Walnut oil Walnut oil Tuesday, 17 January 2017 Walnut oil Walnut oil is obtained by cold-pressing the fruits (nuts) of the walnut tree (Juglans regia) (cold-pressed walnut oil). Usually, oil obtained in this way is then refined (refined walnut oil). The walnut tree, which is native to an area extending from Southern and Central Europe via Asia Minor and Central Asia to China and Japan, also to North Africa, grows to a height of 30 m and produces stone fruit containing a solitary stone. In Germany, the tree is cultivated within an area, the boundaries of which roughly overlap the wine-growing area. A variation, the black nut (Juglans nigra L.), is cultivated in North America. Special nut crackers are required to break open the extremely hard nuts, which are very popular in the patisserie and ice-cream trades. The European walnut tree is valued not only for its nuts, but also as a precious wood for use in the cabinet-maker's trade. The oil is clear and is bright to light golden yellow. It dries and has a pleasant nutty smell and taste.

It is rich in oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids (it also contains 6-8% palmitic acid). Crushed nuts (oil content approx. 60%) are cold-pressed mechanically (cold-pressed walnut oil), after which the oil is usually refined (refined walnut oil). The brown nuts are very popular (raw nuts are used in ice-cream manufacture); walnut oil is also used in the food industry, as a valuable edible oil (to dress salads). In the pharmaceuticals trade, walnut oil is used as a base for therapeutic ointments. In the cosmetics industry, it is used in creams and shampoos. Walnut oil is also used, on a lesser scale, in oil colours. INCI Name: Juglans Regia Seed Oil Juglans regia Walnut, English walnut, Persian Walnut, PFAF Plant Database Physical Characteristics Juglans regia is a deciduous Tree growing to 20 m (65ft) by 20 m (65ft) at a medium rate. It is hardy to zone (UK) 5 and is not frost tender. It is in flower in June, and the seeds ripen in October.

The flowers are monoecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but both sexes can be found on the same plant) and are pollinated by Wind.The plant is self-fertile. Suitable for: light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and prefers well-drained soil. Suitable pH: acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It cannot grow in the shade. It prefers moist soil. Synonyms Edible Uses: Oil ; Oil ; Sweetener ; Tea . Seed - eaten raw or used in confections, cakes, ice cream etc[2, 5, 12, 34, 183]. A delicious flavour. The seed can also be ground into a meal and used as a flavouring in sweet and savoury dishes[183]. The unripe fruits are pickled in vinegar[183]. An edible oil is obtained from the seed[4, 7, 57, 183], it should not be stored for any length of time since it tends to go rancid quickly[7, 132].

The oil has a pleasant flavour and is used in salads or for cooking[183]. The sap is tapped in spring and used to make a sugar[117]. The finely ground shells are used in the stuffing of 'agnolotti' pasta[183]. They have also been used as adulterant of spices[269]. The dried green husks contain 2.5 - 5% ascorbic acid (vitamin C) - this can be extracted and used as a vitamin supplement[269]. The leaves are used as a tea[183]. Medicinal Uses Plants For A Future can not take any responsibility for any adverse effects from the use of plants. Always seek advice from a professional before using a plant medicinally. Stimulant ; Vermifuge . The walnut tree has a long history of medicinal use, being used in folk medicine to treat a wide range of complaints[269]. The leaves are alterative, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, astringent and depurative[9, 218]. They are used internally the treatment of constipation, chronic coughs, asthma, diarrhoea, dyspepsia etc[9].

The leaves are also used to treat skin ailments and purify the blood[9, 218]. They are considered to be specific in the treatment of strumous sores[240]. Male inflorescences are made into a broth and used in the treatment of coughs and vertigo[218]. The rind is anodyne and astringent[147]. It is used in the treatment of diarrhoea and anaemia[238]. The seeds are antilithic, diuretic and stimulant[218]. They are used internally in the treatment of low back pain, frequent urination, weakness of both legs, chronic cough, asthma, constipation due to dryness or anaemia and stones in the urinary tract[176]. Externally, they are made into a paste and applied as a poultice to areas of dermatitis and eczema[176]. The oil from the seed is anthelmintic[218]. It is also used in the treatment of menstrual problems and dry skin conditions[238]. The cotyledons are used in the treatment of cancer[218].

Walnut has a long history of folk use in the treatment of cancer, some extracts from the plant have shown anticancer activity[218]. The bark and root bark are anthelmintic, astringent and detergent[218, 240]. The plant is used in Bach flower remedies - the keywords for prescribing it are 'Oversensitive to ideas and influences' and 'The link-breaker'[209]. Other Uses Dye ; Herbicide ; Miscellany ; Oil ; Oil ; Paint ; Polish ; Repellent ; Tannin ; Teeth ; Wood . A yellow dye is obtained from the green husks[4, 7, 100, 117]. It is green[148]. The green nuts (is this the same as the green husks?) and the leaves are also used[148]. The rind of unripe fruits is a good source of tannin[158]. A brown dye is obtained from the leaves and mature husks[4, 7, 48, 117, 168]. It does not require a mordant and turns black if prepared in an iron pot[168].

The dye is often used as a colouring and tonic for dark hair[238]. The leaves and the husks can be dried for later use[169]. A golden-brown dye is obtained from the catkins in early summer. It does not require a mordant[168]. A drying oil is obtained from the seed. It is used in soap making, paints, etc. It is not very stable and quickly goes rancid[7, 21, 34, 46]. The nuts can be used as a wood polish. Simply crack open the shell and rub the kernel into the wood to release the oils. Wipe off with a clean cloth[4, 6, K]. The dried fruit rind is used to paint doors, window frames etc[145] (it probably protects the wood due to its tannin content). The shells may be used as anti-skid agents for tyres, blasting grit, and in the preparation of activated carbon[269]. The leaves contain juglone, this has been shown to have pesticidal and herbicidal properties[218]. The crushed leaves are an insect repellent[46, 61].

Juglone is also secreted from the roots of the tree, it has an inhibitory effect on the growth of many other plants[201]. Bark of the tree and the fruit rind are dried and used as a tooth cleaner. They can also be used fresh[145, 158]. Wood - heavy, hard, durable, close grained, seasons and polishes well. A very valuable timber tree, it is used for furniture making, veneer etc[1, 4, 7, 46, 61, 158]. Cultivation details Landscape Uses:Aggressive surface roots possible, Specimen. Requires a deep well-drained loam[11] and a sunny position sheltered from strong winds. Prefers a slightly alkaline heavy loam but succeeds in most soils[1, 63]. The walnut tree is reported to tolerate an annual precipitation of 31 to 147cm, an annual temperature in the range of 7.0 to 21.1°C and a pH in the range of 4.5 to 8.2[269].

The dormant plant is very cold tolerant, tolerating temperatures down to about -27°C without serious damage, but the young spring growth is rather tender and can be damaged by late frosts[269]. Some late-leafing cultivars have been developed, these often avoid damage from spring frosts and can produce a better quality timber tree. The walnut tree is frequently cultivated for its edible seed in temperate zones of the world, there are many named varieties[63, 183]. Newer cultivars begin producing nuts in 5 - 6 years; by 7 - 8 years, they produce about 2.5 tons of nuts per hectare[269]. Orchards on relatively poor, unirrigated mountain soil report 1.5 - 2.25 tonnes per hectare, orchards in well cultivated valleys, 6.5 - 7.5 tonnes per hectare[269]. According to the Wealth of India, a fully grown individual can yield about 185 kg, but 37 kg is more likely[269].

Trees grow well in most areas of Britain but they often fail to fully ripen their fruits or their wood in our cooler and damper climate[63, 200], they prefer a more continental climate. There are some very fine trees in Cornwall[59]. Walnuts can produce large healthy trees in many parts of Britain, but seedling trees often do not fruit reliably. Some European varieties have been developed that succeed in colder areas[200]. Seedling trees are said to take from 6 to 15 years to come into fruit from seed[200], but these cultivars usually start cropping within 5 years. Plants produce a deep taproot and they are intolerant of root disturbance. Seedlings should be planted out into their permanent positions as soon as possible and given some protection for their first winter or two since they are somewhat tender when young. Flower initiation depends upon suitable conditions in the previous summer. The flowers and young growths can be destroyed by even short periods down to -2°c[63], but fortunately plants are usually late coming into leaf. Some cultivars are self-fertile, though it is generally best to grow at least two different cultivars to assist in cross-pollination.

Any pruning should only be carried out in late summer to early autumn or when the plant is fully dormant otherwise wounds will bleed profusely and this will severely weaken the tree. Plants produce chemicals which can inhibit the growth of other plants. These chemicals are dissolved out of the leaves when it rains and are washed down to the ground below, reducing the growth of plants under the tree[18, 20, 159]. The roots also produce substances that are toxic to many plant species, especially apples (Malus species), members of the Ericaceae, Potentilla spp and the white pines (certain Pinus spp.)[200]. Trees have a dense canopy which tends to reduce plant growth below them[20]. All in all, not the best of companion trees, it is also suggested that the trees do not like growing together in clumps[37]. Trees are said to inhibit the growth of potatoes and tomatoes[18]. Hybridizes with J. nigra[149]. This species is notably susceptible to honey fungus[200]. The bruised leaves have a pleasant sweet though resinous smell[245].

Special Features: Not North American native, Inconspicuous flowers or blooms. Propagation The seed is best sown as soon as it is ripe in individual deep pots in a cold frame[80]. You need to protect it from mice, birds, squirrels etc. The seed usually germinates in late winter or the spring. Plant out the seedlings into their permanent positions in early summer and give some protection from the cold for their first winter or two. The seed can also be stored in cool moist conditions (such s the salad compartment of a fridge) over the winter and sown in early spring but it may then require a period of cold stratification before it will germinate[78, 80, 113]. Named varieties are propagated by budding. Other Names Found In Weed Potential Right plant wrong place. We are currently updating this section. Please note that a plant may be invasive in one area but may not in your area so it’s worth checking. Conservation Status IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants Status : Related Plants Juglans nigra Uses Black walnut is one of most valuable natural forest trees in the United States.

The nuts furnish a food product, used mainly for flavoring baked goods, pastries, and confectioneries. Wood has good texture, strength, and is coarse-grained, very durable, of a rich dark brown color with light sapwood; used in cabinet-making, gun-stocks, interior finishes of houses, furniture, airplanes, shipbuilding. Wood is also easy to work, resistant to destructive fungi and insect pests. Woody shells on fruits used to make jewelry. Green fruit husks boiled to provide a yellow dye. Trees used for shade and ornamentals. Folk Medicine The bark and leaves are considered alterative, astringent, detergent, laxative, and purgative. They are used for eczema, herpes, indolent ulcers, scrofula. The unripe fruit is sudorific and vermifugal, and used for ague and quinsy, and is rubbed onto cracked palms and ringworm. Oil from the ripe seeds is used externally for gangrene, leprosy, and wounds. Burnt kernels, taken in red wine, are said to prevent falling hair, making it fair. Green husks are supposed to ease the pain of toothache.

Indians used the root bark as vermifuge. Macerated in warm water, the husks and/or leaves, are said to destroy insects and worms, without destroying the grass. Insects are said to avoid the walnut, hence it is often used as a poor man's insect repellent. Rubbed on cattle and horses faces, walnut leaves are said to repel flies. The roots and/or leaves exude substances which are known to inhibit germination and/or growth of many plant species. All parts of the plant contain juglone which inhibits other plant species. Juglone has antihemorrhagic activity. Chemistry The genus Juglans is reported to contain the following "toxins": folic acid, furfural, inositol, juglone, nicotine, and tryptophane. Juglone has an oral LD50 of 2500 mg in mice. Chloroform is reported to constitute 86% of the essential oil of the leaves [Hort. Abs. 04416(051)].

Per 100 g, black walnut contains 3.1% water, 628 calories, 20.5 g protein, 59.3 g fat, 14.8 g total carbohydrate (1.7 g fiber), 2.3 g ash, a trace of Ca, 570 mg P, 6 mg Fe, 3 mg Na, 460 mg K, 300 IU Vitamin A, 0.22 mg thiamine, 0.11 mg riboflavin and 0.7 mg niacin.

Description Tree up to 33 m tall, occasionally to 50 m, and often 100 years old; trunk straight, often unbranched for 20 m, 1.32 m in diameter; branches forming a round-topped crown, mostly upright and rigid; branchlets covered at first with pale or rusty matted hairs, and raised conspicuous orange lenticels; bark 57.5 cm thick, dark brown tinged red, deeply furrowed with broad rounded ridges; twigs light brown with channeled pith; terminal bud as broad as long; no hairy fringe above leaf-scar; leaves compound, deciduous, 3060 cm long, petioles pubescent, with 1323 leaflets; leaflets 7.58 cm long, 2.53 cm wide, long-pointed, sharply serrate, slightly rounded at base, yellow-green, thin, glabrous above, soft-pubescent beneath, turning bright yellow in fall before falling; staminate aments thick, 7.512.5 cm long, compact, not-stalk

ed, single; calyx 6-lobed, lobes concave, nearly orbicular, pubescent on outer surface, its bract nearly triangular with rusty brown tomentum; stamens 2030, in many series, connectives purple, truncate, nearly sessile; pistillate aments in 25-flowered spikes, bracts with pale glandular hairs, green, puberulous, calyx-lobes ovate, acute, puberulent on outer surface, glabrous or pilose within; fruit solitary or in pairs, globose, oblong or pointed at apex; husk yellow-green or green, smooth or roughened with clusters of short pale articulate hairs, 35 cm in diameter, indehiscent; nut oval, oblong or round, rough or sculptured, 33.5 cm in diameter, dark brown tinged red, 4-celled at base, slightly 2-celled at apex; kernel sweet, soon becoming rancid.

2n = 32. Fl. AprilMay; fr. at frost in fall. Germplasm At present, nearly 100 cvs of black walnuts have been selected and named. Many can be propagated to order, or scions may be obtained for grafting upon established stocks. Cultivars differ in hardiness, response to length of growing season, summer heat, resistance to diseases and susceptibility to insect damage. 'Thomas' is the most cultivated variety in New York; 'Snyder' and 'Cornell' have good cracking quality for northern areas; 'Wiard', for Michigan; 'Huber' and 'Cochrane', for Minnesota; 'Sparrow', 'Stambaugh' and 'Elmer Myers' are all good in parts of South; 'Ohio' and 'Myers', good in north central areas. Natural hybrid, X Juglans intermedia Carr (J. nigra x J. regia) has been recorded in United States and Europe. In California, 'Royal' (J. nigra x J. hindsii) has been artificially produced (Reed, 1976).

Reported from the North American Center of Diversity, walnut is reported to be relatively tolerant to disease, drought, fire, frost, fungi, high pH, heat, insects, limestone, slopes, smog, and weeds. (2n = 32) (Duke, 1978) Ecology Wind pollinated. Suited to rich bottomlands and fertile hillsides from lower Hudson Valley southward, walnut will grow a few hundred miles outside its natural range, but may not bear nuts. Seedling trees mature fruit rather generally throughout area with a growing season of about 150 days and an average summer temperature of 16.5°C. Best suited to deep, rich, slightly acid or neutral soil, with good drainage, but will not succeed on infertile upland soil or on soils with poor drainage. Reliable indicators for suitable land are good stand of white oak and tulip popular, or where corn grows well. Because trees have a deep taproot, they are drought resistant.

Ranging from Cool Temperate Moist to Wet through Subtropical Moist Forest Life Zones, black walnut is reported from areas with annual precipitation from 3 to 13 dm (mean of 19 cases = 9), annual temperature from 7 to 19°C (mean of 19 cases = 11), and pH from 4.98.2 (mean of 15 cases 6.3). (Duke, 1978, 1979) Cultivation Improved varieties do not come true from seed; hence, propagated by grafting scions (twigs) from trees of desired varieties onto main stems of 23-year old native seedlings. Scions develop crowns that bear nuts of their own variety. As there is little information available to indicate the best cvs for different localities, local nurseries should be consulted. Trees are self-fertile, but the sequence of male and female blooming, called dichogamy, can and often does minimize chances of a tree shedding pollen on its own pistils. In different trees pollen may be shed before receptivity period of female flowers, or at same time, or after pistil receptivity.

For greatest possible nut production, plant trees of 2 or more cvs, as different cvs have overlapping pollen-receptivity periods and can pollinate each other. Young plants are best transplanted in early spring, when new roots will grow rapidly to replace those lost in transplanting. In South, young trees may be planted in fall or winter. For nut production, trees spaced 20 m apart. For trees up to 2.3 m tall, dig hole 0.6 m deep and 1 m wide. Place tree at same depth in hole as it stood in nursery and spread out roots well. Fill hole with topsoil and firm down soil. Form a basin around edge of hole and soak soil immediately. Black walnuts require large quantities of nitrogen and phosphorus. Apply mixed fertilizer (5-10-5 or 10-10-10) each year under tree branches when buds begin to swell in early spring. Rates of 450 g/yr of 5-10-5 fertilizer, or 230 g/yr for 10-10-10, per tree. Do not use during first year, because of danger of injuring roots.

In strongly acid soils, apply lime to change pH to 6 or 6.5. Do not over-lime, as this makes zinc in soil unavailable to tree. Soils east of Mississippi River are often deficient in magnesium. Crushed dolomite limestone is used to correct this condition and reduce acidity of soil. Prune any suckers that come from below graft on trunk. In orchards, trees over 15 years old may be interseeded with grasses and legumes and animals turned in to pasture, as they will not damage older trees. All black walnuts tend to bear heavy nut crops every second year. No cultural practices have been developed to offset this type of alternating. Some trees bear every year, while others bear every third year. Others mainly react to climatic conditions with no pattern. In United States growing seasons are divided into 3 zones: North of Mason-Dixon Line, 140180 days; south to North Carolina, northern Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas and Oklahoma, 180200 days; south of that, 220260 days. Varieties are selected for each area.

When trees bearing fruits of exceptional quality are found, they are propagated and cultivated for nut production in that area. Harvesting Nuts are havested from native trees as well as from improved selections and cultivars. Fruit ripens in one season, usually by late September or early October. Most production is from wild trees growing on non-crop land, and these represent the main commerical source of kernels for today's market. Nuts should be harvested as soon as they fall, in order to get light-colored kernels with mild flavor. Leaving them on ground causes some discoloration of kernel. Hulls of native trees are thick and heavy, whereas those of 'Thomas' and 'Ohio' have thinner hull, those of 'Myers' being thinnest of all. Hull may be mashed and removed by hand, or by mechanical devices. After removing the hulls, nuts should be washed thoroughly and spread out to dry in direct sunlight. Drying takes 23 weeks; nuts can then be stored in cool, dry place until needed. Nuts are cracked and kernels removed for use. Yields and Economics Although Duke (1978) reported yields of 7.5 MT seeds, this is probably highly optimistic.

Elsewhere it is said that 95% of the wild black walnut seeds are empty or aborted. Perhaps yields could be as high as 2.5 MT/ha under intensive management, which is attainable in the commercial walnut, Juglans regia. Selections are made based on weight of nuts. Trees may bear at rates of 7,500 seed/ha. Nuts from wild trees weigh about 17 g (27 nuts per lb); for selected varieties, weights vary from 1530 g; those 20 g or over are: 'Michigan' (20); 'Grundy', 'Monterey', 'Schreiber' and 'Thomas' (21); 'Victoria' (22); 'Hare' (23); 'Pinecrest' (25); and 'Vandersloot' (30). 'Thomas', 'Ohio' and 'Myers' begin bearing nuts in second or third year after planting, while native trees usually do not begin to bear until about 10 years after planting.

In 56 years, these three varieties bear about one-forth bushel of nuts; at 1520 years of age, the first two bear 2 bu of nuts, 'Myers' about 1 bu, and native trees about one-fourth bu. Lumber trees yield about 1150 board feet at 76 years old. Nut shelling industry centered in and around Arkansas, Kansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee, West Virginia and Virginia. Because of scarcity of trees and long growing period required to get wood, walnut lumber is not in great demand as it used to be. More frequently grown in Europe for lumber. Walnuts grown in United States for nuts and ornament. Well-formed trees will yield lumber worth thousands of dollars. Energy Oil contents of the seeds run about 60%, suggesting that if the walnut yields of 7.5 MT/ha were attained, there might be as much as 4.5 MT/oil there. Hulls and exocarp might be used to fuel the processing, as the value of the timber improves with age (one tree commanded $35,000 at an Ohio auction).

Prunings and culls, as well as fallen and dead limbs might amount to 5 MT/ha/year. Biotic Factors Walnut anthracnose is most serious disease to native trees. 'Ohio' is resistant to this disease; 'Myers' is less resistant. Disease overwinters in fallen leaves and reinfects new leaflets in mid May until mid June, often defoliating entire trees. Many nuts are empty or contain blackened, shriveled kernels. Bunch disease, the cause and means of spread are unknown, stunts growth of tree and lowers nut production. Most serious insect pests are walnut lace bug, curculios, walnut husk maggot, walnut caterpillar and fall webworm. Serious damage may also be caused by leaf-eating caterpillars, scales, aphids and twig girdlers. County agricultural agents should be consulted for measures to control these in a particular area. Nematodes include Meloidogyne sp., Pratylenchus coffeae, P. pratensis, and P. vulnus (Golden, p.c. 1984).

Chemical Analysis of Biomass Fuels Analysing 62 kinds of biomass for heating value, Jenkins and Ebeling (1985) reported a spread of 19.83 to 18.65MJ/kg, compared to 13.76 for weathered rice straw to 23.28 MJ/kg for prune pits. On a % DM basis, the orchard prunings contained 80.69% volatiles, 0.78% ash, 18.53% fixed carbon, 49.80% C, 5.82% H, 43.25% O, 0.22% N, 0.01% S, 0.05% Cl, and undetermined residue. Duke, J.A. 1978. The quest for tolerant germplasm. p. 161. In: ASA Special Symposium 32, Crop tolerance to suboptimal land conditions. Am. Soc. Agron. Madison, WI. Duke, J.A. 1979. Ecosystematic data on economic plants. Quart.

J. Crude Drug Res. 17(34):91110. Jenkins, B.M. and Ebeling, J.M. 1985. Thermochemical properties of biomass fuels. Calif. Agric. 39(5/6):1416. Reed, C.F. 1976. Information summaries on 1000 economic plants. Typescripts submitted to the USDA. medicinal herbs: WALNUT - Juglans regia medicinal herbs Family: Juglandaceae (Walnut Family) Medicinal use of Walnut: The walnut tree has a long history of medicinal use, being used in folk medicine to treat a wide range of complaints. The leaves are alterative, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, astringent and depurative. They are used internally the treatment of constipation, chronic coughs, asthma, diarrhoea, dyspepsia etc. The leaves are also used to treat skin ailments and purify the blood. They are considered to be specific in the treatment of strumous sores.

Male inflorescences are made into a broth and used in the treatment of coughs and vertigo. The rind is anodyne and astringent. It is used in the treatment of diarrhoea and anaemia. The seeds are antilithic, diuretic and stimulant. They are used internally in the treatment of low back pain, frequent urination, weakness of both legs, chronic cough, asthma, constipation due to dryness or anaemia and stones in the urinary tract. Externally, they are made into a paste and applied as a poultice to areas of dermatitis and eczema. The oil from the seed is anthelmintic. It is also used in the treatment of menstrual problems and dry skin conditions. The cotyledons are used in the treatment of cancer. Walnut has a long history of folk use in the treatment of cancer, some extracts from the plant have shown anticancer activity. The bark and root bark are anthelmintic, astringent and detergent. The plant is used in Bach flower remedies - the keywords for prescribing it are "Oversensitive to ideas and influences" and "The link-breaker".

Description of the plant: Tree Habitat of the herb: Forests in the Himalayas, preferring a northerly aspect in the west but a southerly or westerly aspect in the east of the range. Edible parts of Walnut: Seed - eaten raw or used in confections, cakes, ice cream etc. A delicious flavour. The seed can also be ground into a meal and used as a flavouring in sweet and savoury dishes. The unripe fruits are pickled in vinegar. An edible oil is obtained from the seed, it should not be stored for any length of time since it tends to go rancid quickly. The oil has a pleasant flavour and is used in salads or for cooking. The sap is tapped in spring and used to make a sugar. The finely ground shells are used in the stuffing of "agnolotti" pasta. They have also been used as adulterant of spices. The dried green husks contain 2.5 - 5% ascorbic acid (vitamin C) - this can be extracted and used as a vitamin supplement. The leaves are used as a tea. Other uses of the herb: A yellow dye is obtained from the green husks. It is green.

The green nuts (is this the same as the green husks?) and the leaves are also used. The rind of unripe fruits is a good source of tannin. A brown dye is obtained from the leaves and mature husks. It does not require a mordant and turns black if prepared in an iron pot. The dye is often used as a colouring and tonic for dark hair. The leaves and the husks can be dried for later use. A golden-brown dye is obtained from the catkins in early summer. It does not require a mordant. A drying oil is obtained from the seed. It is used in soap making, paints, etc. It is not very stable and quickly goes rancid. The nuts can be used as a wood polish. Simply crack open the shell and rub the kernel into the wood to release the oils. Wipe off with a clean cloth. The dried fruit rind is used to paint doors, window frames etc (it probably protects the wood due to its tannin content). The shells may be used as anti-skid agents for tyres, blasting grit, and in the preparation of activated carbon.

The leaves contain juglone, this has been shown to have pesticidal and herbicidal properties. The crushed leaves are an insect repellent. Juglone is also secreted from the roots of the tree, it has an inhibitory effect on the growth of many other plants. Bark of the tree and the fruit rind are dried and used as a tooth cleaner. They can also be used fresh. Wood - heavy, hard, durable, close grained, seasons and polishes well. A very valuable timber tree, it is used for furniture making, veneer etc. Propagation of Walnut: The seed is best sown as soon as it is ripe in individual deep pots in a cold frame. You need to protect it from mice, birds, squirrels etc. The seed usually germinates in late winter or the spring. Plant out the seedlings into their permanent positions in early summer and give some protection from the cold for their first winter or two. The seed can also be stored in cool moist conditions (such s the salad compartment of a fridge) over the winter and sown in early spring but it may then require a period of cold stratification before it will germinate. Named varieties are propagated by budding.

Cultivation of the herb: Forests in the Himalayas, preferring a northerly aspect in the west but a southerly or westerly aspect in the east of the range. Known hazards of Juglans regia: None known Walnut Tree 'Broadview' (Juglans regia) Walnut Tree 'Broadview' A compact and hardy variety that is rarely damaged by frost. Relatively fast into production - usually within three years. Apomictic (Self Fertile). Supplied as a containerised tree pruned to approximately 3 - 4 feet (90 - 120 cm) tall including pot. This Product is Available Now. GBP1 or more £35.95 each Qty: Further Info Units & Pricing Related Products Useful Stuff The King of nuts! This is an outstanding variety of grafted Walnut, being very hardy and late into leaf - so is rarely damaged by frost. Unripe nuts are fantastic for pickling. For the more adventurous you can grind the hard shells of ripe nuts and use as a stuffing in the traditional Italian pasta dish 'Agnolotti'.

Despite being a compact variety, if left un-pruned Broadview will grow to a fairly large tree - up to 30 feet (9 metres) tall with a spread of 20 feet (6 metres). With careful pruning a fruiting bush of around 12 - 15 (3.65 - 4.6 metres) can be produced. To keep to this sort of size tip prune regularly throughout the growing season when five or six leaves of growth have been made. It is important to prune regularly otherwise the tree will grow away; if this does occur and you need to perform any heavy pruning this must only be undertaken in the dormant season otherwise the tree will bleed profusely. Compact in habit, Broadview can start cropping as early as its third year and produces a heavy crop of nuts. Apomictic (produces nuts without pollination) - so effectively Self Fertile. It is often said that Walnut trees will inhibit the growth of other plants in the garden (apples, potatoes and tomatoes are particularly susceptible as far as edible plants are concerned); this is more so true with Black Walnuts (Juglans nigra) than with cultivars of Juglans regia such as Broadview.

That said, care should be taken as these too release juglone (a kind of poison that inhibits plant growth) from their roots and also from their leaves. The rule of thumb is avoid planting anything under or within a few feet of the canopy or eventual canopy of the tree (the roots underneath can be estimated to spread as far as the tree on top) and make sure you clear up and burn the fallen leaves - certainly don't compost them! This Product is Available Now. 1 = £35.95 Common Walnut | Juglans regia Common Walnut common walnut (Juglans regia) leaf common walnut (Juglans regia) leaf underside common walnut (Juglans regia) blossom common walnut (Juglans regia) blossoms common walnut (Juglans regia) leaves and fruits common walnut (Juglans regia) fruit common walnut (Juglans regia) fruit capsule common walnut (Juglans regia) crown in summer common walnut (Juglans regia) branch common walnut (Juglans regia) trunk / bark description: The Walnut tree is known almost all over the world.

It is in some areas an important economic factor for the nut and wood production. It is often planted at terraces because it is reputed that it does deter mosquitoes.

Tree profile Walnut (Juglans regia) | Feedipedia Walnut (Juglans regia) Datasheet Description Click on the "Nutritional aspects" tab for recommendations for ruminants, pigs, poultry, rabbits, horses, fish and crustaceans Common names Walnut, English walnut, Persian walnut, common walnut, European walnut, royal walnut, Italian walnut, Madeira walnut, French walnut, Chile walnut, Manchurian walnut, caucasian walnut, circassian walnut [English]; noyer commun, calottier, écalonnier, gojeutier, noyer royal [French]; nogal común, nogal europeo, nogal español [Spanish]; nuez de Castilla [Spanish/Mexico]; nogueira-comum [Portuguese]; Almindelig Valnød [Danish]; walnoot, okkernoot [Dutch]; Echte Walnuss, Walnussbaum [German]; noce da frutto, noce bianco [Italian]; adi ceviz [Turkish]; الجوز الشائع [Arabic]; 普通胡桃 [Chinese]; אגוז אנגלי , אגוז מלך[Hebrew]; �

�ルミの木 [Japanese]; 호두나무 [Korean]; ओखर, अङ्ग्रेजीमा वालनट, पर्सियन वालनट [Nepali]; گردوی ایرانی [Persian]; oрех грецкий, царский орех [Russian]; அக்கரோட்டு [Tamil]; วอลนัต [Thai]; اخروٹ [Urdu] Main feed products: walnut oil meal, walnut oilmeal walnut meal, walnut muller meal Species Juglans regia L.

[ Juglandaceae ] Synonyms Juglans duclouxiana Dode, Juglans fallax Dode, Juglans kamaonica (C. DC.) Dode, Juglans orientis Dode, Juglans regia subsp. kamaonica (C. DC.) Mansf., Juglans regia var. orientis (Dode) Kitam., Juglans regia var. sinensis C. DC., Juglans sinensis (C. DC.) Dode. Feed categories Related feed(s) Description Walnut, the fruit of the walnut tree (Juglans regia L.), has been used in human nutrition since ancient times. Walnut trees were cultivated in Europe as early as 1000 BC ( Martinez et al., 2010 ). The walnut tree is a deciduous medium-sized to tall tree that can reach up to a height of 45 m ( Ecocrop, 2012 ). The fruit is a spherical drupe with a green fleshy husk that opens at maturity to reveal a nut. The nut consists of a hard lignified shell containing a wrinkled kernel made up of two halves separated by a partition.

Depending on the ecotype, shells can be large or small, light brown or dark brown in colour, smooth or knobby ( Chukhina, 2012 ; Ecocrop, 2012 ; Molnar et al., 2011 ). Walnut is a crop of economic importance to the food industry: the kernel is consumed, fresh or toasted, alone or in other edible products, such as confectioneries, pastries or sauces. It is globally popular and valued for its nutritional, health and sensory attributes. Kernels are a nutrient-dense food, largely because of their high fat content and protein, vitamin and mineral profiles. Walnut kernels are also a good source of a wide variety of flavonoids, phenolic acids and related polyphenols ( Martinez et al., 2010 ; Ecocrop, 2012 ). Walnut kernels contain about 50-70% of an oil rich in unsaturated fatty acids, particularly linoleic acid (49-63%) ( Shahidi et al., 2005 ; Ecocrop, 2012 ).

Walnut leaves contain large amounts of tannins and are a potential source of antioxidants for the food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries ( Ghasemi et al., 2011 ). In Spain, they are used in traditional veterinary medicine for the cure of colic in horses ( Akerreta et al., 2010 ), and, in Italy, as a vermifuge ( Guarrera, 1999 ), but not as a feed. The green husk contains a lot of phenols and flavonoids and is a source of dye ( Ghasemi et al., 2011 ; Cosmolescu et al., 2010 ; Ecocrop, 2012 ). In France, the vin de noix (walnut wine) is obtained by macerating whole immature fruits (including husks) in wine or alcohol. Walnut sap is sweet and the trees are tapped during spring to harvest it ( Ecocrop, 2012 ). Walnut processing yields several by-products. Walnut oil meal (or walnut cake) is the product of oil extraction and is often called walnut meal.

In California, small pieces of kernel accumulated during the manufacturing process are also called walnut meal ( Federal Register, 2010 ). A fibrous product called muller meal is marketed in the United States, possibly a mixture of kernel particles and ground shells ( McGregor, 2000 ). All these products contain highly variable amounts of protein, fat and fibre depending on the technology and it is difficult to categorize them accurately. Most of the research and observations concerning those products is extremely old and often dates from the 19th century. Distribution The walnut tree originated from a large area, from Central Asia down to the Indian Peninsula, spreading westwards to Europe and eastwards to China. It is now naturalized throughout the world from 30 to 50°N and from 30 to 40°S ( Germain, 2004 ). It is also well adapted to many regions with Mediterranean-type ecosystems. Walnuts are cultivated commercially throughout southern Europe, northern Africa, eastern Asia, the USA and western South America ( Martinez et al., 2010 ). World production of whole walnuts (with shells) was around 2.5 million t in 2010.

China is the leading world producer (1 million ton), followed by the USA, Iran, Turkey, Ukraine, Romania, France and India, but production in other countries such as Chile and Argentina has increased rapidly in recent years ( FAO, 2012 ; Martinez et al., 2010 ). Processes Walnut by-products with a high fat content become rancid fairly rapidly and should not be kept more than 2 months after extraction ( Brunschwig, 2003 ). They should be kept dry to prevent moulding ( Cornevin, 1892 ). Environmental impact Toxicity towards other plants The black walnut (Juglans nigra), an American walnut species, produces a toxin called juglone, which is capable of stunting or even killing susceptible plants, including grasses, alfalfa and members of the apple and tomato families. Juglans regia does not produce juglone but can become problematic when grafted on Juglans nigra ( Heimann et al., 1997 ). Nutritional aspects Nutritional attributes The nutritional value of walnut oil meal depends on the extraction process.

The shells may or may not be removed prior to extraction, the kernels may or may not be toasted, there may be one or two mechanical pressing steps, cold or hot. A French two-step process has been described as yielding two types of oil meals: the first pressing gives a relatively high oil (20%) and medium protein (32%) oil cake, whitish and containing kernel fragments, while the second pressing yields a darker (yellow-brown) product, containing less kernel particles, less oil (10-12%) and more protein (37%) ( Brunschwig, 2003 ). Data collected in France tend to support the notion that French walnut oil meals generally contain high levels of protein, low levels of fibre (5-10% due to prior dehulling) and highly variable levels of oil (6-45%). American processes yield products containing much less protein (13-17%) and oil (6-10%) and a high amount of fibre (crude fibre 27-33%) ( McGregor, 2000 ; Kratzer et al., 1974 ; Kendall et al., 1982 ).

The "muller" meal is reported to contain twice the amount of fibre and half the protein, a composition barely more nutritious than than of walnut shells ( McGregor, 2000 ). In summary, the main nutrients of walnut oil meal (protein, oil and fibre) are extremely variable: the nutritive value of walnut oil meal ranges between that of the high-energy walnut kernels (50-60% oil) and the high fibre, low-energy shells. It is, therefore, recommended to perform a proximate analysis prior to feeding the meal to animals. Nitrogen availability could also be influenced by the temperatures applied during extraction. Potential constraints Walnut oil meal and kernels Walnut oil meal and other oil-containing walnut products can readily turn rancid and become unpalatable to livestock ( Göhl, 1982 ). It was observed in the 19th century that meat from animals fed rancid walnut oil meal was of poor quality and had an unpleasant texture and smell ( Cornevin, 1892 ). Leaves Phenolic acids and flavonoids have been found in walnut leaves ( Amaral et al., 2004 ).

The total phenolic content in leaves ranged from 0.055 to 0.477 g/kg DM according to the variety and the season ( Cosmolescu et al., 2011 ). Juglans regia leaves also contain progesterone ( Pauli et al., 2010 ), which could cause reproductive problems in animals. However, this effect has not been demonstrated and walnut leaves are usually not fed to livestock. Ruminants Walnut oil meal Walnut oil meal and other walnut processing by-products are used to feed cattle, and particularly dairy cows in some countries, including France ( Brunschwig, 2003 ) and the United States ( McGregor, 2000 ). However, recent information about the use of this product in ruminant feeding is nearly non-existant. French studies from the late 19th century considered it to be a palatable, nutritive feed for beef and dairy cattle.

A dairy cow diet from 1906 included 1.5 kg of walnut oil meal, 15 kg of beets, 15 kg of maize silage and 4 kg of straw and oat hulls ( Dechambre, 1906 ). Husks and leaves Green walnut husks may not be used as ruminant feed because of their high phenol and flavonoids contents. Walnut leaves can be used, but probably at a low level in the diet due to their high tannin content. However no available data exists on their possible utilization and effects. Pigs Walnut oil meal was a common feed for fattening pigs in Southern France in the 19th century. It was considered to be palatable, the recommendation being to use only non-rancid meal and to stop giving it some time before slaughter. However, the meat from pigs fed walnut meal had a very bad reputation, as it was soft, oily and rancidity-prone, and had a bad smell when the meal was rancid ( Raynaud, 1879 ; Cornevin, 1892 ).

Poultry Walnut oil meal used to be fed to ducks, turkeys and geese in France in the 19th century. It was considered to be palatable to these species when fresh and not rancid ( Cornevin, 1892 ; Dechambre, 1906 ). A trial in California in 1974 using a relatively fibrous oil meal (35% crude fibre) found that inclusion rates of 30% in turkey diets reduced growth and feed conversion efficiency, but it could be used satisfactorily at 5-10%. The estimated ME was very low (2.3 MJ/kg) ( Kratzer et al., 1974 ). Higher quality, less fibrous walnut meals would probably be better for poultry. Rabbits Walnut oil meal has been used to feed rabbits ( Masini, 1994 ).

Nutritional tables Walnut (Juglans regia) - British trees - Woodland Trust Woodland Trust Search the Woodland Trust website Search Walnut trees can reach 35 metres in height (Photo: WTML) The shiny leaves are pinnate or feather-like in shape (Photo: P Sterry/WTML) There is one 'terminal' leaflet at the end of each leaf (Photo: WTML) There are clear veins on the underside of the leaf (Photo: WTML) The pinnate shape is made up of five to nine paired oval leaflets (Photo: P Sterry/WTML) Male catkins are yellow-green in colour and droop from twigs (Photo: A Cleave/WTML) Pollinated flowers develop into green fleshy fruits with walnuts inside (Photo: A Cleave/WTML) The brown wrinkled walnut is held inside a green fleshy fruit (Photo: WTML) The walnut is brown and wrinkled (Photo: P Sterry/WTML) Twigs are stout with a clear curve (Photo: WTML) Walnut twigs are stout, green and curved (Photo: P Sterry/WTML) The walnut bark fades to s silver-grey colour

 with age (Photo: A Cleave/WTML) Walnut trees typically have a short trunk and broad crown (Photo: A Cleave/WTML) Walnut trees have a broad crown (Photo: WTML) Walnut is a deciduous broadleaf tree native to south-east Europe to south-west China.

Common name: walnut Family: Juglandaceae UK provenance: non-native Interesting fact: the best wood is at the base of the tree, so walnuts are often dug up for timber, rather than felled. What does walnut look like? Overview: can grow to 35m. They typically have a short trunk and broad crown, though can be narrower if grown in a woodland situation. The bark is smooth and olive-brown when young, developing fissures and fading to silver-grey with age. Twigs are stout, green and curving. Leaves: shiny and pinnate (feather-like), with 5-9 paired oval leaflets and one 'terminal' leaflet at the end. Flowers: male flowers are drooping yellow-green catkins 5–10 cm long, and the female flowers appear in clusters of 2-5. Fruits: pollinated by wind, female flowers develop into a fruit with a green, fleshy husk and a brown, wrinkled walnut. Look out for: crushed leaves smell like polish. Could be confused with: black walnut (Juglans nigra) . Common walnut has fewer leaflets than black walnut.

Common walnut leaflets are also more oval in shape and have smooth, untoothed edges. Identified in winter by: the inside pith, or spongy centre, of the twig is not segmented. Buds have horseshoe shaped leaf scars, or marks, left by fallen leaves, at their base. Where to find walnut Found throughout the UK, short winters and more sunshine provide the perfect growing and fruiting conditions for walnut. Walnut prefers well-drained, fertile and alkaline loam soils (a soil that is not very clayey or sandy). It is often found in large gardens and parks. Value to wildlife The leaves are the food plant for caterpillars of a number of micro moths, and the nuts are eaten by mammals, including mice and squirrels. Mythology and symbolism The walnut's botanical name, Juglans, originates in Roman mythology. According to an ancient myth, Jupiter, who was also known as Jove, lived on walnuts when he lived on earth. Therefore Romans called walnuts Jovis glans, meaning 'the glans of Jupiter.' The botanical name of the English walnut, Juglans regia, means the 'royal nut of Jupiter'.

How we use walnut Walnut was originally grown for its nuts and was introduced by the Romans for that purpose. Later it was grown for its timber, which is fine with a decorative, wavy grain. Threats The English walnut is susceptible to fungal diseases, as well as walnut blight, which causes small black spots on the leaflets and can lead to dieback of new shoots and damaged fruit. Walnut leaf blotch can cause leaves to fall prematurely but doesn't cause lasting damage to the tree. Trees need your help... will buy and install a bat or bird box to support woodland wildlife. Every £30 you give will pay for brambles to be cut back encouraging wildflowers to grow. Every £50 you give will pay for the land, planting and care of five oak saplings. Want to donatea different amount? Whatever you choose to give, your donation will help us protect woodland and wildlife. Trees need your help... walnut Walnut Juglans. (From Latin Jovis glans.) WALNUT. Juglandaceae. About 15 species of deciduous, monoecious trees, rarely shrubs.

Bark scaly, furrowed; branches with chambered pith; buds few scaled, sessile, rarely short-stalked. Leaves alternate, bipinnate, exstipulate; leaflets serrate to entire. Staminate flowers in axillary catkins with single bracts, corolla 3-6-lobed, stamens 8-40; pistillate flowers in terminal spikes, corolla 4-lobed, adnate to ovary; styles 2, short; stigmas fimbricate. Fruit a drupe, indehiscent; pericarp thick, fibrous, furrowed, 2-4-celled; seed 2-4-lobed. Late spring. N & S America, SE Europe, Asia. Cultivation Juglans species are valuable landscape trees for plantings in open spaces where there is room to appreciate the tall and straight boles of fissured and patterned bark and the domed crowns of long, pinnate leaves which, in most species, are aromatic when crushed.

Juglans regia and Juglans nigra, in particular, make fine specimens for avenue plantings, the latter a fast-growing tree on rich, damp soils in its native range, from Massachusetts to Florida, west to Minnesota and Texas. Juglans regia is thought to have originated in Iran and the Balkans, although both the species and its subspecies range through SE Europe to the Himalaya, N Burma and SW China. Smaller but more frost-tender species such as Juglans californica and Juglans hindsii are frequently planted as street trees in warm climates such as California, but they will not thrive if winter temperatures fall below -12�C; Asian species often show similar frost sensitivity. The young growth of most species remains prone to damage by late spring frosts, although in the genus as a whole, spring flushing is relatively late. Substances produced by the roots of many Juglans species, notably Juglans regia and Juglans nigra, appear to have toxic effects (allelopathy) for a variety of plants, particularly members of the Ericaceae, Potentilla, apples and white pines, which precludes underplanting with these subjects.

All species produce edible nuts but quality is highest in commercially selected cultivars of Juglans regia. bearing commences between 6-15 years of age, and may be irregular due to a number of factors. It seems likely that flower initiation is dependent on suitable conditions the previous summer, and flowers and young growth are destroyed by even short periods (hours) with temperatures to between -2�C and -3�C. Although walnuts are self-fertile, in some individuals male and female flowers mature at different times and pollination may not occur in solitary trees. While fruit ripening may be poor in cool damp climates such as Northern Britain, walnuts can nevertheless yield a good harvest of nuts for pickling, gathered before the development of the hard shell. However, walnuts are cultivated as far north as Warsaw, and in recent years Polish cultivars (e.g. the Juglans regia Carpathian Group) have yielded promising results for cold temperature zones, cropping heavily even when subject to severe winter cold. Increased interest is being shown in Australia, where �Franquette�, a comparatively old French cultivar (on Juglans Nigra rootstock), reliable, late-flowering, and of excellent quality, is widely planted.

Plant in the dormant season in deep, well-drained but moderately moist, fertile and slightly alkaline soils; perfect drainage is essential for Juglans regia. Juglans cinerea and Juglans nigra demand much higher levels of soil moisture, but none will tolerate poor or wet subsoils. Where pruning is necessary, do so in late summer/early autumn when the tree is in full leaf, or when completely dormant, otherwise wounds bleed profusely. For fruit production, Juglans regia may be pruned to a vase or cup-shaped framework when young and, in the smaller garden, trees may be kep relatively dwarfed by pruning. Propagate by seed sown ripe, or stratified in autumn and sown in spring, in a sandy, humus-rich propagating medium. Seed dormancy is broken at temperatures of 5-6�C. Protect from rodents, and move seedlings on as soon as possible to nursery beds and to final positions, since Juglans develop deep taproots which make transplanting difficult.

Cultivars will not come true from seed; propagate by splice or veneer grafting on to seedling stock of Juglans regia or Juglans hindsii under glass in winter, or by flute budding on to nursery-grown seedling stock in summer. For heavier soils, Juglans nigra is the preferred rootstock. Leaf blotch caused by the fungus Gnominia leptostyla can result in premature defoliation. Small dark spots on the leaves enlarge to become blotches which are yellow on the upper surface and grey below; lesions may also occur on the young green nuts and on the shoots. Bacterial leaf blight, Xanthomonas juglandis, causes small angular black spots on the leaves and can also attack fruit, although in Britain it is mainly a disease of nursery stock. Control of these diseases is impractical on large trees, but small manageable trees can be treated with an appropriate fungicide, spraying from bud break to midsummer; collect and burn infected foliage. Coral spot, Nectria cinnabarina, causes wilt, dieback and canker, and probably invades via pruning cuts and possibly frost damage; cut out affected parts.

Nut rot may occur in wet seasons, including a soft shell condition predisposing to attack by grey mould, Botrytis cinerea; do not store affected nuts. Walnuts can also be affected by armillaria root rot (Armillaria species) and heart rot (Lonotus hispidus, Polyporus squamosus). Witches broom on walnuts may be caused by a mycoplasma. Crown gall, Agrobacterium radiobacter variety tumefaciens, is sometimes found at the root to stem junction, where galls up to 1m in diameter may be produced, but this is rarely threatening, and such �burrs� my yield exceptionally well figured wood. The trees may be attacked by two species of walnut aphids (Callipterus juglandis and Chromaphis juglandicola) - the former is a European species and the latter occurs in both Europe and North America. Blister-like growths on the leaves are caused by the walnut blister mite (Aceria tristriata), which is widespread in Europe and Asia and has been introduced into Australia.

Additional North American pests include the walnut caterpillar (Datana integerrima) with black, grey-haired larvae, up to 50mm long when fully grown, that feed openly on the foliage; the walnut husk fly (Rhageoletis species), a fruit fly with larvae which tunnel into the green husks turning them black and slimy; and two species of weevils, the black walnut curculio (Conotrachelus retentus) and the butternut curculio (Conotrachelus juglandis), with larvae which burrow into the nuts. Juglans ailanthifolia JAPANESE WALNUT; HEARTNUT. To 15m. Crown broad; young branches glandular-pubescent. Leaves to 50cm or occasionally more; leaflets 11-17, to 15 x 5cm, oblong to elliptic, acuminate, base oblique to cordate, serrate, deep green, grey-tomentose to glabrous above, glandular-pubescent, beneath. Male inflorescence to 25cm, female inflorescence with up to 20 flowers.

Fruit globose to ovate, glutinose-pubescent; nut to 3cm with thick ridges at apex. Japan. variety cordiformis. Leaves narrower. Nut to 3cm, compressed, distinctly bisymmetrical, thin-shelled. Hybrids between Juglans ailanthifolia and Juglans cinerea (sometimes called �Fioka�, heavy and annual cropper �Mitchell�, very hardy. Z4. Juglans californica CALIFORNIA WALNUT. Similar to Juglans hindsii but shrub or small tree to 9m; leaflets 9-15, to 13cm, ovate; fruit small, to 1.5cm; nuts more deeply grooved. W US. Z8. Juglans catheyensis CHINESE WALNUT; CHINESE BUTTERNUT. Shrub or tree to 23m. Young branches sticky-pubescent.

Leaves to 80cm; rachis sticky-pubescent; leaflets 11-19, to 15 x 8cm, oblong-lanceolate, base oblique to cordate, finely dentate, deep green and pubescent above, lighter and stellate-pubescent beneath. Female inflorescence racemose; male inflorescence to 30cm. Fruit ovoid, to 4.5cm, in clusters of 6-10; stalk to 15cm; nut 6-8 angled, spiny-ridged; shell 3-4mm thick. C and W China, Taiwan. Z5. Juglans cinerea BUTTERNUT; WHITE WALNUT. To 30m. bark grey to red-brown, deeply furrowed, pubescent, glandular-glutinose when young. leaves 25-50cm; rachis glandular; leaflets 11-19, 6-12cm, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, adpressed irregular-serrate, pubescent, glandular beneath, terminal leaflet present.

Fruit in clusters of 2-5, to 10cm, glandular-glutinose; nut oblong, brown-black, with rough, sharp sometimes broken ridges. NE US. Z4. Juglans hindsii To 10-15m. Crown round; young branches desnely pubescent. Leaves 25-30cm; petiole villous; leaflets 15-19, to 10 x 2.5cm, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, acuminate, rounded at base, coarsely serrate, veins pubescent beneath. Fruit globose, pubescent; nuts 1, 2.5-3cm wide. N and C CAlifornia. Z8. Juglans x intermedia (juglans nigra x Juglans regia) Similar to Juglans regia but leaflets 11, ovate to elliptic, remotely denticulate, dark green and glabrous above, axillary tufts of hair beneath; fruit smooth, deeply grooved. variety pyriformis. Leaflets 9-13, finely dentate.

Fruit obovoid. variety vilmoreana. Fruit globose. Z5. Juglans jamaicensis WEST INDIAN WALNUT; NOGAL; PALO DE NUZ. To 45m. Twigs red-glandular-pubescent; buds terminal, elongate. Leaves elongate, to 55 x 25cm; leaflets 16-20, to 11 x 4.5cm, opposite or alternate, oblong to ovate-lanceolate, terminal leaflet absent. Male inflorescence to 13 x 2cm, bract small, slender or triangular, stamens 60-85; female inflorescence to 8cm, ovaries minutely pubescent; nut red-brown to black, subglobose to subconical, heavily longitudinally ridged. Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Cuba. Z10. Juglans major To 15m. Crown narrow; young branches pubescent.

Leaflets opposite, 9-13, 7-10cm, oblong-lanceolate to ovate, acuminate, base cuneate or rounded, coarsley serrate, glabrous, occasionally pubescent beneath, basal pair shorter. Stamens 30-40. Fruit globose to ovoid, to 3cm wide, rust-brown pubescent; nuts brown to black, subglobose, deeply grooved, shell thick. W Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Mexico. Z9. Juglans mandshurica MANCHURIAN WALNUT. To 20m. Branches glandular pubescent, green, yellow in second year; shoots suckering. Leaves 45-50cm; petiole and midrib glandular-pubescent; leaflets 9-17, 6-13cm, oblong, subsessile, becoming glabrous above, glandular pubescent beneath. Fruit in short racemes, globose to obovoid, pointed, to 5cm; nut ovoid, pointed, with several sharp ridges. NE China, Korea. Z5.

Juglans microcarpa Similar to Juglans major but shrub or small tree, to 7m; young shoots grey-brown to grey; leaflets 15-23, finely serrate; stamens up to 20; fruit thinner. Texas, New Mexico, NE Mexico. Z6. Juglans neotropica To 30m. Bark grey-brown, somewhat fissured, smooth when young; twigs pubescent becoming red-glandular-pubescent, lenticulate; terminal bud slender, pointed. Leaves 34 x 18-60 x 30cm; leaflets 12-19, about 11 x 5cm, opposite, nearly sessile, ovate to ovate-oblong, rugose, coarsely serrate, midrib and main veins red-glandular-pubescent above, scattered pubescent beneath. Female flowers with elongated sepals, ovary densely tomentose. Fruit subglobose, about 4 x 3.5cm; nut subglobose, black. Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru. Z10.

Juglans nigra BLACK WALNUT. To 45m. Leaves paripinnate; leaflets 15-23, to 11cm, ovate-oblong, pubescent beneath, no terminal leaflet. Fruit globose, about 4cm diameter, pubescent; nut subglobose to ovoid, pointed, to 3cm, deeply ridged, shell thick. E US, naturalised C Europe. �Lacinata�: leaflets lacinate. Z4. Juglans x notha (Juglans ailanthifolia x Juglans regia.) Leaflets 7-9, elliptic to elliptic-oblong, glabrous above, glabrous to pubescent beneath, margins finely and sparingly denticulate. Fruit globose to ovate, sticky-pubescent; nut globose to ovate, pointed, with thick ridges toward apex. Z5. Juglans x quadrangulata (Juglans cinerea x Juglans regis).

Similar to Juglans regia but leaflets usually 9, elliptic to oblong, sparsely serrate, pubescent beneath. Fruit subglobose, about 5cm; nut ovoid-oblong, about 4.5cm, pointed, deeply furrowed. France, naturalised US. Z5. Juglans regia ENGLISH WALNUT; PERSIAN WALNUT; MADEIRA WALNUT. To 30m. Crown broad. Bark silvery-grey, smooth, later grooved; branched glabrous. Leaflets 5-9, rarely more, 6-12cm, elliptic to obovate, acute to acuminate, entire occasionally serrate on younger leaves, axillary tufts beneath, terminal leaflet present. Male inflorescence 5-10cm. Fruit subglobose, glabrous, green, 4-5cm across; nut ovoid or ellipsoid, pointed, wrinkled, thick-shelled. SE Europe to Himalaya and China, C Russia, naturalised US. subspecies fallax. Leaflets shorter, elliptic-ovate, acuminate.

Nuts thin-shelled. S China, Himalaya. subspecies turcomanica. Leaflets oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate. Origin unknown. variety orientis. Leaves glabrous; leaflets 3-9, obtuse. Nut thin-shelled. �Adspersa�: leaflets speckled or striped white. �Barteriana�: nut almond-shaped. Carpathian Group: (very cold hardy): �Ashworth�, �Buccaneer�, �Cascade�, �Hansen�, �Corcyrensis�: large-leaved form, three spical leaflets to 20 x 12cm, others smaller, pale green and glossy above, dull green beneath. �Franquette�: late-flowering, nuts of good flavour. �Heterophylla�: leaflets long, narrow, lobes irregular. �Laciniata�: arching shrub or tree; leaflets incised. �Maxima�: nuts large. �Monophylla�: leaves reduced to a large terminal leaflet, sometimes with a smaller lateral pair of leaflets.

�Pendula�: branches and twigs pendulous. �Purpurea�: leaves dull red. �Racemosa�: inflorescence in groups of 10-15, racemose. �Rubra�: nut blood-red (sometimes only speckled), flesh dull pink-red. Z5. Go to Top If you like this website and want one of your own contact C yberian All information correct at time of publication and open to updates as necessary. No part of this website, or its vectors, may be produced in any shape or form, using any type or design of medium, system, equipment or otherwise without the prior written consensual notice of the Cyberian. Any breach of these requirements will result in the appropriate action. If in doubt, e-mail contact is recommended. Some components of this website were obtained as open-source software and are used in the same non-profit manner on this website.

Question: Which nut is obtained from the tree Juglans Regia??
Answer: Walnut