Ley-lines What was the Original Purpose(s) of Ley-lines? There are several developed theories on the purpose of ley-lines, many of which offer valid potential; something which in itself illustrates the complexity of unravelling the myriad of alignments from several millennia of activity. It is likely that ley-lines are a product of different elements from several of the following theories, being created at different times, for different purposes. The following examples are the current contenders for explaining how such a dedication to straight-lines has led mankind its present position. It is important to recognise the distinction between ley-lines and geometric alignments. Spirit ways and Death roads - (Funerary paths): Although there is little direct evidence for 'religious' worship in the modern sense of the word at megalithic sites, there is certainly evidence that funerary rites were involved at several important locations (some of which may be classed a secondary use). The burial of valuable goods alongside funerary remains, placing of remains inside stone chambers underground, and alignment of funerary structures or their inhabitants with the rising sun, all attest to the fact that funerary ley-markers were not placed according to purely 'scientific' criteria, although they may also have been added to existing pre-existing ley-lines.

A number of rituals and traditions have been associated with the path taken by funerary parties. Traditionally known as 'death roads' (dood-wegen or geister-wege). The fact that 'spirit paths' are traditionally straight and seem to include the same 'markers' as ley lines significantly increases the argument for some of the leys having once served this function. Spirit lines are also invisible, and are viewed as 'tracks' or 'paths' for the movement of the spirits, which may explain why markers are often not visible from one location to another (an argument traditionally used against the existence of leys themselves). Funerary Traditions: Watkins mentions the English funerary tradition of stopping at a crossroads and saying a prayer, a custom still practiced to this day. Other customs involve walking around or 'bumping' churches and stones en-route. Processions are not supposed to carry a corpse twice over the same bridge and custom forbade singing or music on a bridge Another interesting funerary-custom, still practiced into the 20th century was for mourners to carry a pebble and when they passed certain spots, throw their pebbles into a pile of previous mourners pebbles.

The 'Fairy paths' of the Irish also have folklore associated with them. There are numerous stories of houses being built over Fairy-lines and being then being destroyed or cursed. Stones, crosses, crossroads, bridges and Churches are all the same points on Watkins list of ley-markers, although it is probable that many of the alignments that involve churches and cemeteries, or which pass areas with traditional funerary rites or death rituals have been mistakenly classified as 'ley lines' as funerary paths are not necessarily always straight. ( More about St. Michael ) The St. Michael's ley has been shown to be inter-related with several other prominent British megaliths through geometry, astronomy and an apparent knowledge of longitude/latitude, not least of all to Stonehenge. Stonehenge, whilst not being a part of the St. Michael ley, is connected with both Glastonbury and Avebury/Silbury through geometry, and also forms the crossing point of several prominent ley-lines - both astronomical and non-astronomical. The first astronomically significant ley-line to pass through Stonehenge was first identified by Sir Norman Lockyer, and later extended to 22 miles in length by K. Koop.

This ley follows the path of the mid-summer sunrise on a bearing of 49ï¿½ 15'. (2) Another significant ley-line to pass through Stonehenge was also identified by Lockyer, and can be shown to extend accurately for 18.5 miles. It skirts only the edge of the henge at the junction of the avenue, missing the centre (and the sarsen stones) altogether. This line runs on a bearing of 170ï¿½ 45', and appears to have no astronomical significance. The alignments at S tonehenge therefore appear to offer a fusion of funerary, astronomical and geometric practices, simultaneously connecting three of the most significant locations in southern England. Glastonbury, Stonehenge and Avebury/Silbury, which all align to create a perfect right-angled triangle, accurate to within 1/1000th part. It is from this historic starting point that we can begin unravelling the complexity of prehistoric geometry of the British landscape. Geometric Alignments : The previous examples have offered a indication that geometry might be involved in the orientation of some ley-lines.

It is arguable that as many of the sites are aligned astronomically, and as geometry is a natural product of astronomy, the effect might be a product of 'automatic' or 'accidental' geometry within the layout of certain sites, but this does not explain geometry between sites which certainly involves surveying techniques, which in turn requires deliberate and applied mathematics (logarithms and trigonometry or their equivalent). Sir Norman Lockyer (Astronomer-Royal), was the first 'respectable' person to recognize geometry in the ancient English landscape. He noticed the geometric alignment between Stonehenge, Grovely (Grove-ley) castle and Old Sarum (The site where the original Salisbury 'cathedral was built). The three form an equilateral triangle with sides 6 miles long, with the Stonehenge-Old Sarum line continuing another 6 miles to the site of the present Salisbury Cathedral, and beyond. This extremely significant finding shows both that the early megalithic builders were aware of both astronomy and geometry, and combined them deliberately into their constructions.

At the same time as this reasonable astonishing revelation, we are able to see how many ley-markers may have been introduced along pre-existing alignments, and it is important to know the origin of all the markers on ley in order to accurately determine its origin and purpose. The megalithic tradition in the British Isles can apparently be traced back to at least 3,000 B.C., if not earlier still. This tradition seems to have been based on a very sophisticated philosophy of sacred science such as was taught centuries later by the Pythagorean school. As Professor Alexander Thom observes in his book Megalithic Sites in Britain (1967): ï¿½It is remarkable that one thousand years before the earliest mathematicians of classical Greece, people in these islands not only had a practical knowledge of geometry and were capable of setting out elaborate geometrical designs but could also set out ellipses based on the Pythagorean triangles.ï¿½ A Chronology of European Geomancers. In 1740, Dr. William Stuckley, first noted that the axis of Stonehenge and the Avenue leading from it point to the north-east, 'whereabouts the sun rises when the days are longest'.

He perceived the whole British landscape as laid out according to a sacred 'druidic' pattern, and etched with symbols of serpents and winged discs. At Barrow near Hull he found a great earthwork representing a winged circle, its trenches arranged so as to measure the seasonal tides of the Humber Estuary. He disclosed another near Navestock Common in Essex which now lies forgotten in a small wood, near the northern most Central-Line terminal. In his book on Avebury, Stuckley wrote: '...They have made plains and hills, valleys, springs and rivers contribute to form a temple three miles in length...They have stamped a whole country with the impress of this sacred character'. William Black - In the 1800's, an expert on roman roads announced his theory that he had uncovered a whole system of 'grand geometric lines', radial and polygonal, which ran across Britain and beyond. He pursued his studies for fifty years before releasing the theory. They linked major landmarks in a precise manner, even defining the boundary markers of counties. Black died in 1872.

(4) Sir Montague Sharp - Working in the early years of the 20th century, he discovered a network of rectangles in Middlesex and became aware that ancient churches, which he recognised as marking pagan sites, fell on alignments. (2) In 1904, F. J. Bennet - Published the findings on what he called the 'Meridianal lines' in Wiltshire and Kent, which apparently linked prehistoric sites and ancient churches in generally N-S alignments, often with regular divisions, based on the mile, between sites. (2) In 1911, Xavier Guichard - The French philologist started researching the origins of ancient European place-names. He came to the conclusion that there were three basic root names: Burgus, Antium and Alesia, of which the last was unique as never having been given to a town or village founded in historic times. In its Greek form of Eleusis, the word dated from the legendary pre-Homeric times; in its Indo-European roots, Ales, Alis or Alles meant a meeting point to which people travelled.

His research explored derivatives of the word 'Alesia' as far afield as Egypt (Eleusis on the Nile Delta) and Poland (Kalisz), with the highest concentration in France. Guichards' research into the people who first used the word and its true origin and meaning consumed the next 25 years of his life. He identified two invariably identifying features in connection with associated sites: 'landscaped hills overlooking rivers, and man-made wells of salt or mineral water' . He deduced that the name was associated with 'travel stops' where one could be sure of receiving these life-giving properties. His final results revealed over 400 sites in France alone, which appear to have been placed in a geodetic system extending across Europe, and centred on a remote ancient site called Alaise, near Besancon in southern France. He suggested that Europe had been divided into two 'roses-des-vents' (compass cards such as those used by Greek geographers): one of 24 lines that divided the horizon into equal segments; and one of four lines that marked the meridian and the equinox, and the solstices.

This implied, he said, a knowledge of latitude and longitude, and the position of the North Pole and the Equator. Moreover he was able to trace a common distance between sites that suggested a common unit of measurement. Referring to several old cities in his native France says, ï¿½These cities were established in very ancient times according to their immutable astronomical lines, determined first in the sky, then transferred to the Earth at regular intervals, each equal to a 360th part of the globe". In 1936, and without any apparent knowledge of Alfred Watkins work on 'ley-lines', or his similar conclusions over associations with water and salt, Xavier Guichard had a book printed at his own expense called Eleusis Alesia (complete with 555 maps). Unfortunately, his home at Abbeville was bombed during the second world war, killing him and destroying almost all copies of his book. In 1911, W.Y.Evans-Wentz, mentions the 'Fairy paths', along which invisible elemental spirits are believed to travel across Ireland. In his book 'The fairy faith in Celtic countries', he referred to them as the 'arteries' through which the Earth's magnetism circulates.

After the 1914-18 world war, Major F.A. Menzies, M.C., a distinguished British army engineer and surveyor, decided to live in France where he chose to investigate the energies of the earth. Major Menzies was very interested in the study of radiesthesia and while in France he was tutored by M. Bovis and other leading French exponents of radiesthesia. During this time Major Menzies became aware of the importance of the Feng Shui system of geomancy which had been developed by the ancient Chinese geomancers. He was able to see examples of the Chinese geomancers compass in certain museums in Paris, which had been brought from China by Jesuit missionaries. Major Menzies made drawings of one of these amazing compasses and eventually constructed a modified version for his own use. By learning how to use the Chinese geomancers compass in conjunction with his British army compass, Major Menzies became very proficient in locating earth energy alignments (ley-lines), and also sources of noxious energy which were creating areas of geopathic stress and ill health.

Eventually, Major Menzies returned to England where, during the 1940's, he carried out research work, using both his compasses, at the ancient megalithic site of Stanton Drew , six miles south of Bristol in the south west of England. Stanton Drew is comprised of several megalithic stone circles which are said to possibly date back to 3,000 B.C. They show several astronomical alignments and are believed to have been associated with solar (fire) worship in Pagan times. While investigating these stone circles, Major Menzies had an extraordinary experience which he subsequently related to a friend and fellow surveyor, George Sandwith. Major Menzies said: ï¿½Although the weather was dull there was no sign of a storm. Just at a moment when I was re-checking a bearing on one of the stones in that group, it was as if a powerful flash of lightning hit the stone, so the whole group was flood-lit, making them glow like molten gold in a furnace.

Rooted to the spot - unable to move - I became profoundly awestruck, as dazzling radiations from above, caused the whole group of stones to pulsate with energy in a way that was terrifying. Before my eyes, it seemed the stones were enveloped in a moving pillar of fire - radiating light without heat - writhing upwards towards the heavens: on the other hand it was descending in a vivid spiral effect of various shades of colour - earthward. In fact the moving, flaring lights gyrating around the stones had joined the heavens with the earth" Major Menzies' experience at Stanton Drew may have a direct bearing on the ï¿½fire-pillarsï¿½ of ancient Phoenician tradition and elsewhere. To re-quote Rev. J.A. Wylie: ï¿½Altein is a name given to certain stones or rocks found in many districts of Scotland, and which are remarkable for their great size, and the reverence in which they are held by the populace, from the tradition that they played an important part in the mysteries transacted in former days.

Altein is a compound word - al, a stone, and teine, fire, and so it signifies 'the stone of fire'ï¿½.These 'stones of fire' form a connecting link between the early Caledonia and the ancient Phoeniciaï¿½.The fire-pillars that blazed at the foot of Lebanon burned in honour of the same gods as those that lighted up the straths of Caledonia. Ezekiel speaks of the 'stones of fire' of Tyre, and his description enables us to trace the same ceremonies at the Phoenician alteins as we find enacted at the Scottish ones.ï¿½ (History of the Scottish Nation, 1886, vol. I). In 1919, Bishop Brown, studied the cup and ring markings of the 'recumbent' stones of Scotland. He found that many of them were accurately arranged to form patterns of various constellations, but in each case the image was reversed. Watkins believed that the markings indicated the paths of leys. Perhaps the two are compatible.

Alfred Watkins first became aware of the alignment of ancient British sites in the early 1920's, in what he described as:- '...a flood of ancestral memory...'. He concluded that a feature of the old alignments was that certain names appeared with a high frequency along their routes. Names with Red, White and Black are common; so are Cold or Cole, Dod, Merry and Ley. (The last as we know, he used to name the lines, although it has been noted that 'ley' is Saxony for 'fire'). He suggested that ancient travellers navigated using a combination of natural and man-made markers. Certain lines were known by those that most frequented them so that 'White' names were used by the salt traders; 'Red' lines were used by potters, 'Black' was linked to Iron, 'Knap' with flint chippings, and 'Tin' with flint flakes.

He also suggested that place names including the word 'Tot', 'Dod" or 'Toot' would have been acceptable sighting points so that the 'Dodman', a country name for the snail, was a surveyor, the man who 'planned' the leys with two measuring sticks similar to a snail's horns (or the 'Longman of Willington') (It is noted that the Germans have similar names such as 'Dood' or "Dud', which mean 'Dead'). Watkins maintained that leys ran between initial 'sighting posts'. Many of the 'mark stones', and 'ancient tracks' he refers to have since disappeared, a situation which is considerably unhelpful to serious research. Similarly to Guichard (above), Watkins believed that the lines were associated with former 'Trade routes' for important commodities such as water and salt. He found confirmation in this through 'name-associated' leys. Even today the Bedouins of North Africa use the line system marked out by standing stones and cairns to help them traverse the deserts.

A letter to the Observer (5 Jan 1930), notes similarities with Watkins theories and the local natives of Ceylon, who had to travel long distances to the salt pans. The tracks were always straight through the forest, were sighted on some distant hill, (called 'salt-hill'), and that the way was marked at intervals by large stones (called 'salt-stones'), similar to those in Britain. It is argued that if these leys were remnants of ancient tracks then it should have once been possible to see one point from another. Also it is noted that there are many ancient 'tracks' across Britain, such as the Ridgeway, and none of them are dead straight. Alexander Thom showed through vigorous research that the length of 2.72 ft was a common unit of measurement (The megalithic yard), in the geometry of many megalithic monuments across Europe. He also found a smaller common unit of measurement in the spiral carvings on certain megaliths. He concluded that the megalithic builders were sophisticated astronomers engaged in a detailed study of the movements of the heavenly bodies, incorporated into their structures over a long period of observation.

( In 1929, Joseph Heinsch, a German Geographer, discovered geometric alignments across Germany. (i.e. Xanten cathedral), Heinsch found that the mosaic discovered in the floor was orientated towards and contained the pattern of the layout of churches in the district. Available in English translation. (5). In 1939. Dr. Heinsch, read a paper to the international Congress at Amsterdam entitled 'Principles of Prehistoric Cult-Geography'. He concluded in his paper that the sites of the ancient 'holy centres' had been located on lines of great geometrical figures which were themselves constructed in relation to the positions of the heavenly bodies. Lines set at an angle of 6ï¿½ north of due East joined centres dedicated to the moon cult of the West with those of the Sun in the East. The regular units of measurement used in this terrestrial geometry were based on simple fractions of the Earth's proportions.

In 1929, Wilhelm Teudt, a German evangelical parson and contemporary of Alfred Watkins, published a book called 'Germanische Heiligtumer', which gave details of ancient site connections called 'Helige Linien' (Holy-Lines), that were similar to the 'leys' of Britain. His work led to the discovery that vast areas of central Germany appear to have been laid out so that the ancient sites are on straight lines hundreds of kilometres long and these lines in turn form geometrical shapes. He also made a number of associated archaeo-astronomical findings. In 1939, Major H. Tyler published a small volume titled 'The Geometric arrangement of Ancient Sites' (As the British museum copy was lost during the 'war' the book is virtually unobtainable). J. Michell describes in 'The View over Atlantis' how Tyler re-examined Watkins theory with the assistance of a professional surveyor. His findings confirmed and supported Watkins original hypothesis. He also realized that as more leys were plotted, it became evident that many of them shared a common intersection. In some cases, concentric circles drawn from these sites revealed other, equidistant sites.

Elsewhere he found leys running parallel for several miles (putting into question their origin as pathways). Tyler also confirmed Watkins observation that a number of 'leys' were set to mark the extreme positions of the Sun or Moon (referring to Dr. Heinsch paper of 1938). An important conclusion from Tyler's research was that was that.. '...the ancient tracks did conform to the alignments, but that they were there before the pathways were established. The alignments were 'the remaining index of some great geometrical arrangement of these sacred sites'. Deveraux said of him: ....'It seems to be getting clearer that all alignments are not connected with roads or tracks. He felt that the only explanation of so many alignments was that they were to do with a system of rectangular land division'. (2) John Michell. Single-handedly re-awaked the spirit of investigation in the 1970's. He brought to the public attention the existence on the famous English ' St Michael's ley ', and also revealed in 'City of revelation', the existence of a large scale geometric decagon across southern Britain, associating ley-lines with both geometry and astronomy.

He claimed that the ancient Celtic 'perpetual choirs' at Llantwit manor (This location is not accurate), Glastonbury Abbey and Stonehenge were vertices of a regular decagon of majestic proportions. A fourth vertex exists at Goring-on Thames where a major pagan temple once stood at the junction of several important track ways.....The centre of the decagon is at the apparently insignificant hamlet of Whiteleaved Oak where the former counties of Hereford, Gloucester and Worcester came together. This decagon is apparently related by angle and distance to the other geomantic centres of Britain. Michael Behrend supported the concept but made two small changes to the original scheme. Sadly, Michael left us on the 24th April, 2009. ( Livvio Stechinni - Stecchini believed that certain ancient oracle centres had been intentionally separated by units of 1ï¿½ of latitude which he said was designed to create what he called an 'oracle octave', along which the seven major centres were placed, each devoted to one of the seven known planets, and symbolised by different sacred trees (for more on this subject refer to the 'Tree alphabet' in R.

Grave's books, 'The White Goddess'), and it was this geometry, he believed, that formed the basis of the 'Eleusian Mysteries'. Note: 'Eleusis' - 'Alaise' - 'ley' - (aisle, alley, valley) Stecchini's theory was later included as a part of R. Temples book 'The Sirius mystery', in which he also suggested that the distribution of oracle centres embodied an ancient knowledge which had been stored in myth and tradition. Significantly, he states that the pre-dynastic capital of Egypt, Behdet 'existed before 3,200 BC', and was replaced by the city Canopus, (the same name as the star that represents the 'rudder' of the constellation Argo). He suggested that this was a connection between the two mythological narratives of the ï¿½Arkï¿½ and the ï¿½Argoï¿½ of the Argonauts, which he said, revealed evidence of a prehistoric system which included an understanding of astronomy mathematics and geo-metry (as in the sense of measuring the earth).

( More about the World-Grid ) Paul Devereux and Nigel Pennick - Found in their book entitled 'Lines on the Landscape', that wherever the straight landscape line occurred, and where it did not have any obvious function such as a boundary or road, it appeared to have a religious significance. Their research into ceremonies and traditions and pilgrimages associated with straight tracks disclosed a key theme connecting them which was a belief in the dead travelling along 'spirit/funerary paths', to the 'Otherworld'. Paul Devereux headed the 'Dragon Project', which tried for 10 years to record and recognize the energy that was claimed to exist at different ancient sites (specifically the Rollright stones ), with results that showed anomalous 'pulsing' of the outlying King Stone with ultrasonic equipment, higher than normal Geiger readings within the circle than outside, and that the magnetic field was significantly lower inside the circle that outside. The Dragon project also discovered that certain stones at other circles were highly magnetic (such as Easter Aquorthies which has a magnetic patch at head height). This led to research being directed to the effect of magnetic and radioactive fields on the human brain.

('The results of the 'Dreamwork' program were not available in 1999. (3) It is recognised in respect of this finding that other animal species are able to detect magnetism (pigeon migration). It is also recognised that the la-Venta 'Fat boy' (amongst others), has a naturally magnetized navel and temple. Michael Behrend - Determined that the Stonehenge, Glastonbury Tor and Midsummer Hill alignments form a 5:5:3 Isosceles triangle correct to 1 in 1000. (2) D. Chaundy - Found that the White-Horse hill figures of Wessex fall into what appeared to be ordered alignments and triangular configurations. (2) John Barnatt - Undertook a survey of ancient sites of Derbyshire with a computer, and found 'Challenging geomantic relationships' between them. (2) Earth's Grid System, Becker-Hagens, Ley Lines, Hartmann Net, Curry Lines - Science and Pseudoscience - Crystalinks Earth's Grid Systems Science and Pseudoscience Topography , is the study of Earth's surface shape and features or those of planets, moons, and asteroids.

It is also the description of such surface shapes and features (especially their depiction in maps). The topography of an area can also mean the surface shape and features themselves. Planetary Energetic Grid Theory Planetary Energetic Grid Theory falls under the heading of pseudoscience. It operates through geometric patterns called Sacred Geometry. Grids meet at various intersecting points forming a grid or matrix. This is equivalent to the acupressure points on our bodies. These grid points can be found at some of the strongest power places on the planet. Plato recognized grids and their patterns, devising a theory that the Earth's basic structure evolved from a simple geometric shapes to more complex ones. These shapes became known as platonic solids : cube (4), tetrahedron (3), octahedron (8), dodecahedron (12), icosahedron(20). In Timeaus, Plato associated each shape with one of the elements, earth, fire, air, ether, and water. The Earth's energy grids, from the beginnings of its evolutionary course, has evolved through each of these shapes to what it is today.

Each shape, superimposed, one upon the other to create a kind of all encompassing energy field that is the very basis of Earth holding it all together. Becker-Hagens Grid Bill Becker and Bethe Hagens discussed the code of the Platonic Solids' positions on Earth, ascribing this discovery to the work of Ivan P. Sanderson, who was the first to make a case for the structure of the icosahedron at work in the Earth. He did this by locating what he referred to as Vile Vortices refer to a claim that there are twelve geometrically distributed geographic areas that are alleged to have the same mysterious qualities popularly associated with the Bermuda Triangle , the Devil's Sea near Japan, and the South Atlantic Anomaly. Becker and Hagens' attention was drawn to this research through the work of Chris Bird, who punished "Planetary Grid" in the New Age Journal in May 1975. After meeting with Bird, they completed their Grid making it compatible with all the Platonic Solids, by inserting a creation from Buckminster Fuller's work .

They proposed that the planetary grid map outlined by the Russian team Goncharov, Morozov and Makarov is essentially correct, with its overall organization anchored to the north and south axial poles and the Great Pyramid at Gizeh. They believed the Russian map lacked completeness, which led them to them overlaying a complex, icosahedrally-derived, spherical polyhedron developed by R. Buckminster Fuller. In his book Synergetics 2, he called it the "Composite of Primary and Secondary Icosahedron Great Circle Sets." South America's grid triangle forms the continent around itself. In looking at the southernmost tip of South America, you can see how the force of node number 58 pushes the land away from its due south trend and towards the east. Then, if you look at node 49, on the middle of the East Coast of South America near Rio de Janeiro, you can clearly see how the force of the node has pushed the landmass of the continent into a rounded shape. Looking at Australia, you can clearly see that the whole continent, and especially the northwest side, forms very precisely within the stretching forces of this area of the Global Grid.

Here, if we look to the exact north and middle of Australia on point 27, we see a circular "node point" displacing the land around it and forming the Gulf of Carpenteria. Again, the nodes themselves have shaped the land into circular "vortices," repelling the continental mass from themselves and in this case, also shaping the outline of the island directly above Australia. Node 44 is precisely aligned with the bottom of Antarctica, and we see either edge "drooping" to the right or the left from this. According to Richard Lefors Clark, this is the "bowtie" energetic configuration showing itself in the Australian landmass, which he calls a "diamagnetic energy vortex." We will examine how such a shape could be formed by the curved, spiraling energies that make up the grid below. Clark also shows us that the Gulf of Mexico follows this same curving energetic organization, as well as the two coastlines of the continental United States. Africa shows the combined action of two larger triangles, one with the point facing downwards on the African continent and its neighbor pointing upwards, griding the Indian Sea.

The downward-pointing triangle certainly describes Africa well, and the extra land on the western side can be explained by the pressure coming from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which is almost precisely the same as the Atlantic grid line formed by points 10, 19, 37, 38, 39 and 50. The east coast of Africa and Saudi Arabia follow the eastern side of the triangle very nicely, on the grid line from point 41 to point 12. Node point 22 gently pushes in on Africa's east coast, causing it to dip inwards as it travels and forming the Somalia Basin. We can also assume that the "cracks" separating Africa and Saudi Arabia were caused by the expansion of the Grid, forcefully pulling the land into alignment. The "crack" to the immediate left of point 12 follows the grid line exactly. And finally, the upward-pointing triangle can be clearly seen to cut its way right into the land, with Africa's coast defining its left side and India's coast defining its right. Node point 22 gently pushes in on Africa's east coast, causing it to dip inwards as it travels and forming the Somalia Basin.

We can also assume that the "cracks" separating Africa and Saudi Arabia were caused by the expansion of the Grid, forcefully pulling the land into alignment. The "crack" to the immediate left of point 12 follows the grid line exactly. And finally, the upward-pointing triangle can be clearly seen to cut its way right into the land, with Africa's coast defining its left side and India's coast defining its right. In this next illustration, we can see how point 21, in the center of the African continent, works with its above-right partner point 20 in providing a framework for the bow-shaped energy vortex that shaped the northeast coast of Africa. Point 20 is the only "vile vortex" that is significantly inland; 41, near South Africa, and 42, near India, are the only others that touch land at all! This is probably due to the incredible strength that they possess, which seems to repel landmasses. We can see how the northeast coast of Africa is indeed very circular, and point 20 is directly at the center of this "bowtie" of energy. We see Dr.

Lefors Clark's bow-shaped "diamagnetic energy vortex" shaping the land in a smooth curve. We can also see the same curving formation created by the east coast of India and the west coast of the China / Korea / Vietnam area of Asia. This vortex is balanced between points 24 and 13. We remind ourselves that these smooth curves illustrate the spiraling nature of the superstrings that make up these geometric energy fields, here expressed as spiraling lines of magnetic force. According to Dr. Clark, the point at the center of the "bowtie" becomes a magnetic null zone of zero gravity when appropriately triggered by the right geometric positions of the Sun, Moon and Planets to the Earth. In those moments of conjunction, there is a "hyperdimensional bleed-through," and we then get time dilations. The next three pictures, showing the circular grid energy formations surrounding the east coast of China and surrounding area: In picture number 1, we have our straight grid map of China for comparison. Picture 2 has three circular vortexes in it. We have already discussed the bottom left vortex in India and China. Then, the center vortex shapes the East Coast of China, based off of and emanating from point 13.

The uppermost and largest vortex in Picture 2 shapes the entire Japanese and Russian archipelago, and is centered in and emanating from point 4. In picture number 3 we have a vortex centered in Sanderson's "vile vortex" near Japan, the "Devil's Sea," here listed as point 14. This vortex is "equalized" by points 25 and 26, both of which are equidistant from the edge of the circle. And obviously, Indonesia precisely traces the bottom left of the circle itself. This is obviously a very strong vortex to be able to shape the land of Indonesia from where it stands, according to Becker and Hagens. Another area of continuing disappearances and mysterious time-warps is the Devil's Sea located east of Japan between Iwo Jima and Marcus Island. Here events have become so sinister that the Japanese government has officially designated the area a danger zone. This area was significant enough to the work of Bermuda Triangle author Charles Berlitz that he wrote a whole book dedicated to it and the "bigger picture," entitled The Devil's Triangle.

It is becoming more and more clear that our geometric shapes, expressed as the consciousness unit expanded to a planetary scale, are far more than abstract concepts of theoretical physics. What we have here are direct, quantifiable and measurable phenomena, and these geometry-based Grid patterns are simply the simplest, and therefore the best solution to the problem. The "grid bands" on the Earth and how their effects shaped the Ring of Fire', the flowing of the Nile River, the "node point" of the Egyptian northern coast centered in 'Giza, and the vertical structure of the Yucatan Peninsula. Now, with the full map of the Becker-Hagens grid, we can see a great deal more from the effect of these straight longitudinal lines. By referring back to the main map, the reader can clearly see that the entire Eastern side of Hudson Bay in Canada precisely follows the line from 18 in Florida to 9 in the Bay to 61 at the North Pole. Furthermore, all of England is precisely within the line created by point 20 in Africa, through point 11 in England to point 61 at the North Pole. So, there are a variety of ways to see this energy at work on Earth.

One can begin to visualize this Grid energy as a living net of "wires" that are tightly stretched over a thin balloon. It is obvious to us that what we think of as randomly placed continents are actually conforming to this massive energy, disappearances, gravity loss, levitation and other related phenomena. Becker-Hagens explain how these grid points seem to attract large population centers. Look at the South American landmass. Not only does it fit perfectly a Grid Triangle, but we can see a circular, bowtie-shaped energy at work in the actual shaping of the landmass itself. This "bowtie" is nearly centered within the diamond that is formed between points 18, 35, 37 and 49. We already saw the African "vile vortex" shaping a similarly large "bowtie" in the above diagrams. The offset of the South American landmass from being precisely within this "diamond" again could be accounted for by the pushing of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which follows the lines of the Global Grid with amazing precision.

Looking back at the Becker-Hagens map, it is quite easy for us to see how this line clearly demarcates the separation between the continents, just as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is the point of expansion between the two continental plates. An elliptical-shaped gravity field is clearly visible when the center is placed directly in node 15. If we use any standard image editing program and "drag out" an ellipse using point 15 as a center, we can indeed align it precisely with the island formations to the far west of our diagram. We can see the amazing connections of this energy formation as soon as we start looking at the diagram. We can try other center points besides 15, but the ellipse will not fit anywhere else as precisely as it does right at that spot. This massive energy vortex seems to provide the clearest Grid counterpart for the existence of the Ring of Fire, which is a ring of volcanoes and tectonic activity surrounding the Pacific Ocean. When we look at this "grid ring" carefully, we can see that it represents the perfect fusion between the Earth's landmasses and the Global Grid.

Going clockwise from the 12:00 point, the ring will perfectly touch a "square" of grid points, as 7, 31, 27 and 5. (Node point 27, near Australia, is the only one that isn't touched exactly. We can also see that this ellipse is well defined by points 14 and 16, again Sanderson's incredibly powerful "vile vortices," the points of the icosahedron. We have already seen how the incredible gravitational force of these "vortices" was able to shape the entire upper Western half of Africa into an elegant, circular shape. Now, we are seeing two of these vortices working together to form an even larger shape. The ring forms part of the East Coast of China, as well as a good part of the upper Russian coastline surrounding node 5. It also defines part of the southern coastline of Alaska. The grid points 14 and 16 would be akin to the two poles of the dividing cell. The grid lines provide us with a simplified depiction of the "spindle fibers" that form in cell mitosis.

The actual ring of energy that is created forms a precise analog of the nuclear membrane of the cell, as it continues its expanding, elliptical process of division. Becker-Hagen Grid Images Google Ley Lines Ley lines are alleged alignments of a number of places of geographical interest, such as ancient monuments and megaliths that are thought by certain adherents to dowsing and New Age beliefs to have spiritual power. Their existence was suggested in 1921 by the amateur archaeologist Alfred Watkins, in his book The Old Straight Track. The believers in ley lines think that the lines and their intersection points resonate a special psychic or mystical energy. Ascribing such characteristics to ley lines has led to the term being classified as pseudoscience. Ley lines can be the product of ancient surveying, property markings, or commonly traveled pathways. Many cultures use straight lines across the landscape. In South America, such lines often are directed towards mountain peaks; the Nazca lines are a famous example of lengthy lines made by ancient cultures. Straight lines connect ancient pyramids in Mexico; today, modern roads built on the ancient roads deviate around the huge pyramids. The Chaco culture of Northwestern New Mexico cut stairs into sandstone cliffs to facilitate keeping roads straight.

Additionally, chance alignments and coincidence are often cited as explanations that cannot be ruled out. The concept of ley lines was first proposed by Alfred Watkins. On June 30, 1921 after Watkins visited Blackwardine in Herefordshire, and went riding a horse near some hills in the vicinity of Bredwardine. There he noted that many of the footpaths there seemed to connect one hilltop to another in a straight line. He was studying a map when he noticed places in alignment. "The whole thing came to me in a flash", he later told his son. However, in September 1870, William Henry Black gave to the British Archaeological Association, in Hereford, a talk titled Boundaries and Landmarks, in which he speculated that "Monuments exist marking grand geometrical lines which cover the whole of Western Europe". It is possible that Watkins's experience stemmed from faint memories of an account of that presentation. Watkins believed that, in ancient times, when Britain was far more densely forested, the country was crisscrossed by a network of straight-line travel routes, with prominent features of the landscape being used as navigation points.

This observation was made public at a meeting of the Woolhope Naturalists' Field Club of Hereford in September 1921. His work referred to G. H. Piper's paper presented to the Woolhope Club in 1882, which noted that: "A line drawn from the Skirrid-fawr mountain northwards to Arthur's Stone would pass over the camp and southern most point of Hatterall Hill, Oldcastle, Longtown Castle, and Urishay and Snodhill castles." The ancient surveyors who supposedly made the lines were given the name "dodmen". Watkins published his ideas in the books Early British Trackways and The Old Straight Track. They generally met with skepticism from archaeologists, one of whom, O. G. S. Crawford, refused to accept advertisements for the latter book in the journal Antiquity. Most archaeologists since then have continued to reject Watkins's ideas. Despite the mostly negative reception to his ideas, some experts have made observations similar to Watkins's. Megalithic researcher Alexander Thom offered a detailed analysis of megalithic alignments, proposing a standardization of measure by those who built megaliths, but avoided the term ley line.

The discovery by Europeans of the Nazca lines, man-made lines on desert pavement in southern Peru, prompted study of their astronomical alignments. The existence of alignments between sites is easily demonstrated. However, the causes of these alignments are disputed. There are several major areas of interpretation: Archaeological: A new area of archaeological study, archaeogeodesy, examines geodesy as practiced in prehistoric time, and as evidenced by archaeological remains. One major aspect of modern geodesy is surveying. As interpreted by geodesy, the so-called ley lines can be the product of ancient surveying, property markings, or commonly travelled pathways. Numerous societies, ancient and modern, employ straight lines between points of use; archaeologists have documented these traditions. Modern surveying also results in placement of constructs in lines on the landscape. It is reasonable to expect human constructs and activity areas to reflect human use of lines. Cultural: Many cultures use straight lines across the landscape. In South America, such lines often are directed towards mountain peaks; the Nazca lines are a famous example of lengthy lines made by ancient cultures. Straight lines connect ancient pyramids in Mexico; today, modern roads built on the ancient roads deviate around the massive pyramids.

The Chaco culture of Northeastern New Mexico cut stairs into sandstone cliffs to facilitate keeping roads straight. New Age: Some writers widely regarded as pseudoscientific have claimed that the ley lines and their intersection points resonate a special psychic or magical energy. These theories often include elements such as geomancy, dowsing or UFOs. Some similar believe these points on lines have electrical or magnetic forces associated with them. Skeptical: Skeptics of the actuality of ley lines often classify them as pseudoscience. Such skeptics tend to doubt that ley lines were planned or made by ancient cultures, and argue that apparent ley lines can be readily explained without resorting to extraordinary or pseudoscientific ideas. Spiritual Significance of Ley Lines: Magical and Holy lines Watkins's theories have been adapted by later writers. Some of his ideas were taken up by the occultist Dion Fortune who featured them in her 1936 novel The Goat-footed God. Since then, ley lines have become the subject of a few magical and mystical theories. Two British dowsers, Captain Robert Boothby and Reginald A. Smith of the British Museum, have linked the appearance of ley lines with underground streams and magnetic currents.

Guy Underwood conducted various investigations and claimed that crossings of 'negative' water lines and positive aquastats explain why certain sites were chosen as holy. He found so many of these 'double lines' on sacred sites that he named them 'holy lines.' Separate from other spiritual theories of ley lines (and likely used for propaganda purposes), two German Nazi researchers Wilhelm Teudt and Josef Heinsch have claimed that ancient Teutonic peoples contributed to the construction of a network of astronomical lines, called �Holy lines� (Heilige Linien), which could be mapped onto the geographical layout of ancient or sacred sites. Teudt located the Teutoburger Wald district in Lower Saxony, centered around the dramatic rock formation called Die Externsteine as the centre of Germany. Nazism often employed ideation of superiority and associated Aryan descent with ancient higher cultures, often without regard for archaeological or historic fact. See religious aspects of Nazism. Chance Alignments Watkins's discovery happened at a time when Ordnance Survey maps were being marketed for the leisure market, making them reasonably easy and cheap to obtain; this may have been a contributing factor to the popularity of ley line theories.

Given the high density of historic and prehistoric sites in Britain and other parts of Europe, finding straight lines that "connect" sites (usually selected to make them "fit") is trivial, and ascribable to coincidence. The diagram to the right shows an example of lines that pass very near to a set of random points: for all practical purposes, they can be regarded as nearly "exact" alignments. For a mathematical treatment of this topic, see alignments of random points. Since the existence of alignments themselves are not controversial, analysis can proceed by an attempted rejection of the null hypothesis that ley-line-like alignments are due to random chance. Statistical analysis by skeptics of this hypothesis shows that random chance is consistent with the evidence. One study by David George Kendall used the techniques of shape analysis to examine the triangles formed by standing stones to deduce if these were often arranged in straight lines. The shape of a triangle can be represented as a point on the sphere, and the distribution of all shapes can be thought of as a distribution over the sphere. The sample distribution from the standing stones was compared with the theoretical distribution to show that the occurrence of straight lines was no more than average.

Archaeologist Richard Atkinson once demonstrated this by taking the positions of telephone boxes and pointing out the existence of "telephone box leys". This, he thus argued, showed that the mere existence of such lines in a set of points does not prove that the lines are deliberate artifacts, especially since it is known that telephone boxes were not laid out in any such manner, and without any such intention. Straight lines also do not make ideal roads in many circumstances, particularly where they ignore topography and require users to march up and down hills or mountains, or to cross rivers at points where there is no portage or bridge. Examples Alfred Watkins identified St. Ann's Well in Worcestershire as what he believed to be the start of a ley line that passes along the ridge of the Malvern Hills through several springs including the Holy Well, Walms Well and St. Pewtress Well. In the late 1970's Paul Devereux stated he had discovered the Malvern Ley which began at St Ann's Well and ended at Whiteleaved Oak. The alignment passes through St. Ann's Well, the Wyche Cutting, a section of the Shire Ditch, Midsummer hillfort and Whiteleaved Oak.

Hartmann Net or Hartmann Lines The Hartmann net consists of naturally occurring charged lines, running North-South and East-West. It is named after Dr. Ernst Hartmann, a well regarded German medical doctor, who first described it soon after the second world war. Alternate lines are usually positively and negatively charged, so where the lines intersect it is possible to have double positive charges and double negative charges, or one positive and one negative charge. It is the intersections that are seen to be a source of potential problems. The Hartmann Net appears as a structure of radiations rising vertically from the ground like invisible, radioactive walls, each 21 centimetres (9 inches) wide. The grid is magnetically orientated, from North to South they are encountered at intervals of 2 metres (6 feet 6 inches), while from East to West they are 2.5 metres (8 feet) apart. Between these geometric lines lies a neutral zone, an unperturbed micro-climate. This network penetrates everywhere, whether over open ground or through dwellings. The Hartmann net has been defined using the Chinese terms of Yin and Yang.

The Yin (North-South lines) is a cold energy which acts slowly, corresponds to winter, is related to cramps, humidity and all forms of rheumatism. The Yang (East-West lines) is a hot, dry rapidly acting energy. It is related to fire and is linked to inflammations. The points formed by the intersection of these lines, whether positive or negative, are dynamic environments sensitive to the rhythms of the hours and the seasons. It has been suggested that both the Curry grids and Hartmann Net are earthing grids for cosmic rays that constantly bombard the Earth, and that they can be distorted by other things, such as geological fault lines and underground mining. It is also possible to have spots where the Curry and Hartmann lines cross, causing further potential problems. These spots are generally seen to be more detrimental than a single crossing within the Curry or Hartmann system. Curry Lines Earth radiation is a hypothetical geophysical phenomenon described primarily by the German authors Manfred Curry and Ernst Hartmann. This is known as Curry Lines . Both men describe a mystic force field, similar to Odic force, Mana, and Qi, that covers the Earth at regular intervals and can be detected by dowsing using a divining rod.

It is not supposed to be detectable by common scientific instruments but some still connect it to telluric currents, which are actual phenomena, detectable by scientific instruments. Placing people or other living things in certain spots of the earth radiation knots is believed to be beneficial/harmful depending on radiation flow direction. It connects to the Gaia philosophy and vitalist school and is very popular in certain New Age circles in Europe, especially in Germany. The radiation is described as a grid-like arrangement with lines at regular distances: Comparing Curry Lines, Hartmann Lines and Ley Lines Curry lines are approximately 3 meters apart (with variations), diagonally to the poles, east to west. Hartmann lines run both east-west and north-south forming a grid across the earths surface with a distance of circa 2 meters in the north-south direction and 2.5 meters in the east-west direction. Ley lines are man-made energy lines, created by stone formations such as stone ships or other ancient archaeological structures. The knowledge of creating Ley lines is supposed to be lost. Black Lines Black lines seem to be naturally generated, although quite how is not known.

They may be localized and do not form a network in the same way as Hartmann and Curry lines. This could be similar in nature to the "sha", or deadly energy lines of Chinese Feng-Shui. They can be curved, straight, at ground level or higher, even found in the upper levels of buildings. There have been described 2 types of Black lines, one as "black and depressed", the other as "shiny, black, hard and sharp." They could possibly represent the flow lines of a negative type of "orgone-type" energy as described by Wilhelm Reich. The Lore and Lure of Ley Lines The Lore and Lure of Ley Lines By Benjamin Radford, Live Science Contributor | November 19, 2013 07:14pm ET MORE Credit: Stonehenge: Edward Haylan | Pyramids: Vladimir Korostyshevskiy | Shutterstock.com Many people believe that a grid of earth energies circles the globe, connecting important and sacred sites such as Stonehenge, the Egyptian Pyramids, and the Great Wall of China. If you plot these and other sites on a map, a curious thing becomes apparent: Many of them can be connected by straight lines.

Were these monuments and sacred sites specifically built at those locations by ancient people with lost knowledge of unknown earth energies especially strong along these "ley lines"? History of ley lines People have often found special significance in the unusual landmarks and geological features surrounding them. High mountain peaks and majestic valleys may be viewed as sacred, for example, while deep, dark caves have often been considered the domain of the underworld. The same is true for roads; in 1800s on the British Isles many people believed in mysterious "fairy paths," trails connecting certain hilltops in the countryside. It was considered dangerous (or, at the very least, unwise) to walk on those paths during certain days because the wayward traveler might come upon a parade of fairies who would not take kindly to the human interruption. Philip Carr-Gomm and Richard Heygate describe the origin of ley lines in their "Book of English Magic": "Alfred Watkins, a landscape photographer in Herefordshire, noticed that ancient sites seemed to be aligned with others nearby. His idea was that our ancestors built and used prominent features in the landscape as navigation points.

These features included prehistoric standing stones and stone circles, barrows and mounds, hill forts and earthworks, ancient moats, old pre-Reformation churches, old crossroads and fords, prominent hilltops and fragments of old, straight tracks. Watkins went on to suggest that that the lines connecting these ancient sites represented old trackways or routes that were followed in prehistoric times for the purposes of trade or religious rites, and in 1921 he coined the term 'ley lines' to describe these alignments." Watkins himself did not believe that there was any magical or mystical significance to ley lines. However, the authors note, "The idea that there is a hidden network of energy lines across the earth ... fired the imagination of the burgeoning New Age movement, and dowsers in particular became keen on detecting leys with dowsing." Because of this New Age interest, ley lines rose from mundane origins to an entire field of study, spawning books, seminars, and groups of ley line enthusiasts who gather to discuss, research, and walk the lines. Ley lines have also been incorporated into a variety of otherwise unrelated paranormal subjects, including dowsing , UFOs, Atlantis , crop circles and numerology.

Science and pseudoscience You won't find ley lines discussed in geography or geology textbooks because they aren't real, actual, measurable things. Though scientists can find no evidence of these ley lines — they cannot be detected by magnetometers or any other scientific device — New Agers, psychics and others claim to be able to sense or feel their energy. Watkins's original idea of ley lines is quite valid and rather intuitive; archaeologists have long known that, on a local and regional scale, roads tend to be built in more or less straight lines, geography allowing, and since a line is the shortest distance between two points it makes sense that important sites in a given culture would often be aligned, not randomly placed. Ley line experts cannot agree on which "sacred sites" should be included as data points. Some internationally known ancient sites are obvious choices, such as England's Stonehenge , Egypt's Great Pyramids , Peru's Machu Picchu ruins, and Australia's Ayers Rock. But on a regional and local level, it's anyone's game: How big a hill counts as an important hill? Which wells are old enough or important enough?

By selectively choosing which data points to include or omit, a person can come up with any pattern he or she wishes to find. With literally tens of thousands of potential data points around the globe, it is little wonder that ley lines can be found everywhere. Possible points include castles (or even places with "Castle" in the place name); moats; churches; ancient mounds; ancient stones; wells; crossroads; special groups of trees; and so on. Indeed, there are so many potential points that by chance alone connecting them will form many straight lines and seemingly significant patterns. For example, the Great Wall of China is thousands of miles long, and surely some parts of the wall will connect with many imaginary lines drawn across the globe from another important sites. A good analogy is that ley lines exist in the same way that astrological constellations exist. You can draw (or imagine) lines connecting certain stars to form the horns of the Taurus constellation, the scales of the Libra sign, or the Big Dipper. But that doesn't mean that those points were placed there to make that pattern.

The way the patterns of stars are grouped and connected is arbitrary and artificial, not guided by anything in nature or reality; they are patterns our brains impose on the world around us. The only meaning is that which we bring to it. [ Related: Pareidolia: Seeing Faces in Unusual Places ] In most cases, the locations of these supposedly significant ancient sites were not dictated by any sort of unknown earth energies but by practical matters such as access to the building materials. Furthermore, many of these places are natural features, such as Mount Everest and Ayers Rock; no one built or placed those locations there based on knowledge of earth energy lines. And of course, the ancient builders of Stonehenge could not have known about the existence of Everest, Machu Picchu, or other sites, and therefore could not have intentionally built the monument to intersect with the alleged ley lines emanating from those sites. Whether ley lines exist or not, the fact that many people believe they do provides insight into the human brain's amazing capacity for finding patterns in the world around us. Benjamin Radford is deputy editor of Skeptical Inquirer science magazine and author of six books including Lake Monster Mysteries: Investigating the World's Most Elusive Creatures. His website is .

Author Bio Benjamin Radford, Live Science Contributor Benjamin Radford is the Bad Science columnist for Live Science. He covers pseudoscience, psychology, urban legends and the science behind "unexplained" or mysterious phenomenon. Ben has a master's degree in education and a bachelor's degree in psychology. He has written, edited or contributed to more than 20 books, including " Scientific Paranormal Investigation: How to Solve Unexplained Mysteries " and " Tracking the Chupacabra: The Vampire Beast in Fact, Fiction, and Folklore ." He sometimes appears on television but doesn't like to watch himself. He has also written and directed two short films and created a board game. Benjamin Radford, Live Science Contributor on Latest on The Lore and Lure of Ley Lines Leys Back to Home Page or Contents Page or Great mysteries or Index Leys Leys, pronounced "lays" are thought to be patterns of invisible tracks or lines having a complex power in the ground which seem to link sacred places and natural magical sites. It is theorized in modern witchcraft and neo-paganism that these patterns or alignments are vital for their apparent connection to the forces of the elements, the basis of natural magic.

The original leys theory was put forth in 1925 by Alfred Watkins (b. 1855) in his book The Old Straight Track published in London in 1925. Originally the term leys was thought by philologists to mean only a pasture or an enclosed field. However, Watkins challenged this meaning in his work. Watkins described the various place-named forms of the term occurring in the world, "lay," "lee." "lea," or "leigh." From these different word forms he concluded the term leys predates the terms pasture and enclosed field. Furthermore, Watkins observed that man-made sacred places such as burial gerounds, megliths, churches, and pagan worshipping sites, as well as natural peaks, magical springs and wells, and other earthworks seem to align with one and another. The leys, as Watkins named theses alignments, had been "old straight tracks" discovered by prehistoric ley hunters, or Dodman surveyors, who scouted and mapped the countryside seeking to find power spots for sacred constructions, trading routes, and astronomical sites.

Watkins' listings of such sites for alignment is controversial because he not only included sites of prehistoric societies, but also those of pre-Reformation churches. Three years after the publication of The Old Straight Track in which he documented his investigations which tended to show a vast network of traks across Britain, aligned with either the sun or a star path, he claimed evidence of the existence of similar tracks in various parts of the world. Although most scientists reject the concept, the leys idea enjoyed popularity until the 1940s and the decreased. It was not until the 1960s and 1970s that it revived. Speculation is that the latter was mainly due to the increase in psychic and occult interests. Some use the term ley lines when referring to leys which many feel is inappropriate. Not all alignments signify genuine leys. Modern ley-hunters who map leys have established some requirements: there is a straight line within a certain distance extending between two or more aligned sites, such as a standing stone, a church site, a pagan sacred site, a burial mound, or a mountain, etc. Some alignments are astronomical, such as where the sun rises at Beltane, the solstices or equinoxes.

Some ley-hunters say at least five alignments within ten miles are required, while other say five within 25 miles. In addition, dowsers require the energy line be dowsable. Points of leys, or leys centers, are places which radiate energy from at least seven lines over magnetic fields or blind springs, a primary spiral of converging primary geodetic lines (the shortest lines between two points on a curved surface). There is speculation that ancient pagan people sensed these points of energy radiation and situated their sacred worshipping places atop or around them. The vital force of the energy charge is classed as either male or female depending on its rate of vibration , and it is believed to be present in all living material. This charge may be natural or artificial. In centers the artificial charge can be introduced by handling of stones or metals. Whether natural or artificial charges dissipate over time unless they are fixed by hammering, heating, or a magnetic field is presence. Stones themselves can be charged and fixed with a certain magnitude of charge or power. This has been stated by J. Havelock Fidler, a British agricultural scientist and dowser.

The stone employed in constructing megalithic monuments, churches, holy wells and temples are charged by handling, and then fixed by being shaped and fitted in place by blows from axes and chisels. Fidler said the stone's charge was increased according to the number of blows it received. Therefore, the charge in megaliths was considered to be very great. Also, helping to increase the megalithic charge, Fidler speculated, was the raising of the cone of power by witches and pagans. During his experiments Fidler discovered he could impact greater charges to stones during the full moon, the time of greatest magical and psychic power. According to British folklore, the ground itself can be charged and fixed. There was an ancient custom known as "beating the parish bounds." The priest and choirboys of a church would go around the parish perimeter using rods with which they would beat the ground. Presumably this procedure was believed to erect a protective barrier around the parish. It is thought fire also fixes a charge. Charges were found at cremation pits, burials (such as those at Stonehenge ), sacrificial pits, and the burning of wood.

Also, Fidler discovered that while the geomagnetic forces surrounding the ley centers emit beneficial energy, the stones themselves seem to emit a type of energy detrimental to animate objects. This latter energy is apparently counteracted by the leys themselves, which redirect the energy to other centers where it can be neutralized. Charges at one time may have been deliberately masked. Certain types of wood, such as elm and elderberry; metals such as iron; and mineral substances such as salt, quartz crystals, amethysis, jasper and flint have been shown to mask charged stones. (It is interesting to note that iron, salt, elm, and elderberry are all revered in folklore for their protective properties against bewitchment, illness, demons and bad fortune.) Leys, or straight path systems, are speculated to exist in the United Kingdom, perhaps in France and the United States. There is also speculation of their existence in Peru and Bolivia. In Peru, from the Sun Temple at the center of the city of Cuzco, 41 lines called ceques spread out into the country, marked by various shrines, hills, bridges, and other sites, some of them being astronomical sight lines.

In Bolivia holy tracks have been shown to coverage on Indian shrines at top of holy hills. A.G.H.

Question: What are the invisible lines that supposedly link ancient magical sites?
Answer: Ley Lines