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Contents THIS PAGE IS A WORK IN PROGRESS Achaea Aegyptus Cyprus Dacia Dalmatia | Epirus | Galatia | Gallia Aquitania | Gallia Belgica | Gallia Lugdunensis | Gallia Narbonensis | Germania Inferior | Germania Superior | Hispania Baetica | Hispania Lusitania | Hispania Tarraconensis | Italia | Iudaea | Lycaonia | Lycia | Macedonia | Mauretania Caesariensis | Mauretania Tingitana | Moesia | Noricum | Numidia | Osroene | Pannonia | Pamphylia | Pisidia | Pontus | Raetia | Sicilia | Sophene | Syria | Thracia List of Roman Provinces - AD 300 to AD 476 Edit Emperor Diocletian introduced a radical reform known as the Tetrarchy (284-305), with a western and an eastern Augustus or senior emperor, each seconded by a junior emperor (and designated successor) styled Caesar, and each of these four defending and administering a quarter of the empire.

The scheme was not to last in detail, but although the Caesars were soon eliminated from the picture, the four administrative resorts were restored in 318 by Emperor Constantine I, in the form of praetorian prefectures, whose holders generally rotated frequently, as in the usual magistracies but without a colleague. Constantine also created a second capital, Nova Roma, known after him as Constantinople, and each of these two cities had its own extraordinary governor or Praefectus Urbi. In general, between the acclamation of Diocletian and the formal end of the western Empire in 476, the Empire was recognised as being divided into two, with separate Emperors for the Eastern and Western halves. Diocletian set up twelve dioceses, each governed by a Vicarius. Three more were created by splits in the fourth century: in the west, Italia was split in two, and in the east Egypt was detached from Oriens. Detailed information on these arrangements is contained in the Notitia Dignitatum (Record of Offices), a document dating from the early 5th century.

It is from this authentic imperial source that we draw most data, as the names of the areas governed and titles of the governors are given there. There are however debates about the source of some data recorded in the Notitia, and it seems clear that some of its own sources are earlier than others. It is interesting to compare this with the list of military territories under the Duces, in charge of border garrisons on so-called limites, and the higher ranking Comites rei militaris, with more mobile forces, and the later, even higher Magistri Militum. This administrative subdivision was later changed in Byzantine times, with the creation of extraordinary Exarchs and originally military Themas. Praetorian prefecture of Galliae Edit In Latin, Gallia was also sometimes used as a general term for all Celtic peoples and their territories, such as all Britons, while the Germanic and Iberian provinces had a mixed, largely Celtic population. The plural, Galliae in Latin, indicates that all of these are meant, not just Caesar's Gaul (several modern countries).

Diocese of Galliae Edit Covered about half of the Gallic provinces of the early empire: in what is now northern France roughly the part north of the Loire (called after the capital Lugdunum, modern Lyon) Gallia Lugdunensis I Gallia Lugdunensis III Gallia Lugdunensis IV Edit The Prefecture of Illyricum was named after the former province of Illyricum. The Prefecture of Illyricum originally included two dioceses: the Diocese of Pannoniae and the Diocese of Moesiae. The Diocese of Moesiae was later split into two dioceses: the Diocese of Macedonia and the last conquest, the Diocese of Dacia. Diocese of Pannonia Edit This was one of the two dioceses in the eastern quarters of the Tetrarchy not belonging to the cultural Greek half of the empire (the other was Dacia), and was transferred to the western empire when Theodosius I fixed the final split of the two empires in 395.

Dalmatia Edit This diocesis, comprising north eastern Africa — mainly Egypt, the rich granary and traditional personal domain of the emperors — was the only diocese that was not under a vicarius, but whose head retained the unique title of Praefectus Augustalis. It was created by a split of the diocese of Oriens. All but one, the civilian governors were of the modest rank of Praeses provinciae.

Aegyptus specifically came to designate Lower Egypt, previously two provinces, named after the pagan titles of the two emperors under Diocletian: Aegyptus Iovia (from Jupiter, for the Augustus; with the metropole Alexandria) and Aegyptus Herculia (for his junior, the Caesar; with ancient Memphis) Augustamnica, part of the Nile delta (13 'cities') - the only Egyptian province under a Corrector, a lower ranking governor; Thebais, Upper Egypt; Nubia south of Philae had been abandoned to tribal people Arcadia (not Arcadia in Greece) Apart from modern Egypt, it also comprised the former province of Cyrenaica, being the east of modern Libya (an ancient name for the whole African continent as well), split in two provinces, each under a praeses again: Libya Superior Africa - Clickable Map of the Roman Empire - First Century AD Map of the Roman Empire | Bible History Online Africa Aï¿½FRICA Aï¿½FRICA (Aφρική: Adj.

Afer, Africus, Africanus), the name by which the quarter of the world still called Africa was known to the Romans, who received it from the Carthaginians, and applied it first to that part of Africa with which they became first acquainted, namely, the part about Carthage, and afterwards to the whole continent. In the latter sense the Greeks used the name Libya (Ἀφρική only occurring as the Greek form of the Latin Africa); and the same name is continually used by Roman writers. In this work the continent is treated of under LIBYA; and the present article is confined to that portion of N. Africa which the Romans called specifically Africa, or Africa Propria (or Vera), or Africa Provincia (Ἀφρικὴ ἡ ἰδίως), and which may be roughly described as the old Carthaginian territory, constituted a Roman province after the Third Punic War (B.C. 146). The N. coast of Africa, after trending W. and E. with a slight rise to the N., from the Straits of Gibraltar to near the centre of the Mediterranean, suddenly falls off to the S. at C.

Bon (Mercurii Pr.) in 37ï¿½ 4′ 20″ N. lat., and 10ï¿½ 53′ 35″ E. long., and preserves this general direction for about 3ï¿½ of latitude, to the bottom of the Gulf of Khabs, the ancient Lesser Syrtis; the three chief salient points of this E. part of the coast, namely, the promontories of Clypea (at the N., a little S. of C. Bon) and Caput Vada (Kapoudiah, about the middle), and the island of Meninx (Jerbah, at the S.), lying on the same meridian. The country within this angle, formed of the last low ridges by which the Atlas sinks down to the sea, bounded on the S. and SW. by the Great Desert, and on the W. extending about as far as 9ï¿½ E. long., formed, roughly speaking, the Africa of the Romans; but the precise limits of the country included under the name at different periods can only be understood by a brief historical account. That part of the continent of Africa, which forms the S.

shore of the Mediterranean, W. of the Delta of the Nile, consists of a strip of habitable land, hemmed in between the sea on the N. and the Great Desert (Sāhăra) on the S., varying greatly in breadth in its E. and W. halves. The W. part of this sea-board has the great chain of ATLAS interposed as a barrier against the torrid sands of the Sāhăra; and the N. slope of this range, descending in a series of natural terraces to the sea, watered by many streams, and lying on the S. margin of the N. temperate zone, forms one of the finest regions on the surface of the earth. But, at the great bend in the coast above described (namely, about C. Bon), the chain of the Atlas ceases; and, from the shores of the Lesser Syrtis, the desert comes close to the sea, leaving only narrow slips of habitable land, till, at the bottom of another great bend to the S., forming the Greater Syrtis (Gulf of Sidra), the sand and water meet (about 19ï¿½ E.

long.), forming a natural division between the 2 parts of N. Africa. E. of this point lay CYRENAICA the history of which is totally distinct from that of the W. portion, with which we are now concerned. For what follows, certain land-marks must be borne in mind. Following the coast E. of the Fretum Gaditanum (Straits of Gibraltar) to near 2ï¿½ W. long., we reach the largest river of N. Africa, the MALVA Mulucha, or Molochath (Wady Mulwia or Mohalou), which now forms the boundary of Marocco [1.68] and Algier, and was an equally important frontier in ancient times. The next point of reference is a headland at about 4ï¿½ E. long., the site of the ancient city of SALDAE E. of this, again, some-what beyond 6ï¿½ E. long., is another frontier river, the AMPSAGA (Wady el Kebir): further on, near 8ï¿½ E.

long., another river, the RUBRICATUS ( Wady Seibous), at the mouth of which stood HIPPO REGIUS (Bonah); and, about 1ï¿½ further E., the river TUSCA (Wady-ez-Zain). The last great river of this coast, W. of the great turning point (C. Bon), is the BAGRADAS (Majerdah), falling into the sea just below C. Farina, the W. headland (as C. Bon is the eastern) of the great Gulf of Tunis, near the centre of which a rocky promontory marks the site of Carthage. Lastly, let us note the bottom of the great gulf called the Lesser Syrtis, at the S. ex-tremity of the E. coast already noticed, with the neighbouring great salt-lake of Al-Sibkah, the ancient Palus Tritonis, between 33ï¿½ and 34ï¿½ N. lat.; N. and NW. of which the country is for the most part desert, as far as the SE. slopes of the Atlas chain.

The country immediately around the lake itself forms the E.-most of a series of oases, which stretch from E. to W. along the S. foot of the Atlas chain, and along the N. margin of the Sāthăra, and thus mark out a natural S. frontier for this portion of N. Africa. In the earliest times recorded, the whole N. coast of the continent W. of Egypt was peopled by various tribes of the great Libyan race, who must be care-fully distinguished from the Ethiopian or negro races of the interior. S. of the Libyan tribes, and on the N. limits of the Sāhăra, dwelt the GAETULI and GARAMANTES and S. of these, beyond the desert, the proper Ethiopians or negroes. The Libyans were of the Caucasian family of mankind, and for the most part of nomade habits. At periods so early as to be still mythical to the Greeks, colonists from the W. coasts of Asia settled on the shores of Africa, and especially on the part now treated of.

Sallust has preserved a curious tradition respecting the earliest Asiatic colonists, to which a bare reference is enough (Jugurth. 18). The chief colonies were those of the Phoenicians, such as HIPPO ZARYTUS, UTICA, TUNES, HADRUMETUM, LEPTIS, and above all, though one of the latest, CARTHAGO In these settlements, the Phoenicians established themselves as traders rather than conquerors; and they do not seem to have troubled themselves about bringing the native peoples into subjection, except so far as was needful for their own security. Carthage, which was built on the most commanding position on the whole coast, gradually surpassed all the other Phoenician colonies, and brought them, as allies, if not as subjects, to acknowledge her supremacy. She also founded colonies of her own along the whole coast, from the Straits to the bottom of the Great Syrtis. The question of the extent and character of the Carthaginian dominion belongs to another article [CARTHAGO] ; but it is necessary here to advert briefly to its condition when the Romans first became acquainted with the country.

At that time the proper territory of Carthage was confined within very narrow limits around the city itself. The sea-coast W. and S. of C. Bon, as far as the river Rubricatus and Hippo Regius on the W. and a point N. of Hadrumetum (about 36ï¿½ N. lat.) on the S., and the parts inland along the river Bagradas, and between it and the sea, appear to have formed the original territory of Carthage, corresponding nearly to the region afterwards known as ZEUGITANA, but reaching further along the W. coast, and not so far inland on the SW. This, or even less, was the extent of country at first included by the Romans under the name of Africa, and to this very day it bears the same name, Frikiah or Afrikeah. It is remarkable that, neither in the wars of Agathocles nor of the Romans with Carthage in Africa, does any mention occur of military operations out of this limited district. But still, before the wars with Rome, the territory of Carthage had received some accession. On the E. coast, S.

of 36ï¿½ N. lat., flourishing maritime cities had been established, some--as Leptis and Hadrumetum---even before Carthage, and some by the Carthaginians. These cities were backed by a fertile but narrow plain, bounded on the W. by a range of mountains, which formed the original BYZACIUM a district, according to Pliny, 250 Roman miles in circuit, and extending S.-wards as far as Thenae, opposite the island of Cercina (in about 34ï¿½ 30′ N. lat.), where the Lesser Syrtis was considered to begin. This district had been added to the possessions of the Carthaginians, and Polybius (3.23) speaks of their anxiety to conceal it from the knowledge of the Romans, as well as their commercial settlements further along the coast, called EMPORIA This word, Emporia, though afterwards used as the name of a district, denoted at first, according to its proper meaning, settlements established for the sake of commerce; and it appears to have included all the Phoenician and Carthaginian colonies along the whole coast from the N.

extremity of the Lesser Syrtis to the bottom of the Greater Syrtis. Any possession of the E. part of this region, in a strictly territorial sense, would have been worthless from the nature of the country, but the towns were maintained as centres of commerce with the inland tribes, and as an additional security, besides the desert, against any danger from the Greek states of Cyrenaica. Such was the general position of the Carthaginian dominion in Africa at the time of the Punic Wars; extending over their own immediate territory to about 80 miles S. of the capital, and along the E. coast of Tunis and isolated points on the W. part of the coast of Tripoli. The whole inner district in the central and SW. parts of the later province of Africa was in the possession of the Libyan tribes, whose services as mercenaries Carthage could obtain in war, but whom she never even attempted to subdue. These tribes are spoken of by Greek and Latin writers under a general name which describes their mode of life as wandering herdmen, Νομάδες, or, in the Latin form, NUMIDAE. They possessed the country along the N. coast as far W.

as the Straits; but those of them that were settled to the W. of the river Mulucha were called by another name, Μαῦροι, perhaps from a greater darkness of complexion, and, after them, the Romans called the country W. of the Mulucha MAURETANIA; while that E. of the Mulucha, to the W. frontier of Carthage, and also SW. and S. of the Carthaginian possessions as far as the region of the Syrtes, was included under the general designation of NUMIDIA In this region, at the time of the Second Punic War, two tribes were far more powerful than all the rest, namely, in the W. and larger portion, between the rivers Mulucha and Ampsaga, the MASSAESYLII, occupying the greater part of the modern Algier; and E.

of them, from the river Ampsaga and round the whole inland frontier of Carthage, the MASSYLII, the residence of whose chieftain, called by the Romans [1.69] king, was at the strong natural fort of CIRTA (Costantineh): regular cities were, in their earlier history, almost, if not altogether, unknown to the Numidians. The relations of these tribes to Carthage are most important, as affecting the boundaries of Roman Africa. The first chief of the Massylii mentioned in history, Gala, is supposed to have already deprived the Carthaginians of the important town of Hippo (Bonah), inasmuch as it is mentioned with the epithet of Regius in Livy's narrative of the Second Punic War (Liv. 29.3); but, for an obvious reason, we cannot lay much stress on this point of evidence. Much more important is it to bear in mind that, in these parts, the epithet Regius applied to a city does prove that it belonged, at some time, to the Numidian princes.

In the Second Punic War we find Gala in league with the Carthaginians ; but their cause was abandoned in B.C. 206: by his son Masinissa, whose varied fortunes this is not the place to follow out in detail. Defeated again and again by the united forces of the Carthaginians and of Syphax, chief of the Massaesylii, he retired into their deserts of Inner Numidia, that is, the SE. part, about the Lesser Syrtis, and there maintained himself till the landing of Scipio in Africa, B.C. 204, when he joined the Romans and greatly contributed to their success. At the conclusion of the war, his services were amply rewarded. He was restored to his hereditary dominions, to which was added the greater part of the country of the Massaesylii; Syphax having been taken prisoner in B.C. 203, and sent to Rome, where he soon died. The conduct of the Romans on this occasion displayed quite as much policy as gratitude, and Masinissa's conduct soon showed that lie knew he had been set as a thorn in the side of Carthage.

Under cover of the terms of the treaty and with the connivance of Rome, he made a series of aggressions on the Carthaginian territory, both on the NW. and on the SE., seizing the rich Emporia on the latter side, and, on the former, the country W. of the river Tusca, and the district called the Great Plain, SE. of the Bagradas around 36ï¿½ N. lat., where the name of Zama Regia is a witness of Numidian rule. Thus, when his constant persecution at length provoked the Carthaginians to the act of resistance which formed the occasion of the Third Punic War, Masinissa's kingdom extended from the river Malva to the frontier of Cyrenaica, while the Carthaginians were hemmed up in the narrow NE. corner of Zeugitana which. they had at first possessed, and in the small district of Byzacium ; these, their only remaining possessions, extending along the coast from the Tusca to the N. extremity of the Lesser Syrtis, opposite Cercina. Now, here we have the original limits of the Roman province of Africa.

The treaty of peace, at the close of the Second Punic War, had assigned to Masinissa all the territory which his ancestors had ever possessed ; he had succeeded in carrying out this provision to its full extent, if not beyond it ; and at the close of the Third Punic War, the Romans left his sons their inheritance undiminished, Masinissa himself having died in the 2nd year of the war, B.C. 148. (Appian. Pun. 106.) Thus, the Roman province of Africa, which was constituted in B.C. 146, included only the possessions which Carthage had at last. Sallust (Sal. Jug. 19) accurately describes the state of the case under the successors of Masinissa:--ï¿½Igitur bello Jugurthino pleraque ex Punicis oppida et finis Carthaginiensium, quos novissume habuerant, populus Romanus per magistratus administrabat : Gaetulorum magna pars et Numidae usque ad flumen Mulucham sub Jugurtha erant.ï¿½ And, as to the SE.

frontier of the Roman province, we learn from Pliny (5.4. s. 3) that it remained as under Masinissa, and that Scipio Africanus marked out the boundary line between the Roman province and the princes (reges) of Numidia, by a fossa which reached the sea at Thenae, thus leaving the Emporia and the region of the Syrtes to the latter. Thus the province of Africa embraced the districts of Zeugitana and Byzacium, or the N. and, E. parts of the Regency of Tunis, from the river Tusca to Thenae at the N. end of the Lesser Syrtis. It was constituted by Scipio, with the aid of ten legati, or commissioners, appointed by the senate from its own body, as was usual when a conquered country was reduced to a province, and on the following terms. (Appian. Pun. 135; Cic. de Leg. Agr. 2.1.

9) Such ruins of Carthage as remained were to be utterly destroyed, and men were forbidden, under a curse, to dwell upon its site; the cities which had taken part with Carthage were devoted to destruction, and their land was partly made ager publicus (comp. Cic. l.c. 22), and partly assigned to those cities which had sided with Rome, namely, Utica, Thapsus, Leptis Minor, Acholla, Usalis, Teudalis, and probably Hadrumetum (Lex Thoria, lin. 79; Marquardt, Becker's Handbuch d. Rï¿½m. Alterth. vol. iii. pt. l. p. 226). Utica received all the land from Hippo Zarytus to Carthage, and was made the seat of government. The inhabitants, except of the favoured cities, were burthened with heavy taxes, assessed on persons as well as on the land. The province was placed under praetorian government, and was divided into conventus, we are not told how many, but from the mention of those of Zeugis (Oros.

1.2) and Hadrumetum (Hirt. Bell. Afr. 97), we may perhaps infer that the former included the whole N. district, Zeugis or Zeugitana, and the latter the S. district, Byzacium. The war with Jugurtha caused no alteration of territories; but the Romans gained possession of some cities in the SE. part of Numidia, the chief of which was Leptis Magna, between the Syrtes. (Sal. Jug. 77.) Africa played an important part in the Civil War of Pompey and Caesar. Early in the war, it was seized for the senate by Attius Varus, who, aided by Juba, king of Numidia, defeated and slew Caesar's lieutenant Curio: of the remains of Caesar's army, some escaped to Sicily, and some surrendered to Juba; and the province remained in the hands of the Pomipeian party, B.C. 49. (Caes. B.C. 2.23--44.) After Pompey's dea h, and while Caesar played the lover at Alexandria, and ï¿½came, saw, conqueredï¿½ in Pontus (B.C.

47), the Pompeians gathered their forces for a final stand in Africa, under Q. Metellus Scipio, Afranius, and Petreius. These leaders were joined by Cato, who, having collected an army at Cyrene, performed a most difficult march round the shores of the Syrtes, and undertook the defence of Utica, the chief city of the province: how he performed the task, his surname and the story of his death have long borne witness. The Pompeians were supported by Juba, king of Numidia, but he was kept in check by the army of Bocchus and Bogud, kings of Mauretania, under P. Sittius, an adventurer, who had taken advantage of the discords [1.70] between the kings of Mauretania and Numidia to make a party of his own, composed of adventurers like himself, and who now espoused the cause of Caesar. (Appian. B.C. 4.54; D. C. 44.3.) Just before the close of B.C.

47, Caesar landed in Africa; and, after a brief but critical campaign, overthrew the united forces of the other party in the battle of Thapsus, in April, 46. The kingdom of Numidia was now taken possession of by Caesar, who erected it into a province, and committed its government to Sallustius, the historian, as proconsul, ï¿½in name,ï¿½ says Dio Cassius, ï¿½to govern, but in deed to plunder.ï¿½ (Hirt. B. Afr. 97; D. C. 43.9; Appian. B.C. 2.100.) Henceforth Numidia became known by the name of New Africa, and the former Roman province as Old Africa. (Appian. B.C. 4.53; Plin. Nat. 5.4. s. 3.) But further, within the province of New Africa itself, Caesar is said to have made a partition, to reward the services of Sittius and of the kings of Mauretania; giving to the latter the W. part of Numidia, as far E.

(probably) as Saldae (possibly to the Ampsaga), and to the former the territory about Cirta. (Appian. B.C. 4.54.) Very probably this partition amounted to nothing more than leaving his allies, for the present, in possession of what they had already seized, especially as, in his anxiety to return to Rome, Caesar settled the affairs of Africa in great haste. (Dion, 43.14, τά τε ἄλλα ἐν τῇ Ἀφρικῇ διὰ βραχέος, ὡς ἐνῆν μάλιστα, καταστήσας.) Among the exiles from Africa of the defeated party, who had taken refuge with the sons of Pompey in Spain, was a certain Arabion, whom Appian (4.54) calls a son of a certain Masinissa, the ally of Juba. This man, after Caesar's murder, returned to Numidia, expelled Bocchus, and slew Sittius by stratagem.

This story of Appian's is confused and doubtful, even with the help of a few obscure words in a letter of Cicero which have some appearance of confirming it. (Ad Att. 15.17, Arabioni de Sitio nihil iracscor; comp. D. C. 48.22.) In the arrangements of the second triumvirate, B.C. 43, the whole of Africa was assigned to Octavian. (D. C. 46.55; Appian. B.C. 4.53.) T. Sextius, a former legate of Julius Caesar, was governor of the New Province; while Q. Cornificius and D. Laelius held Old Africa for the so-called republican party, and to them many betook themselves who had escaped from the cruelties of the triumvirs at Rome. A war ensued, the events of which are related differently by the historians; but it ended in the defeat and death of Cornificius and Laelius, B.C. 42. (Appian. B.C. 3.85, 4.36, 52--56; D. C.

48.21.) After another and successful struggle with C. Fango, which there is not space to relate (see D. C. 48.22-24; Appian. B.C. 5.12, 26, 75), Sextius found himself obliged to give up both the African provinces to Lepidus, to whom they had been assigned in the new arrangements made by the triumvirs after the battle of Philippi, and confirmed after the war of Perusia, B.C. 41. By the surrender and retirement of Lepidus, both the African provinces came into the power of Octavian, B.C. 36. In the general settlement of the empire after the overthrow of Antony, B.C. 30, Augustus restored to the young Juba, son of Juba I., his paternal kingdom of Numidia (D. C. 51.15); but shortly afterwards, B.C. 25, he resumed the possession of Numidia, giving Juba in exchange the two Mauretanias, the E. boundary of his kingdom being fixed at Saldae. (Strab. pp.

828, 831.) [MAURETANIA] Thus the two provinces of Africa were finally united to the Roman empire, consisting of Old Africa, or the ancient Carthaginian territory, namely, Zeugitana and Byzacium, and New Africa, or, as it was also called, Numidia Provincia; the boundaries being, on the W., at Saldae, where Africa joined Mauretania Caesariensis, and on the E., the monument of the Philaeni, at the bottom of the Great Syrtis, where Africa touched Cyrenaï¿½ca. The boundaries between Old and New Africa remained as before, namely, on the N. coast, the New Province was divided from the Old by the river Tusca, and on the E. coast by the dyke of Scipio, which terminated at Thenae, at the N. entrance of the Syrtis Minor. (Plin. Nat. 5.4. s. 3.) This province of Africa was assigned to the senate, and made a proconsular province, B.C. 27 (Strab. p. 840; D. C. 53.12).

A further change was made by Caligula, in two particulars. First, as to the western boundary: when, having put to death Ptolemy, the son of Juba II., he made his kingdom of Mauretania a Roman province, he also extended its boundary eastwards from Saldae to the river Ampsaga, which became thenceforth the W. boundary of Numidia, or New Africa. (Tac. Hist. 1.11.) But he also changed the government of the province. Under Augustus and Tiberius, the one legion (IIIa), which was deemed sufficient to protect the province against the barbarians on the S. frontier, had been under the orders of the proconsul; but Caligula, moved by fear of the power and popularity of the proconsul M. Silanus, deprived him of the military command, and placed the legion under a legatus of his own. (Tac. Hist. 4.48.) From the account of Dio Cassius, which is, however, obviously inexact in some points, it would seem that Numidia was altogether separated from Africa, and made an imperial province under the legatus Caesaris. (D. C.

59.20: καὶ δίχα τὸ ἔθνος νείμας, ἑτέρῳ τό τε στρατιωτικὸν καὶ τοὺς νομάδας τοὺς περὶ αὐτὸ προσέταξε.) Tacitus does not mention this separation, but rather points out the evil results of the divided authority of the proconsul and legatus in a way which seems to imply that they had coordinate powers in the same province. A recent writer suggests that Numidia was always regarded, from the time of the settlement by Augustus, as a province distinct from Old Africa; that it may have been governed by a legatus under the proconsul; and that the only change made by Caligula was the making the legatus immediately dependent on the emperor (Marquardt, Becker's Rom. Alt. vol. iii. p. 229); and certainly, in the list given by Dio Cassius (53.12) of the provinces as constituted by Augustus, Numidia is mentioned as well as Africa.

On the whole, however, it seems that the exact relation of the New sProvince of Africa to the Old, from the time of Caligula to that of Diocletian, must be considered as somewhat doubtful. The above historical review may aid in removing the difficulty often found in understanding the statements of the ancient writers respecting the limits of Africa. Mela (1.7; comp. 100.6), writing in the reign of Claudius, gives Africa its widest extent, from the river Ampsaga and the promontory Metagonites on the W. (the same, doubtless, as the Tretum of Strabo, Ras Seba Rous, i. e. 7 Capes) to the Arae Philaenorum on the E.; while Pliny (5.4. s. 3), making Numidia extend from the Ampsaga to the Tusca, and Africa from the Tusca to the frontier of [1.71] Cyrenaï¿½ca, yet speaks of the 2 provinces in the closest connection (Numidiae et Africae ab Ampsaga longitude DLXXX. M.

P.), and seems even to include them both under the name of Africa (Africa a fluvio Ampsaga populos xxvi. habet). Ptolemy (4.3) gives Africa the same extent as Mela, from the Ampsaga to the bottom of the Great Syrtis; while he applies the name New Numidia. (Νουμιδία νέα) to a part of the country, evidently corresponding with the later Numidia of other writers ( ï¿½ 29), the epithet New being used in contradistinction to the ancient Numidia, the W. and greater part of which had been added to Mauretania. In Ptolemy's list of the provinces (8.29), Africa and Numidia are mentioned together. In the 3rd century, probably under Diocletian, the whole country, from the Ampsaga to Cyrenaiï¿½ca, was divided into the four provinces of Numidia, Africa Propria or Zeugitana, Byzacium or Byzacena, and Tripolis or Tripolituna. (Sext. Ruf. Brev. 8.) Numidia no longer extended S.

of Zeugitana and Byzacium, but that part of it was added to Byzacium; while its E. part, on and between the Syrtes, formed the province of Tripolitana. We are enabled to draw the boundary-lines with tolerable exactness by means of the records of the numerous ecclesiastical councils of Africa, in which the several bishoprics have the names of their provinces appended to them. (For the fullest information, see Morcelli, Africa Christiana, Brixiae, 1817, 3 vols. 4to.) Zeugitana, to which, in the revolution of time, the name of Africa had thus come to be again appropriated, remained a senatorial province under the Proconsul Africae, and was often called simply Proviacia Proconsularis ; the rest were imperial provinces, Byzacium and Numidia being governed by Consulares, and Tripolis by a Praeses. The Proconsul Africae (who was the only one in the W. empire, and hence was often called simply Proconsul) had under him two legati and a quaestor, besides legati for special branches of administration.

His residence was at the restored city of Carthage. The other three provinces, as well as the two Mauretanias, were subject to the praetorian praefect of Italy, who governed them by his representative, the Vicanris Africae. (Bï¿½cking, Notitia Dognitatum, vol. ii. e. 17, 19, &c.) Referring for the remaining details to the articles on the separate provinces, we proceed to a brief account of the later ancient history of Africa. At the time referred to, the name of Africa, besides its narrowest sense, as properly belonging to the proconsular province, and its widest meaning, as applied to the whole continent, was constantly used to include all the provinces of N. Africa, W. of the Great Syrtis, and the following events refer, for the most part, to that extent of country. At the settlement of the empire under Constantine, the African provinces were among the most prosperous in the Roman world.

The valleys of Mauretania and Numidia, and the plains of Zeugitana and Byzacium, had always been proverbial for their fertility; and the great cities along the coast had a flourishing commerce. The internal tranquillity of Africa was seldom disturbed, the only formidable insurrection being that under the two Gordians, which was speedily repressed, A.D. 238. The emperors Septimius Severus and Macrinus were natives of N. Africa. Amidst the prosperous population of these peaceful provinces, Christianity had early taken firm root; the records of ecclesiastical history attest the great number of the African churches and bishoprics, and the frequency of their synods; and the fervid spirit of the Africans displayed itself alike in the steadfastness of their martyrs, the energy of their benevolence, the vehemence of their controversies, and the genius of their leading writers, as, for example, Tertullian, Cyprian, and Augustine. But here, as on the other frontiers of the empire, the diminished vitality of the extremities bore witness to the declining energy of the heart.

That perfect subjection of the native tribes, which forms such, a singular contrast with the modern history of Algeria, had already been disturbed; and we read of increased military forces, insurrections of native princes, and incursions of the Numidians, or, as they now came to be generally called, the Moors, even before the end of the 3rd century. There is not space to recount the wars and troubles in Africa during the struggles of Constantine and his competitors for the empire; nor those under his successors, including the revolt of Firmus, and the exploits of the count Theodosius, under the 1st and 2nd Valentinian (A.D. 373--376), the usurpation of Maximus, after the death of Valentinian II.; and the revolt of the count Gildon, after the death of Theodosius the Great, suppressed by Stilicho, A. D. 398. At the final partition of the empire, on the death of Theodosius (A.D. 395), the African provinces were assigned to the W.

empire, under Honorius, whose dominions met those of his brother, Arcadius, at the Great Syrtis. Under Valentinian III., the successor of Honorius, the African provinces were lost to the W. empire. Boniface, count of Africa, who had successfully defended the frontiers against the Moors, was recalled from his government by the intrigues of Aï¿½tius, and on his resistance an army was sent against him (A.D. 427). In his despair, Boniface sought aid from the Vandals, who were already established in Spain; and, in May, 429, Geiserich (or Genserich) the Vandal king, led an army of about 50,000 Vandals, Goths, and Alans, across the Straits of Gades into Mauretania. He was joined by many of the Moors, and apparently favoured by the Donatists, a sect of heretics, or rather schismatics, who had lately suffered severe persecution.

But, upon urgent solicitations front the court of Ravenna, accompanied by the discovery of the intrigues of Aï¿½tius, Boniface repented of his invitation, and tried, too late, to repair his error. He was defeated and shut up in Hippo Regius; the only other cities left to the Romans being Carthage and Cirta. The Vandals overran the whole country from the Straits to the Syrtes ; and those fertile provinces were utterly laid waste amidst scenes of fearful cruelty to the inhabitants. The siege of Hippo lasted fourteen months. At length, encouraged by reinforcements from the eastern empire, Boniface hazarded another battle, in which he was totally defeated, A.D. 431. But the final loss of Africa was delayed by negotiation for some years, during which various partitions of the country were made between the Romans and the Vandals; but the exact terms of these truces are as obscure as their duration was uncertain. The end of one of them was signalized by the surprise and sack of Carthage, Oct. 9, 439; and before the death of Valentinian III. the Vandals were in undisputed possession of the African provinces.

Leo, the emperor of the East, sent an unsuccessful expedition against them, under Heraclius, A.D. 468; and, in 476. Zeno made a treaty with Geiseric, [1.72] which lasted till the time of Justinian, under whom the country was recovered for the Eastern Empire, and the Vandals almost exterminated, by Belisarius, A.D. 533--534. (For an account of the Vandal kings of Africa, see VANDALI: for the history of this period, the chief authority is Procopius, Bell. Vand.） Of the state and constitution of Africa under Justinian, we have most interesting memorials in two rescripts, addressed by the emperor, the one to Archelaus, the praetorian praefect of Africa, and the other to Belisarius himself. (Bï¿½king, Notit. Dign. vol. ii. pp.

154, foll.) From the former we learn that the seven African provinces, of which the island of Sardinia now made one, were erected into a separate praefecture, under a Praefectus Praetorio Magnificus; and the two rescripts settle their civil and military constitution respectively. It should be observed that Mauretania Tingitana (from the river Mulucha to the Ocean), which had formerly belonged to Spain, was now included in the African province of Mauretania Caesariensis. [Comp. MAURETANIA] The seven African provinces were (from E. to W.), (1) Tripolis or Tripolitana, (2) Byzacium or Byzacena, (3) Africa or Zeugis or Carthago, (4) Numidia, (5) Mauretania Sitifensis or Zaba, (6) Mauretania Caesariensis, and (7) Sardinia: the first three were governed by Consulares, the last four by Praesides. The history of Africa under the E.

empire consists of a series of intestine troubles arising from court intrigues, and of Moorish insurrections which became more and more difficult to repel. The splendid edifices and fortifications, of which Justinian was peculiarly lavish in this part of his dominions, were a poor substitute for the vital energy which was almost extinct. (Procop.de Aedif. Justin.) At length the deluge of Arabian invasion swept over the choicest parts of the Eastern Empire, and the conquest of Egypt was no sooner completed, than the Caliph Othman sent an army under Abdallah against Africa, A.D. 647. The praefect Gregory was defeated and slain in the great battle of Sufetula in the centre of Byzacena; but the Arab force was inadequate to complete the conquest. In 665 the enterprize was renewed by Akbah, who overran the whole country to the shores of the Atlantic; and founded the great Arab city of Al-Kairwan (i. e. the caravan), in the heart of Byzacium, about 20 miles S. W. of the ancient Hadrumetum.

Its inland position protected it from the fleets of the Greeks, who were still masters of the coast. But the Moorish tribes made common cause with the Africans, and the forces of Akbah were cut to pieces. His successor, Zuheir, gained several battles, but was defeated by an army sent from Constantinople. The contest was prolonged by the internal dissensions of the successors of the prophet; but, in A.D. 692, a new force entered Africa under Hassan, the governor of Egypt, and Carthage was taken and destroyed in 698. Again were the Arabs driven out by a general insurrection of the Moors, or, as we now find them called, by the name ever since applied to the natives of N. Africa, the Berbers (from βάρβαροι); but the Greeks and Romans of Africa found their domination more intolerable than that of the Arabs, and welcomed the return of their conquerors under Musa, who subdued the country finally, and enlisted most of the Moors under the faith and standard of the prophet, A.D. 705--709. With the Arab conquest ends the ancient history of Africa.

- Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) William Smith, LLD, Ed. Mauritania Caesariensis - Clickable Map of the Roman Empire - First Century AD Map of the Roman Empire | Bible History Online Mauritania MAURETAï¿½NIA MAURETAï¿½NIA the NW. coast of Africa, now known as the Empire of Marocco, Fez, and part of Algeria, or the Mogh'rib-al-akza (furthest west) of the natives. I. Name, Limits, and Inhabitants. This district, which was separated on the E. from Numidia, by the river Ampsaga, and on the S. from Gaetulia, by the snowy range of the Atlas, was washed upon the N. coast by the Mediterranean, and on the W. by the Atlantic. From the earliest times it was occupied by a people whom the ancients distinguished by the name MAURUSII (Eth. Μαυρούσιος, Strab. i. p.5, iii. pp. 131, 137, xvii. pp.

825, 827; Liv. 24.49; Verg. A. 4.206; Μαυρήνσιοι, Ptol. 4.1.11) or MAURI (Μαυροί, ï¿½Blacks,ï¿½ in the Alexandrian dialect, Paus. i, 33 ï¿½ 5, 8.43. [2.297] ï¿½ 3; Sal. Jug. 19; Pomp. Mela, 1.4.3; Liv. 21.22, 28.17; Hor. Carm. 1.22. 2, 2.6. 3, 3.10. 18; Tac. Ann. 2.52, 4.523, 14.28, Hist. 1.78, 2.58, 4.50; Lucan 4.678; Juv. 5.53, 6.337; Flor.

3.1, 4.2); hence the name MAURETANIA (the proper form as it appears in inscriptions, Orelli, Inscr. 485, 3570, 3672; and on coins, Eckhel, vol. vi. p. 48; comp. Tzchucke, ad Pomp. Mela, 1.5.1) or MAURITANIA (Μαυριτανία, Ptol. 4.1.2; Caes. B.C. 1.6, 39; Hirt. B. Afr. 22; Pomp. Mela, 1.5; Plin. Nat. 5.1; Eutrop. 4.27, 8.5; Flor. iv. (the MSS. and printed editions vary between this form and that of Mauretania); ἡ Μαυρούσιων γῆ, Strab. p. 827).

These Moors, who must not be considered as a different race from the Numidians, but as a tribe belonging to the same stock, were represented by Sallust (Sal. Jug. 21) as a remnant of the army of Hercules, and by Procopius (B. V. 2.10) as the posterity of the Cananaeans who fled from the robber (ληστής) Joshua; he quotes two columns with a Phoenician inscription. Procopius has been supposed to be the only, or at least the most ancient, author who mentions this inscription, and the invention of it has been attributed to himself; it occurs, however, in the history of Moses of Chorene (1.18), who wrote more than a century before Procopius. The same inscription is mentioned by Suidas (s. v. Χανάαν), who probably quotes from Procopius. According to most of the Arabian writers, who adopted a nearly similar tradition, the indigenous inhabitants of N. Africa were the people of Palestine, expelled by David, who passed into Africa under the guidance of Goliah, whom they call Djalout. (St.

Martin, Le Beau, Bas Empire, vol. xi. p. 328; comp. Gibbon, c. xli.) These traditions, though so palpably fabulous, open a field to conjecture. Without entering into this, it seems certain that the Berbers or Berēbers, from whom it has been conjectured that N. Africa received the name of Barbary or Barbaria, and whose language has been preserved in remote mountainous tracts, as well as in the distant regions of the desert, are the representatives of the ancient inhabitants of Mauretania. (Comp. Prichard, Physical Hist. of Mankind, vol. ii. pp. 15--43.) The gentile name of the Berbers--Amazigh, ï¿½the noble languageï¿½ --is found, according to an observation of Castiglione, even in Herodotus (4.191, ed. Bï¿½hr),--where the correct form is MAZYES (Μαζύες, Hecataeus, ap. Steph. B. sub voce s.

u.), which occurs in the MSS., while the printed editions erroneously give Μαξύες (Niebuhr, Lect. on Anc. Ethnog. and Geog. vol. ii. p. 334),--as well as in the later MAZICES of Ammianus Marcellinus (29.5; Le Beau, Bas Empire, vol. iii. p. 471; comp. Gibbon, c. xxv.). II. Physical Geography. From the extraordinary capabilities of the soil--one vast corn plain extending from the foot of Atlas to the shores of the Atlantic--Mauretania was formerly the granary of the world. (Plin. Nat. 18.20.) Under a bigoted and fanatical government, the land that might give food to millions, is now covered with weeds. Throughout the plains, which rise by three great steps to the mountains, there is great want of wood; even on the skirts of the Atlas, the timber does not reach any great size-nothing to justify the expression of Pliny ( ï¿½opacum nemorosumqueï¿½ 5.1; comp. Journ. Geog.

Soc. vol. i. pp. 123--155; Barth, Wanderungen). Strabo (xvii. pp. 826--832) has given an account of the productions of Mauretania, marvellous enough, in some particulars, as where he describes weasels as large as cats, and leeches 10 ft. long; and among other animals the crocodile, which there can scarcely be any river of Marocco capable of nourishing, even if the climate were to permit it. (In Aegypt, where the average heat is equal to that of Senegambia, the crocodile is seldom seen so low as Siout.) Pliny (8.1) agrees with Strabo (p. 827) in asserting that Mauretania produced elephants. As the whole of Barbary is more European than African, it may be doubted whether the elephant, which is no longer found there, was ever indigenous, though it may have been naturalised by the Carthaginians, to whom elephants were of importance, as part of their military establishment. Appian (B. P.

9) says that when preparing for their last war with the Romans, they sent Hasdrubal, son of Gisco, to hunt elephants; he could have hardly gone into Aethiopia for this purpose. Shaw (Trav. p. 258; Jackson, Marocco, p. 55) confirms, in great measure, the statements of Strabo (p. 830) and of Aelian (Ael. NA 3.136, 6.20) about the scorpion and the ï¿½phalangium,ï¿½ a species of the ï¿½arachnidae.ï¿½ The ï¿½solitanus,ï¿½ of which Varro (de Re Rustica, 4.14.4; Plin. Nat. 9.82) gives so wonderful an account, has not been identified. Copper is still worked as in the days of Strabo (p.

830), and the natives continue to preserve the grain, legumes, and other produce of their husbandry in ï¿½matmoures,ï¿½ or conical excavations in the ground, as recorded by Pliny (18.73; Shaw, p. 221). Mauretania, which may be described generally as the highlands of N.Africa, elevates itself like an island between the Mediterranean, the Atlantic, and the great ocean of sand which cuts it off towards the S. and E. This ï¿½plateauï¿½ separates itself from the rest of Africa, and approximates, in the form and structure, the height, and arrangement of its elevated masses, to the system of mountains in the Spanish peninsula, of which, if the straits of the Mediterranean were dried up, it would form a part. A description of these Atlantic highlands is given in the article ATLAS Many rivers flow from this great range, and fall into the Mediterranean, and the Atlantic. Of these, the most important on the N. coast were, in a direction from E.

to W., the AMPSAGA, USAR, CHINALAPH, and MULUCHA; on the W. coast, in a direction from NE. to SW., the SUBUR, SALA, PHUTH, and LIXUS. The coast-line, after passing the AMPSAGA (Wadel-Kï¿½bir) and SINUS NUMIDICUS, has the harbours IGILGILIS (Jijeli), SALDAE Ps. (Bujeiyah), and RUSUCURRIUM (Tedlez). Weighing from Algiers, and passing IOMNIUM (Ras-al-Kanatir), to stand towards the W., there is a rocky and precipitous coast, mostly bold, in which in succession were the ports and creeks IOL (Zershell), CARTENNA (Tenez), MURUSTAGA (Mostaghanom), ARSENARIA (Arzï¿½n), QUIZA (Wahran or Oran); PORTUS MAGNUS (Marsa Kï¿½bir), within METAGONIUM PROM. (Ras-al-Harsbah); and ACRA (Ishgï¿½n).

The MULUCHA falls into the Gulf of Melï¿½lah of the charts. About 10 miles to the NW. of this river lay the TRES INSULAE (Zaphran or Ja'ferï¿½i group); about 30 miles distant from these rocks, on a NW. by W. rhumb, was RUSADIR PROM. (Cap Tres Forcas of the Spanish pilots, or Ras-ud-Dehar of the natives), and in the bight formed between it and the Mulucha stood RUSADIR [2.298] （Melï¿½lah.) W. of Cap Tres Forcas, which is a termination of an offshoot of the secondary chain of the Atlas, was the district of the METAGONITAE extending to ABYLA (Jebel-el-Mina). From here to TINGIS (Tangier) the coast is broken by alternate cliffs and coves; and, still standing to the W., a bold shore presents itself as far as the fine headland of AMPELUSIA (Cape Spartel; Ras-el-Shukkï¿½r of the natives). From Cape Spartel to the SSW.

as far as ZILIS (Arzila), the coast-line is a flat, sandy, and shingly beach, after which it becomes more bold as it reaches LIXUS (Al-Harï¿½tch or Larï¿½iche). (Smyth, The Mediterranean, pp. 94--99.) A description of the SW. coast is given in the article LIBYA (Comp. C. Mï¿½ller, Tab. ad Geog. Graec. Minors, ed. Didot, Paris, 1855; West Coast of Africa surveyed, by Arlett, Vidal, and Boteler, 1832; Cï¿½te occidentale de l'Afrique au Dï¿½pot de la Marine, Paris, 1852; Carte de l'Empire de Maroc, par E. Renou, 1844; Barth, Karte vom Nord Afrikanischen Gestadeland, Berlin, 1849.) III. History and Political Geography.

The Romans first became acquainted with this country when the war with Hannibal was transferred to Africa; Mauretania was the unknown land to the W. of the Mulucha. In the Jugurthine War, Bocchus, who is called king of Mauretania, played the traitor's part so skilfully that he was enabled to hand over his kingdom to his two sons Bogudes and Bocchus, who were associated upon the throne. These princes, from their hostility to the Pompeian party, were confirmed as joint kings of Mauretania by J. Caesar in B.C. 49. During the civil war between M. Antonius and Octavius, Bocchus sided with the latter, while Bogudes was allied with Antonius. When Bogudes crossed into Spain, Bocchus seized upon his brother's dominions; a usurpation which was ratified by Octavius. In B.C.

25, Octavius gave to Juba II., who was married to the daughter of Cleopatra and Antonius, the two provinces of Mauretania (afterwards called Tingitana and Caesariensis) which had formed the kingdom of Bogudes and Bocchus, in exchange for Numidia, now made a Roman province. Juba was succeeded by his son Ptolemy, whom Selene, Cleopatra's daughter, bore to him. (Strab. xvii. pp. 828, 831, 840.) Tiberius loaded Ptolemy with favours on account of the assistance he gave the Romans in the war with Tacfarinas (Tac. Ann. 4.23-26); but in A.D. 41 he was put to death by Caligula. (D. C. 59.25; Suet. Cal. 26; Seneca, de Tranq. 11.) For coins of these native princes, see Eckhel, vol. iv. pp. 154--161. In A.D.

42, Claudius divided the kingdom into two provinces, separated from each other by the river Mulucha, the ancient frontier between the territories of Bocchus and Jugurtha; that to the W. was called MAURETANIA TINGITANA, and that to the E. MAURETANIA CAESARIENSIS. (D. C. 60.9; Plin. Nat. 5.1.) Both were imperial provinces (Tac. Hist. 1.11, 2.58; Spart. Hadr. 6, ï¿½Mauretaniae praefecturaï¿½ ), and were strengthened by numerous Roman ï¿½coloniae.ï¿½ M. Tingitana contained in the time of Pliny (l.c.) five, three of which, ZILIS, BABBA, and BANASA as they were founded by Augustus when Mauretania was independent of Rome, were reckoned as belonging to Baetica. (Plin. l.c.; Pomp. Mela, 3.10.5.) TINGI and LIXUS were colonies of Claudius (Plin.

l.c.); to which were added in later times RUSADIR and VOLUBILIS (Itin. Ant.). M. Caesariensis contained eight colonies founded by Augustus, CARTENNA, GUNUGI, IGILGILI, RUSCONIAE, RUSAZUS, SALDE, SUCCABAR, TUBUSUPTUS; two by Claudius, CAESAREIA formerly IOL the capital of Juba, who gave it this name in honour of his patron Augustus, and OPPIDUM NOVUM; one by Nerva, SITIFIS; and in later times, ARSENARIA, BIDA, SIGA, AQUAE CALIDAE, QUIZA, RUSUCURRIUM, AUZIA, GILVA, ICOSIUM, and TIPASA in all 21 well-known colonies, besides several ï¿½municipiaï¿½ and ï¿½oppida Latina.ï¿½ The Notitia enumerates no less than 170 episcopal towns in the two provinces. (Comp. Morcelli, Africa Christiana, vol. i. pp.

40--43.) About A.D. 400, Mauretania Tingitana was under a ï¿½Praeses,ï¿½ in the diocese of Spain; while Mauretania Caesariensis, which still remained in the hands of the diocese of Africa, was divided into MAURETANIA I. or SITIFENSIS, and MAURETANIA II. or CAESARIENSIS. The emperor Otho had assigned the cities of Mauretania to Baetica (Tac. Hist. 1.78); but this probably applied only to single places, since we find the two Mauretaniae remained unchanged down to the time of Constantine. Marquardt, in Becker's Handbuch der Rï¿½m. Alt. pp. 230--232; Morcelli, Africana Christiana, vol. i. p. 25.) In A.D. 429, the Vandal king Genseric, at the invitation of Count Boniface, crossed the straits of Gades, and Mauretania, with the other African provinces, fell into the hands of the barbarian conquerors.

Belisarius, ï¿½the Africanus of New Rome,ï¿½ destroyed the kingdom of the Vandals, and Mauretania again became a Roman province under an Eastern exarch. One of his ablest generals, John the Patrician, for a time repressed the inroads of the Moors upon Roman civilisation; and under his successor, the eunuch Solomon, the long-lost province of Mauretania Sitifensis was restored to the empire; while the Second Mauretania, with the exception of Caesareia itself, was in the hands of Mastigas and the Moors. (Comp. Gibbon, cc. xli. xliii.; Le Beau, Bas Empire, vol. viii.) At length, in A.D. 698--709, when the Arabs made the final conquest of Africa,--desolated for 300 years since the first fury of the Vandals,--the Moors or Berbers adopted the religion, the name, and the origin of their conquerors, and sunk back into their more congenial state of Mahometan savages.

Pliny (l.c.) makes out the breadth of the two Mauretaniae as 467 M. P.; but this will be too much even for Tingitania, where Mount Atlas lies more to the S., and more than 300 M. P. beyond the utmost extent of any part of Caesariensis. The same author gives 170 M. P., which are too few for Tingitania, and 879 M. P., which are too many for Caesariensis. (Shaw, Trav. p. 9.) The following tribes are enumerated by Ptolemy (4.2. ï¿½ ï¿½ 17--22) in I. MAURETANIA CAESARIENSIS:--TODUCAE (Τοδοῦκαι), on the left bank of the Ampsaga; to the N. of these, COEDAMUSII (Κοιδαμούσιοι), and still more to the N., towards the coast, and to the E.

on the Ampsaga, MUCUNI (Μουκοῦνοι) and CHITUAE (Χιτοῦαι); to the W. of the latter, TULENSII (Τουλήνσιοι and BANIURI (Βανίουροι); S. of these, MACHURES (Μαχοῦρες), SALASSII (Σαλάσσιοι), and MALCHUBII (Μαλχούβιοι); NW. of the TULENSII, and to the E. of ZALACUS M., and on the coast, MACCHUREBI (Μακχουρῆβοι); W. of these, and N.

of Zalacus, on the mouth of the Chinalaph, MACHUSII (Μαχούσιοι); below them on the other [2.299] side of Zalacus, MAZICES (Μάζικες); and S., up to the GARAPHI M., BANTURARII (Βαντουράριοι); still further to the S., between GARAPHI M. and CINNABA M., AQUENSII (Ἀκουήνσιοι), MYCENI (Μυκῆνοι), and MACCURAE (Μακκοῦραι); and below them, in the S., on the N. spurs of Cinnaba, ENABASI (Ἐνάβασοι); W. of these, between Garaphi M. and DURDUS M., NACMUSII (Νακμούσιοι), ELULII (Ἠλούλιοι), and TOLOTAE (Τολῶται); N.

of these and Durdus M., DRYITAE (Δρϋῖται); then SORAE (Σῶραι); and on the W. of the Machusii, TALADUSII (Ταλαδούσιοι). The HERPEDITANI (Ἑρπεδιτανοί) extended into II. MAURETANIA TINGITANA (Ptol. 4.1. ï¿½ ï¿½ 10--12); to the S.

of them, the MAURENSII (Μαυρήνσιοι); toward the SW., VACUATAE (Οὐακουᾶται), BANIUBAE (Βανιοῦβαι); then, advancing to the N., ZEGRENSII (Ζεγρήνσιοι), NECTIBERES (Νεκτίβηρες), JANGAUCANI (Ἰανγαυκανοί), VOLUBILIANI (Οὐαβιλιανοί), VERVES (Οὐερουεῖς), and SOCOSSII (Σωκοσσίοι), upon the coast; to the W., the METAGONITAE (Μεταγωνῖται); and to the S. of them, MASICES (Μάσικες), and VERBICAE or VERBICES (Οὐέρβικαι al. Οὐέρβικες); to the S. and to the W.

of the VOLUBILIANI, SALINSAE (Σαλίνσαι) and CAUNI (Καῦνοι); still further to the S., to the Little Atlas, BACUATAE (Βακουᾶται) and MACANITAE (Μακανῖται). - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854) William Smith, LLD, Ed.

Question: In which modern country is the ancient Roman province of Africa?
Answer: Libya