In 1979 who was revealed to be the fourth Russian spy in the Burgess, MacLean and Philby affair? Sign up View the step-by-step solution to: In 1979 who was revealed to be the fourth Russian spy in the Burgess, MacLean and Philby affair? This question was answered on May 17, 2016. View the Answer In 1979 who was revealed to be the fourth Russian spy in the Burgess, MacLean and Philby affair? LaurindaIman posted a question · May 17, 2016 at 6:00am Top Answer Here is a detailed explanation...

View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29572195) ]} Chrisjoel answered the question · May 17, 2016 at 6:00am Other Answers {[ getNetScore(29572209) ]} profKEV answered the question · May 17, 2016 at 6:01am Anthony Frederick Blunt (26 September 1907 – 26 March 1983), known as Sir Anthony Blunt, KCVO, from 1956 to 1979, was a... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29572269) ]} peterkivuva61 answered the question · May 17, 2016 at 6:05am Anthony Blunt In 1964, MI5 received information from the American Michael Whitney Straight pointing to Blunt's espionage; the...

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BBC - History - Historic Figures: The Cambridge Spies The Cambridge Spies z Guy Burgess, one of the 'Cambridge Spies' © Maclean, Burgess, Philby and Blunt were British members of a KGB spy ring that penetrated the intelligence system of the UK and passed vital information to the Soviets during World War Two and the early stages of the Cold War. The members of the ring were Donald Maclean (1913 - 1983), Guy Burgess (1911 - 1963), Harold 'Kim' Philby (1912 - 1988) and Anthony Blunt (1907 - 1983). Several other people have been suggested as belonging to the ring, including John Cairncross. Blunt became a communist in the early 1930s and was recruited by the NKVD (later KGB), the Soviet security agency. While teaching at Cambridge University, Blunt was influential in recruiting the other three, who were all students there. Burgess became a journalist after he left university, but on the outbreak of war joined MI6. Maclean was in the Foreign Office during the same period.

In 1951, tipped off by Philby that they were under suspicion, Burgess and Maclean defected to the Soviet Union, where they spent the rest of their lives. Philby was also a journalist but joined SIS (also known as MI6) in 1940. Just before the war ended, he was appointed head of SIS's anti-Soviet section. Thus the man charged with running operations against the Soviets was a KGB agent. He later became chief British intelligence officer in the United States. After Burgess and Maclean fled to the Soviet Union, Philby came under suspicion and was forced to resign. In 1963, he defected to the Soviet Union, and died there. Blunt worked for MI5 during the war. After the war he had a distinguished career as an art historian. He was director of the Courtauld Institute and Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures. He was knighted in 1956. In 1963, the British government discovered he was a spy but offered him immunity in return for information. In 1979, the story got out and Blunt was stripped of his knighthood.

The Cambridge Spy Ring - Cold War - The Education Forum The Cambridge Spy Ring February 11, 2007 The Cambridge Spy Ring: its creation, significance, and effects on Britain and the West In 1934, three students at Cambridge University were recruited by the KGB (the intelligence service of the USSR) to become spies. Over the next few years, two more joined their group. At the time, this group of five young students was relatively unimportant and had no name. However they have since become known as the “Cambridge Spy Ring”, arguably the greatest spy ring the West had ever seen. The reason for their infamy was because of their very success in penetrating deep into an important western political establishment, namely the British Intelligence Services. The initial group of undergraduates consisted of Guy Burgess, Donald Maclean, and Harold “Kim” Philby. Guy Burgess was having a homosexual relationship at that time with another fellow Cambridge alumnus Anthony Blunt, who was later recruited in 1937 along with John Cairncross. This was the central group of five.

Additional KGB spies recruited at Cambridge were Leo Long, Michael Witney Straight, Dennis Proctor and Alister Watson (although he never confessed) but these men were relatively independent and thus were not really members of the Cambridge Spy Ring as such. All the members of the central five including Leo Long were undergraduates at Trinity College, Cambridge except Donald Maclean who was at Trinity Hall. At the pinnacle of the Ring’s power and importance, all the members were in extremely influential positions. Long worked for British Military Intelligence during the war and tried to join MI5 (the British organization in charge of counter-espionage) but failed to do so. Watson worked for the Radar and Signals Establishment of the Navy before becoming head of the Submarine Detection Research Station at the Admiralty Research Laboratories where he had access to many secrets but was subsequently transferred to a less sensitive post when MI5 discovered his Marxist leanings. Proctor was Permanent Secretary at the Ministry of Fuel and Power by 1965 and previously had been Stanley Baldwin’s private secretary. Straight was an American who was later discovered by the FBI (the American counterespionage and domestic security agency) and provided one of the first leads for the security services in uncovering the spy ring.

Cairncross had worked for the Treasury and during the war for the Government Code and Cipher School (GC&CS; the forerunner of GCHQ, which is the Government Communications Headquarters for intelligence gathering by electronic means). The pinnacle of his career however was when he was secretary to Lord Hankey, Minister without Portfolio in Churchill’s war cabinet. Here he was able to pass over information relating to the development of atomic bombs (arguably the most important information from a tactical and strategic perspective during the 1940s). He was also part of MI6 (the British organization dealing with intelligence about foreign nations) for a time. Maclean was Head of the American Department in the Foreign Office. Thus he was able to betray to the Soviets all policy and discussions between the British and the Americans along with all the codes and ciphers he had access to. For example, he betrayed many of the messages between Roosevelt and Churchill during the war. Additionally, he had access to highly classified information on Nuclear Weapons Development. In his book, Yuri Modin (the last KGB controller of the spy ring) described Maclean’s political intelligence as being “valuable”.

Burgess was also a member of the Foreign Office and was Second Secretary under Philby in Washington. He had also worked for MI5. Yuri Modin described Burgess as “the real leader of the group”. Blunt also worked for MI5 during the war but left to become the Director of the Courtauld Institute in London and later became the surveyor of the Queen’s pictures. Blunt admits that he left MI5 because “I needed my art”. The reason the Soviets did not resist this was because they had the intelligence services thoroughly penetrated with the “Third Man” of the spy ring: Kim Philby. Kim Philby was brilliant. Modin describes him as “the greatest spy of the century”. Philby’s career in intelligence began in the summer of 1940 when he joined the Special Operations Executive (SOE). The SOE was a wartime organization, which was responsible for carrying out covert operations against the Nazis in Occupied Europe (eg. working with the French Resistance). Philby then joined the Secret Intelligence Service (aka MI6) in 1941.

He rose quickly within the organization and in the summer of 1944 executed the “master stroke of Communist subversion” as described by Anthony Glees in his book on the matter. Philby became the head of Section IX in MI6. Section IX dealt with counter-espionage efforts against the Soviets. This is a masterstroke by the KGB because from then on, any effort by the British to catch Soviet spies would be fruitless. Philby would discover about any such attempt and use his influence and considerable power to spoil such an attempt. Additionally he would be able to warn his Soviet controllers and thus they could take appropriate action. Even more damaging, Philby (and to a lesser extent the others in the spy ring who were also working within the intelligence services) knew the identity of almost every British (and probably most American) spies in the Soviet Union. The KGB could then either eliminate the spies (which would throw suspicion on Philby) or even more cunningly begin to feed these spies with false information. As Philby knew the identity of so many spies and British intelligence was so thoroughly penetrated by the Soviets, the KGB would be able to confuse MI5 and MI6 to such an extent that they would effectively become severely paralyzed.

They would then be forced to spend valuable resources in an attempt to follow every lead and thus never be able to find the real spies. To compound the problem during the 1950s, according to Peter Wright’s book, KGB officers and spies were outnumbering MI5 officers by more than three to one. Faced with such odds and obstacles it is not surprising that MI5 seemed to be rarely successful during the 1950s and 1960s. Additionally much of MI5’s tradecraft was compromised. Blunt betrayed the use of special microphones (called special facilities) to the KGB and thus for many years MI5 was unable to successfully and optimally bug many sites (eg. The Communist Party of Great Britain’s headquarters). Philby was a successful spy because he possessed the qualities needed. He was highly intelligent and hard working. In fact, all the members of the spy ring were highly intelligent; Cairncross had come first in the Foreign Office entrance exam. Philby was also facile and at times an excellent actor. But his hallmark was his charm.

Although he had a slight stutter, he became immensely popular in MI6 and acquired many friends and contacts in MI5, MI6, and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA; the American intelligence service directed against foreign powers). Philby in fact trained the future CIA head of counter-intelligence, James Jesus Angleton, and was friendly with him. Proof of his incredible social skills was the fact that he was able to maintain a reasonable façade of innocence from 1951, when Burgess and Maclean were forced to defect to the USSR, till 1963 when he himself had to defect from Beirut as his arrest became imminent. However the ultimate evidence of his unparalleled charm as a spy was on November 7th 1955, when the Foreign Secretary and future Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan publicly cleared Kim Philby of all suspicion of being the “Third Man” in the Cambridge Spy Ring in public, in the House Of Commons. The Cambridge Spy Ring was very close. All five members knew each other and also knew each other’s hidden secrets.

One point to note is that from an operational perspective, it was myopic to have each man know the full membership of the spy ring, as the investigation of one could have rapidly revealed the other members of the group. In fact that was mostly how the spy ring became unravelled in the end. But the creation of this group of idealistic young Cambridge students was a unique by-product of the political climate of the time. In the 1930s, Fascism was on the rise. Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany in 1933. Many saw Fascism as a threat to the liberal democracies of Europe including that of Britain. Additionally, Marxism had become quite popular among many intellectuals especially those in Oxbridge. Blunt himself confessed that “when I returned to Cambridge from London, everyone had become Marxists”. The Cambridge Spy Ring saw Marxism as the way forward and also the way that Europe could be defended from the likes of Hitler and Mussolini. In 1941, Hitler launched Operation Barbarrossa. This was the codename for his plan to attack and conquer the USSR. In doing so, he broke the Treaty of Non-Aggression between the two countries and pushed the USSR onto the same side as the UK.

Thus from 1942 onwards, the UK and the USSR were allies and agreed to cooperate fully on all fronts. The UK did so completely and honestly. The USSR however did not and took advantage of the opportunity to plant various spies in the Establishment (the upper echelons of British society and government) which could serve Soviet post-war plans. These plans were the setup of worldwide revolution (as ordered by Lenin) and more importantly the setup of a communist Eastern Europe. There are several reasons why the alliance made Soviet espionage on Britain easier. Firstly, both countries were now pursuing the same goal, which was the defeat of Nazi Germany. This allowed for the easier recruitment of spies. Also this meant that for the spies in Cambridge, they could continue their activities in the belief that they were not committing treason as they were allied to the Soviets now. Thus they could assuage any doubts they had from their conscience if they possessed any about their activities. Additionally, this may have made them more committed as they now clearly saw that what they were doing was benefiting both sides. Blunt said that he himself felt that “we weren’t doing enough for the Soviets and thus felt his role was crucial as it helped them further”.

One example of the spies helping the Soviets during the war is John Cairncross leaking Ultra information. Ultra was the codename given to intelligence derived at Bletchley Park by GC&CS. Using primitive computers, Bletchley Park was able to decrypt many German encrypted messages including those of the highest importance, which were encrypted by the vaunted German Enigma machines. Cairncross was working at GC&CS during the war and was able to leak many Ultra reports to the Soviets. It was one of these reports that allowed the Soviets to win the Battle of Kursk, which was a turning point in the war. The second reason why the wartime alliance aided Soviet intelligence efforts was the order by the then Prime Minister, Winston Churchill to stop further attempts in deciphering and reading Soviet encrypted messages. True to the spirit of the alliance, Churchill thought it would be wrong to continue the Venona project against the Soviets. The Venona project was the most guarded intelligence secret by western intelligence services during the Cold War. It was an effort to systematically read and decipher the “one-time pads” encryption systems used by spies and embassies by most countries of the time.

It was believed that “one-time pads” were the most secure form of encryption possible because they were used only once. However a breakthrough by a mathematician in the National Security Agency in America allowed Western Intelligence agencies to read much of the Soviet one-time pads compromising Soviet communications. As described in Peter Wright’s book, compromised communications are one method by which spies can be caught. Thus the decision by Churchill to cease further efforts to decipher Soviet communications made the detection of the Cambridge Spy Ring by MI5 much more difficult. However there is another explanation of why the decision was taken on June 22nd 1941, to cease Venona work against the Soviets. Both Philby and Blunt occasionally sat on the Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC). The JIC was a committee with members from MI5, MI6 and other British intelligence services. It’s therefore possible that Blunt and Philby somehow influenced the decision that eventually made detection of them and their fellow spies more difficult. This introduces a new concept. That the Cambridge Spy Ring were not spies, but rather moles. The definition of a spy is a person who reports information back to the organization running him or her.

A mole is far more insidious individual because additionally he/she can directly influence decisions and policy themselves. Thus because of the importance and high status of the Cambridge Spy Ring members within the government and the British intelligence services, the Soviets were able to directly manipulate the British government to a certain extent. This is one reason why the group was so damaging to this country’s interests and has fascinated many scholars ever since. Worst still, one should remember that Foreign Policy is formulated with information derived from intelligence sources. If those intelligence sources are compromised, those polices are thus not optimally effective. This means that while the Cambridge Spy Ring was operational, Britain was severely hampered on the world stage in its interactions with the USSR. One reason for the disproportionate amount of influence wielded by the five members of the Cambridge Spy Ring can be explained by the British social structure of the 1940s and 1950s. At that time, the country was ruled by small elite section of society known as the “Establishment”. Being firmly rooted in it, thus the Cambridge Spy Ring members had a great deal of power. Additionally, a unique trait of English society at that time helped the Cambridge Spy Ring members as well.

These were the formal and informal networks that existed at the top. Formal networks were the strict hierarchical links that the members of the Ring had with their respective organizations. Informal networks were the links that the spies had to other important people in Whitehall via school and university friendships for example. An example of this is the Apostles Society. This was an elite secret Cambridge society for left wing intellectuals, which at the time also comprised a substantial homosexual membership. Many of the Cambridge Spy Ring were members of this and maintained their contacts with fellow members. As homosexuality was illegal in the 1930s, those in the society were extremely loyal to one another to avoid their undergraduate activities being exposed. This is one reason why MI5 were loathe to investigate the Cambridge Spy Ring fully as many of their friends and contacts were important public figures now and thus potentially embarrassing to investigate. Subversion by of these important public figures by members of the Spy Ring via informal networks is extremely hard to study as few records exist of party conversations for example. Thus confessions are needed from the Cambridge Spy Ring members themselves if the full truth is ever to be known. As all the members of the Cambridge Spy Ring are now deceased, it is unlikely that this will ever occur.

The effects of the Cambridge Spy Ring on Britain and the West are vast. The first major effect was on Whitehall and public morale after the 1951 defection of Burgess and Maclean to the Soviet Union. The very concept that intelligent, well-brought-up sons of England could betray the country frightened and horrified the nation. In MI5, it brought to the surface deep fears among the senior officers of penetration and MI5 became intensely introspective and paranoid for many years to come. One by-product of this witch-hunt for suspected moles within the intelligence services was that it ruined the careers of many decent and able-bodied individuals. The second implication was the exaggeration of the existing antipathy between MI5 and MI6. MI5 felt that MI6 could not be trusted due to Philby’s presence there and MI6 felt that MI5 had been meddling in MI6 business all along. This was counter-productive for the country as only through full cooperation between all branches of the intelligence services, can foreign agent provocateurs be effectively apprehended in Britain and valuable intelligence material gleaned about Britain’s neighbours on the world stage.

Intriguingly this theme of co-operation between intelligence agencies within Britain and with other NATO countries (especially those of the USA) is especially relevant in today’s modern world as the West seeks to find extreme Islamic fundamentalists across the world and to win the “global war on terror”. Anglo-American relations were sorely affected as well. J Edgar Hoover, who was Head of the FBI from 1924 till 1972, was notoriously anti-British. The existence of the Cambridge Spy Ring and thus Soviet penetration of the British intelligence community merely confirmed his own self held beliefs. This led to further mistrust by the FBI of its British cousins well into the later half of the 20th century. A similar effect occurred with the CIA. Negotiations were also affected. At the time, the British were negotiating with the Americans for full access to the nuclear research being done by America. However the Americans were highly reluctant to divulge such secrets as again they perceived the British as being insecure, which was arguably true. Furthermore, the Cambridge Spy Ring was responsible for the post-war Soviet domination of Yugoslavia and other Eastern European countries.

By suppressing intelligence information about resistance movements in Eastern Europe to Whitehall, those resistance movements came to rely on Soviet help and thus made Soviet domination of those countries after World War II that much easier. Finally, the Ring helped bring down the Macmillan government. It was a succession of security scandals including the Burgess and Maclean defections and culminating in the Profumo affair, which finally forced Harold Macmillan to resign in 1963. Similarly, the Thatcher government came close to ruin, with the publication of various books about the Cambridge Spy Ring and other intelligence matters in the early 1980s along with the public naming of Sir Anthony Blunt’s traitorous affairs in 1979. However Margaret Thatcher enjoyed a strong majority in Parliament and was thus was able to weather the storm. Therefore to summarize, the Cambridge Spy Ring was arguably the finest and most thorough penetration of any country’s government in living memory. It remains such a supreme and elegant example of an intelligence operation that it must surely be compulsory reading for intelligence services and historians worldwide. However it would be wrong for Oxford University aficionados and fans, to foolishly believe that Oxford did not produce its own share of traitors during this time period.

An Oxford Spy Ring did exist at the same time. Members included Phoebe Pool (a courier for the Oxford Ring and a colleague of Blunt’s at the Courtauld Institute), Peter Floud (Director of the Victoria and Albert Museum), Bernard Floud (a senior Labour MP), Jenifer Hart (who joined the Civil Service and married an MI5 officer), Sir Andrew Cohen (a senior diplomat), and Arthur Wynn (who was active in trade union circles and joined the Civil Service). The Oxford Ring was investigated by MI5 in the 1960s but when many of its members began committing suicide to avoid capture, MI5 decided that public knowledge of such things would be undesirable and so ceased all investigations. However the Oxford Ring never amounted to much and was never able to cause the same level of damage. This was due to the Cambridge Ring’s penetration of more vital institutions such as British Intelligence compared to the Oxford Ring. Thus to conclude once could say that Cambridge remains superior to Oxford even when it comes to treason. Ian Yeung is a junior doctor at Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust. But was previously a student at Trinity College, Oxford University.

This essay is a previous winner of the 1998 Trinity College Douglas Sladen Essay Prize. References 1. Roper HT-. Philby Affair. London: Kimber, 1968. 2. Glees A. The Secrets of the Service: British Intelligence and Communist Subversion, 1939-51. Hardcover ed. London: Jonathan Cape, 1987. 3. Costello J. The Mask of Treachery: Anthony Blunt - The Most Dangerous Spy in History. Hardcover ed. London: HarperCollins, 1988. 4. Wright P. Spycatcher: The Candid Autobiography of a Senior Intelligence Officer. Hardcover ed. London: Viking Publishing, 1988. 5. Agency NS. Introductory History of VENONA and Guide to the Translations: National Security Agency, 1994. 6. Yuri Modin DL. My Five Cambridge Friends. Paperback ed. London: Headline Book Publishing Ltd, 1995. 7. Brown AC. Treason in the Blood. Hardcover ed. London: Houghton Mifflin, 1997.

8. Colin Brown JC. How a Soviet Mole United Tito and Churchill. The Independent 1997. 9. Smith M. Fifth Man gave atomic bomb to Russians. Sydney Morning Herald 1998. 10. Huxley A. A talk with Sir Andrew Huxley, an undergraduate at Trinity in the late 1930s at Downing College, Cambridge University on February 8th 2000. 11. Wikipedia. Cambridge Five: Wikipedia, 2006. Share this post February 11, 2007 Dear all, Hello! Have just posted the above article. And would like to thank John Simkin for his help in all this. I am aware that a lot of people reading this will be more knowledgable than I about this. So if it helps, I'm more than happy to release this essay as a public domain article. And happy for people to edit/improve it appropriately. Or to send it/link it to other places if relevant. I only ask for me to be creditted still if possible. Otherwise, hope people find this article interesting. Do drop me an email if I can be of further help.

cheers February 11, 2007 The Cambridge Spy Ring: its creation, significance, and effects on Britain and the West In 1934, three students at Cambridge University were recruited by the KGB (the intelligence service of the USSR) to become spies. Over the next few years, two more joined their group. At the time, this group of five young students was relatively unimportant and had no name. However they have since become known as the “Cambridge Spy Ring”, arguably the greatest spy ring the West had ever seen. The reason for their infamy was because of their very success in penetrating deep into an important western political establishment, namely the British Intelligence Services. The initial group of undergraduates consisted of Guy Burgess, Donald Maclean, and Harold “Kim” Philby. Guy Burgess was having a homosexual relationship at that time with another fellow Cambridge alumnus Anthony Blunt, who was later recruited in 1937 along with John Cairncross. This was the central group of five.

Additional KGB spies recruited at Cambridge were Leo Long, Michael Witney Straight, Dennis Proctor and Alister Watson (although he never confessed) but these men were relatively independent and thus were not really members of the Cambridge Spy Ring as such. All the members of the central five including Leo Long were undergraduates at Trinity College, Cambridge except Donald Maclean who was at Trinity Hall. It is an interesting story of how the KGB was able to penetrate MI5/MI6. An important figure in this was Charles Maxwell Knight. In 1924 Knight joined the British Fascisti (BF), an organization established to counter the growing powers of the Labour Party and the Trade Union movement. Its leader, Rotha Lintorn-Orman, explained why she established the group in 1923: "I saw the need for an organization of disinterested patriots, composed of all classes and all Christian creeds, who would be ready to serve their country in any emergency." Members of the British Fascists had been horrified by the Russian Revolution. However, they had gained inspiration from what Benito Mussolini had done it Italy.

Linton-Orman was impressed by Knight and soon after he joined the British Fascists he was appointed as the organization's Director of Intelligence. In this role he had responsibility for compiling intelligence dossiers on its enemies; for planning counter-espionage and for establishing and supervising fascist cells operating in the trade union movement. Knight's work as Director of Intelligence for the British Fascists brought him to the attention of Vernon Kell, Director of the Home Section of the Secret Service Bureau. This government organization had responsibility of investigating espionage, sabotage and subversion in Britain and was also known as MI5. In 1925 Kell recruited Knight to work for the Secret Service Bureau. Knight played a significant role in helping to defeat the General Strike in 1926 and by the early 1930s was placed in charge of B5b, a unit that conducted the monitoring of political subversion. Knight recruited people who were members of far right groups. This eventually became the policy of MI5 (I suspect it still is). The KGB discovered what was happening and decided to use this against MI5. Kim Philby was educated at Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge.

While at university he met Guy Burgess, Donald Maclean and Anthony Blunt. Like most deep thinking young students in the 1930s, this group became strongly anti-fascist. After university Philby went to Vienna where he met Litzi Friedman, a member of the Austrian Communist Party. With the emergence of Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany, Friedman was in danger of being arrested. Philby married Friedman and was then able to take her to England. Soon afterwards Philby became an agent of the Soviet Union. In order to be recruited to the British intelligence services, Philby began openly expressed right-wing opinions. Philby and Guy Burgess joined the Anglo-German Fellowship, a pro-Nazi pressure group. This group was under the control of Maxwell Knight. Philby got himself appointed as a reporter with The Times and on the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War he was sent to Spain. Over the next couple of years he provided articles that were very sympathetic to General Francisco Franco and the Nationalist Army. Franco was grateful for the support Philby gave to the Nationalists and on 2nd March, 1938, awarded him the Red Cross of Military Merit.

These reports convinced those on the right-wing of British politics that Philby had abandoned his former political views. In 1939 Guy Burgess suggested to Marjorie Maxse, chief organization officer of the Conservative Party, and chief of staff of MI6 Section D's training school for propaganda, that she should recruit Philby. Maxse agreed and Philby therefore had become the first of the Cambridge Group to get into MI5/MI6. Thank you Bill for all that good information. I didn't know all that. Thank you. And thank you JS as well. On a side note, I just found out that there is a Matt Damon film (The Good Shepherd) coming out or has recently come out that is partly based on the history of the early CIA. And there is even a character who is partly based on Kim Philby. And one based on James Jesus Angleton. What do you all think about this? I'd be quite keen to have a look. The URL is below. Kind regard and best wishes, yours February 12, 2007 Therefore to summarize, the Cambridge Spy Ring was arguably the finest and most thorough penetration of any country’s government in living memory.

It remains such a supreme and elegant example of an intelligence operation that it must surely be compulsory reading for intelligence services and historians worldwide. However it would be wrong for Oxford University aficionados and fans, to foolishly believe that Oxford did not produce its own share of traitors during this time period. An Oxford Spy Ring did exist at the same time. Members included Phoebe Pool (a courier for the Oxford Ring and a colleague of Blunt’s at the Courtauld Institute), Peter Floud (Director of the Victoria and Albert Museum), Bernard Floud (a senior Labour MP), Jenifer Hart (who joined the Civil Service and married an MI5 officer), Sir Andrew Cohen (a senior diplomat), and Arthur Wynn (who was active in trade union circles and joined the Civil Service). I am afraid you are wrong to suggest Bernard Floud was a Soviet spy. Nor was Jenifer Hart a spy. Peter Wright named Floud and Hart as spies in his book, Spycatcher (1987): Floud's attitude, when I began the interview, was extraordinary. He treated the matter as of little importance, and when I pressed him on Jennifer Hart's story he refused to either confirm or deny that he had recruited her.

"How can I deny it, if I can't remember anything about it?" he said repeatedly. I was tough with him. I knew that his wife, an agoraphobic depressive, had recently committed suicide, but Floud was eager to conclude the interview, presumably lured by the scent of office. I explained to him in unmistakable terms that, since it was my responsibility to advise on his security clearance, I could not possibly clear him until he gave a satisfactory explanation for the Hart story. Still he fell back lamely on his lack of memory. The session ended inconclusively, and I asked for him to attend a further interview the following day. I did not make any progress with him, he maintaining that he had no recollection of recruiting Jennifer. The next morning I got a message that Floud had committed suicide, apparently with a gas poker and a blanket. Bernard Floud, the son of Sir Francis Floud, the High Commissioner to Canada, was born on 22nd March, 1915. Educated at Wadham College, Oxford, he became a secret member of the Communist Party. Floud qualified as a lawyer but on the outbreak of the Second World War Floud joined the Intelligence Corps.

Later he worked in the Ministry of Information (1942-45) and the Board of Trade (1945-51). After the war Floud became an open member of the party and was active in the "Civil Servants Communist Group". Informed that he would never receive promotion as a civil servant because of his political views he resigned and became a farmer in Ongar. He joined the Labour Party and was a member of the Kelvedon Hatch Parish Council (1952-61). In 1955 Floud was employed by Granada as a television programme company executive. Floud was elected to the House of Commons in October 1964. Soon afterwards Floud began asking questions about the case of Commander Lionel Crabb, an underwater sabotage expert, who had disappeared in April 1956 while on a secret mission to investigate the Russian cruiser Ordkhonikidze. This created a diplomatic row as the ship had brought over Nikita Khrushchev and Nikolai Bulganin on a goodwill mission to Britain. Floud seemed well-informed about the case and appeared to have obtained this information from MI6.

In 1964 Anthony Blunt was identified as a Soviet agent. Blunt confessed to his crimes in return for his immunity from prosecution. According to Peter Wright he named several other agents including Floud and Hart. Nothing was done about this allegation until Harold Wilson became prime minister. MI5 told Wilson that several Labour MPs were Soviet spies. This included Bernard Floud, John Diamond (Chief Secretary of the Treasury), John Stonehouse (parliamentary secretary, Aviation), Barnett Stross (parliamentary secretary, Health), Judith Hart (Under-Secretary of State for Scotland), Stephen Swingler (parliamentary secretary, Transport), Niall MacDermot (Financial Secretary, Treasury), Tom Driberg (National Executive of the Labour Party) and Will Owen (MP for Morpeth). As David Leigh points out in The Wilson Plot: "With the exception of the insignificant Will Owen, the spying allegations were all false." As Leigh points out: "Of those who became secret members of the Communist Party in the 1930s, quite a few refused to do any spying in later life - Michael Straight, the rich American, for example, or the civil servants Bernard Floud and Jenifer Hart...

His (Floud) profile was not that of an active underground mole at all. He had been an open supporter of Communism after the war. As a consequence, he had been 'purged' from Harold Wilson's Board of Trade in 1948 under the blacklisting procedure for civil servants. And if he had only pretended to leave the British Communist Party subsequently, his name would have been on the 55,000 files looted by MI5 from the CPGB under operation PARTY PIECE in 1955." The naming of these left-wing MPs as Soviet spies was an attempt to undermine the 1964 Wilson government. In 1967 Harold Wilson decided to appoint Floud as a junior minister and MI5 was asked to provide him with a security clearance. Floud was interviewed by Peter Wright. After being interrogated he returned home and committed suicide on 10th October, 1967. Floud was just another victim of MI5's dirt tricks. Floud's son, Professor Sir Roderick Floud, contacted me and pointed out that Wright was also wrong to suggest that his mother had committed suicide. She in fact died from a long-standing lung disease.

My impression - based, unfortunately, only on the summary of Perry's book - is that Perry makes a reasonable case that Victor Rothchild was closely involved with some of the better known and now 'outed' Soviet spies such as Philby and Blunt. However, Perry's overt conclusion - that Rothschild was a Soviet mole - seems uncovincing to me. According to excerpts from Perry's own book, it seems more likely to me that Rothschild was a 'triple agent' with ultimate loyalty to the Zionist cause. Here is a good summary concerning the Fifth Man: George A. Carver, The Fifth Man, Atlantic Online (September 1988) If there actually was such a fifth man, the pool of serious candidates, with the requisite access and seniority, is very small. Indeed, it probably consists of no more than three people. One is Guy Liddell, who was the deputy director general of MI5 from 1947 until he retired, in 1952.

He, Burgess, and Blunt were friends, and Liddell was very much a part of the hothouse wartime circle revolving around Victor Rothschild's 5 Bentinck Street flat, in which Burgess and Blunt both lived. During the war Liddell ran MI5's counterespionage division, where Anthony Blunt was his personal assistant. Philby had a high regard for Liddell, whom he described in My Silent War - with Empsonian ambiguity - as "an ideal senior officer for a young man to learn from." In 1944 Liddell assisted Philby in the successful bureaucratic knifing of Philby's then superior, Felix Cowgill, so that Philby could become the head of SIS's expanding counterintelligence effort (which Philby terms his "Fulfillment"). Liddell, however, was greatly admired, professionally and personally, and has many staunch defenders. These include Sir Dick White, Philby's nemesis in both MI5 and MI6, both of which White headed, and Peter Wright (of Spycatcher fame), one of the most avid of all mole-hunters. The two others are Graham Mitchell and Sir Roger Hollis.

In 1951 Mitchell was in charge of counterespionage; he became deputy director general of MI5 (under Hollis) in 1956 and retired in 1963. He drafted the patently mendacious, demonstrably erroneous 1955 white paper on the Burgess-Maclean defection. On the strength of that document the Foreign Secretary, Harold Macmillan, gave Philby what the latter would call the happiest day of his life by publicly affirming Philby's innocence in the House of Commons - declaring, in a statement that Mitchell helped draft, that Philby was not the third man ("if indeed, there was one"). Hollis became deputy in 1953 and moved up in 1956 to be director general until his retirement, in 1965. Mitchell and Hollis were the subject of a series of investigations during the 1960s. Both were eventually declared innocent of any wrongdoing. My own view is that Guy Liddell was the fifth man. In November 1979, Goronwy Rees, gave a deathbed confession that he had been a Soviet spy.

He also claimed that Liddell was also a traitor and had been part of the Kim Philby, Guy Burgess, Donald Maclean and Anthony Blunt spy ring. I think Roland Perry's The Fifth Man, summarized HERE , deserves a mention I'd be interested in comments, critiques... anything really except for ouright abuse I notice that John Simkin briefly mentions Perry's book HERE - only to dismiss it as 'unconvincing'. I'd be interested to know his reasoning. I think the idea that Victor Rothschild was part of a Soviet Jewish conspiracy is laughable. Rothschild was a member of the famous banking dynasty, was born in 1910. A talented scientist, Rothschild joined MI5 during the Second World War. This included working with Arthur Koestler to produce anti-Nazi propaganda. In 1940 Rothschild suggested that Anthony Blunt should be invited to join the secret service. He also rented a house to his friend Guy Burgess. After the liberation of France Rothschild worked with Dick White, Kim Philby and Malcolm Muggeridge at the MI6 offices established at the Rothschild family mansion in Paris.

It is clear that Rothschild was an anti-fascist in the 1930s and 1940s. So was virtually everyone who had half a brain. After the war he did nothing to help the Soviets. His big buddy was Peter Wright, a fanatical anti-communist. In 1961 Rothschild passed on information to Arthur Martin that Kim Philby had tried to recruit Flora Solomon, as a spy in 1937. Rothschild also worked closely with Peter Wright and is believed to have supplied him with information that suggested that Roger Hollis was a Soviet spy. Edward Heath was a great admirer of Rothschild and in 1970 he appointed him head of the government's Central Policy Review Staff. It was later claimed that Rothschild persuaded Heath to appoint Michael Hanley as Director General of MI5 in 1972. Later Margaret Thatcher appointed Rothschild as her unofficial security adviser. Remember, Thatcher would have seen Rothschild's file. (It was Thatcher who exposed Blunt). Victor Rothschild died in 1990.

Four years later, Roland Perry, published The Fifth Man, where he unconvincingly claimed Rothschild was one of the Cambridge Spy Ring (Kim Philby, Donald Maclean, Guy Burgess, Anthony Blunt and John Cairncross). However, I am convinced that the real 5th man was Guy Liddell. In November 1979, Goronwy Rees, gave a deathbed confession that he had been a Soviet spy. He also claimed that Liddell was also a traitor and had been part of the Kim Philby, Guy Burgess, Donald Maclean and Anthony Blunt spy ring. I see no reason why he should lie about this. Rothschild also identified Philby as a spy in 1961. Philby only fled to the Soviet Union in January, 1963.

Share this post BBC NEWS | Special Report | 1999 | 09/99 | Britain betrayed | The Cambridge spy ring Monday, 13 September, 1999, 15:07 GMT 16:07 UK The Cambridge spy ring Guy Burgess (right) fled to Moscow In the 1930s a number of young men at Cambridge University were recruited as Soviet spies. They became known by the KGB as the 'magnificent five' but were better known in Britain as the Cambridge spy ring. They were not motivated by financial gain but by the belief that capitalism was corrupt and that the Soviet Union offered a better model for society. The Cambridge spy ring was informally led by Harold 'Kim' Philby. He and his friends later moved into jobs in British Intelligence and the Foreign Office where they had access to top secret information. They spent their working lives passing valuable information to the Soviet Union. Kim Philby was head of anti-Communist counter-espionage Kim Philby (1912-1988) worked for British Intelligence from 1944-46 as head of anti-Communist counter-espionage.

He also became secretary of the British embassy in Washington and worked with the CIA from 1949-1951. He later worked as a journalist in Beirut and in 1963 disappeared. It was later discovered he had moved to Russia where he had been granted citizenship. Guy Burgess (1910-63) worked for the BBC from 1936-1939 and 1941-44. While working for the BBC in the 1940s he was also employed by MI5. Later moving to the Foreign Office he became a secretary under Kim Philby in Washington in 1950. Burgess was recalled from the US in 1950 for 'serious misconduct' and subsequently he and fellow spy Donald Maclean disappeared. They emerged in the Soviet Union a few years later. Burgess eventually died in Moscow. Donald Maclean was warned by Philby that he was under suspicion After his years at Cambridge Donald Maclean (1913-1983) joined the diplomatic service. In 1950 he became head of the American Department at the Foreign Office where he had access to top secret information on atomic development.

Maclean was warned by Philby that he was under suspicion and he subsequently disappeared with Guy Burgess. He re-appeared in Russia in 1956. In 1979 it was revealed that he had escaped with the help of fellow spy Anthony Blunt. Anthony Blunt was publicly revealed to be a Soviet spy in 1979 Anthony Blunt (1907-1983) acted as a talent scout supplying the names of possible recruits to the communist cause. During World War II he worked for British Intelligence. After the defection of Kim Philby in 1964 Blunt confessed his involvement in exchange for immunity from prosecution, but his role was not made public until 1979. Also an art historian, Blunt continued in his role as surveyor of the Queen's pictures and Director of the Courtauld Institute of Art. When his full role the "fourth man" of the Cambridge spy ring was revealed in 1979 he was stripped of his knighthood and academic honours. The identity of the mysterious fifth man that intelligence experts had suspected to be part of the spy ring was revealed in 1990.

John Cairncross leaked information about Bletchley Park John Cairncross was spotted by Anthony Blunt at Cambridge and introduced to Guy Burgess. He was recruited to the Communist party in 1937 and worked in the Foreign Office alongside Donald Maclean. While working at the Treasury he was able to leak details about the military decoding centre, Bletchley Park. Cairncross' information enabled Soviet spies to change their codes as British Intelligence were about to crack them. His information about British and American atomic weapons programmes are thought to have been the foundation of the Soviet nuclear programme. WATCH/LISTEN 1000+ images about CAMBRIDGE... The Spies/ the place on Pinterest | Guy burgess, The cambridge and Soviet union Forward Harold "Kim" Philby,1912 – 1988, was a high-ranking member of British intelligence who worked as a Double Agent before defecting to the Soviet Union. He served as both an NKVD and KGB operative.

In 1963, Philby was revealed to be a member of the spy ring now known as the Cambridge Five, the other members of which were Donald Maclean, Guy Burgess, Anthony Blunt, and John Cairncross. Of the five, Philby is believed to have been most successful in providing secret information to the Soviet… See More Cambridge spy Guy Burgess who defected to party in the Kremlin | Daily Mail Online comments Fugitive: Guy Burgess in Moscow in 1956 after defecting to the Soviet Union Time was running out for Soviet spy Donald Maclean. A senior member of the British Foreign Office who had been passing secrets to his Moscow masters for two decades, he had at last been rumbled by MI5, and he knew it. He enlisted the help of his old Cambridge contemporary and fellow traitor Guy Burgess to escape. They were just days, possibly only hours, ahead of the law. Fleeing by train, plane or sea ferry was impossible, given Maclean was on watch lists and false papers could not be produced quickly enough. Yuri Modin, their Russian handler in London, looked at sending a submarine to pick up Maclean and whisk him away to the Soviet Union, but this proved unrealistic.

It was fellow spy Anthony Blunt who noticed there were ships — favoured by businessmen for entertaining their mistresses — which sailed without passport checks from the southern English ports and cruised along the French coast, putting in, though not strictly allowed, to ports such as St Malo for a bit of shopping. That would be their exit route. Meanwhile, the British authorities were taking their time. Maclean was being tailed and his phone was tapped. They felt sure they could wait a little longer in the hope that Maclean would crack and, by his actions, totally incriminate himself. They might even catch him red-handed with his Soviet controllers. The Americans — kept fully in the loop on what was happening — were less sanguine. Their advice was ‘to pull him in at once and get the truth out of him without all this nonsensical kid-glove treatment’. But the British insisted on sticking to their own timetable, and while they procrastinated, Burgess acted. On Thursday, May 24, 1951, he booked a two-berth cabin on the Falaise for a weekend cruise to St Malo for himself and a friend.

To put those watching him off the scent, he also dropped into the Reform Club, a favourite London haunt, and ostentatiously looked at road maps of the North of England, discussing the merits of various routes with one of the club servants, and letting it be known he was planning on going to the Lake District or Scotland. Next morning, Jack Hewit, who shared a flat with Burgess, brought him tea in bed. ‘I realised he’d had a sleepless night,’ Hewit recalled ‘I planted a kiss on his forehead and said: “I’ll see you later.” He didn’t say anything.’ RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share Burgess went out and hired a car, bought a suitcase and raincoat and went home to pack. Into the case went a tweed suit, a dinner jacket and the collected novels of Jane Austen. He then set off for Maclean’s house in Kent. Maclean had taken his usual train home after a day at the Foreign Office and was there when Burgess arrived. They left at 9pm, Maclean saying goodbye to his two sons, and drove along back roads to Southampton. Just before midnight, the car screeched to a halt at the dockside.

Abandoning it, they ran up the gangplank as it was being raised, with Burgess shouting: ‘Back Monday.’ As the ship steamed away, an immigration official, who had recognised Maclean from the watch list, rang MI5 headquarters. Alerts were put out to British intelligence officers on the Continent, but the French police were not informed, for fear of a leak. The Falaise reached St Malo on Saturday morning, and after a breakfast of eggs and bacon Burgess and Maclean went ashore, leaving their luggage in their cabins. A taxi-driver drove them to Rennes, where they took the train to Paris. And that was the last anyone from the West saw of them for five years. Across Europe, British Intelligence suddenly roared into action. In Berlin, 50 MI6 agents staked out crossing points into the Soviet sector. A tip-off that the runaways were in Switzerland led to a manhunt around Lake Maggiore. Security authorities in Tangier were requested to arrest Maclean and Burgess on sight.

While authorities in the West struggled to locate Burgess, he drank vodka and partied with the KGB in Moscow Back in London, Special Branch combed through Burgess’s flat and found love letters from boyfriends going back 20 years, which he had kept as much for blackmail as sentimental reasons. What they didn’t know was that Anthony Blunt, another of the Cambridge spies, had been there before them and already swept up anything incriminating. Blunt had missed one clue — a letter to Burgess from Kim Philby, also a double agent. Standing next to the police during their search, Blunt spotted the letter and scooped it into his pocket without being seen. (It would be 13 years before Philby was exposed as a traitor and nearly 30 before Blunt was outed.) Meanwhile, a blanket of secrecy was thrown over the whole affair as the Intelligence Service pondered what to do. Four days went by before the Foreign Secretary was told. It was a further week before the story broke in banner headlines in the British Press: ‘Yard Hunts Two Britons.’ The Foreign Office was forced to put out a bland statement: ‘Two members of the Foreign Service are missing from their homes. One is Mr D.D.

Maclean, the other Mr G.F. de M. Burgess. All possible inquiries are being made. ‘It is known that they went to France a few days ago. Mr Maclean had a breakdown a year ago owing to overstrain, but was believed to have fully recovered. Owing to their being absent without leave, both have been suspended.’ It did nothing to still the barrage of questions. One paper suggested that, as well as treachery, there was widespread sexual perversion in the Foreign Office. The Daily Mail offered a reward of £10,000 for information that established the whereabouts of the missing diplomats. Rumour was further fanned by reports that Burgess’s mother had received a cryptic telegram postmarked Rome: ‘Terribly sorry for my silence. Am embarking on long Mediterranean holiday. Do forgive. Guy.’ Foreign Office spy Guy Burgess disappeared for five years, sparking a global manhunt, at the height of the Cold War As for the Americans, officially they were told ‘there was no reason to believe they had carried any secret papers with them’. But the Americans, furious at being kept in the dark, were not reassured. Dean Acheson, U.S.

Secretary of State, exclaimed: ‘My God, Maclean knew everything! If he and Burgess have gone to Moscow it will have very serious consequences.’ The CIA’s response was to break off all intelligence liaison with the Brits. ‘They simply clamped down and stopped giving us anything,’ according to a senior MI6 source. Anglo-American co-operation was damaged for years ahead. Of the runaways there was still no sign. Some 15,000 policemen in West Germany, Austria, Italy and the Scandinavian countries peered into cafés, bordellos, hotels and airports. The French Foreign Legion was brought in. There was a frenzy of sightings in Brittany, Monte Carlo, Berlin, fishing villages near Naples, in Rome, Andorra and Vienna. In January, 1952, there were reports that they were in the notorious Lubyanka prison. Burgess was also allegedly sighted in China. But the truth was no one had a clue, not least because through all this, the Russians watched quietly and said nothing. Yet while publicly nothing had been heard of the men, they were known to be alive. This was confirmed when just before Christmas 1953, Burgess’s mother received a long letter from her son.

It was dated November and had been posted in South London. He wanted her to know ‘how well your son is and how unchanged in everything is his love for you’. He went on: ‘I wish I could say something definite to cheer you up about the possibility of meeting, but, as yet, I can’t. The situation is still too untidy.’ Years passed, and interest in the pair of runaways began to wane in official quarters, anxious to consign this embarrassing incident to the archives. In 1954 — three years after the defections — MI5 decided to cease its investigations. As far as it was concerned, the case was closed. But that same year, a KGB defector confirmed that Maclean and Burgess were indeed Soviet agents. All the while, claims about their whereabouts continued to make headlines. One report said confidently that Burgess had committed suicide. The truth, though, was about to emerge in the most dramatic of ways. In February, 1956, journalist Richard Hughes was in Moscow for an interview with the Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov, during which he made a request for an explanation of what had happened to Burgess and Maclean.

Hughes waited in his hotel opposite the Kremlin for a response but when none came, he booked a flight out. He was packing his case when the phone rang. ‘Please come to Room 101,’ a voice said. Assuming it was the manager inviting him for a farewell drink, he ignored it. The phone rang again. ‘Come now,’ he was told. ‘Urgent.’ Spy Guy Burgess is interviewed at a flat in Moscow after defecting to the Soviet Union In Room 101, according to his later account, ‘a tall man in a blue suit and red bow tie stood up and extended his hand. “I am Donald Maclean,” he said with a wooden smile. “I am Guy Burgess,” said a shorter man with a bubbling smile, and wearing a blue suit and an Old Etonian tie.’ From a leather case, Burgess produced, with a flourish, copies of a signed 1,000-word ‘Statement by G. Burgess and D. Maclean’ and handed one each to Hughes and the three other journalists — one from Reuters and two from Russian agencies — in the room with him.

Part of the statement read: ‘We came to the Soviet Union to work for the aim of better understanding between the Soviet Union and the West, having both of us become convinced from official knowledge in our possession that neither the British nor, still more, the American government was at that time seriously working for this aim.’ Then the two left, refusing to answer any questions. The interview had lasted five minutes, but the story was a sensation. Yes, they were indeed still alive. And, yes, they had defected. The admission opened the door for other journalists to meet the defectors on trips sanctioned by the Kremlin. Among them was Tom Driberg, the Left-wing Labour MP who was openly gay and a Burgess confidante. He visited Burgess — ‘I felt a little like Stanley discovering Livingstone’ — and took down his life story. According to Driberg’s subsequent book, the defectors had had no firm escape plan beyond catching the boat and slipping off at St Malo. Their one thought was to get to Prague ‘because there was a trade fair on, which would make it easy to get visas’.

From Paris they took an overnight train to Switzerland, where they collected visas at the Czech embassy and then flew to Prague, where they reported to the Soviet embassy. They waited a week for instructions from Moscow. Burgess claimed his plans were uncertain. One option was to leave Maclean to make his own way to Moscow, take himself on holiday to Italy and then go home. British double agent and Russian spy Kim Philby pictured in Moscow Once back in London, he could plead he’d never been with Maclean and had no idea where he was. He’d talked his way out of scrapes like this all his extraordinary life. This was a man who, when arrested for cottaging at a men’s lavatory in Paddington Station, had persuaded a magistrate he’d been inside the cubicle reading George Eliot’s novel Middlemarch. When an indecent note was passed under the door, he’d sent it back. Astonishingly, he was cleared of the charge. But if Burgess harboured hopes of going home, events overtook him. While he and Maclean waited in Prague, news broke in the Press about their disappearance. Now, there was no going back.

On the spur of the moment, he decided to go to Moscow, too — something for which Kim Philby, back in London and now in danger of exposure, never forgave him. Yuri Modin, his Soviet handler, concluded that Burgess went along ‘for the fun of it. He expected some kind of party at the Kremlin in his honour.’ That has the authentic Burgess ring. Lots of drinks, boyfriends, good company, with him as the star turn. And on their arrival in Moscow, the promise was fulfilled. On the balcony of a hotel in Red Square there was merriment as KGB apparatchiks shook their hands and they drank vodka and brandy until 3am. The next day Burgess went looking for bars and crawled his way round the city’s dives before he was hauled back to the hotel. But, as we shall see tomorrow, life in the Soviet Union soon proved to be a bitter experience. ‘I miss London,’ Burgess wailed. Adapted by Tony Rennell from Stalin’s Englishman: The Lives Of Guy Burgess by Andrew Lownie, published by Hodder on September 10 at £25. © Andrew Lownie 2015.

To buy a copy for £20, visit mailbookshop. co.uk or call 0808 272 0808. Pre-publication discount until September 5. P&P free.

Question: Who was revealed to be the fourth Russian spy in the Burgess, Philby and Maclean affair?
Answer: Anthony BLUNT