Ferrets Ferrets Ferrets By Craig Sernotti Delightful and entertaining small animals, ferrets are eager, rambunctious, and tireless. If you’re looking for an interactive companion pet who has all the best qualities of a cat and dog rolled into one, then a ferret might be the right choice for you. Be sure that a ferret is the small animal you really want, though. Owning one is not the same as owning a dog or cat. A ferret’s curiosity, playfulness, and energy can be charming but can also make him tough to keep up with at times. Ferrets come in many colors and patterns. They often change colors with the seasons—they’re lighter in the winter than in the summer, and many lighten as they age, too. They are about 1 to 5 pounds (1/2 to 2 kg) in size, and some can live as long as 15 years. Some are cuddly, while others are independent. A single ferret won’t be terribly lonely, although the fun of watching two or three playing together is easily worth the small amount of extra trouble. Natural History Ferrets are not wild animals.

They have been domesticated for about 2,000 to 3,000 years. Ferrets are believed to have been descended from the European polecat, and they were used as hunting animals, chasing rabbits and rodents out of their holes so that the hunters and farmers could kill them. It’s thought that the Egyptians and Greeks kept them as pets. Ferrets are cousins of weasels and otters. Enclosure and Setup House your ferret in a sturdy wire cage. It must be large enough to allow him ample room in which to move around. Because the ferret is a ground-dwelling animal, the cage must have plenty of available floor space. It must also have a strong latch and be escape-proof. Make sure that the cage has distinct sleeping, feeding, and toilet areas. Put a food dish, a water bottle, a litter pan with litter, bedding, and toys in the cage as well. Pelleted products made from paper or plant fibers are excellent choices for ferret litter. The bedding can be a polar fleece baby blanket, cotton T-shirts, and sweatshirts—your ferret will arrange it into a nest for sleep. Your pet requires time out of his cage.

Give him at least two hours of exercise and interaction with you on a daily basis. Diet Ferrets are obligate carnivores, meaning they must eat meat and only meat. Their bodies cannot properly digest fruits or vegetables. Feed them a variety of quality food items. You can buy a commercial ferret kibble from the pet store, but know that just because a ferret is featured on a bag of food doesn’t mean that it’s safe for ferrets to eat. The protein content should be meat based and between 35 and 40 percent. Fat content should be at least 20 percent. Some keepers offer their ferrets raw meats, mostly chicken and rabbit. Others provide appropriately sized live prey items, like mice, rats, quails, and chicks. Your ferret must always have a supply of fresh, clean water. Grooming You can brush your ferret. He will not like staying in one spot too long, so get into the habit of doing several quick brushing sessions rather than one long one. Use a soft short-bristled brush. You can also give your ferret a bath, but only do this once a month. Some ferrets may take naturally to water, while others may not.

Try to keep the experience as stress-free as possible. Fill the tub or sink with enough slightly warm water so that your pet is mostly covered, and use a gentle shampoo. Lather him up and rinse off all the shampoo, then dry him off with a towel. Nails should be clipped every two weeks or so. Also, try to brush your ferret’s teeth at least once a week. Health Care and Illness Your ferret needs to visit a veterinarian every year for a checkup and to receive vaccinations against rabies and canine distemper. If you notice that something is wrong—a physical change, a behavioral change, a change in appetite, or litter box content or habit changes—see the vet immediately. History of the Ferret | WeaselWords History of the Ferret By Susan A. Brown, D.V.M. The domestic ferret has been a useful member of the human household for a few thousand years. Today they have reached true companion animal status and are appreciated throughout much of the world. SOURCE OF DOMESTICATED FERRETS The domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo) is thought to be a domesticated Western or Eastern European polecat.

The Eastern European or Steppe polecat (Mustela eversmanni) and the Eastern European polecat (Mustela putorius putorius) are very similar in appearance and skeletal structure. The ferret can interbreed and produce fertile offspring with either of these species of polecat. The domestic ferret is not a domesticated form of the black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) which was native to the western United States. Black-footed ferrets recently became extinct in the wild, but they are gradually being reintroduced through captive breeding programs. The name Mustela is a Latin derivation of the term mus for mouse. Animals in the Mustela genus include weasels and other “mouse catchers”. Putorius is from the Latin putor, which means a stench referring to the musky odor of the ferret. Furo comes from the Latin furonem meaning “thief”. So we have a “mouse-catching, smelly, thief”! The word ferret most likely comes from the Latin furo or the Italian furone with the same meaning of “thief”. Currently there is still controversy over which species of polecat the domesticated ferret actually came from.

Studies have been performed comparing skull structure, coat color and behavior in all three species. In addition, there is little archeological evidence to suggest exactly when ferrets were domesticated and what path they took in becoming established in Europe. This maybe because their tiny bones decay rapidly or because archeologists previously overlooked their remains as insignificant and did not record these findings. Some suggest that the ancestors of the domestic ferret originate in Northern Africa and then were spread to Europe with Roman and/or Norman invasions. Many researchers believe that the spread of ferrets through Europe was accompanied by the spread of the rabbits that they hunted, as we shall see in the discussion under Historical Use. EVIDENCE OF DOMESTICATION One strong piece of evidence that an animal is truly domesticated is that it retains some of the characteristics of the juvenile of the species. This is done through selective breeding and it serves to make the animal more docile and able to be manipulated by man. There have been extensive studies done on the behavioral differences between wild polecats and ferrets that indicate there is indeed an alteration in behavior. In general, ferrets show less fear of man and less fear of an unfamiliar environment than do the polecats.

In addition, it took ferrets longer to get used to a repeated noise they were exposed to than the wild ferret. These behaviors exhibited by the ferret indicate are retention of more juvenile responses. It is interesting to note that if wild polecat babies are taken from their mother prior to opening their eyes and then raised by a human, they will imprint on the human and become relatively tame. They can remain tame if there is continued contact with humans. In contrast, mink and weasels that are hand-reared may become tame for a short period, but usually revert to a fearful wild state at maturity. This docile behavior upon being hand-raised may be a key to why ferrets could be domesticated in the first place. HISTORICAL USE A ferret-like animal was mentioned by Greek authors Aristophanes in 450 BC and Aristotle in 350 BC. The references are unclear because an exact description of the animal is missing. Somewhere between 63 BC and 24 AD Strabo writes of a plague of rabbits in the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean that was causing a famine. He describes a Libyan animal that was bred for the purpose of hunting, was muzzled and put into rabbit holes.

This animal, which behavior sounds like a ferret, would cause the rabbit to bolt from the hole where men and dogs were ready to dispatch it. This practice bears a striking resemblance to the practice of ferreting that has taken place in Europe for centuries. Pliny in AD 23-79 and Isidore of Seville in AD 600 also mention ferrets being used to hunt rabbits. Ferrets may also have been kept around households to control rodents, but the majority of references relate to ferrets and rabbits. The ferret’s close cousin, the mongoose was used more often for rodent and snake control and continues to be used in this manner today in areas where it is indigenous. These early references to ferrets have given rise to the hypothesis that the ferret originated in the Mediterranean area, but there is still insufficient evidence to call this a fact. By the 1200’s ferrets had spread to Germany and there are stories that Genghis Khan may have used ferrets in Afghanistan in 1221. The first references in England are in 1223 and again in 1281 where a ferreter was listed as part of the Royal Court.

Other interesting bits of information from England in the late 1200’s to the late 1300’s include the fact that one needed an annual income of forty shillings to own a ferret and that ferrets were owned by high-ranking church officials. King Richard II issued a decree in 1384 allowing one of his clerks to hunt rabbits with ferrets and again in 1390 prohibiting the use of ferrets on Sunday. In 1551, Gerner in Zurich described the first albino ferret as “the colour of wool stained with urine”. From here on, there is increasing evidence in Medieval European literature of ferrets being used to hunt rabbits. Ferrets were also used for fur production, although this seemed less popular until the 20th century. In addition, probably by at least the eighteen century ferrets were being used on ships to help control the rodents that were so prevalent. It is also highly likely that a few humans historically also enjoyed the ferret’s lively personality and kept these little critters purely for their companionship. It is clear that ferrets were used early on to hunt rabbits, both as a pest control measure and as a sport.

There is evidence that Roman soldiers routinely used ferrets in hunting rabbits. Ferrets may have spread to the northern European continent during the spread of the Roman Empire, or as others have suggested they may have spread with Norman invasions. It does seem clear, however, that wherever ferrets went there were rabbits. The European rabbit, which, by the way, is also the ancestor of our pet rabbits, originated in the Iberian Peninsula, in the region of Spain and has been Raised in captivity for at least 2000 years. Rabbits were intentionally introduced into Northern Europe and now, so it appears, the ferrets were introduced along with them. In the 1860’s New Zealand colonizers imported game animals including the rabbit. By the 1870’s rabbits were decimating the landscape because there are no natural predators that control the rabbits in New Zealand. Five ferrets were released in 1879 to control the rabbit population. This was followed by the release of thousands from 1882 to 1886. Stoats and weasels, which are close relatives of the ferret, were also released.

Ferrets developed feral (able to live under “wild” conditions) colonies in New Zealand which resulted not in the eradication of rabbits, but contributed to a disastrous decline in native birds. Ferrets were able to live successfully in the wild because the climate of New Zealand may be ideal, and the ferrets had no predators other than man. Many of New Zealand’s birds are flightless and thus at risk of losing their lives to a ground-dwelling predator such as the ferret. Ferrets are not the only factor in the loss or these species, but their presence is significant. The current estimate of the number of feral ferrets between the two islands is around one million. Rabbits were introduced into Australia by early British settlers for much the same reason and with the same consequence as in New Zealand. Ferrets were then introduced to control the situation. However, in Australia, ferrets were not able to establish feral colonies probably due to a different climate and the fact that they have predators such as fox, feral cats, dingoes and hawks.

In recent history there has been a significant decrease in the use of ferrets for hunting rabbits, for rodent control or for fur production and they are now more commonly kept as pets. Ferrets are kept as companion animals in South Africa and Japan as well as most of Europe at this time. INTRODUCTION TO THE UNITED STATES Ferrets were probably introduced into this country in the eighteen century via ships that carried them as ratters. In addition, some colonists brought them over as hunting companions. By the early 1900’s ferrets were being imported by the tens of thousands to be used as “vermin” exterminators. They were used to destroy rabbits, raccoons, gophers, rats and mice. Prey animals will usually flee in the presence of the “scent of a ferret” and so ferrets few were needed to protect barns, warehouses and granaries. The USDA promoted the use of ferrets for rodent control. If your farm was infested you could call the ferretmeister to come and release ferrets on your property.

The ferrets went on a search and destroy mission and then humans and dogs, usually terriers, placed around the area would kill the vermin as they tried to escape. Some establishments simply maintained their own colony of ferrets for this purpose. When chemical rodenticides became available there was no further need for the “ferret patrol” and this practice died out. Fur farming never took a strong hold in the United States and hunting with ferrets was made illegal in most states in the twentieth century. In the mid-twentieth century ferrets were readily embraced as companion animals by Americans and this continues to be the primarily role of the ferret in the U.S. today. There are currently no feral populations of ferrets in the United States. The only ferret introduced into the U. S. has been the domestic form and not the wild polecat. USE OF FERRETS The following is a list of some the historic and modem uses for the ferret: Hunting Rabbits – As mentioned, this was probably one of the first historical uses of the domestic ferret and perhaps its main reason for domestication. The use of a ferret to hunt rabbits is commonly called ferreting.

Ferrets were used both for rabbit population control and as a means for humans to obtain food. There is very little training involved because ferrets naturally enjoy running through burrows and seeking out prey. In ancient times, muzzles were used to prevent the ferret from killing and eating the rabbit underground and then taking a nap. There is also evidence that some ancient ferreters made holes in the upper and lower lip of the ferret and tied the lips together or placed a metal ring to hold the lips together before a hunt. Fortunately, muzzles are not used today, but occasionally a harness with a long line attached is employed. These items are rarely needed because when the rabbit smells the ferret coming and it bolts out its escape hole before it can be caught. Prior to releasing the ferret the rabbit holes are covered by purse string nets held in place by a stakes. The net closes around the rabbit as it tries to escape. Alternatively dogs, such as terriers or lurchers. Which is a dog that contains greyhound blood, chase and catch the rabbit or the hunter shoots the rabbit. Lighter colored ferrets are preferred because they are easier to see and retrieve after a hunt.

Ferreting is still practiced in some areas of the world. Rodent control – It is likely that ferrets were also used for rodent control around houses as soon as they were domesticated. Small mammals and birds make up the majority of the wild ferret’s diet and if allowed it is certain they would have hunted within the household. As mentioned, in more recent times, ferrets were used to control rodents around barns and granaries and on European and American ships. The Massachusetts Colonial Navy, which was organized on December29, 1775, was reactivated in 1967 and in 1986 proclaimed the ferret it’s official mascot. An excerpt from the ceremonial speech shows the importance of ferrets on these ships. “Now in the days of the wooden men o’war there was quite often, an uninvited population of rodents aboard ship… Dogs were completely unsuccessful mousers and besides their barking kept both captain and crew awake. Cats were infinitely preferred over dogs, but they were unable to chase mice into the many narrow holes and passageways aboard the ship, so more mice escaped than were caught.

But… there was one animal the rats and mice could never escape from… no matter where they tried to hide… no matter how small a hole they ran into… they were doomed! This animal was one of man’s best friends and totally fearless. They were in great demand aboard ships of the colonial navy, and fortunate indeed were the crews that had a ferret for a mascot and friend.” Fur Production – Ferrets have been raised for fur production for centuries in Europe and in the early 1900’s an effort was made to establish this practice in the United States. The wild coloring of the ferret is preferred and it is likely there was a considerable amount of breeding back to the wild European polecat to maintain the uniformity and quality of the fur. A coat made out of ferret fur is called a fitch coat. Fortunately the practice of breeding ferrets for their fur has become much less common and eventually may die out altogether. Transporters -The ferret’s anatomy and willingness to run through dark tunnels make them ideal in transporting cables through long pipes. Oilmen in the North Sea, telephone companies, camera crews and people working on airline jets have used ferrets for this purpose.

The ferret wears a harness where a long thin nylon line is attached. The nylon line is then connected to the cable that needs to be pulled through the conduit. The use of mechanical devices for this purpose has made the ferret obsolete as a transporter. Ferret Legging -This is a silly English pub sport that has been around for centuries, but fortunately is no longer common. The contestant must ties his trousers legs securely around the ankles, then places two ferrets, who have full sets of teeth, down his pants and finally tie the waist of his trousers securely closed. If a ferret bites, it can only be dislodged from the outside of the pants. The object is to be the person that keeps the ferrets in his pants the longest. In 1983 a 72-year old Yorkshire man withstood the ferrets for 5 hours and 26 minutes. Biomedical Research – Ferrets became models for biomedical research in the twentieth century. One of their first uses was for the study of human influenza virus, which they are susceptible to. Currently they are used in the areas of virology, toxicology, pharmacology, reproductive physiology, endocrinology, physiology, teratology, and anatomy.

Some of the byproducts of their use in human research has been a tremendous growth in our understanding of ferret anatomy, physiology and ferret disease. Biomedical use of ferrets is the greatest in the United States because of the presence of large-scale ferret breeding facilities that can produce healthy ferrets in large numbers. Other countries lack these facilities and thus ferrets are not used as readily. Unfortunately or not, these breeding facilities produce the largest percentage of ferrets used for pets as well. Companion Animals – By far the most common use for ferrets today is as a companion animal. They are small, easy to care for and have entertaining and responsive personalities. Ferrets are bred in an astounding variety of color variations and now there is even a longhaired ferret available. Ferret organizations devoted to the nurturing of the ferret as a pets have sprung up all over the world. Devoted ferret owners attend ferret shows where their pets compete in areas such as color classes, best-dressed ferret, yawning contest and races involving bags and long tubes. It is perhaps fitting after a history of working for humans that ferrets should now enjoy a life of luxury as a beloved companion!

References: Biology and Diseases of the Ferret by James G.Fox, D.V.M., 1998, Williams and Wilkins. Ferret Husbandry, Medicine and Surgery by JohnH. Lewington, 2000, Butterworth-Heinemann The Complete Book of Ferrets by Val Porter and Nicholas Brown, 1987, Pelham Books. The domestication of the ferret by Clifford Owen in The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals. Peter J. Ucko and G.W. Dimblebyeds. 1969. Aldine Publishing Company. Some behavioural differences between the European polecat, Mustela putorius, the ferret, M. furo, and their hybrids by Trevor B. Poole. Journal of the Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London (1972) 166, pp 25-35.

[intlink id=”gcfa”]This article originally appeared in the March /April 2001 issue of "Off the Paw".[/intlink] Domestic Ferret - Woodland Park Zoo Seattle WA Domestic Ferret Classification and Range Ferrets are in the order Carnivora as part of the family Mustelidae, which also includes the subfamilies of badgers, martens, otters, skunks and wolverines. Ferrets are further classified under the subfamily Mustelinae and as one of 16 species in the genus Mustela, which also includes ermines, grisons, mink, polecats and weasels. There are three species of ferrets (also called polecats): the European (M. putorius), the steppe or Siberian (M. eversmanni) and the black-footed (M. nigripes). The classification of ferrets is still not certain. The zoological record refers to these animals in a bewildering array of names, such as Putorius furo, Mustela putorius furo, Mustela putorius form.

furo, Mustela furo, Putorius putorius furo and Putorius furo. Classification is further confused by scarce fossil evidence and inconclusive DNA tests of the source of domestic ferrets. Researchers believe that domestic ferrets either derived from M. putorius, M. eversmanni and/or M. nigripes, or a hybrid of any combination of these species. Due to the lack of a sufficient archaeological record for the domestic ferret, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature recently recommended the name for the domestic ferret to be Mustela furo. This recommendation has yet to be approved. European polecats range throughout much of Europe and Asia; they have also been introduced in other countries, such as New Zealand and Australia. Domestic ferrets have no restrictions on their range and live throughout the world. Habitat In the wild, European polecats live in dens created by other animals, near a source of water in temperate woodlands, grasslands and agricultural areas. Wild rabbits live in mostly dry areas near sea level with soft, sandy soil for burrowing. If they need areas of cover, they live in grassy fields or forests.

Physical Characteristics Ferrets have a long and slender body covered in soft fur. Their legs are short and tipped with unretractable claws. Strong front shoulders overlap a flexible spine and a long, thick neck. Domestic ferrets are sexually dimorphic (there are obvious physical differences between the sexes); adult males may be twice as large as adult females. The weight and coloration of ferrets vary with the season; these changes may be slight or remarkable. In preparation for the summer, they lose body fat, molt their fur (it becomes shorter or thinner) and possibly change the color of their fur. As winter approaches, ferrets gain weight, molt again (to grow longer hair) and revert to their winter coloration. The weight of males may increase as much as 40% compared to the summer weight.Humans breed domestic ferrets to produce a wide range of colors, but there are three basic color variations: dark (similar to the wild European polecat), albino (all white) and sable (tan with a dark face, legs and tail).

Within the sable coloration, there are different names for the more than 30 varieties of patterns and markings, such as cinnamon, chocolate, champagne, panda, Siamese and silver. Length/Weight Adult males weigh between 1 – 5.5 pounds (.45 – 2.5 kg), have a head and body length of 11.6 – 18.1 inches (29.5 – 46 cm) and have a tail length of 3.5 – 7.5 inches (9 – 19 cm). In contrast, adult females weigh between .45 – 2.25 pounds (.21 – 1.0 kg), have a head and body length of 8.1 – 15.2 inches (20.5 – 38.5 cm) and have a tail length of 2.8 – 5.5 inches (7 – 14 cm). Life Span Life expectancy in the wild is 5 to 8 years. Domestic ferrets can live up to 14 years in captivity but 7 – 10 years is the average.

Diet In the wild: ferrets are obligate carnivores, which means they eat a mostly carnivorous diet of other small mammals, such as rabbits, possums, hedgehogs and rodents. They also eat birds, bird eggs, reptiles, fish, amphibians and invertebrates. Wild ferrets may also eat carrion. At the zoo: commercial ferret chow. Reproduction In the wild, European polecats mate between March and August. Polecats are photo-dependent ovulators, which means the amount of daylight and outside temperatures determine their natural breeding cycle. With sufficient daylight and warm temperatures, the female goes into estrous. Estrous normally lasts three to five days, but the female remains in estrous until she mates or up to six months. To gain access to females in estrous, males in nearby territories may compete with one another. Males that are ready to mate develop a stronger body odor while increased oil production in their skin glands causes the fur on their undersides to become oily and yellow. Once a male finds a female, they mate for 10 minutes to several hours but average time is one hour.

Mating appears violent, as males grab females by the back of the neck and drag them around until they are completely limp. Polecats have very thick skin on the back of their necks and they can sustain very aggressive biting without serious injury. Gestation lasts 38 – 44 days, with an average time of 42 days. If the first litter is lost or the litter size is small, the female may mate and give birth again in the same year. Females raise their young alone. Ten to 12 days before she gives birth, the female secludes herself and prepares the den. The female gives birth to a litter of two to 17 young (called kits), but litter size averages three to eight. At birth, the kits lack fur and teeth; their eyes are closed and they weigh just .18 – .53 ounces (5 – 15 g). Kits grow very quickly, fed by the nutrient-rich milk of their mother. By 9 days of age, kits begin to grow hair and eventually have all their fur by 4 – 5 weeks old.

A kit's eyes and ears do not open until 21 – 37 days after birth and their four permanent canines aren't fully developed until they are 47 – 56 days of age. Three to four weeks after birth, kits begin to venture out of the den. When the kits are 4 to 6 weeks old and weigh 10.6 – 17.6 ounces (300 – 500 g), the mother weans them. For the next few weeks, the female brings killed prey to her burrow for the kits to eat. This helps the kits imprint on what type of food to hunt as they grow older. At about 3 months of age, maternal protection ends. At this age, juveniles reach adult size, become more independent and leave the den. Juveniles remain together until they are around 6 months of age. Young polecats have a high mortality and many do not live past 1 year of age. Females reach sexual maturity at 6 – 12 months of age, while males mature at 8 – 12 months.

In contrast, healthy domestic ferrets may produce up to three successful litters per year with as many as 15 kits total. In years with multiple litters, the female produces more kits in the first litter of the season compared to subsequent litters. Domestic ferret kits and juveniles have similar development rates and weight as their wild counterparts. Life Cycle Juveniles disperse an average of 3.1 miles (5 km) away from their birth den and begin to capture their own prey at 55 – 60 days old. Their first hunts are often unsuccessful, but by about 80 days of age, they almost always capture their prey. Polecats quickly kill their prey via a bite to its neck and are able to capture prey that weigh up to three times their own body weight. Once they find a burrow in which to live, polecats dig additional entryways or rooms to better suit their needs. For prey that is too large to eat in one meal, polecats store it in a room of their burrow. Polecats do not urinate or defecate in their burrow; rather they use urine and stool to mark their territory.

Polecats also use their well-developed anal scent glands to mark their territory and ward off intruders. As an additional marker, male polecats rub the skin oils from their abdomens or sides around the perimeter of their burrow. Domestic ferrets, like their wild counterparts, still maintain instinctive behaviors for territory marking and hunting. Polecats are mostly nocturnal, although females with young may forage during the day. They usually sleep during the day, as much as 15 – 20 hours. In the wild, polecats are solitary and territorial. Unless a female has a litter or is in estrous, polecats strongly defend their territory. In areas with high prey densities, they establish a smaller territory of 30 – 74 acres (12 – 30 ha). Areas with lower prey densities result in larger territories that range from 247 – 371 acres (100 – 150 ha) in size. If prey densities decrease, polecats will shift their home range to find more food. Neither polecats nor domestic ferrets have a good sense of vision; they seem to be nearsighted.

This is actually a helpful adaptation, because inside the dark burrow of a prey, they need to see movement rather than details. Instead of relying on sight, polecats use their sense of smell to track and kill prey. The gait of ferrets and polecats indicates how important their sense of smell is – they often walk or run with their nose on the ground. Like many other mustelids, polecats are strong swimmers and can easily cross rivers or streams to hunt in new areas.\ To defend their territory against other polecats or predators, polecats lunge, attack sideways or emit a staccato clucking sound. This display of bravado and scare tactics is also known as the "weasel war dance." If this display does not work, the polecat may hiss or snap its jaws. Polecats may also scream in fear; this scream can be very loud and high-pitched. Both polecats and ferrets emit strong-smelling secretions from their anal glands when they are excited or threatened. Polecat or Ferret - What's the difference? From a taxonomic viewpoint, there is essentially no difference. Both animals are currently classified in the same genus Mustela.

However, it is unknown if they are actually the same species. The body size and post-cranial skeleton is also similar between ferrets and polecats. Additionally, on the genetic level, there are very few differences between the two animals. Both ferrets and European polecats have 40 chromosomes, whereas steppe polecats and black-footed ferrets have 38. However, while domestic ferrets can breed with wild polecats and produce hybrid young, this fact alone doesn't prove they are the same species. Interestingly, these hybrids are often identical in appearance to wild polecats. Nonetheless, there are some noticeable differences between these two animals. For example, the skull shape and its base are different. The teeth of ferrets are more crowded and vary in number. There are also differences in the internal structures of the eyes and possibly in each animal's brain. There are strong distinctions in fur coloration, texture and durability. Each animal also has different abilities in balance, leaping and hearing. Wild polecats are solitary and territorial, while ferrets are social and share their space with other ferrets or other animals. Currently, researchers are undecided if the differences are due to domestication or taxonomic variance.

Although there are reports of domestic ferrets establishing populations in the wild, there are no scientifically verifiable feral populations in any mainland ecosystem. However, there are feral populations of ferrets in island ecosystems. In any case of feral populations of ferrets, humans introduced and bred them. It is doubtful that these animals descended from domestic ferrets; they are more likely hybrids. Although pet ferrets can escape, hundreds of years of selective breeding for docility and tameness often limit their ability to survive in the wild. Strong Skeletal Structure Polecats and ferrets are strict carnivores and their skeletal structure supports this diet. Starting with their teeth, most of them easily cut meat and some are rooted deep into the skull. Like a shark, polecats don't chew their food; instead, sharp carnassials cut the food into pieces and the polecat then swallows these pieces. Additionally, when grabbing prey, the lower jaw locks into the skull and prevents the jaw from dislocating during biting or from the force of the jaw muscles. The rest of a polecat's skeleton is no exception to this predator's purpose. Powerful neck muscles combined with the long, flat skull give these animals tremendous gripping strength.

A bony covering over their middle ear protects it and actually improves hearing. Long neck vertebrae make it easier to carry prey animals away from the ferret's feet and through tunnels. The long and supple spine allows great flexibility in changing directions while running or turning around in burrows. The spine also serves as a shock absorber during jumping or landing. At the end of their front elbows, there is an extension of bone to make the arms tougher for digging. Lastly, within the tendons that pass over joints, ferrets also usually have two bones for every digit on all four limbs. More bones within the tendons means more surface area on which muscle can attach and results in extremely strong feet. History with Humans Domestic ferrets have a long history with humans. It is incorrectly assumed that the Egyptians domesticated them around 5,000 years ago. Rather, these depictions on hieroglyphs are of the Egyptian mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon). Ferrets were likely first domesticated in the northern Mediterranean region centered around Greece, some 2,500 years ago. It is difficult to find specific references to ferrets in Greek literature, as writers used the same name for ferret as polecat.

Nevertheless, Greek writers both commonly recognized and frequently described either animal. As agriculture and the need for grain storage spread into Europe around 300 B.C., humans needed animals to control rodent infestations. Humans also commonly hunted rabbits for food. Humans chose to domesticate polecats because of their unique ability to easily hunt rabbits and quickly remove rodents from buildings. Given the ferret's natural ability to hunt rodents and the fact that domestic cats had not yet become a popular form of rodent control, the ferret was an obvious choice for domestication. However, as domestic cats became more common, human use of ferrets shifted from protecting grain storage to hunting rabbits. When hunting rabbits, humans put muzzles on the ferrets to prevent them from eating their prey. By the 1200s, ferrets had spread to Germany and England, either through the expansion of the Roman Empire or with the Norman invasions. During Medieval times, more references to humans using ferrets to hunt rabbits appear in literature. Throughout the Age of Discovery, sailors kept ferrets on ships to control rodent populations. It is thought that this led to their introduction into the USA in the 1700s.

By the 1800s, ferrets became more commonly used as pets and royalty often gave them as gifts to visiting heads of state. However, in the early 1900s in the USA, humans imported thousands of ferrets to exterminate vermin that included rabbits, raccoons, gophers, rats and mice. The U.S. Department of Agriculture even promoted the use of ferrets for rodent control in barns, warehouses and granaries. With the advent of chemical control for vermin, ferrets were no longer necessary. In more recent times, humans also bred ferrets to produce fur. In this capacity, the fur or pelt of the animal is called "fitch." Humans use fitch fur to adorn clothing and other items, as well as to make "flies" for fishing. This term (fitch) also has many other meanings: it may apply to an animal that is bred for its fur, a color pattern on ferrets that is similar to European polecats, hybrids of ferrets and polecats, or even European polecats exclusively. Even as late as the 1980s, fitch fur production was widespread; demand has recently decreased.

In the late 1960s, domestic ferrets began to gain in popularity as pets in the USA and around the world. Breeders started to create amazing combinations of fur length and color. Additionally, in recent decades, humans have used domestic ferrets for biomedical research. Laboratory ferrets have many research uses, including studies on toxicology, pharmacology, endocrinology, bacteriology and virology. Elsewhere in the world, humans still use ferrets to hunt and control rabbit populations, or to even transport cables through pipes or tunnels. Location at the Zoo Woodland Park Zoo's ferrets are currently kept off exhibit. Zoo staff use ferrets in various educational programs presented on zoo grounds. Conservation Connection By early 1900s, European polecats were almost eliminated throughout the United Kingdom, except for in Wales. Recent years have seen recovery in wild populations and European polecat populations remain stable on the continent of Europe. Therefore, polecats are neither threatened nor endangered. However, not all species of Mustela are so fortunate; at least two other species are endangered: the European mink (M. lutreola) and the black-footed ferret (M. nigripes).

The black-footed ferret is considered to be the most endangered mammal in North America. It was native to the western United States but as of 1979 was declared extinct in the wild. Fortunately, many zoos have captive breeding programs to reintroduce black-footed ferrets to their native habitat. Introduced populations of ferrets have also been difficult to manage. In the 1860s, humans that colonized New Zealand imported game animals such as rabbits. By the 1870s, with no natural predators, introduced rabbits had destroyed much of the landscape. Humans attempted to control these rabbit populations by releasing both wild polecats and domestic ferrets from 1879 - 1886. As a result, many of these introduced predators bred into a hybrid – the fitch. With no natural predators, fitch populations exploded on the two islands of New Zealand. Current fitch population is estimated at around 1,000,000 animals. Feral fitch colonies contributed to a disastrous decline in and continue to threaten many of the native bird populations, particularly ground nesting and flightless bird species.

Since the onset of this decline, wildlife preservationists in New Zealand have attempted to control fitches through prey avoidance, trapping, poisoning and biological control. Integrated management of these feral populations offers the best hope for reducing their impact on native birds. In comparison, ferrets and polecats introduced into Australia by early British settlers to control non-native rabbit populations had a much smaller impact. In Australia, fitches have many predators, such as dingoes, fox, feral cats and hawks. How You Can Help! The effort to save African mammals requires cooperation and support at the regional, national and international levels. You can help in this cause. Join and become active in a conservation organization of your choice. Don't buy products made from wild animal parts. Contact your elected representatives and express your views about conservation of endangered species and wild habitats. Contact Woodland Park Zoo at webkeeper@zoo.org to find out about ways you can support conservation programs at the zoo. Learn other ways you can help conserve wildlife and the habitats they require for survival by visiting our How You Can Help page. Sources and Suggested Reading Subsp: M. P.

furo Domestic Ferret Fascinating Facts Humans also refer to ferrets as fitches, domestic ferrets, European ferrets, western polecats or European polecats! The Latin names of this species have many meanings: Mustela derives from the term mus (mouse), while putorius is from putor (stench) and furo is from furonem (thief). One could then consider the ferret a "stinky mouse thief"! Breeding female ferrets are called "jills," spayed females are called "sprites," breeding males are called "hobs" and neutered males are "gibs!" In reference to their use on sailing ships to control rodents, the Massachusetts Colonial Navy in 1986 proclaimed the ferret as its official mascot! Many manufacturers of flu vaccines depend upon ferrets to test the effectiveness of their medicine! Toronto Zoo | Domestic ferret Domestic ferret Location at the Zoo: Waterside Theatre Region: Mustela putorius furo Description : The domestic ferret is generally thought to be a descendent of the European polecat (Mustela putorius). It was bred in captivity as early as the fourth century B.C. They have long slender bodies covered in soft fur.

They come in a wide variety of fur colours, which include sable, silver, black sable, albino, dark-eyed white, cinnamon, and chocolate, but the most common colour is sable. They are sexually dimorphic, which means there are obvious physical differences between the sexes. Adult males may be twice as large as adult females, measuring 38 - 40.6 cm in length, and weighing 0.9 - 2.7 kg. Females weigh 0.3 - 1.1 kg and are 33 - 35.5 cm in length. The average tail length is 7.6 to 10 cm. They have short legs and each foot has five non-retractable claws. Distribution : Domestic ferrets are found in captivity in much of the world. Feral populations of domestic ferrets can be found in New Zealand, Australia, USA, Canada, Azores, Sicily, Sardinia, and the Scottish Isles. Habitat : They are kept as pets or as working animals in human habitations. Food : Ferrets require a meat-like diet. Most domestic ferrets are fed manufactured ferret, cat, or dog food.

Reproduction and Development : Males will mate with as many females as they have access to and are ready to breed when they develop a discoloured, yellowish undercoat. This discoloured undercoat is caused by an increase in the oil production of the skin. A female in estrus has a swollen pink vulva, which is due to an increase in estrogen. On some occasions, females will go into lactational estrus, which is when the female goes back into estrous while still lactating for the litter that she just had. Gestation length is about 42 days. Females may have two or three litters per year. Kits are born deaf and have their eyes closed, and they open when they are about five weeks old. They are weaned between three and six weeks of age, but require parental care until they are about eight weeks of age. Females reach sexual maturity at six months of age. Domestic ferrets reach their adult size at one year of age. Adaptations : They are naturally crepuscular, having activity periods during dawn and dusk. They will often sleep 18 - 20 hours per day. Activity will often change depending on when their owner is around to give them attention.

They are playful and fastidious. They will often interact with other pet ferrets, cats, and dogs in a friendly manner. They can be taught tricks and will respond to discipline. Domestic ferrets use a variety of body language. Some of these behaviors are dancing, wrestling, and stalking. They will dance when they are happy and excited, hopping in every direction. Wrestling is a behavior that involves two or more ferrets. They will roll around with each other, biting and kicking, usually in a playful manner. Stalking is sneaking up on a toy or other animal in a low crouched position. Domestic ferrets have an instinct to habitually urinate and defecate in the same places, and therefore can be trained to use a litter box. The metabolism of a domestic ferret is very high and therefore they need to eat about 10 times per day. They also have olfactory imprinting, which means that whatever is fed to them for the first six months of their life is what they will recognize as food in the future. Threats to Survival : As pets, they can live from 6 - 10 years.

There are a few diseases and disorders that can shorten the life of domestic ferrets if not treated. Some of these diseases and disorders include: canine distemper, feline distemper, rabies, parasites, bone marrow suppression, insulinoma, adrenal gland disease, diarrhea, colds, flus, ringworm, heat stroke, urinary stones, and cardiomyopathy. American Ferret Association: Frequently Asked Questions Mustela nigripes 3. What is the proper terminology for ferrets by gender and age? Male ferrets are known as "hobs." Female ferrets are referred to as "jills." Baby ferrets are "kits," and a group of ferrets is known as a "business." 4. Where did the ferret originate? Although the European polecat (Mustela putorius) is thought to be its primary ancestor, other species likely contributed to the lineage of the modern pet ferret, including the Steppe polecat (Mustela eversmanii) of Central and Eastern Europe, and Central Asia. Ferret - human interactions are documented throughout world history.

Ferrets were mentioned as early as 450 BCE by the Greek playwright, Aristophanes, who drew similarities between the Achaeans (one classical name for the Greeks) to ferrets in their abilities as thieves. Some historians also believe ferrets were being kept by ancient Egyptians as pets before cats became popular. There is also a possible mention of ferrets in an older version of the King James Bible. However, since the word for ferret has historically been difficult to translate, it is not conclusive that this mention is truly a ferret as some have deciphered the reference as weasel or even lizard! The first universally accepted reference to the ferret was in 63 BCE by a Greek historian named Strabo. Strabo stated that the ferret was bred in captivity in Libya and used for hunting rabbits. "It [Libya] also produces ferrets, equal in size to cats, and like them, except that their noses project further..." (The Geography of Strabo, 17. 3. 4-5) By 600 AD the ferret had made it to Spain to hunt rabbits.

As cultures spread throughout the Mediterranean and into Europe, they adopted the rabbit as a protein source, and so the ferret accompanied them as the hunter. Multiple references to use of ferrets in hunting and for rodent control are noted after the 13th century throughout Europe. Their arrival in the New World occurred when explorers and colonists brought them along as mousers in their ships. Women Hunting Rabbits with a Ferret From the Queen Mary Psalter, 1316-1321 (British Library, MS Royal 2. B. VII) 5. Do ferrets make good pets? Yes! Ferrets combine the best features of dogs and cats with some unique features of their own. Like cats, ferrets are small and quiet. Like dogs, they are affectionate, playful, and enjoy human interaction. They are independent, yet enjoy being with people. Their mischievous and playful nature, retained well into old age, makes them entertaining companions. 6. How intelligent is a ferret? Ferrets will surprise and delight you with what they can do and learn. They recognize their name, respond to verbal and visual commands, and can even learn to do tricks.

Ferrets can also be litter-box trained. The behaviors you want to see in your ferret can best be achieved by training using praise or appropriate treats (see below). 7. Do ferrets bite? A healthy, well-trained ferret should not bite. Like all pets, ferrets need to be taught what acceptable behavior is. Ferrets have a lower bite rate than other household pets - you are less likely to be bit by a ferret than by the family dog. 8. What should a ferret eat? A balanced diet and proper nutrition will lead your ferret to a long, active, and healthy life. Ferrets are strict carnivores; they require diets based on highly digestible animal (meat) protein with little to no carbohydrates. If you choose to feed dry food, choose high quality ferret or cat/kitten foods sold by pet shops, feed stores, and veterinarians with at least 36% protein, that is moderate in fats (approximately 20%) and low in carbohydrates. If feeding a dry food, ferrets must have access to food at all times. Because ferrets generally eat only to caloric need, this means that they will not gorge themselves simply because food is available.

Ferrets have short digestive tracts and fast metabolisms which dictate that they must eat often. Ferrets may also eat natural raw and whole prey diets. Raw diets (also called frankenprey or prey-model) consist of meats, bones, and organs offered in proper proportions. Many commercial brands now make balanced raw diets sold at pet stores, which can be a great addition to a raw feeding schedule. Whole prey diets rely on feeding frozen mice, chicks, etc, much like one would feed a reptile. When feeding raw or whole prey, food does not need to be left available at all times. Whether these are your whole feeding regimen or part of it - they are a valid regimen and many owners and breeders are recognizing the benefits. Ferrets imprint on their food during the first year of life so they should eat a mix of kibble and meats so they become accustomed to different flavors. This becomes especially important during illness, as fussy eaters are difficult to feed. Because of this, many owners recommend feeding a soupy mixture as a treat frequently, and to keep it on hand in case illness strikes.

Most people refer to this as "duck soup" and there are many recipes out there, usually involving kibble soaked in water, baby food, oils, kitten replacer milk, goat�s milk or a variety of other supplements. When deciding on changing your ferret's diet, make sure to do the proper research and consult with your veterinarian. 9. What foods should I not feed my ferret? Ferrets should not eat sugary cereal, peanut butter, grains, corn, rice, carbohydrates, raisins, bananas, other fruits, vegetables, dairy products, chocolate, other sweets, or any food with sugar. All of these items are loaded with complex carbohydrates and a ferret's strictly carnivorous digestive tract cannot process these foods. Diets high in carbohydrates may lead to intestinal problems and some types of cancer. 10. What are the best treats to feed a ferret? Ferrets are obligate carnivores, meaning they must eat animal protein to survive. For this reason, the best treats to feed a ferret are meat-based. Most store-bought treats are not healthy for ferrets, even many that are labeled especially for ferrets!

Acceptable food treats include a small amount of Gerber� or Beech Nut� chicken, beef, or turkey baby food (with no vegetables or starches; gravy is okay), cooked chicken breast (or other cooked meats), and freeze-dried 100% meat products. Table scraps are not an acceptable treat, nor are meats cured with salt, such as many jerkies. 11. Are ferrets nocturnal? Ferrets are not nocturnal. They sleep an average of 18 hours per day, but will adjust their schedule to yours and be eager to play when you are. 12. Do ferrets have an odor? Ferrets naturally have a light, musky odor. This odor is greatly minimized when the animal is spayed or neutered. Ferrets also have scent glands which release scent as a defense. These glands can be surgically removed, but it is not recommended unless medically necessary and will not reduce a ferret's natural scent. Frequent bathing is discouraged as it removes oils that protect the ferret's fur. This causes an over-production of oil, which may increase the ferret's natural odor.

Baths may be given no more than once per month and as infrequent as every few months. Be sure to use a very mild shampoo, like one manufactured especially for ferrets. Regular ear cleaning may also help with a ferret�s odor. Overall, clean bedding and a healthy diet are the best ways to minimize a ferret's odor. 13. Are ferrets cage animals? For their protection, ferrets should be kept in a ferret-proofed area of the home or in a large, well-ventilated cage when not under human supervision. However, ferrets should never be confined for an extended period of time. They need exercise, affection, and human companionship to remain happy and healthy. Ferrets need a MINIMUM of 4 hours per day out of their cage, at least 2 of which should include human interaction. A ferret�s cage and play areas should include plenty of soft bedding, safe toys, and litter boxes filled with paper-based or wood-based pellet form litter. The ferret's living space should be temperature controlled, with the temperature kept in their comfort range of between 50 and 80 degrees Fahrenheit. Ferrets cannot tolerate temperatures above 85 degrees Fahrenheit. 14.

Do ferrets get along with other pets? A ferret's playful and curious nature makes it a natural companion to most larger house pets. Introductions should be made with caution, however, and proper supervision is a must. Dogs with a strong prey drive should not be introduced to ferrets. It is not recommended that ferrets be introduced to birds, rabbits, rodents (this includes hamsters, gerbils, and guinea pigs), or reptiles. 15. What health care does a ferret require? An annual visit to a ferret-knowledgeable veterinarian helps to identify potential problems early. This yearly visit should include a careful physical exam, inspection of the ears for mites, and inspection of the teeth. Dental cleanings should be performed as necessary. Ferrets should be immunized for rabies and canine distemper using only vaccines approved for use in ferrets. A test for Aleutian Disease Virus should be done at least once a year to ensure that your ferret is not carrying this highly contagious and potentially fatal disease. 16. What diseases can ferrets get? Ferrets are susceptible to canine distemper and Aleutian Disease Virus.

In addition, they can come down with flu-like symptoms or respiratory illnesses, similar to the "common cold," which can be transmitted by human companions. It is important to handle a ferret with extreme caution should you become ill. Most commonly seen are diseases of the adrenal glands and pancreas. Signs of an adrenal gland disorder include hair loss, muscle atrophy, urinary blockage in males, and enlarged vulva in females. Pancreatic diseases in the ferret include insulinoma, tumors on the pancreas that cause over secretion of insulin and abnormal blood sugar levels. Signs of pancreatic disease include lethargy, nausea, and seizures. One other disease seen in ferrets is lymphoma, cancers of the lymph system. Signs of lymphoma include weight loss, enlarged spleen, difficulty breathing and lethargy. Veterinary treatment of these diseases can keep a ferret happy and playful and extend their life expectancy. Any digestive problem (changes in bowel routine, extreme weight gain or loss, vomiting) a ferret experiences is potentially serious. The best way to prevent these problems is to keep the ferret in an environment that is clean and free of dangerous objects.

Foam packaging peanuts, rubber chew toys, erasers, shoes, rubber bands, latex, or plastic items should be kept away from the ferret. 17. Can ferrets get fleas? Ferrets exposed to the outdoors or other outdoor pets can acquire fleas. Consult an experienced veterinarian prior to use of any flea product, as ferrets are very sensitive to many pesticides. Ferrets are also at risk for heartworm which is carried by mosquitoes. Ask your veterinarian for a recommendation of a ferret-safe heartworm preventative, if needed. 18. What about ferrets and children? Children and ferrets can be wonderful playmates. A child should be taught how to hold and care for a ferret through plenty of modeling by adults in the household and then lots of practice. It should be emphasized that ferrets must be kept in their safe, ferret-proofed surroundings, are happiest playing with their own toys and should never be fed inappropriate treats like candy. Small children should never be left unsupervised with any animal, no matter how trusted the pet. 19. How long do ferrets live? A healthy ferret can live anywhere from 6 to 10 years.

The best way to maintain a healthy ferret is to be certain to take your ferret for vaccinations and annual vet check-ups. 20. What grooming is required? Proper grooming and maintenance are vital for a happy, healthy ferret. Ferrets are naturally clean animals and will groom themselves often. They will shed their fur twice a year and should be combed during these times to remove loose fur. Baths can be given if necessary, but are not recommended more than a few times a year. An experienced ferret veterinarian can demonstrate proper grooming techniques. Using these techniques, a ferret's nails should be trimmed every two weeks. Ears should be checked for wax buildup or mites at the same time. Teeth should be brushed at least once a month with ferret toothpaste and a soft small pet toothbrush. They should be checked for tartar buildup at this time and cleaned by a veterinarian as needed. 21. Should a ferret be altered? It is strongly recommended that pet ferrets be altered by 7 to 9 months of age for females and 6 to 8 months for males.

Females (known as jills) may go into heat as early as 5 months of age and no later than 7 - 9 months of age. If the jill is not bred or given a hormone shot, the resulting condition is often fatal. Males (known as hobs) that are not neutered produce a strong odor that many people find unpleasant. Ideally, a hob should reach full growth (6 to 8 months of age) before being neutered. 22. What about rabies and distemper? On February 7, 1990, the U.S.D.A. licensed the first rabies vaccine for use in ferrets. This vaccine is known as IMRAB-3 and is a killed virus vaccine also approved for use in dogs and cats. Ferrets should also be vaccinated with an approved vaccine to prevent canine distemper. No part of this web site may be produced, reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means -- electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise -- without the written permission of the copyright owner.

American Ferret Association, Inc., the American Ferret Association logo, and the phrase "Ferret Expo" are registered trademarks of the American Ferret Association, Inc. Ferrets - our pets Ferrets Ferrets Ferrets have an inquisitive nature and display a variety of playful behaviours. If well handled by people from a young age, ferrets can become socialized and learn to see humans as companions. They can form a strong bond with their owners. If well taken care of, healthy ferrets can live up to 10 years of age. However, their average lifespan is approximately 6 years. Find ferrets available for rehoming on our find a pet page. Your duty to care Owning and caring for a ferret can be great fun and very rewarding, but it can also be quite challenging and is a big responsibility and long-term commitment. If you own or are responsible for a ferret, even on a temporary basis, you are required under the Animal Welfare Act to care for him/her properly. Understanding ferrets’ needs Ferrets are domesticated animals. Their most likely wild ancestors are the European polecat and the Steppe polecat.

Since no wild counterpart exists, we are still learning about the ferret’s natural needs, habitat and behaviours. There is no one “perfect” way to care for ferrets because every ferret and every situation is different. It is up to you how you look after your ferret, but you must take reasonable steps to ensure that you meet all of their needs. Read our expert reviewed pet care information to find out more about the needs of ferrets: Environment , Diet , Behaviour , Company and Health and welfare . Ferret factfile Ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) belong to the carnivore family of the Mustelidae. Despite their rather misunderstood nature, they have recently become very popular pets for their charming and cheeky characters. Why not view our full Ferret factfile (PDF 44KB) Ferrets enjoy exploring Ferrets are very curious and will test out most items with their mouths. Ferrets are sociable Domestic ferrets are sociable and usually enjoy living in groups, although this does depend on the individual animals. Ferrets like sleeping A healthy ferret may sleep between 18 and 20 hours a day.

Ferrets use a range of methods to communicate As well as using smell to hunt, ferrets use scent to communicate with each other. Ferrets also use postures and vocalisations to indicate how they’re feeling. Relevant documents Ferret Care Facts Guide stockcam / Getty Images Updated October 13, 2016. Ferrets are playful and they are very entertaining to watch. They are also smart and very curious, and thus require training and lots of interaction with people to bond with them. Characteristics Ferrets live about six to eight years on average, though sometimes up to 11 or 12. They tend to sleep a large part of the day, usually around 18 hours, and are active at dawn and dusk. However, they usually adapt their sleeping and active times to the fit the schedules of their owners. Males tend to be larger than females in length and weight. Females are 13-14 inches long and weigh anywhere from 0.75 to 2.5 lbs, whereas males are on average 15-16 inches long and weigh 2-3.5 lbs if neutered and are even larger (4 or more lbs) if not neutered.

Females ferrets are called jills, and males are hobs. Baby ferrets are called kits. In North America, spayed females are sometimes called sprites and neutered males called gibs. A group of ferrets is a "business of ferrets." Most ferrets obtained in North America are spayed or neutered and descented at a very young age before being sold. Are Ferrets Domestic Animals? There are often misconceptions and debate about whether ferrets are domesticated, and the short answer is they are. They have been domesticated for probably 2000 years or more, and were brought to America as pets as long as 300 years ago. Nevertheless, in many places they are still not recognized as a domestic animal for the purposes of laws pertaining to animals kept in captivity. The domestic ferret is sometimes also confused with its wild cousin, the black footed ferret. Ferrets and Odor Ferrets have an undeserved reputation of being smelly. It is true that they have a distinctly musky odor, but it is neither offensive nor overpowering. This smell comes from their skin glands and is present whether the ferret is descented or not.

While occasional baths are recommended, frequent bathing will not reduce the scent, and will likely make it worse as the skin will get too dry and the glands will produce more oils in an effort to combat the dryness. Ferrets are usually descented in North America, which involved removal of the scent glands. Their scent glands similar to that of a skunk, and they will release (not spray) the contents if threatened. However, ferret scent gland secretions are milder than those from skunks and the smell dissipates quickly and washes away easily. The routine removal of scent glands, which is most commonly done in North America, is now being questioned since the musky odor of ferrets is not due to the scent glands and discharge of their scent glands is not a big problem. Fun Facts About Ferrets The name ferret is derived from the latin furonem, which means "thief." Ferret owners can attest that this is a well deserved name, as they will happily steal anything they can get their paws on and hide it in their house.

Ferrets come from the same family ("Mustelidae") as badgers, wolverines, otters, mink, weasels, black footed ferrets and polecats. The distant ancestry of the domestic ferret is somewhat of a mystery, although they are very closely related to the European polecat. The scientific name for ferrets is a somewhat controversial topic -- Mustela putorius furo is traditionally used, although recent scientific evidence has suggested they should have a name of their own, Mustela furo. Ferrets have relatively poor eyesight but a keen sense of smell and hearing. Ferret owners have a variety of fun nicknames for ferrets: ferts, fuzzies, carpet sharks, furballs, and more!

Question: The Ferret is a domesticated variety of which animal?
Answer: Polecat