Synonyms and Antonyms for alloy_iron | Synonym.com Synonyms and Antonyms for alloy_iron 1. alloy iron (n.) cast iron containing alloying elements (usually nickel or chromium or copper or molybdenum) to increase the strength or facilitate heat treatment Synonyms: Metal alloy | Article about Metal alloy by The Free Dictionary Metal alloy | Article about Metal alloy by The Free Dictionary Also found in: Dictionary , Thesaurus , Medical , Legal , Wikipedia . alloy (ăl`oi, əloi`) [O. Fr.,=combine], substance with metallic properties that consists of a metal fused with one or more metals or nonmetals. Alloys may be a homogeneous solid solution, a heterogeneous mixture of tiny crystals, a true chemical compound, or a mixture of these. Alloys are used more extensively than pure metals because they can be engineered to have specific properties. For example, they may be poorer conductors of heat and electricity, harder, or more resistant to corrosion. Alloys of iron and carbon include cast iron and steels; brass and bronze are important alloys of copper; amalgams are alloys that contain mercury; and chromium is an important additive in stainless steel.

Because pure gold and silver are soft, they are often alloyed with one another or with other metals. New alloys are being engineered for use in new technology, including materials for the space program. Metallic glasses and crystalline alloys have also been developed, and metal alloys are sometimes bonded with ceramics, graphites, and organic materials as composites. Alloy any of the solid or liquid systems formed primarily by the fusion of two or more metals or by the fusion of metals with various nonmetals. The term “alloy” was originally applied to materials with metallic properties. However, since the mid-20th century, in light of the rapid development of the physics and technology of semiconductors and semiconductor materials, the alloy concept has been broadened to include alloys of elemental semiconductors and semiconducting compounds. Alloys with even comparatively simple crystal structures, for example, the solid solutions Cu-Sn (bronze) and Fe-C (cast iron, steel), often possess better mechanical and physical properties than the component pure metals. Two major periods in the history of material culture—the Bronze Age and Iron Age—were named after the metals and alloys from which tools and weapons were fashioned.

The properties of alloys have long been known to depend not only on the composition but also on the heat treatment, for example, hardening, and mechanical treatment, for example, forging, to which the alloys are subjected. The transition from the search for alloys with practical importance by trial and error to the creation of industrial alloys on a scientific basis was made only in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It was then that, under the influence of the rapidly growing needs of technology and the concepts of physical chemistry, the theory was developed on the relationship between the properties of metals and the properties of alloys comprising these metals. Study of the effect on alloys of mechanical, thermal, and chemical treatment was also initiated at this time. Phase diagrams and composition-properties diagrams were constructed for various combinations of metallic systems, both binary and multicomponent. The nature of the interaction of the components of a system revealed by the phase diagram (formation of solid solutions, chemical compounds, mechanical mixtures; existence of phase transitions in the solid state) permitted a prediction of the type of composition-hardness diagram and composition-electrical conductivity diagram and an understanding of the alloy’s macrostructure.

In the second half of the 20th century, scientists in the USSR and other countries have paid increasing attention to the problem of predicting the nature of the interaction between elements and the properties of their alloys. In this effort, use has been made of the regularities revealed by the periodic system of elements and the advances made in solid-state physics, computer technology, and the theory of chemical bonding. The development of the theory of alloys has created possibilities for industrial expansion, as well as for new branches of technology. Modern industrial alloys constitute the major part of structural materials. Since iron is the least expensive and most available metal, iron-base alloys (steel, cast iron, ferroalloys) constitute 95 percent of world metal production. Elements of Mendeleev’s periodic system that until recently were of purely scientific interest are increasingly being used as alloying elements in the quest for new alloys with wider ranges of properties and uses. The large number of possible alloys requires a system of classification, and both theoretical and practical approaches are available. With the theoretical approach, which relies upon chemical thermodynamics (and the phase rule), alloys are classified according to the number of components (binary alloys, ternary alloys) and number of phases.

The latter category includes homogeneous alloys (solid solutions or intermetallic compounds), which consist of a single phase, and heterogeneous alloys, consisting of two or more phases. The phases may be pure components, solid solutions, phases with the structure of α-, β-, γ-, and e-brass and β-tungsten, phases of the Cu5Ca, NiAs, and CaF2 type, sigma phases, Laves phases (named for the German scientist F. Laves), and interstitial phases. Alloys with very fine heterogeneity are especially valuable and may be considered to lie on the border between solid solutions and heterogeneous alloys. The practical approach to alloy classification is governed by factors pertaining to the production and use of the alloys. Here, the first consideration is the metal itself, and alloys are classified according to either the base metal (alloys of ferrous and nonfer-rous metals, aluminum alloys, iron alloys, nickel alloys) or the alloying metal, that is, the metal added in small quantities that imparts especially valuable properties to the alloyed components (beryllium bronze, vanadium steel, tungsten steel). A second consideration in practical classification pertains to use (in structures, instruments) and properties.

Alloys can be classified by their properties as antifriction, heat-resistant, refractory, wear-resistant, light, superlight, low-melting, and chemically stable. A separate category can be reserved for alloys with special physical properties—thermal, magnetic, or electrical. A third consideration in practical classification is the technology used in manufacturing alloy items. Here, alloys are classified as cast alloys (pouring liquid alloys into molds), as deformed alloys (worked by forging, rolling, drawing, pressing, and stamping in the hot or cold state), or as alloys produced by the methods of powder metallurgy. Alloys produced in the USSR are marked to indicate the qualitative composition. In addition, many alloys have names related to, for example, their composition (nichrome) or special properties (Invar, constantan). Alloys are also named for their inventors (Wood’s alloy, melchior, Monel Metal) or for firms (Armco iron). The properties of most alloys depend on both composition and structure. Structure in turn depends on the conditions of crystallization and cooling and on thermal and mechanical treatment.

The structure of alloys changes upon heating and cooling, and this change affects the mechanical, physical, and chemical properties, as well as the behavior, of alloys during treatment and use. The clarification, with the aid phase diagrams, of the possible phase transitions in alloys provides data for analyzing the most important types of heat treatment (hardening, tempering, annealing, aging). For example, before annealing, the original structure of carbon steels is usually a ferrite-carbide mixture; the major transition occurring upon heating is the transition from perlite to austenite at temperatures above 727°C (point A[). Hardening permits a retention of the austenite structure and in this case is described as hardening without allotropic transformation, where an increase in strength is obtained while retaining alloy ductility. A typical example of similar behavior for aluminum alloys is seen in Duralumin D16. Alloys in which hardening is accompanied by a loss of strength and a sharp increase in ductility relative to the annealed state are rarely encountered. A typical example of such an alloy is beryllium bronze Br.B2 or stainless Cr-Ni steel Khl8N9.

For any metal or alloy in which a change in temperature brings an allotropic transformation of the major component, hardening with a nondiffusing allotropic transformation is possible upon rapid cooling. This type of hardening is called martempering. The martensitic transformation, which was discovered in the study of the hardening of carbon and alloy steels, was subsequently found to be one of the fundamental methods for rearrangement of the crystal lattice, a method characteristic for both pure metals and such varied classes of alloys as iron-base carbon-free alloys, alloys of nonferrous metals, and semiconducting compounds. Modern heat treatment of metals and alloys encompasses, in addition to heat treatment proper, thermomechanical treatment, chemical-mechanical treatment, and chemical heat treatment. During such industrial processes as casting, welding, and hot working with pressure, alloys may be subjected to separate types of additional thermal treatment with a consequent alteration in properties. Various methods are used to establish and check the properties of alloys. These methods include destructive testing (for mechanical strength, ductility, heat resistance, corrosion resistance) and nondestructive testing (for hardness and electrical, optical, and magnetic properties).

Alloy composition is determined by analytical chemical methods (qualitative and quantitative analysis) supplemented by spectral analysis and X-ray spectral analysis. Methods of rapid chemical analysis, used in the production of alloys, and semifinished and finished items made of alloys, are very efficient. Methods of physical metallurgy are used for the study of the specific structure of alloys and alloy defects. A distinction is made between macroscopic and microscopic defects in alloys. The vast majority of industrial alloys exist in the fine-grained state in the form of polycrystals; the properties of these alloys are practically isotropic. The production of alloys in the form of single crystals, formerly a topic of purely scientific interest, has become increasingly important since the 1950’s because only single crystals can be used in several branches of modern technology. The modern advances in alloy science are to a large extent related to improvements in classical methods and the development of new physical methods for the study of solids. REFERENCES D. K. Chernov i nauka o metallakh. Edited by N. T. Gudtsov. Leningrad-Moscow, 1950. Bochvar, A. A. Metallovedenie, 5th ed.

Moscow, 1956. Smiriagin, A. P. Promyshlennye tsvetnye metally i splavy, 2nd ed. Moscow, 1956. Kurnakov, N. S. Izbr. trudy, vols. 1–2. Moscow, 1960–61. Kolachev, B. A., V. I. Livanov, and V. I. Elagin. Metallovedenie i termicheskaia obrabotka tsvetnykh metallov i splavov. Moscow, 1972. Bokshtein, S. Z. Stroenie isvoistva metallicheskikh splavov. Moscow, 1971. Kurdiumov, G. V. lavleniia zakalki i otpuska stali. Moscow, 1960. Shteinberg, S. S. Metallovedenie. Moscow, 1961. Hansen, M., and K. Anderko.

Struktury dvoinykh splavov, 2nd ed., vols. 1–2. Moscow, 1962. (Translated from English.) Diagrammy sostoianiia metallicheskikh sistem, fases. 1–17. Edited by N. V. Ageev. Moscow, 1959–73. Savitskii, E. M., and G. S. Burkhanov. Metallovedenie tugoplavkikh metallov i splavov. Moscow, 1967. Elliot, R. P. Struktury dvoinykh splavov, vols. 1–2. Moscow, 1970. (Translated from English.) Shunk, F. A. Struktury dvoinykh splavov. Moscow, 1973. (Translated from English.) Fizicheskoe metallovedenie, vols. 1–3. Edited by R. Cahn. Moscow, 1967–68. (Translated from English.) Gorelik, S. S., and M. Ia. Dashevskii.

Materialovedenie poluprovodnikov i metallovedenie. Moscow, 1973. Novikov, I. I. Teoriia termicheskoi obrabotki metallov. Moscow, 1974. S. A. P A composite plastic produced by blending and melting together different polymers. (metallurgy) A metal product containing two or more elements as a solid solution, as an intermetallic compound, or as a mixture of metallic phases. Alloy A metal product containing two or more elements (1) as a solid solution, (2) as an intermetallic compound, or (3) as a mixture of metallic phases. Alloys are frequently described on the basis of their technical applications. They may also be categorized and described on the basis of compositional groups. Except for native copper and gold, the first metals of technological importance were alloys. Bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, is appreciably harder than copper. This quality made bronze so important an alloy that it left a permanent imprint on the civilization of several millennia ago now known as the Bronze Age. Today the tens of thousands of alloys involve almost every metallic element of the periodic table.

Alloys are used because they have specific properties or production characteristics that are more attractive than those of the pure, elemental metals. For example, some alloys possess high strength; others have low melting points; others are refractory with high melting temperatures; some are especially resistant to corrosion; and others have desirable magnetic, thermal, or electrical properties. These characteristics arise from both the internal and the electronic structure of the alloy. An alloy is usually harder than a pure metal and may have a much lower conductivity. Bearing alloys are used for metals that encounter sliding contact under pressure with another surface; the steel of a rotating shaft is a common example. Most bearing alloys contain particles of a hard intermetallic compound that resist wear. These particles, however, are embedded in a matrix of softer material which adjusts to the hard particles so that the shaft is uniformly loaded over the total surface. The most familiar bearing alloy is babbitt. Bearings made by powder metallurgy techniques are widely used because they permit the combination of materials which are incompatible as liquids, for example, bronze and graphite, and also permit controlled porosity within the bearings so that they can be saturated with oil before being used, the so-called oilless bearings.

See Antifriction bearing , Wear Certain alloys resist corrosion because they are noble metals. Among these alloys are the precious-metal alloys. Other alloys resist corrosion because a protective film develops on the metal surface. This passive film is an oxide which separates the metal from the corrosive environment. Stainless steels and aluminum alloys exemplify metals with this type of protection. The bronzes, alloys of copper and tin, also may be considered to be corrosion-resisting. See Corrosion Dental alloys contain precious metals. Amalgams are predominantly silver-mercury alloys, but they may contain minor amounts of tin, copper, and zinc for hardening purposes. Liquid mercury is added to a powder of a precursor alloy of the other metals. After being compacted, the mercury diffuses into the silver-base metal to give a completely solid alloy. Gold-base dental alloys are preferred over pure gold because gold is relatively soft. The most common dental gold alloy contains gold, silver, and copper. For higher strengths and hardnesses, palladium and platinum are added, and the copper and silver are increased so that the gold content drops. Vitallium and other corrosion-resistant alloys are used for bridgework and special applications.

Die-casting alloys have melting temperatures low enough so that in the liquid form they can be injected under pressure into steel dies. Such castings are used for automotive parts and for office and household appliances which have moderately complex shapes. Most die castings are made from zinc-base or aluminum-base alloys. Magnesium-base alloys also find some application when weight reduction is paramount. Low-melting alloys of lead and tin are not common because they lack the necessary strength for the above applications. See Metal casting In certain alloy systems a liquid of a fixed composition freezes to form a mixture of two basically different solids or phases. An alloy that undergoes this type of solidification process is called a eutectic alloy. A homogeneous liquid of this composition on slow cooling freezes to form a mixture of particles of nearly pure copper embedded in a matrix (background) of nearly pure silver. The advantageous mechanical properties inherent in composite materials have been known for many years. Attention is being given to eutectic alloys as they are basically natural composite materials. See Eutectics , Metal matrix composite Fusible alloys generally have melting temperatures below that of tin (449°F or 232°C), and in some cases as low as 122°F (50°C).

Using eutectic compositions of metals such as lead, cadmium, bismuth, tin, antimony, and indium achieves these low melting temperatures. These alloys are used for many purposes, for example, in fusible elements in automatic sprinklers, forming and stretching dies, filler for thin-walled tubing that is being bent, and anchoring dies, punches, and parts being machined. High-temperature alloys have high strengths at high temperatures. In addition to having strength, these alloys must resist oxidation by fuel-air mixtures and by steam vapor. At temperatures up to about 1380°F (750°C), the austenitic stainless steels serve well. An additional 180°F (100°C) may be realized if the steels also contain 3% molybdenum. Both nickel-base and cobalt-base alloys, commonly categorized as superalloys, may serve useful functions up to 2000°F (1100°C). Nichrome, a nickel-base alloy containing chromium and iron, is a fairly simple superalloy.

More sophisticated alloys invariably contain five, six, or more components; for example, an alloy called René-41 contains Cr, Al, Ti, Co, Mo, Fe, C, B, and Ni. Other alloys are equally complex. A group of materials called cermets, which are mixtures of metals and compounds such as oxides and carbides, have high strength at high temperatures, and although their ductility is low, they have been found to be usable. One of the better-known cermets consists of a mixture of titanium carbide and nickel, the nickel acting as a binder or cement for the carbide. See Cermet Metals are bonded by three principal procedures: welding, brazing, and soldering. Welded joints melt the contact region of the adjacent metal; thus the filler material is chosen to approximate the composition of the parts being joined. Brazing and soldering alloys are chosen to provide filler metal with an appreciably lower melting point than that of the joined parts. Typically, brazing alloys melt above 750°F (400°C), whereas solders melt at lower temperatures.

See Brazing , Soldering Aluminum and magnesium, with densities of 2.7 and 1.75 g/cm3, respectively, are the bases for most of the light-metal alloys. Titanium (4.5 g/cm3) may also be regarded as a light-metal alloy if comparisons are made with metals such as steel and copper. Aluminum and magnesium must be hardened to receive extensive application. Age-hardening processes are used for this purpose. Low-expansion alloys include Invar, the dimensions of which do not vary over the atmospheric temperature range, and Kovar, which is widely used because its expansion is low enough to match that of glass. Soft and hard magnetic materials involve two distinct categories of alloys. The former consists of materials used for magnetic cores of transformers and motors, and must be magnetized and demagnetized easily. For alternating-current applications, silicon-ferrite is commonly used. This is an alloy of iron containing as much as 5% silicon. Permalloy and some comparable cobalt-base alloys are used in the communications industry. Ceramic ferrites, although not strictly alloys, are widely used in high-frequency applications because of their low electrical conductivity and negligible induced-energy losses in the magnetic field.

Permanent or hard magnets may be made from steels which are mechanically hardened, either by deformation or by quenching. The Alnicos are also widely used for magnets. Since these alloys cannot be forged, they must be produced in the form of castings. The newest hard magnets are being produced from alloys of cobalt and the rare-earth type of metals. In addition to their use in coins and jewelry, precious metals such as silver, gold, and the heavier platinum metals are used extensively in electrical devices in which contact resistances must remain low, in catalytic applications to aid chemical reactions, and in temperature-measuring devices such as resistance thermometers and thermocouples. The unit of alloy impurity is commonly expressed in karats, where each karat is a 1/24 part. The most common precious-metal alloy is sterling silver (92.5% Ag, with the remainder being unspecified, but usually copper). The copper is very beneficial in that it makes the alloy harder and stronger than pure silver. Metallic implants demand extreme corrosion resistance because body fluids contain nearly 1% NaCl, along with minor amounts of other salts, with which the metal will be in contact for indefinitely long periods of time.

Type 316 stainless steels resist pitting corrosion but are subject to crevice corrosion. Vitallium and other cobalt-base alloys have orthopedic applications. Titanium alloys gained wide usage in Europe during the early 1970s for pacemakers and for retaining devices in artificial heart valves. While excellent for corrosion resistance, this alloy is subject to mechanical wear; therefore, it is not satisfactory in hip-joint prostheses and applications with similar frictional contacts. Shape memory alloys have a very interesting and desirable property. In a typical case, a metallic object of a given shape is cooled from a given temperature T1 to a lower temperature T2 where it is deformed so as to change its shape. Upon reheating from T2 to T1 the shape change accomplished at T2 is recovered so that the object returns to its original configuration. This thermoelastic property of the shape memory alloys is associated with the fact that they undergo a martensitic phase transformation (that is, a reversible change in crystal structure that does not involve diffusion) when they are cooled or heated between T1 and T2. Shape memory alloys are capable of being employed in a number of useful applications.

One example is for thermostats; another is for couplings on hydraulic lines or electrical circuits. Superconducting alloys, with zero resistivity, are of great interest in the design of certain fusion reactors which require very large magnetic fields to contain the plasma in a closed system. The advantage of the use of a material with a resistivity approaching zero is obvious. However, two significant problems are involved in the use of superconducting alloys in large electromagnetics: the critical temperature, and the fact that above a certain critical current density the superconducting materials tend to become normal conductors with a finite resistance. Serious materials problems still have to be solved before these materials can be used successfully. Thermocouple alloys include Chromel and Alumel. These two alloys together form the widely used Chromel-Alumel thermocouple, which can measure temperatures up to 2200°F (1204°C). Another common thermocouple alloy, constantan, is used to form iron-constantan and copper-constantan couples, employed at lower temperatures. See Thermocouple As discussed here, prosthetic alloys are alloys used in internal prostheses, that is, surgical implants such as artificial hips and knees.

External prostheses are devices that are worn by patients outside the body; alloy selection criteria are different from those for internal prostheses. Alloy selection criteria for surgical implants can be stringent primarily because of biomechanical and chemical aspects of the service environment. The most widely used prosthetic alloys therefore include high-strength, corrosion-resistant ferrous, cobalt-based, or titanium-based alloys: for example, cold-worked stainless steel; cast Vitallium; a wrought alloy of cobalt, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, and titanium; titanium alloyed with aluminium and vanadium; and commercial-purity titanium. An alloy of niobium and titanium (NbTi) has a great number of applications in superconductivity; it becomes superconducting at 9.5 K (critical superconducting temperature, Tc). This alloy is preferred because of its ductility and its ability to carry large amounts of current at high magnetic fields, represented by Jc(H) [where Jc is the critical current and H is a given magnetic field], and still retain its superconducting properties. Novel high-temperature superconducting materials may have revolutionary impact on superconductivity and its applications.

These materials are ceramic, copper oxide-based materials that contain at least four and as many as six elements. Typical examples are yttrium-barium-copper-oxygen (Tc 93 K); bismuth-strontium-calcium-copper-oxygen (Tc 110 K); and thallium-barium-calcium-copper-oxygen (Tc 125 K). These materials become superconducting at such high temperatures that refrigeration is simpler, more dependable, and less expensive. See Ceramics alloy Metalic - definition of Metalic by The Free Dictionary Metalic - definition of Metalic by The Free Dictionary (mĕt′l) n. 1. Any of a category of electropositive elements that usually have a shiny surface, are generally good conductors of heat and electricity, and can be melted or fused, hammered into thin sheets, or drawn into wires. Typical metals form salts with nonmetals, basic oxides with oxygen, and alloys with one another. 2. An alloy of two or more metallic elements. 3. An object made of metal. 4. Basic character; mettle. 5. Broken stones used for road surfaces or railroad beds. 6.

Molten glass, especially when used in glassmaking. 7. Molten cast iron. 8. Printing Type made of metal. 9. Music Heavy metal. tr.v. met·aled, met·al·ing, met·als also met·alled or met·al·ling To cover or surface (a roadbed, for example) with broken stones. [Middle English, from Old French, from Latin metallum, from Greek metallon, mine, ore, metal.] metal n 1. (Elements & Compounds) a. any of a number of chemical elements, such as iron or copper, that are often lustrous ductile solids, have basic oxides, form positive ions, and are good conductors of heat and electricity b. an alloy, such as brass or steel, containing one or more of these elements 2. (Printing, Lithography & Bookbinding) printing type made of metal 3. (Ceramics) the substance of glass in a molten state or as the finished product 4. (Civil Engineering) short for road metal 5. (Pop Music) informal short for heavy metal 1 6. (Military) navy a.

the total weight of projectiles that can be shot by a ship's guns at any one time b. the total weight or number of a ship's guns 7. (Elements & Compounds) astronomy Also called: heavy element any element heavier than helium 8. (Heraldry) heraldry gold or silver 9. (Railways) (plural) the rails of a railway adj vb (tr) , -als, -alling or -alled, -als, -aling or -aled 10. (Metallurgy) to fit or cover with metal 11. (Civil Engineering) to make or mend (a road) with road metal [C13: from Latin metallum mine, product of a mine, from Greek metallon] ˈmetal-ˌlike adj (ˈmɛt l) n., v. -aled, -al•ing (esp. Brit.) -alled, -al•ling. n. 1. any of a class of elementary substances, as gold, silver, or copper, all of which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by opacity, ductility, conductivity, and a unique luster when freshly fractured. 2.

such a substance in its pure state, as distinguished from alloys. 3. an alloy or mixture of such substances, as brass. 4. an element yielding positively charged ions in aqueous solutions of its salts. 5. formative material; stuff. 7. printing type made of metallic alloy. 8. molten glass in the pot or melting tank. 11. to furnish or cover with metal. [1250–1300; Middle English (< Old French) < Latin metallum quarry, metal < Greek métallon] met′al•like`, adj. met·al (mĕt′l) 1. Any of a large group of elements, including iron, gold, copper, lead, and magnesium, that conduct heat and electricity well. Metals can be hammered into thin sheets or drawn into wires. They are usually shiny and opaque. All metals except mercury are solid at room temperature. 2. An alloy, such as steel or bronze, made of two or more metals. Usage We think of metals as hard, shiny materials used to make things like paper clips and cars. But for chemists, a metal is a chemical element that loses electrons in a chemical reaction.

Metal atoms do this because of the structure of their electron shells—the layers in which electrons are arranged around an atom's nucleus. If an element's outermost electron shell is filled, the element is stable and does not react easily. But if the shell contains only a few electrons, the atom will try to share them with another atom in a chemical reaction, thereby becoming stable. Elements having only one electron in their outermost shell are the most reactive; all they have to do to become stable is lose this electron. Such elements are alkali metals like sodium and potassium, and they are listed in the left-hand column of the Periodic Table at Periodic Table . The metals farther toward the right side of the Periodic Table, such as tin and lead, have more electrons in their outermost shell and are not as reactive because sharing or losing all these electrons would require more energy. The elements that fall between these extremes are somewhat reactive and are called transition elements. They include elements like iron, copper, tungsten, and silver. metal I will have been metalling you will have been metalling he/she/it will have been metalling we will have been metalling you will have been metalling they will have been metalling Past Perfect Continuous Noun 1.

metal - any of several chemical elements that are usually shiny solids that conduct heat or electricity and can be formed into sheets etc.

metallic element heavy metal - a metal of relatively high density (specific gravity greater than about 5) or of high relative atomic weight (especially one that is poisonous like mercury or lead) base metal - a metal that is common and not considered precious; "lead, iron, copper, tin, and zinc are base metals" chemical element , element - any of the more than 100 known substances (of which 92 occur naturally) that cannot be separated into simpler substances and that singly or in combination constitute all matter noble metal - any metal that is resistant to corrosion or oxidation Al , aluminium , aluminum , atomic number 13 - a silvery ductile metallic element found primarily in bauxite Am , americium , atomic number 95 - a radioactive transuranic metallic element; discovered by bombarding uranium with helium atoms antimony , atomic number 51 , Sb - a metallic element having four allotropic forms; used in a wide variety of alloys; found in stibnite atomic number 56 , Ba , barium - a soft silvery metallic element of the alkali earth group; found in barite atomic number 4 , Be , beryllium , glucinium - a light strong brittle grey toxic bivalent

 metallic element atomic number 83 , Bi , bismuth - a heavy brittle diamagnetic trivalent metallic element (resembles arsenic and antimony chemically); usually recovered as a by-product from ores of other metals atomic number 48 , cadmium , Cd - a soft bluish-white ductile malleable toxic bivalent metallic element; occurs in association with zinc ores atomic number 20 , Ca , calcium - a white metallic element that burns with a brilliant light; the fifth most abundant element in the earth's crust; an important component of most plants and animals atomic number 98 , californium , Cf - a radioactive transuranic element; discovered by bombarding curium with alpha particles atomic number 58 , Ce , cerium - a ductile grey metallic element of the lanthanide series; used in lighter flints; the most abundant of the rare-earth group atomic number 55 , caesium , cesium , Cs - a soft silver-white ductile metallic element (liquid at normal temperatures); the most electropositive and alkaline metal atomic number 24 , chromium , Cr - a hard brittle multivalent metallic element; resistant to corrosion and tarnishing atomic number 27 , cobalt , Co

 - a hard ferromagnetic silver-white bivalent or trivalent metallic element; a trace element in plant and animal nutrition atomic number 29 , copper , Cu - a ductile malleable reddish-brown corrosion-resistant diamagnetic metallic element; occurs in various minerals but is the only metal that occurs abundantly in large masses; used as an electrical and thermal conductor atomic number 96 , curium , Cm - a radioactive transuranic metallic element; produced by bombarding plutonium with helium nuclei atomic number 66 , Dy , dysprosium - a trivalent metallic element of the rare earth group; forms compounds that are highly magnetic alloy mixture - (chemistry) a substance consisting of two or more substances mixed together (not in fixed proportions and not with chemical bonding) heavy metal - a metal of relatively high density (specific gravity greater than about 5) or of high relative atomic weight (especially one that is poisonous like mercury or lead) 18-karat gold - an alloy that contains 75 per cent gold 22-karat gold - an alloy that contains 87 per cent gold oreide , oroide - alloy of copper and tin and zinc; used in imitation gold jewelry Alnico - trade name for

 an alloy used to make high-energy permanent magnets; contains aluminum and iron and nickel plus cobalt or copper or titanium amalgam , dental amalgam - an alloy of mercury with another metal (usually silver) used by dentists to fill cavities in teeth; except for iron and platinum all metals dissolve in mercury and chemists refer to the resulting mercury mixtures as amalgams fusible metal - an alloy with a low melting point and used as solder and in safety plugs and sprinkler fuses electrum - an alloy of gold and silver pewter - any of various alloys of tin with small amounts of other metals (especially lead) pinchbeck - an alloy of copper and zinc that is used in cheap jewelry to imitate gold pot metal - an alloy of copper and lead used especially for making large pots solder - an alloy (usually of lead and tin) used when melted to join two metal surfaces white gold - a pale alloy of gold usually with platinum or nickel or palladium type metal - an alloy of tin and lead and antimony used to make printing type bearing metal , white metal - an alloy (often of lead or tin base) used for bearings babbitt , Babbitt metal - an alloy of tin with some copper and antimony; a lining for bearings

 that reduces friction Britannia metal - an alloy similar to pewter CARBOLOY - [trademark] an alloy based on tungsten with cobalt or nickel as a binder; used in making metal-cutting tools steel - an alloy of iron with small amounts of carbon; widely used in construction; mechanical properties can be varied over a wide range cheoplastic metal - any alloy that fuses at low temperatures and can be used molding artificial teeth copper-base alloy - any alloy whose principal component is copper dental gold - an alloy of gold used in dentistry Duralumin - an aluminum-based alloy Inconel - a nickel-base alloy with chromium and iron; used in gas-turbine blades Invar - an alloy of iron and nickel having a low coefficient of thermal expansion; used in tuning forks and measuring tapes and other instruments Glossary of Terms - Sandmeyer Steel Glossary of Terms A C D E F G H I L M N P S V W Age Hardening Martensitic stainless steels are hardened by heating above their critical temperature, holding them at heat to insure uniform temperature, and cooling them rapidly by quenching in air or oil.

Alloying Element The adding of any metallic element in stainless steel production in order to increase hardness, strength, or corrosion resistance. Molybdenum, nickel, and chromium are common alloying elements in stainless steel. Alloy Surcharge The producer’s selling price plus a surcharge added to offset the increasing costs of raw materials caused by increasing alloy prices. Annealing (Solution Annealing) A process of heating cold stainless steel to obtain maximum softness and ductility by heat treatment which also produces a homogeneous structure (in austenitic grades) or a 50/50 mixture of austenite and ferrite (in duplex grades). It relieves stresses that have built up during cold working and insures maximum corrosion resistance. Annealing can produce scale on the surface that must be removed by pickling. Austenitic Stainless Steel Non-magnetic stainless steels that contain nickel and chromium sufficient to develop and retain the austenitic phase at room temperature. Austenitic stainless steels are the most widely used category of stainless steel. Centerless Grinding An operation whereby the surface of a bar is ground without using a lathe.

Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking Cracking due to the combination of tensile stress and corrosion in the presence of water and chlorides. Chromium (Cr) An alloying element that is used in stainless steel to deter corrosion. Cold Finished Bars Hot rolled stainless steel bars that are annealed and cold worked to produce a higher surface quality and higher strength. Cold Forming (Cold Working) Any mechanical operation that creates permanent deformation, such as bending, rolling, drawing, etc., performed at room temperature that increases the hardness and strength of the stainless steel. Continuous Casting Processes of pouring stainless steel into a billet, bloom, or slab directly from the furnace. This process avoids the need for large, expensive mills and also saves time because the slabs solidify in minutes rather than the several hours it takes for an ingot to form. Corrosion The attack upon metals by chemical agents converting them to non-metallic products. Stainless steel has a passive film created by the presence of chromium (and often other alloying elements – nickel, molybdenum) that resists this process. Corrosion Fatigue Cracking due to repeating and fluctuating stresses in a corrosive environment.

Corrosion Resistance A metal's ability to resist corrosion in a particular environment. Crevice Corrosion Corrosion of stainless steel on the surface that is fully shielded from air such that the passive film cannot be created to resist the corrosion. Cut-to-Length Cutting flat-rolled stainless steel into desired length and then normally shipping it flat-stacked. Duplex Stainless steel comprised of austenitic and ferritic stainless steels that contain high amounts of chromium and nickel. This combination is stronger than both of the individual stainless steels. Duplex stainless steels are highly resistant to corrosion and cracking. Elongation A measurement of ductility expressed in terms of the stretch having occurred over a given length on a standard tensile specimen at time of fracture, usually based upon an original length of 2 inches. Erosion-Corrosion An accelerated loss of material concerning corrosion and erosion that results from corrosive material interacting with the material. Fabricator An intermediate product producer that purchases materials and processes them specifically for a particular project. Fatigue A condition leading to the eventual fracture of a material due to constant or repeated stresses that exert less pressure than the tensile strength of the material. Ferrite The body-centered cubic crystalline phase of iron-based alloys.

Ferritic Magnetic stainless steels that have a low carbon content and contain chromium as the main alloying element, usually between 13% and 17%. It is the second most widely used stainless steel. Ferritic stainless steels are generally used in automotive trim and exhaust systems, hot water tanks, and interior architectural trim. Ferroalloy Metal products such as ferrochrome, ferromanganese, and ferrosilicon that are commonly used as raw materials to aid various stages in stainless steel making. Ferrochrome A common raw material in stainless steel production. This alloy consists of iron and up to 72% chromium. Finish The final condition of the surface after the last phase of production. Finishing Facilities These facilities process semi-finished stainless steel into ready-made forms that can be used by others. Some facilities are rolling mills, pickle lines, tandem mills, annealing facilities, and temper mills. Flat-Rolled Stainless Steel (Flat Product) Category of stainless steel that includes shapes such as sheet, strip, and plate. Forming A process that brings about a change in the shape of stainless steel by the application of force (i.e. cold forming, hot forming, wire forming).

Free-Machining A stainless steel to which a small amount of some relatively insoluble element (such as sulfur, selenium) is added to create a minute and widely distributed soft phase that acts as chip breakers during machining. Galvanic Corrosion Accelerated corrosion of a metal because of an electrical contact with a more noble metal or non-metallic conductor in a corrosive electrolyte. Gauge The thickness of a certain stainless steel. General Corrosion General corrosion is the term used to describe the attack that proceeds in a relatively uniform manner over the entire surface of a metal. Typically, stainless steels do not exhibit general corrosion. Heat Treatment Altering the properties of stainless steel by subjecting it to a series of temperature changes. To increase the hardness, strength, or ductility of stainless steel so that it is suitable for additional applications. Hot Forming Hot forming operations are used widely in the fabrication of stainless steel to take advantage of their lower resistance to shape change. High temperature reduces their yield strengths, and this results in a marked lowering of the force that is required to bring about plastic movement or flow from one shape to another (hot rolling, hot stretching, etc.).

Impact Test Impact testing is used to measure the toughness of a material, corresponding to the energy necessary to cause fracture under shock loading. Low toughness is generally associated with brittle shear fracture and high toughness with ductile plastic tearing. Intergranular Corrosion Preferential corrosion cracking at or along the grain boundaries of a metal. Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking Stress corrosion cracking in which the cracking occurs along grain boundaries. Life Cycle Costing An accounting method of costing where expenses are allocated over the life of the product. Life cycle costs are often lower for stainless steel than for alternatives despite a higher initial outlay because stainless products generally last longer and require little maintenance. Long Products Category of stainless steel that includes rods, bars, and structural products that are described as long rather than flat. Low-Carbon Stainless Steel Stainless steel containing less than 0.03% carbon. Martensite A hard supersaturated solid solution of iron characterized by an acicular (needle-like) microstructure. Martensitic A small category of magnetic stainless steels typically containing 12% chromium, a moderate level of carbon, and a very low level of nickel.

Mechanical Properties (Physical Properties) Properties determined by mechanical testing, such as yield strength, ductility, ultimate tensile strength, hardness, bendability, impact strength, etc. Molybdenum (Mo) An alloying element that enhances corrosion resistance along with chromium in stainless steels. Nickel (Ni) An alloying element used in stainless steels to enhance ductility and corrosion resistance. Nickel-Based Superalloys Alloy metal produced for high-performance, high-temperature applications such as nickel-iron-chrome alloys and nickel-chrome-iron alloys. Passivation When exposed in air, stainless steels passivate naturally (due to the presence of chromium), but the time required can vary. In order to ensure that the passive layer reforms rapidly after pickling, a passivation treatment is performed using a solution of nitric acid and water. Passive A characteristic condition of stainless steels which impedes normal corrosion tendencies to the point where the metal remains virtually unattacked — hence, passive to its environment. Pickling A process that removes surface scale and oxidation products by immersion in a chemically active solution, such as sulfuric or hydrochloric acid.

Plate Stainless steel measuring more than 10 inches wide with a thickness ranging from 3/16 of an inch and over. Precipitation Hardening (PH) A small category of stainless steels resembling martensitic stainless steels that have great strength and hardness due to heat treatment. Service Center An operation that buys metal, stores it (often processing it in some way), and then sells it in a slightly different form than it was purchased from the producing mills. Shearing Trimming of the edges of sheet strip to make them parallel. This is done at either the stainless steel mill or at the stainless steel processor. Slab A very common type of semi-finished stainless steel which usually measures 6-10 inches thick by 30-85 inches wide and averages 20 feet long. After casting, slabs are sent to a strip mill where they are rolled and coiled into sheet and plate products. Solution Heat Treatment Heating a metal to a high temperature and maintaining it long enough for one or more constituents to enter the solid solution. The solution is then cooled rapidly to retain the constituents within. Specialty Alloys Metals with distinct chemical and physical properties.

These alloys are produced for very specific applications and considered to be on the low end of superalloys. Specialty Steel 10 Metal Alloy Facts 10 Metal Alloy Facts 10 Metal Alloy Facts Interesting Facts About Alloys Gold used in jewelry is an alloy. Both yellow gold and white gold consist of gold alloyed with one or more silver metals. Only 24k gold is pure gold and it is too soft for jewelry except as a coating. Jill Ferry Photography / Getty Images By Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D. Updated May 27, 2016. You use metal alloys every day. You encounter alloys in jewelry, cookware, tools, and most other items made of metal. Examples of alloys include white gold , Sterling silver , brass, bronze, and steel. Here are 10 interesting facts about metal alloys . An alloy is a blend of two or more metals. The blend can form a solid solution or it can be a simple mixture, depending on the size of the crystals that form and how homogeneous the alloy is. Although sterling silver is an alloy consisting mainly of silver, many alloys with the word "silver" in their name are only silver in color!

German silver and Tibetan silver are examples of alloys that don't actually contain any elemental silver . Many people believe steel is an alloy of iron and nickel, but actually steel is an alloy consisting primarily of iron, always with some carbon, with any of several metals . Stainless steel is an alloy of iron , low levels of carbon, and chromium. The chromium gives the steel resistance to "stain" or iron rust . A thin layer of chromium oxide forms on the surface of stainless steel , protecting it from oxygen, which is what causes rust. However, stainless steel can be stained if you expose it to a corrosive environment, such as seawater. The corrosive environment attacks and removes the protective chromium oxide coating more quickly than it can repair itself, exposing the iron to attack. continue reading below our video What are the Seven Wonders of the World Solder is an alloy that is used to bond metals to each other. Most solder is an alloy of lead and tin. Special solders exist for other applications. For example, silver solder is used in the manufacture of sterling silver jewelry. Fine silver or pure silver is not an alloy and will melt and join to itself. Brass is an alloy consisting primarily of copper and zinc.

Bronze , on the other hand, is an alloy of copper with another metal, usually tin. Originally, brass and bronze were considered to be distinct alloys , but in modern usage, brass is any copper alloy . You may hear brass cited as a type of bronze or vice versa. Pewter is a tin alloy consisting of 85-99% tin with copper , antimony, bismuth, lead, and/or silver. Although lead is used much less commonly in modern pewter, even "lead-free" pewter typically contains a small amount of lead. This is because "lead-free" is defined as containing no more than .05% (500 ppm) lead. This amount remains appreciable if the pewter is used for cookware, dishes, or children's jewelry. Electrum is a naturally occurring alloy of gold and silver with small amounts of copper and other metals. The ancient Greeks considered it to be "white gold." It was used as far back as 3000 B.C. for coins, drinking vessels, and ornaments. Gold can exist in nature as a pure metal, but most of the gold you encounter is an alloy. The amount of gold in the alloy is expressed in terms of karats.

24 karat gold is pure gold. 14 karat gold is 14/24 parts gold, while 10 karat gold is 10/24 parts gold, or less than half gold. Any of several metals can be used for the remaining portion of the alloy. An amalgam is an alloy made by combining mercury with another metal. Almost all metals form amalgams, with the exception of iron. Amalgam is used in dentistry and in gold and silver mining because these metals readily combine with mercury. Metals and alloys terminology - Vocabulary List : Vocabulary.com Metals and alloys terminology September 16, 2012 By EUinterpreter Rate this list: solder together by using hard solder with a high melting point General purpose filler metal, can be used with brazeable aluminiums in all types of brazing. an alloy whose main constituent is nickel For carbides, stainless steels, tool steels, and nickel alloys. a nickel-base alloy with chromium and iron For complex chromium-titanium carbides, stainless steel, Stellite, Inconel. a mixture of substances having a minimum melting point Close to eutectic, narrow melting range, suitable for low heating rates, e.g.

in furnace brazing. the pressure exerted by a vapor Low vapor pressure. a mixture containing two or more metallic elements For joining aluminium and its alloys. steel containing chromium that makes it resistant to corrosion For carbides, steels, stainless steels, cast iron, and nickel refractory alloys. neutron flux the rate of flow of neutrons Extensively used in nuclear industry except in high- neutron flux regions and in contact with liquid sodium or potassium. a metal that is common and not considered precious Generally provides joints stronger than the base metals. of or relating to or containing iron Free-flowing, for ferrous alloys, nickel, copper and their alloys, and combinations. a silver-white alloy containing copper and zinc and nickel For copper alloys, brass, nickel silver, bronze, mild steel, stainless steel, nickel, and Monel. of or relating to or containing nitrogen Good performance in nitrogen-bearing atmospheres. melting point the temperature below which a liquid turns into a solid Due to low melting point suitable for joining copper to brass, as dezincification of brass is less pronounced. the flues and stops on a pipe organ Used for fluxless brazing in refrigeration, air conditioning, medical gas pipework, and heat exchangers.

the malleability of something that can be drawn into threads or wires or hammered into thin sheets Strontium refines grain structure of the brazing alloy, improving ductility and toughness. a heavy grey-white metallic element Can be used also on silver, tungsten and molybdenum. (biochemistry) a waxy transparent material that occurs in the cuticle of plants and consists of highly polymerized esters of fatty acids 85 7 8 a polyvalent metallic element that resembles chromium and tungsten in its properties; used to strengthen and harden steel Can be used also on silver, tungsten and molybdenum. a reddish-brown color resembling the color of polished copper Light copper color. any of various forms of aluminum oxide occurring naturally as corundum Traces of bismuth and beryllium disrupt the surface aluminium oxide. a drill for penetrating rock Excellent wetting properties, used extensively for attaching tungsten carbide bits to cutting tools and rock drills. a compound containing nitrogen and a more electropositive element (such as phosphorus or a metal) Does not outgas during titanium nitride coating.

relating to or situated at an interface Titanium forms an interfacial layer with Si3N4, yielding TiN, TiSi, and Ti5Si3.[70] an alloy of copper and aluminum with high tensile strength and resistance to corrosion For joining tungsten carbide, beryllium copper and aluminium bronze to steel. the art of making and decorating pottery Widely used for joining metalized ceramics to metals in vacuum. an artifact made of hard brittle material produced from nonmetallic minerals by firing at high temperatures Widely used for joining metalized ceramics to metals in vacuum. form or shape beforehand or determine the shape of beforehand Preforms made by rapid solidification. corrosion erosion by chemical action Can be used for joining aluminium and titanium to dissimilar metals; the risk of galvanic corrosion then has to be considered. one whose business is to exchange the money of one country for that of another country Used for fluxless brazing in refrigeration, air conditioning, medical gas pipework, and heat exchangers.

a very hard alloy of cobalt and chromium with cobalt as the principal ingredient; used to make cutting tools and for surfaces subject to heavy wear For complex chromium-titanium carbides, stainless steel, Stellite, Inconel. steel whose characteristics are determined by the amount of carbon it contains For use on brass, bronze, and low carbon steel. capable of being shaped or bent or drawn out Ductile, slow-flowing. (of reputation) free from blemishes For carbides, steels, stainless steels, cast iron, and nickel refractory alloys. to remove oxygen from a compound, or cause to react with hydrogen or form a hydride, or to undergo an increase in the number of electrons Can be used for brazing stainless-steel to phosphorus- deoxidized or OFHC copper. a soft bluish-white ductile malleable toxic bivalent metallic element; occurs in association with zinc ores Absence of lead and cadmium allows use of long heating cycles.

anneal bring to a desired consistency by heating and cooling May facilitate stress cracking of some alloys by liquid metal embrittlement; prior stress relief annealing is required then, or use of a higher melting point alloy that does not melt until stress relief temperature of the base metal is reached. a hard malleable ductile silvery metallic element that is resistant to corrosion; used in alloys; occurs in pentlandite and smaltite and garnierite and millerite For alloys of iron, copper, and nickel. join or fuse with an alloy General purpose filler metal for aluminium soldering/brazing with a torch. a silvery ductile metallic element found primarily in bauxite Free-flowing, most fluid of aluminium filler metals. jet engine a gas turbine produces a stream of hot gas that propels a jet plane by reaction propulsion For high-temperature applications e.g. on jet engines, especially on stainless steel; maximum service temperature 371 °C. Used in many jet engine subassemblies for US Air Force. a binary compound of carbon with a more electropositive element For attaching carbides to alloy steels. in a manner of stopping and starting at irregular intervals Flow point 705 °C.

Maximum service temperature 149 °C ( intermittently 204 °C). soft solder solder that melts at a relatively low temperature Used where joint strength needs to be higher than achievable by solders and temperature must be low, e.g. thermostatic bellows operating at temperatures too high for soft solders and requiring being joined below their annealing temperature. the act of making something wet Excellent wetting of carbides, stainless steel and copper. steel with less than 0.15% carbon Brasses are often used on mild steel assemblies. of white tinged with grey Grayish-white color. a fabric woven from goat hair and camel hair Similar to Cusil- ABA. titanium a light strong grey lustrous corrosion-resistant metallic element used in strong lightweight alloys (as for airplane parts); the main sources are rutile and ilmenite Can be used for joining aluminium and titanium to dissimilar metals; the risk of galvanic corrosion then has to be considered. of a white that resembles silver Silver-white color; used in silversmithing due to color match. fitting consisting of threaded pieces of pipe for joining pipes together Used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems, and brass and copper pipe fitting.

powder metallurgy the metallurgy of powdered metals Can be used for infiltrating porous components made by powder metallurgy ("infiltration brazing"); the lubricity of silver and its resistance to galling makes it attractive for bearings. a light strong brittle grey toxic bivalent metallic element Traces of bismuth and beryllium disrupt the surface aluminium oxide. thermostatic of or relating to a thermostat Used where joint strength needs to be higher than achievable by solders and temperature must be low, e.g. thermostatic bellows operating at temperatures too high for soft solders and requiring being joined below their annealing temperature. a supernatural smith and king of the elves 860/882[79] – Wieland Porta Optimum 880. an empty area or space Suitable for vacuum brazing. a ductile malleable reddish-brown corrosion-resistant diamagnetic metallic element; occurs in various minerals but is the only metal that occurs abundantly in large masses; used as an electrical and thermal conductor For aluminium-to-aluminium and aluminium-to- copper. a colorless and odorless inert gas Fluxless brazing requires vacuum, argon or dry hydrogen atmosphere.

turbine that converts the chemical energy of a liquid fuel into mechanical energy by internal combustion; gaseous products of the fuel (which is burned in compressed air) are expanded through a turbine Used in some gas turbine applications. alloy steel that is suitable for making tools For carbides, stainless steels, tool steels, and nickel alloys. device that transfers heat from one liquid to another without allowing them to mix For heat exchanger return bends, hot water cylinders, refrigeration pipes. the degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment High-strength, low- temperature. very hard mineral used as an abrasive Can be used for brazing ceramics, metal-ceramics, graphite, diamond, corundum, sapphire, ruby. a small jet-propelled winged missile that carries a bomb 1015/1055[85] – Wieland Porta IP V-1. reduce or cause to be reduced from a solid to a liquid state Tendency to liquation, has to be heated rapidly through the melting range.

thermocouple a kind of thermometer consisting of two wires of different metals that are joined at both ends; one junction is at the temperature to be measured and the other is held at a fixed lower temperature; the current generated in the circuit is proportional to the temperature difference Used for e.g. immersion heaters and thermocouple harnesses. anything added to fill out a whole Free-flowing, most fluid of aluminium filler metals. a longitudinal slice or boned side of a fish Can fill gaps and form fillets. the process whereby heat changes something from a solid to a liquid Tendency to liquation, has to be heated rapidly through the melting range. the transmission of heat or electricity or sound High electrical and thermal conductivity. electrical conduction through a gas in an applied electric field Requires very intense heating, e.g. electric arc. not limited in use or function General-purpose. the fractional change in length or area or volume per unit change in temperature at a given constant pressure Coefficient of expansion matching many common materials. any of the chemically inert gaseous elements of the helium group in the periodic table Can be used without flux in hydrogen, inert gas, or vacuum.

a brittle grey crystalline element that is a semiconducting metalloid (resembling silicon) used in transistors; occurs in germanite and argyrodite Low tarnishing due to germanium content; transparent passivation layer of germanium oxide protects against silver sulfide formation. a worker hired on a temporary basis Cu-Zn 855/915[29] – Hi- Temp 080. a silver alloy with no more than 7.5% copper See also Argentium sterling silver. contact that allows current to pass from one conductor to another For electrical contacts and copper-tungsten electrodes. steel who characteristics are determined by the addition of other elements in addition to carbon For attaching carbides to alloy steels. a state of constant change Used with flux. chromium a hard brittle multivalent metallic element As the braze does not contain active elements, the carbon-based material may have to be surface-treated for sufficient wetting, e.g. by a solid-state reaction with chromium.[34] an open or empty space in or between things Gap-filling. utility consisting of the pipes and fixtures for the distribution of water or gas in a building and for the disposal of sewage Used in plumbing.

the property of flowing easily Fluidity decreased on copper and increased on silver due to dissolution of base metal. electronic device consisting of a system of electrodes arranged in an evacuated glass or metal envelope For alloys like kovar and invar to copper, for vacuum tubes. slightly purplish or bluish dark grey Maximum service temperature 149 °C, intermittently 204 °C. Steel gray color. the process of cooling or freezing for preservative purposes Used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems, and brass and copper pipe fitting. British political cartoonist (born in New Zealand) who created the character Colonel Blimp (1891-1963) Low vibration resistance. annealing hardening something by heat treatment May facilitate stress cracking of some alloys by liquid metal embrittlement; prior stress relief annealing is required then, or use of a higher melting point alloy that does not melt until stress relief temperature of the base metal is reached. disposed to or engaged in defiance of established authority Corrosion- resistant.

having no definite form or distinct shape 100 volatilize make volatile; cause to pass off in a vapor In furnace brazing the heat cycles should be kept short, as otherwise zinc could volatilize and leave pinholes in the alloy. a hard brittle grey polyvalent metallic element that resembles iron but is not magnetic; used in making steel; occurs in many minerals Does not tend to produce porous fillets despite manganese content. a monetary standard under which the basic unit of currency is defined by a stated quantity of silver Hallmark-compliant, specifically tailored to meet sterling silver standard, used in jewellery. come to the starting point of a cycle For stainless steels, nickel, molybdenum, tungsten, and fast brazing cycles on titanium. conduit consisting of a long hollow object (usually cylindrical) used to hold and conduct objects or liquids or gases Good for tight-fitting copper pipes and tubing. an aperture or hole that opens into a bodily cavity 860/882[79] – Wieland Porta Optimum 880. a trivalent metalloid element Good for materials where copper-brazing would require too high temperature or where boron alloys would be detrimental.

used as a lubricant and as a moderator in nuclear reactors When brazing cast iron, graphite must be removed from the surface to assure good wetting. stimulate (muscles) by administering a shock For carbon steel and galvanized steel. the process by which a substance combines with oxygen Oxidation resistance exceeds palladium-bearing alloys. an alloy of iron with small amounts of carbon Suitable for automotive industry for brazing steel components where higher-temperature bronze alloys can not be used. a fluorocarbon with chlorine Used for special purposes, e.g. brazing CFC (carbon fibre composites), pure copper, copper-zirconium alloys and molybdenum.[33] containing within itself the means of propulsion or movement Suitable for automotive industry for brazing steel components where higher-temperature bronze alloys can not be used. having the consistency of a soft or soggy mass Melts through mushy state, tends to liquate. dissimilar not alike Can be used for joining aluminium and titanium to dissimilar metals; the risk of galvanic corrosion then has to be considered. of or relating to the teeth Dental solder. a rare soft silvery metallic element Indium improves wetting of ferrous alloys.

any property used to characterize matter and energy and their interactions Very similar mechanical and physical properties and application temperature. solid-state consisting of semiconductor materials and components and related devices As the braze does not contain active elements, the carbon-based material may have to be surface-treated for sufficient wetting, e.g. by a solid-state reaction with chromium.[34] turbine in which steam strikes blades and makes them turn For steam turbine blades. a chemical element or alloy that is usually a shiny solid Free-flowing, most fluid of aluminium filler metals. most desirable possible under a restriction 860/882[79] – Wieland Porta Optimum 880. thermal relating to or associated with heat Excellent strength and ductility during cooling, which is an advantage over silver brazes when joining materials with dissimilar thermal expansion. tableware made of silver or silver plate or pewter or stainless steel For iron, silverware, and nickel alloys. the engine that powers and aircraft For band instruments, brass lamps, ship piping, aircraft engine oil coolers.

surface tension phenomenon at a liquid's surface from intermolecular forces Good wetting, high strength, low creep, high corrosion resistance, high thermal conductivity, high surface tension, zero wetting angle. a cutting implement; a tool for cutting Excellent wetting properties, used extensively for attaching tungsten carbide bits to cutting tools and rock drills. In vacuum silver may evaporate above 900 °C. 28 72 Ag60Cu30Sn10 Ag-Cu 600/730[1] 600/720[39][52] 602/718[71] – AG 402, BAg-18, BVAg-18, AMS 4773, Braze 603, Braze 604 (VTG grade for vacuum systems, with reduced volatile impurities), Cusilitin 10, BrazeTec 6009. a compound of sulphur and some other element that is more electropositive Low tarnishing due to germanium content; transparent passivation layer of germanium oxide protects against silver sulfide formation.

pinhole a small puncture that might have been made by a pin In furnace brazing the heat cycles should be kept short, as otherwise zinc could volatilize and leave pinholes in the alloy. a system that keeps air cool and dry Used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems, and brass and copper pipe fitting. a bluish-white lustrous metallic element Unsuitable for vacuum brazing due to high zinc content. US Air Force the airforce of the United States of America For high-temperature applications e.g. on jet engines, especially on stainless steel; maximum service temperature 371 °C. Used in many jet engine subassemblies for US Air Force. a soft silver-white or yellowish metallic element of the alkali metal group; turns yellow in air; occurs in celestite and strontianite Strontium refines grain structure of the brazing alloy, improving ductility and toughness. the framework and covering of an airplane or rocket Often used for joining skins to honeycomb cores of airframe structures made of precipitation-hardened steels.

formerly a large constellation in the southern hemisphere between Canis Major and the Southern Cross; now divided into Carina and Pyxis and Puppis and Vela Ag-Cu-Zn – 18.3 25.62 45.75 1.93 Ag50Cu20Zn28Ni2 Ag-Cu-Zn 660/707[8] modulus (physics) a coefficient that expresses how much of a specified property is possessed by a specified substance When joining martensitic stainless steels, cracks appear in the fillets on cooling (due to volume strain caused by martensitic transition of the base metal) and may reduce fatigue life of the joint; this can be prevented by a time-intensive stress relief heating just above the martensitic transition of the base metal, or by using BNi-1A, a reduced-carbon version, which reduces modulus of the filler alloy enough to prevent crack formation.[5] zirconium a lustrous grey strong metallic element resembling titanium Used for special purposes, e.g.

brazing CFC (carbon fibre composites), pure copper, copper- zirconium alloys and molybdenum.[33] capable of existing or taking place or proving true Used where ductility is important and low tolerances are not achievable. the act of bringing about something For induction, torch and furnace brazing. an industry that builds housing Used in construction industry, electrotechnics and automotive industry.[46] an enclosed chamber in which heat is produced for a building Usable for both flame and furnace brazing. a divine presence believed by Quakers to enlighten and guide the soul Light copper color. a hard grey lustrous metallic element that is highly resistant to corrosion; occurs in niobite and fergusonite and tantalite Wets tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum and superalloys. of a white tinged with yellow Yellow-white color. the act of bringing two things into contact For joining aluminium and its alloys. a visual attribute of things from the light they emit Grayish-white color. junction by which parts or objects are linked together Ductile copper-copper joints. continuous amorphous matter that tends to flow Free-flowing, most fluid of aluminium filler metals.

of an achromatic color of any lightness intermediate between the extremes of white and black Grayish-white color. the process of becoming warmer; a rising temperature Close to eutectic, narrow melting range, suitable for low heating rates, e.g. in furnace brazing. hinder or prevent, as an effort, plan, or desire Supplied as Trifoil – copper foil sandwiched between braze alloy foils. get excessively and undesirably hot Large use on small electric motors, where soft soldering would fail on overheating. the substance that is acted upon by an enzyme or ferment Narrow melting range, low erosion of substrates. an alloy of copper and tin and sometimes other elements For copper, copper alloys, brass, bronze. a learning process in which an organism's behavior becomes dependent on the occurrence of a stimulus in its environment Used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems, and brass and copper pipe fitting. a visible suspension in the air of particles of a substance Low vapor pressure. lubricity feeling morbid sexual desire or a propensity to lewdness Can be used for infiltrating porous components made by powder metallurgy ("infiltration brazing"); the lubricity of silver and its resistance to galling makes it attractive for bearings.

the process of becoming hard or solid by cooling or drying or crystallization Preforms made by rapid solidification. a person who starts a course of action Avoid fillets, these tend to be crack initiators. become more focused on an area of activity or field of study Limited use in specialized applications. an alloy of copper and zinc For copper, copper alloys, brass, bronze. using the minimum of time or resources for effectiveness Economical. willingness to respect the beliefs or practices of others Used where ductility is important and low tolerances are not achievable. causing harm or injury Good for materials where copper-brazing would require too high temperature or where boron alloys would be detrimental. a heavy brittle diamagnetic trivalent metallic element Traces of bismuth and beryllium disrupt the surface aluminium oxide. any mechanical force that tends to retard or oppose motion Excellent corrosion resistance when joining aluminium metals. a soft white precious univalent metallic element having the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of any metal; occurs in argentite and in free form; used in coins and jewelry and tableware and photography Can be used also on silver, tungsten and molybdenum. capable of being shaped or bent For use on cast and malleable iron.

capable of being put to use Usable for both flame and furnace brazing. an engine that causes a bladed rotor to rotate For steam turbine blades. galvanic pertaining to electric current by chemical action Can be used for joining aluminium and titanium to dissimilar metals; the risk of galvanic corrosion then has to be considered. semiconductor a substance as germanium or silicon whose electrical conductivity is intermediate between that of a metal and an insulator; its conductivity increases with temperature and in the presence of impurities Used for die attachment and attachment of metal lids to semiconductor packages, e.g. kovar lids to ceramic chip carriers. a silver-white metallic element of the platinum group that resembles platinum; occurs in some copper and nickel ores; does not tarnish at ordinary temperatures and is used (alloyed with gold) in jewelry Oxidation resistance exceeds palladium-bearing alloys. a nonmetallic univalent element that is normally a colorless and odorless highly flammable diatomic gas; the simplest and lightest and most abundant element in the universe Fluxless brazing requires vacuum, argon or dry hydrogen atmosphere.

Question: Invar is an alloy chiefly consisting of iron and which other metallic element?
Answer: Nickel