Boer War Memorial, South African Military Veterans, Australia Contact Us Boer War Memorial The 31st of May marks the anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Vereeniging, which brought an end to the Anglo Boer War of 1899 – 1902. Each year members of SAMVOA lay a wreath in memory of the Boer men, women and children who died during the war and in the spirit of reconciliation. SAMVOA are mindful and appreciative of the invitation from the National Boer War Memorial Association, allowing us the opportunity to proudly take part in the ceremony and in so doing, honour our forefathers who took on the might of the British Empire all those years ago in South Africa. Lest we forget Queensland Boer War Memorial Special Service – 23 September 2012 A memorial service hosted by the Boer War Memorial Association committee, for fallen Queensland diggers LT Caskey and Private Forsyth, was held on Sunday, 23 September 2012 at the Toowong Cemetery, Brisbane. SAMVOA QLD was extended an invitation to attend the ceremony in honour of the above-mentioned Australian servicemen who participated in the Boer War.

Veteran Greg Sadler represented the organisation in remembering these servicemen, as well as the fallen SAMVOA ancestors on both sides of the conflict. During the ceremony SAMVOA QLD was formally welcomed by a Boer War Memorial Association ccommittee representative. Acknowledgements were given by the Federal Minister for Ryan, Ms Jane Prentice MP, as well as LTCOL Miles Farmer and Mr Bill Cross. Following the unveiling of the plaque for LT Caskey and Private Forsyth, a SAMVOA QLD wreath was laid. An interesting observation made by Veteran Greg Sadler was the number of Australians who engaged him in conversation with respect to Boer ancestry. Greg is an ideal representative for SAMVOA at these events as he has direct links to both the Imperial Forces as well as the Boer sides of the conflict.

Peace of Vereeniging - Wikisource, the free online library Peace of Vereeniging Peace of Vereeniging (Treaty of Vereeniging) Governments of the United Kingdom, the South African Republic, and the Orange Free State The Treaty of Vereeniging (commonly referred to as Peace of Vereeniging) was the peace treaty, signed on 31 May 1902, that ended the South African War ( Second Anglo-Boer War ) between the South African Republic and the Republic of the Orange Free State on one side and United Kingdom on the other. This settlement provided for the end of hostilities and eventual self-government to the Transvaal and the Orange Free State as colonies of the British Empire . The Boer republics agreed to come under the sovereignty of the British Crown and the British government agreed on various details. 4632Peace of Vereeniging (Treaty of Vereeniging)Governments of the United Kingdom, the South African Republic, and the Orange Free State Treaty[ edit ] Peace Treaty of Vereeniging: 31 May 1902 THE FOLLOWING NOTICE is hereby published for general information.

By order of His Excellency the High Commissioner and Administrator of the Transvaal. WE Davidson, Acting Secretary to the Transvaal Administration -3rd June 1902. ARMY HEADQUARTERS, SOUTH AFRICA General Lord Kitchener of Khartoum, Commander in Chief AND His Excellency Lord Milner, High Commissioner, on behalf of the BRITISH GOVERNMENT, AND Messrs S.W. Burger, F.W. Reitz, Louis Botha, J.H. de la Rey, LJ. Meyer, and J.C. Krogh, acting as the GOVERNMENT of the SOUTH AFRICAN REPUBLIC, AND Messrs W.J.C. Brebner, C.R. de Wet, J.B.M. Hertzog, and C.H. Olivier, acting as the GOVERNMENT of the ORANGE FREE STATE, on behalf of their respective BURGHERS Desirous to terminate the present hostilities, agree on the following Articles.

The BURGHER Forces in the Field will forthwith lay down their Arms, handing over all Guns, Rifles, and Munitions of War, in their possession or under their control, and desist from any further resistance to the Authority of HIS MAJESTY KING EDWARD VII, whom they recognise as their lawful SOVEREIGN. The Manner and details of this surrender will be arranged between Lord Kitchener and Commandant General Botha, Assistant Commandant General de la Rey and Chief Commandant De Wet. Burghers in the field outside the limits of the TRANSVAAL and ORANGE RIVER COLONY, and all Prisoners of War at present outside South Africa, who are burghers, will, on duly declaring their acceptance of the position of subjects of HIS MAJESTY KING EDWARD VII, be gradually brought back to their homes as soon as transport can be provided and their means of subsistence ensured. The BURGHERS so surrendering or so returning will not be deprived of their personal liberty, or their property.

No proceedings CIVIL or CRIMINAL will be taken against any of the BURGHERS so surrendering or so returning for any Acts in connection with the prosecution of the War. The benefit of this clause will not extend to certain Acts contrary to the usage of War which have been notified by the Commander in Chief to the Boer Generals, and which shall be tried by Court Martial immediately after the close of hostilities. The DUTCH language will be taught in Public Schools in the TRANSVAAL and the ORANGE RIVER COLONY where the Parents of the Children desire it, and will be allowed in COURTS of LAW when necessary for the better and more effectual Administration of Justice. The Possession of Rifles will be allowed in the TRANSVAAL and ORANGE RIVER COLONY to persons requiring them for their protection on taking out a licence according to Law. MILITARY ADMINISTRATION in the TRANSVAAL and ORANGE RIVER COLONY will at the earliest possible date be succeeded by CIVIL GOVERNMENT, and, as soon as circumstances permit, Representative Institutions, leading up to self-Government, will be introduced.

The question of granting the Franchise to Natives will not be decided until after the introduction of Self-Government. No Special Tax will be imposed on Landed Property in the TRANSVAAL and ORANGE RIVER COLONY to defray the Expenses of the War. As soon as conditions permit, a Commission, on which the local inhabitants will be represented, will be appointed in each District of the TRANSVAAL and ORANGE RIVER COLONY, under the Presidency of a Magistrate or other official, for the purpose of assisting the restoration of the people to their homes and supplying those who, owing to war losses, are unable to provide for themselves, with food, shelter, and the necessary amount of seed, stock, implements etc. indispensable to the resumption of their normal occupations. His Majesty's Government will place at the disposal of these Commissions a sum of three million pounds sterling for the above purposes, and will allow all notes, issued under Law No.

1 of 1900 of the Government of the SOUTH AFRICAN REPUBLIC, and all receipts, given by the officers in the field of the late Republics or under their orders, to be presented to a JUDICIAL COMMISSION, which will be appointed by the Government, and if such notes and receipts are found by this Commission to have been duly issued in return for valuable consideration they will be received by the first-named Commissions as evidence of War losses suffered by the persons to whom they were originally given. In addition to the above named free grant of three million pounds, His Majesty's Government will be prepared to make advances as loans for the same purpose, free of interest for two years, and afterwards repayable over a period of years with 3 per cent interest. No foreigner or rebel will be entitled to the benefit of this Clause. Signed at Pretoria this thirty first day of May in the Year of Our Lord Thousand Nine Hundred and Two.

[Signed] KITCHENER OF KHARTOUM, MILNER, S W BURGER, F W REITZ, LOUIS BOTHA, J H DE LA REY, L J MEYER, J C KROGH, C R DE WET, J B M HERTZOG, WJ C BREBNER, C .H OLIVIER The Boer War in South Africa (1899-1902) By Tarkan Rosenberg, Contributing Writer Updated May 11, 2016. From October 11, 1899 until May 31, 1902, the Second Boer War (also known as the South African War and the Anglo-Boer War) was fought in South Africa between the British and the Boers (Dutch settlers in southern Africa). The Boers had founded two independent South African republics (the Orange Free State and the South African Republic) and had a long history of distrust and dislike for the British that surrounded them. After gold was discovered in the South African Republic in 1886, the British wanted the area under their control.

In 1899, the conflict between the British and the Boers burgeoned into a full-fledged war that was fought in three stages: a Boer offensive against British command posts and railway lines, a British counteroffensive that brought the two republics under British control, and a Boer guerrilla resistance movement that prompted a widespread scorched-earth campaign by the British and the internment and deaths of thousands of Boer civilians in British concentration camps. continue reading below our video 10 Facts About the Titanic That You Don't Know The first phase of the war gave the Boers the upper hand over British forces, but the latter two phases eventually brought victory to the British and placed the previously independent Boer territories firmly under British dominion -- leading, eventually, to the complete unification of South Africa as a British colony in 1910. Who Were the Boers? In 1652, the Dutch East India Company established the first staging post at the Cape of Good Hope (the southernmost tip of Africa); this was a place where ships could rest and resupply during the long voyage to the exotic spice markets along India’s western coast.

This staging post attracted settlers from Europe for whom life on the continent had become unbearable due to economic difficulties and religious oppression. At the turn of the 18th century, the Cape had become home to settlers from Germany and France; however, it was the Dutch who made up the majority of the settler population. They came to be known as “Boers”’—the Dutch word for farmers. As time passed, a number of Boers began migrating to the hinterlands where they believed they would have more autonomy to conduct their daily lives without the heavy regulations imposed on them by the Dutch East India Company. The British Move Into South Africa Britain, who viewed the Cape as an excellent staging post on route to their colonies in Australia and India, attempted to take control over Cape Town from the Dutch East India Company, which had effectively gone bankrupt. In 1814, Holland officially handed the colony over to the British Empire. Almost immediately, the British began a campaign to “Anglicize” the colony. English became the official language, rather than Dutch, and official policy encouraged the immigration of settlers from Great Britain. The issue of slavery became another point of contention.

Britain officially abolished the practice in 1834 throughout their empire, which meant that the Cape’s Dutch settlers also had to relinquish their ownership of black slaves. The British did offer compensation to the Dutch settlers for relinquishing their slaves, but this compensation was seen as insufficient and their anger was compounded by the fact that the compensation had to be collected in London, some 6,000 miles way. Boer Independence The tension between Great Britain and South Africa’s Dutch settlers eventually prompted many Boers to move their families further into South Africa’s interior—away from British control—where they could establish an autonomous Boer state. This migration from Cape Town into the South African hinterland from 1835 to the early 1840s came to be known as “The Great Trek.” (Dutch settlers who remained in Cape Town, and thus under British rule, became known as Afrikaners .) The Boers came to embrace a new-found sense of nationalism and sought to establish themselves as an independent Boer nation, dedicated to Calvinism and a Dutch way of life.

By 1852, a settlement was reached between the Boers and the British Empire granting sovereignty to those Boers who had settled beyond the Vaal River in the northeast. The 1852 settlement and another settlement, reached in 1854, brought about the creation of two independent Boer republics—the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. The Boers now had their own home. The First Boer War Despite the Boers’ newly won autonomy, their relationship with the British continued to be tense. The two Boer republics were financially unstable and still relied heavily on British help. The British, conversely, distrusted the Boers—viewing them as quarrelsome and thickheaded. In 1871, the British moved to annex the diamond territory of the Griqua People, which had previously been incorporated by the Orange Free State. Six years later, the British annexed the Transvaal, which was plagued by bankruptcy and endless squabbles with native populations. These moves angered Dutch settlers throughout South Africa.

In 1880, after first allowing the British to defeat their common Zulu enemy, the Boers finally rose up in rebellion, taking up arms against the British with the purpose of reclaiming the Transvaal. The crisis is known as the First Boer War. The First Boer War lasted only a few short months, from December 1880 until March 1881. It was a disaster for the British, who had greatly underestimated the military skill and efficiency of the Boer militia units. In the early weeks of the war, a group of less than 160 Boer militiamen attacked a British regiment, killing 200 British soldiers in 15 minutes. In late February 1881, the British lost a total of 280 soldiers at Majuba, while the Boers are said to have suffered only one single casualty. Britain’s Prime Minister William E. Gladstone forged a compromise peace with the Boers that granted the Transvaal self-government while still keeping it as an official colony of Great Britain. The compromise did little to appease the Boers and tension between the two sides continued.

In 1884, Transvaal President Paul Kruger successfully renegotiated the original agreement. Although control of foreign treaties remained with Britain, Britain did, however, drop the Transvaal’s official status as a British colony. The Transvaal was then officially renamed the South African Republic. Gold The discovery of roughly 17,000 square miles of gold fields in Witwatersrand in 1886, and the subsequent opening of those fields for public digging, would make the Transvaal region the prime destination for gold diggers from all over the globe. The 1886 gold rush not only transformed the poor, agrarian South African Republic into an economic powerhouse, it also caused a great deal of turmoil for the young republic. The Boers were leery of the foreign prospectors—whom they dubbed “Uitlanders” (“outlanders”)—pouring into their country from across the world to mine the Witwatersrand fields. Tensions between Boers and Uitlanders eventually prompted Kruger to adopt harsh laws that would limit the general freedoms of the Uitlanders and seek to protect Dutch culture in the region.

These included policies to limit access to education and press for Uitlanders, making the Dutch language obligatory, and keeping the Uitlanders disenfranchised. These policies further eroded relations between Great Britain and the Boers as many of those rushing to the gold fields were British sovereigns. Also, the fact that Britain’s Cape Colony had now slipped into the South African Republic’s economic shadow, made Great Britain even more determined to secure its African interests and to bring the Boers to heel. The Jameson Raid The outrage expressed against Kruger’s harsh immigration policies caused many in the Cape colony and in Britain itself to anticipate a widespread Uitlander uprising in Johannesburg. Among them was the Cape Colony’s prime minister and diamond magnate Cecil Rhodes. Rhodes was a staunch colonialist and thus believed Britain should acquisition the Boer territories (as well as the gold fields there). Rhodes sought to exploit Uitlander discontent in the Transvaal and pledged to invade the Boer republic in the event of an uprising by Uitlanders. He entrusted 500 Rhodesian (Rhodesia having been named after him) mounted police to his agent, Dr. Leander Jameson.

Jameson had express instructions not to enter the Transvaal until an Uitlander uprising was underway. Jameson ignored his instructions and on December 31, 1895, entered the territory only to be captured by Boer militiamen. The event, known as the Jameson Raid , was a debacle and forced Rhodes to resign as the Cape’s prime minister. The Jameson raid only served to increase tension and distrust between the Boers and the British. Kruger’s continued harsh policies against the Uitlanders and his cozy relationship with Britain’s colonial rivals, continued to fuel the empire’s ire towards the Transvaal republic during the waning years of the 1890s. Paul Kruger’s election to a fourth term as president of the South African Republic in 1898, finally convinced Cape politicians that the only way to deal with the Boers would be through the use of force. After several failed attempts at reaching a compromise, the Boers had had their fill and by September of 1899 were preparing for full war with the British Empire. That same month the Orange Free State publicly declared its support for Kruger.

The Ultimatum On October 9th, Alfred Milner, the governor of the Cape Colony, received a telegram from authorities in the Boer capital of Pretoria. The telegram laid out a point-by-point ultimatum. The ultimatum demanded peaceful arbitration, the removal of British troops along their border, British troop reinforcements be recalled, and that British reinforcements who were coming via ship not land. The British replied that no such conditions could be met and by the evening of October 11, 1899, Boer forces began crossing over the borders into Cape Province and Natal. The Second Boer War had begun. The Second Boer War Begins: The Boer Offensive Neither the Orange Free State nor the South African Republic commanded large, professional armies. Their forces, instead, consisted of militias called “commandos” that consisted of “burghers” (citizens). Any burgher between the ages of 16 and 60 was liable to be called up to serve in a commando and each often brought their own rifles and horses.

A commando consisted of anywhere between 200 and 1,000 burghers and was headed by a “Kommandant” who was elected by the commando itself. Commando members, furthermore, were allowed to sit as equals in general councils of war to which they often brought their own individual ideas about tactics and strategy. The Boers who made up these commandos were excellent shots and horsemen, as they had to learn to survive in a very hostile environment from a very young age. Growing up in the Transvaal meant that one often had protect one’s settlements and herds against lions and other predators. This made the Boer militias a formidable enemy. The British, on the other hand, were experienced with leading campaigns on the African continent and yet were completely unprepared for a full-scale war. Thinking that this was a mere squabble that would soon be resolved, the British lacked reserves in ammunition and equipment; plus, they had no suitable military maps available for use either. The Boers took advantage of the British’s ill-preparedness and moved quickly in the early days of the war.

Commandos spread out in several directions from the Transvaal and Orange Free State, besieging three railway towns—Mafeking, Kimberley and Ladysmith —in order to impede the transport of British reinforcements and equipment from the coast. The Boers also won several major battles during the early months of the war. Most notably these were the battles of Magersfontein, Colesberg and Stormberg, which all occurred during what became known as “Black Week” between December 10 and 15, 1899. Despite this successful initial offensive, the Boers never sought to occupy any of the British-held territories in South Africa; they focused instead on besieging supply lines and ensuring that the British were too undersupplied and disorganized to launch their own offensive. In the process, the Boers greatly taxed their resources and their failure to push further into British-held territories allowed the British time to resupply their armies from the coast. The British may have faced defeat early on but the tide was about to turn. Phase Two: The British Resurgence By January of 1900, neither the Boers (despite their many victories) nor the British had made much headway.

The Boer sieges of strategic British rail lines continued but the Boer militias were rapidly growing weary and low on supplies. The British government decided it was time to gain the upper hand and sent two troop divisions to South Africa, which included volunteers from colonies like Australia and New Zealand. This amounted to roughly 180,000 men—the largest army Britain had ever sent overseas to this point. With these reinforcements, the disparity between the numbers of troops was huge, with 500,000 British soldiers but only 88,000 Boers. By late February, British forces had managed to move up strategic railway lines and finally relieve Kimberley and Ladysmith from Boer besiegement. The Battle of Paardeberg , which lasted nearly ten days, saw a major defeat of Boer forces. Boer general Piet Cronjé surrendered to the British along with more than 4,000 men. A series of further defeats greatly demoralized the Boers, who were also plagued by starvation and disease brought on by months of sieges with little to no supply relief. Their resistance began to collapse.

By March 1900, British forces led by Lord Frederick Roberts had occupied Bloemfontein (the capital of the Orange Free State) and by May and June they had taken Johannesburg and the South African Republic’s capital, Pretoria. Both republics were annexed by the British Empire. Boer leader Paul Kruger escaped capture and went into exile in Europe, where much of the population’s sympathy lay with the Boer cause. Squabbles erupted within Boer ranks between the bittereinders (“bitter-enders”) who wanted to keep fighting and those hendsoppers (“hands-uppers”) who favored surrender. Many Boer burghers did end up surrendering at this point, but about 20,000 others decided to fight on. The last, and most destructive, phase of the war was about to begin. Despite the British victories, the guerrilla phase would last more than two years. Phase Three: Guerrilla Warfare, Scorched Earth, and Concentration Camps Despite having annexed both Boer republics, the British barely managed to control either one.

The guerrilla war that was launched by resistant burghers and led by generals Christiaan de Wet and Jacobus Hercules de la Rey , kept the pressure on British forces throughout the Boer territories. Rebel Boer commandos relentlessly raided British communication lines and army bases with swift, surprise attacks often conducted at night. Rebel commandos had the ability to form on a moment’s notice, conduct their attack and then vanish as if into thin air, confusing British forces who barely knew what had hit them. The British response to the guerrillas was three-fold. Firstly, Lord Horatio Herbert Kitchener , commander of the South African British forces, decided to set up barbed wire and blockhouses along the railway lines to keep the Boers at bay. When this tactic failed, Kitchener decided to adopt a “scorched earth” policy that systematically sought to destroy food supplies and deprive the rebels of shelter. Whole towns and thousands of farms were plundered and burned; livestock were killed. Lastly, and perhaps most controversially, Kitchener ordered the construction of concentration camps in which thousands of women and children—mostly those left homeless and destitute by his scorched earth policy— were interred.

The concentration camps were severely mismanaged. Food and water were scarce in the camps and starvation and disease caused the deaths of over 20,000. Black Africans were also interred in segregated camps primarily as a source of cheap labor for gold mines. The camps were widely criticized, especially in Europe where British methods in the war were already under heavy scrutiny. Kitchener’s reasoning was that the interment of civilians would not only further deprive the burghers of food, which had been supplied to them by their wives on the homestead, but that it would prompt the Boers to surrender in order to be reunited with their families. Most notable among the critics in Britain was Liberal activist Emily Hobhouse, who worked tirelessly to expose the conditions in the camps to an outraged British public. The revelation of the camp system severely damaged the reputation of Britain’s government and furthered the cause for Boer nationalism abroad. Peace Nevertheless, the strong-arm tactics of the British against the Boers eventually served their purpose. The Boer militias grew weary of fighting and morale was breaking down. The British had offered peace terms in March of 1902, but to no avail.

By May of that year, however, Boer leaders finally accepted peace conditions and signed the Treaty of Vereeniging on May 31, 1902. The treaty officially ended the independence of both the South African Republic and the Orange Free State and placed both territories under British army administration. The treaty also called for the immediate disarmament of the burghers and included a provision for funds to be made available for the reconstruction of the Transvaal. The Second Boer War had come to an end and eight years later, in 1910, South Africa was united under British dominion and became the Union of South Africa. Peace of Vereeniging | South Africa [1902] | Britannica.com Peace of Vereeniging Treaty of Shimonoseki Peace of Vereeniging, (May 31, 1902), treaty that ended the South African War , or Boer War; it was signed in Pretoria , after initial Boer approval in Vereeniging , between representatives of the British and ex-republican Boer governments.

It ended the independence of the South African Republic (i.e., Transvaal) and the Orange Free State , which came under British military administration. A general amnesty was declared, burghers were to be disarmed, and a commission was appointed with a grant of £3,000,000 to reconstruct the Transvaal. Clause VIII left the question of a voting franchise for nonwhites to be settled after the defeated Boers had been granted self-government. Thus, black Africans were left without the vote (except in the Cape Colony) when South Africa was unified in 1910. Learn More in these related articles: Black, Coloured, and Indian political responses However, the Treaty of Vereeniging (see Vereeniging, Peace of ) withdrew such promises, and a sense of betrayal stimulated political protest, especially among mission-educated blacks. Various organizations arose to counter the impending union of white-ruled provinces by ethnically and regionally uniting blacks. In response to the constitutional convention, blacks...

The South African War (1899–1902) Boer forces, which at the end consisted of about 20,000 exhausted and demoralized troops, sued for peace in May 1902. The Treaty of Vereeniging reflected the conclusive military victory of British power but made a crucial concession. It promised that the “question of granting the franchise to natives [blacks]” would be addressed only after self-government had been restored to the... More about Peace of Vereeniging 6 References found in Britannica Articles Assorted References role of de Wet (in Christiaan Rudolf de Wet ) history of Corrections? Updates? Help us improve this article! Contact our editors with your feedback. MEDIA FOR: You have successfully emailed this. Error when sending the email. Try again later. Edit Mode Submit Tips For Editing We welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. You can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind. Encyclopædia Britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience. You may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered.

Any text you add should be original, not copied from other sources. At the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (Internet URLs are the best.) Your contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final approval. Unfortunately, our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions. Submit Thank You for Your Contribution! Our editors will review what you've submitted, and if it meets our criteria, we'll add it to the article. Please note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors, and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed. Uh Oh There was a problem with your submission. Please try again later. Close Article Title: Peace of Vereeniging Website Name: Encyclopædia Britannica Date Published: October 24, 2003 URL: Access Date: December 30, 2016 Share South Africa Timeline Treaty of Vereeniging ends the second Anglo- Boer War. The Transvaal and Orange Free State are made self-governing colonies.

- ppt download Similar presentations More Presentation on theme: "South Africa Timeline 1902 - Treaty of Vereeniging ends the second Anglo- Boer War. The Transvaal and Orange Free State are made self-governing colonies."— Presentation transcript: 1 South Africa Timeline Treaty of Vereeniging ends the second Anglo- Boer War. The Transvaal and Orange Free State are made self-governing colonies of the British Empire Formation of Union of South Africa by former British colonies of the Cape and Natal, and the Boer republics of Transvaal, and Orange Free State. 2 South Africa 2008 3 Native National Congress founded, later renamed the African National Congress (ANC) Native National Congress founded, later renamed the African National Congress (ANC). Chiefs, representatives of people's and church organisations, and other prominent individuals gathered in Bloemfontein and formed the African National Congress (then South African Native National Convention-SANNC). The ANC declared its aim to bring all Africans together as one people to defend their rights and freedoms.

Chiefs, representatives of people's and church organisations, and other prominent individuals gathered in Bloemfontein and formed the African National Congress (then South African Native National Convention-SANNC). The ANC declared its aim to bring all Africans together as one people to defend their rights and freedoms National Party founded National Party founded. pledged to achieve republican independence for South Africa and a return to doctrines of apartheid. pledged to achieve republican independence for South Africa and a return to doctrines of apartheid Secret Broederbond (brotherhood) established to advance the Afrikaner cause Secret Broederbond (brotherhood) established to advance the Afrikaner cause South West Africa (Namibia) comes under South African administration South West Africa (Namibia) comes under South African administration Policy of apartheid (separateness) adopted when National Party (NP) takes power Policy of apartheid (separateness) adopted when National Party (NP) takes power. The United Party (UP), dominated by pro-British sentiment, lost a lot of support after WWII. People believed that it was incapable of dealing with the post-war financial problems. Many white people felt that the party lacked a clear policy on how to deal with black people and segregation.

The United Party (UP), dominated by pro-British sentiment, lost a lot of support after WWII. People believed that it was incapable of dealing with the post-war financial problems. Many white people felt that the party lacked a clear policy on how to deal with black people and segregation.

4 Segregation Legislation Pre Masters and Servants Acts: 1911 Mines and Works Act No 12: 1913 Black Land Act No 27: 1923 Native (Black) Urban Areas Act No 21: 1924 Industrial Conciliation Act No 11: 1926 Immorality Act No 5: 1930 Riotous Assemblies (Amendment) Act No 19: 1936 Representation of Blacks Act No 12: 1936 Development Trust and Land Act No 18: 1937 Industrial Conciliation Act No 36: 1937 Black (Native) Laws Amendment Act No 46: 1937 Aliens Act No 1: 1939 Aliens Registration Act No 26: 1945 Natives (Urban Areas) Consolidation Act No 25: 1946 Asiatic Land Tenure (and Indian Representation) Act No 28: 5 Natives Land Act of This act was responsible for the forced removal of black people in South Africa and prevented Blacks, except those living in

 Cape Province, from buying land outside reserves.

Natives Land Act of This act was responsible for the forced removal of black people in South Africa and prevented Blacks, except those living in Cape Province, from buying land outside reserves. Natives Land Act of 1913 Natives Land Act of 1913 The movement of black people was severely restricted as their movements outside the reserves were directed by their relations with white industry and farms. The movement of black people was severely restricted as their movements outside the reserves were directed by their relations with white industry and farms. Picture A and B: Many people in the reservations followed traditional lifestyles, but lived in poverty as the reserves barely supported their survival. This led to migration of people to the cities in search of jobs and survival. (Sources: Picture A and B: Many people in the reservations followed traditional lifestyles, but lived in poverty as the reserves barely supported their survival. This led to migration of people to the cities in search of jobs and survival. (Sources: Large numbers of black men had to work for white farmers in order to survive. The emergence of a migrant workforce is regarded as a direct result of the Land Act. Large numbers of black men had to work for white farmers in order to survive.

The emergence of a migrant workforce is regarded as a direct result of the Land Act. Because of the mining boom and the need for cheap labor in urban areas, black men were attracted to the mining industry. Because of the mining boom and the need for cheap labor in urban areas, black men were attracted to the mining industry. By linking the supply and distribution of labor to territorial segregation, the 1913 Land Act laid the foundations for Apartheid’s Bantustan policy in later years. By linking the supply and distribution of labor to territorial segregation, the 1913 Land Act laid the foundations for Apartheid’s Bantustan policy in later years. 6 The Mines and Works Act, or Colour Bar Act, of 1911 is seen as the cornerstone of job reservation, or the allocation of jobs on the basis of race. It prevented black workers from getting skilled employment on the mines. The Mines and Works Act, or Colour Bar Act, of 1911 is seen as the cornerstone of job reservation, or the allocation of jobs on the basis of race. It prevented black workers from getting skilled employment on the mines.

The Native Labor Regulation Act of 1911 reinforced the pass law system, which severely restricted the movement of black workers from one area to another. Under this Act the lack of possession of the correct pass documentation was a criminal offence. Unlike today, black workers had no access to or form of dispute resolution, because they were denied recognition as workers and did not have the right to strike. This was laid out in the Industrial Conciliation Act of The Native Labor Regulation Act of 1911 reinforced the pass law system, which severely restricted the movement of black workers from one area to another. Under this Act the lack of possession of the correct pass documentation was a criminal offence. Unlike today, black workers had no access to or form of dispute resolution, because they were denied recognition as workers and did not have the right to strike. This was laid out in the Industrial Conciliation Act of Picture C: Many young black men were recruited, or forced by circumstances, to work on gold mines on the Witwatersrand. (Source: 7 The state had been increasingly concerned with setting up political structures that would control South Africa’s black population. The state had been increasingly concerned with setting up political structures that would control South Africa’s black population.

In 1920 the Native Affairs Act came into being and paved the way for the establishment of a Native Affairs Commission, headed by the Minister of Native Affairs. This organisation worked towards the creation of a countrywide system of tribally based district councils that were to consider and make recommendations on any matter relating to the general conduct of the administration of black people. In 1920 the Native Affairs Act came into being and paved the way for the establishment of a Native Affairs Commission, headed by the Minister of Native Affairs. This organisation worked towards the creation of a countrywide system of tribally based district councils that were to consider and make recommendations on any matter relating to the general conduct of the administration of black people. Three years later, in 1923, the Native (Urban Areas) Act came into force and cemented the state’s segregationist policy. This Act gave local authorities the power to identify and establish black locations on the outskirts of white urban and industrial areas. Measures were introduced to control by local authorities of trading, brewing of beer, fines and rents to be levied. More importantly it empowered local authorities to declare black workers “idle, dissolute or disorderly” and have them deported to the reserves.

As a result those people who could not longer be of benefit to industry were deported, whilst ensuring that there was a permanent supply of healthy labor for white-owned industries. Three years later, in 1923, the Native (Urban Areas) Act came into force and cemented the state’s segregationist policy. This Act gave local authorities the power to identify and establish black locations on the outskirts of white urban and industrial areas. Measures were introduced to control by local authorities of trading, brewing of beer, fines and rents to be levied. More importantly it empowered local authorities to declare black workers “idle, dissolute or disorderly” and have them deported to the reserves. As a result those people who could not longer be of benefit to industry were deported, whilst ensuring that there was a permanent supply of healthy labor for white-owned industries. Locations sprung up outside white urban areas. (Source: southern_africa.htm) 8 Apartheid Translated from Afrikaans, apartheid means 'apartness'. The term is used to describe the legalized racist policy of the National Party (NP) between 1948 and (officially) Translated from Afrikaans, apartheid means 'apartness'.

The term is used to describe the legalized racist policy of the National Party (NP) between 1948 and (officially) The only relationship that black people were allowed to have with white people was one in which they served them. Black people were discriminated against in almost every sphere of life. Racist laws dictated where and how they could live, travel, work, go to school, marry and socialize. The only relationship that black people were allowed to have with white people was one in which they served them. Black people were discriminated against in almost every sphere of life. Racist laws dictated where and how they could live, travel, work, go to school, marry and socialize. The basic philosophy of apartheid was simple. Although South Africa was a unitary state, the Nationalists argued that the people did not constitute a single nation but was made up of four race groups, namely white, black, Coloured and Indian. These races were further divided into 13 'nations'. The basic philosophy of apartheid was simple. Although South Africa was a unitary state, the Nationalists argued that the people did not constitute a single nation but was made up of four race groups, namely white, black, Coloured and Indian.

These races were further divided into 13 'nations'. White people comprised English and Afrikaans language groups. The black population was divided into 10 ethnic groups. This made the white race the largest one in the country. The NP justified the racism as necessary, supporting its view with evidence of conflicts between races and cultures around the world. It justified the discrimination using Christian theology and racist theories of white superiority and black inferiority. White people comprised English and Afrikaans language groups. The black population was divided into 10 ethnic groups. This made the white race the largest one in the country. The NP justified the racism as necessary, supporting its view with evidence of conflicts between races and cultures around the world. It justified the discrimination using Christian theology and racist theories of white superiority and black inferiority. 9 10 Apartheid separated races on a large scale, by forcing people to live in different places according to their race. This required race classification and was achieved through the Population Registration Act 30 of According to this law, all South Africans had to be classified as white, black, Coloured or Indian, and their race then recorded in their identity passes.

Official teams or Boards were set up to decide the fate of those people whose race was considered uncertain. This caused much heartache especially for Coloured people whose unique mixed race features often led to families being split up after members were assigned different races. Apartheid separated races on a large scale, by forcing people to live in different places according to their race. This required race classification and was achieved through the Population Registration Act 30 of According to this law, all South Africans had to be classified as white, black, Coloured or Indian, and their race then recorded in their identity passes. Official teams or Boards were set up to decide the fate of those people whose race was considered uncertain. This caused much heartache especially for Coloured people whose unique mixed race features often led to families being split up after members were assigned different races. The second element of grand apartheid was the Group Areas Act 21 of Until then, different races coexisted in most towns. This Act ended racially mixed residential areas. It defined where people had to live and work as each race was allocated its own area. People had no choice but to move and this Act provided the base for forced removals in later years.

The second element of grand apartheid was the Group Areas Act 21 of Until then, different races coexisted in most towns. This Act ended racially mixed residential areas. It defined where people had to live and work as each race was allocated its own area. People had no choice but to move and this Act provided the base for forced removals in later years. The ANC responded with a series of protests and civil disobedience that continued to escalate as additional laws were enacted. The ANC responded with a series of protests and civil disobedience that continued to escalate as additional laws were enacted. 11 Apartheid and Education An anti-Bantu education protest, (Photograph by Drum Photographer © BAHA) The Bantu Education Act of 1953 created a separate educational system for black students under the management of the Department of 'Bantu' Education. According to H.F Verwoed, who was the Education Minister at the time, the purpose of 'Bantu' Education was to prepare African people for a subordinate role under white minority rule. The Bantu Education Act of 1953 created a separate educational system for black students under the management of the Department of 'Bantu' Education.

According to H.F Verwoed, who was the Education Minister at the time, the purpose of 'Bantu' Education was to prepare African people for a subordinate role under white minority rule. 12 According to a report in the Afrikaans newspaper Die Burger, Verwoerd had the following to say on equality: According to a report in the Afrikaans newspaper Die Burger, Verwoerd had the following to say on equality: " When I have control of "Native" education, I will reform it so that the "Natives" will be taught from childhood to realize that equality with Europeans is not for them." (1953) " When I have control of "Native" education, I will reform it so that the "Natives" will be taught from childhood to realize that equality with Europeans is not for them." (1953) Black children could only access education as was regarded necessary for them to play a subservient role of providing menial labor. Later it was also proposed that the teaching language be Afrikaans. This move sparked off the Soweto uprising in Black children could only access education as was regarded necessary for them to play a subservient role of providing menial labor.

Later it was also proposed that the teaching language be Afrikaans. This move sparked off the Soweto uprising in H F Verwoerd South African Prime Minister from (Source: 13 Pass laws The movement of black people was severely limited. Black people could only stay in 'white' South Africa if they possessed documents proving they had permission to do so. Indian people were barred from being in the Orange Free State province. The movement of black people was severely limited. Black people could only stay in 'white' South Africa if they possessed documents proving they had permission to do so. Indian people were barred from being in the Orange Free State province. The first pass laws were introduced in 1760 when slaves in the Cape were made to carry them. The Urban Areas Consolidation Act of 1945 together with the Natives (Abolition of Passes and Coordination of Documents) Act of 1952 were key legislation. The Urban Areas Act outlined requirements for African people to 'qualify' to live 'legally' in urban areas in White South Africa. In order to do so they had to have Section 10 rights.

These rights were based on whether: The first pass laws were introduced in 1760 when slaves in the Cape were made to carry them. The Urban Areas Consolidation Act of 1945 together with the Natives (Abolition of Passes and Coordination of Documents) Act of 1952 were key legislation. The Urban Areas Act outlined requirements for African people to 'qualify' to live 'legally' in urban areas in White South Africa. In order to do so they had to have Section 10 rights.

These rights were based on whether: The person had been born there and resided there continuously since birth; The person had been born there and resided there continuously since birth; The person had worked continuously for ten years in any prescribed area for any employer; or lived continuously in any such area for a period not less than 10 years; The person had worked continuously for ten years in any prescribed area for any employer; or lived continuously in any such area for a period not less than 10 years; The person was the wife, unmarried daughter, or son under 18 years of age of an African falling into classes (a) or (b), and ordinarily resided with him, and initially entered the area lawfully; or The person was the wife, unmarried daughter, or son under 18 years of age of an African falling into classes (a) or (b), and ordinarily resided with him, and initially entered the area lawfully; or The person had been granted a permit to remain by a labor bureau. The person had been granted a permit to remain by a labor bureau. An example of a passbook.

(Source: ) 14 Apartheid in South Africa Repression and resistance in the 1950s The ANC Youth League (ANCYL), was formed in By 1949 its leaders, Walter Sisulu, Oliver Tambo and Nelson Mandela, were elected to the ANC's National Executive. They propagated the idea that white domination could only be fought through mass action. The ANC Youth League (ANCYL), was formed in By 1949 its leaders, Walter Sisulu, Oliver Tambo and Nelson Mandela, were elected to the ANC's National Executive. They propagated the idea that white domination could only be fought through mass action. Sisulu TamboMandela 15 In 1947, the leaders of the ANC, the Transvaal Indian Congress (TIC) and the Natal Indian Congress (NIC) agreed to unite against oppression. In 1947, the leaders of the ANC, the Transvaal Indian Congress (TIC) and the Natal Indian Congress (NIC) agreed to unite against oppression.

Program of Action 1949 Program of Action 1949 The ANC adopted its Programme of Action in 1949 declaring the right of black people to self- determination. It laid out plans for strikes, boycotts, and civil disobedience. This program of action was implemented in the Defiance Campaign. The ANC adopted its Programme of Action in 1949 declaring the right of black people to self- determination. It laid out plans for strikes, boycotts, and civil disobedience. This program of action was implemented in the Defiance Campaign. 16 Indian protesters giving their support to the campaign During the campaign, almost 8000 black and Indian people were imprisoned. But at the same time, ANC membership grew from 7000 to and the number of branches rose from 14 at the start of the campaign to 87 at its end. Shortly before the campaign's end, Albert Luthuli was elected as the new ANC president. Defiance campaigners marching peacefully Defiance Campaign 1952 By defying the laws, the organization expected the government to respond with mass arrests. This would demonstrate the futility of enforcing laws that people were refusing to accept.

17 Congress of the People and the Freedom Charter (1955) Congress of the People and the Freedom Charter (1955) The purpose was to consider the national problems on an all- inclusive basis, and to draft a peace manifesto. In March 1954, the ANC, the South African Indian Congress (SAIC), the Coloured People's Congress, the South African Congress of Democrats (SACOD) and the South African Congress of Trade Unions (SACTU) met and established the National Action Council for the Congress of the People. The purpose was to consider the national problems on an all- inclusive basis, and to draft a peace manifesto. In March 1954, the ANC, the South African Indian Congress (SAIC), the Coloured People's Congress, the South African Congress of Democrats (SACOD) and the South African Congress of Trade Unions (SACTU) met and established the National Action Council for the Congress of the People. 18 The Treason Trial The Treason Trial The police arrested 156 Congress Alliance leaders.

104 African, 23 white, 21 Indian and 8 Coloured people and charged them with high treason and conspiracy to overthrow the state and replace it with a Communist government. The treason charge was based on statements and speeches made during both the Defiance Campaign and the Congress of the People. The Freedom Charter was used as evidence of the Alliance's Communist intentions and their plot to overthrow the government. The police arrested 156 Congress Alliance leaders. 104 African, 23 white, 21 Indian and 8 Coloured people and charged them with high treason and conspiracy to overthrow the state and replace it with a Communist government. The treason charge was based on statements and speeches made during both the Defiance Campaign and the Congress of the People. The Freedom Charter was used as evidence of the Alliance's Communist intentions and their plot to overthrow the government. 19 Sharpeville Massacre  The Pan Africanist Congress (formed in 1959 because actions of ANC deemed too passive) organized a massive anti-pass law demonstration for 21 March  On the day of the demonstration, a large crowd gathered at the police station in Sharpeville near Vereeniging.

Drum Magazine described the crowd as noisy but peaceful. The police, nervous of the size of the crowd, opened fire killing 69 people and injuring 180. Many of those killed and injured were shot in the back while running for cover.  In Langa, in the Cape, violence also erupted on a smaller scale. A group of about 6000 people gathered and waited for orders from leaders. In the morning the march to the police station began, but was called off after police threatened violence. News of the Sharpeville massacre enraged protesters who marched towards the police. The police reacted, opening fire on the marchers and killing two of them. 20 Beginning in the 1950s it became clear to some members of the ANC and the SACP that passive resistance and non-violence were not working. So movement moved to include more violent techniques Beginning in the 1950s it became clear to some members of the ANC and the SACP that passive resistance and non-violence were not working.

So movement moved to include more violent techniques Impact of Sharpeville Massacre Impact of Sharpeville Massacre Banning of liberation movements and organizations/ house arrest Banning of liberation movements and organizations/ house arrest General failure of ANC to win meaningful political changes based on the policy of non-violence and moderation. General failure of ANC to win meaningful political changes based on the policy of non-violence and moderation.

Rivonia Trial in 1963 (Mandela sent to Robben Island Rivonia Trial in 1963 (Mandela sent to Robben Island 1960s TACTICAL SHIFT 21 Umkhonto we Sizwe Umkhonto we Sizwe “Spear of the nation” “Spear of the nation” Initiated in 1961, began program of sabotage Initiated in 1961, began program of sabotage attacked post offices and other buildings in Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth and Durban attacked post offices and other buildings in Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth and Durban Because of bannings and arrests organization effectively neutralized until 1970s Because of bannings and arrests organization effectively neutralized until 1970s The PAC: Poqo The PAC: Poqo Underground military wing Underground military wing Poqo means 'alone' or 'pure' in Xhosa. Poqo means 'alone' or 'pure' in Xhosa. Group not opposed to killing to advance the freedom struggle, including white people, police informers and black people who sided with the government.

Group not opposed to killing to advance the freedom struggle, including white people, police informers and black people who sided with the government. Planned a national uprising in order to overthrow the white government, but poor organization and internal problems crippled the PAC and Poqo. Planned a national uprising in order to overthrow the white government, but poor organization and internal problems crippled the PAC and Poqo. 22 Umkhonto we Sizwe ubuyi’ lu Mkhonto weSizwe hhem! Ubuyi’ lu Mkhonto we Sizwe hhem! Ubuyi’ lu zoshaya amabhunu ‘ shaya amabhunu buya buya Mkhonto we Sizwe hhem! Mkhonto we Sizwe is back It is back to defeat the Boers The Boer War ends - May 31, 1902 - HISTORY.com The Boer War ends Publisher A+E Networks In Pretoria, representatives of Great Britain and the Boer states sign the Treaty of Vereeniging, officially ending the three-and-a-half-year South African Boer War. The Boers, also known as Afrikaners, were the descendants of the original Dutch settlers of southern Africa.

Britain took possession of the Dutch Cape colony in 1806 during the Napoleonic wars, sparking resistance from the independence-minded Boers, who resented the Anglicization of South Africa and Britain’s anti-slavery policies. In 1833, the Boers began an exodus into African tribal territory, where they founded the republics of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. The two new republics lived peaceably with their British neighbors until 1867, when the discovery of diamonds and gold in the region made conflict between the Boer states and Britain inevitable. Minor fighting with Britain began in the 1890s and in 1899 full-scale war ensued. By mid-June of 1900, British forces had captured most major Boer cities and formally annexed their territories, but the Boers launched a guerrilla war that frustrated the British occupiers. Beginning in 1901, the British began a strategy of systematically searching out and destroying these guerrilla units, while herding the families of the Boer soldiers into concentration camps.

By 1902, the British had crushed the Boer resistance, and on May 31 of that year, the Peace of Vereeniging was signed, ending hostilities. The treaty recognized the British military administration over Transvaal and the Orange Free State, and authorized a general amnesty for Boer forces. In 1910, the autonomous Union of South Africa was established by the British. It included Transvaal, the Orange Free State, the Cape of Good Hope, and Natal as provinces. Related Videos Second Boer War | Hebridean Connections Hebridean Connections Second Boer War Second Boer War The Second Boer War was fought from 11 October 1899 to 31 May 1902, between the British Empire and the two independent Boer republics of the Orange Free State and the South African Republic, after the Boers declared war. After a protracted hard-fought war, the two independent republics lost and were absorbed into the British Empire. The Treaty of Vereeniging in 1902 brought an end to hostilities and political but not social unity.

Question: In 1902 the Treaty of Vereeniging brought which war to an end?
Answer: The Second Boer War