History of Kenilworth Castle | English Heritage Things to see and do History of Kenilworth Castle Kenilworth is one of England’s most magnificent castles. First built in the 1120s and a royal castle for most of its history, it was expanded by King John, John of Gaunt and Henry V. In 1563 Elizabeth I granted it to Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, who converted Kenilworth into a lavish palace. The castle’s fortifications were dismantled in 1650, and the ruins later became famous thanks in part to Walter Scott’s 1821 romance Kenilworth. The First Castle at Kenilworth Geoffrey de Clinton’s great tower, with original Norman round-headed windows on the ground floor, and Elizabethan windows inserted into 12th-century apertures on the first floor Henry I (reigned 1100–35) granted land from his manor of Stoneleigh to his chamberlain and treasurer, Geoffrey de Clinton (d.1133), in about 1120, seemingly to counter the influence of his neighbour the Earl of Warwick.

[1] De Clinton retained the southern part of the land for a castle, park and mere; the sandstone keep dates to the 1120s. [2] He assigned the northern part to an Augustinian priory he founded there in about 1124; its canons were given permission to fish in the mere and graze their livestock in the park. [3] Only a generation later this strategically important castle was in royal hands. Henry II (r.1154–89) garrisoned it against his rebellious sons in 1173–4, acquiring it outright in the 1180s. [4] Kenilworth Castle from the south, looking across the site of the mere to the outer curtain wall and the ruins of Leicester’s Building Royal Ownership and the Siege of 1266 In the early 13th century, King John (r.1199–1216) spent the considerable sum of about £1,100 strengthening Kenilworth with curtain walls and towers, and improving it with work on a dam and possibly the domestic accommodation.

[5] In 1253, John’s successor, Henry III (r.1216–72), gave Kenilworth to his sister Eleanor and her powerful husband, Simon de Monfort, 6th Earl of Leicester. The outwork known as the Brays may have been created at this time. The reformist de Montfort fell at the Battle of Evesham in 1265, but his son, Simon the younger, subsequently held Kenilworth against the king through an extraordinary six-month siege – the longest in English medieval history. The garrison eventually surrendered to the king on 13 December 1266. Read more about the siege of Kenilworth The House of Lancaster The Water Tower overlooked the lower pool of the mere, and was probably built by Thomas of Lancaster in the early 14th century to provide additional accommodation for his retainers Immediately after the surrender, Henry III gave de Montfort’s castle, land and titles to his second son, Prince Edmund (1245–96), who had been a commander during the siege. Edmund subsequently became the 1st Earl of Lancaster, and accumulated the vast collection of lands that would form the duchy.

Kenilworth remained in the hands of this branch of the royal family for a century. In 1303 Edmund’s son Thomas (d.1322), the 2nd Earl, acquired rights that allowed him to enclose a vast hunting park south and west of the mere. He also had a chapel built between 1314 and 1322. [6] Estranged from his first cousin Edward II (r.1307–27) early in the century, Thomas was in outright rebellion against him by the 1320s. After his capture and execution in 1322, Kenilworth was briefly back in royal hands. Yet it was here only four years later that Edward was held prisoner by Thomas’s brother Henry (1326–45), 3rd Earl of Lancaster, and forced to relinquish the throne. [7] John of Gaunt's great hall, built between 1373 and 1380.

The hall itself was on the first floor, entered through the arch on the left John of Gaunt’s Works Ownership of Kenilworth came to John of Gaunt (1340–99), fourth son of Edward III (r.1327–77), following his marriage in 1359 to the Lancastrian heiress, Blanche (d.1368). Immediately after his second marriage, in 1371, to the daughter of the king of Castile and León, and his assumption of his father-in-law’s titles, Gaunt started rebuilding Kenilworth on a truly regal scale. The works lasted two decades and involved construction of the magnificent great hall, together with remodelled apartments, services and kitchens. Gaunt also enclosed the garden and carried out works on the bridges and the park. [8] The names of several of his masons and surveyors are known; some had worked on the rebuilding of Windsor Castle instigated by Edward III.

A reconstruction of Kenilworth Castle as it might have appeared in about 1420, showing John of Gaunt's work © Historic England (illustration by Peter Urmston) Kenilworth in the 15th and 16th Centuries When Gaunt’s son became Henry IV in 1399, Kenilworth was brought into the Crown estate, where it would remain for 150 years. Throughout the 15th century, the castle was a favoured residence of the Lancastrian kings, who were drawn here by the excellent hunting. Henry V (r.1413–22) created the moated pavilion at the western end of the mere known as the Pleasance. Works undertaken during this period were mainly repairs. [9] The Tudor kings continued to use the castle. Henry VII (r.1485–1509) built a tennis court, and Henry VIII (r.1509–47) dismantled a ‘banqueting house’ at the Pleasance, re-erected it within the castle, and built a timber structure closing the inner ward to the east.

One surveyor felt that if the latter were rebuilt in sandstone, Kenilworth ‘wold be then the best pporcyoned olde buyldyng for the quantyte wtin yngland’. [10] John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland (1551–3), de facto regent in the later years of Edward VI’s reign, was granted Kenilworth in 1553. It was Dudley who had the existing stables built, before his execution later that year. [11] Reconstruction of Kenilworth as it may have appeared in 1575, after the Earl of Leicester’s works © Historic England (illustration by Peter Urmston) Robert Dudley and Elizabeth I In 1563, Elizabeth I (r.1558–1603) granted Kenilworth to her childhood friend and favourite, Robert Dudley, John’s son and soon to be Earl of Leicester. She visited four times during ‘progresses’ through her realm – her visit in the summer of 1575 was the longest she made to any courtier during her reign – and Dudley’s embellishments to the castle and its setting were doubtless intended to impress her.

His changes to the landscape were certainly ambitious. On rising ground north of the mere acquired from the former priory he created the chase, an enclosed hunting park of some 320 hectares (800 acres) with dramatic views. [12] Leicester’s Gatehouse, a handsome building of 1571–2, gave access to it from the castle, and an impressive bridge, 183 metres (600 feet) long, carried hunting parties to it over the mere. [13] Within the castle’s inner court, Leicester also erected the four-storey tower block known as Leicester’s Building, which was designed specifically for the queen’s use in 1572 and improved for her next visit in 1575. [14] He also embellished the park with bowers, arbours, seats and walks, and laid out a privy garden for the queen’s 1575 visit. Robert Langham, an official in Leicester’s household who was allowed into the garden during the queen’s absence on a hunt, described it in great detail, and the accuracy of his account is borne out by archaeological evidence.

Kenilworth Castle as it appeared in 1620, in a 19th-century copy of a lost 17th-century wall-painting at Newnham Paddox House, Warwickshire. It shows the castle with its mere and pools before the dismantling of 1650 Kenilworth after the Dudleys Almost two decades after Leicester’s death in 1588, Kenilworth was sequestered by the Crown after his son, Sir Robert Dudley, refused to comply when James I (r.1603–25) ordered him to return from the Continent. Four years later the heir to the throne, Henry, Prince of Wales, bought the castle and its estates, a purchase that reflects the importance attached to the castle by the early Stuart monarchy. The future Charles I inherited Kenilworth following his brother’s death in 1612, and used it occasionally, before granting custody to his retainer, Robert Carey, Earl of Monmouth, in 1626. [15] Kenilworth was taken by the Parliamentarian army in the opening month of the Civil War, August 1642, although it saw no substantial action.

In 1649, anxious to avoid the cost of maintaining a garrison, the new regime ordered that it be made ‘untenable’, [16] so the north wall of the keep was destroyed and the outer curtain wall beyond breached. Leicester’s Gatehouse, which was converted into a house after the Civil War Towards Ruination After the Civil War, Colonel Joseph Hawkesworth bought the castle and estate (as well as Carey’s interest in them) on behalf of a group of Parliamentary soldiers. He retained the castle and divided the estate among his comrades. In the years that followed, the mere was drained, trees were felled, and interiors stripped out and sold. [17] Only Leicester’s Gatehouse remained in use, converted to a house, apparently for Hawkesworth. [18] According to one Mr Fortescue, writing in the 1660s, the castle at that time was ‘utterly demolished’, apart from some ruins that were testimony to a ‘most stately and magnificent fabric’. [19] Kenilworth became Castle Farm, whose tenant farmers inhabited Hawkesworth’s former home.

[20] In 1665 Charles II granted Kenilworth to Laurence Hyde, 2nd Earl of Clarendon, in whose family’s hands it remained until the 20th century. [21] A photograph of the great hall at Kenilworth before the ivy was removed in the 1860s © Historic England Archive From Romantic Ruin to Historic Monument Despite changing fortunes, Kenilworth has long been a tourist attraction. Curious travellers came even before the Civil War, and by the 1770s visitor numbers were sufficient to warrant production of a guidebook. The Prince Regent himself came in 1819. [22] The mauled majesty of the ruins – its stonework depleted first for road-building and later for aesthetic effect [23] – appealed to Romantic visitors’ sense of the picturesque. The castle achieved international fame with the publication in 1821 of Sir Walter Scott’s Kenilworth, a tragic novel revolving around Queen Elizabeth, Robert Dudley and his wife, Amy.

In 1937 the car manufacturer Sir John Siddeley bought the castle from George Villiers, 6th Earl of Clarendon, and put it in the hands of the Ministry of Works with a substantial sum of money to fund repairs. The castle became a full-time visitor attraction. In 1958, Siddeley’s son gave the freehold to Kenilworth Town Council. [24] The 20th century witnessed repairs and works to enhance public access, including the opening of the Brays and causeway as the main visitor entrance in about 1960, the repair and opening of the gatehouse in 2006, [25] the recreation of the Elizabethan garden in 2009, and the installation of viewing platforms in Leicester’s Building in 2014. About the Author Anna Keay, Director of the Landmark Trust and formerly Curatorial Director at English Heritage, led the team that recreated the Elizabethan gardens at Kenilworth Castle in 2009.

The great tower of Kenilworth Castle, seen from across the recreated Elizabethan garden READ MORE ABOUT KENILWORTH CASTLE Kenilworth Castle, Warwickshire | History & Photos HERITAGE HIGHLIGHTS: Edward II was abducted here Kenilworth Castle Kenilworth Castle was begun by Geoffrey de Clinton, Chamberlain to Henry I, in about 1125. Quite why Sir Geoffrey chose this obscure village location in Warwickshire for his fortress is anybody's guess. He constructed a strong central keep, with walls 20 feet thick, surrounded by a ditch and an outer earthen embankment. Then de Clinton dammed two streams to create a large lake which fed a moat. Between the lake and the moat, Kenilworth was ringed with water on all sides. Geoffrey de Clinton's 12th century keep Geoffrey de Clinton also founded nearby Kenilworth Abbey, an Augustinian priory that once owned more churches than any other house in England. De Clinton lavished money on his new creation at Kenilworth, and in the process made Kenilworth a little TOO powerful. In 1173 Henry II decided that he wanted Kenilworth for himself and confiscated the castle.

In 1182 the de Clinton family were compensated for their loss with a much smaller property in Buckinghamshire. After Simon de Montfort's rebellion in 1266 the castle was briefly held by his son. Henry III besieged Kenilworth for six months, and the garrison only surrendered when it was decimated by disease and starvation and there were no longer enough healthy men to fight. Kenilworth was used for tournaments throughout the medieval period, being one of only 5 licensed venues in England. The area of the tiltyard where the jousting took place still exists in the castle grounds. The Elizabethan gatehouse Over the years a succession of royal owners added to the castle. In the early 13th century King John built a curtain wall and towers. In the late 14th century, John of Gaunt (Duke of Lancaster and son of Edward III ) built a lavish Great Hall, used for lodging, meals, and entertainment. At the time, Gaunt's hall had the widest roof span in England. Later still, Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester and favourite of Elizabeth I, added the large residential block now known as the Leicester Building, overlooking the lake.

When Elizabeth visited here in 1575, Dudley spared no expense to entertain her. He spent 60,000 pounds, an enormous sum in those days, on elaborate celebrations. The queen was welcomed by the "Lady of the Lake", floating on an artificial island in the middle of the waters surrounding the castle. This royal visit formed the basis of Shakespeare's play, "A Midsummernight's Dream", and the novel "Kenilworth", by Sir Walter Scott. The recreated Elizabethan garden After the Civil War, Oliver Cromwell ordered the moat drained and part of the walls destroyed so that Kenilworth could no longer be used as a military strongpoint. Today only the Leicester Gatehouse is habitable, and the rest of the castle is a glorious ruin, though thoroughly accessible to visitors. English Heritage took over operation of the castle in 1974, and under their auspices the fine Tudor stable block was restored to house exhibitions on the castle and its history.

The Elizabethan gatehouse was restored and now is home to a display on Robert Dudley and his relationship with Elizabeth I, including portraits of both, sculptures, and an early edition of Sir Walter Scott 's novel, Kenilworth, with a hand-written letter by the author. The centrepiece of the castle experience is a carefully restored Elizabethan garden. The garden takes as its inspiration a record of the entertainment prepared by Robert Dudley for Elizabeth I in 1575. An eye-witness to the event recorded his impressions in exacting detail, including a description of the garden. English Heritage has meticulously recreated the 16th century garden, with a Renaissance fountain of white marble at the centre, surrounded by geometrically designed garden areas set off by low box hedges and an aviary at one side. Our family has visited Kenilworth several times, and each time I come away awed at the sheer scale of the castle and its defences. This surely was one of the most impressive fortresses in England in its Tudor heyday, and even in a partially ruined state it is amazing. Kenilworth is open all year and is one of English Heritage's flagship properties.

About Kenilworth Castle Kenilworth Castle - Neolithicsea.co.uk From The Neolithic To The Sea: A Journey From The Past To The Present Kenilworth Castle 52° 20′ 47.19″ N 1° 35′ 23.21″ W SP2794172162 View Keniworth Castle in a larger map History Gallery Gallery Kenilworth Castle is a Norman castle located in Kenilworth, Warwickshire. It is a Grade I listed building, in the care of English Heritage, open to the public. The castle was founded in 1120 by Geoffrey de Clinton, it was originally a motte and bailey castle but the motte was soon converted into stone, now known as the great tower. It was then enlarged in the 1200's by King John, he also created a moat which incorporated large lakes at vulnerable points. These were tested in 1266 when the castle was attacked and laid siege for six months during the War of the Roses. Late in the 14th century, John of Gaunt changed the mediaeval castle into a palace fortress in the perpendicular style.

The castle was expanded again in the mid 1500's by the Earl of Leicester, constructing new Tudor style buildings which held a lavish reception for Queen Elizabeth I. During the civil war in 1649, Parliamentary forces slighted the castle so it could not be used by the Royalists. In the 1800's the castle became a tourist destination, visitors would carve their names in the stone. In 1826 Sir Walter Scott made the castle famous because of his novel, Kenilworth, The castle is now in the care of English Heritage. Sources for Kenilworth Castle | English Heritage Things to see and do Sources for Kenilworth Castle The following lists provide a summary of the material, visual and written sources for our knowledge and understanding of Kenilworth Castle. Engraving of the east view of Kenilworth Castle in 1729, by Samuel and Nathaniel Buck Primary Written Sources Medieval The works to the castle executed by the Angevin kings feature in the Pipe Rolls for the reigns of Henry II to Henry III.

The originals of these documents are in The National Archives (TNA) as E372, but the transcripts were published by the Pipe Roll Society and many are available online. Primary records of John of Gaunt’s work for the years 1371–5 and 1379–87 are in TNA (DL42/13 and DL42/14).

The Camden Society published two spans, the first of which is available online: Armitage-Smith, S (ed), John of Gaunt’s Register , vol 1, Camden Society, 3rd series, 20 (London, 1911) [covering mainly 1371–3; accessed 6 August 2014] Armitage-Smith, S (ed), John of Gaunt’s Register , vol 2, Camden Society, 3rd series, 21 (London, 1911) [covering mainly 1373–5; accessed 6 August 2014] Lodge, EC (ed), John of Gaunt’s Register, 1379–1383, 2 vols, Camden Society, 56, 57 (London, 1937). The annual receivers’ accounts for the lordship of Kenilworth, running from the later 14th century to the mid-16th century, can be found in TNA (DL 29/463/7539–7603).

Selections from these were published in Harvey, JH, ‘ Side-lights on Kenilworth Castle ’, Archaeological Journal, 101 (1944), 91–107 [accessed 9 August 2014]. Two important mid 16th-century surveys of the castle give a detailed picture of its appearance before the Earl of Leicester’s work: the survey of Kenilworth Castle and Abbey of c 1545 (TNA, SC12/16/22) the survey of c 1563 (National Library of Wales, Chirk MS F 13310); see Molyneux, NAD, ‘ Kenilworth Castle in 1563 ’, English Heritage Historical Review, 3 (2008), 46–61 [subscription required; accessed 6 August 2014]. Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester Important material for the 16th and 17th centuries can be found throughout the State Papers in TNA (the document reference numbers beginning with SP).

Complete scans are now available online [subscription required; accessed 6 August 2014], while the printed calendars can be found on British History Online [accessed 6 August 2014]. A range of surveys survive of the castle and its contents in Dudley's day, including: the survey of the manor and castle of Kenilworth made for the Earl of Leicester, September 1581 (TNA, LR2/185, fols 28r–50r) the earl’s inventory of the castle in the British Library (BL) (Add MS 78176, fols 28r–45v), has been published in Goldring, E, ‘ The Earl of Leicester’s inventory of Kenilworth Castle, c.1578 ’, English Heritage Historical Review, 2 (2007), 36–59 [subscription required; accessed 9 August 2014].

A wealth of primary material relating to Dudley’s household has been published in Adams, S, The Household Accounts and Disbursement Books of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, 1558–1561, 1584–1586, Camden Society, 5th series, 6 (Cambridge, 1995). The Kenilworth Game Book, listing the deer in Leicester’s parks in the 1560s and 1570s and giving valuable information about who hunted there, is in the Centre for Kentish Studies (U1475/E93). Robert Langham’s description of the queen’s visit of 1575 has been published in numerous editions. The most recent scholarly edition is Kuin, RJP (ed), Robert Langham: A Letter (Leiden, 1993). The 17th Century and Beyond Several surveys of the castle were made in the first decade of the 17th century in connection with its sequestration by the Crown and subsequent purchase by Henry, Prince of Wales. A pair of surveys, one in TNA (SP14/48, no.

26) and one in the BL (Cotton MS Tiberius E VIII, fols 212–213v) valued the castle and its lands in 1609, while another BL document of c 1610 gives an assessment of its suitability for royal use (Cotton Vespasian F. IX, fol 271). Parliamentary surveys of the castle and its lands of 1651 are to be found in TNA (E317/WARW/17–21). The Hawkesworth papers, documenting the sale of the castle in 1650–51, are in a private collection. Extracts are printed in Carey-Hill, E, ‘The Hawkesworth Papers, 1601–60’, Transactions of the Birmingham and Warwickshire Archaeological Society, 54 (for 1929–30). A variety of documents, especially relating to the castle in the 17th century and later, is to be found in the Warwickshire Record Office (WRO).

Important among these are the papers of the late 17th-century vicar of Kenilworth William Best (WRO, CR31/55) and James Fish’s 1692 estate survey (WRO, CR0143A). The history of the castle in the 20th century, especially after it came into state ownership in 1937, can be traced through the WORK 14 series in TNA, and further relevant material found in the English Heritage Archives. A wide range of other material in record offices around England can be found by searching Access to Archives [accessed 6 August 2014]. Other Printed Primary Sources Gascoigne, G, The Glasse of Governement: A tragicall Comedie so entituled, bycause therein are handled aswell the rewardes for Vertues, as also the punishment for Vices (London, 1575) Nichols, J, The Progresses and Public Processions of Queen Elizabeth, 4 vols (London, 1823) Archaeological Sources Most of the material from the 20th-century archaeological investigations and the related site archives can be found in the English Heritage collections store.

A number of architectural fragments from the castle can be seen incorporated in the buildings of Castle Green and around the church of St Nicholas at Kenilworth. Recent work has identified a wide range of objects once at Kenilworth belonging to Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, a number of which survive. See: Goldring, E, ‘ The Earl of Leicester’s inventory of Kenilworth Castle, c.1578 ’, English Heritage Historical Review, 2 (2007), 36–59 [subscription required; accessed 9 August 2014] Goldring, E, ‘Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I and the Earl of Leicester for Kenilworth Castle’, Burlington Magazine, 147 (2005), 654–60. Visual Sources Kenilworth Castle from the east, a lost fresco from Newnham Paddox, 1620, surviving in a later copy, an oil painting in the collection of English Heritage.

An engraving of the same fresco is held in Birmingham Libraries and Archives; both are reproduced in Molyneux, NAD, ‘ Kenilworth Castle in 1563 ’, English Heritage Historical Review, 3 (2008), 46–61 [subscription required; accessed 6 August 2014].

Plan of the castle , 1656, in Dugdale, W, The Antiquities of Warwickshire Illustrated: From Records, Leiger-Books, Manuscripts, Charters, Evidences, Tombes, and Armes: Beautified With Maps, Prospects and Portraictures (London, 1656), 160 [accessed 9 August 2014] Three views of Kenilworth , 1656, in Dugdale’s The Antiquities of Warwickshire, opposite 168 [accessed 9 August 2014] Plan of Kenilworth estate, 1692, by James Fish (WRO, CR0143A) Samuel and Nathaniel Buck, View from the east, 1729, in Views of Ruins of Castles & Abbeys in England, Part 2 (1726–39) [see above] JMW Turner, View from the south , 1830, Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco.

Printed Secondary Sources Bevan, B, ‘“Great Cheer and Pleazaunt Pastime”: Elizabeth I’s progress to Kenilworth’, Country Life, 158 (1975), 409–10 Brown, PJ, Kenilworth Castle: Archaeological Excavations 1975 (London, 1976) Brown, RA, ‘ A note on Kenilworth Castle: the change to royal ownership ’, Archaeological Journal, 110 (1953), 120–24 [accessed 9 August 2014] Brown, RA, Colvin, HM and Taylor, AJ, The History of the King’s Works, vols 1–2: The Middle Ages (London, 1963), vol 2, 682–5 Carey-Hill, E, ‘Kenilworth Abbey’, Transactions and Proceedings of the Birmingham and Warwickshire Archaeological Society, 52 (1927), 184–227 Clark, GT, Mediæval Military Architecture in England, 2 vols (London, 1884) Cranstone, DAL, Kenilworth Castle

: Archaeological Excavations 1976 (London, 1977) Crouch, D, ‘Geoffrey de Clinton and Roger, Earl of Warwick: new men and magnates in the reign of Henry I’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 55: 132 (1982), 113–24 Denton, CR, ‘The medieval meres of Kenilworth’, Country Life, 126 (1959), 714–15 Drew, JH, ‘Notes on the water system at Kenilworth Castle’, Transactions of the Birmingham and Warwickshire Archaeological Society, 81 (1963), 74–7 Drew, JH, ‘Kenilworth Castle: a discussion of its entrances’, Transactions of the Birmingham and Warwickshire Archaeological Society, 84 (1967), 148–59 Drew, JH, ‘Kenilworth Castle and the country weavers’, Transactions and Proceedings of the Birmingham and Warwickshire Archaeological Society, 85 (1971), 214–16 Drew, JH, Kenilworth: An Historical

 Miscellany (Kenilworth, 1969) Dugdale, W, The Antiquities of Warwickshire Illustrated: From Records, Leiger Books, Manuscripts, Charters, Evidences, Tombes, and Armes: Beautified With Maps, Prospects and Portraictures (London, 1656) [accessed 9 August 2014] Ellis, P, ‘The Elizabethan gardens and Leicester’s stables at Kenilworth Castle’, Transactions and Proceedings of the Birmingham and Warwickshire Archaeological Society, 99 (1995), 81–116 Emery, A, Greater Medieval Houses of England and Wales 1300-1500, vol 2: East Anglia, Central England, and Wales (Cambridge 2000), 399–408 Goldring, E, ‘ The Earl of Leicester's inventory of Kenilworth Castle, c 1578 ’, English Heritage Historical Review, 2 (2007), 36–59 [subscription required; accessed 6 August 2014] Holliday, JR, ‘Original documents: survey

 of Kenilworth Castle temp.

Henry VIII’, Transactions and Proceedings of the Birmingham and Warwickshire Archaeological Society, 7 (1876), 71–3 Johnson, MH, ‘A fragment of architecture at Kenilworth Castle, and its implications’, Durham Archaeological Journal, 14–15 (1999),173–6 Johnson, M, Behind the Castle Gate: From Medieval to Renaissance (London, 2002), 136–60 Keay, A and Watkins, J (eds), The Elizabethan Garden at Kenilworth (English Heritage, London, 2013) Knowles, EH, The Castle of Kenilworth: A Handbook for Visitors (Warwick, 1872) Molyneux, NAD, ‘ Kenilworth Castle in 1563 ’, English Heritage Historical Review, 3 (2008), 46–61 [subscription required; accessed 6 August 2014] Morris, RK, Kenilworth Castle (English Heritage guidebook, 2nd revised edn, London, 2010) [ buy the guidebook ] Morris, RK, ‘ A plan for Kenilworth

 Castle at Longleat ’, English Heritage Historical Review, 2 (2007), 22–35 [subscription required; accessed 6 August 2014] Pevsner, N and Wedgwood, A, The Buildings of England: Warwickshire (London, 1966) Rahtz, P, ‘Kenilworth Castle, 1960’, Transactions and Proceedings of the Birmingham and Warwickshire Archaeological Society, 81 (1963–4), 55–73 Renn, DF, Kenilworth Castle (English Heritage guidebook, London, 1991) Reynolds, B, Kenilworth Castle (London, 1948; 2nd edn 1969) Salzman, LF (ed), The Victoria History of the County of Warwick , vol 6 (London, 1951), 132–43 [accessed 9 August 2014] Sewter, AC, ‘Queen Elizabeth at Kenilworth’, Burlington Magazine, 76 (1940), 71–6 Thompson, MW, ‘ Two levels of the mere at

 Kenilworth Castle, Warwickshire ’, Medieval Archaeology, 9 (1965), 156–61 [accessed 9 August 2014] Thompson, MW, ‘ Kenilworth Castle since 1962 ’, Medieval Archaeology, 13 (1969), 218–20 [accessed 9 August 2014] Thompson, MW, ‘Kenilworth Castle’, Archaeological Journal, 128 (1971), 204–7 Thompson, MW, ‘Three stages in the construction of the hall at Kenilworth Castle, Warwickshire’, in Ancient Monuments and their Interpretation: Essays Presented to AJ Taylor, ed MR Apted, R Gilyard-Beer and AD Saunders (London, 1977), 211–18 Thompson, MW, Kenilworth Castle, Warwickshire (London, 1977; 2nd edn 1991) Woodhouse, E, ‘ Kenilworth, the Earl of Leicester’s pleasure grounds following Robert Laneham’s letter ’, Garden History, 27 (1999), 2

7–44 [subscription required; accessed 9 August 2014] Further references to Kenilworth Castle may be found in Medieval Archaeology , 5 (1961), 319–21; 6–7 (1963), 324; 8 (1964), 260; 10 (1966), 191; 21 (1977), 238; 36 (1992), 269; 43 (1999), 281; 46 (2002), 207–8 [accessed 9 August 2014].

Secondary Sources (Unpublished) English Heritage keeps copies of some of these reports in the library at the Historic England Archive, Swindon, open to the public Tuesday–Friday 9.30–17.00. It is recommended that you contact the librarian in advance to avoid disappointment (library@historic-england.org.uk, 01793 414630/414632). English Heritage Research Department Reports can be downloaded from the Historic England Research Reports database .

Booth, GMD, ‘A survey of documentary and pictorial sources for Kenilworth Castle Gatehouse’, report, Warwickshire Museum, Warwick (1992) Boucher, A, Eisel, J and Morris, RK, ‘Kenilworth Castle, Warwickshire: archaeological resource assessment of the mere and associated features’, 3 vols, report, Archaeological Investigations Ltd, Hereford Archaeology Series, 502, Hereford (2001) Brown, G, ‘The Elizabethan Garden at Kenilworth Castle [earthwork survey]’, English Heritage, Archaeological Investigation Report Series A1/3/2005 (2005) Clark, J, ‘The buildings and art collection of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester’, MA thesis, Courtauld Institute of Art, London (1981) Coutts, C, ‘Archaeological observation in the outer court of Kenilworth Castle, Warwickshire’, report, Warwickshire Museum, Warwick (2001) Cromwell, T, Jennings, S and Clark, T, ‘Kenilworth Castle Gallery Tower evaluation 2004 archive summary report’, English Heritage, Research Department Report 39/20

04 (2004) Dix, Brian and Prentice, J, ‘Archaeological evaluation in the Elizabethan Garden, Kenilworth Castle, Warwickshire, September 2004’, report, Northamptonshire Archaeology (2004) Dix, B and Prentice, J, ‘Summary of the 2005 season of excavation within the Elizabethan Garden at Kenilworth Castle’, report, Northamptonshire Archaeology (2006) Dix, B and Prentice, J, ‘Assessment report on the excavations within the former Elizabethan Garden at Kenilworth Castle, Warwickshire’, Northamptonshire Archaeology, Report 07/30 (2007) Elks, D, ‘A report for English Heritage on a geophysical survey carried out at Kenilworth Castle, Warwickshire’, report, Warwickshire Museum, Warwick (2003) Fryer, H, Rutherford, S, Adams, S, Demidowicz, G, Dix, B, Goldring, E, Molyneux, N, Price, S and Morris, R, ‘Kenilworth Castle: Elizabethan Garden research project’, report for English Heritage

, Parklands Consortium (2006) Grogan N, ‘Kenilworth Castle, excavation archive: a summary catalogue’, report, Warwickshire County Council (1991) Howard, RE, Litton CD and Arnold, AJ, ‘Tree-ring analysis of timbers from Lord Leicester's stable, Kenilworth Castle, Warwickshire’, English Heritage, Research Department Report 21/2006 (2006) Howard, RE, Litton CD and Arnold, AJ, ‘Leicester’s Gatehouse, Kenilworth Castle, Kenilworth, Warwickshire: tree-ring analysis of timbers’, English Heritage, Research Department Report 8/2007 (2007) Jones, C, ‘Archaeological observation of test pits at Kenilworth Castle Mere, Warwickshire (Finham Brook flood alleviation scheme)’, Warwickshire County Council, Report 9909 (1999) Linford, PK, Linford, NT and Martin, L, ‘Kenilworth Castle, Warwickshire: report on geophysical surveys, June and July 2004’, English Heritage, Research Department Report 29/2005 (2004

) Miles, DWH, ‘The tree-ring dating of Lord Leicester's stables, Kenilworth Castle, Warwickshire’, English Heritage, Research Department Report 17/2005 (2005) Morris, RK, ‘Kenilworth Castle Elizabethan Garden project: Excavations 2005: worked stones report’ (2006) Mould, C and Sterenberg, J, ‘Kenilworth Castle, Warwickshire: an archaeological watching brief’, Birmingham University Field Archaeology Unit, Report 296, Birmingham (1994) Warwickshire County Council, ‘Kenilworth Castle, Warwickshire: archaeological evaluation’, report for English Heritage, Warwick (1990) Watson, C, ‘Edition of the Kenilworth cartulary’, PhD thesis, University of London (1966) KENILWORTH CASTLE - 1000496| Historic England KENILWORTH CASTLE List Entry Summary This garden or other land is registered under the Historic Buildings and Ancient Monuments Act 1953 within the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens by English Heritage for its special historic interest.

Name: KENILWORTH CASTLE The garden or other land may lie within the boundary of more than one authority. County: Warwickshire National Park: Not applicable to this List entry. Grade: II* Date of most recent amendment: Not applicable to this List entry. Legacy System Information The contents of this record have been generated from a legacy data system. Legacy System: Parks and Gardens UID: 1472 Asset Groupings This list entry does not comprise part of an Asset Grouping. Asset Groupings are not part of the official record but are added later for information. List entry Description Legacy Record - This information may be included in the List Entry Details. Reasons for Designation Legacy Record - This information may be included in the List Entry Details. History Legacy Record - This information may be included in the List Entry Details. Details The site of a C15 pleasance, and C16 gardens associated with a medieval royal castle. HISTORIC DEVELOPMENT Kenilworth formed part of the royal manor of Stoneleigh in 1086, but in the 1120s it was granted by Henry I to his chamberlain, Geoffrey de Clinton, who founded the Castle.

In 1173-4 Henry II acquired the Castle from Geoffrey de Clinton's grandson by exchange. Extended in the early C13 by King John and provided with a large defensive lake or mere and other defences, Kenilworth remained a royal fortress until 1238 when Henry III granted it to Simon de Montfort. Following de Montfort's rebellion and death at the Battle of Evesham in 1265 the Castle reverted to the Crown, and was granted to Henry's younger son, Edmund, Duke of Lancaster. In the mid C14 the Castle passed by marriage to John of Gaunt, who undertook an ambitious programme of rebuilding. When Gaunt's son succeeded as Henry IV in 1399 Kenilworth became once again a royal castle, and in the early C15 Henry V constructed the Pleasance or banqueting house to the north-west of the Great Mere. Kenilworth remained a possession of the Crown until 1553 when Edward VI granted it to John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland.

Following Northumberland's execution under Mary I the Castle reverted to the Crown, but in 1563 it was granted by Elizabeth I to Dudley's son, Robert, who was created Earl of Leicester in 1564. Leicester made extensive alterations and embellishments to the Castle, including constructing new gardens; the Queen was entertained at Kenilworth on three occasions before Leicester's death in 1588. Kenilworth was inherited by Leicester's brother, Ambrose, Earl of Warwick and subsequently passed to his son, Robert Dudley, from whom it was recovered by James I in 1611. The Castle was garrisoned by the Crown during the Civil War, but it was occupied by Parliamentary troops after the Battle of Edge Hill. In 1649 the defences were 'slighted' by blowing up the north wall of the keep and draining the Mere. Colonel Hawkesworth, the Parliamentary commander acquired the Castle and converted Leicester's gatehouse into a dwelling. At the Restoration the Castle was recovered by the Crown, and in 1665 it was granted by Charles II to Lawrence Hyde, Earl of Rochester, from whom it passed to Thomas Villiers, Earl of Clarendon.

Kenilworth remained in the possession of the Clarendon family until 1917 when the agricultural estate was sold; the Castle itself was sold in 1937 by the sixth Earl to Sir John Davenport Siddeley, later Baron Kenilworth, who in turn conveyed it to Kenilworth Urban District Council. The Council placed the Castle in the guardianship of the Ministry of Works, and today (2000) it is maintained by English Heritage. After the Civil War the Castle was not inhabited, but the gatehouse was let to a variety of tenants. Similarly the Mere was not restored, but reverted to agricultural use. In the late C18 and early C19 the ruins of Kenilworth Castle became a noted destination for visitors to Warwickshire; and in 1821 Sir Walter Scott published his novel Kenilworth which was inspired by a visit to the Castle in 1815. In the late C19 the estate farms were let to Charles Trepplin, who implemented an experimental regime of agricultural improvement (Warwick Advertiser); these continue in private ownership.

DESCRIPTION LOCATION, AREA, BOUNDARIES, LANDFORM, SETTING Kenilworth Castle is situated immediately to the west of the town of Kenilworth, to the south of Castle Green and to the west of Castle Road, the B4104 road from Leamington Spa to Balsall Common. The c 120ha site comprises the site of medieval and C16 gardens extending to c 2ha; the site of the early C15 Pleasance and fishponds extending to c 8ha, and the area of the Great Mere, a defensive and ornamental lake. The site is bounded to the north-east by Castle Green, and to the east by Castle Road which both form part of the B4104 road. To the north the boundary is formed by Purlieu Lane, a track which serves High House Farm c 600m west of Castle Green, and which continues c 270m further west to the site of the Pleasance.

Purlieu Lane was formed or adapted from an existing route by the Earl of Leicester in the late C16 to provide access to the Chase, a hunting ground which he created c 530m west of the Pleasance (Wallsgrove 1991). To the north-west, west and south the site adjoins agricultural land. The boundary c 300m south of the Castle is marked by a ditch and hedge planted on a mound; this represents the northern pale of the medieval park which lay to the south of the Great Mere. Kenilworth Castle stands on high ground at the north-east corner of the site. To the west and south the site includes the site of the Mere which has been in agricultural use since the mid C17. This forms a shallow depression through which the Inchford Brook flows from the south-west and the Finham Brook from the north; the streams have their confluence c 50m south-west of the Castle. Finham Brook flows east through the site of the medieval dam or Tiltyard south of the Castle before crossing Castle Road to enter the site of Kenilworth Abbey (scheduled ancient monument) which lies c 400m east of the Castle.

The stream feeds a pool (recreated late C20; outside the site here registered) on the site of the medieval Abbey Pool. To the north and north-west of the site of the Mere the ground rises sharply, while to the south and west it rises more gently. From viewing platforms on the ruins of the Castle there are extensive views in all directions, while from the Castle gardens there are views north to cottages and other domestic properties on Castle Green and Purlieu Lane. There are also views west and south across the site to surrounding agricultural land from high ground within the Castle walls to the west and south of the ruins, while from the footpaths west of the Pleasance and adjacent to the southern boundary of the site there are significant views back to the Castle. There are important views of the Castle from Castle Green, Clinton Lane and Castle Hill to the north and north-east, while there are views east to the adjacent site of Kenilworth Abbey from the Tiltyard. ENTRANCES AND APPROACHES Kenilworth Castle is today (2000) approached from Castle Road to the east. The entrance from the road is flanked by late C20 low concrete quadrant walls surmounted by simple metal railings.

The tarmac drive crosses a ditch with masonry to the north surviving from a medieval dam which held water in an outer moat (guidebook). Passing through an earth bank the drive extends c 80m south-west, passing a mid C20 custodian's bungalow to the south, to reach the late C20 gravelled car park. To the north of the car park the drive continues south-west as access to Castle Farm c 160m south, and Grounds Farm c 800m south-west. The car park occupies a level area of ground to the south-east of the site of the Great Mere which is known as The Brays. Enclosed by irregular earth banks and mature trees to the west, south and east, this area was used for staging tournaments in the medieval period (ibid). From the drive and car park a footpath leads north-west across the earth dam which until the mid C17 retained the Great Mere to the west. A late C20 single-span bridge with a stone-flagged deck and simple metal railings crosses the site of the medieval floodgate (ibid).

Adjacent to the bridge stand the remains of the Gallery Tower, a rectangular structure which was converted in the early C16 to serve as a stand for tournaments held on the dam, which is today known as the Tiltyard. Some 30m beyond the bridge a further late C20 timber bridge with decorative railings and finials crosses a mid C17 breach in the dam. To the north-west the dam is terminated by mid C20 metal security gates, beyond which stand the remains of Mortimer's Tower (listed grade I), a gatehouse of Norman origin which was extended with a pair of rounded towers on its south-east facade in the C13 (ibid). A mid C20, single-storey, flat-roofed ticket office and shop stands immediately to the west of the entrance within the remains of Mortimer's Tower. The present visitors' approach to the Castle follows what would have been the principal approach from the early C13. The Brays was originally entered through a gatehouse set between a pair of round towers, the remains of which stand at a sharp corner in Castle Road c 270m south-east of Mortimer's Tower.

Leicester's Gatehouse (listed grade I) stands towards the north-east corner of the walled Castle enclosure, and comprises a three-storey stone tower with four octagonal corner turrets. A porch with carved Renaissance ornaments on the west face of the tower (relocated mid C17) gives access to the interior which was adapted and extended to the east as a residence in the mid C17 by Col Hawkesworth. The Gatehouse was approached from Castle Green to the north by a bridge across the northern moat, the remains of which survive as a deep ditch and bank to the west of the building. Today the Gatehouse is separated from a gravelled area of car park to the south of Castle Green by a stone wall c 2.5m high. An early C20 ornamental wrought-iron gate set in this wall c 5m north-west of the Gatehouse gives access to an area of garden around it. A further early C20 wrought-iron gate set in a Tudor-style arch within a low, crenellated gateway leads from the north car park to the Castle grounds. This entrance is no longer in use (2000).

A wide gothic arched gateway, today closed by a pair of cast-iron railed gates, leads through the curtain wall c 80m south-west of the keep to steep grass banks to the north-east of and the site of the Mere. This gateway is now disused, but from the C13 served as a watergate leading to a landing stage from which boats crossed the Mere to the Pleasance (guidebook). PRINCIPAL BUILDING The ruins of Kenilworth Castle (scheduled ancient monument; listed grade I) represent a complex medieval fortress and late medieval and Tudor palace. The Castle is built from local red sandstone and comprises an inner court surrounded by the keep, great hall, Strong Tower and Saintlowe Tower. The keep is a substantial square structure with four square corner turrets. Of Norman origin, the keep assumed its present form in the C16 when the original windows were widened. The central section of the north wall of the keep is reduced to the foundations as a result of the slighting of the Castle during the Civil War. The great hall is a two-storey structure to the west of the inner court with tall perpendicular windows lighting the first-floor hall.

An oriel window at the south end of the hall overlooks the inner court, while windows to the west afforded views across the Mere. At the south-east corner of the buildings around the inner court a three-storey range known as Leicester's Building projects into the outer court. Leicester's Building was built by the Earl of Leicester in the late C16 to provide accommodation for important visitors. The outer court is enclosed by the curtain wall with the Swan Tower to the north-west, Lunn's Tower to the north-east, Water Tower to the south-east and the medieval gatehouse, Mortimer's Tower, to the south-south-east. A C16 two-storey range of timber-framed stables, known as Leicester's Barn, stands against the inner face of the east curtain wall. GARDENS AND PLEASURE GROUNDS The gardens within the curtain wall comprise C19 and early C20 informal grounds to the south-west, south and east of the ruins, and the site of the C16 formal gardens to the north. To the south-west, south and east of the buildings forming the inner court, lawns slope down towards the outer curtain wall.

To the west of Mortimer's Tower there is a group of late C19 hollies and a specimen Wellingtonia, while further specimen hollies are planted near the curtain wall to the south of Leicester's Building. A further group of C19 ornamental trees and shrubs grows adjacent to the east facade of the keep. A gravel walk extends c 100m north-north-east from Mortimer's Tower to the south facade of Leicester's Gatehouse. To the east of the path, beyond a row of mature beech trees, a lawn slopes down to Leicester's Barn, the C16 timbered stables. This lawn has been cut back to reveal the foundations of the C14 St Mary's Chapel. Further specimen trees stand to the west of the walk, where the lawn rises to the level site of the inner court. The inner court is today (2000) laid to grass, and only the foundations of the walls and buildings which separated it from the outer court to the east survive. To the east of Leicester's Gatehouse a garden commemorating the second millennium is in the course of construction, on the site of a domestic garden associated with the mid C17 dwelling in the Gatehouse.

To the west of the Gatehouse a gravel walk aligned on the early C20 gateway leading to Castle Green extends north, with areas of lawn planted with a formal arrangement of pyramid topiary yews to east and west. The walk descends a shallow flight of stone steps flanked by stone ball finials to a cruciform parterre comprising, to the west of the walk, two square areas of lawn, the edges of which are marked by further clipped yews surrounding square beds of coloured gravel divided by low box hedges. To the east of the walk there are two rectangular grass panels planted with topiary yews. A cross walk, aligned to the east on the porch on the west facade of Leicester's Gatehouse, leads west to a series of three terraces which are retained by stone walls and planted with herbs, low shrubs and espalier fruit trees. A walk on the north-west side of the parterre gives access to the mid C20 visitors' toilets which are set into the stone boundary wall. Descending a further shallow flight of stone steps the axial north walk enters a square garden bounded to the west and north by high stone walls.

The west wall is screened by mature pleached limes, while the garden is bounded to the east by a line of late C20 pleached limes. A stone-flagged walk surrounds a central square bed planted with a geometric pattern of low herbs. Perimeter beds are similarly planted with herbs, while the wrought-iron gate set in the north wall allows views out to Castle Green. Some 50m west of the Gatehouse and immediately north of the keep is the site of the late C16 garden created by the Earl of Leicester. The garden is today approached by a gravel walk south-west of the Gatehouse and is enclosed to the east, north and west by beech hedges which are planted on the line of C16 walls. The curtain wall to the north was demolished in the mid C17, and was later replaced by a brick and stone wall on a course slightly further north. To the south the garden is bounded by a grass bank which ascends to the north facade of the keep.

The bank represents the remains of a terrace constructed by Leicester in 1570 as a platform from which the garden could be viewed; a large archway to the west of the keep formed the principal access from the buildings of the inner court and was also formed in 1570 (guidebook). The garden is approximately rectangular on plan, tapering to the north-east, and is laid out as a parterre with perimeter gravel walks and further gravel walks dividing the grass panels within the parterre. To the west a cruciform arrangement of four rectangular lawns is laid out with four box-edged beds of varying sizes on each lawn; the edges of the lawns are marked by pyramid topiary yews. The box-edged beds in each quarter are laid out in different patterns, and the parterre is asymmetrical. At the centre of the west parterre is a circular lawn with clipped quadrants of yew encircling a central circular feature of clipped box. To the east a pair of further rectangular lawns are laid out with similar arrangements of box-edged beds planted with low herbs and lavender.

The present garden was planted by English Heritage in 1970, and reflects in its broad outlines the plan of the C16 garden published by William Dugdale in 1656 in his Antiquities of Warwickshire, an early C18 view based on a lost early C17 original (Aylesford Collection), and late C20 excavations. Further details of Leicester's garden are known from Robert Laneham's detailed description in his account of Queen Elizabeth's visit to Kenilworth in 1575 (Strong 1998). The south terrace, which stood some ten feet above the parterre, was twelve feet wide and ornamented with obelisks, spheres and Leicester's heraldic emblem, the bear and ragged staff, with arbours to east and west (ibid). Opposite the terrace, on the north side of the garden, an aviary of timber construction was gilded and painted with representations of precious stones. The garden was divided into quarters with grass walks edged with sand, with an obelisk surmounted by an orb of porphyry at the centre of each quarter; these were surrounded by fragrant herbs and fruit trees.

At the centre of the garden was a basin containing a marble fountain some eight feet high which comprised a pair of athletes supporting an orb surmounted by a bear and ragged staff (Laneham (see Kein 1983); Strong 1998). Leicester's garden was inspired by early French Renaissance chateaux gardens (Strong 1998), and as the culmination of the C16 landscape around the Castle, had a complex iconography designed to impress the Queen (Garden Hist 1999) To the west of the garden and separated from it by a stone wall concealed by a beech hedge, a roughly triangular area north-west of the Strong Tower is enclosed to the west by the curtain wall, and to the south by a lateral wall which connects the curtain wall to the west-facing slope below the Strong Tower. Today (2000) laid to grass, this area was the site to which Henry VIII removed the banqueting house from Henry V's Pleasance in the early C16.

To the south of the lateral wall a substantial earth mound (now laid to grass) abuts the west facade of the great hall; this was a vantage point for viewing the Mere to the west. The site of the Pleasance (scheduled ancient monument) lies c 1km west-north-west of the Castle, today approached along Purlieu Lane to the north and north-west of the Castle. Some 130m north-west of the Castle, Purlieu Lane crosses the Finham Brook on a causeway and small bridge which occupy the site of a substantial late C16 timber bridge constructed by Leicester to provide access to the Chase. The site of the Pleasance now comprises a roughly diamond-shaped raised platform surrounded by two substantial concentric ditches; the ditches are separated by a flat-topped terrace walk (Taylor 1998). The outer ditch extends south-east towards the site of the Mere at the south-east corner of the enclosure.

This was the site of the Plesauns en Marys created by Henry V in 1417 (Colvin 1963) which comprised a large stone building with corner towers set within a rectangular enclosure, and a timber banqueting house (Taylor 1998). The buildings were surrounded by gardens and an orchard. The site was abandoned in the early C16 when Henry VIII removed the banqueting house to the outer court of the Castle. The Mere, in origin an early C13 defensive lake formed by expanding an existing artificial pool south-west of the Castle, covered some 450ha (ibid). There was a further, smaller defensive lake, the Lower Pool, to the east and immediately below the Tiltyard dam (included in the area here registered). There was a further moat to the north of the Castle, the remains of which survive to the south of Castle Green and Purlieu Lane. The Mere increasingly assumed an ornamental function enhancing the setting of the Castle in the late medieval period; in the late C16 it played an important role in the elaborate entertainment arranged for Queen Elizabeth's visit (Kein 1983).

The Mere and other water defences were drained by order of Parliament in the mid C17 and have since been in agricultural use. PARK The site of the two parks (outside the area here registered) associated with Kenilworth Castle are today in agricultural use. The Old or Great Park, containing some 740 acres (c 308ha) in 1581 was stocked with 'deer and wild beasts' and lay to the south of the Mere and to the north of Rouncil Lane; it existed by the C11 (Shirley 1867) and was disparked in the mid C17. The Chase, which included areas known as Queen's Park and King's Wood, lay to the west of the Mere and Pleasance; its pale remains visible c 500m west of the site of the Pleasance. Of C12 origin, the Chase was considerably extended in 1302 and again by the Earl of Leicester in the late C16 (SMR) when it was stocked with red deer (Shirley 1867); the Chase was also disparked in the C17.

OTHER LAND The Castle Fish Ponds, a group of late medieval rectangular pools (included in the site here registered) survive as archaeological features c 670m south-east of the Castle, extending c 240m south of Castle Road.

REFERENCES W Dugdale, The Antiquities of Warwickshire (2nd edn 1730), pp 242-52 W Green and W Radcliffe, Kenilworth Illustrated (1821) E P Shirley, Some Account of English Deer Parks (1867), p 156 E H Knowles, The Castle of Kenilworth (1872) G Gasgoigne, The Glasse of Government: The Princely Pleasures at Kenilworth Castle, 1576 (reprinted 1910) Victoria History of the County of Warwickshire VI, (1951), pp 132-9 H M Colvin (ed), History of the King's Works II, (1963), pp 682-5 Medieval Archaeology 8, (1964), pp 222-3 N Pevsner and A Wedgewood, The Buildings of England: Warwickshire (1966), pp 320-5 Kenilworth Castle, guidebook, (Department of the Environment 1973) J Harvey, Medieval Gardens (1981), p

 106 R J P Kein (ed), A Letter (1983) Kenilworth Castle, guidebook, (English Heritage 1991) S G Wallsgrove, Kenilworth 1086-1756 (1991) G Tyack, Warwickshire Country Houses (1994), pp 113-18 Trans Birmingham Warwickshire Archaeol Soc 99, (1995), pp 81-116 R Strong, The Renaissance Garden in England (1998 edn), pp 49-51 C Taylor, Parks and Gardens of Britain A Landscape History from the Air (1998), pp 34-5 Garden History 27, no 1 (1999), pp 127-44 Maps J Speed, The Countie of Warwick, 1610 Thomas Harding, Skeleton Map of Kenilworth, 1628 (Z150u - copy), (Warwickshire County Record Office) J Fish, The Survey of the Manour of Rudfen with the Honour and part of the Manour of Kenilworth Castle ..., 

1692 (Warwickshire County Record Office) OS Old Series 1" to 1 mile, published 1834 OS 6" to 1 mile: 1st edition published 1886 2nd edition published 1906 3rd edition published 1926 1938 edition OS 25" to 1 mile: 1st edition published 1886 2nd edition published 1905 3rd edition published 1925 1938 edition Illustrations H Beighton, Kenilworth Castle as it appeared in 1620, 1716 [based on lost original fresco at Newnham Paddox, Warwickshire] (Aylesford Collection of views of Warwickshire Seats, Birmingham Reference Library Archive) Collection of late C18 and early C19 views of Kenilworth Castle in Aylesford Collection (Birmingham Reference Library Archive) Archival items De Lisle and Dudley family papers including inventory of 1583 (private collection) Historic MSS Commission, De Lisle and Dudley I, pp 278-98 Sale particulars for the Kenil

worth Castle Estate (excluding the Castle), 1917 (EAC136), (Warwickshire County Record Office) Warwickshire SMR: WA3226-8; 6482 Description written: March 2000 Amended: May 2000; July 2000 Register Inspector: JML Edited: January 2001 Selected Sources Legacy Record - This information may be included in the List Entry Details National Grid Reference: SP 27312 72120, SP 28268 71824 Map © Crown Copyright and database right 2017.

All rights reserved. Ordnance Survey Licence number 100024900. © British Crown and SeaZone Solutions Limited 2017. All rights reserved. Licence number 102006.006. Use of this data is subject to Terms and Conditions . The above map is for quick reference purposes only and may not be to scale. For a copy of the full scale map, please see the attached PDF - 1000496 .pdf The PDF will be generated from our live systems and may take a few minutes to download depending on how busy our servers are. We apologise for this delay. This copy shows the entry on 19-Jan-2017 at 05:27:29. End of official listing

Question: In which county is Kenilworth Castle?
Answer: WARWICKSHIRE