Danish Royal FAQs | Unofficial Royalty Unofficial Royalty The Site for Royal News and Discussion Menu Danish Royal FAQs Who is the present monarch of Denmark? Queen Margrethe II is the present monarch. She succeeded her father, King Frederik IX, upon his death on January 14, 1972. What is Queen Margrethe’s address? The Private Secretary to HM The Queen Amalienborg Palace DK-1257 Copenhagen K., Denmark What are the current laws of succession? Only descendants of King Christian X and his wife Queen Alexandrine may inherit the Danish throne. In 2009, the succession was changed so that the first-born child would become heir to the throne regardless of gender. The monarch must be a member of the Lutheran Evangelical Church and must have Parliament’s permission to marry. For more information, see Danish Act of Succession Have women always been able to be the Danish monarch? The succession law was changed in 1953 to allow female succession. The monarch at that time, King Frederik IX, had only three daughters. Before 1953, the Salic Law, which prohibits female succession, was in effect.

Queen Margrethe II is the second Danish queen regnant. Queen Margrethe I (1353-1412), daughter of King Valdemar IV of Denmark and wife of King Haakon VI of Norway, ruled as regent for her son Olaf, but he died at age 17. Margrethe declared her infant cousin, Eric of Pomerania, as heir and she continued to rule as his regent. When Eric came of age, homage was paid to him but for the rest of her life, Margrethe I effectively ruled Denmark. What is the Danish Royal Family’s last name? The Danish Royal Family’s last name is Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg. Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg married Princess Luise Caroline of Hesse-Kassel, a granddaughter of King Frederik V of Denmark, in 1810. Christian, their fourth son, was chosen by the childless King Frederik VII of Denmark to be his heir. Christian acceded to the Danish throne as King Christian IX in 1863.

The royal families of Norway and Greece also belong to the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg. How does one address the Royal Family? Queen Margrethe II is addressed as Her Majesty The Queen and her husband is addressed as His Royal Highness The Prince Consort. Only children of the monarch, children of the heir to the throne and their wives are addressed as His/Her Royal Highness. All other princes and princesses are addressed as His/Her Highness. Can a member of the Danish Royal Family marry whomever s/he chooses? Members of the Danish Royal Family must contract a lawful marriage. The monarch must have the consent of Parliament and those in line of succession must have the consent of the monarch and the Council of Ministers. Is Denmark the only European monarchy that has had royals marry non-Europeans? Both children of Queen Margrethe have married non-Europeans but so have Crown Prince Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, Prince Maximilian of Liechtenstein and Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg. Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark married Australian Mary Donaldson and his brother Prince Joachim first married Alexandra Manley of Hong Kong, and second, Marie Cavalier of France.

Crown Prince Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands married Maxima Zorreguieta of Argentina; Prince Maximilian of Liechtenstein married Angela Brown, an African-American woman from the United States; Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg married Maria Teresa Mestre y Batista who was born in Cuba. In the past, the Duke of Windsor (the former King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom) married American Wallis Simpson and Prince Rainier of Monaco married American actress Grace Kelly. How long has there been a monarchy in Denmark? The Danish monarchy can be traced at least back to Gorm the Old who died in 958. Denmark’s monarchy is the world’s second oldest. Only Japan’s monarchy is older. What does the Danish flag mean? The Danish flag is called “Dannebrog” which literally means “cloth of the Danes.” Legend states that the Dannebrog fell from heaven to King Valdemar II in 1219 before a battle in Estonia. What is the Royal Family’s coat of arms? Information about the Danish Royal Coat of Arms can be found at: The Royal Coat of Arms Have any Danish royals become ruling monarchs of other countries?

Prince William, second son of King Christian IX of Denmark, was elected King of the Hellenes (Greece) on March 30, 1863 at the age of 17. He reigned as King George I of the Hellenes until 1913, when he was assassinated. Some of George I’s prominent descendants are former King Constantine II of Greece and his sister Queen Sofia of Spain and Prince Philip, husband of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. Prince Karl, second son of King Frederik VIII of Denmark, was elected King of Norway upon the dissolution of the union of Sweden and Norway in 1905. He ruled Norway as King Haakon VII until his death in 1957. Haakon married his first cousin, Princess Maud of Great Britain, youngest daughter of King Edward VII of Great Britain and his wife Alexandra, daughter of King Christian IX of Denmark. King Harald V, the present King of Norway is the grandson of King Haakon VII of Norway. Have any Danish royals become consorts of monarchs?

Princess Anne of Denmark, second daughter of King Frederik II of Denmark, married King James VI of Scotland (son of Mary, Queen of Scots) in 1589. King James succeeded to the British throne as King James I upon the death of Queen Elizabeth I in 1603. Among Anne and James’ children are King Charles I of Great Britain, who was beheaded during the British Civil War and Princess Elizabeth from whom today’s present British Royal Family is descended. Prince George of Denmark, third son of King Frederik III of Denmark, wed the future Queen Anne of Great Britain in 1683. George fathered 17 children with Anne but only William, Duke of Gloucester survived infancy only to die at age 11. Anne succeeded to the British throne in 1702 and George died in 1708. Princess Alexandra, eldest daughter of King Christian IX of Denmark, married the future King Edward VII of Great Britain, son of Queen Victoria, in 1863. Alexandra was a very popular Princess of Wales during her mother-in-law’s long reign.

Her husband succeeded to the British throne in 1901 upon the death of Queen Victoria and reigned until 1910. Among Alexandra’s six children are King George V of Great Britain and Queen Maud of Norway. Alexandra died in 1925 at the age of 81. The members of the present British Royal Family are her descendants. Princess Dagmar of Denmark, second daughter of King Christian IX of Denmark, married Tsarevich Alexander Alexandrovich, son and heir of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, in 1866. Upon her marriage, she converted to Russian Orthodoxy and took the name Marie Feodorovna. Her husband succeeded to the Russian throne as Tsar Alexander III upon the assassination of his father in 1881. Marie Feodorovna was the mother of Russia’s last monarch, Tsar Nicholas II. After the Russian Revolution, she settled in her native Denmark where she died in 1928 at the age of 81. The former Princess Dagmar of Denmark was buried in Roskilde Cathedral, the resting place of the Danish Royal Family.

In September, 2006, the remains of Marie Feodorovna was returned to Russia to be buried alongside her husband at the Fortress of Peter and Paul in St. Petersburg, the burial place of the Romanovs. How is Queen Margrethe related to other current European monarchs? Belgium: King Philippe and Queen Margrethe are both descendants of King Oscar II of Sweden. Philippe is his great great grandson and Margrethe is his great great granddaughter. Liechtenstein: Prince Hans-Adam II and Queen Margrethe are both descendants of King Maximilian I Josef of Bavaria. Hans-Adam is his great great great grandson and Margrethe is his great great great great granddaughter. Luxembourg: Grand Duke Henri and Queen Margrethe are both descendants of King Frederik VIII of Denmark. Henri is his great great grandson and Margrethe is his great granddaughter. Monaco: Prince Albert and Queen Margrethe are both descendants of Margrave Karl Ludwig of Baden. Albert and Margrethe are both is his great great great great great great grandchildren.

Netherlands: King Willem-Alexander and Queen Margrethe are both great great grandchildren of Grand Duke Friedrich Franz II of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Norway: King Harald V and Queen Margrethe are both great grandchildren of King Frederik VIII of Denmark. Spain: King Felip VI and Queen Margrethe are both descendants of Queen Victoria of Great Britain. Felipe is her great great great grandson and Margrethe is her great great granddaughter. Sweden: King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Margrethe are both grandchildren of King Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden. United Kingdom: Queen Elizabeth II and Queen Margrethe are both descendants of Queen Victoria of Great Britain and King Christian IX of Denmark. Elizabeth and Margrethe are both great great granddaughters of Queen Victoria and King Christian IX of Denmark. Prince George of Denmark | Unofficial Royalty Prince George of Denmark by Susan Flantzer Credit – Wikipedia The husband of Queen Anne of Great Britain , Prince George of Denmark (Jørgen in Danish) was born at Copenhagen Castle in Denmark on April 2, 1653.

He was the younger of the two sons and the fifth of the eight children of King Frederik III of Denmark and Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg . George had seven siblings: Frederik (1651 – 1652), died in infancy Dorothea (1657 – 1658), died in infancy George was educated by the Hanoverian statesman Baron Otto Grote zu Schauen and then later by Danish Bishop Christen Jensen Lodberg . In 1668 – 1669, George undertook the traditional Grand Tour and visited France, England, Italy and Germany. After the death of his father in 1670, he returned to Denmark, when his older brother succeeded to the throne as King Christian V. In 1674, George was briefly a candidate for the Polish throne, however, from the outset there was little chance of success because George was a staunch Lutheran and would not convert to Catholicism. Although the Danes lost the Scanian War 1675-77 against Sweden, George distinguished himself militarily. On July 28, 1683 at the Chapel Royal in St.

James’ Palace, George married Anne of England (the future Queen Anne), the youngest of the two surviving daughters of James, Duke of York (the future King James II of England) and his first wife Anne Hyde . Even though the marriage was arranged, the marriage was happy and they were faithful to each other. The couple’s London residence was a set of buildings at Whitehall Palace called the Cockpit-in-Court . Anne, circa 1684; Credit – Wikipedia Prince George of Denmark, circa 1687; Credit – Wikipedia Anne became pregnant a few months after the wedding, but she gave birth to a stillborn daughter in May 1684. Anne’s obstetrical history is tragic. She had 17 pregnancies with only five children being born alive. Two died on the day of their birth, two died at less than two years old within six days of each from smallpox, and one died at age 11. Anne suffered from what was diagnosed as gout, and had pain in her limbs, stomach and head. Based upon these symptoms and her obstetrical history, Anne may have had systemic lupus erythematosus which causes an increased rate of fetal death.

Stillborn daughter (May 12, 1684) Mary (June 2, 1685 – February 8, 1687), died of smallpox Anne Sophia (May 12, 1686 – 2 February 2, 1687, died of smallpox Miscarriage (January 21, 1687) Miscarriage of twins (early December 1697) Stillborn son (September 15, 1698) Stillborn son (January 24, 1700) Anne and her longest surviving child, Prince William, Duke of Gloucester; Credit – Wikipedia George was naturalized as an English subject in 1683, invested as a Knight of the Garter in 1684 and created Duke of Cumberland, Earl of Kendal and Baron Wokingham in 1689. Prince George played no part in politics and had no real ambitions. His uncle by marriage, King Charles II, famously said of George, “I have tried him drunk, and I have tried him sober, and drunk or sober, there is nothing there.

Upon the death of King Charles II in 1685, George’s father-in-law the Roman Catholic Duke of York came to the throne as King James II. Anne and George became the center of Protestant opposition against the new king. On November 5, 1688, William III, Prince of Orange landed in England with an invasion army. The Prince of Orange was married to Anne’s elder sister Mary and was the only child of Mary, Princess Royal, so he was third in the line of succession at that time. The Glorious Revolution resulted, James fled to France, and Anne’s sister and brother-in-law became joint monarchs, King William III and Queen Mary II On December 28, 1694, Anne’s sister Queen Mary II died of smallpox. She was just 32 years old. King William III continued to reign alone for the remainder of his life. As William and Mary had no children, Anne was now the heir presumptive to the throne and her son William was second in the line of succession. On July 24, 1700, Prince William, Duke of Gloucester celebrated his eleventh birthday at a party held at Windsor Castle.

Jenkin Lewis, his servant, reported, “He complained a little the next day, but we imputed that to the fatigues of a birthday, so that he was much neglected.” In the evening, William complained of a sore throat and chills. Two days later, he was no better and had developed a fever and was delirious. The doctors suspected smallpox, but no rash appeared, so they used the usual treatments of the time, bleeding and blistering, which no doubt, made William’s condition worse. William died in the morning of July 30, 1700 at Windsor Castle, probably of pneumonia. His body were taken to the Palace of Westminster where it lay in state in his apartments. William was interred in the Henry VII Chapel at Westminster Abbey during the evening of August 7, 1700. His uncle, King William III wrote to the Duke of Marlborough, that William’s death was “so great a loss to me as well as to all of England, that it pierces my heart.” Prince William, Duke of Gloucester, shortly before his death; Credit – Wikipedia Anne and her husband George were devastated.

This death and the failure of the Protestant Stuarts to produce heirs meant the end of the Protestant Stuart dynasty as the legitimate descendants of King Charles I were either childless or Roman Catholic. The Act of Settlement 1701 secured the Protestant succession to the throne after William’s sister-in-law and heir presumptive Princess Anne. The act excluded the former King James II (who died a few months after the act received royal assent) and the Roman Catholic children from his second marriage and also excluded the descendants of King James II’s sister Henrietta , the youngest daughter of King Charles I. Parliament’s choice was limited to the Protestant descendants of Elizabeth of Bohemia, the only other child of King James I not to have died in childhood. The senior Protestant descendant was Elizabeth of Bohemia’s youngest daughter Sophia, Electress of Hanover . The Act of Settlement put Sophia of Hanover and her Protestant heirs in the line of succession after Anne. On February 20, 1702, King William III went riding on his horse at Hampton Court Palace . The horse stumbled on a molehill and fell and broke his collarbone. It was set by a surgeon, but instead of resting, William insisted on returning to Kensington Palace that evening by coach.

A week later, it was discovered that the fracture was not mending well and the William’s right hand and arm were puffy and did not look right. His condition continued to worsen and by March 3, William had a fever and had difficulty breathing. King William III died on March 8, 1702 and was succeeded by his sister-in-law and cousin Anne. Queen Anne’s coronation took place on St George’s Day, April 23, 1702. Despite being only 37 years old, Anne was so overweight and infirm that she had to be carried in a sedan chair to Westminster Abbey. At the coronation, Anne’s husband Prince George paid homage to her. He was the first husband of a reigning queen to do so and it was not to be repeated until Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh paid homage to his wife Queen Elizabeth II at her 1953 coronation . Anne with her husband, Prince George of Denmark, painted by Charles Boit, 1706; Credit – Wikipedia In March and April of 1706, George was seriously ill, but seemed to recover.

He spent much of the summer of 1708 at Windsor Castle with asthma that was so bad he was not expected to live. Prince George died on October 28, 1708 at Kensington Palace in London at the age of 55. Queen Anne grieved him deeply. She was desperate to remain with George’s body, but reluctantly left after persuasion from Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough. George was buried privately at midnight on November 13, 1708 at Westminster Abbey in a vault under the monument to George Monck, Duke of Albemarle in the Henry VII Chapel. Charles II, William III, Mary II, and George’s wife Anne were also buried in this vault. Inscription on the floor of the Henry VII Chapel at Westminster Abbey marking the graves of Queen Anne and Prince George; Photo Credit – findagrave.com Stuart Royal Vault at Westminster Abbey; Photo Credit – The Succession Crisis of Queen Anne | The Old Currency Exchange is a specialist dealer and valuer of coins, tokens and banknotes The Old Currency Exchange is a specialist dealer and valuer of coins, tokens and banknotes The best-stocked coin and banknote shop in Ireland.

We buy and sell old collections, attic accumulations and house-clearances. Exchange your old coins and banknotes for euro Menu The Old Currency Exchange / October 22, 2015 Introduction Anne was born in the reign of her uncle Charles II, who had no legitimate children – though it wasn’t for want of trying. Her father, the brother of Charles II and later to become James II, was first in line to the throne. His suspected Roman Catholicism was unpopular in England, and on Charles II’s instructions Anne was raised as an Anglican. Her father openly converted to Catholicism in 1675 and the scene was set for a massive political problem when he became king. Anne (centre) and her sister Mary (left) with their parents, the Duke and Duchess of York, painted by Sir Peter Lely and Benedetto Gennari II. Their father went on to become James II and was extremely unpopular, given that he favoured a return to ‘absolute monarchy’ and was the first openly Catholic king of England in the post-Reformation period. Both of his daughters were raised in the Anglican faith.

Three years after he succeeded Charles, James was deposed in the “Glorious Revolution” of 1688. Anne’s Dutch Protestant brother-in-law and cousin William III became joint monarch with his wife, Mary II Mary II was Anne’s elder sister William III and Mary II had no children When Mary died of smallpox in 1694, William continued to reign alone. Anne became his heir apparent, since any children he might have by another wife were assigned to a lower place in the line of succession, and the two reconciled publicly He restored her previous honours He allowed her to reside in St James’s Palace, and gave her Mary’s jewels He excluded her from government and refrained from appointing her regent during his absences abroad William III was succeeded by Anne upon his death in 1702. When Queen Anne of Great Britain died in 1714, she was the last monarch of the House of Stuart which had succeeded the House of Tudor with the death of Elizabeth I in 1603. Anne with her son Prince William, Duke of Gloucester, in a painting from the school of Sir Godfrey Kneller, c.

1694 Anne was plagued by ill health throughout her life. From her thirties onwards, she grew increasingly lame and obese. Despite seventeen pregnancies by her husband, Prince George of Denmark, she died without any surviving children and was the last monarch of the House of Stuart. In early 1687, within a matter of days, Anne miscarried, her husband caught smallpox, and their two young daughters died of the same infection All of Anne’s children died before age 12 This resulted in a succession crisis The solution to this crisis was an Act of Parliament to ‘designate’ a Protestant successor Child Miscarriage early December 1697 According to Saunière de L’Hermitage, the Dutch resident in London, Anne miscarried twins who were “too early to determine their sex”.

Other sources say the pregnancy ended in a stillborn son, or “two male children, at least as far as could be recognised” Stillborn son 15 September 1698, Windsor Castle James Vernon wrote to Charles Talbot, 1st Duke of Shrewsbury, that Anne’s physician thought the foetus “might have been dead 8 or 10 days” Stillborn son 24 January 1700, St James’s Contemporary sources say Anne gave birth at seven and a half months, after the foetus had been dead for a month Prince William, Duke of Gloucester Prince William, Duke of Gloucester (24 July 1689 – 30 July 1700), was the son of Princess Anne, later Queen of England, Ireland and Scotland from 1702, and her husband, Prince George, Duke of Cumberland. He was their only child to survive infancy. Styled Duke of Gloucester, he was viewed by contemporaries as a Protestant champion because his birth seemed to cement the Protestant succession established in the “Glorious Revolution” that had deposed his Catholic grandfather James II the previous year.

Gloucester’s mother was estranged from her brother-in-law and cousin, William III, and her sister, Mary II, but supported links between them and her son. He grew close to his uncle William, who created him a Knight of the Garter, and his aunt Mary, who frequently sent him presents. Gloucester’s precarious health was a constant source of worry to his mother. His death, in 1700 at the age of eleven, precipitated a succession crisis as his mother was the only individual remaining in the Protestant line of succession established by the Bill of Rights 1689.

The ‘Tory-led’ English Parliament did not want the throne to revert to a Catholic The Irish Parliament was filled with recently converted Anglicans and Whigs (liberals) and this was a concern The Tories had recently lost control of the Irish Parliament and could not rely on its support The Church of Ireland was in turmoil – fearing a Presbyterian take-over in Ulster They also feared the climate of ‘free-thinking’ and the rise of non-conformist Protestant sects in Ireland They were also very concerned that the vast majority of Irish Catholics, although militarily and politically defeated, remained loyal to the ‘old religion’ and dreamt of a Jacobite invasion, consequently leading to a return to power of the Catholic peers and bishops. The Act of Settlement, 1701 The Act of Settlement, drawn up in 1701, settled the succession on Sophia of the Palatinate, Electress of Hanover, and the heirs of her body, barring any Roman Catholics or spouses of Roman Catholics from the succession. This was a deliberate attempt to disinherit Anne’s nearest blood relation, the exiled Roman Catholic James Stuart (who would later be known as the ‘Old Pretender’), her half-brother, from inheriting the throne.

The Act of Settlement changed the course of British history and led to the Jacobite Revolt. At the time of Anne’s death in August 1714, 68 descendants of the Stuart dynasty were alive The first 55, being Roman Catholic, were excluded by the Act of Settlement The succession thus fell to George Ludwig, Elector of Hanover, the eldest son of Electress Sophia (who had died a few months before), to the British throne In total, the Act of Settlement listed the 68 potential claimants and barred 55 of them Line of succession To show how each person’s claim was derived, their ancestors back to King James I (and VI of Scotland) – the first to occupy both thrones – are listed, without numbers. Eligible Protestants according to the Act of Settlement are noted in italics. James I and VI, King of England and Scotland (d. 1625) Charles I, King of England and Scotland (beheaded in 1649) James II and VII, King of England & Scotland (d.

1701) Anne’s half-brother and first in line to the throne, James Francis Edward Stuart (later known as the Old Pretender and leader of the Jacobite Rebellion) 1: James Francis Edward Stuart (1688–1766): Claimant from 1701 in opposition to heir designate George I Louis, Elector of Hanover. Henrietta of England (d. 1670) 2: Anne Marie, Queen of Sardinia (1669–1728) 3: Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont (1699–1715) 4: Prince Charles Emmanuel of Savoy, future King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia (1701–1773) Marie Adélaïde of Savoy (d. 1712) 5: Louis, Duke of Anjou, future King Louis XV of France (1710–1774) Maria Luisa of Savoy (d.

1714) 6: Louis, Prince of Asturias, future King Louis of Spain (1707–1724) 7: Infante Philip of Spain (1712–1719) 8: Infante Ferdinand of Spain, future King Ferdinand VI of Spain (1713–1759) Elizabeth of Bohemia (d. 1662) Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine (d.

1680) 9: Elisabeth Charlotte, Dowager Duchess of Orléans (1652–1722) 10: Philippe d’Orléans, Duke of Orléans (1674–1723) 11: Louis d’Orléans, Duke of Chartres, future Duke of Orléans (1703–1752) 12: Marie Louise Élisabeth d’Orléans (1695–1719) 13: Louise Adélaïde d’Orléans (1698–1743) 14: Charlotte Aglaé d’Orléans (1700–1761) 15: Louise Élisabeth d’Orléans (1709–1742) 16: Élisabeth Charlotte, Duchess of Lorraine (1676–1744) 17: Prince Leopold Clement of Lorraine (1707–1723) 18: Prince Francis Stephen of Lorraine, future Holy Roman Emperor (1

708–1765) 19: Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine (1712–1780) 20: Princess Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine (1711–1741) 21: Princess Anne Charlotte of Lorraine (1714–1773) Edward, Count Palatine of Simmern (d.

1663) Louise Marie von Simmern (d. 1679) 22: Louis Otto, Prince of Salm (1674–1738) 23: Princess Dorothea of Salm (1702–1751) 24: Princess Elisabeth of Salm (1704–1739) 25: Princess Christine of Salm (1707–1775) 26: Eleonore Christine, Duchess of Ursel (1678–1757) 27: Anne Henriette, Dowager Princess of Condé (1648–1723) Louis, Prince of Condé (d.

1710) 28: Louis Henri, Prince of Condé (1692–1740) 29: Charles, Count of Charolais (1700–1760) 30: Louis, Count of Clermont (1709–1771) 31: Marie Anne Éléonore, Mademoiselle de Bourbon (1690–1760) 32: Louise Elisabeth, Princess of Conti (1693–1775) 33: Louise Anne de Bourbon, mlle de Sens (1695–1758) 34: Marie Anne de Bourbon, mlle de Clermont (1697–1741) 35: Henriette Louise de Bourbon, mlle de Vermandois (1703–1772) 36: Élisabeth Alexandrine de Bourbon, mlle de Gex (1705–1765) 37: Marie Thérèse, Second Dowager Princess of Conti (1666–1732) 38

: Louis Armand, Prince of Conti (1695–1727) 39: Marie Anne, Princess of Condé (1689–1720) 40: Louise Adelaide de Bourbon, mlle de la Roche-sur-Yon (1696–1750) 41: Louise Bénédicte, Duchess of Maine (1676–1753) 42: Louis Auguste, Prince of Dombes (1700–1755) 43: Louis Charles, Count of Eu (1701–1775) 44: Louise Françoise de Bourbon, mlle du Maine (1707–1743) 45: Marie Anne, Dowager Duchess of Vendôme (1678–1718) 46: Benedicta Henrietta, Dowager Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1652–1730) Charlotte Felicity, Duchess of Modena (d.

1710) 47: Francesco d’Este, future Duke Francis III of Modena (1698–1780) 48: Giovanni Federigo d’Este (1700–1727) 49: Benedicta Ernestina d’Este (1697–1777) 50: Anna Amalia Josepha d’Este (1699–1778) 51: Enrichetta d’Este (1702–1777) 52: Henriette Maria, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1672–1687) died at Paris on September 4, 1687 53: Wilhelmina Amalia, Holy Roman Empress (1673–1742) 54: Archduchess Maria Josefa of Austria (1699–1757) 55: Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria (1701–1756) The Jacobite cause had plenty of supporters: No less than 55 Roman Catholic’s had a more senior lineage than the

 first potential Protestant successor at the death of Queen Anne.

This had huge political implications for the future of the British monarchy. Sophia, Electress of Hanover (d.

1714) designated heir according to the Act of Settlement (1701) George Ludwig, the first Protestant in succession to the British throne at the death of Queen Anne 56: George I Louis, Elector of Hanover (1660–1727) 57: George Augustus of Hanover, duke of Cambridge, future king George II (1683–1760) 58: Frederick Louis of Hanover, future prince of Wales (1707–1751) 59: Anne of Hanover (1709–1759) 60: Amelia of Hanover (1711–1786) 61: Caroline of Hanover (1713–1757) 62: Sophia Dorothea of Hanover (1687–1757) 63: Frederick of Prussia, future king of Prussia (1712–1786) 64: Wilhelmine of Prussia (1709–1758) 65: Maximilian William of Hanover (166

6–1726) 66: Ernest Augustus of Hanover, future duke of York & Albany, future prince-bishop of Osnabrück (1674–1728) Sophia Charlotte of Hanover (d.

1705) 68: Frederick William I, king in Prussia (1688–1740) Share this: Queen Anne - History Learning Site Queen Anne Citation: C N Trueman "Queen Anne" historylearningsite.co.uk. The History Learning Site, 17 Mar 2015. 16 Aug 2016. by Michael Dahl,painting,1705 Queen Anne reigned from March 1702 to August 1714. Anne’s death ended the Stuart dynasty as she had no surviving children. Born on February 6th 1665, her father was James II and her older sister, Mary, had reigned as Mary II along with William III after the 1688 Revolution. Despite her father’s Catholicism, Anne was brought up as a Protestant. On July 28th, 1683, Anne married Prince George of Denmark who was described as “dull but pleasant, fat but faithful” (E N Williams). She got pregnant on seventeen occasions but only gave birth to five living children all of whom died in childhood.

The one child she had who many thought would succeed her, the Duke of Gloucester, died in July 1700 of hydrocephalus. A deeply religious woman, Anne believed that her failure to have a family and, therefore, an heir, was a punishment from God for her sins – abandoning her father in his hour of need in 1688 and tying to discredit her young brother as being illegitimate. Historians such as J P Kenyon believed that as Anne got older, the only comfort she had in her life was her religion. It is said that from the death onwards of her son, Gloucester, she was full of remorse for past indiscretions in the eyes of God. Though not intellectually gifted, Anne was far from stupid. Anne knew that William III had never been universally popular with his people, many of whom saw him as a foreigner.

Anne played on this in the first speech she made after her coronation in March 1710: “As I know myself to be entirely English, I can very sincerely assure you there is not anything you can expect or desire from me, which I shall not be ready to do for the happiness and prosperity of England.” When she became Queen, Anne took an automatic dislike to any politician who had been closely associated with William. She also held her first Parliament in disdain after it had called William “our great deliverer from Popery and slavery” – this was in Parliament’s welcoming speech to the new Queen. Anne never enjoyed good health and this got worse as she got older. Anne placed a great deal on the advice given to her by her favourites. The two most prominent were Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough and Mrs Abigail Masham, a cousin of Robert Harley, one of the major political figures of the era. A number of politicians failed to achieve their full political potential as a result of Anne’s input – any politician brought to her attention for immoral behaviour paid the price for this. Anne led a pious life and would not accept that there was any space for licentious behaviour in her politicians.

A discreet word from any of her favourites could end the career of a politician. Anne left government in the hands of politicians she trusted. The three most famous were Marlborough, Godolphin and Harley. Between them, the three held most of the important political position in the land and between 1702 and 1704 they worked with the Earl of Nottingham (Secretary of State) while the War of Spanish Succession was being fought. Marlborough, via his wife Sarah, advised Anne on successful government: the Queen must maintain her powers of appointment and that the Queen should administer patronage through a non-party manager. Anne had become queen at a time of real political intrigue. The Whigs and Tories were still comparatively new political parties – even the concept of a political party was relatively new. Both vied for political superiority and they used the War of Spanish Succession to advance their cause. The Whigs had been the party most associated with William III and his attempt to destroy the power of Louis XIV. His death in 1702 gave the Tories an opportunity to regain lost political ground. The most dominant issue that the first parliament of Anne had to deal with was the War of Spanish Succession.

The key area that had to be addressed was how the war was to be financed. The Country Tories led by Henry St. John (later Viscount Bolingbroke) did what they could to obstruct the workings of Parliament as they objected to war finance and high taxation. Many Country Tories were suspicious that too many Whigs had a moneyed interest in the war and that Britain’s involvement in it would allow already very wealthy men to become even wealthier – at the expense of the ‘normal’ man. Harley got around this by bringing the more important Country Tories into government; St. John was appointed Secretary of War – not only advancing his political status in the country but also ensuring that he was a stakeholder in the decisions made by the government. Harley himself became Secretary of State in May 1704; a position that allowed him to promote his ‘own’ men with greater frequency. Rather than abuse this position, Harley used it to make the government more politically balanced and moderate so that there would be a united front with regards to foreign policy. Harley brought in moderate Whigs as well as Tories so that the second Parliament of Anne was politically more evenly balanced.

He could sell this politically as a leader who was putting the well-being of the nation before his own political beliefs. However few (especially Marlborough and Godolphin) trusted his motives. Many were concerned at the influence his cousin, Mrs Masham, had on Anne and just how much of a political lever this gave to Harley. It was well-known that Anne listened and took on board the thoughts of her favourites – but were they Masham’s thoughts or Harley’s? In February 1708 Harley was suddenly dismissed and few mourned his going. The Whigs became the most dominant party in government. It was this second Parliament that signed the Act of Union (March 6th 1707) with Scotland. The third parliament of Anne’s was dominated by the Whigs. It governed from November 1708 to September 1710 and was led by Marlborough and Godolphin. The peace terms offered to France to end the War of Spanish Succession were so extreme (ordering Louis to attack his grandson Philip V of Spain to push him out of Spain) that France decided it was worth continuing the war.

At the time, and for many years after, the Whig hierarchy was accused of deliberately setting the terms at such a high level because they themselves were making very large profits from the war. The Whigs ignored the fact that the county as a whole was war weary. The government then made the mistake of trying to rally the nation around the trial of a maverick called Henry Sacheverell. He was a parson who had used the 21st anniversary celebrations of the 1688 Revolution to openly cast doubts as to its legitimacy. Hoping to unite the nation behind the arrest of Sacheverell, the government seriously underestimated the public response. Sacheverall had been selected by the Lord Mayor of London to give a sermon to the assembled worthies of London for the annual celebration of November 5th – Gunpowder Plot Day. He rounded on the Revolution of 1688 but also denounced bishops and ministers and many other institutions of the day. Sacheverell was impeached, prosecuted and found guilty. However, Sacheverell had been turned into a hero by the heavily taxed people of London who rioted in his favour (the Sacheverell Riots).

His punishment was for his sermon to be publicly hanged and to be banned from preaching for three years. He went to work in North Wales and received a warm welcome wherever he went. What Sacheverell had said was not entirely relevant twenty one years after 1688, but it had hit a raw nerve. The constant increase in taxation and the hurt that this caused that primarily affected the poor had not been recognised by those in power. Social dislocation was the last thing that anyone in government wanted and it was clear that Godolphin and Marlborough were on borrowed political time as they were held responsible. Godolphin was dismissed on August 7th 1710 and Marlborough followed on December 31st 1711. Robert Harley made a triumphant return to the forefront of politics. By dismissing two of her greatest government servants, Anne also showed a dark side of her nature. Godolphin was not even granted an audience with the Queen to receive his dismissal – nor a letter. He was simply passed her verbal dismissal. Traditionally, a letter extending gratitude for work done on behalf of the country should have been sent but was not. Marlborough did better than Godolphin.

He did receive a letter dismissing him but it was deemed so offensive that he threw it on a fire and never mentioned it again. Harley governed between 1710 and 1714. Now Earl of Oxford, Harley effectively governed as a Prime Minister – though he did not hold that title. There was a large Tory majority in the House of Commons that gave Harley the opportunity to govern more freely. Anne had also appointed 12 new Tory peers so that their representation in the Lords was greater. For all this the Tories were split. Harley and St. John, his deputy, had fallen out when St. John (now Viscount Bolingbroke) made it clear that he wanted to replace Harley as the country’s senior Tory. The Tories were also split over one fundamental issue – the succession. As Anne had got older, her health, never particularly good, had deteriorated. With no surviving children, Britain faced a dilemma. There were Jacobite Tories, the Hanoverian Tories and the Tories who simply did not know what to do. At the same time, the Whigs were united behind the Hanover family.

The succession was made more complicated by Anne’s insistence that no Hanoverian was allowed into Britain while she was alive. The future George I had visited England in 1680 – then as Elector George of Hanover – it is said to seek the hand in marriage of Anne. He backed out at the last minute – and Anne was unforgiving right up to the day she died. When Anne died on August 1st 1714, the Tories were in disarray. The Whigs had made it clear that they fully supported the new George I whereas the Tories had shown that they were divided in their support. Ironically when the Privy Council had met on July 30th 1714, the Tories in it were fully supportive of the planned succession and did what they could to ensure a smooth transition once Anne had died. However, the new king sided with the Whigs and to all intents the Tories were out of power for the rest of the century. Queen Anne by Anne Somerset: review - Telegraph Book Reviews Queen Anne by Anne Somerset: review A revisionary Life of Queen Anne, a monarch plagued by poor health, finally places her centre stage, says Virginia Rounding.

4 The future Queen Anne and William, Duke of Gloucester, painted by the studio of Sir Godfrey Kneller, circa 1694 Photo: World History Archive / Alamy By Virginia Rounding 4:24PM GMT 17 Jan 2012 The statue of Queen Anne outside St Paul’s Cathedral around which Occupy London is currently encamped is no stranger to protest. Almost as soon as the original statue was erected in 1712 (the current one is a copy), a “particularly disagreeable squib” (to quote Anne Somerset) was affixed to it, declaring how appropriate it was for the queen to be depicted “with her rump to the church, gazing longingly into a wine shop”. Queen Anne (who reigned from 1702 until 1714) could be forgiven if she enjoyed a drink or two: she had few physical pleasures and was frequently in pain. Vastly overweight and in continuous poor health – Somerset identifies lupus as the likely culprit – she suffered a staggeringly high number of miscarriages and stillbirths, with the few babies who did survive dying in infancy.

She seems to have been constantly either pregnant or in mourning; the hardest death for her to bear was that of the 11-year-old Duke of Gloucester. The death in 1708 of her husband, Prince George of Denmark, also dealt the queen a horrible blow. But unlike Queen Victoria, Anne never allowed grief to trump duty and, 48 hours into her widowhood, she was back at work. Anne’s short reign has often been seen as merely bridging the gap between William III and the Hanoverians, and the triumphs of her time, including great victories against France, were credited more to the Duke of Marlborough’s military genius than to the queen’s wisdom in employing him. Somerset, who has previously written about William IV and Elizabeth I, goes a considerable way towards overturning this dismissive appraisal. In particular she credits Anne with having worked steadfastly and determinedly to bring about union between England and Scotland, thus avoiding the disaster of a disputed succession. And Anne was certainly a hard worker, attending more Cabinet meetings than any other British monarch. She also turned out to be an excellent public speaker, despite her lifelong shyness, addressing the House of Lords with aplomb.

Related Articles Stuart Queens: Consorts and Rulers Through Queen Anne Dates: December 12, 1574 – March 2, 1619 Titles: Queen consort of Scots August 20, 1589 – March 2, 1619 Queen consort of England and Ireland March 24, 1603 – March 2, 1619 Mother: Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow Queen consort to: James I and VI , son of Mary, Queen of Scots Married: by proxy August 20, 1589; formally in Oslo November 23, 1589 Coronation: as Queen consort of Scots: May 17, 1590: hers was the first Protestant coronation in Scotland; as Queen consort of England and Ireland July 25, 1603 Children: Henry Frederick; Elizabeth (Queen of Bohemia, known as the “Winter Queen,” and grandmother of King George I); Margaret (died in childhood); Charles I of England; Robert (died in infancy); Mary (died in childhood); Sophia (died in infancy); also had at least three miscarriages Rum

ors that James preferred the company of men to women, and the long delay before her first pregnancy, worried the court.

Anne fought James over the Scottish tradition of placing the heir in the company of a Scottish lord, rather than being raised near his mother. She finally refused to join James in England, when he became king after Queen Elizabeth’s death, unless she had custody of the prince. Other marital conflicts were over her attendants. At a time when plays featured male actors in all roles, Anne sponsored plays at the royal court with female performers, even performing herself. continue reading below our video Test Your General Science Knowledge From a portrait of Henrietta Maria by Anthony Van Dyk. Buyenlarge / Getty Images 2.

Henrietta Maria of France Dates: November 25, 1609 – September 10, 1668 Titles: Queen consort of England, Scotland and Ireland June 13, 1625 – January 30, 1649 Mother: Marie de’ Medici Father: Henry IV of France Queen consort to: Charles I of England and Scotland Married: by proxy May 11, 1625; in person June 13, 1625 in Kent Coronation: never crowned, as she remained a Catholic and could not be crowned in an Anglican ceremony; she was permitted to watch her husband’s coronation at a distance Children: Charles James (stillborn); Charles II; Mary, Princess Royal (married William II, Prince of Orange); James II; Elizabeth (died at age 14); Anne (died young); Catherine (stillborn); Henry (died at 20, unmarried, no children); Henrietta. Henrietta Maria remained staunchly Catholic. She was often called Queen Mary, after her husband’s Catholic grandmother, Mary, Queen of Scots.

The American province of Maryland (which became the state of Maryland) was named for her. She did not become pregnant for almost 3 years after her marriage. When Civil War began, Henrietta attempted to raise funds and arms for the royalist cause in Europe. She stayed with her husband in England until his armies were destroyed, then she took refuge in Paris, where her nephew, Louis XIV, was king; her son, Charles, soon joined her. After her husband’s 1649 execution, she was in poverty, until the Restoration in 1660, when she returned to England, living there for the rest of her life except for a brief trip to Paris to arrange her daughter’s marriage to the Duke of Orleans, brother of Louis XIV. Catherine of Braganza. Fine Art Images / Heritage Images / Getty Images 3.

Catherine of Braganza Dates: November 25, 1638 – December 31, 1705 Titles: Queen consort of England, Scotland and Ireland, April 23, 1662 – February 6, 1685 Mother: Luisa of Guzman Married: May 21, 1662: two ceremonies, a secret Catholic one, followed by an Anglican public ceremony Coronation: because she was a Roman Catholic, she could not be crowned Children: three miscarriages, no live births She brought a very large promised dowry, not all of which was paid. Her Roman Catholic commitments led to suspicions of plots, including an accusation in 1678 of high treason. Though her marriage was not a close one, and her husband had many mistresses, her husband protected her from punishment. Her husband, who had children by mistresses, refused to divorce Catherine and replace her with a Protestant wife. After Charles died, she remained in England during the reigns of James II and William III and Mary II, returning to Portugal in 1699 as a tutor to Prince John (later John V), whose mother had died.

She is credited with popularizing tea drinking in Britain. It is possible that Queens County, New York, was named for her, as Kings County, Brooklyn, New York, was named for her husband, and Richmond County, Staten Island, New York, for one of his illegitimate sons. Mary of Modena.

Museum of London / Heritage Images / Getty Images Dates: October 5, 1658 – May 7, 1718 Also known as: Maria Beatrice d'Este Titles: Queen consort of England, Scotland and Ireland (February 6, 1685 – December 11, 1688) Mother: Laura Martinozzi Father: Alfonso IV, Duke of Modena (died 1662) Queen consort to: James II and VII Married: by proxy September 30, 1673, in person November 23, 1673 Coronation: April 23, 1685 Children: Catherine Laura (died in childhood); Isabel (died in childhood); Charles (died in infancy); Elizabeth (died in infancy); Charlotte Maria (died in infancy); James Francis Edward, later James III and VIII (Jacobite), rumored to be a changeling, Louisa (died at 19) Mary of Modena married the much-older widower, James II, when he was the Duke of York and presumed heir of his brother.

He had two daughters, Mary and Anne, by his first wife, Anne Hyde, a commoner. Her first children died early, several of convulsions; James’ sons by his first wife had all died young; it was thus rumored when her son, James, was born, that he was a changeling, someone else’s child substituted for her own though there is no evidence of that – in fact, the birth chamber had 200 witnesses, just to avoid misrepresentations of any live birth. James had become a Roman Catholic, and with a Catholic wife, his reign was quite unpopular. After the birth of this Catholic heir, and questions raised including by Princess Anne, in 1688, James was deposed in the “Glorious Revolution” and the eldest daughter of his first marriage, Mary, and her husband, Prince of Orange, replaced him as Queen Mary II and William III. She raised her son, James, to serve as king; after his father died, Louis XIV declared the young James to be King of England, Ireland and Scotland. Though her son was eventually asked to leave France, so that the king could make peace with the British monarchs, Mary remained there until her death.

More » Queen Mary II of England. Heritage Images / Hulton Archive / Getty Images Dates: April 30, 1662 – December 28, 1694 Titles: Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland Mother: Anne Hyde Consort, co-ruler: William III (ruled 1698 – 1702) Married: November 4, 1677, in St. James’ Palace Coronation: April 11, 1689 Children: several miscarriages Mary and her husband, first cousins and Protestants, replaced her father as co-monarchs. William ruled until his death in 1702. More » Queen Anne. Print Collector / Hulton Archive / Getty Images 6.

Anne Dates: February 6, 1665 – August 1, 1714 Titles: Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland 1702 – 1707; Queen of Great Britain and Ireland 1707 - 1714 Mother: Anne Hyde Consort: Prince George of Denmark, brother of Christian V of Denmark Married: July 28, 1683, at the Chapel Royal Coronation: April 23, 1702 Children: out of 17 pregnancies, the only child to survive infancy was Prince William (1689 – 1700) Anne, another daughter of Anne Hyde and James II, succeeded William in 1702. She ruled as Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland until 1707, when England and Scotland were united into Great Britain . She ruled as Queen of Great Britain and Ireland until 1714. She was pregnant 17 or 18 times, but only one survived infancy and he predeceased his mother, and thus Anne was the last monarch of the House of Stuart..

The Good Queen Anne: Mother of Great Britain – Stuarts Weekly Guest article written by: Karlie Queen Anne On 28 July 1683 Anne Stuart –daughter of the future King James II and his wife Anne Hyde — married Prince George of Denmark in London at the Chapel Royal in St James Palace. As is often the case with royal marriages, Anne and George’s union was not a love match; but rather a political one; which was principally brought about by Anne’s uncle King Charles II and King Louis XIV of France, in an effort to establish an Anglo-Danish alliance, in order to weaken the Dutch. It is said that Anne (a young girl of nineteen) accepted “her fate [marriage] stoically.1”, and that George (a man eleven years his wife’s senior) approached the union in the manner in which he generally approached all aspects of his life: with a relaxed attitude… Prince George of Denmark Their marriage was by all accounts a happy one, in which they grew to love and respect each other. Apparently, “In her marriage to George of Denmark, Anne was very much the senior partner both by royal rank and of personality.2” However, their marriage was not without its obstacles.

Anne’s first child, a daughter, was stillborn. Her second and third children, two daughters (Mary and Anne Sophia) died as small children from smallpox. Anne’s fourth pregnancy resulted in a miscarriage. Two more pregnancies followed: one stillborn and another miscarriage…. Until finally, on 24 July 1689, Anne gave birth to a son William, aka the Duke of Gloucester. Prince William William was described as a “delicate child3”. In his infancy, he “was seized with convulsive fits4” so terrible that “…every day they expect[ed] his death…5” However, William recovered and Anne and George did their best to ensure the health and safety of their beloved son and only heir, which included keeping him away from the “polluted air of London…6”. Anne became pregnant ten more times after William was born. Five of those pregnancies resulted in a miscarriage, two babies died in their infancy, another stillborn, and the last two children — born in September 1698 and January 1700 – were, also, still born.

Anne with her husband, Prince George of Denmark, painted by Charles Boit, 1706 Unfortunately, Anne and George could not seek solace in the fact that they had at least one child because in July 1700 William began to suffer from “headache[s], nausea, a sore throat, [and] fever7”. After several painful attempts by the doctors to help cure him, young William never recovered. He died, aged eleven, on 30 July 1700 from either small pox or acute bacterial pharyngitis. Anne was beside herself with grief at the loss of her son. She confined herself to her rooms and gardens where she could be alone with her thoughts… On record, Anne had been pregnant a staggering seventeen — perhaps eighteen or nineteen — times. There have been various theories as to why none of Anne and George’s children made it past childhood. There are two rather salacious theories. One suggests that George had syphilis and it was passed on to Anne which “produced hydrocephalus in young [William] Gloucester8”. The other theory was that Anne’s father James II had “infected both of his wives and eleven of his fifteen legitimate children with syphilis.

9” In regards to Anne’s own health, theories include: “Rhesus incompatibility or some other blood-group antigen10”; “hemolytic disease in the fetus11”; “a deformed pelvis12”; “a “dropsical infection13”; “intra-uterine growth retardation due to placental insufficiency14”; and porphyria. The Royal Collection © 2012, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (c. 1701-14) The most widely accepted explanation for Anne’s reproduction troubles, is that she suffered from an autoimmune disorder known as antiphospholipid syndrome. (It bears mentioning that Anne’s elder sister, Mary, had suffered a similar fate: all three of her children were still born.) On 8 March 1702, Anne became Queen of England, Ireland and Scotland her husband, became Consort. Anne succeeded her brother in law William III and before him his wife (Anne’s sister) Mary II. Protestant England still looked to the newly crowned couple to secure and continue the Stuart line. However, Anne never bore more children.

What’s more, her beloved husband George died “of asthma and dropsy from which he had long been afflicted15” on 28 October 1708. Anne had seldom been inclined to good health. As a child, she was afflicted with poor eyesight, and had once contracted smallpox. But following the many pregnancies, miscarriages, stillbirths and personal losses Anne’s health worsened. Anne suffered greatly from gout and rheumatism. One of Anne’s biographers, Anne Somerset, points out that she may even have had lupus. Anne eventually became so sedentary and overweight that she had to be ushered around in a wheelchair (she even had to be carried to her coronation). In the end, having suffered a stroke, Queen Anne became bed ridden. Her body so swollen that she was unable to move altogether. At age just forty nine Anne died on 1 August 1714 at Kensington Palace. King George I of Hanover Her body so large that it had to be placed in a type of square-shaped coffin, Anne was buried alongside her husband and children in Westminster Abbey. Her passing marked the end of the Stuart dynasty.

George I of Hanover inherited the crown and was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1714-1727. Anne had reigned for only twelve years. In those years she had accomplished a lot; even if she was, sadly, unable to provide an heir. She had been instrumental in bringing about– alongside Parliament– the Treaty of Union which united England and Scotland. This act — along with her infamous friendship with Sarah Churchill– is perhaps what Queen Anne is best remembered for and not that she had had seventeen pregnancies which all resulted in death and heartache. In addition to feeling a massive amount of sympathy for Queen Anne, one can and should also remark upon her resolve and courage to not only carry on after so many personal defeats, but that she still took on the extensive responsibilities of being Queen. I find it quite touching and poetic that Anne wanted the people of her realm to look to her as a motherly figure. The Scottish author and poet Tobias Smollett said of the late Queen Anne: “She felt a mother’s fondness for her people by whom she was universally beloved with a warmth of affection which even the prejudice of party could not abate.

In a word, if she was not the greatest, she was certainly one of the best and most unblemished sovereigns that ever sat upon the throne of England, and well deserved the expressive, though simple epithet of “the good Queen Anne”16”. References: 1 Queen Anne by Edward Gregg 2 Lord Churchill’s Coup: The Anglo-American Empire and the Glorious Revolution Reconsidered by Stephen S. Webb 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 The English Royal Family of America, from Jamestown to the American Revolution by Michael A. Beatty 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 The Royal Doctors, 1485-1714: Medical Personnel at the Tudor and Stuart Courts by Elizabeth Lane Furdell 15 A Complete History of England: From the Descent of Julius Caesar …, Volume 10 by Tobias George Smollett 16 Elegant Extracts: Or, Useful and Entertaining Passages in Prose …, Volume 2 by Tobias Smollett About the Author: I’m Karlie (also known as History Gal on Twitter)!

I’m a pre-med student from the U.S. I have many interests including reading, writing, drawing and painting but my passion is History. I have read and love to read just about every period in history but I am most interested in the Tudor period. I’m intrigued, not just by the Tudor dynasty, but also by the world in which they lived: the people, the religion, the politics, the conflicts, the events, the castles, the beautiful clothes, just overall their way of life. It should go without saying that I love England and its rich history. My dream is to go there and see as many Tudor related places as I can! Follow on Twitter: @HistoryGal_

Question: Prince George of Denmark was the husband of which queen, fathering 17 children who all died before him?
Answer: QUEEN ANNE