Culture of Oman - history, people, clothing, traditions, women, beliefs, food, customs, family Culture of Oman Omani Alternative Names Various peoples in Oman use regional names such as Dhofari, which identifies them as being from the southern region of Oman, or Zanzibari, which identifies them as having close links with East Africa and at one time Zanzibar. Orientation Identification. Although Oman has existed as a distinct nation for several thousand years, the modern state—the Sultanate of Oman—is a creation of the last two centuries. The traditional territorial concept of Oman was altered in this period by the independence of the northwestern part of Oman as the United Arab Emirates and the absorption into the sultanate of the southern region of Dhofar. Although the names of both Oman and Dhofar are clearly of great antiquity, their original meanings and sources are uncertain. While most northern Omanis share a common Arab, Muslim, and tribal culture, the people of Dhofar remain culturally distinct and often feel culturally closer to neighboring regions in Yemen to the west. Location and Geography. The Omani culture owes much to the geography of the country.

The cultural heartland lies in the interior, in the valleys of the mountainous backbone which parallels the coastal plains and the interior plains. Seas to the north and east and deserts to west and south have served to isolate the country from the outside world. At the same time, Oman's presence on the Indian Ocean has fostered a long maritime tradition which has enriched the culture through the settlement of many Baluchis (the Indo-Iranian people of Baluchistan) along the northern coast and the interaction with East African cultures. Traditionally, Oman's capital was located in the interior but Muscat (Masqat), now the principal seaport, has served as the capital since the beginning of the nineteenth century. Northern Oman is separated from southern Dhofar by several hundred miles of desert, which results in the cultural distinctiveness of the Dhofaris. Demography. Oman's only census (1993) revealed a total population of 2 million, of which 1.5 million were Omanis. There were 175,000 residents of Dhofar. Census figures were not broken down into ethnic or linguistic categories, although it can be estimated that several hundred thousand Omanis were of Baluchi origin.

About half the Omani population belongs to the Ibadi sect of Islam and a similar number belong to mainstream Sunni Islam. There are several small communities of Shia Muslims. Population growth is estimated at nearly 4 percent per year. Linguistic Affiliation. Arabic is the principal language spoken by Omanis, who have spoken it since the immigration of Arab tribes nearly two millennia ago. The Omani dialect generally is close to modern standard Arabic, although coastal dialects employ a number of loanwords from Baluchi, Persian, Urdu and Gujarati (two Indo-Aryan languages), and even Portuguese. The mountain peoples of Dhofar, as well as several small nomadic groups in the desert between Dhofar and northern Oman, speak a variety of unique South Arabian languages that are not mutually intelligible with modern Arabic. Minority groups speak Arabic as well as their own languages at home, and English is widely spoken as a second language. Symbolism. The national symbol employs a pair of crossed khanjars, the traditional daggers that all Omani men wore until recently (and still wear on formal occasions). This symbol is integrated into the national flag and appears in nearly all government logos. Oman History and Ethnic Relations Emergence of the Nation.

Oman has a very long history and was known as Magan to ancient Persian and Mesopotamian civilizations and was an important producer of copper and ornamental stone. The Arab tribes in Oman adopted Islam during the lifetime of the prophet Muhammad (c.570–632) and forced the Persian colonizers to leave. Since then, Oman has generally remained an independent Arab and Ibadi/Sunni Muslim entity. National Identity. The Omani national identity has evolved from its predominant Arab language and culture, its tribal organization, and Islam. Oman withstood attempts by classical Islamic empires to subdue the country, and the Portuguese invasion of the sixteenth century was confined to coastal ports and was terminated by national Omani resistance in the mid-seventeenth century. Ethnic Relations. Although the dominant cultural group in Oman is Arab and Ibadi/Sunni Muslim, the culture has been very tolerant of other groups. Ethnic, sectarian, or linguistic conflict rarely occurs in Oman although tribal disputes are not unknown. Urbanism, Architecture, and the Use of Space The contemporary urban character of Omani culture has strong ties to Indian Mogul architectural style.

This is manifested in the seafront whitewashed two- and occasionally three-story residential buildings that line the road along the harbor of Matrah (Muscat's sister city). It is also seen in the style of some mosques and minarets with their slim and ornate shapes, as well as in public buildings such as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs building in Qurm. Other contemporary constructions are more eclectic in style. Earlier architectural styles found in the towns and interior cities of Oman, such as Nizwa, Ibri, Ibra, and Bahla, reflected a pared down and simpler cultural expression and use of space that was consistent with Ibadism, a relatively austere form of Islam. Private residences reflect the culture's concern for gendered space. Most Omani homes have formal rooms for men and their visitors, while women generally socialize in each other's private quarters. When people meet to mark various rites of passage, such as births, marriages, and deaths, the celebrations are marked by clear gendered space. It is women who visit other women on the occasion of a birth in a family. Marriage rituals entail elaborate celebrations for women only, for men only, and, when space is open, with segregated sitting areas.

Deaths are similarly marked by gendered use of space, with only men attending the actual burial of a body. Food and Economy Food in Daily Life. Omani cuisine revolves around rice. The morning meal is not significant, often consisting of bread or leftovers from the day before, and tea. The main meal of the day is in early to mid-afternoon. It is generally a large dish of rice with a thin sauce often based on tomato or tomato paste and meat or fish. Pork does not exist in the Omani diet as it is prohibited by Islam. The evening meal is generally very light, sometimes consisting only of fruit or bread and tea. The influence of Indian cooking is very strong. A variety of Indian restaurants are found throughout the country. In the capital area, there are a number of Western fast-food establishments, as well as a variety of French, Italian, Japanese, and Chinese restaurants. Food Customs and Ceremonial Occasions. Dates, fresh or dried, are important to the diet and to the ritual of hospitality. Equally important is helwa, a sweet confection based on clarified butter, honey, and spices. Both are served to guests with strong, bitter, and often cardamom-scented coffee.

During Ramadan, the Islamic month of fasting, Omanis refrain from eating or drinking between sunrise and sunset. They break their fast with coffee and dates followed shortly thereafter by a ritual meal, often shared with family and close friends, of elaborate foods heavy in oils and spices. Basic Economy. A large percentage of Omanis live in rural areas and many others own land and property in the countryside even though they live and work in the towns. Many of those in the countryside are self-sufficient farmers and fishermen. Livestock production is the basis of agricultural activity in the center and south of Oman, with fishing along Oman's long coastline coming a close second. Nearly one-third of Omani's nonoil exports come from agriculture and fisheries. Oman imports more than half the vegetables and dairy products it needs and just under half the beef, eggs, and mutton. Land Tenure and Property. All land is officially owned by the state. Some land has been recognized as privately held and in the late twentieth century the government pursued a policy of providing all Omanis with private parcels of land for residences and farms. Shared property rights or land use rights are held by custom and are generally tribal in origin.

Hence much of the interior semiarid and arid lands are used by nomadic pastoral tribes. Although their territory is no longer recognized as theirs by the state, it remains uncontested by local inhabitants and other tribes. Commercial Activities. Agriculture and fishing are the traditional economic activities in Oman. Dates and limes, make up most of the country's exports. Coconut palms, wheat, and bananas are also grown. Cattle are raised in Dhofar. Fish and shellfish exports create a steady income of roughly $40 million (U.S.). Major Industries. Oman is an oil-producing nation and revenues from petroleum products have been the backbone of Oman's dramatic development over the last three decades of the twentieth century. But oil resources are not extensive and natural gas reserves are becoming more prominent, with liquified natural gas exports expected to provide significant new income in the early twenty-first century. Trade. After oil, petroleum, and liquified gas, fish and shellfish account for the majority of Oman's export trade. The fish and shellfish are sold mainly to Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, although some of this fresh product finds its way in refrigerated trucks further north. Dates and limes are also exported. Division of Labor.

Both men and women engage in agricultural activities: men work the date gardens, while women tend to the fields of wheat, barley, and alfalfa. Men go out in fishing boats or dive from the shore, while women often mend fishing nets. Children take on domestic agricultural and fishing tasks at an early age, nine being a common age for starting. The elderly are greatly respected and are often relieved from any physical work, but their opinions and ideas are eagerly sought by the middle-aged and young. Social Stratification Classes and Castes. Omani culture does not have a caste system, but it does operate in a hierarchy based on family connections (tribal ties), relative wealth, and religious education. At the top of the pyramid is the sultan and his immediate family, the Al-Sa'id. This is followed by a large tribal group, the Al-Bu Sa'id. Prior to the discovery of oil in the country, the wealthiest group (class) was arguably made up of the merchant families, many of them Indian in origin, language, and culture; a particular Omani community, mainly of Hyderabadi origin, also accumulated some wealth through trade in foodstuffs.

Certain families and tribes had built reputations for religious learning and mediation skills, and they often represented the government in the interior of the country. In the late twentieth century, wealth spread somewhat and a few more Omani families joined the ranks of the extremely wealthy. Oman has a small but growing middle class while the vast majority of its population outside A crowded market in Fanja. The vast majority of the population outside of the capital area are engaged in subsistence agriculture, fishing, or animal husbandry. of the capital area are engaged in subsistence agriculture, fishing, or animal husbandry. Symbols of Social Stratification. Dress in Omani culture is a "badge," one highly visible and prominent marker of ethnic identity. Among Omani nationals, dress is finely tuned to reflect each person's region of origin or ethnic background. Women's clothing and, in particular, the choice of face covering and head cloth advertises membership in a particular tribal, ethnic, or language group. Men's clothing, consisting of a long, ankle-length shirt (locally called a thawb or dishdashah ), is also amenable to the expression of tribal and regional belonging through variations in the style of the collars and sleeves. Head covering is required of men as well as women.

Political Life Government. Oman is a sultanate (a type of monarchy) with a sultan as the head of state and head of government. His position is hereditary within the Al Bu Sa'id family. There are few checks on the power of the sultan and his decrees form the basis of law. He appoints a council of ministers and can dismiss ministers without reason. There is no prime minister. Leadership and Political Officials. Senior members of the sultan's family routinely receive important government positions. More distant members of the family serve as ministers, other government officials, and the equivalent of governors throughout the country. Other ministers and senior government officials are chosen by merit and family or tribal connections; Muscat merchant families are overrepresented. There are no political parties and a limited electorate chooses candidates for the Majlis al-Shura, an indirectly elected consultative council dealing with social issues. Social Problems and Control. The legal system is derived from a combination of Western and Arab civil codes with the Shari'ah (Islamic law) used in family matters such as marriage and inheritance. The Royal Oman Police covers the entire country and is responsible for traffic, criminal investigation, firefighting, the coast guard, and immigration.

Crime is infrequent although the capital area has seen a modest increase in burglaries and there is some drug and alcohol abuse. Civil disobedience is unknown and there is complete respect for the law and state institutions. Military Activity. The armed forces of Oman were created to counter several insurrections beginning in the 1950s. Since the mid-1970s, however, there has been no unrest in Oman and the security forces are geared to protect against potential external threats. Oman continues to maintain a relatively large military establishment in part to provide employment for its people. Social Welfare and Change Programs Social welfare is still basically a family and kin network business. The old, the handicapped, the disabled, and the disadvantaged are looked after by a network of relatives. Since the 1970s, the government has worked hard to establish a social welfare service to promote stability and security for families in a rapidly changing social environment. The Ministry of Social Affairs, Labor, and Vocational Training takes responsibility for making monthly payments to the elderly, the widowed, the divorced, and the disabled. Special attention has been given to training the mildly disabled, especially the young, through special government centers.

Nongovernmental Organizations and Other Organizations Oman has very few nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). Perhaps as a reflection of security concerns, it remains very difficult to acquire formal government recognition of NGO status. The first NGO to be created in Oman in the 1970s, the Omani Women's Association, was integrated into the Ministry of Social Affairs and Labor in the early 1980s. The Association for the Welfare of Handicapped Children, which was founded in 1990, runs a number of centers for the care and rehabilitation of disabled children and has acquired a semiofficial status. The Oman Charitable Organization (also known as the Oman Benevolent Society), was created in the late 1990s by royal decree to provide assistance to the needy. Other NGOs include sports clubs, literary associations, and university cultural centers. Gender Roles and Statuses Division of Labor by Gender. Gender roles are shaped by the demands of the economic realities of peoples' lives. In the desert interior of the country, women contribute very actively to economic activities associated with livestock raising and have significant social and political power.

In the agricultural oasis settlements, the economic role of women is not as active and this is reflected in reduced social and political power. Women's roles in religion reflect the formal restrictions of Islam. In urban centers and towns, however, many women serve as teachers in Islamic pre-schools, the kuttaib. The Relative Status of Women and Men. Women have significant authority within the family unit and make strong contributions toward family decisions regarding various rites of passage. Outside the kin group, however, women have little authority or privilege. From the early 1990s, the government has made great efforts to include women in government. Women were nominated to run for election to the consultative council in 1997, with two obtaining seats, and several speeches of the sultan emphasized the importance of integrating women into public life. Marriage, Family, and Kinship Marriage. Marriages are normally arranged. The preferred marriage is to a cousin. First choice is to a patrilateral cousin, and second choice is to a matrilateral cousin. Even the well-educated elite of the country, university medical students, express a preference for their families to arrange marriages for them.

Love matches are very infrequent, as marriage is viewed more as a contract between two families with the major aim being to produce offspring for the next generation. In polygamous households (more common among the wealthy, but not restricted to them), the first wife tends to be a close cousin and the second wife a younger, less-close relative. In the past, men tended to take on additional wives—Islam permits up to four—but in recent years, men have tended to divorce first wives and remarry, often leaving divorced women destitute and reliant on the government for support. Domestic Unit. The domestic unit is generally an extended three-generation nuclear family; residence is usually patrilocal, with the husband's family. Although many nuclear family units reside in single residences, individual family members keep in constant contact with each other through either daily visits or regular telephone calls. It is not unusual to find families of eight, nine or ten persons living in one household. The eldest male has the greatest authority in the family while an elderly female usually takes responsibility for allocating tasks within the household. Inheritance. The rules of inheritance are entirely governed by the Shari'ah (Islamic law), which lays down the percentage of an estate that each relative may inherit.

In descending order of shares, this moves from the direct descendants (sons, wives, A group of Bedouin eat a meal. Omani cuisine revolves around rice. daughters, and husbands) to cousins and more distant relatives. These rules apply to fixed property and capital. In the interior among the pastoral tribes, women often pass on their share of certain large livestock (camels) to brothers or sons, in exchange for informal welfare security in their old age. Kin Groups. Omani culture is organized around the kin group as a large extended family or tribe inhabiting a particular valley or set of hamlets. There are also dispersed kin groups, the pastoral tribes, who move around with their livestock in search of grazing land in a territory normally regarded as theirs to use. Life revolves around the kin group in the interior of the country, while in the urban centers the extended family or tribe is the hub and locus of much activity and networking. Socialization Infant Care. Omanis do not separate the infant or child from family rhythm or routine. The newborn child remains exclusively with her or his mother for the first forty days after birth. After that the infant sleeps, eats, and plays at her side, and is nursed on demand for two years.

Infants are not offered particular stimulation, but soothed and calmed and encouraged to watch rather than interact. Child Rearing and Education. After the age of two, Omani children are encouraged to behave like miniature adults, taking on duties or hospitality toward guests at a very young age. They are only reprimanded, ever mildly, occasionally with a tap across the back of the legs. They are socialized to look to their peer group. Punishment for unusual or unacceptable behavior is often offered as: "What would your friends say?" Girls are circumcised with little ceremony at or just after birth and boys are circumcised in later childhood with some celebration of their entering an age of "reason." Primary education for both boys and girls is encouraged. In the later intermediary and high school years, however, attendance by girls, particularly in rural areas, declines, largely due to a persistent pattern of early marriage. Many boys also leave school before the end of their secondary education in order to seek jobs, thus contributing to a large low-skill sector of the workforce. The government also operates a number of vocational training institutes. Higher Education. In 1986, Oman opened its first university.

Built upon a combination of American and English models of higher education, the first colleges were of medicine, engineering, science, Islamic studies and education, and agriculture. In the 1990s, several more colleges were opened including a faculty of commerce and economics and a faculty of Shari'ah and law. Enrollment in the university is nearly equally split between male and female students. It was only in 1993 that, under pressure from elements in the private sector and the government, the university administration decided to deny women admission to two colleges, engineering and agriculture. In the late 1990s, the government sanctioned several private colleges that emphasized business curricula. Etiquette Omanis are very polite and formal in public. Upon meeting, formulaic greetings must be exchanged before a discussion can ensue. To do otherwise would be considered rude. Although men and women may interact in public, their contact should always be chaperoned or in the open. Even educated elite women often find it necessary to be chaperoned by a male relative at public events, parties, or receptions. Omanis tend to stand close to one another as Arabs do, and it is common for friends and relatives of the same sex to hold hands.

Two or more men or women entering a doorway at the same time always try to persuade the others to enter first, although a man always invites a woman to enter first. On the other hand, forming lines in shops, banks, and other public places is not a cultural trait, although women invariably are encouraged to go first. Religion Religious Beliefs. Nearly all Omanis are Muslim, divided nearly equally into Sunnis and Ibadis with a small percentage of Shia. A few families of Indian origin are Hindu but there are no Omani Christians or Jews. Omanis tend to be careful in their observance of religious obligations. Most carry out the prescribed five prayers per day and many men go to nearby mosques to perform them. Most Omanis observe the dawn-to-dusk fasting required during the Islamic month of Ramadan, and it is against the law to eat, drink, or smoke in public during daylight hours in Ramadan. In addition to formal religious beliefs and practices, superstitions are common and some folk rituals are practiced. Religious Practitioners. There is little formal religious hierarchy. The government appoints the mufti who serves as the country's highest Islamic authority.

Traditional religious educators, known as sheikhs, are trained by the Ministry of Awqaf View of Muscat city buildings along the Gulf of Oman. Oman is a sultanate, with a sultan as the head of state and government. and Religious Affairs and teach in Koranic schools throughout the country. Religious judges ( qadi ) are appointed by the state to serve in Shari'ah courts. There are also religious healers ( mutawi' ) whose services are called upon by the population, often to deal with mental illnesses. Rituals and Holy Places. All Omani Muslims are obliged to fast during Ramadan. One of the pillars of Islam, this period of abstinence lasts twenty-nine or thirty days. This month is also one of celebration and prayer and is followed by two important festivals, one immediately after the period of fasting, Eid-il-Fitr, and one sixty-six days later, Eid -il Adha. Many Omanis undertake the hajj, or pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca (in Saudi Arabia), if they are physically and financially able.

Because of the austerity of Ibadi Islam, there are no specific holy places in northern Oman; there are, however, some venerated tombs of "saints" in Dhofar. Death and the Afterlife. Omanis are pragmatic when it comes to dealing with sickness. They will try modern medicine but if that fails will turn to traditional healers. Traditional herbalists, bonesetters, and exorcists have a thriving practice, especially in the interior of the country. Many look to the cold and hot properties of foods for curing sickness (a common practice in Islamic belief). Spirit possession, often among women, is addressed through zar, or exorcism, ceremonies, which frequently involve the community in the curative process. Secular Celebrations National Day takes place on 18 November, the birthday of the sultan, Qabus ibn Sa'id. This is the principal nonreligious celebration of the year and includes a major pageant, a profusion of fireworks around the country, and the sultan's annual policy speech. Armed Forces Day (11 December) is the occasion for a large banquet hosted by the sultan for his officers, senior government officials, and the diplomatic corps.

The Islamic, but not the Christian, New Year's Day is an official holiday. The Arts and Humanities Support for the Arts. The government provides some limited assistance for the arts through subsidies to such organizations as the Omani Arts Society. Most artists, however, either hold full-time jobs or come from well-to-do families. Literature. In the past, literature was confined to religious treatises and histories. Like other Arabs, Omanis gave great importance to oral traditions, including poetry and an emphasis on genealogical roots. The Ministry of Information has sought to revive these traditions through folk programs on radio and television. In the last decades of the twentieth century, a small number of authors published works of fiction and poetry. Graphic Arts. Traditional Omani handicrafts are in decline although periodic attempts are made to encourage their production. Notable handmade products include silver and gold jewelry, woven baskets, goat- and camel-hair rugs, swords and khanjars (daggers), and large pottery water jugs. Drawing, painting, and photography have become popular forms of expression in educated circles, although artists still tend to avoid representation of the human form as per Islamic convention. Performance Arts.

Local instrumental and vocal music is very popular, as are songs from other Arab countries. Traditional performers still provide songs and dances at events such as marriages. The Ministry of National Heritage and Culture maintains a small national theater. Arab entertainers are well known throughout the country and many educated Omanis enjoy Western performance arts. The State of the Physical and Social Sciences Physical sciences, particularly earth sciences such as geology and hydrology, are popular subjects for study and research in Oman's university and in a number of government ministries. The social sciences, however, are not as well represented. Economics and sociology are taught at the university, but anthropology, political science, and psychology are not. Bibliography Oman travel guide - Wikitravel Time Zone UTC+4h The Sultanate of Oman is in the Middle East , on the southeastern end of the Arabian Peninsula. It borders the United Arab Emirates in the northwest, Saudi Arabia in the west, and Yemen in the southwest. Oman has two exclaves separated from it by the United Arab Emirates , the Musandam Peninsula and Madha .

Understand[ edit ] Until Sultan Qaboos bin Said exiled the previous Sultan in 1970, Oman was an under-developed nation, and almost completely closed to visitors. Since that time, education, public works and tourism have taken off throughout the country. Omanis are friendly people and are very helpful to tourists. In turn, tourists should respect the ways and traditions of the Omani people. Omanis are proud of both their country's rapid progress and their heritage as one of the great sea-faring nations. Excellent schools and hospitals, good governance, and on-going infrastructure improvement are all important characteristics of this once introverted and closed nation. Before Islam[ edit ] The oldest known human settlement in Oman dates to the Stone Age. Sumerian tablets refer to a country called Magan, a name thought to refer to Oman’s ancient copper mines. The present-day name of the country is believed to originate from the Arab tribes who migrated to its territory from the Uman region of Yemen . Many tribes settled in Oman making a living by fishing, herding or stock breeding and some present day Omani families are able to trace their ancestral roots to other parts of Arabia.

From the 6th century BC to the arrival of Islam in the 7th century AD, Oman was controlled and/or influenced by three Persian dynasties, the Achaemenids, Parthians and Sassanids. By about 250BCE, the Parthian dynasty brought the Persian Gulf under their control and extended their influence as far as Oman and established garrisons in Oman. In the third century CE, the Sasanids succeeded the Parthians and held the area until the rise of Islam four centuries later. Climate[ edit ] The climate of Oman is tropical desert, similar to that of cities such as Dubai and La Paz (Mexico). Summers are very hot and humid, with temperatures during the day reaching 38°C (100°F) and night time lows of 29°C (85°F). Springs and autumns are still warm-to-hot, with night time temperatures in the 21°C (70°F) and daytime temperatures anywhere from 29-35°C (85-95°F). Winters are pleasant, with nights around 16°C (60°F), low humidity, and days around 24°C (75°F).

Oman is known for its beaches, with their white sand, turquoise waters, and year-round warm ocean temperatures. Visas[ edit ] Visa Restrictions: Entry will be refused to citizens of Israel . Israeli stamps are not a problem for entry. Citizens of Bahrain , Kuwait , Qatar , Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates do not require a visa to visit Oman, and may use National ID Cards to enter the country. Those who hold a visa or entrance stamp of the Emirate of Dubai that is valid for at least 21 days are visa exempt. Similarly, those who hold a visa for Qatar that is valid for travel to Oman and valid for at least one month, and who are nationals of visa on arrival eligible countries, are visa exempt when arriving directly from Qatar. Citizens of New Zealand may obtain a visa on arrival valid for 3 months, which is extendable once for a fee.

Citizens of the European Union , Andorra , Argentina , Australia , Bolivia , Brazil , Brunei , Canada , Chile , Colombia , Ecuador , Hong Kong , Iceland , Indonesia , Japan , Lebanon , Liechtenstein , Macedonia , Malaysia , Moldova , Monaco , Norway , Paraguay , San Marino , Seychelles , Singapore , South Africa , South Korea , Suriname , Taiwan , Thailand , Turkey , United States , Uruguay , Vatican City and Venezuela may obtain a visa on arrival valid for 30 days, which is extendable once for a fee. The fee is OMR20 and your passport should be valid for no less than 6 months from the date of arrival. However, if you arrived by air into Dubai International Airport and subsequently enter Oman via land, the visa fee will be waived (this does not seem to be true any more as of 2014: even when you enter from Dubai by bus at the Al-Wajaja border post, you’ll have to pay the fee!) Any visa fees can be paid using UAE dirhams at a rate of AED10 to OMR1.

At the airports, visa fees can be paid in any Gulf States Co-operation Council (GCC) currency, euros, and US dollars. NOTE: Crossing the border by car from the United Arab Emirates into Musandam Peninsula via Ras Al Khaymah , the visa-on-arrival fee was OMR5 (as of April 2016). However, the border official stated this was only valid for 1 week. Chinese, Russian and Ukrainian nationals may obtain visit visas following the same procedures provided that they are part of tourists groups arriving to the Sultanate through a local tourist agent or a hotel or as a family. In the case of groups, the number of females must not exceed the number of males. The visa can be extended another month by submitting your passport to the Royal Omani Police in Muscat, however there is one line, and the wait can be as long as 2 hours. Be aware that the concept of personal distance is different in the Middle East than it is in Europe . Line jumping may be a problem for Europeans unless you set aside that personal distance concept.

Note that you can also extend your visa (usually without long waits) in the departure hall of Muscat Airport, opposite Costa Coffee – you must pay the fee with a credit card! If you are on a budget and need to extend your visa, take a trip to the United Arab Emirates . Buses are OMR10-12 return. A same-day round trip flight to Sharjah on Air Arabia costs about OMR50. Even a taxi would be an option. Customs[ edit ] It is prohibited to bring firearms, narcotics or pornographic publications into Oman. Non-Muslims are permitted to bring two litres of alcohol into the country at Seeb International Airport only. You are not allowed to bring alcohol into the country in private cars at land border crossings. By plane[ edit ] Virtually all international flights arrive at Muscat International Airport (MCT) in Muscat. There are also a small number of regional international flights to Salalah (SLL). Purchasing a visa on arrival in Salalah can be quite difficult, as the airport is very small and immigration officials tend not to have change for larger notes.

There are scheduled services by numerous airlines, including but not limited to Oman Air, Emirates, Gulf Air, Etihad, British Airways, Kuwait Airways, Saudi Arabian Airways, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, Swiss International, Lufthansa, Qatar Airways, Air India, Air France, and Thai Airways International. The most frequent connections are via Dubai (DXB). There are also direct flights from various Indian cities by airlines like Air India, Indian and Jet Airways. By boat[ edit ] The port in Muscat is used by cruise ships, however there are no regular passenger services to Oman. This is slowly changing, with more cruise ships (generally smaller ones) making port calls.

By car[ edit ] Entering the Omani part of the divided village of Dibba (Dibba Bayah) from Dibba Al Hisn (Sharjah, UAE) [Photo: Rolf Palmberg] There are multiple border crossings from the United Arab Emirates into Oman some of which are listed below: Hatta border at Wadi Hatta and AL-Wajajah From Dubai And Sharjah Khatam Al Shikhla - UAE Border and Wadi Jizzi - Oman Border, easy for Travelers From Al Ain and Abu Dhabi Jebel Hafret leading to Ibri and Nizwa, Khatmat Milahah from Kalba, (Is a Part of Sharjah Emirate) is 5kms from Fujairah Town. from Ras al Khaimah emirate to Bukha/Musadam from Fujeirah emirate to Dibba/Musadam. Driving directions and border crossing from Abu Dhabi to Muscat- For Abu Dhabi residents crossing to Oman, there are 3 border posts in Al Ain - Buraimi Border post (reserved exclusively for GCC residents), Hilli Border post and Khatam Al Shukla border posts (serving expatriates).

Roads are excellent and the border crossing is quite easy. Don't forget to bring along some cash as you have to pay for the visa to enter Oman. If you are taking a car from the UAE into Oman you will need to produce evidence at the border that the car is insured in Oman. UAE Immigration charges are AED35 per person (in Hatta UAE Border no charges when exiting to Oman) AED50 or 5 Oman riyals at Oman Border per person (Now in Oman border for payments electronic card for payment is a must. ie should have credit card or debit card.) And returning through Al Ain border is free of charge in both borders. Additionally, make sure that your passport is stamped with the relevant entry and exit stamps. This should go without saying, but some border officials will forget part of the procedure and cause administrative hassles later. Additionally, crossing from Oman to the UAE is often a chaotic business, so it is easier to miss out on the all-important stamp than one might expect. Crossing from Oman to Yemen is significantly more challenging, and those of an adventurous bent should familiarise themselves very carefully with the regulations regarding that border.

In previous years, there has been a law that no solo female travellers can exit Oman to Yemen. Additionally, bear in mind that the easternmost parts of Yemen are exceptionally remote. While a border (unmarked) exists between Oman and Saudi Arabia , this is a very inadvisable crossing, as it involves going through most (if not all) of the Empty Quarter and there are no permanent roads. By bus[ edit ] There are regular buses between Muscat and Dubai (UAE). There are private operators as well as the state-owned Oman National Transport Company (ONTC), and the ride (which usually takes 4-5 h) is usually quite comfortable. Note that when passing the border to Oman, in many cases passengers must line up all of their luggage in a long line, which is subsequently scrutinized by a police dog sniffing for any forbidden substances. By plane[ edit ] Oman Air is the national carrier and flies regularly between the two airports in the country (Muscat/Seeb, and Salalah). Air Arabia now offers flights to Salalah and Muscat from the United Arab Emirates (UAE).

By bus[ edit ] There are regular, daily bus services connecting the bigger cities within Oman ( Muscat , Salalah , Sohar , Sur and Nizwa ). There are several, daily bus services from Muscat to Dubai. There is one bus a day from Muscat to Abu Dhabi. For details see the pages of th Oman National Transport Company . By taxi[ edit ] All taxi drivers in Oman are Omani nationals as this is a protected profession. In Muscat there are call/telephone Taxi services. Whilst safe and generally turn up when you want them to the costs are comparatively high. Look for "Hello Taxi" and "Muscat Taxi" amongst others. The orange-badged taxis are usually owner-operated, these are unmetered with negotiated fares before departure. If you get a very cheap price, then do not be surprised if the Taxi stops to add extra passengers unless you request for it to be private. You may ask for engaged, just say 'engaged taxi' to the driver, and you will pay for all the seats (4) and now have the taxi to yourself. Women must always sit alone in the back. This is for your own safety and comfort.

There are also mini-buses (Baisa buses), the principle is you share the bus or car with others and pay a lower price as a result. This is how women living in Oman travel if they must use public transport. Women should sit next to other women if there are any in the bus. Men should move to other seats. If they do not move immediately, simply stand at the door, looking at them expectantly. They will take the hint and move. Although this might feel strange to foreigners, it is expected behaviour for Omanis. Not sitting next to a man will avoid any unfortunate situations of mixed signals. By car[ edit ] Ridin' Dirty Believe it or not, but it's actually illegal to drive around in a dirty car in Oman. You may get stopped by the police who can fine you OMR10, although they are more likely to just tell you to wash your ride. Driving around Oman in your own (rented) car is quite easy. A four-lane road connects Muscat and Nizwa and a recently constructed four-lane highway goes from Muscat to Sur. There are still large parts of the Sur - Muscat route that has no mobile phone signal.

If you break down be prepared to wait it out. Or hitch a ride to the next town and find a mechanic to bring back to your vehicle. A wadi near Nizwa Lovely seaside camping can be found between Muscat and Sur. Best to take the paved route to SUR, then over to Wadi Shab to find your way safely into this coastal road. If you intend to drive in wadis (unsealed valley roads in river beds) a 4x4 is highly desirable. You can never be sure how the road will be and if it starts raining the wadis will turn into rivers quickly. If at all possible, hire a 4 wheel drive. There is spectacular off-road driving to be had in Oman, and you will want to veer off the tarmac again and again. Since about 2001 Oman has been experiencing severe flash flooding annually. The force of the water rushing down the rock hard treeless mountains do push even landcruisers off the road and upside down. Beware. If you see dark clouds or rain starts. Find high dry ground, shelter and stay put. You can put a call into the local authorities to see if they can advise you better.

The problem is the flash floods move quickly from town to town, it is easy to get trapped by washed out roads. Many wadi crossings have white and red poles to indicate when it is safe to cross the wadi in case of a flood. These are painted white on the bottom and red on top. If the water level reaches the red-painted part, do not attempt to cross, even in a 4x4. If you managed to get a map of Oman regard it as how Oman would like to have the roads. Some roads might be drawn as well-built streets but are not even paved. Roads not being visible on the map might just end and may even be painted till the end! Distances in Oman are relatively long. The problem is the limit of kilometres of the typical rented car of 200-250km per day. Prepare to pay and negotiate for extra kilometres. Monthly rates sometimes include unlimited kilometres. Petrol in Oman is very cheap by European and even North American standards. Up until January 2016, the price for regular petrol was approximately OMR0.114 per litre for regular.

Since then, the government has removed petrol subsidies, and a litre of regular petrol will set you back OMR0.145 (April, 2016). Since 2006, in order to try and limit the rather frightening road death toll, the motorways/dual carriageways are littered with speed cameras. In the centre of Muscat they are every 2 km, not all look like they are active - but be warned. According to locals, the tolerance on the speed cameras is 15 km/h. Talk[ edit ] Arabic is the national language, but most Omanis will speak good to excellent English, particularly in major tourist areas and cities. In the southern Zufar (Dhofar) region, an indigenous Semitic language called Jibbali is spoken, while the related Mehri language and other rarer languages are also found elsewhere in the country. Balochi is spoken by the long-established Baloch minority, especially in the capital, Muscat. Swahili is also spoken by thousands of returnees from Zanzibar and other parts of East Africa. There are also very many recent immigrants and temporary workers from Eastern Africa who speak Swahili.

Oman has a very long-standing maritime and trade tradition with the "Swahili Coast" of present day Kenya , Tanzania , Unguja , Pemba , Comoros Northern Mozambique and Southern Somalia ) and in 1832 the Omani ruler Said bin Sultan moved his headquarters from Muscat to Stone Town , Zanzibar. His progeny were to rule the islands and part of the mainland Coast until their violent overthrow by Africans in 1964. In recent years, relations have been restored and there is lots of traffic both ways which has only grown to increase the usage of the Swahili language. The presence of large numbers of expatriates from the Indian state of Kerala has made Malayalam a prominent language, while the historical presence of other Indian traders has meant that Hindi is understood in some urban areas. A significant number of residents also speak Urdu, due to the influx of Pakistani migrants during the late 1980s and 1990s. An English-speaking traveller should have no language difficulties unless really off the beaten track. A fort at Sur See[ edit ][ add listing ] Oman is famous for its historic forts which are the country's most striking cultural landmarks.

There are over 500 forts and towers which were the traditional defence and lookout points to deter potential invaders. Some of the best examples are conveniently located in the capital, Muscat . Jalali and Mirani forts stand at the entrance to Muscat Bay and date from the early 16th century. Bahla Fort at the base of the Djebel Akhdar highlands is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and has 7 miles of walls. It was built in the 13th and 14th centuries when Bahla was a thriving oasis town. Oman's rugged mountains offer some stunning scenery and probably the best opportunities for driving in dry wadis anywhere in the world. Many of the wadis have made roads (often unsurfaced but decent enough) while others require serious off-roading. You can easily get well off the beaten path into remote areas. Huge desert dunes roll for as far as the eye can see at Wahiba Sands . Oman's beaches are major breeding locations for various species of sea turtle. Masirah Island is the perhaps best bet where four species breed, including the largest number of leatherbacks anywhere in the world.

The country can boast not only vast expanses of desert, and hundreds of miles of uninhabited coastline, but also mountains of over 9000 feet. National symbols of Oman Currency[ edit ] The currency in Muscat is the Omani rial (OMR). One rial is made of 1000 baisa and is officially tied at 2.58 US dollars per 1 Omani rial making the Omani rial one of the most valuable currencies on the planet. Exchange rates on the streets are 1-2% lower. There are ATMs at the airport and many other in Muscat and every main town, but not all of them take foreign cards. You can change foreign currency at the counters inside the airport and at money exchanges throughout Oman. Shopping[ edit ] The Omani national symbol is the silver-sheathed dagger known as the khanjar. These vary widely in quality and cost, but almost every shop will stock several different models. Most of the modern ones are made by Indian or Pakistani craftsmen under Omani direction, while many are actually made in India or Pakistan. There is a large variety in quality, from the handles to the sheath.

The best handles are made of silver-adorned sandlewood, while the lesser quality handles are made of resin. Look carefully at the sheath to determine the quality of the silver work. A good quality khanjar can cost upwards of OMR700. Typically, those will come in a presentation box, and include a belt. Another reminder of the country's tribal past is the walking stick known as arsaa. This is a cane with a concealed sword in it, which can prove quite a talking point at home. Unfortunately, in many countries, it will prove a talking point with customs officials rather than friends and family. In Musandam, the khanjar is frequently replaced by the Jerz as formal wear, a walking stick with a small axe head as the handle. Omani silver is also a popular souvenir, often made into rosewater shakers and small "Nizwa boxes" (named for the town from which they first came). Silver "message holders" (known as hurz, or herz), often referred to in souks as "old time fax machines" are often for sale as well. Many silver products will be stamped with "Oman" on them, which is a guarantee of authenticity.

Only new silver items may be so stamped. There is a large quantity of 'old' silver available which will not be stamped. Although it may be authentic, stamping it would destroy its antique value. Caveat Emptor are the watch words. Stick to reputable shops if you are contemplating buying antique Omani silver of any sort. There is a wonderful selection of Omani silver available as jewellery as well. Items for sale in the Muttrah souk may not be genuine Omani items. Instead visit Shatti Al Qurm just outside of Muscat or the Nizwa Fort. The distinctive hats worn by Omani men, called "kuma" , are also commonly sold, particularly in the Muttrah Souk in Muscat. Genuine kumas cost from 80 OMR. Frankincense is a popular purchase in the Dhofar region as the region has historically been a centre for production of this item. Myrrh can also be purchased quite cheaply in Oman. As one might expect, Oman also sells many perfumes made from a great number of traditional ingredients.

Indeed, the most expensive perfume in the world (Amouage) is made in Oman from frankincense and other ingredients, and costs around OMR50. You can also find sandalwood, myrrh and jasmine perfumes. Opening hours during the holy month of Ramadan are very restricted. Supermarkets are less strict, but don't rely on being able to buy anything after iftar. At noon, most shops are closed anyway but this is not specific to Ramadan. Using credit cards in shops is hit or miss. It is better to get cash at an ATM. Small denomination notes are hard to come by but necessary for bargaining. Unless you are in a supermarket, restaurant or mall bargaining is recommended, and this should be conducted politely. Wahiba Sands Eat[ edit ][ add listing ] The food is mainly Arabic, East African, Lebanese, Turkish, and Indian. Many Omanis make a distinction between "Arabic" food and "Omani" food, with the former being the description of the standard dishes found throughout the Arabian Peninsula.

Omani food tends to be less spicy and served in quite large portions - whole fish are not uncommon at lunch in some local restaurants (sticking to local food, it is quite easy to eat a substantial meal for less than OMR2). As befits a country with a long coastline, seafood is quite a common dish, particularly shark, which is surprisingly tasty. True traditional Omani food is hard to find in restaurants. Omani sweets are well-known throughout the region, with the most popular being "halwa". This is a hot, semi-solid substance which behaves a little like honey and is eaten with a spoon. The taste is similar to Turkish Delight. Omani dates are among the best in the world and can be found at every social place and at offices. American fast food chains, especially KFC, McDonalds, and Burger King, are not hard to find in the bigger cities, especially Muscat and Salalah. In Khaboora you can get Pakistani Porotta. They are double the size of Indian Porottas and look like pappadams. But they taste like porottas and are much thinner and delicious. Three porottas are available for the equivalent of Rs11.

Traditional Omani Khubz (bread) is hard to find outside of an Omani home, but for an experience one should try hard not to miss. This traditional bread is made of flour, salt and water cooked over a fire (or gas stove) on a large metal plate. The bread is paper-thin and crispy. It is eaten with almost any Omani food, including hot milk or chai (tea) for breakfast-- "Omani cornflakes". In Sohar you may get an excellent lunch with Ayla curry, Ayla fry and Payarupperi. Expect to pay only 400 baisa (OMR0.40) which is considered a very low lunch price here. A good bet for budget travellers are the many 'coffee shops' which are usually run by people from the Indian sub-continent and sell a mixture of Pakistani/Indian and Arabic food, dishes mostly cost one rial or less, especially 'sandwiches' which can be around 200 or 300 baisa. They usually sell falafel, which is a good and cheap vegetarian option. Their actual coffee is often uninspiring Nescafe but their tea reflects their sub-continental management in being masala chai.

Drink[ edit ][ add listing ] The legal drinking and purchasing age of alcoholic beverages is 21. Bottled drinking (mineral) water is easily available at most stores. Tap water is generally safe; however, most Omanis drink bottled water and to be safe, you should too. Alcohol is available only in select restaurants and large hotels and is usually very expensive (ranging from OMR1.5 for a 500mL Carlsberg to 4 rials). Drinking alcohol in public is prohibited, but you can get your own drinks and enjoy at public areas but in privacy such as camping by beaches, sands, mountains, or actually in any remote areas. Only foreign residents can buy alcohol from alcohol shops and with certain limits. Residents need personal liquor licenses to consume alcohol in their private residence(s). But an alcohol black market is widely spread around the cities and alcohol can be found easily. Foreigner travellers are allowed 2 litres of spirits as duty free baggage allowance. Travellers can pick up spirits at the duty free shop in the arrival lounge. During Ramadan, drinking anything in public is prohibited during daytime (i.e., sunrise to sunset), even for foreigners. Take care to drink in the privacy of your room.

Sleep[ edit ][ add listing ] Oman has the full spectrum of accommodation - from ultra-luxurious hotels to extremely rustic huts in the desert constructed from date palm leaves. In recent years, Oman has been attempting to turn itself into something of a five-star destination for well-heeled travellers. This does not pose a problem to the budget-minded in Muscat, and even outside of the capital there is still a range of budget options. In some parts of the country, however, accommodation may be limited to higher-end hotels and resorts. Anantara Jabal Al Akhdar, PO Box 110, Postal Code 621, Al Jabal Al Akhdar, Nizwa, Sultanate of Oman (Anantara Al Jabal Al Akhdar Resort is a two hour drive from Muscat International Airport, and four and a half hours from Dubai.), ☎ +968 2521 8000, [1] . Luxury experience in the Saiq Plateau on Oman's famous Green Mountains, Anantara Al Jabal Al Akhdar Resort located in 2000 meters above the sea level with breathtaking views from your balcony. USD 597.

(23.067204,57.669018) edit Work[ edit ] Working in Oman requires that you hold a residence permit. In common with other Persian Gulf countries, you must be sponsored by an employer to obtain a residence permit. It's not uncommon for people to enter on a tourist visa then look for a job - this is fine. Penalties for the employer are substantial if they are caught employing illegals, although this naturally varies depending on how good their connections are. The majority of positions are filled by expats from the sub-continent. Positions for Europeans tend to be restricted to upper management levels or specialised occupations, so don't expect to pick up a position as you pass through unless you are prepared to work for very little! Cope[ edit ] Visitors may be interested in the monthly English language lifestyle magazine, Oman Today , which is widely available in Oman. Stay safe[ edit ] Oman is a relatively safe country and serious crime is rare. The Royal Oman Police is notably efficient and honest. Driving in Muscat can sometimes be a problem, although this is due more to congestion than bad driving on the part of the locals.

Outside of the major cities, a common driving risk is falling asleep at the wheel due to the long stretches of featureless desert. Driving in Oman calls for attention to the unexpected. It has the second highest death rate from traffic accidents in the world (surpassed only by Saudi, followed closely by the UAE). Omani drivers outside of the cities tend to drive very fast and pass with impunity. Driving at night is especially hazardous as many drivers fail to turn their headlights on. Camels will walk into the road even if they see cars approaching, and collisions are often fatal for both camel and driver. As with most other Islamic countries, prostitution is illegal. Oman isn't as severe as neighbouring Saudi Arabia with the LGBT community, but the Omani government doesn't condone any form of LGBT activity. Punishments include fines, and up to 3 years in prison. Stay healthy[ edit ] Oman is warm year-round and summers can be extremely hot. Always carry drinking water with you and be wary of de-hydration in high temperatures. If you're not used to the heat it can sneak up on you and cause serious health problems. Several people have tried to cross stretches of the Omani desert on their own in a rented 4WD.

Some of these people have died or got rescued just in time. Travelling through a desert requires proper preparation. It looks easy from a modern air-conditioned 4WD, but if that fails you are suddenly back to basics. Never go off-road alone. A minimum of two to three cars (of the same make) is the rule. Leave your itinerary with a friend with clear instructions if you do not return in time. Take at least: - recovery tools: spades, rope (and attachments), sand mats or ladders - two spare tires and all required equipment - a good air pump (high capacity) - sufficient water (at least 25 litres more than you think you will need for drinking) - sufficient petrol: there are no petrol stations in middle of nowhere. If you have – or can get – a satellite phone, take it. (Mobiles work only in limited areas.) Check your car before embarking on such a trip. Respect[ edit ] The Omanis are generally very humble and down-to-earth people. The usual rules of respect when travelling in a Muslim country should be followed in Oman, even when locals appear to be a little less uptight than their neighbours.

Stay quiet about the sultan, who has done more to develop the nation in recent history. He is expected to be held in extreme respect. Staring is quite common in Oman. Children, men and women are likely to stare at you simply for being a foreigner, especially if you travel off-season and in out-of-the-way places. This is not meant as an insult but shows an interest, and a friendly smile will leave the kids giggling and showing off and the adults happily trying out their few English phrases. Outside of Muscat and Salalah, do not smile at the opposite gender, as nearly any interaction with the opposite gender can be considered flirting. The highly segregated society makes any chance people have to speak to the opposite gender to be viewed as having at least semi-sexual overtones. It must be understood that under Omani law, an Omani can take or be taken to court for insulting another person, like calling them an insulting name ("donkey", "dog", "pig", "sheep" etc.). Omanis, though "humble" are extremely sensitive to anything they perceive as criticism, whether personal, national, or anything they perceive as being directed at the Gulf.

Though Saudi Arabia is usually a fair target for jokes in the Arab world (especially in the Levant), Omanis don't take well to it. What Westerners would usually consider "ridiculous" levels of sensitivity, are fairly normal in Oman and are due largely to the fact that Omanis have grown up in an environment in which criticism and name calling is more or less outlawed. This is especially important to know for those who come here to teach Omanis - unlike those from the Levant and parts of north Africa, where teasing and intellectual "jousting" can be used as a form of building relationships or a sign of friendship, it is not here and Omanis do not interpret it positively, save for those who have lived in the West or have worked with Westerners for extended periods of time. It might be said that teasing in general here, whether about accents, dress, food, etc. is just a bad idea. The country code for Oman is 968. Dialling out from Oman you will need to dial 00 + Country Code + Subscriber Number Dialling into Oman callers use +968 followed by an 8 digit number...

These 8-digit numbers generally start with a 9 if it is amobile number, and with 2 for land lines, though other numbers will eventually start to get used. Current Government Officials: Oman QABOOS bin Said Al Said Special Representative for His Majesty the Sultan THUWAYNI bin Shihab Al Said Prime Min. QABOOS bin Said Al Said Dep. Prime Min. for Cabinet Affairs FAHD bin Mahmud Al Said Min. of Agriculture Fuad bin Jafar bin Muhammad al-SAJWANI Min. of Awqaf & Religious Affairs Abdallah bin Muhammad bin Abdallah al-SALIMI Min. of Civil Service Khalid bin Umar bin Said al-MARHUN Min. of Commerce & Industry Ali bin Masud bin Ali al-SUNAIDI Min. of Defense QABOOS bin Said Al Said Min. of Diwan of the Royal Court KHALID bin Hilal bin Saud al-Busaidi Min. of Education Madiha bint Ahmad bin Nasir al-SHIBYANIYAN Min. of Environment & Climate Affairs Muhammad bin Salim bin Said al-TUBI Min. of Finance QABOOS bin Said Al Said Min.

of Fisheries HAMUD bin Faisal bin Said al-Busaidi Min. of Justice Abd al-Malik bin Abdallah bin Ali al-KHALILI Min. of Legal Affairs Abdallah bin Muhammad bin Said al-SAIDI Min. of Manpower Abdallah bin Nasser bin Abdallah al-BAKRI Min. of Oil & Gas Muhammad bin Hamad bin Sayf al-RUMHI Min. of Regional Municipalities & Water Resources Ahmad bin Abdallah bin Muhammad al-SHUHI Min. of the Royal Office Sultan bin Muhammad al-NUMANI, Gen. Min. of Social Development MUHAMMAD bin Said bin Said al-Kalbani Min. of Sports Affairs Saad bin Muhammad bin Said al-Mardhuf al-SAADI Min. of Tourism Ahmad bin Nasir bin Hamad al-MAHRAZI Min. of Transport & Communications Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Salim al-FUTAISI Min. of State & Governor, Muscat Region SAYID al-Mutasim bin Hamud al-Busaidi Min. of State & Governor, Dhofar Region MUHAMMAD BIN SULTAN bin Hamud al-Busaidi Min.

Responsible for Defense Affairs BADR bin Saud bin Harib al-Busaidi Min. Responsible for Foreign Affairs YUSUF bin Alawi bin Abdallah Sec. Gen., Council of Ministers SHAYKH al-Fadhl bin Muhammad bin Ahmad al-Harthi Special Adviser to His Majesty Salim bin Abdallah al-GHAZALI Special Adviser to His Majesty for Culture Abd al-Aziz bin Muhammad al-RUWAS Special Adviser to His Majesty for Economic Planning Affairs Muhammad bin ZUBAYR Special Adviser to His Majesty for Environmental Affairs SHABIB bin Taymur Al Said Special Adviser to His Majesty for External Liaison Umar bin Abd al-Munim al-ZAWAWI Special Adviser to His Majesty for Security Affairs Abdallah bin Salih Khalfan al-HABSI, Lt. Gen.

Governor, Central Bank of Oman QABOOS bin Said Al Said Executive Pres., Central Bank of Oman Hamud bin Sangur bin Hashim al-ZADJALI Ambassador to the US Hunaina bint Sultan bin Ahmad al-MUGHAIRI Permanent Representative to the UN, New York Lyutha bint Sultan bin Ahmad al-MUGHAIRI Oman - Country Profile - Saltanat Uman - Nations Online Project Flag of Oman Background: Oman lies at the eastern corner of the Arabian peninsula. Sharjah and Fujairah (UAE) separate the main part of Oman from the northernmost part of the state, a peninsula (Musandam) extending into the Strait of Hormuz. Historically Omanis were seafarers and traders who dominated regional commodity trading in the Indian Ocean, East Africa and the Arabian Gulf. There were thus a succession of migrations which saw the growth of settlements along some parts of the East African coast. In 1970, QABOOS bin Said Al Said ousted his father and has ruled as sultan ever since. His extensive modernization program has opened the country to the outside world and has preserved a long-standing political and military relationship with the United Kingdom.

Oman's moderate, independent foreign policy has sought to maintain good relations with all Middle Eastern countries. (Source: Ministry of Information, Sultanate of Oman and CIA World Factbook) Capital City: Muscat (pop. over 400 000) Other Cities: Dhofar, Salalah, Nizwa, Sohar, Sur. Government: Type: Monarchy Independence: 1650 (expulsion of the Portuguese) Constitution: On 6 November 1996, Sultan Qaboos issued a royal decree promulgating the Basic Law which, clarifies the royal succession, provides for a prime minister, bars ministers from holding interests in companies doing business with the government, establishes a bicameral legislature, and guarantees basic civil liberties for Omani citizens. Political parties: None Geography: Location: Middle East, Southeast Arabian Peninsula, bordering the Arabian Sea, Gulf of Oman, and Persian Gulf, between Yemen and UAE. Area : 309,500 km² (119,498 sq. mi.) Terrain: Central desert plain, rugged mountains in north and south.

Climate: Hot, humid along the coast; hot, dry in the interior; summer monsoon in far south. People: State Audit Deputy Chairman Heads Sultanate’s Delegation at INTOSAI Development Initiative Meeting 2/10/2016 The INTOSAI Development Initiative meeting convened between INTOSAI, the International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions, and Arab Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (ARABOSAI) in Kuwait came to its closing event today. read more H.E Chairman of State Audit Institution Heads Sultanate’s Delegation in First Conference of State Parties to Arab Convention against Corruption in Egypt 12/28/2015 The activities of the “First Conference of State Parties to Arab Convention against Corruption" started on Sunday, December 27th 2015 in Egypt. The Conference was held during the period 27-28th December at theSecretariat General of the Arab League in Cairo.

read more SAI Conducts Workshop on Financial Disclosure Statement for Government Officials 12/15/2015 In cooperation with Sultan Qaboos University, SAI conducted a workshop on Financial Disclosure for government officials at the university headquarter on Monday 14th December, 2015. The workshop aimed at acquainting those who are entitled to file their financial disclosure statements with the procedures of completing the related forms. Provisions regulating financial disclosure statements were also addressed during the workshop.

read more Promoting Integrity and Combating Corruption, a Mutual Commitment December 9th, International Anti-Corruption Day 12/8/2015 SAI-Oman celebrated the International Anti-Corruption Day with different international agencies and organizations concerned with combating corruption on December 9, the day in which the United Nations Convention against Corruption was ratified read more H.E Chairman of State Audit Institution-Oman Heads Sultanate’s Delegation at Fifth Arab European Forum for Supreme Audit Institutions in Qatar 12/7/2015 The Fifth Arab European Forum for Supreme Audit Institutions started its activities on Monday 7th December, 2015 in Doha, Qatar for the period from 7th - 9th December, 2015. His Excellency, Nasser bin Hilal bin Nasser Al-Maawali, Chairman of SAI-Oman headed the Sultanate’s delegation in the Forum, accompanied by a number of the Institute’s officials.

read more 63 Members of SAI-Oman Take Legal Oath 11/23/2015 On Monday, 23rd November 2015, 63 members of SAI-Oman who were honored to join the Institute took the legal oath at SAI-Oman headquarter before His Excellency Chairman of SAI-Oman, Sheikh Nasser bin Hilal bin Nasser Al-Maawali. read more HE Head of SAI-Oman Chairs Omani Delegation at Sixth Session of Conference of States Parties to United Nations Convention against Corruption 11/4/2015 HE Sheikh Nasser bin Hilal bin Nasser Al Maawali, Head of SAI-Oman, chaired Omani delegation to the sixth session of the Conference of the States Parties to United Nations Convention against Corruption. The sixth session of the Conference was held in Russian Federal Republic, Petersburg for the period from 2nd -6th November, 2015.

read more HE Head of SAI-Oman Chairs Omani Delegation at 14th Meeting of Their Excellencies and Heads of State Audit Institutions and Bureaus of GCC 10/13/2015 The 14th meeting of Their Excellencies and Heads of State Audit Institutions and Bureaus of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) was held for the period 13th - 14th October, 2015 in Qatar. HE Sheikh Nasser bin Hilal bin Nasser Al Maawali, Head of SAI-Oman, chaired the Omani delegation and was accompanied by a number of SAI-Oman officials. read more Sultanate experts reviewing the report of the State of Palestine on United Nations Convention against Corruption 6/10/2015 On Wednesday 10/06/2015 Oman has finished its review of the United Nations Convention against Corruption in Vienna -Republic of Austria, where the Sultanate’s experts in the anti-corruption reviewed the report of the State of Palestine in cooperation with the United Republic of the Federated States of Micronesia and in coordination with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.

read more SAI-Oman Chairman headed the Sultanate`s delegation at the second meeting of the heads of GCC anti-corruption authorities and agencies in Qatar 4/30/2015 HE Sheikh Nasser bin Hilal bin Nasser Al Ma`awali, Chairman of State Audit Inistitution (SAI) headed the Sultanate`s delegation at the second meeting of their Excellencies heads of agencies responsible for protecting integrity and combating corruption in the GCC countries during the period from 29-30 April 2015 in Doha. read more

Question: What is the title of the Head of State of Oman?
Answer: SULTAN