Farouk of Egypt (King) - Pics, Videos, Dating, & News Farouk of Egypt King Male Farouk I of Egypt, was the tenth ruler from the Muhammad Ali Dynasty and the penultimate King of Egypt and the Sudan, succeeding his father, Fuad I of Egypt, in 1936. His full title was "His Majesty Farouk I, by the grace of God, King of Egypt and Sudan, Sovereign of Nubia, of Kordofan, and of Darfur. " He was overthrown in the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 and forced to abdicate in favor of his infant son Ahmed Fuad, who succeeded him as Fuad II of Egypt.… Read More related links Learn about the memorable moments in the evolution of Farouk of Egypt. CHILDHOOD 1920 Birth King Farouk was born His Sultanic Highness Prince Farouk bin Fuad at Abdeen Palace, Cairo, the eldest child of Sultan Fuad I of Egypt and Sudan (later King Fuad I), and his second wife, Nazli Sabri on 11 February 1920.

… Read More King Farouk of Egypt was of 10/16 Circassian (bilineal), 3/16 Turkish (bilineal), 2/16 French (matrilineal) and 1/16 Albanian (patrilineal) descent.<br /><br /> In addition to his sisters, Fawzia, Faiza, Faika and Fathia, he had two half-siblings from his father's previous marriage to Princess Shwikar Khanum Effendi.<br /><br /> Before his father's death, he was educated at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, England.<br /><br /> Upon his coronation, the 16-year-old King Farouk made a public radio address to the nation, the first time a sovereign of Egypt had ever spoken directly to his people in such a way: <br /><br /> And if it is God's will to lay on my shoulders at such an early age the responsibility of kingship, I on my part appreciate the duties that will be mine, and I am prepared for all sacrifices in the cause of my duty.

My noble people, I am proud of you and your loyalty and am confident in the future as I am in God. Let us work together. We shall succeed and be happy. Long live the Motherland! Read Less TEENAGE 1938 18 Years Old … During Anwar El-Sadat's presidency, the remains were moved to Al-Rifa'i Mosque. <br /><br />Farouk was married twice, with a claim of a third marriage. His first wife was Safinaz Zulficar (1921â1988), the daughter of Youssef Zulficar Pasha. Safinaz was renamed Farida upon her marriage. Read Less They were married in January 1938, and divorced in 1948, producing three daughters. Farouk's second wife was a commoner, Narriman Sadek (1933-2005). They were married in 1951, and divorced in 1954, having only one child, the future King Fuad II. He also had many affairs, including one with British writer Barbara Skelton.

While in exile in Italy, Farouk met Irma Capece Minutolo, an opera singer, who became his companion. In 2005, she claimed that she married the former King in 1957. … Read More King Farouk amassed one of the most famous coin collections in history which included an extremely rare American Gold Minted 1933 Double Eagle coin and (non concurrently), two 1913 Liberty Head nickels.<br /><br /> The ostentatious king's name is used to describe imitation Louis XV-style furniture known as "Louis-Farouk". The imperial French style furniture became fashionable among Egypt's upper classes during Farouk's reign so Egyptian artisans began to mass-produce it. The style uses ornate carving, is heavily gilded, and is covered in elaborate cloth.

The style, or imitations thereof, remains widespread in Egypt.<br /><br /> Gore Vidal's 1953 pulp novel Thieves Fall Out is set against his overthrow.<br /><br /> In 2007, the MBC aired an Egyptian television series titled Al Malik Farouk about the life of King Farouk and he was portrayed by Syrian actor Taym Hassan. Read Less TWENTIES Show Less Following a ministerial crisis in February 1942, the British government, through its ambassador in Egypt, Sir Miles Lampson, pressed Farouk to have a Wafd or Wafd-coalition government replace Hussein Sirri Pasha's government. On the night of 4 February 1942, British troops and tanks surrounded Abdeen Palace in Cairo and Lampson presented Farouk with an ultimatum. … Read More Farouk capitulated, and Nahhas formed a government shortly thereafter. However, the humiliation meted out to Farouk, and the actions of the Wafd in cooperating with the British and taking power, lost support for both the British and the Wafd among both civilians and, more importantly, the military.

Read Less 1945 25 Years Old Farouk declared war on the Axis Powers only under heavy British pressure in 1945, long after the fighting in Egypt's Western Desert had ceased. … Read More On 17 October 1951 the Egyptian government got Parliamentary approval to cancel the 1936 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty. As a result, the British forces in the Suez Canal were considered occupation forces and king Farouk was declared "King of Egypt and Sudan". This title was not recognised by many countries, and Egypt entered diplomatic debates as well as internal political unrest.<br /><br /> Farouk is also reported as having said "The whole world is in revolt. Soon there will be only five Kings left â the King of England, the King of Spades, the King of Clubs, the King of Hearts, and the King of Diamonds." Read Less 1948 28 Years Old Farouk was widely condemned for his corrupt and ineffectual governance, the continued British occupation, and the Egyptian army's failure in the 1948 ArabâIsraeli War to prevent the creation of the state of Israel.

Public discontent against Farouk rose to new levels. Finally, on 23 July 1952, the Free Officers, led by Muhammad Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser, staged a military coup that launched the Egyptian Revolution of 1952. … Read More Farouk was forced to abdicate, and went into exile in Monaco and Italy where he lived for the rest of his life. Immediately following his abdication, Farouk's baby son, Ahmed Fuad, was proclaimed King Fuad II, but for all intents and purposes Egypt was now governed by Naguib, Nasser and the Free Officers. On 18 June 1953, the revolutionary government formally abolished the monarchy, ending 150 years of the Muhammad Ali dynasty's rule, and Egypt was declared a republic. The Egyptian government quickly moved to auction off the King's vast collection of trinkets and treasures, including his seven-piece bedroom suite that was inspired by Napoleon and Josephine's suite at the ChÃ¢teau de Malmaison. Among the more famous of his possessions was one of the rare 1933 Double Eagle coins, though the coin disappeared before it could be returned to the United States.

(It later reappeared in New York in 1996 and was eventually sold at auction for more than seven million dollars.) Read Less THIRTIES 1952 32 Years Old … Farouk was enamored of the glamorous royal lifestyle. Although he already had thousands of acres of land, dozens of palaces and hundreds of cars, the youthful king often travelled to Europe for grand shopping sprees, earning the ire of many of his subjects. It is said that he ate 600 oysters a week. His personal vehicle was a red 1947 Bentley Mark VI, with coachwork by Figoni et Falaschi; he dictated that, other than the military jeeps which made up the rest of his entourage, no other cars were to be painted red. In 1951, he bought the pear-shaped 94-carat Star of the East Diamond and a fancy-coloured oval-cut diamond from jeweler Harry Winston. <br /><br />He was most popular in his early years and the nobility largely celebrated him.

For example, during the accession of the young King Farouk, "the Abaza family had solicited palace authorities to permit the royal train to stop briefly in their village so that the king could partake of refreshments offered in a large, magnificently ornamented tent the family had erected in the train station." Read Less The ironies of history also meant that the Abaza family's own Wagih Abaza was in the Free Officers movement that removed the King in 1952, later becoming governor of six governorates in post-Farouk Egypt. … Read More Farouk's accession initially was encouraging for the populace and nobility, due to his youth and Egyptian roots through his mother Nazli Sabri. However, the situation was not the same with some Egyptian politicians and elected government officials, with whom Farouk quarreled frequently, despite their loyalty in principle to his throne.<br /><br /> During the hardships of the Second World War, criticism was levelled at Farouk for his lavish lifestyle. His decision not to put out the lights at his palace in Alexandria when the city was blacked out because of German and Italian bombing was deemed particularly offensive by the Egyptian people.

Owing to the continuing British occupation of Egypt, many Egyptians, Farouk included, were positively disposed towards Germany and Italy, and despite the presence of British troops, Egypt remained officially neutral until the final year of the war. Consequently, Farouk's Italian servants were not interned, and there is an unconfirmed story that Farouk told British Ambassador Sir Miles Lampson (who had an Italian wife), "I'll get rid of my Italians when you get rid of yours". In addition, Farouk was known for harbouring certain Axis sympathies and even sending a note to Adolf Hitler saying that an invasion would be welcome. Read Less 1958 38 Years Old On his exile from Egypt, Farouk settled first in Monaco, and later in Rome, Italy. On 29 April 1958, the United Arab Republic, a federation of Egypt and Syria, issued rulings revoking his citizenship. 1959 39 Years Old He was granted Monegasque citizenship in 1959 by his close friend Prince Rainier III.

… Read More Farouk was thin early in his reign but later gained weight, reaching nearly 136 kg (300 pounds)âan acquaintance described him as "a stomach with a head". Read Less FORTIES Farouk I | king of Egypt | Britannica.com king of Egypt Alternative Titles: Faruk I, Fārūq al-Awwal Farouk I Thutmose III Farouk I, also spelled Faruk, Arabic Fārūq al-Awwal (born Feb. 11, 1920, Cairo , Egypt —died March 18, 1965, Rome , Italy ), king of Egypt from 1936 to 1952. Although initially quite popular, the internal rivalries of his administration and his alienation of the military—coupled with his increasing excesses and eccentricities—led to his downfall and to the formation of a republic . Farouk I. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

(Digital File Number: LC-DIG-matpc-08368) Farouk, the son and successor of King Fuʾād I , was educated in Egypt and England before ascending the throne in 1936. As king he continued his father’s rivalry with the popular-based Wafd party, with which he clashed over many issues, including administrative functions, appointments, and even the form used for his coronation. After the outbreak of World War II , Farouk tried to maintain neutrality, despite the presence of British troops in Egypt, but in 1942 the British forced him to name as prime minister the Wafd leader Muṣṭafā al- Naḥḥās Pasha . In October 1944 Naḥḥās negotiated the Alexandria Protocol , a step toward the creation the following year of the Arab League , a regional organization of Arab states. Farouk wanted to place himself at the head of this movement, and he dismissed Naḥḥās, who had lost the support of the British.

Egyptian nationalism suffered from a shattering defeat at the hands of the newly created state of Israel (1948) and from the failure to terminate British military occupation of Egypt. The military defeat especially enraged many Egyptian army officers, who saw Farouk’s corruption and incompetence as being largely the cause of it. His activities became intolerable in 1952, and the Free Officers, led by Gamal Abdel Nasser , overthrew his regime in July and forced him to abdicate . He was succeeded by his infant son, Fuʾād II, but less than a year later Egypt became a republic. Learn More in these related articles: Egypt Egypt 1517 - Egypt became part of the Turkish Ottoman empire. 1859 - Construction of the Suez Canal began, finished in 1869. 1882 - British troops occupied Egypt. 1914 - Egypt became a British protectorate. 1922 - Fu'ad I became King of Egypt and Egypt gained its independence. 1928 - Muslim Brotherhood founded by Hasan al-Banna. 1936 - Faruq succeeded his father as King of Egypt.

1948 - Egypt, Iraq, Jordan and Syria attacked the new state of Israel. 1949 - Hasan al-Banna of the Muslim Brotherhood was assassinated. 1952 - In January, anti-British riots took place in Cairo. 1952 - King Faruq abdicated in favour of his son Fu'ad II. 1952 - Gamal Abdul Nasser led a coup by the Free Officers' Movement, known as the July 23 Revolution, which resulted in Muhammad Najib becoming President and Prime Minister of Egypt. 1953 - In June, Egypt was proclaimed a Republic by Najib. 1954 - Nasser became prime minister and later, in 1956, president. 1954 - Evacuation Treaty signed and British forces, who began a gradual withdrawal in 1936, finally left Egypt. 1956 - In July, Nasser nationalised the Suez Canal to fund the Aswan High Dam. In October, Britain, France and Israel invaded Egypt due to the nationalisation of the Suez Canal. A ceasefire was declared in November.

1958 - In February, Egypt and Syria formed the United Arab Republic (UAR). 1961 - Syria withdrew from the union with Egypt but Egypt remained in the UAR. 1965 - In March, King Faruq died in Rome. 1967 - In May, Egypt and Jordan signed defence pact. Israel said it increased danger of war with Arab states. In June, Egypt, Jordan and Syria started the Six-Day War with Israel and were defeated. Israel took the Sinai, the Golan Heights, the Gaza Strip, East Jerusalem and the West Bank. 1970 - In September, Nasser died and was replaced by his Vice-President, Anwar al-Sadat. 1971 - Egypt signed a Treaty of Friendship with the Soviet Union. Egypt's new constitution was introduced and the country was renamed the Arab Republic of Egypt. The Aswan High Dam was completed and had a huge impact on irrigation, agriculture and industry in Egypt. 1973 - In October, Egypt and Syria started the Yom Kippur War with Israel during Israel's celebration of the religious holiday. Egypt began negotiations for the return of Sinai after the war.

1975 - In June, the Suez Canal was re-opened. It had been closed since the 1967 war. 1976 - Anwar al-Sadat ended the Treaty of Friendship with the Soviet Union. 1978 - In September, Egypt signed the Camp David Accords for peace with Israel. 1979 - In March, the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel was signed. Egypt was condemned by other Arab nations and excluded from the Arab League. 1981 - On October 6, Anwar al-Sadat was assassinated by Jihad members. A National Referendum approved Husni Mubarak as the new president. 1987 - In October, Mubarak began his second term. 1989 - Egypt rejoined the Arab League. 1993 - In October, Mubarak began his third term in office. 1995 - In June, Mubarak was the target of an assassination attempt in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, upon his arrival at a summit of the Organisation of African Unity. 1997 - 58 tourists were killed by gunmen in front of the Temple of Hatshepsut near Luxor.

It was alleged that Egypt's Islamic Group (al-jama'ah al'islamiyah) was responsible. 1999 - In October, Mubarak began his fourth term in office. 2000 - In December, Egypt, Lebanon and Syria agreed on a billion-dollar project for a pipeline to carry Egyptian gas under the Mediterranean to the Lebanese port of Tripoli. 2005 - In September, Mubarak was re-elected for a fifth consecutive term. 2005 - In December, Parliamentary polls ended with clashes between police and supporters of the opposition Muslim Brotherhood. The National Democratic Party and its allies retained their large parliamentary majority. Muslim Brotherhood supporters, elected as independents, won a record 20% of seats. More than 20 Sudanese migrants died after police break up a protest camp outside the UN offices in Cairo. Farouk ... Your Egypt Home / Egypt History / Chronicle of Egypt / Mohamed Ali Dynasty / Farouk ruled (1936 - 1952) King Farouk succeeded his father, King Fuad , after his death in 1936.

Few weeks later, general elections took place and Al-Wafd Party won with a landslide majority; so Al-Nahhas Pasha , head of Al-Wafd, formed the first government in King Farouk's tenure. The same year an agreement was concluded between Egypt and Britain. The agreement limited the presence of British troops to the Suez Cana l zone. It obliged Egypt to help Britain at the times of war. Britain was required to help Egypt join the League of Nations and work to end the Capitulations system that dates to the Ottoman era . The law was exempting foreigners from being tried before Egyptian courts and was even excluding them from paying taxes. The agreement left unsettled the issue of Sudan. In 1937 Egypt joined the League of Nations as an independent state and the Capitulations was abolished. On the other hand, a big dispute arose inside Al-Wafd party. This ended up in a breakaway of two of its prominent figures, Ahmed Maher Pasha and Nokrashi Pasha. They both formed the new Saadist Party in 1938. The next year, World War II broke out and Britain began utilizing all available sources to serve the war.

As provided by agreements, Egypt assisted Britain with the required materials despite its official position of neutrality. During the war, the king was appointing ineffective governments, which brought nothing but instability in the country. But the British wanted to see a more popular and effective government that could help the British forces in the war. On 4 February 1942, British ambassador Sir Miles Lampson surrounded Abdin palace -the royal residence- with tanks and gave the king the choice of assigning Al-Nahhas Pasha to form a new government or to resign. Farouk capitulated and asked Al-Nahhas to be the next premier. This had a bad effect on Al-Wafd Party as a national party, and its popularity began declining. In the same time, Egypt saw an economic boom as a result of the immediate emigration of Turks after the eruption of the war. Those left their properties to Egyptians. Also the British occupation forces employed many Egyptians. In 1944, Farouk dismissed Al-Nahhas Pasha and asked Ahmed Maher to form the government and in early 1945, the parliament -encouraged by Maher- voted to declare war on Germany and its allies.

As a result Ahmed Maher was assassinated by an Axis sympathizer. Al-Nokrashi formed the government after Maher and under the sponsorship of Egypt, the Arab League was founded in March. In the aftermath of the war, Egypt saw a wave of civil disturbances and a political instability. An attempt was made by Egypt to revise the 1936 Anglo-Egyptian treaty. In 1947, the British troops withdrew again to the Suez Canal zone. The next year, Al-Nokrashi imposed martial laws and declared war on Israel as a reaction on its establishment earlier. Egypt tragically suffered a crushing defeat. Al-Nokrashi's crackdown on fundamentalists ended up with his assassination in December 1947. The public feeling was not better; the resentment over the war defeat increased and a secret political force was formed. The group, which called itself the Free Officers, comprised young officers graduated from the Military Academy. Those had a feeling of antagonism towards the government, particularly because of the defeat from Israel. They secretly planned for a coup d'état.

In 1950, elections were held and Al-Wafd party returned to power under Al-Nahhas Pasha, the same year that Gamal Abdel Nasser was elected head of Free Officers' Executive. In 1951, and after the marathon negotiations with the British government failed, Al-Nahhas Pasha unilaterally declared the abrogation of the 1936 Anglo-Egyptian treaty. Meanwhile, the Free Officers intensified their meetings and Mohamed Naguib was elected president of the Free Officers Club. In early 1952 British forces attacked Ismailia police headquarters. The next day on 26 January 1952, Cairo was burnt as demonstrators targeted foreign companies. King Farouk proved his weakness and inability to deal with the crisis. The government resigned and a number of ineffective governments followed. By that time, the Free Officers -masterminded by Gamal Abdel Nasser- decided to hasten their plans for a coup and determined 26 July for it, and on that date they took over key positions under the titular army leadership of General Mohamed Naguib, declaring a coup d'état.

Farouk realized the British won't help him and so he abdicated in favor of his infant son, Prince Ahmed Fuad II, on July 26th. The king was allowed to safely leave Egypt. With the representation of the Free Officers, a Regency Council was formed for the infant king. A year later, the monarchy was abolished and Egypt was declared a republic . Egyptian Revolution of 1952 | Military Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Egyptian Revolution of 1952 The leaders of the Revolution, Muhammad Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser Date Establishment of the Republic of Egypt End of British occupation of Egypt Independence of Sudan Revolutionary wave across the Arab World Belligerents Anwar Sadat The Egyptian Revolution of 1952 (Arabic language: ثورة 23 يوليو 1952‎), also known as the 23 July Revolution, began on 23 July 1952, with a military coup d'état by the Free Officers Movement , a group of army officers led by Muhammad Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser . The revolution was initially aimed at overthrowing King Farouk .

However, the movement had more political ambitions, and soon moved to abolish the constitutional monarchy and aristocracy of Egypt and Sudan, establish a republic, end the British occupation of the country, and secure the independence of Sudan (hitherto governed as an Anglo-Egyptian condominium ). The revolutionary government adopted a staunchly nationalist, anti-imperialist agenda, which came to be expressed chiefly through Arab nationalism, and international non-alignment . The revolution was faced with immediate threats from Western imperial powers, particularly the United Kingdom, which had occupied Egypt since 1882, and France, both of whom were wary of rising nationalist sentiment in territories under their control throughout the Arab world, and Africa. The ongoing state of war with Israel also posed a serious challenge, as the Free Officers increased Egypt's already strong support of the Palestinians. These two issues conflated four years after the revolution when Egypt was invaded by Britain, France, and Israel in the Tripartite Aggression of 1956. Despite enormous military losses, the war was seen as a political victory for Egypt, especially as it left the Suez Canal in uncontested Egyptian control for the first time since 1875, erasing what was seen as a mark of national humiliation.

This strengthened the appeal of the revolution in other Arab and African countries. Wholesale agrarian reform , and huge industrialisation programmes were initiated in the first decade and half of the revolution, leading to an unprecedented period of infrastructure building, and urbanisation . By the 1960s, Arab socialism had become a dominant theme, transforming Egypt into a centrally planned economy . Official fear of a Western-sponsored counter-revolution, domestic religious extremism, potential communist infiltration, and the conflict with Israel were all cited as reasons compelling severe and longstanding restrictions on political opposition, and the prohibition of a multi-party system. These restrictions on political activity would remain in place until the presidency of Anwar Sadat from 1970 onwards, during which many of the policies of the revolution were scaled back or reversed. The early successes of the revolution encouraged numerous other nationalist movements in other Arab, and African countries, such as Algeria, and Kenya, which were engaged in anti-colonial struggles against European empires. It also inspired the toppling of existing pro-Western monarchies and governments in the region and the continent. The Revolution is commemorated each year on Egypt's national day, Revolution Day , on 23 July.

Contents Edit This article does not contain any citations or references. Please improve this article by adding a reference. For information about how to add references, see Template:Citation . Both the United States and the Soviet Union promoted the view that the Egyptian monarchy was both corrupt and a pro-British colonial satrapy , its lavish lifestyle in sharp contrast to that of the Free Officers, who lived in poverty. The propaganda of the two superpowers completed the image of the Egyptian government as a corrupt puppet of the British.[ citation needed ] The Central Intelligence Agency and the KGB through their agents in Egypt promoted the feeling of corruption on the part of several Egyptian institutions such as the police, the palace and even the political parties, and in turn helped coordinate their anti-British and reformist sympathies with the Free Officers Movement.[ citation needed ] The loss of the 1948 war with Israel led to the Free Officers' accusations of corruption towards the King and his court and the promotion of that feeling among the Egyptian people.[ citation needed ] The Free Officers Movement was formed by a group of reform minded officers which, backed by the Soviet Union and the United States, coalesced around a young officer named Gamal Abdel Nasser.

They used an army general, Muhammad Naguib, as its head to show their seriousness and attract more army followers. In the warning that General Naguib conveyed to King Farouk on 26 July upon the king's abdication, he provided a summary of the reasons for the revolution: In view of what the country has suffered in the recent past, the complete vacuity prevailing in all corners as a result of your bad behavior, your toying with the constitution, and your disdain for the wants of the people, no one rests assured of life, livelihood, and honor. Egypt's reputation among the peoples of the world has been debased as a result of your excesses in these areas to the extent that traitors and bribe-takers find protection beneath your shadow in addition to security, excessive wealth, and many extravagances at the expense of the hungry and impoverished people. You manifested this during and after the Palestine War in the corrupt arms scandals and your open interference in the courts to try to falsify the facts of the case, thus shaking faith in justice.

Therefore, the army, representing the power of the people, has empowered me to demand that Your Majesty abdicate the throne to His Highness Crown Prince Ahmed Fuad, provided that this is accomplished at the fixed time of 12 o'clock noon today (Saturday, 26 July 1952, the 4th of Zul Qa'ada, 1371), and that you depart the country before 6 o'clock in the evening of the same day. The army places upon Your Majesty the burden of everything that may result from your failure to abdicate according to the wishes of the people. [1] Prelude Edit During the winter of 1951–1952 nationalist police officers began protecting and promoting fedayeen (the Egyptian resistance) attacks on British authorities in Cairo, Alexandria, and the Suez Canal. After repelling a particularly devastating attack on British shipping and facilities near Ismailia which resulted in the death of several British soldiers. British troops tracked the fedayeen into the city. On January 25, 1952, British troops discovered the fedayeen had retreated into the local police barracks.

When the police refused to surrender the fedayeen, the British officer attempted to negotiate the surrender of the police and the fedayeen. When their negotiator was killed in the parley by the fedayeen, the British force attacked the Egyptian police barracks in Ismailia. Fifty Egyptian police officers were killed and one hundred were wounded. Egypt erupted in fury. Subsequently, Free Officer Movement cells initiated riots in Cairo which led to arsons. Without suppression from local fire brigades, these arson attacks further inflamed more rioting. American and Soviet newspapers promoted the incident on global wire outlets as the " Cairo Fires " and suggested they were seen as further evidence of the beginning of the end of the monarchy. The next day, January 26, 1952 ("Black Saturday"), what many Egyptians call "the second revolution" broke out (the first being the Egyptian Revolution of 1919 ).

King Farouk dismissed Mustafa el-Nahhas 's government, and in the months that followed, three different politicians were instructed to form governments, each proving short-lived: Ali Maher (27 January – 1 March), Ahmed Naguib El-Hilali (2 March – 29 June, and 22–23 July) and Hussein Sirri (2–20 July). These "salvation ministries", as they were called, failed to halt the country's downward spiral. Corruption remained ubiquitous despite attempts by successive prime ministers to put their political houses in order. Stirrings of discontent were felt in the army, and in January 1952 opposition officers supported by the Free Officers gained control of the governing board of the Officers Club. On 16 July, the King annulled these elections, appointing his own supporters instead in an attempt to regain control of the army. A coup d'état was planned for 5 August, but when General Naguib, one of the Free Officers, informed the group on 19 July that the Egyptian Royal Army high command had a list of their names, the coup leaders acted on the night of 22 July.

Revolution Members of the Free Officers gathered after the revolution. From left to right: Zakaria Mohieddin , Abdel Latif Boghdadi, Kamel el-Din Hussein , Gamal Abdel Nasser (seated), Abdel Hakim Amer , Muhammad Naguib , Youssef Seddik and Ahmed Shawki While the Free Officers planned to overthrow the monarchy on 2–3 August, they decided to make their move earlier after their official leader, Muhammad Naguib , gained knowledge, leaked from the Egyptian cabinet on 19 July, that King Farouk acquired a list of the dissenting officers and was set to arrest them. The officers thus decided to launch a preemptive strike and after finalizing their plans in meeting at the home of Khaled Mohieddin , they began their coup on the night of 22 July. Mohieddin stayed in his home and Anwar Sadat went to the cinema. [2] Meanwhile, the chairman of the Free Officers, Gamal Abdel Nasser , contacted the Muslim Brotherhood and the communist Democratic Movement for National Liberation to assure their support.

On the morning of 23 July, he and Abdel Hakim Amer left Mohieddin's home in civilian clothes and drove around Cairo in Nasser's automobile to collect men to arrest key royalist commanders before they reached their barracks and gain control over their soldiers. As they approached the el-Qoba Bridge, an artillery unit led by Youssef Seddik met with them before he led his battalion to take control the Military General Headquarters to arrest the royalist army chief of staff, Hussein Sirri Amer and all the other commanders who were present in the building. At 6:00 am the Free Officers air force units began circling Cairo's skies. [3] Declaration of revolution Edit At 7:30 a.m., the Egyptian populace heard broadcast station issue the first communiqué of the revolution in the name of Gen. Naguib to the Egyptian people that stated the justification for the revolution or the "Blessed Movement". The voice everyone heard reading the message belonged to Free Officer and future president of Egypt, Anwar Sadat : [4] The coup was conducted by less than a hundred officers - almost all drawn from junior ranks — and prompted scenes of celebration in the streets by cheering mobs.

[5] Egypt has passed through a critical period in her recent history characterized by bribery, mischief, and the absence of governmental stability. All of these were factors that had a large influence on the army. Those who accepted bribes and were thus influenced caused our defeat in the Palestine War [1948]. As for the period following the war, the mischief-making elements have been assisting one another, and traitors have been commanding the army. They appointed a commander who is either ignorant or corrupt. Egypt has reached the point, therefore, of having no army to defend it. Accordingly, we have undertaken to clean ourselves up and have appointed to command us men from within the army whom we trust in their ability, their character, and their patriotism. It is certain that all Egypt will meet this news with enthusiasm and will welcome it. As for those whose arrest we saw fit from among men formerly associated with the army, we will not deal harshly with them, but will release them at the appropriate time. I assure the Egyptian people that the entire army today has become capable of operating in the national interest and under the rule of the constitution apart from any interests of its own.

I take this opportunity to request that the people never permit any traitors to take refuge in deeds of destruction or violence because these are not in the interest of Egypt. Should anyone behave in such ways, he will be dealt with forcefully in a manner such as has not been seen before and his deeds will meet immediately the reward for treason. The army will take charge with the assistance of the police. I assure our foreign brothers that their interests, their personal safety [lit. "their souls"], and their property are safe, and that the army considers itself responsible for them. May God grant us success [lit. "God is the guardian of success"]. With his British support network now neutralized, King Farouk sought the intervention of the United States, which unsurprisingly would not respond. By the 25th, the army had occupied Alexandria, where the king was in residence at the Montaza Palace . Now plainly terrified, Farouk abandoned Montaza, and moved to Ras Al-Teen Palace on the waterfront. Naguib ordered the captain of Farouk's yacht, al-Mahrusa, not to sail without orders from the army. Debate broke out among the Free Officers concerning the fate of the deposed king. While some (including Gen.

Naguib and Nasser) viewed the best solution as to send him into exile, others argued the urge to put him on trial and even execute him for the "crimes he committed to the Egyptian people". Finally, the order came for Farouk to abdicate in favour of his son, Crown Prince Ahmed Fuad - who was acceded to the throne as King Fuad II - and a Regency Council was appointed. Departure into exile finally came on Saturday, July 26, 1952 and at 6 o'clock that evening, the king set sail for Italy with protection from the Egyptian army. On July 28, 1953, Muhammad Naguib became the first President of Egypt, which marked the beginning of modern Egyptian governance. Consolidation Edit Members of the Free Officers welcomed by crowds in Cairo in January 1953. Standing in the automobile, from left to right: Youssef Seddik, Salah Salem , Gamal Abdel Nasser and Abdel Latif Boghdadi The Revolution Command Council (RCC), made up of the previous nine-member command committee of the Free Officers in addition to five more members, chaired by Naguib, was formed.

Ali Maher was asked to form a civilian government. When the Free Officers started isolating elements sympathizing with the Soviet Union, communist cadres led workers riots in Kafr Dawar on August 12, 1952, which resulted in two death sentences. Ali Maher who still sympathized with the British resigned on 7 September following differences with the officers, principally over proposed land reform . Naguib became prime minister, with Nasser as deputy prime minister. On 9 September, the Agrarian Reform Law was passed, which immediately seized any European-owned, especially British owned property in Egypt. This was followed by signaling a major land redistribution programme among peasant farmers which gained most of the seized land. In a bid to stop concentration of land ownership, the regime placed a ceiling of 200 feddans on land ownership. On 9 December, the RCC without due process decreed that the 1923 Constitution of Egypt was abrogated "in the name of the people." On 16 January 1953 the officers of the RCC dissolved and banned all political parties, declaring a three-year transitional period during which the RCC would rule.

A provisional Constitutional Charter, written by the close circle of usurpers, was written with the intention of giving a veneer of legitimacy to the RCC. This new Constitution was proclaimed on 10 February, and the Liberation Rally — the first of three political organisations linked to the July regime — was launched soon afterwards with the aim of mobilising popular support. The Rally was headed by Nasser and included other Free Officers as secretaries-general. On 18 June, the RCC declared Egypt a republic] abolishing the monarchy (the infant son of Farouk had been reigning as King Fuad II ) and appointing General Naguib, aged 52, as first president and prime minister. Gamal Abdel Nasser, 35, was appointed deputy premier and minister of the interior. A "Revolutionary Tribunal" consisting of RCC members Abdel Latif Boghdadi, Sadat and Hassan Ibrahim , was set up to try politicians of the ancien régime. In opposition to the Constitution with its overt secularism was the Muslim Brotherhood . Additionally, contrary to orders issued by the Council, members of the Liberation Rally accumulated much of the seized non-Muslim property and distributed amongst their closed networks.

Angered at being left out of the political and economic spoils and seeing a continuation of secularism and modernity within the Free Officers Movement such as had existed under the King, the Muslim Brotherhood organized its street elements. From June 1953 into the following year, Egypt was wracked by street riots, clashes, arson, and civil tumolt as the regime and the Muslim Brotherhood battled for popular support. 1954 Edit In January, the Muslim Brotherhood was outlawed. It remained an illegal political organization until the Revolution of 2011 [ citation needed ]. The move came in the wake of clashes between members of the Brotherhood and Liberation Rally student demonstrators on 12 January 1954. March witnessed clashes within the RCC, symbolised in the attempt, ultimately successful, to oust Naguib. The move faced opposition from within the army, and some members of the RCC, especially Khaled Mohieddin, favoured a return to constitutional government. On 26 October, an assassination attempt suspected by the Brotherhood was directed at Nasser during a rally in Alexandria. This led to the regime acting against the Brotherhood, executing Brotherhood leaders on 9 December.

Subsequently, Gamal Abdel-Nasser, who had maneuvered himself into the commanding heights of power, finally cemented his power, first becoming chairman of the RCC, and finally as prime minister, with Naguib's constitutional position remaining vague until 14 November, when he was dismissed from office and placed under house arrest. Meanwhile, the RCC, morally backed by both the Soviet Union and the United States, managed to remain united in its opposition to the British and French, specifically in regard to the Suez Canal. Despite continued calls from the RCC, in debates in the United Nations, and pressure from both the US and USSR, the British refused to transfer control of the Canal to the new regime. The RCC began funding and coordinating ever greater attacks on the British and French in the Suez Canal Zone, and Damietta. Finally, on 19 October, Nasser signed a treaty for the evacuation of British troops from Egypt, to be completed over the following 20 months. Two years later, on 18 June 1956, Nasser raised the Egyptian flag over the Canal Zone, announcing the complete evacuation of British troops.

1956 Edit President Nasser announced a new Constitution on 16 January at a popular rally, setting up a presidential system of government in which the president has the power to appoint and dismiss ministers. An elections law was passed on 3 March granting women the right to vote for the first time in Egyptian history. Nasser was elected as the second president of the Republic on 23 June. In 1957, Nasser announced the formation of the National Union (Al-Ittihad Al-Qawmi), paving the way to July elections for the National Assembly, the first parliament since 1952. Commemoration The anniversary of the Revolution is commemorated on Revolution Day , an annual public holiday in Egypt , on 23 July. See also Dutch abdication: Monarchs who have given up the throne - Telegraph Netherlands Dutch abdication: Monarchs who have given up the throne Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands will step down on Tuesday, after 33 years on the throne. Here are some other monarchs who have abdicated.

Dutch Queen Beatrix Photo: AFP 3:50PM BST 29 Apr 2013 – BRITAIN: Edward VIII was forced to abdicate after only several months in power on December 12, 1936, in order to marry divorced American Wallis Simpson, thus avoiding a major constitutional crisis. His younger brother Albert took over the throne under the name of George VI in May 1937. He was the father of the current Queen Elizabeth II. – ROMANIA: Michael I was forced to abdicate by the communists in December 1947, before going into exile several months later. – ITALY: Victor-Emmanuel III, the king of Italy since 1900, abdicated on May 9, 1946 because of his collaboration with the fascist regime of dictator Benito Mussolini. His son, Umberto II, nicknamed the “May King”, went into exile in June of the same year the day after a referendum setting up the republic.

– BELGIUM: King Leopold III, on the throne since 1934 but controversial because of some of his actions during the Second World War, abdicated on July 16, 1951 in favour of his son Baudouin I in order to avoid the possibility of major civil unrest after his return to the throne after six years in exile. – EGYPT: King Farouk I abdicated in July 1952 during the revolution led by Colonel Gamal Abdul Nasser, 16 years after his accession to the throne. His son, Fuad II, succeeded him, but was forced to join his family in exile after the proclamation of the republic less than a year later in June 1953. Related Articles Egypt Coup 1952 Free Officers Coup in Egypt 1952 (Revolution of 1952) [ 1952 ] When [Israeli War of Independence 1948] began, the Egyptian army was poorly prepared and had no plan for coordination with the other Arab states.

Although there were individual heroic acts of resistance, the army did not perform well, and nothing could disguise the defeat or mitigate the intense feeling of shame. After the war, there were scandals over the inferior equipment issued to the military, and the king and government were blamed for treacherously abandoning the army. One of the men who served in the war was Gamal Abdul Nasser, who commanded an army unit in Palestine and was wounded in the chest. Nasser was dismayed by the inefficiency and lack of preparation of the army. In the battle for the Negev Desert in October 1948, Nasser and his unit were trapped at Falluja, near Beersheba. The unit held out and was eventually able to counterattack. This event assumed great importance for Nasser, who saw it as a symbol of his country's determination to free Egypt from all forms of oppression, internal and external. Nasser organized a clandestine group inside the army called the Free Officers. After the war against Israel, the Free Officers began to plan for a revolutionary overthrow of the government. In 1949 nine of the Free Officers formed the Committee of the Free Officers' Movement; in 1950 Nasser was elected chairman.

On July 22, [1952,] the Free Officers realized that the king might be preparing to move against them. They decided to strike and seize power the next morning. On July 26, King Faruk, forced to abdicate in favor of his infant son, sailed into exile on the same yacht on which his grandfather, Ismail, had left for exile about seventy years earlier. The nine men who had constituted themselves as the Committee of the Free Officers' Movement and led the 1952 Revolution were Lieutenant Colonel Gamal Abdul Nasser, Major Abd al Hakim Amir, Lieutenant Colonel Anwar as Sadat, Major Salah Salim, Major Kamal ad Din Husayn, Wing Commander Gamal Salim, Squadron Leader Hasan Ibrahim, Major Khalid Muhi ad Din, and Wing Commander Abd al Latif al Baghdadi. Major Husayn ash Shafii and Lieutenant Colonel Zakariyya Muhi ad Din joined the committee later. After the coup, the Free Officers asked Ali Mahir, a previous prime minister, to head the government.

The Free Officers formed the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), which dictated policy to the civilian cabinet, abolished all civil titles such as pasha and bey, and ordered all political parties to purify their ranks and reconstitute their executive committees. The RCC elected Muhammad Naguib president and commander in chief. He was chosen because he was a popular hero of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and an officer trusted by the army. In 1951 the Free Officers had elected him as president of the Egyptian Army Officers Club over the candidate chosen by Faruk. It was extremely important for the Free Officers to ensure the loyalty of the army if the coup were to succeed. Naguib was fifty-one years old; the average age of the other Free Officers was thirty- three... Nasser desired vehemently to change his country; he believed that the British and the British-controlled king and politicians would continue to harm the interests of the majority of the population. Nasser and the other Free Officers had no particular desire for a military career, but Nasser had perceived that military life offered upward mobility and a chance to participate in shaping the country's future.

The Free Officers were united by their desire to see Egypt freed of British control and a more equitable government established. Nasser and many of the others seemed to be attached to no particular political ideology, although some, such as Khalid Muhi ad Din, were Marxists and a few sympathized with the Muslim Brotherhood. The lack of a coherent ideology would cause difficulties in the future when these men set about the task of governing Egypt. Egypt EGYPT continued from previous page. Copyright© Christopher Buyers 1936 - 1952 H.M. Faruk I, by the grace of God, King of Egypt and of Sudan, Sovereign of Nubia, of Kordofan and of Darfur. b. at the 'Abdin Palace, Cairo, 11th February 1920, second son of H.M. Ahmad Fu'ad I, King of Egypt, etc., GCB, Royal Victorian Chain, by his second wife, H.M. Queen Nazli, educ. privately and at RMA Woolwich. Granted the style of His Sultanic Highness at birth, and advanced to His Royal Highness 1922. Styled Prince of Sa'id before his accession.

Succeeded on the death of his father, 28th April 1936. Reigned under the Regency of Prince Muhammad 'Ali until he came of age and assumed full ruling powers, 29th July 1937. Field Marshal Egyptian Army, Admiral of the Fleet REN, and Marshal of the REAF. Hon General British Army, 12/3/1950. Founded the Chain of Fu'ad I in 1936. Abdicated in favour of his only son and went into exile in Italy, 23rd July 1952. Thereafter styled His Royal Highness Prince Faruk Fu'ad. Rcvd: Knt.

of the Orders of the Serephim of Sweden (30.12.1937), Annunziata of Italy, SS Cyril & Methodius of Bulgaria, and Maha Chakri of Siam, the Grand Order of the Hashimites of Iraq, the Grand Collar and Chain of the Order of Solomon of Ethiopia, the Grand Collars of the Orders of Pahlavi of Iran (x.6.1938), and the Supreme Sun of Afghanistan (x.1.1947), the Grand Collar of Albania, the Collars of the Orders of Chrysanthemum of Japan, Idris I of Libya (1949), and Hussein ibn 'Ali of Jordan (1949), GC of the Orders of the Redeemer of Greece (20.1.1938), the Netherlands Lion (23.6.1938), Legion of Honour of France, SS Maurice & Lazarus of Italy, Carol I with collar of Rumania, Star of Karageorge of Yugoslavia, Leopold of Belgium (mil), Dragon of Annam, St Charles of Monaco, Renaissance (special class) in brilliants of Jordan (2

5.6.1948), and the Omayyad of Syria, the Orders of the White Eagle of Poland, and the White Lion of Czechoslovakia 1st class with collar, Chief Cdr.

Legion of Merit of the USA, etc. m. (first) at Kubba Palace, Cairo 20th January 1938 (div. 17th November 1948), Farida Favzira (b. at Alexandria, 5th September 1921; m. second, 21st March 1953, Wahid Nasri, and d. at Maadi, Cairo, 15th October 1988), née Safinaz Khanum, educ. Notre-Dame de Sion, Bacos Ramleh Alexandria, who enjoyed the style of Her Majesty and Queen of Egypt, etc. 20th January 1938 to 17th November 1948, Hon. Chair. Egyptian Red Crescent Soc., Hon. Presdt. Feminist Union, the New Women's Alliance, Patron Egyptian Girl guides, etc. rcvd: the Decoration of al-Kemal in brilliants (19.1.1938), GC of the Orders of St Sava of Yugoslavia, and Beneficence of Greece, etc. daughter of H.E.

(Sahib us-Sa'ada) Yusuf Zulfikar Pasha, sometime Judge of the High Court at Alexandria and Ambassador to Iran, by his wife Zainab Khanum, sometime Lady-in-waiting to Queen Nazli. m. (second) at the 'Abdin Palace, Cairo 6th May 1951 (div. 2nd February 1954) Narriman (b. at Cairo, 31st October 1934, m. second, at Cairo, 3rd May 1954 (div.1961), Dr Adham al-Nakib, by whom she had further issue, one son. m. third, 1967, Dr Ismail Fahmi, and d. at the Dar Al Fouad Hospital, Cairo, 16th February 2005), enjoyed the style of Her Majesty and Queen of Egypt, etc.

6th May 1951 to 3rd May 1954, rcvd: the Decoration of al-Kemal in brilliants (5.5.1951), daughter of (Sahib ul-Izza) Husain Fahmi Sadiq Bey, sometime Sec-Gen. of the Ministry of Communications, by his wife Asila Khanum, née Kamil. He d. at the San Camillo Hospital, Rome, Italy, 18th March 1965 (bur. Khedival Mausoleum, ar-Rifai Mosque, Cairo, Egypt), having had issue, one son and three daughters: 1) H.R.H. Prince Ahmad Fu'ad, Prince of Sa'id, who succeeded as H.M. Fu'ad II, King of Egypt and of Sudan (s/o Narriman) - see below. 1) H.R.H. Princess Farial [H.R.H. Princess Farial Cheriff]. b. at the Montazah Palace, near Alexandria 17th November 1938 (d/o Farida), educ. privately and at Grand Verger, Lutry, Switzerland. m.

at Westminster, London, 24th January 1966 (div.), Jean-Pierre Perreten [Samir Cheriff] (b. at Les Diablerets, Switzerland, 3rd February 1923; m. second, …), son of John Perreten, Hotelier, by his wife, Irene, née Ansermoz. She d. from stomach cancer at Montreux, Switzerland, 29th November 2009 (bur. Khedival Mausoleum, ar-Rifai Mosque, Cairo), having had issue, an only daughter: a) Yasmine Perreten-Sha’arawi. b. in Switzerland, 1967. m. at Cairo, 13th February 2004, ‘Ali Sha’arawi (b. 1959), son of Muhammad Sha’arawi Bey, and grandson of Huda Sha’arawi, the pioneering Egyptian feminist and author. No issue. Copyright© Christopher Buyers 2) H.R.H. Princess Faizia. b. at the ‘Abdin Palace, Cairo, 7th April 1940 (d/o Farida), educ.

privately and at Grand Verger, Lutry, Switzerland. Worked as a simultaneous translator in French, English, Italian and Spanish and Arabic. She d. unm. after a long battle against multiple sclerosis, at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland, 27th January 2005 (bur. Khedival Mausoleum, ar-Rifai Mosque, Cairo). 3) H.R.H. Princess Fadia [H.R.H. Princess Fadia Orloff]. b. at the 'Abdin Palace, Cairo, 15th December 1943 (d/o Farida), educ. privately and at Grand Verger, Lutry, Switzerland. Worked as a translator in the Swiss Ministry of Tourism. m. at Kensington Register Office, London, 17th February 1965, Pierre Sa'id Alexievitch Orloff (b. at Lausanne, Switzerland, 13th December 1938), who took the additional name of Sa'id after his conversion to Islam, son of Alexis Orloff. She d.

at Lausanne, Switzerland, 28th December 2002 (bur. Khedival Mausoleum, ar-Rifai Mosque, Cairo), having had issue, two sons: a) Michael-Shamel Orloff. b. at Lausanne, Switzerland, 2nd September 1966. b) Alexander-Ali Orloff. b. at Lausanne, Switzerland, 30th July 1969. Photographer. m. Tiblisi, Georgia, 2000, Nino, a Georgian citizen. He has issue, a son: i) Nicholas Orloff. Copyright© Christopher Buyers Copyright© Christopher Buyers 1952 H.M. Fu’ad II, by the grace of God, King of Egypt and of Sudan, Sovereign of Nubia, of Kordofan and of Darfur. b. at the ‘Abdin Palace, Cairo 16th January 1952, only son of H.M. Faruk, King of Egypt and of Sudan, etc, by his second wife H.M. Queen Narriman, educ. Institut Le Rosey, Rolle, Switzerland.

Styled Prince of Sa’id at birth. Succeeded on the abdication of his father, 23rd July and formally proclaimed as King on 26th July 1952. Reigned in absentia under a Council of Regency headed by H.R.H. Prince Muhammad ‘Abdu’l- Munim. Deposed by the military junta composed of revolutionary officers 18th June 1953. Field Marshal Egyptian Army, Admiral of the Fleet REN, and Marshal of the REAF 26/7/1952 (aged six months). Grand Master of the Orders of Muhammad ‘Ali, Chain of Fu’ad I, Ismail, the Nile, Military Star of Fu’ad I, Agriculture, Education, Commerce and Industry, and the Virtues since 26th July 1952. m. at Paris, France, 16th April 1976 (civil) and at The Prince’s Palace, Monaco, 5th October 1977 (rel.) (div. 1996, legally confirmed in Switzerland 2008) Fadila (b.

at Paris XVI, France, 23rd November 1948), née Dominique-France Loeb, educ. Univ of the Sorbonne (MA), Paris, France, styled Queen Fadila of Egypt with the style of Her Majesty from 16th April 1976 until 1996, granted legal authority to assume the name of Dominique-France Picard in France 1st March 1979, styled Princess Fadila with the style of Her Royal Highness from 1999 until finally deprived of that title by her former husband 6th March 2002, daughter of David Robert Loeb, company director, by his wife, Paule Madeleine, née Picard. He had issue, two sons and one daughter: 1) H.R.H. Prince Muhammad ‘Ali, Prince of Sa’id. b. at Cairo, Egypt, 5th February 1979, educ. Institut Le Rosey, Rolle Switzerland. m. at the Ciragan Palace, Istanbul, Turkey, 30th August 2013, H.R.H.

Princess Noal, Princess of Sa’id [Noal Zaher Shah] (b. at Rome, Italy, 6th December 1978), educ. L’Institut Saint Dominique, Rome, Italy, and Webster Univ London (BBA), designer, Dir Noal & Co Ltd 2001, only daughter of H.R.H. Prince Muhammad Daud Pashtunyar Khan, of Afghanistan, by his wife, H.R.H. Princess Fatima Begum [Princess Fatima Aref Zaher], sometime Afghan Chargé d’Affaires at Rome, younger daughter of General H.E. Muhammad Aref Khan, sometime Ambassador to the USSR. He has issue, a twin son and daughter: a) H.R.H. Prince Fuad Zahir. b. 12th January 2017. a) H.R.H. Princess Farah Nour. b. 12th January 2017. 2) H.R.H. Prince Fakhr ud-din. b. at Rabat, Morocco, 25th August 1987, educ. France. 1) H.R.H. Princess Fawzia Latifa.

b. at Monaco, 12th February 1982, educ. France. Copyright© Christopher Buyers

Question: Which king of Egypt abdicated in favour of his infant son in July 1952?
Answer: Farouk