Group of islands - definition of Group of islands by The Free Dictionary Group of islands - definition of Group of islands by The Free Dictionary Related to Group of islands: archipelago ar·chi·pel·a·go (är′kə-pĕl′ə-gō′, är′chə-) n. pl. ar·chi·pel·a·goes or ar·chi·pel·a·gos 1. A large group of islands: the Philippine archipelago. 2. A sea, such as the Aegean, containing a large number of scattered islands. [Italian Arcipelago, the Aegean Sea, alteration (influenced by arci-, chief, archi-) of Medieval Latin Ēgēopelagus : Latin Aegaeus, Ēgēus, Aegean (from Greek Aigaios) + Latin pelagus, sea (from Greek pelagos; see plāk-1 in the Appendix of Indo-European roots).] ar′chi·pe·lag′ic (-pə-lăj′ĭk) adj. archipelago n, pl -gos or -goes 1. (Physical Geography) a group of islands 2.

(Physical Geography) a sea studded with islands [C16 (meaning: the Aegean Sea): from Italian arcipelago, literally: the chief sea (perhaps originally a mistranslation of Greek Aigaion pelagos the Aegean Sea), from archi- + pelago sea, from Latin pelagus, from Greek pelagos] archipelagic, archipelagian adj ar•chi•pel•a•go (ˌɑr kəˈpɛl əˌgoʊ) 1. a large group or chain of islands. 2. a large body of water with many islands. 3. the Archipelago, the Aegean Sea. [1495–1505; alter. ( archi - for arci-) of Italian arcipelago, alter. of Egeopelago the Aegean Sea < Greek Aigaîon pélagos] ar`chi•pe•lag′ic (-pəˈlædʒ ɪk) ar`chi•pe•la′gi•an (-ˈleɪ dʒi ən, -dʒən) adj.

Archipelago the Greek islands in the Aegean Sea, hence, any sea or broad sheet of water containing many islands. Examples: archipelago of isolated communities, 1862; of the Polar Ocean, 1830. archipelago A large group of islands, or a sea that contains one, for example the Aegean. ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Island | Definition of Island by Merriam-Webster Examples of island in a sentence He lives on an island in the Caribbean. <the island of Hawaii is the largest in the Hawaiian archipelago> Did You Know? The words island and isle are etymologically distinct. Island can be traced back to Old English īgland, composed of two elements īg and land. Land, as we might expect means “land,” but īg means “island” in Old English. In a sense, then, īgland is “island-land.” The English isle, on the other hand, is derived through medieval French from the Latin insula.

In the 16th century, under the influence of isle, the letter s was added to iland, the earlier form of island. The verb island did not appear until the 17th century. Origin and Etymology of island alteration (influenced by Anglo-French isle) of earlier iland, from Middle English, from Old English īgland (akin to Old Norse eyland), from īg island (akin to Old English ēa river, Latin aqua water) + land land First Known Use: before 12th century island Synonyms Canadian Slang & English Words - Canadian Culture - CKA Content Home » Canadian Culture Canadian Slang & English Words Canadian English has words or expressions not found, or not widely used, in other variants of English. Additionally, like other dialects of English that exist in proximity to francophones, French loanwords have entered Canadian English. This page comprises words ï¿½ proper English terms, French loanwords, and slang words ï¿½ that are distinctive for their relatively widespread use in Canada. Canadian English words, expressions, and terms ABM, bank machine: a common term for an automated teller machine. Short for automated bank machine.

allophone: a resident whose first language is one other than English or French. Used only by linguists in other English-speaking countries, this word has come to be used by journalists and broadcasters, and then by the general public, in some parts of Canada. bachelor: bachelor apartment ("They have a bachelor for rent"). Bunny Hug: Term used in Saskatchewan that is a hooded sweatshirt with or without a zipper that has a pocket in the front. Also refered to as a Hoodie in most other provinces Bytown: the original name of Ottawa before its designation as national capital, often still used in the same context as Hogtown for Toronto or Cowtown for Calgary. Canuck: A slang term for "Canadian" in the U.S. and Canada. It sometimes means "French Canadian" in particular, especially when used in the Northeast of the United States and in Canada. Adopted as the name of the National Hockey League team in Vancouver. Sometimes jokingly pronounced can-OOK (not used this way for the hockey team, aka "the Nucks"). chesterfield: a sofa or couch. Used somewhat in Northern California; obsolete in Britain (where it originated).

Sometimes (as in classic furnishing terminology) refers to a sofa whose arms are the same height as the back, but more usually to any couch or sofa. The more international terms sofa and couch are also used; among younger generations in the western and central regions, chesterfield is largely in decline. Chinook: a warm, dry wind experienced along the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada. Most common in winter and spring, a chinook wind can result in a rise in temperature of 20 Cï¿½ (36 Fï¿½) in a quarter of an hour. In Alaska, the word is pronounced with an affricate ch instead of the fricative sh sound as used in Canada, and means an extremely wet, warm, constant southwesterly, which actually is the same weather pattern as the drying wind that it becomes when it hits Alberta. The use of the word to mean a wind is from the Chinook Jargon, "i.e., the wind from the direction of the country of the Chinooks" (the lower Columbia River), as transmitted to the Prairies by the francophone employees of the North West Company, hence the Frenchified pronunciation east of the Rockies.

A Chinook in BC is also one of the five main varieties of salmon, and can also mean the Chinook Jargon, although this older usage is now very rare (as is the Jargon itself). concession road: in southern Ontario and southern Quebec, one of a set of roads laid out by the colonial government as part of the distribution of land in standard lot sizes. The roads were laid out in squares as nearly as possible equal to 1,000 acres (4 kmï¿½). Many of the concession roads were known as sidelines, and in Ontario many roads are still called lines. dayliner: a Budd Rail Diesel Car, a self-propelled diesel passenger railcar on the former British Columbia Railway, also called "Budd Car" after the company who made them (the dayliner is now out of service). Dayliners also saw service in Ontario on the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) and the Canadian National Railway (CNR).

deke: A word derived from decoy and used to decribe a fake or feint intended to deceive a defensive player, often drawing that player out of position, usually in hockey, as in "I deked him out and scored." double-double: a cup of coffee from Tim Horton's with two creams and two sugars eaves troughs (also Northern & Western U.S.): grooves or channels that attach to the underside of the roof of a house to collect rainwater. Known to most Americans and to Britons as gutters. eh: a spoken interjection to ascertain the comprehension, continued interest, agreement, etc., of the person or persons addressed ("That was a good game last night, eh?"). May also be used instead of "huh?" or "what?" meaning "please repeat or say again." Frequently mis-represented by Americans as A, or hey. May have its origins from the French hein, which is pronounced in a very similar fashion. Family Compact: a group of influential families who exercised substantial political control of Ontario during part of the 1800s. The Quebec equivalent was the Chateau Clique.

fire hall: fire station, firehouse fishfly: mayfly garburator: a garbage disposal unit located beneath the drain of a kitchen sink. homo milk: homogenized milk, particularly with a fat content greater than 2%, usually 3.25%. Referred to in the U.S. as whole milk. humidex: measurement used by meteorologists to reflect the combined effect of heat and humidity. hydro: (except Alberta, Saskatchewan, and the Maritimes) commonly as a synonym for electrical service. Many Canadian provincial electric companies generate power from hydroelectricity, and incorporate the term "Hydro" in their names: Toronto Hydro, Hydro Ottawa, etc. Usage: "Manitoba Hydro... It's not just a Power Company anymore."; "How long did you work for Hydro?" "When's Hydro gonna get the lines back up."; "The hydro bill is due on the fifteenth."; "I didn't pay my hydro bill so they shut off my lights." Hence hydrofield, a line of electricity transmission towers, usually in groups cutting across a city, and hydro lines/poles, electrical transmission lines/poles. joe job: a low-class, low-paying job.

Not to be confused with the American term joe job. Kokanee: British Columbian name for a species of land-locked salmon (accent on first syllable). Also the name of a popular beer made in the Kootenay district, also known as "Blue Cocaine." Kraft Dinner: Kraft macaroni and cheese. Sometimes called "Krap Dinner" or "KD". loonie: Canadian one dollar coin. Derived from the use of the loon on the reverse. lumber jacket: A thick flannel jackeolett either red and black or green and black favoured by blue collar workers and heavy metal/grunge afficinados. This apparel is more commonly referred to as a mackinac (pron mackinaw). In parts of British Columbia, it is referred to as a doeskin. Nanaimo bar: a confection named for the town of Nanaimo, British Columbia and made of egg custard with a Graham-cracker-based bottom and a thin layer of chocolate on top; however, this term is now common in the United States and elsewhere, thanks to the efforts of Starbucks in popularizing them.

Newfie, Newf: A colloquial, often derisive term used to describe one who is from Newfoundland and Labrador. Historically used with light humour in "Newfie Jokes", similar to "Dumb Blonde Jokes". Use of the word is now considered to be offensive and in very bad taste. parkade: a parking garage, especially in the West. pencil crayon: coloured pencil. pickerel: This is a slang word for walleye. pop: the common name for soft drinks or soda pop. quiggly hole and quiggly town: remains of First Nations underground houses in the Interior of British Columbia rad: Short for radiator in a car or home heating, but pronounced like the first sylable of 'radical'. regular: used to denote a coffee with one cream, one sugar ("I'll have two double doubles and a regular") runners: running shoes, sneakers, especially in Central Canada. Also used somewhat in Australian English. serviette: a small square of cloth or paper used while eating, a napkin. Derives from British English.

Timbits: a brand name of donut (doughnut) holes made by Tim Hortons that has become a generic term toonie: Canadian two dollar coin. Modelled after loonie (q.v.). Also spelled tooney, twooney, twoonie, twonie, or twoney tuque: a knitted winter hat, often with a pompon on the crown. Sometimes misspelled "toque", which is in fact an unrelated type of hat. washroom: the general term for what is normally named public toilet or lavatory in Britain. In the U.S. (where it originated) mostly replaced by restroom in the 20th century. Generally used only as a technical or commercial term outside of Canada. The word bathroom is also used; the term toilet is generally considered somewhat indelicate in Canada and is avoided. [1] The Bob & Doug McKenzie "Take off to the Great White North" comedy routines, popular in both the U.S.

and Canada in the early 1980s, drew heavily on linguistic differences such as pronunciation (such as Trawna for Toronto or brudle for brutal) as well as once-obscure historical terms such as hoser or hosehead (originally used to refer to gas siphoning on the prairies in the depression era). French loanwords Often native French Canadian speakers will use calques of French idioms, so in Quebec it is relatively common of for both Anglophones and Francophones to "close the light" or to "open the light," meaning to turn on or off the light in a room. This was especially common in the Gaspï¿½ Peninsula, where until recently Anglophones and Francophones lived in mixed communities for generations. Similar calques from other languages are found in English throughout Canada, particularly in BC and the Prairies where translated usages from European languages are common, whether inherited from parents or spoken by new immigrants. poutine: a dish of french fries (or chips) topped with cheese curds and covered with hot gravy (Quebec) or a dumpling filled with ground meat (Maritimes).

tuque: a close-fitting woolen winter hat (sometimes spelled toque, which is assimilated from a different kind of hat, or touque). Akin to a stocking-cap, knit cap or watch cap. Canadian slang words Canadian slang consists of words and phrases of slang exclusive to or originating from Canada. It is important to note that many of these words are regional and not used in all areas. In addition to general-purpose slang, there are slang nicknames for many Canadian places, and residents of specific Canadian places. Numbers The 905: the suburbs to the west, north and east of Toronto, covered by the 905/289 telephone area code, including Halton, Peel, York and Durham regions. Many "905ers" identify with right-wing political views, an issue that gained recognition during the Mike Harris era. Contains a number of much sought-after federal electorial districts. Does not include Hamilton, Ontario and the Niagara Region, even though they are part of the same area code. A-B BC Bud or BC Hydro: Marijuana (or Pot) grown in BC, often in Grow Ops (hidden hydroponic growing operations) scattered throughout the province in both urban and rural areas.

BC Bud has a reputation of being very strong and is apparently sought after, especially in the United States, where much of it is "exported" to. Rumor has it that BC Bud is the largest cash crop in the province and contributes significantly to the provincial economy. Blochead: A derogatory term for Anglophone, or English speaker in the province of Quebec. French translation tï¿½te carrï¿½e. Considered by Quebeckers as equivalent to an Anglo-Canadian calling a Franco-Canadian a frog. Bluenoser: A person from Nova Scotia. Buckle Bunny: A term used in the west, particularly in Alberta, to refer to a rodeo groupie, always female, who chases rodeo riders or dates rodeo riders. Not necessarily derrogatory, depending on usage. See also definition of Puck Bunny. May also be used in the U.S. ByTown: Ottawa, Ontario (Bytown is the former name of the capital of Canada). C-D Caper: A person originally born on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. Typically used to identify someone who has left the island in search of employment.

Cape Bretoner: A person currently living on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. Central Canada: What Ontarians and Quebecers like to call their provinces. A misnomer, as Manitoba is more central (geographically speaking) than Ontario and Quebec. CFA: A derogatory term used in rural Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, acronym for 'Come From Away', often shortened to 'From Away' indicating someone who has immigrated to Nova Scotia from another province or country, purchased land, and criticized the local way of life. Cowtown or Cow town: A nickname for Calgary, Alberta. Refers to its roots as a hub of ranching, livestock trade and the Calgary Stampede or rodeo culture. Crappy Tire: colloquialism for Canadian Tire. Also used frequently in Manitoba is Canuck Wheel, primarily in the Westman region originating in Brandon (circa 1994) Dead Rear: A local term for Red Deer, Alberta. A play on its proper name and a supposed lack of culture or interesting activities available in the city. Deadmonton: Sometimes used as a derogatory for Edmonton, Alberta. It is a play on its proper name and a supposed lack of culture or interesting activities available in the city.

Made famous by a British journalist who asserted the same in a U.K publication. His "description" was withdrawn after actually visiting the city and being given a tour by the mayor. dec: A slang expression dirived from the word decent. Often used in Marijuana subculture, this phrase is commonly used while describing the quality of weed. "How's that weed look?" "It's dec." double-double: a coffee with double cream, double sugar (especially, but not exclusively, from Tim Hortons), recently added to the Oxford Dictionary. Triple-triple and four-by-four (less common) are three and four creams/sugars, respectively. Rarely, one can hear a request for a "Gretzky", nine cream, nine sugar after Wayne Gretzky's jersey number of 99.[citation needed] down south: refers to the United States. E-F Edmonchuk: A name for Edmonton, Alberta, referring to the large Ukrainian population. Farmer Tan: tan of the lower left arm, obtained by driving with the window open wearing a short-sleeve shirt. Also any tan or sunburn of both arms from mid-biceps and lower. Also used in the US.

Farmer turn: a manoeuvre executed while driving an automobile in urban areas. A right turn that starts by veering to the left, often crossing into the adjacent lane before completing the (often slow) right turn. Name refers to the driving habits of rural farmers accustomed to large vehicles and unused to city traffic. Farmer vision (also Peasant Vision, Country Cable or TFC - Three Friggin' Channels): The basic three broadcast TV channels that can be picked up almost anywhere (Global, CBC, CTV). FBI (Fuckin' Big Indian): Racist slang for a First Nations person Fish Police (also Tree Cop and Critter Cop): Derogatory reference to Federal or Provincial Fisheries or Wildlife Officers. Flat: An Atlantic Canadian term used to refer to a box containing 24 bottles of beer. (see also, 2-4) Central and Western Canadians usually use the term 'case' to identify this quantity, although the term flat is also sometimes used for the same thing in Western Canada. Also slab.

"Flat" is almost never used to mean "apartment" in Canada, even though this usage is common in both the UK and some regions of the US, although it is fairly common in the city of Victoria, British Columbia as are other Britishisms uncommon elsewhere in Canada. Floater: See Goal Suck Flowerpots: See The Rocks. Flippin: increasing in use; also Friggin as alternate use for fucking. FOB: In B.C., a derogatory term used to describe a person of Oriental descent. An acronym for "Fresh Off the Boat." foof: A dim-witted girl who dyes her hair platinum blonde and exhibits an apricot-colored tan in the hopes of attracting a man to marry and live off of. (The) Force: The Royal Canadian Mounted Police Fuck the dog: A term used to indicate doing nothing (e.g. I fucked the dog all weekend). May be referred to as Making Puppies or Screwing the Pooch in polite company. Also refers to slacking off at work or getting paid to do nothing.

However, in Quï¿½bec, to "fuck the dog" (f***ï¿½ le chien) means to screw things up, like in "I was with this girl but got too drunk and embarassed myself, I told you, I fuck the dog!" forty pounder (forty ouncer) ï¿½ a 40 oz. bottle of alcohol (see 40). Frog: Derogatory term used to describe French Canadians or a French Canadian aesthetic. Extremely rare in the province of Quebec, where "Pepper" is the predominate slur. From away: A term used by those from Prince Edward Island in reference to people who are from other Canadian provinces. G Garden City: Richmond, British Columbia's official sobriquet. However, more popularly applied to Victoria Gastown: the old part of Vancouver and the original colloquial name of the settlement , a contraction of "Gassy's town" after steamboat captain-cum-bartender "Gassy" Jack Deighton.

Sometimes used to mean Vancouver in general in the way that Hogtown and Cowtown are used for Toronto and Calgary respectively, and also often mistaken or at least fudged to include the Downtown Eastside of that city, which includes Gastown proper. Gino: used to describe someone of Italian descent. Giv'n'r: used to describe any act carried out with extreme exuberance or to its fullest potential. "We were just Giv'n'r last night." Often used to describe heavy alcohol drinking and partying. Short for "giving her (hell). Variation "Give 'er" used on east coast ('I'm gonna just give 'er in tonight's game' or 'We really gave 'er last night at the game.')" Goal Suck: In ice hockey, somebody who stays around the opposing teams goalie and does not play defence. (see "Cherry Picker") Goof: 1: cheap sherry or fortified wine ("I could buy the Indian chiefs off with a case of goof," ï¿½ Ed Havrot, chair of the Ontario Northland Transportation Commission, Toronto Globe and Mail, May 16.

1975); 2: in prison culture, a major insult relating to being a Child Molester or "Kiddie-Diddler", often precipating violence. Goolie: In Manitoba, a derogatory term for someone of Icelandic descent. From Islendigur, meaning Icelander. gotch, ginch, gonch, gitch (From Ukrainian gatky/gatsi): refers to men's brief-style underwear, particularly those that are threadbare. Used in British Columbia and Alberta. Gitch and gotch are variants heard mostly in Saskatchwan. It is also acceptable to append 'ies' to any of these variants, especially when referring to the underwear of male children. eg: "Make sure you do laundry tonight, I'm going to need some clean gonch in the morning". The term is becoming more widespread in use as a result of the rise in popularity of Vancouver-based undergarment company GinchGonch. A "gotch-pull" or "gonch-pull" is another name for a wedgie.

Gorby: A derogative term for a tourist or one who is severely ignorant to Canadian culture and believes in stereotypes (such as year-round snow, 'eh', etc.) Gouge-and-Screw Tax: Goods and Services Tax (Canada) Grit: a member of the Liberal Party of Canada. In British Columbia, a neo-Grit is a new-era BC Liberal (distinct in character from the pre-1970s BC Liberal Party), although Grit is commonly used in the media, though usually to mean the federal Liberals only. Gripper: a former 66 imp fl oz (1/2 U.S. gal) or a 1.75 L (61.6 imp fl oz) bottle of liquor. So named for either having a looped handle on the bottle neck, or matching indented "grips" on the body of the bottle. Grocery Police: A Canadian Customs and Revenue Border Agent. GTA: frequently used acronym for the Greater Toronto Area Gunt: Term used to describes a woman with a large lower torso, such that her stomach and genitals extend away from the body. A combination of "gut" and "cunt".

G'wan: Used by residents of the Maritime Provinces, in particular inhabitants of Cape Breton, to denote disbelief. Literally translated to "Go on!" G'way: Also used by residents of the Maritime Provinces, in particular inhabitants of Cape Breton, to denote disbelief. Translated to "Go away!" Habs: Historical Quebec: Habitants - Nick name of the Montreal Canadiens NHL team. Had the biscuit: Dead, broken, spent, "My old car has had the biscuit". half-sack: A six pack of beer. Hali: Halifax, Nova Scotia. Haligonian: a resident of Halifax (and of its namesake in the UK). The Hammer: Hamilton, Ontario The Hat: Medicine Hat, Alberta Head'r: Used as a verb, to leave. eg. I guess I'd better head'r. Here Before Christ: The Hudson's Bay Company (founded 1670). Hog Town or Hogtown: Nickname for Toronto. Housecoat: robe one wears around the house. Hollywood North: a reference to Hollywood, used to describe Toronto and Vancouver as two major sites of Canadian film production.

Usage and context differ for both locales, particularly for the latter which ï¿½ like Hollywood, a centre of the American film industry ï¿½ is on the Pacific coast, in the same time zone, and less than two hours by air from Hollywood proper. The term was originally coined by the industry to refer to Vancouver, but has since been adopted by Toronto to describe itself (as with Big Smoke, also originally a reference to Vancouver only). In Toronto its association is with glamour and the Canadian star-system being cultivated by that city's media, in Vancouver it is a term for the workaday film industry per se. Hongcouver: A somewhat derisive name for Vancouver, mocking the city for its large immigrant population from Hong Kong and the proliferation of steel and glass condominium skyscrapers downtown that appear transplanted from the Asian city. By some accounts the term was in fact coined by immigrant Chinese youth until it became noticed by the press, after which it was denounced by Chinese community leaders who blamed it on white Canadians. Honger or Hong: Derogatory name for immigrants from Hong Kong used by Mandarin-speaking and Canadianized Chinese. Also a derogatory name for a spoiled teenage brat from Hong Kong.

NB "Hong Konger" is not derisive. Hoodie: A hooded sweatshirt with or without a zipper. Horny Tim's: Tim Hortons doughnut chain hose: used as a verb 'to hose' meaning to trick, deceive, steal, etc. hosed: Broken or not working. e.g., "There was a power surge and now my TV's hosed." hoser: a stereotype and a mild insult; exploiter; from Depression era prairie gasoline thieves. The Hub City: the city of Moncton, New Brunswick, the city of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, and the city of Nanaimo, British Columbia Huck: to thrown something, often during wall-ball Inside Passage: a "marine highway" linking BC's south coast with the Central Coast and North Coast/Prince Rupert via a chain of channels. The route is "inside" because it is sheltered by the coastal archipelago. The Interior: used (without further description) by residents of British Columbia to describe essentially the entire province outside of Greater Vancouver, the Islands and the North Coast. Often seen in compound forms, Central Interior and Southern Interior especially (which almost mean the same thing, but not quite).

The Island: Vancouver Island, in common British Columbia usage; other islands are referred to directly by name, except in context. The Islands: in BC, the Gulf Islands. In a general sense can be used to include Vancouver Island. In the capital 'I' sense this refers generally to the inhabited islands of the Strait of Georgia, usually the southern Gulf Islands; does not usually include the archipelagos Desolation Sound, Discovery Passage, the Queen Charlotte Strait or Inside Passage. Islander: A person from Prince Edward Island jam buster: a jelly-filled doughnut, generally covered with icing sugar (Manitoba, possibly Ontario) The Jaw: Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan jawbone, as in to give jawbone: backcountry expression referring to giving credit at a store or bar. "He gave me jawbone" means the storekeeper or merchant advanced credit. Jesus Murphey: a common exclamation, sometimes Jesus H. Murphy. jib: methamphetamine or crystal meths (West/Central Canada). joggers: a term used for jogging pants or sweatpants ;; another word for "sneakers" in Newfoundland and Cape Breton.

K-M Kentucky Fried Pigeon and Kentucky Fried Rabbit and Dead Bird in a Box: disparaging term for Kentucky Fried Chicken, due to suspect quality of poultry used in preparation of this food. Ketchup Potato Chips: a common flavour in Canada for potato chips but difficult to find in much of the USA, as is the most common Canadian chip flavour, Salt And Vinegar. Kraft Dinner: A popular brand of macaroni noodles, often used to describe any macaroni or macaroni-like noodle meal, especially when abbreviated as K.D.. Also called "Krap Dinner". In the States is sold as Kraft Mac & Cheese. KV: A term for the Kennebecasis Valley, which consists of two towns, Rothesay, New Brunswick and Quispamsis, New Brunswick, which are affluent suburbs of Saint John, New Brunswick. Lakehead, The Lakehead: Thunder Bay, Ontario Language Police: A Quebec provincial government body titled the Office quï¿½bï¿½cois de la langue franï¿½aise who under Bill 101, the controversial language law passed in the 1970s, were charged with ensuring that Quebec businesses predominantly feature the French language on signs, menus etc.

L.C.: Slang for Manitoba Liquor Control Commission (MLCC), the government-run liquor stores in Manitoba; also for Nova Scotia's 'Liquor Commission'. Abbreviated as the 'Mission. The phrase Lick-Bo is used commonly in Ontario, as a reference to the LCBO (Liquor Control Board of Ontario) government run liquor stores. In British Columbia the same reference is now L.D.B. - Liquor Distribution Branch (formerly L.C.B. - Liquor Control Board; L.C.B. is still heard despite the Board's renaming). People of Saskatchewan use "LB" for Liquor Board store. Liquor Store: A specific reference to a government operated liquor store, as privately owned liquor stores are uncommon or illegal in Eastern Canada, depending on provincial liquor laws. A private liquor store is generally referred to as a Cold Beer & Wine Store or off-sale. Alberta has no government run liquor stores but still refer to the private stores as liquor stores.

Left Coast: term used to refer to British Columbia; the phrase is often applied in the United States to California; both are a reference to their geographical locations, (on the left side of a map of North America) and to the more liberal, or left-wing, attitudes of those regions in comparison to the rest of the country. An early user of the phrase was Allan Fotheringham, then writing for Vancouver Sun. It also occurs in the title of the Left Coast Review, a Vancouver-published magazine. Lord Stanley or Lord Stanley's Mug: slang reference to the Stanley Cup, awarded annually to the champion team of the National Hockey League. Lotus Land: British Columbia, especially the Lower Mainland around Vancouver; often in reference to the absurd theatrics of BC politics and political personalities, and also including at times political life in the provincial capital of Victoria. Sometimes written as one word. Originally coined by Vancouver Sun columnist Allan Fotheringham; derived from the Homeric "Land of the Lotus-Eaters". The California cognate, on which Lotus Land was styled, is La-la Land, for Los Angeles.

Lower Mainland; the Greater Vancouver-Fraser valley area of BC, apposite to "upcountry" (q.v), the Interior, the North, and the North Coast. The origin of this term is that the Fraser delta-Vancouver area is virtually at sea level, vs. the extreme heights of nearly all the communities on the Interior Plateau, the "upper mainland" (though it is never called such). Mackinac, pronounced Mackinaw and sometimes spelled that way. A plaid Melton jacket, typically red or green, at one time a hallmark of the Canadian workingman. Later popular in artists and fans of the grunge movement. Mainlander: Used by Newfoundlanders, Prince Edward Islanders and Cape Bretoners to refer to a person from mainland Canada; often used in the derogatory. Also used by Vancouver Islanders, especially Victorians, in the same way but primarily referring to residents of the Greater Vancouver/Lower Mainland area rather than those from the Interior or Upcoast. Maritimer; Used to describe residents of the Maritime provinces on Canada's east coast. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward's Island make up the Maritimes, but not Newfoundland due to climatic and geographic differences.

Manisnowba; a tongue-in-cheek term for the province of Manitoba which highlights the quantity of snow which falls in the winter months. See also: Winterpeg. 'Masi; "thank you", from French merci by way of the Chinook Jargon, used in Yukon and parts of northern BC and the NWT. Notably used in regional broadcast programming. Member; Used by the RCMP to refer to fellow Mounties in place of the usual "officer" or "constable" (or equivalent) in other police forces. Mounties have their own lexicon of special terms and usages, which are familiar the general public because of their use on-air by RCMP press relations officers. Sample usage: "the member approached the suspect with caution". mickey: a small (13 oz.) bottle of liquor, shaped to fit in a pocket, much like a hip flask. Also fits conveniently alongside the calf of a cowboy boot or rubber boot. Monster house: In Vancouver, a newly-built and very large, post-modern residence taking up nearly all of a city lot, often overshadowing neighbouring houses and usually in a bland stucco out-of-character with the older flavour of the neighbourhood.

Monster houses began going up in the 1980s during the influx of new immigrants fleeing the PRC takeover of Hong Kong. The term was denounced by Chinese organizations as racist, since most houses being built this way were owned by Chinese. Originally limited to the city's West Side, they are now common throughout the suburbs and have no particular ethnic association, and the term has fallen into disuse as "politically incorrect" Mountie: a member of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Mother Corp: The CBC. Originally coined by then-Vancouver Sun columnnist Allan Fotheringham as the Holy Mother Corporation. Mtl:spelled out M.T.L. means Montreal Muni, the Muni : in British Columbia, a municipal government and its bureacracy. "The Muni won't allow that to go through", "He works for the muni". S Sack Vegas: Another name for Lower Sackville, a lower to upper middle class suburb of Halifax, Nova Scotia. Known for a significant concentration of used car dealerships and at least seven separate Tim Horton's doughnut shops serving the population of around 30,000, one of the highest ratios in the country.

Saltchuck: In British Columbia, the chuck is a reference to water, usually the straits and other inland waters between Vancouver and Vancouver Island from the Chinook Jargon and commonly used in marine English and in weather forecasts, e.g., "It'll be fine out on the saltchuck tomorrow." Also chuck. Saint Leo: refers to largely Italian Canadian district of Saint Leonard, Quebec. Saskabush: Saskatchewan or in some circles, Saskatoon Sasquatch: A creature similar to Bigfoot or Yeti, from the Halkemeylem word sesqac. In British Columbia often used, especially in the short form Squatch (rhymes with "botch"), to mean someone tall, large and shaggy or bearded. Also a Saskatchewan driver in Alberta, or an Albertan teen with Saskatchewan licence plates. Sauga: Mississauga, short form. AKA "The 'Saug" Scarberia: Scarborough, a suburban part of Toronto, a derogatory reference to its desolation. Also known as Scompton, in reference to its perceived similarities with the Compton neighbourhood in Los Angeles, as well as Scarlem, in reference to its perceived similarities with the Harlem region of New York .

Scare Canada: a derogatory term used with regard to national air carrier Air Canada. Originally this was coined in British Columbia as Scare BC (for Air BC). Scivey: (Pronounced SKY-vee) an untrustworthy person; or someone who is considered un-generous or stingy. Used in Nova Scotia, and with similar meaning to Sketchy. Screech: a particularly potent type of Newfoundland rum. See Newfoundland Screech. (The) Shwa: Local slang (generally derogatory) for the city of Oshawa, Ontario. Sixty-Sixer: A term for a sixty-two ounce (1.75 L) bottle of liquor (from the old 1/2 U.S. gallon size, 66.6 imp fl oz). Sketch'd right out of 'er: Extreme form of Sketchy used in New Brunswick. Skid: a reference to people who appear down and out with raggedy clothing, sometimes homeless but not always. Derived from skid road. slack: Term for low quality, disappointment, etc. Often prefaced with ever, as in Ever slack, eh? To slack off is to work slowly and minimally.

Sliveen: commonly used in Newfoundland, refers to an individual of disreputable character. Slurrey: Derogatory name for Surrey, British Columbia. Smogtown: Nickname for Toronto. Snokked or snocked: drunk, as in really drunk. Snowbirds: a reference to people, often senior citizens, who leave Canada during the winter months to reside in southern states of the U.S. (particularly Florida.) Also the name of the Canadian Forces aerobatics team. Social: In Manitoba, a gathering at a town's legion or community centre (or sometimes in the viewing gallery of a hockey arena) for a night of dancing, drinking, and socialising. Often held as a fundraiser for a wedding, sports team, or a charitable cause. The Soo or The Sault: Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario Speedy Creek: slang term for the small city of Swift Current in Southwestern Saskatchewan. Considered slightly pejorative by current and former residents who prefer "Swifty" or "Swift". Spinnin' an Freakin': To drive in a reckless fashion. Usually only used in small prarie towns where reckless driving is a common pastime.

Spinny: when used in reference to a girl or woman, this means a certain kind of talkative, dizzy, not-all-there kind of personality, as in "man, she's a spinny chick, huh?" and "I dunno man - she's pretty spinny." See also Surrey girl (though the terms are nowhere near synonymous). Spudhead: a person from Prince Edward Island, in reference to the province's abundance of potato farming Square Head/English Muffin: Words used to describe English/Anglo Canadians, the former in French is "Tï¿½te Carrï¿½." "English Muffin" is often heard in New Brunswick schoolyards with its counterpart, "French Fry." In British Columbia and Alberta, squarehead invariably is a derisive term for an ethnic German, i.e., someone who still has their accent and old-country hardliner attitudes. Not generally used to mean Austrians or Swiss. Stagette: the female equivalent of a stag party. Steeltown: Hamilton, Ontario, in reference to the city's main industry Stinktown: Sarnia, Ontario, in reference to the smell from the petroleum refineries.

Stubble Jumper or stubblejumper: Someone from Saskatchewan, or from the prairies in general. Relates to the province's vast farmlands that when harvested, leave stubble. Suitcase: Case of twenty-four cans of beer. The handle is located such that the case carries like a suitcase. Surrey Girl: something more than just a stereotype, evocative of the character and "culture" of Surrey, BC ("Canada's Brooklyn"). See "Slurrey" and "Whalleyworld". Swish: Homemade low-quality liquor. Made by taking leftover, used, liquor aging barrels and swishing water in them to absorb the alcohol from the wood. Absolutely terrible. In BC, the British context of swish can be heard, as in slickly presented or fancy/fashionable, having a little too much showiness, if not effeminacy. "He's kinda swish, doncha think?" might imply the individual in question is homosexual, or at least tending that way (as well as well-dressed).

T-Z Takitish:used in conversation as slang for "take it easy" mostly in cenral Canada, more specifically Southern Ontario T-Bar: refers to female underwear visible above the pants at rear end. Presumably from T-bar ski lift "Take Off": expression of disagreement or command to leave, similar to "get lost" ("Take off, you hoser!"). Used by TV characters Bob & Doug McKenzie. Telecaster: Term used in Nova Scotia to refer to a newspaper TV listings publication. Sometimes used in BC media English interchangeably with "broadcaster." (The) Telephone City: Brantford, Ontario, where the telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell. (The) Terminal City: Vancouver, BC. Referring to its function as the terminal of prairie rail lines feeding the port for export and import of goods. Texas Mickey: A 3 litre(or 3.78 litre) or larger bottle of liquor, despite the Texas reference, this is a purely Canadian term. Thongs: Summer sport sandles with a pair of straps anchored between the big and second toe, then across the toes. Referred to as "Flip-Flops" in modern trendspeak.

Tim's, Timmy's, Timmy Ho's, Timmy Ho-Ho's', T-Ho's: Tim Hortons doughnut chain; female employees of same are sometimes (affectionately) known as "TimTarts." or in a more derogatory context, a Timmy's Ho or Timmy Ho (as in 'whore', and often used by the employees themselves for fun). Timbit: A round bite-sized treat made from what is left over of a doughnut after the hole is cut out from the middle. The term was coined by the Tim Hortons doughnut chain, but the term "timbit" is used to refer to the same treat served at different doughnut locations, such as Country Style or Dunkin Donuts, though these chains do not officially refer to their version of the treat as "timbits". Tipper: A 3.75 litre bottle of liquor, sold with a metal frame used to support the bottle when pouring. T. O.: Toronto Toon Town: Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Towney : In Newfoundland, to describe someone from St. John's. The term is heard variously in BC by rural residents to refer to town residents nearby.

T Dot: Toronto TransCan, T-Can: reference to the Trans-Canada Highway, also called the Number 1. Begins in Victoria, British Columbia, ends in St John's, Newfoundland. Is also the world's longest national highway at 7821km. twenty-sixer or two-six: a 26 oz bottle of alcohol like vodka etc. (see 2-6)Referred to as a "quart" in Newbrunswick and Nova Scotia. twofer, two-four: a case of 24 beer (see 2-4). Two-eight: a case of 28 beer (see 2-8). upcountry: in BC anywhere on the mainland outside of the Lower Mainland, or if in the Southern Interior. points north. Not usually used for points up the Coast, in which case "upcoast" is used (as also "up the Coast"). May have its origin in the colonial-era usage "the upper country", meaning the Interior.

See also "bush", as in "the bush" Upriver: Refers to northwestern New Brunswick (Edmundston, Grand Falls, Florenceville, etc) in reference to it location from Saint John, at the southern end of the river. Van ï¿½ Vancouver. Local short form used to refer to certain districts and suburbs of Vancouver, e.g., East Van, North Van, West Van. Also used by itself in the other suburbs in the context "are you going into Van today?". The form Van-City, originally and still a credit union's brand name, has become fashionable in texting usage among the young and also in trendy business names. Vancouver Special: A house with little or no basement having the main living area above the first floor. The first floor is often renovated as a suite and rented out. References both the construction in the Vancouver area (bed rock prevents deep basements) and the high housing cost requiring people to rent out half their homes. Vico: Synonymous with "chocolate milk". Used primarily throughout Saskatchewan. Waste Island: refers to Montreal's West Island. West Island: Western portion of the Island of Montreal Wheels: A vehicle, usually a car.

Tire is usually used when referring to the actual wheels "Where are your wheels parked?" Winterpeg: Winnipeg Native Hawaiian Plants Unit Overview/Goals: Hawaii's native environments have been under attack since the arrival of the first Hawaiians over a thousand years ago. Hawaiians were master horticulturalists, who cultivated much of what they needed for survival, including over 20,000 acres of lo’i kalo (taro patches.) They grew wauke and mamaki for clothing, ko’oko’olau, noni and popolo for medicine, hau and olona for cordage, and koa for canoes, and koai’a, ‘ulei and akia for fishing spears and nets. Hawaii’s natural resources and native environments have been disappearing ever since. Today, these delicate ecosystems are increasingly being threatened by human activity and the influences of invasive alien plant and animal species. Due to its extreme isolation, more than 2,500 miles from the nearest continent or large island group, the Hawaiian Islands have the highest number of endemic species that are unique to our state and native nowhere else on earth.

Consequently, Hawaii has the most threatened and endangered plant and animal species of any place in the world. It is essential that our keiki (children) learn about our native Hawaiian plants and animals so that they can understand how they developed such special and diverse characteristics, how they are valuable to our island ecosystems, and why they must be protected and preserved for future generations of island kama’aina. Lessons 1-10 Lesson 1: Pretest. Introduce Important Vocabulary Words. Do Vocabulary Worksheets. Lesson 2: Take Notes On Native Hawaiian Plants Handout. Lesson 3: Revise Vocabulary Worksheets. Native Plants/Conservation Essay. Lesson 4: Plant Classification, Common And Scientific Names. Lesson 5: Identifying, Describing And Drawing Native Plants. Lesson 6: Threats To Hawaii’s Native Ecosystems. Lesson 7: Propagating And Repotting Native Plants. Lesson 8: Planting Strategies Using Native Hawaiian Plants. Lesson 9: General Care Of Native Hawaiian Plants. Lesson 10: Planting A Native Hawaiian Garden. Standards Addressed: 1. NC2.0-Technology And Biotechnology: Apply appropriate technology to maintain or improve natural resource systems.

-NC2.1-Investigate technologies in the context of larger systems that have shaped the course of human history as well as human relationships with the environment. a. Describe how past and present technologies and innovations have been used to change environments or the use of natural resources throughout history. 2. NC3.0-Natural Resource Management: Assess for balanced management of Natural Resources. -NC3.1-Evaluate management practices for the use, maintenance, and restoration of natural resources. a. Analyze the status of natural resources and appraise the strategies for the conservation of Natural Resources. 3. NC4.0-Environmental Protection: Analyze and develop strategies to protect natural resources in accordance with environmentally sound practices and policies. -NC4.3-Explain the need for protective measures to sustain environments. a. Describe elements in various environments that are affected by human actions or natural phenomena. a. b. Biological environment 4 NC6.0-Socioeconomic And Cultural Awareness And Respect: Analyze the effects of economic, social, and cultural systems on natural resources. -NC6.2-Describe how people’s culture influence the environment. 5.

LA 4.0-Conventions and Skills: Use the writing process and conventions of language and research to construct meaning and communicate effectively for a variety of purposes and audiences using a range of forms. -NC4.1-Write in a variety of grade-appropriate formats for a variety of purposes and audiences, such as: literary, persuasive, and personal essays that demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of the topic. Lesson 1: Pretest. Important Vocabulary Words The pretest will give a picture of what the students may already know about native Hawaiian plants. It is important that the students know the key vocabulary terms that are used to describe the unique origins of the plants that grow in the modern Hawaiian landscape. By understanding this important terminology, the students can better understand what makes a plant native to Hawaii, how they arrived in our Islands, what led to their decline in numbers, how to propagate and grow them, and why many native plants are today threatened and in danger of becoming extinct. Standard Addressed: LA 4.0-Conventions and Skills: Use the writing process and conventions of language and research to construct meaning and communicate effectively for a variety of purposes and audiences using a range of forms.

Student Learning Objectives: Take a pre-test to see what existing background knowledge the students have about native Hawaiian plants. A subsequent similar posttest will help determine how much the students have learned by the end of the unit. Pass out Native Hawaiian Vocabulary word list: Native Hawaiian Plant, Polynesian Introduced Canoe Plants, Indigenous, Endemic, Speciation, Common Name, Scientific Name, Genus, Species Threatened, Endangered, Extinct, Naturalization, and Xeriscape. Complete a Vocabulary worksheet for as many of the selected vocabulary words using only what they know now…before the definitions are given. Instructional Procedures: Give pre-test to determine the student’s knowledge of native Hawaiian plants. Introduce list of important vocabulary terms. Have students use the Vocabulary worksheets to describe and draw what they believe each word to mean. Definitions, real world connections and how the word is used will be taught in future lessons. The students will continually have the opportunity to revise their definitions and illustrations on their worksheets. The Vocabulary worksheets will be kept in individual folders for future reference and use. Native Hawaiian plants pre-test. Native Hawaiian Plants Vocabulary word list. Vocabulary worksheets.

Speciation Lesson 2: Note-Taking on Native Plants It is important that the students learn about native Hawaiian plants, what makes them so special, and why they must be protected and reestablished in nature for the benefit of future generations kama’aina living in Hawaii. Standard Addressed: LA 4.0-Conventions and Skills: Use the writing process and conventions of language and research to construct meaning and communicate effectively for a variety of purposes and audiences using a range of forms. Student Learning Objectives: Define and understand the differences between native, Hawaiian canoe, endemic, indigenous, introduced and naturalized plants growing in Hawaii. Know the three ways native Hawaiian plants arrived in the Islands. Understand why many native Hawaiian plants are endangered and in danger of becoming extinct. Instructional Procedures: Lesson 3: Vocabulary Worksheets and Native Plants/Conservation Essay Goal/Objective: It is important that the students know the vocabulary that is used to describe the unique origins of the plants that grow in the modern Hawaiian landscape. By understanding this important terminology, the students can better understand what makes a plant native to Hawaii, how they arrived in our Islands, what led to their decline in numbers, and why many today are threatened and in danger of becoming extinct.

Standard Addressed: NC4.0-Environmental Protection: Analyze and develop strategies to protect natural resources in accordance with environmentally sound practices and policies. LA 4.0-Conventions and Skills: Use the writing process and conventions of language and research to construct meaning and communicate effectively for a variety of purposes and audiences using a range of forms. Student Learning Objectives: Revise their Vocabulary worksheet definitions and illustrations using their Native Hawaiian Plant handout notes. Write a one page essay about three interesting things that they learned about native Hawaiian plants and why they think native ecosystems must be protected and nurtured. Instructional Procedures: Pass back notes on Native Hawaiian Plant handout, Vocabulary folders, Colored Markers/Pens. Write a one-page essay on what they learned so far about native Hawaiian plants and why they think native ecosystems should be protected. Revise Vocabulary definitions and drawings. Assessment: Use Native Plant worksheet to identify, describe and draw two native Hawaiian plants. Understand the main uses of two native plants. Identify by sight three native Hawaiian plants growing on our school farm. Instructional Procedures: Day 1: Pass out Native Plant worksheets and Koko’ula Native Plant List.

Students will use the plant list to identify native plants growing in the school farm landscape and learn about their care and uses from the native plant list. Have students go outside and fill out handouts by describing and drawing at least two native Hawaiian plants growing outside on the school farm. Have students name by sight some of the native plants that they identified, described, and illustrated. Day 2: Pass out Native Plant worksheets and Koko’ula Native Plant List. Have students go outside and fill out handout by describing and drawing at least three more native Hawaiian plants growing outside on the school farm. Have students name by sight some of the native plants that they identified, described, and illustrated. Assessment: Lesson 6: Threats To Hawaii’s Native Ecosystems Goal/Objective: It is important that the students become aware of some of the threats to Hawaii’s natural resources and native ecosystems, and begin to think of possible ways to protect Hawaii for future generations. Standard Addressed: NC4.0-Environmental Protection: Analyze and develop strategies to protect natural resources in accordance with environmentally sound practices and policies. NC6.0-Socioeconomic And Cultural Awareness And Respect: Analyze the effects of economic, social, and cultural systems on natural resources.

Student Learning Objectives: Understand some of the threats to Hawaii’s native ecosystems. Develop three possible strategies to protect Hawaii’s native plant environments. Instructional Procedures: Threats To Hawaii’s Native Ecosystems handout and notes. Lesson 7: Propagating And Repotting Native Plants It is important that the students learn how to propagate and grow native Hawaiian plants, how to repot and transplant them properly, and possible planting strategies when transplanting them into the landscape. Standard Addressed: NC3.0-Natural Resource Management: Assess for balanced management of Natural Resources. NC4.0-Environmental Protection: Analyze and develop strategies to protect natural resources in accordance with environmentally sound practices and policies. Student Learning Objectives: Know how to properly plant native Hawaiian plant seeds into seedling trays after appropriate scarification of the seeds to enhance germination. Demonstrate how to properly transplant and repot a native plant. Instructional Procedures: Day 1: Pass out plant tags and have the students use a pencil to put their names, the date, and the species of native Hawaiian plant seeds that they will be planting in their seedling tray.

Explain the various methods of scarification, and how hot water scarification is often used to enhance the germination of native Hawaiian plant seeds. Demonstrate how to properly fill a seedling tray with potting media and how to correctly plant the seeds, taking into account the size of the seeds and seed spacing in the tray. Have the students plant a seedling tray, mark them with their plant tags and put them into the greenhouse to await germination. Day 2: Demonstrate how to properly transplant a native Hawaiian plant from a four inch potted plant into a gallon pot. Have the students transplant ten plants into gallon pots and transfer them to the nursery greenhouse. Assessment: Native Hawaiian Plants Pre-Test What are native Hawaiian plants? What are the three main ways native plants arrived in Hawaii before the arrival of the early Hawaiians? They all begin with a “W”… What are Polynesian introduced canoe plants? Name three canoe plants the Hawaiians brought with them on their trans-Pacific voyages. What are endemic (“end”) plants? What are indigenous (“in”) plants? What are endangered plants? What are three reasons why are so many native Hawaiian plants threatened or endangered?

Name two native Hawaiian plants we are growing on the Kahuku High School farm. Name: __________________________ Date: ___________ Period: ______ Scientific Name: Genus: __________________ Species: __________________ Common Name: _____________________________________________ Plant Is: Endemic Indigenous Polynesian Canoe Plant Description: Describe Flower/Fruit/Seed: Picture/Illustrations: Plant, leaf, flower, fruit, seed. Native Hawaiian Plants Anthuriums, orchids, heliconias, plumeria and gingers are commonly grown in a Hawaiian garden, but none of these tropical plants are native to Hawaii. Ti leaf, kalo, coconut, sweet potato, and breadfruit are local favorites that were brought to Hawaii by the earliest Polynesians, but none are native to our island chain. The Hawaiian Islands are the most isolated large landmass in the world, being over 2,500 miles from the nearest continent or major island group such as Tahiti, Tonga, and Samoa. Native Hawaiian plants and animals came to Hawaii before the first Polynesians arrived in our islands. This is what makes them native… they traveled here, survived the long journey, became established, and thrived in the Hawaiian landscape… all before the arrival of man.

They traveled here on their own by three ways… by Wind, by Waves, and on the Wings of birds… referred to as the three “W’s.” Of the original 1,000 original colonizing species, about 386 were plants. About half of them came on the wings and feathers or in the stomachs of birds, twenty-five percent came over by ocean currents and waves, and about five percent arrived via high altitude jet stream winds… the method of original transport to Hawaii of the rest is unknown. Over millions of years of living in Hawaii, these estimated 386 colonizing species spread through the Islands, adapted to a variety of climates and ecosystems, and evolved into over 1,400 native plant species, 1,000 of which can still be found today. It is estimated that one new colonizing plant arrived in Hawaii every 50,000 years. Most of these plant species spread and morphed into many entirely new species depending upon the island and climate ecosystem zone where they became established. Speciation is when one species turns into many species over time.

For example, from a single Bidens species arrival, through speciation over many years, twenty-four different Bidens species or Ko’oko’olau as it is called in Hawaiian evolved throughout the Hawaiian Island chain. Hawaiians used Ko’oko’olau to make a delicious medicinal tea. There are about 8,500 species that are native to the Hawaiian Islands, including mosses, ferns, flowering plants, mammals (bats), birds, snails, insects and spiders. Of these, 96% are endemic natives, meaning that “end”ed up here, developed and evolved, and now they are native to only Hawaii and no where else in the world. The remaining four percent are indigenous, meaning that they are native “in” Hawaii but are also native “in” other parts of the world. For example, Beach Naupaka is native to Hawaii, but it is also native to Samoa, Tonga, and other island groups in the Pacific region. At the time of the arrival of the first Hawaiians, there were an estimated 1,400 native flowering plant and fern species growing in the Islands.

Today we have about 1,100 left, meaning that since the arrival of man in the Hawaiian Islands, over 300 plant species have become extinct and are now no longer in existence. Of these 1,100 native plants, 89% are endemic… native only to the Hawaiian Islands and over 400 of them are on the Federal Government’s Endangered Species List. Over 9,000 alien plant species have been introduced to Hawaii since the Hawaiians arrived here long ago, and about 900 have become naturalized and now grow freely in the wild, such as Miconia, guava, kukui nut, and rubber trees. Hawaii has the most threatened and endangered native species on Earth. There are about two million acres of land in the main Hawaiian Islands. Half are used for pasturelands, thirty percent are agricultural or in urban use, and twenty percent are forest watershed conservation zones. Only six percent remain in established native Hawaiian plant ecosystems. Hawaii’s native species and ecosystems must be protected and expanded so that they are not lost forever.

Question: What word is used to describe a chain of islands?
Answer: Archipelago