Dirtiest Olympics race in history: 1988's 100m final was the year steroids turned sport sour | Daily Mail Online Ben Johnson was famously disqualified after winning this 100m final in Seoul 1988, but which five other athletes on the track that day have also been tainted by drugs? Canadian Ben Johnson crossed the line in a new world record of 9.79 seconds The 1988 Olympic 100m final was the most controversial race ever run. For the first time, four of the eight competitors broke the ten-second barrier. They were led by Canadian Ben Johnson, the reigning world champion and fastest man on the planet, who crossed the line in a new world record of 9.79 seconds, ahead of his bitter rival, Carl Lewis of the U.S. But within 55 hours of telling the world that nobody would ever be able to take the Olympic gold away from him, Johnson had tested positive for anabolic steroids – and had been stripped of his title. Lewis, who had long accused his rival of taking drugs, was declared the winner and by default became the first man to successfully defend the Olympic 100m title.

Johnson became a sporting pariah, but he was not the only one. Five of the other seven athletes in the race subsequently went on to test positive or be involved in the use or supply of performance enhancing drugs, including Britain’s Linford Christie, who was promoted to the silver medal position after Johnson’s disqualification. This was an era in which steroid abuse was endemic and one that has stained the reputation of the event to such an extent that Usain Bolt’s record-breaking run in Beijing was met with equal parts scepticism and awe. But why was the steroid that showed up in Johnson’s test different to the one his coach claimed he had been taking right up until weeks before Seoul, and was sabotage involved? Coming soon, for the first time, all eight runners in the infamous Seoul final tell their stories in a BBC4 documentary. Here, Richard Moore, author of an acclaimed new book on the race, examines how its legacy has affected each of the athletes, and where they are today. Ben Johnson became a sporting pariah, but he was not the only one.

Five of the other seven athletes in the race subsequently went on to test positive or be involved in the use or supply of performance enhancing drugs Throwback Thursday: Ben Johnson at the Seoul Olympics, and the Doping Race That Never Ends | VICE Sports September 24, 2015 Jack Moore Throwback Thursday: Ben Johnson at the Seoul Olympics, and the Doping Race That Never Ends (Editor's note: Each Thursday, VICE Sports takes a look back at an important moment from this week in sports history. We call it Throwback Thursday, or #TBT for all you cool kids. You can read previous installments here .) It was billed at the Greatest Race in History. It ended being the most controversial, and maybe most influential. Twenty-seven years ago today, the 100-meter dash at the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul featured a reigning Olympic champion in American Carl Lewis; a rising rival in reigning world champion and new world record holder Ben Johnson, of Canada; the previous world record holder in Calvin Smith, another American; and the 1986 European champion in Britain's Linford Christie.

The racers didn't disappoint: all four finished with sub-10-second times, an unprecedented feat. Johnson blew past all of them, finishing with his hand raised in triumph and a new world record of 9.79 seconds. Read More: Throwback Thursday: Hideo Nomo Defies The Odds For A Coors Field No-No Johnson's victory was a milestone for Canada, a country typically left off the medal stand at the Summer Olympics. Fifty-five hours later, however, the triumph curdled: Johnson tested positive for the steroid Stanozolol and was stripped of his gold medal. Beyond shocking the sports world, the resulting scandal turbocharged the anti-doping movement that has since come to dominate international athletics. The race's immediate and long-term aftermath arguably has demonstrated the futility and hypocrisy of the same movement, at least as promoted by the International Olympic Committee. Following his failed test, Johnson appealed the IOC's disciplinary action and launched a spirited defense with the help of Dick Pound, a Canadian official.

Johnson argued to overturn the test on evidence that a member of his rival Lewis's entourage, Andre "Action" Jackson, was in the doping control room after the race and could have spiked the beer Johnson was drinking to hydrate for his urine test. Mark Lee, a Canadian sports journalist who covered the story as it happened, told the Canadian Broadcast Company in 2013 that "the Stanozolol shocked [Johnson's coach] Charlie Francis, because he didn't think Ben was on that. He thought he was on a drug called Estrogol or Furazabol, not Stanozolol." After a 45-minute defense led by Pound—which included evidence that Stanozolol could metabolize within 45 minutes, long enough to appear in Johnson's sample had Jackson spiked his drink—Johnson's appeal was denied. Afterward, the IOC Medical Commission revealed an endocrine analysis of Johnson's sample that showed what Lee called "like a 15-to-1" testosterone-to-epitestosterone ratio, well over the acceptable level of 4-to-1. "They said, there is medical evidence here that he has been using steroids and been using them for a long time" Less aid.

"Your appeal is denied." "Estrogol? Sure. Furazabol? Of course. But Stanozolol? Never!" Photo by Presse Sports-USA TODAY Sports Lewis would admit in his 1990 autobiography Inside Track that Jackson was indeed in the room, and even included photos of Johnson and Jackson grinning for the camera together. Jackson, responding to an interview request from Canadian magazine Maclean's , said, "I've never felt compelled to ever defend myself regarding this issue. Apart from what really took place inside the drug testing room in Seoul, it doesn't really amend the string of events that took place following his positive drug test in 1988." That's the kind of cryptic non-denial one might expect from a diamond magnate who was an associate of Mobutu Sese Seko in the 1980s. The issue isn't that Johnson wasn't doping at Seoul. He has admitted as much, and his further admission that he was doping at the 1987 World Championships resulted in his losing that gold medal and world record as well. No, the bigger issue for sports is that other elite athletes were doping, too. Some were busted. Many more were not.

Some allegedly flunked tests, only to have the results covered up. Johnson long has maintained that he wasn't doing anything different from the majority of his competitors. The only difference, he argued, is that he was caught, and under suspicious circumstances to boot. Indeed, the entire 1988 Olympic field would soon be called into question. That November, the New York Times reported , "At least half of the 9,000 athletes who competed at the Olympics in Seoul used performance-enhancing drugs in training, according to estimates by medical and legal experts as well as traffickers in these substances." Dr. Park Jong Sei of the Olympic testing lab in Seoul told the Times that as many as 20 other athletes tested positive and were not disqualified, including one American but "mostly Europeans." IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch defended his organization, saying, "They found more athletes, but the quantity used was not enough to suspend them. You cannot punish them." Really, who among us hasn't tested positive for banned substances? --Photo by Presse Sports-USA TODAY Sports Maybe not.

Still, only two of the eight racers in that 1988 final would finish their careers without a drug scandal: bronze medalist Calvin Smith and fifth-place finisher Robson Da Silva. Smith stood out as skinny in a field of hulking sprinters—before one heat leading up to the final, a British commentator praised the "enormous shoulders on that man," referring to Johnson—and he still maintains that he deserves the gold medal as the top clean racer in the competition . Christie, who took silver in 1988 and would go on to win the gold medal at the 1992 Barcelona Games, tested positive for pseudoephedrine in 1988 and again for nandrolone in 1999, which resulted in a two-year ban and effectively ended his career. Dennis Mitchell, the fourth-place finisher, tested positive for testosterone in 1988, and the IAAF declined to accept his defense of "five bottles of beer and sex with his wife at least four times . . . it was her birthday, the lady deserved a treat." Sixth-place finisher Desai Williams, a Canadian teammate of Johnson's, admitted taking steroids during an investigation of Canadian athletics.

Ray Stewart, the last-place finisher, was never tied to drugs as an athlete but he was banned from the sport for life in 2010 following charges by USADA that he was providing other athletes with steroids, which he claimed were for personal use. As for Lewis, who took home the gold after Johnson's disqualification and was the loudest doping opponent of the group? In 2003, documents released by Wade Exum , former director of drug control for the U.S. Olympic Committee, revealed that Lewis had tested positive for the stimulants ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and phenylpropanolamine at the 1988 Olympic trials. The drugs were present in low enough concentrations that only required "further investigation," according to IOC rules at the time. Lewis's explanation at the time was that he had taken a herbal supplement—"I took all kinds of different herbs," he told the Los Angeles Times —and that he didn't get a boost. After initially disqualifying Lewis from the Olympics, the USOC accepted his excuse on appeal and allowed him to compete.

The revelations scandalized the international sports world, and for many people—including Dick Pound, who was by then head of the World Anti-Doping Association—the documents confirmed suspicions that the USOC let athletes get away with cheating. Such a cover-up would hardly be unprecedented—not in light of the systematic East German doping program of the Cold War era, nor accusations by a German television documentary this past winter that "99 percent" of Russian athletes are doping . The IOC declined to revisit the issue, citing a three-year statute of limitations . Though Johnson wasn't alone in doping at the 1988 Olympics, he bore the brunt of the consequences. Sponsors abandoned him. He was declared a national disgrace in Canada. He became the wrong kind of poster boy. "Every time there is a positive test in the world, doesn't matter where, they mention Ben Johnson's name," Johnson told MacLean's. "I gave them my heart and they took it out." Anti-doping punishments are supposed to satisfy our sense of fairness and morality, and, by dissuading others from cheating, ensure that the best athlete wins. The Johnson case threw all of this into doubt: Where do we draw the lines? How do we catch offenders in a timely manner?

How do we ensure the right people are punished, and that medals aren't simply handed from cheaters to other cheaters? For that matter, how do we prevent Olympic organizers from manipulating results and punishments for their own purposes? Who can we trust? These questions have dogged the anti-doping movement since its inception, and in the 27 years since The Greatest Race in History, it's hard to say we've gotten closer to any answers. - Ben Johnson, Carl Lewis and the drama of the Dirtiest Race in History | Sport | The Guardian That 1980s sports blog Ben Johnson, Carl Lewis and the drama of the Dirtiest Race in History Richard Moore's account of the 100m final at the 1988 Olympics is perfectly planned, painstakingly researched and brilliantly told Ben Johnson celebrates as he crosses the line well ahead of Carl Lewis of the USA and Linford Christie of Great Britain.

Photograph: Simon Bruty/Allsport Steven Pye for That 1980s Sports Blog, part of the Guardian Sport Network Monday 21 October 2013 07.03 EDT First published on Monday 21 October 2013 07.03 EDT Share on Messenger Close When I started writing this blog 18 months ago, there were numerous sporting events that immediately sprung to mind when I considered which topics to cover. One certainty was that at some point I would try my very best to research, investigate, and compose a piece about the 1988 Olympics men's 100m final in Seoul. And then I read The Dirtiest Race in History by Richard Moore and realised that, in comparison, my amateur efforts would struggle to qualify from the heats. Moore's book not only focuses on that race on 24 September 1988, which according to the author some still see as the greatest race in history.

It digs deep down into the very soul of the two main leads in Ben Johnson and Carl Lewis, analysing their backgrounds from boys to men, their rise to the top – and, in Johnson's case, his fall – and charts a course in history through their compelling rivalry. Along the way we discover what made both men tick, and the key personnel involved in shaping the careers of the sprinting heavyweights of the 1980s. Johnson's route to the top was not particularly smooth. Moore recounts tales that even make you feel some sympathy for a man who would go on to cheat his way to gold medals, for example, the development of a stutter, which coincided with his mum moving to Canada. It would be a full four years before Johnson joined Gloria in Toronto, but his early years in Canada were hardly idyllic, with Johnson subjected to bullying at school. One particular bully was finally silenced by Johnson, after he challenged his tormentor to a race. Johnson won that battle, before meeting the man who would change his life forever. Charlie Francis coached Johnson for 11 years.

The book covers Francis' time as a Canadian sprinter, his last place in the 1972 Olympic 100m quarter-final, the eye-opening conversations he had with fellow athletes about the widespread use of drugs, and his conviction that, as a coach, his athletes were not going to be handicapped in the same way as he had been. The beauty of Moore's book is the way he lays out the crucial pieces of the jigsaw, which results in us seeing the full picture before the defining moment in Seoul. Francis' involvement in Johnson's journey to the top is laid out before us, as is that of Doctor "Jamie" Astaphan. They are an integral part of the saga, and Moore has left no stone unturned in this regard. Francis approached Johnson in September 1981 about the issue of drugs. Initially Johnson was reluctant, but soon the sad mantra within athletics of "if you don't take it, you won't make it" seeped into his conscience. Johnson's progression from scrawny kid to the muscle-bound figure we all grew aware of in the mid-1980s had begun.

A silver medal in the 100m at the Commonwealth Games of 1982 was followed with a bronze at the 1984 LA Olympics, a Games from which Carl Lewis should have emerged as America's national hero. But as Moore explains, this certainly was not the case. In my naivety, I had assumed that Lewis must have been adored by all Americans, especially during the LA Olympics. Moore's investigation into Lewis and his relationship with the American press, team-mates and fans soon put me straight. The author mentions an article in Sports Illustrated from before the Games that described Lewis as "vain, shallow and self-absorbed". He also highlights the backlash to Lewis delaying his entry into the Olympic Stadium with Michael Jordan and explains how Lewis's absence from the Olympic Village further alienated him from his team-mates. Lewis was booed after only jumping once in the long jump final; and, astonishingly, some of the American press called him the "Flying Faggot", due to rumours about his sexuality. Before the Olympics, Lewis's manager, Joe Douglas, had predicted that his athlete would be as big as Michael Jackson. It was of course poppycock.

Moore informs us that none of the big brands came in for Lewis, even though he had emulated Jesse Owens' achievement of four golds. Not Coca-Cola, Pepsi, McDonalds or American Express. If Lewis was to continue to pull money in, then he would need to do so through appearance fees at European meetings. Johnson's emergence from the pack to challenge Lewis' supremacy would cause the American a lot of pain and angst through the years, but he would openly admit that the growing rivalry between the pair earned him fantastic riches. The second part of the book deals with the clashes between the duo, in particular charting the races between Johnson and Lewis from 1985, the first time the Canadian beat the Olympic champion. Moore's chapter title sums up the score at the time: "Lewis 8, Johnson 1". But, from Johnson's maiden triumph at the Zurich Weltklasse meeting in August 1985, things began to change. The final win of Johnson's four consecutive victories over Lewis before the World Championships in Rome in 1987 came in Seville.

It was a feisty affair that Johnson won by 0.01 of a second, although Moore recalls how Lewis seemed sure he had sneaked it: "Lewis throws an arm in the air, a gesture reminiscent of a boxer who suspects he's been defeated but celebrates in a desperate bid to influence the judges." The row became heated and the pair had to be separated by Mel Lattany, a former American sprinter. It is another insight into how the pair had grown to dislike each other. All of a sudden, their rivalry was being spoken in the same breath as Ali-Frazier and Borg-McEnroe. What was clear at the time, and is accurately portrayed in Moore's version of events, is the growing sense of injustice felt by Lewis post-Rome. Johnson destroyed Lewis by a tenth of a second to win the world title, setting a new world record in the process, and despite the possible accusations Lewis may have faced about sour grapes, he decided that he had to speak out.

"A lot of people have come out of nowhere and are running unbelievably, and I just don't think they're doing it without drugs," said Lewis on an ITV interview, although Moore reveals another quote which did not make the final edit that would have been sensational if it had: "If I were taking drugs, I could do a 9.80 right away-just like him." Strong stuff, but with no out of competition testing back then, Moore rightly points out that Johnson seemed untouchable. With the success came new challenges for Johnson. In 1988, he would split from Francis over differences of opinions about training, although eventually the two would get back together to plot Johnson's attempt at gold in Seoul. A hamstring injury threatened to ruin Johnson's preparations, and an ever expanding entourage surrounded him as never before, with the growing influence of Astaphan a key part of the tale. Lewis had problems of his own, however, not that we knew this at the time. Unbeknown to the general public until 2003, Lewis had failed a drugs test at the US Olympic trials, his urine sample containing banned stimulants.

Although the volume of substances found in Lewis' urine would not bring a ban today, at the time he should have been kicked off of the Olympic team. The Americans managed to clear him on appeal, under inadvertent usage, yet how different would sporting history have been if Lewis, who had been spent the last year dropping strong hints about his rivals' drug use, had been prevented from running in Seoul due to a failed test? Naturally the book moves towards the final showdown, yet Moore manages to pace the arrival at the starting blocks in Seoul superbly. At no point are you thinking "just cut to the chase", as you realise that you are reading a crucial part of the narrative in the lead-up to the Olympic final. Lewis beating his rival for the first time in five meetings at Zurich; details of Johnson's final steroid programme 26 days before the Olympics; the brewing tension between Francis and Astaphan; the threat from Astaphan to Johnson that he wanted a million dollars, otherwise he would spill the beans. Like a good film, all the threads of the plot begin to entwine, as Moore expertly captures the mood, and works his way to the seismic conclusion.

The race itself is portrayed succinctly, as I guess is fairly inescapable for such a short race, yet still the depiction of the 9.79 seconds of action is painted excellently. The explosive start from Johnson, which for once was almost matched by Lewis; the look of utter concern on Lewis's face as the race unfolds; the fact that Lewis ran out of his lane, such was his preoccupation with the Canadian; the emphatic celebration of Johnson ("...his right arm shoots straight up in the air, finger pointing decisively skyward. Take that"); the total blanking Johnson gave to Lewis when the American shook his hand. Of course, this isn't where the story ends. Johnson's subsequent disqualification rocked the sporting world – you do wonder what would happen in the age of 24 hour channels and the internet if a similar thing were to happen today – with Moore covering the dramatic events from the perspective of the laboratory testers, to the media gathered in Seoul, via Johnson, Lewis, Francis, Astaphan and numerous other parties involved. Moore somehow managed to make me feel a little bit of sorrow towards Johnson, especially when a Canadian official asks for his medal back.

"I can't lose something I never owned," said Johnson, in a very matter of fact way, although it doesn't take too long for the feelings of anger to return, as Moore tells us of the hurt caused towards Canadians back home, and Johnson's argument that the shady mystery man Andre "Action" Jackson had set him up during the drug testing procedure sounded pathetic. If Johnson had been set up, then that was an unfortunate incident and one which cannot be pardoned. But as Moore describes the details of the Dubin Inquiry, when Francis, Astaphan and then Johnson revealed the full extent of what had gone on, it wasn't as if Johnson was speaking from a position of strength about the conspiracy theory. He was a cheat regardless of whether he was framed or not. It is always a sign of a good book that you pick it up and never want to put it down. The kind which you rattle through 40 pages or so without realising, due to the brilliant writing and readability of the material. Moore has managed to write a book so well thought out, so painstakingly researched, that you cannot fail to appreciate just how good it is.

A book which covers every aspect of the Johnson-Lewis story in such minute details, that it should be the first port of call for anyone who wants to learn anything about the subject. I could only ever dream of writing a book along the lines of The Dirtiest Race in History. But as a sports nut, and for someone fascinated in the Johnson-Lewis rivalry, you have to be thankful that Richard Moore has produced such a high quality book on one of the biggest sporting events of the 1980s.

1988 Seoul Summer Games | Olympics at Sports-Reference.com 1988 Seoul Summer Games Host City: Seoul, South Korea (September 17, 1988 to October 2, 1988) Opening Ceremony: September 17, 1988 (opened by President Roh Tae-Woo) Lighter of the Olympic Flame: Won-Tak Kim Taker of the Olympic Oath: Heo Jae , Son Mi-Na (athlete) Closing Ceremony: October 2, 1988 Events: 237 in 27 sports Participants: 8,453 (6,249 men and 2,202 women) from 159 countries Youngest Participant: Nádia Cruz (13 years, 74 days) Oldest Participant: Durward Knowles (70 years, 323 days) Most Medals (Athlete): Soviet Union (132 medals) Overview In late September 1981, when the IOC awarded the 1988 Olympics to Seoul, the Olympic world was stunned.

The choice was highly controversial as many prominent nations in the Olympic Movement, notably the Soviet Bloc nations, did not have diplomatic relations with the Seoul government. After the political problems that had marred the last few Olympics, there was widespread concern that another boycott would ensue because of this. » Click to show/hide rest of overview The problem became more complicated in July 1985 when DPR (North) Korea demanded that it be allowed to co-host the Games with the Republic of Korea. Over the next three years the IOC negotiated with North Korea and offered to allow it to stage several events. However, no IOC concession was ever enough for the North, who wanted equal co-host status and an equal number of events. They demanded this despite the fact that the Games were close at hand and they had no possible hope of building the necessary facilities in time. When the IOC would not concede further to the North's demands, North Korea announced that it would definitely boycott the Seoul Olympics. By then, however, most of the Eastern Bloc countries had agreed to compete in Seoul, making 1988 the first Summer Olympic competition in 12 years between the United States, the Soviet Union and the German Democratic Republic.

After the North Korean's final boycott announcement, Cuba and Ethiopia also announced that they would not attend the Olympics, out of solidarity with North Korea. Nicaragua, Albania, and the Seychelles also did not attend the Olympics, though their reasons were less clear and may not have been directly related to any boycott. But the Seoul Games went on and saw the largest participation in Olympics history. There were more nations and more countries represented than ever before. The Games themselves were excellent and very well run. Controversies and political intrusions, unlike the Games of the last 20 years, were relatively few and comparatively minor. Three swimmers and one female track & field athlete dominated the sporting events. In the pool, the GDR's [Kristin Otto] broke all sorts of records by winning six gold medals. It was an unmatched performance by a woman at the Olympics. Her only rival for swimming supremacy was America's [Janet Evans] who won three gold medals. But they never raced each other, as Otto was a sprinter and Evans a distance swimmer. On the men's side of the pool, [Matt Biondi] was attempting to equal [Mark Spitz]'s record of seven gold medals.

He failed in his first two events, taking a silver and a bronze. However, he then won gold in his last five events, to equal Spitz's haul of seven medals, though they had a bit less lustre. On the track, the world was stunned by the performances of [Florence Griffith Joyner]. A solid world-class sprinter for a decade, she had re-dedicated herself in 1988 and had shattered records at the American Olympic Trials. At the Olympics she won the [100] and [200], setting world records in the 200 finals. In the 100, she posted a time that was wind-aided, but was otherwise the fastest time ever recorded. She then helped the American women win a gold medal in the [4×100 relay]. Finally, she was asked by the American coaches to run anchor in the [4×400 relay]. She did so, and narrowly missed catching the Soviet's [Olha Bryzhina], as the Americans won a silver medal. Her total haul was three gold medals and one silver.

The biggest media event of the 1988 Olympic Games was the disqualification of Canadian sprinter [Ben Johnson], after he had won the [100 metres] in the world record time of 9.79, and defeating [Carl Lewis] in the process. But a few days later, Johnson tested positive for stanazolol, an anabolic steroid, and was disqualified with Lewis receiving the gold medal. After the uproar of the scandal, the Canadian launched an inquiry into drug use in international sport, the Dubin Inqury. At the inquiry, Johnson admitted he had used steroids for several years. One of Seoul's legacies to the Olympic Movement was a new Olympic Flag. The main Olympic flag was termed the Antwerp flag, because it had been made in 1920 and donated to the IOC by the Antwerp organizing committee. But the flag was worn and it was soon to be retired to the Olympic Museum. Seoul provided the IOC with a replacement, fashioned from pure raw Korean silk, with the needlework done by skilled Korean craftsmen. Thus the Seoul legacy will literally fly over many future Olympic Games.

Country Medal Leaders A Sports Reference Site : About SR/Olympics | Privacy Statement | Conditions & Terms of Service | Use of Data Data provided by OlyMADMen , led by Hilary Evans, Arild Gjerde, Jeroen Heijmans, and Bill Mallon. Members: David Foster, Martin Frank, Jørn Jensen, Carl-Johan Johansson, Taavi Kalju, Martin Kellner, George Masin, Stein Opdahl, Wolf Reinhardt, Ralf Regnitter, Paul Tchir, Magne Teigen, Christian Tugnoli, Morten Aarlia Torp, and Ralf Schlüter. Sports Reference LLC and are not sponsored by or affiliated with the Olympics, the United States Olympic Committee or the International Olympic Committee. Trademarks featured or referred to on this website are the property of their respective trademark holders and not Sports Reference LLC or . Part of the 1988 - Ben Johnson - Memorable Olympic moments throughout history - Pictures - CBS News Memorable Olympic moments throughout history Next 1936 - Jesse Owens Every Olympics is filled with high drama and amazing sporting feats. Here’s a look at memorable moments through the years.

American Jessie Owns stands on the podium after winning the gold medal for the long jump at the 1936 Berlin Olympics. Owens won four Olympic gold medals in 1936 for the 100m, 200m, 4x100m and long jump. Grandson of a slave and the son of a sharecropper, the African-American’s huge success upended Adolf Hitler’s goal of using the Olympics to showcase the superiority of the white Aryan race. Credit: AP 1932 - "Babe" Didrikson Mildred "Babe" Didrikson of Dallas at the Olympic Stadium Los Angeles on July 31, 1932, when she sent the javelin soaring 143 feet 4 inches to better by more than 11 feet the former mark held by E. Braumiller of Germany. In Didrikson's era, women were only allowed to enter three Olympic events. She amazingly won the javelin and the 80-meter hurdles, while breaking four world records. She made a record-making high jump, which was disallowed and resulted in her receiving a silver medal.

Credit: AP 1960 - Wilma Rudolph American runner Wilma Rudolph, middle, stands on the awards podium with competitors Dorthy Hyman, left, and G. Leone after winning the gold in the 200 meter sprint at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. Rudolf had worn a leg brace from the age of four to nine because of polio. At 16, she won four Olympic medal in Rome, including three golds, and set two world records. She was the epitome of someone who overcame incredible odds to accomplish great things. Credit: Hulton Deutsch Archive/Getty Images 1960 - Abebe Bikila Ethiopian athlete Abebe Bikila became famous for winning the Rome 1960 Olympic Games marathon barefooted. He had been a last minute replacement for another runner on the team who fell ill. When the running shoes he was offered didn't fit well Bikila chose to run without them. Bikila won in a record time of 2:15:16.2, the first athlete from Sub-Saharan Africa to win an Olympic gold. Credit: AFP/Getty Images 1968 - Black power salute U.S.

athletes Tommie Smith (center) and John Carlos (right) raise a single black gloved fist in a Black Power salute to express their opposition to racism in America during the playing of the American national anthem, after receiving their medals, Oct. 17, 1968 for first and third place in the men's 200m event at the Mexico Olympic Games. At left is Peter Norman of Australia who took second place. The iconic moment, captured by Life magazine photographer John Dominis, outraged millions of Americans. Because of the act, Smith and Carlos were removed from the relay team and suspended from the U.S. team. They also received death treats. What few may not know is that the two men were shoeless on the podium in a symbol of empathy with the poor. Norman knew in advance what they would do and stood in solidarity wearing a badge of the Olympic Project for Human Rights.

Carlos has said of the moment, "We knew that what we were going to do was far greater than any athletic feat." Credit: John Dominis/OFF/AFP/Getty Images 1968 - Bob Beamon' great leap Bob Beamon of the USA leaped six feet into the air and made a record-shattering long jump of 8.90 meters (29 ft, 2 1/2 inches) on his first attempt to win the gold medal in the Summer Olympic Games in Mexico City, Oct. 18, 1968. Beamon added an incredible 58 cm (22.8 inches) to the world record. It was twelve years before anyone else reached 28 feet (8.53 metres) and the record stood until 1991 when Mike Powell of the U.S. leapt 8.95 meters (29.3 feet) in Tokyo to win the world title. Credit: Tony Duffy/Getty Images 1972 - Olga Korbut Russian gymnast Olga Korbut won hearts the world over with her 1972 Olympic performance and three gold medals.

She became associated with the "Korbut Flip," which involved standing on the high bar and performing a back flip on the uneven bars, which propelled her into stardom. It was considered one of the most awesome moves in gymnastics and has since been actually forbidden because of the risk. The daring pixie gymnast Korbut was also the first to perform a backward somersault on the beam (seen in this photo). Credit: AP 1972 - Mark Spitz American swimming champion Mark Spitz, seen here with five gold medals, captured seven swimming golds (100m, 200m, 4x100m, 4x200m, 100m and 200m Butterfly and 4x100m medley) at the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich. It was an unprecedented number of wins, only surpassed in 2008 by fellow American Michael Phelps.

Credit: AFP/Getty Images 1976 - Nadia Comaneci At 14-years-old Romanian Nadia Comaneci made history as the first gymnast to ever be awarded a perfect score of with 10at the 1976 Montreal Olympics on July 18. She went on to receive six more scores of 10 and win three gold medals. She was the first Romanian gymnast to win the all-around title at the Olympics and the youngest Olympic all-around champion ever. Credit: AFP/Getty Images 1976 - Bruce Jenner Bruce Jenner of the USA celebrates during his record setting performance in the decathlon in the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, earning that title of "World's Greatest Athlete." Credit: Tony Duffy/AllsportGetty Images/ 1984 - Mary Decker "The Fall" The United States' Mary Decker falls onto the infield after a collision with Great Britain's barefooted Zola Budd in the women's 3,000-meter event at the Los Angeles Olympics, Aug. 10, 1984. Portugal's Aurora Cunha (300) is left.

Decker, who was favored to win gold, was eliminated from the race and was carried off the track in tears because of "The Fall." Budd finished seventh. Decker blamed Budd for what happened and initially race officials agreed, disqualifying the Briton. Budd was reinstated just one hour later after race footage was viewed however. Credit: Bob Langer/AP 1984 - Joan Benoit Freeport, Maine's Joan Benoit carries an American flag after finishing the first-ever women's marathon in the 1984 Summer Games August 5th at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. The 27-year-old Benoit finished the 26-mile, 385-yard distance in 2.24:52. Credit: Sadayuki Mikami/AP 1984 - Andersen-Scheiss Gabriela Andersen-Scheiss, suffering from heat exhaustion, staggers to the finish line of the 1984 Olympic women's marathon in the Los Angeles Coliseum on Aug. 5th. Andersen-Scheiss finally crossed the line in 37th place, and collapsed into the arms of waiting medics.

Credit: David Tenenbaum/AP 1984 - Mary Lou Retton American Mary Lou Retton leaps in the air after scoring a perfect 10 on the vault in her final routine to win the women's all-around gymnastics gold medal at the Olympics in Los Angeles, Aug. 4, 1984. The sixteen-year-old Retton became the first American gymnast to win a gold medal in the Olympics. Credit: AP 1988 - Jackie Joyner-Kersee The American First Lady of athletics, Jackie Joyner-Kersee, throws the javelin during the heptathlon competition at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. Joyner-Kersee won the gold with 7,291 points, a new world record. Credit: Tony Duffy/AFP/Getty Images 1988 - Ben Johnson Sprinter Ben Johnson of Great Britain wins the gold medal in the 100m sprint at the Seoul Olympics, September 24, 1988. Behind him are (L to R) Calvin Smith, Linford Christie and Carl Lewis. Johnson later lost the medal when he tested positive for steroids.

Credit: Gary Hershorn/Reuters 1992 - Derek Redmond The medal favorite, British runner Derek Redmond, tore his hamstring in the semi-finals for the 400 meters, but was determined to finish the race despite being in considerable pain, Aug. 3, 1992. In an emotional, agonizing scene, his father Jim Redmond jumped from the stands to help his injured son finish. Jim Redmond only let go near the finish line so his son could cross the line by himself, as the crowd roared in suppport. Credit: Gray Mortimore/Allsport/Getty Images 1992 - NBA pros play U.S. NBA star Michael Jordan gives the victory sign as he stands with teammates before receiving the gold medal at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics. It was the first Olympics that allowed NBA pros to lpay and the team--with the likes of Jordan, Shaquille O'Neal, Magic Johnson and Charles Barkley--that was recruited was quickly nicknamed "The Dream Team." The competition didn't stand a chance against the high-powered team. Credit: Ray Stubblebin Reuters 1992 - Carl Lewis U.S.

athlete Carl Lewis landing in the sand during the final of the men's Olympic long jump competition on Aug. 6, 1992 in Barcelona. He won two gold medals for the 4x100m relay and long jump events. Credit: AFP/Getty Images 1996 - Muhammad Ali Former boxer Muhammad Ali, a Gold Medal winner in in the 1960 Olympics when his name was Cassius Clay, holds up the torch prior to lighting a device that would carry the flame up the cauldron, during the opening ceremonies of the XXVI Centennial Olympic Games in Atlanta, July 19, 1996. His appearance was not publicized ahead of time to have the maximum impact. Ali, suffering from Parkinson's disease and with his whole body shaking, was greeted with huge applause. Former President Bill Clinton said, during Ali's memorial service in June 2016, "I was weeping like a baby seeing his hands shake. No matter what it took, the flame would be lit. The fight would be won. I knew it would happen." Credit: Andy Clark/REUTERS 1996 - Michael Johnson Michael Johnson of the U.S.

crosses the finish line August 1, 1996, to set a new world record in the Olympic 200m race with a time of 19.32 seconds. He beat his own record of 19.66 seconds. Johnson hurtled into history books in a world record time as he accomplished an unprecedented Olympic double with the 400m and the 200m. Credit: AFP-IOP/AFP/Getty Images 1996 - Kerri Strug U.S. Olympic artistic gymnastics' coach Bela Karolyi carries injured gymnast Kerri Strug onto the podium after Strug helped lead the team to the women's gold medal on July 23, 1996 at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta. The U.S. beat out Russia for the first time in Olympic history. Strug fell and injured her ankle on her first vault, but still managed to hit the landing on her second before giving into pain in front of an international audience. At 18-years-old, her heroic performance made front page news everywhere.

Credit: IOP/AFP/Getty Images 2000 - Greg Louganis Two-time Los Angeles gold medalist Greg Louganis of the U.S. bangs his head against the board after mistiming his dive during the Olympic competition, Sept. 2000 in Seoul. Louganis nonetheless qualified for the final. Credit: Brian Smith/AFP/Getty Images 2000 - Rulon Gardner Rulon Gardner of the U.S. (right) in action winning the gold medal by defeating Alexandre Kareline of Russia in the 130 kilogram event during the Greco Roman wrestling held at the Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre in Darling Harbour during the 200 Sydney Olympic Games. It was a monumental upset since Karelin had been undefeated for 15 years. It took going into exciting overtime, but Gardner came out on top. Credit: Billy Stickland/Allsport/Getty Images 2000 - Cathy Freeman Cathy Freeman of Australia (1110) ran a time of 48.63 seconds in the 400 meters at the 1996 Atlanta Games, earning a silver and becoming the first Aboriginal medalist in an individual event.

Credit: Stu Forster/Allsport/Getty Images 2004 - Marathoner accosted Vanderlei de Lima of Brazil is grabbed by a lone spectator while leading the men's Olympic marathon during the Athens Olympics, August 29, 2004. De Lima got away and rejoined the race, holding his leg, with around 15 minutes to run but lost the lead to Italian Stefano Baldini soon after. Credit: Ruben Sprich/REUTERS 2008 - Matthias Steiner Matthias Steiner of Germany celebrates after winning the gold in the men's +105 kg, weightlifting competition at the Beijing 2008 Olympics, Aug. 19, 2008. Steiner was a sheer symbol of overcoming adversity. He won the gold, lifting almost 30 pounds over a previous best, a year after losing his wife in a car accident. Credit: Charlie Riedel/AP 2008 - Michael Phelps Michael Phelps (C) of the U.S.

swims the butterfly stroke during his team's victory in the men's 4x100 meters medley relay at the National Aquatics Center during the Beijing 2008 Olympics August 17, 2008. Phelps set new standards in Olympic swimming with his eight gold medals in Beijing, surpassing the record set by Mark Spitz in 1972. Credit: Wolfgang Rattay/REUTERS 2008 - Usain Bolt Usain Bolt of Jamaica reacts after breaking the world record with a time of 19.30 to win the gold medal in the Men's 200m final ahead of Brian Dzingai of Zimbabwe and Shawn Crawford of the United States at the National Stadium during Day 12 of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games on Aug. 20. Bolt won gold in the 100 meter, 200 meter and 4x100 meter relay--a feat not seen since Carl Lewis in 1984. Along the way, he set new world and Olympic records in the 100 and 200 meter events and helped the Jamaican team set a record in the relay.

Credit: Adam Pretty/Getty Images Seoul 1988 - AOC Seoul 1988 Chong Son-man, Kim Won-tak, Son Mi-jong (ATH) Number of nations: 8,391 (6,197 men, 2,194 women) Number of sports: View Full Medal Tally After boycotts, financial blow-outs and tragic terrorist attacks at recent Games, the Olympics suffered another shocking blow at Seoul in 1988: the doping disqualification of Canada’s Ben Johnson after his victory in the men’s 100m sprint in the world record time of 9.79 seconds. Johnson’s triumph over fierce rival Carl Lewis, the American defending champion from 1984, had captivated and mesmerised a global audience. His disqualification a day later for steroid abuse sent that same sports-loving world into a spin. Lewis was awarded the gold medal and Johnson left the Games in disgrace and was disqualified from competition, his record wiped from the books. During the Games, nine other athletes were disqualified from competitions after failing doping tests. Johnson’s disqualification was, without question, the lowlight of 1988.

It overshadowed many excellent achievements across the sports program. More than 8000 athletes from 160 nations set a new mark for participation at the Games. The program was expanded to include 237 events. Included among new sports and events were the debut of table tennis and the re-introduction of tennis after 64 years. Seoul had many multi-medallists. In the pool, East German Kristin Otto won a record six gold medals, while American Matt Biondi became the only man other than Mark Spitz to win seven medals at a Games, finishing with five gold, one silver and one bronze. The pool welcomed a new kind of hero when Surinam’s Anthony Nesty surprised everyone to win the 100m butterfly. He was the first South American and first black athlete to win a swimming gold medal. American diver Greg Louganis scored an historic double when he defended both his 3m springboard and 10m platform Olympic crowns, despite hitting his head on the board during his 3m preliminaries. On the track, Florence Griffith-Joyner won three gold medals, setting world records in the 100m and 200m that still stand.

Her other gold was in the 4x100m relay. Her sister-in-law, Jackie Joyner-Kersee, won gold in the heptathlon and long jump; she had won a heptathlon silver medal behind Australia’s Glynis Nunn in 1984. The Soviet Union’s Sergei Bubka won the men’s pole vault, setting a new Olympic record of 5.90m. New Zealand’s Mark Todd won his second consecutive three-day eventing individual gold medal, stamping him as one of the greatest horsemen in history. China proved its class in the new sport of table tennis. German Steffi Graf won the women’s singles gold medal in tennis. Along with her Olympic win, she also won all four Grand Slam tournaments in 1988, an unparalleled achievement known as the Golden Slam. East German Christa Luding-Rothenburger, who earlier in the year won a speed skating gold medal at the Calgary Winter Olympics, became the first athlete to win Olympic and Winter Olympic medals in the same year when she won silver in the women’s track cycling sprint. The Soviet Union was the leading nation with 55 gold medals, ahead of East Germany and the United States.

Korea was fourth with 12 gold. In total, a record 52 nations won medals at the Games. The dirtiest race in history Olympic 100m final, 1988 | Sport | The Guardian The dirtiest race in history Olympic 100m final, 1988 Carl Lewis was allowed to compete in the 1988 Olympics despite testing positive for banned performance-enhancing drugs because it would have been a disaster otherwise for the American team, according to his former team-mate Roger Kingdom, writes Duncan Mackay Thursday 17 April 2003 21.30 EDT First published on Thursday 17 April 2003 21.30 EDT Share on Messenger Close Dr Wade Exum, former head of the United States anti-doping programme, has alleged that the man voted the greatest athlete of the 20th century was among more than 100 competitors, including 19 Olympic medallists, involved in a cover-up of drug use from 1988 to 2000.

Exum claims Lewis tested positive for stimulants during the 1988 US Olympic trials but had a 12-week suspension overturned by the United States Olympic Committee, allowing him two months later to win two gold medals in Seoul. That included the 100m after Canada's Ben Johnson failed his drug test and Lewis was awarded the gold ahead of Britain's Linford Christie in a race one International Olympic Committee official yesterday described as "the dirtiest in history". He also won the long jump, part of his career tally of a record nine Olympic gold medals. Lewis's lawyer Martin Singer claimed his client had taken the banned drug in a herbal remedy. "Carl did nothing wrong," said Singer. "There was never intent." But Kingdom, the winner of the 110m hurdles in Seoul who later served on USA Track & Field's drug-hearing board, said athletes at the time received extensive warnings about being careful with supplements. "He should not have been allowed to compete, plain and simple," he said. "You can't plead ignorance; it didn't roll. Obviously it goes back to show you favouritism was involved.

"At the time Carl was Mr Track and Field and what a black eye it would have given the US not to have your top dog there." Lewis was not the only 1988 gold medallist who escaped punishment. Joe DeLoach and Andre Phillips also failed tests at the US trials but travelled to Seoul and won gold medals in the 200m and 400m hurdles respectively. Exum released more than 30,000 pages of documents which include showing Lewis tested positive for three stimulants found in cold medications: pseudoephedrine, ephedrine and phenylpropanolamine. Lewis's training partners DeLoach and Floyd Heard tested positive for the same combination of drugs, which some experts believe can mask more serious drugs such as anabolic steroids. The IOC's medical commission chairman Arne Ljungqvist said the Exum documents "fit a pattern" of failure by the US to report on positive drug cases. It was reported last year that a US athlete tested positive for steroids in 1999 but was allowed to compete - and win an Olympic gold medal - in the 2000 games.

Seoul 1988 Summer Olympics - results & video highlights Official Reports arrow Democracy embraced Awarding the Summer Games to South Korea provided the impetus for the country to embrace democracy. The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) boycotted, and was joined by Cuba, Ethiopia and Nicaragua. Still, records were set with 159 nations participating, 52 winning medals and 31 taking home gold medals. Sprint scandal Canadian Ben Johnson set a world record in the 100m sprint, but tested positive for steroids. Johnson was the first world-famous athlete to be disqualified for using drugs. After his disqualification, Carl Lewis was awarded the 100m gold, meaning he had successfully defended his 1984 Olympic title. Debuts and firsts For the first time, all three medallists in equestrian dressage were women. Swedish fencer Kerstin Palm became the first woman to take part in seven Olympic Games, and table tennis made its Olympic debut. Tennis also returned to the programme after a hiatus of 64 years. The event was open to professionals, and Steffi Graf concluded her Grand Slam tennis season by winning Olympic gold.

Memorable champions German cyclist Christa Luding-Rothenburger, who was also a speed skater, earned a silver medal in cycling. Having already won two medals at the Winter Games, she became the only person in history to win winter and summer medals in the same year. Greg Louganis successfully defended his titles in both diving events and American swimmer Matt Biondi won seven medals, including five golds. NOCs: 159 Media: 11,331 media (4,978 written press, 6,353 broadcasters) Democracy In a coup for the Olympic Movement, Korea (South Korea) turned democratic in order to welcome the world to the Summer Games. Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) boycotted, and was joined by Cuba, Ethiopia and Nicaragua. Still, records were set with 159 nations participating, 52 winning medals and 31 taking home gold medals. Emotion The Games got off to a dramatic start at the Opening Ceremony when the torch was run into the stadium by 76-year-old Sohn Kee-chung, the winner of the 1936 marathon.

In 1936 Sohn had been forced to enter using a Japanese name because Korea was occupied by Japan. Doping Ben Johnson (CAN) set a world record in the 100m dash, but tested positive for steroids. Johnson was the first well known athlete to be disqualified for using drugs. Ladies First For the first time, all three medalists in equestrian dressage were women. Seven Olympics Fencer Kerstin Palm (SWE) became the first woman to take part in seven Olympics. New on the programme Table tennis makes its first appearance in the Olympic programme. The Comeback of Tennis Tennis returns as a medal sport after a hiatus of 64 years. Ceremonies 2 October 1988 : General view of Korean dancers during the Closing Ceremony . Official opening of the Games by: President Roh Tae-woo Lighting the Olympic Flame by: Chung Sun-Man, Kim Won-Tak, Sohn Mi-Chung (athletics) Olympic Oath by: Hur Jae (basketball), Son Mi-na (handball) Official Oath by: Lee Hak-rae (judo) The Seoul emblem features a samtaeguk pattern.

A samtaeguk is a traditional Korean pattern and visual image which represents Korea. This pattern is widely used as decoration on fans, gates of Korean-style homes, artefacts, and folk crafts. The Olympic emblem features patterns in two forms, centripetal and centrifugal; the centripetal motion represented the people of the world coming together in Korea, thus symbolising worldwide harmony, while the centrifugal motion represented a march onward in search of man’s lasting happiness and prosperity. On the obverse, the ancient coliseum and the goddess of victory holding the laurel crowns and the caption: "XXIV Olympiad Seoul 1988". On the reverse , a dove, the symbol of peace, soaring up, holding a laurel branch in its mouth, and the Seoul Olympic sash composed of three Taeguk patterns from the Korean national flag and the five Olympic rings. More info Hodori The “Ho” of Hodori comes from the Korean word meaning tiger, while “Dori” is a common masculine diminutive. The name was chosen from 2,295 competition entries submitted by the general public.

Number of torchbearers : 380 in Greece and 1 467 in the Republic of Korea Total distance : 358 km in Greece and 4 168 in the Republic of Korea Countries crossed : Greece, Korea More info The official poster represented the Games ideal of "Harmony and Progress" in the combination of two images. In the poster, the five rings symbolising the pure Olympic spirit were rendered in bright figurative form to represent the Olympic ideal illuminating the world in peace forever. The image of the runner carrying the Olympic torch symbolised mankind's progress towards happiness and prosperity. The official posters were done with computer graphic techniques, and light blue and bright orange colours were blended to symbolise Korea as the Land of Morning Calm. In addition to the official poster the Organising Committee for the Seoul Games decided to produce 27 types of sports posters to introduce sports of the Seoul Olympic Games and to establish a familiar image of the Games. The “Official report: Games of the XXIVth Olympiad Seoul 1988” was as imposing to look at as the previous one for Los Angeles 1984. There were three separate editions, in French, English and Korean.

The work was in two volumes (Organization and planning; Competition summary and results).

Question: Who was awarded the 100m Olympic Gold Medal at the Seoul Olympics in 1988 after the disqualification of Ben Johnson?
Answer: CARL LEWIS