanley joined him in exploring the region, establishing for certain that there was no connection between Lake Tanganyika and the River Nile. On his return, he wrote a book about his experiences. The New York Herald, in partnership with Britain's Daily Telegraph, then financed him on another expedition to the African continent, one of his achievements being to solve the last great mystery of African exploration by tracing the course of the River Congo to the sea. In later years he spent much energy defending himself against charges that his African expeditions had been marked by callous violence and brutality. Stanley's opinion was that "the savage only respects force, power, boldness, and decision." Stanley would eventually be held responsible for a number of deaths and was indirectly responsible for helping establish the rule of Lï¿½opold II of Belgium over the Congo Free State.

In addition, the spread of African trypanosomiasis across central Africa is attributed to the movements of Stanley's enormous baggage train and the Emin Pasha relief expedition. In 1886, Stanley led the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition to "rescue" Emin Pasha, the governor of Equatoria in the southern Sudan. After immense hardships and great loss of life, Stanley met Emin in 1888, discovered the Ruwenzori Range and Lake Edward, and emerged from the interior with Emin and his surviving followers at the end of 1890. On his return to Europe, he married Welsh artist Dorothy Tennant, and they adopted a child, Denzil. He entered Parliament as Unionist member for Lambeth North, serving from 1895 to 1900. He became Sir Henry Morton Stanley when he was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in 1899, in recognition of his service to the British Empire in Africa. He died in London on May 10, 1904; at his funeral, he was eulogized by Daniel P. Virmar. His grave, in the churchyard of St.

Michael's Church in Pirbright, Surrey, is marked by a large piece of granite. Trivia * On his return to England, he was presented with one of the first of the newly-invented wax-cylinder recording machines (Phonographs), and made a point of recording the voices of famous elderly men before they died. * In 1939, a popular film called Stanley and Livingstone was released, with Spencer Tracy as Stanley and Cedric Hardwicke as Livingstone. * Ray Thomas, flautist and vocalist with the Moody Blues, wrote a song entitled, "Dr. Livingstone, I Presume," which was released on their 1968 album, In Search Of The Lost Chord. * An NES game based on him was released in 1992 and called "Stanley: The Search for Dr. Livingston" [1] * Stanley Electric Co., Ltd - in short: Stanley Electric - located in Tokyo, Japan - obtained the right to use Stanley's family name in honour of his discoveries "that have brought light into many spots of the world undiscovered and hitherto unknown to mankind".

The company produces light emitting diodes, liquid crystal displays and all kinds of lamps, including automotive headlamps. * His great grandson, Richard Stanley, is a South African filmmaker and director of documentaries.[2] * Tim Jeal in 'Stanley' comes to the motivated conclusion that the words "Dr. Livingstone, I Presume" were probably not spoken. * There is a hospital in St. Asaph, North Wales named after H. M. Stanley in honour of his birth in the area, it was the former workhouse he spent much of his early life in. ~~~<"((((((><~~~<"((((((><~~~<"((((((><~~~<"((((((><~~~<"((((((><~~~ American journalist and adventurer, who took New York Herald's mission ”to go and find Livingstone”. In his diary HOW I FOUND LIVINGSTONE (1872) Stanley presents his story with stoicism, without magnifying his epic adventure of hardships of the journey. He travelled 700 miles in 236 days before he found the ailing Scottish missionary-explorer David Livingstone on the island of Ujiji.

At meeting Livingstone, Stanley tried to hide his enthusiasm and uttered his famous, pompous greeting: "Doctor Livingstone, I presume!" Stanley was considered the most effective explorer of his day, who led expeditions along the Congo and the Nile in 1874-77 and at the same time paved the way for ruthless colonial rule in these areas. He helped create Lï¿½opold's Congo Free State, ruled by the Belgian monarch as a personal domain, and British possessions on the upper Nile in the 1880s. I would have run to him, only I was a coward in the presence of such a mob - would have embraced him, but that I did not know how he would receive me; so I did what moral cowardice and false pride suggested was the best thing--walked deliberately to him, took off my hat, and said: "DR. LIVINGSTONE, I PRESUME?" "Yes," said he, with a kind, cordial smile, lifting his cap slightly. (from How I Found Livingstone) Henry Morton Stanley was born at Denbigh in North Wales, the illegitimate son of John Rowlands and Elisabeth Parry - on the birth register of St.

Hilary's Church he was entered as "John Rowlands, Bastard". Stanley's father died in a potato field in 1846; he was seventy-five. Abandoned by his mother, Stanley spent his early years in the custody of his two uncles and his maternal grandfather. After his grandfather died, he was consigned at the age of six to the St. Asaph Workhouse, where male adults "took part in every possible vice," as an investigative commission reported in 1847. However, Stanley received a fair education and he became a voracious reader. At fifteen, Stanley left St. Asaph's and stayed some years with his relatives. At seventeen, he ran away to sea and landed in New Orleans. There Stanley gave himself a new name. First he was known as "J. Rolling", but eventually he settled on Henry Morton Stanley after the cotton broker Henry Stanley, for whom he worked in New Orleans. After the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, Stanley joined the Confederate Army, but later he enlisted in the Union Army. In 1864 he served as a clerk at the frigate Minnesota.

During the following years, Stanley led a roving life in America, working mostly as a free-lance journalist. He also went to Turkey and Asia Minor as a newspaper correspondent. In 1867-1868 he was a special correspondent for the New York Herald. In 1871 Stanley started his expedition to East Africa. To Katie Gough-Roberts, a young woman living in Denbigh, he sent a number of letters, and planned to marry her after the journey. However, she married an architect. Although he was deserted by his bearers, plagued by disease and warring tribes but he found Livingstone near Lake Tanganyika in Ujiji on November 10, 1871. Together they explored the northern end of Lake Tangayika - Richard Francis Burton claimed Lake Tanganyika as the source of the River Nile. Livingstone had journeyed extensively in central and southern Africa from 1840 and fought to destroy the slave trade. Livingstone died in 1873 on the Shores of Lake Bagweulu. His body was shipped back to England and buried in Westminster Abbey - Stanley was one of the pall-bearers.

On hearing of his hero's death, Stanley decided to follow up Livingstone's researches on the Congo/Zaire and Nile systems, and at the same time examine the discoveries of Burton, Speke and Grant. "Two weeks were allowed me for purchasing boats - a yawl, a gig, and a barge - for giving orders for pontoons, medical stores, and provisions; for making investments in gifts for native chiefs; for obtaining scientific instruments, stationery, &c., &c. The barge was an invention of my own." (from Through the Dark Continent, 1878) Before the journey, Stanley fell in love with Alice Pike, a seventeen year old American heiress. She married Albert Barney in 1876. "Then sing, O friends, sing the journey is ended; Sing aloud, O friends, sing to the great sea." On his second African adventure, which started in 1874, Stanley journeyed into central Africa. Stanley's three white companions, Frederick Barker and Francis and Edward Pocock, died during the expedition - Stanley himself was nicknamed Bula Matari, "the rock breaker".

Stanley circumnavigated Victoria Nyanza, proving it to be the second-largest freshwater lake in the world, and discovered the Shimeeyu River. After sailing down the Livingstone (Congo) River, he reached the Atlantic Ocean on August 12, 1877. When David Livingstone combined geographical, religious, commercial, and humanitarian goals in his exploration journeys, Stanley created the direct link between exploration and colonization, especially in the service of Leopold II of Belgium. Stanley represented Leopold in signing treaties with bewildered African chiefs. The first expeditions of the Belgians he led to "prove that the Congo natives were susceptible of civilization and that the Congo basin was rich enough to repay exploitation". Stanley's revelation of the commercial possibilities of the region resulted in the setting up of a large trading venture and led to the founding of the Congo Free State in 1885. Leopold II's ruthless exploitation of the country's natural resources - "the rubber atrocities" - were protested by the international community and the Belgian parliament forced the king to give up personal control of the region.

In 1877 Stanley made the first complete traverse of the Iruri River, whose waters flow some 800 miles before joining the Congo in the vicinity of present-day Kisangani. By the time he abandoned the river to go directly for Lake Edward, fifty-two of his men were so crippled by leg ulcers and malnutrition, that he had to leave them on the riverbank at a place he named Starvation Camp. Stanley made in 1886 a successful lecturing tour in the United States. The writer Mark Twain introduced him to the audience in Boston in November by comparing Stanley to Columbus: "Now, Columbus started out to discover America. Well, he didn't need to do anything at all but sit in the cabin of his ship and hold his grip and sail straight on, and America would discover itself. Here it was, barring his passage the whole length and breadth of the South American continent, and he couldn't get by it. He'd got to discover it. But Stanley started out to find Doctor Livingstone, who was scattered abroad, as you may say, over the length and breadth of a vast slab of Africa as big as the United States. It was a blind kind of search.

He was the worst scattered of men." Stanley organized the relief expedition in search of Emin Pasha, an adventurer, whom he met on the Albert Nyanza in 1888. During this disastrous mission one of Stanley's subordinated bought a slave girl and gave her to cannibals. In 1890 Stanley was in England. His story about his struggle to find Emir Pasha was published in 1890, the year that Joseph Conrad went to Congo, and later returned to his experiences in Heart of Darkness. Stanley visited in the following year the United States and Australia on lecturing tours. In 1899 Stanley was knighted and in 1895-1900 he sat in Parliament. He died in London on May 10, 1904. Stanley's publications include fiction and nonfiction. His diary, How I found Livingstone, and his account of his journey to the sources of the Nile, THROUGH THE DARK CONTINENT (1878), has been reprinted several times.

IN DARKEST AFRICA (1890) is a story of Stanley's 1887-89 expedition, and depicts among others pygmies who were still mysterious to the outside world. In adventure books of the nineteenth century, they were usually pictured as dwarfs. Stanley also wrote about the slave trade, but on the other hand he believed in the superiority of the white race. KALULU, PRINCE, KING, AND SLAVE (1874), Stanley's only novel, has been called "an exotic homosexual romance". The story, set in Central Africa, was about Selim, a young Arab boy from Zanzibar. Selim is taught to accept slavery, but on his journey in the Central Africa Selim himself is captured as a slave. He escapes, befriends an African prince, Kalulu. During his adventures he learns a new, critical view of his family's values and attitudes to slavery. - The story was based on Stanley's observation made during his historical search for Livingstone. In true-life Kalulu, ex-slave acquired in this journey, visited the US and Britain but was drowned on Stanley's second expedition in 1874.

Stanley and Livingstone (1939 b 100') Stanley and Livingstone This drama tells how a reporter found a famous missionary in the heart of Africa. In 1870 reporter Henry Stanley (Spencer Tracy) and Jeff Slocum (Walter Brennan) return from Indians in Wyoming the government could not contact. New York Herald publisher James Gordon Bennett (Henry Hull) refuses to sell and sends Stanley to find missionary Dr. Livingstone in Africa to prove he is alive. On a boat in the Red Sea Jeff and Stanley meet London Globe publisher Lord Tyce (Charles Coburn), who printed that Livingstone is dead after his son's expedition. On Zanzibar Stanley calls on John Kingsley (Henry Travers) and meets his daughter Eve Kingsley (Nancy Kelly) and recovering Gareth Tyce (Richard Greene). Kingsley says that Livingstone was a great man and offers Stanley a pass; but Eve changes his mind. Eve blames Livingstone for aging her father. Eve warns determined Stanley and hands him a pass. Kingsley gives Stanley advice and a letter for Livingstone, and Eve wishes Stanley well.

Stanley's expedition begins March 21, 1871, and they see animals. In July bearers start dying and deserting. Stanley asks a slave-trader the way to Tanganyika. Natives ambush them with arrows, and Stanley shoots an archer. Hundreds of natives attack, but Stanley starts a fire wall. In October it rains, and Stanley becomes delirious with fever. He learns of a white doctor and pushes on for fifteen days. Dr. David Livingstone (Cedric Hardwicke) welcomes Stanley and says he won't go back but was hoping for help. Stanley hits Bongo for stealing, but Livingstone asks him not to strike Africans. Livingstone leads Africans in singing "Onward Christian Soldiers." Livingstone treats a boy's foot with Stanley's help. Livingstone shows Stanley a map of rivers, and they tour villages; but Livingstone becomes ill. Stanley says he has quinine. Stanley proposes going to the source of the Nile with Livingstone, who says they cannot go for six months. Livingstone sends guides to help Stanley return. In London Stanley is greeted by Eve and her husband Gareth. Eve says that Stanley has changed and is like Livingstone.

Gareth takes Stanley to the Royal Geographical Society with his proof from Livingstone. Scientists challenge his letters and maps, and Lord Tyce accuses Stanley of fraud. Stanley calls Livingstone great and says he grew up in poverty in England, asking them to help Livingstone. A majority votes against Stanley; but John Gresham reports that Livingstone's body was sent to Zanzibar, and Livingstone's letter asked Stanley to carry on for him. Lord Tyce admits his error. Stanley says good-bye to Eve, and Stanley goes to continue Livingstone's work in Africa. The Wyoming incident is fictitious; Bennett was in Paris when he sent Stanley to Africa. Although Stanley did not become a missionary, he made great contributions to the exploration of Africa. This drama well portrays his determination and the humanitarian Dr. Livingstone. Copyright © 2001 by Sanderson Beck

Question: Which famous doctor was found in Africa by a reporter called Henry Stanley
Answer: Doctor Livingstone