Lupus pernio - definition of lupus pernio by The Free Dictionary Lupus pernio - definition of lupus pernio by The Free Dictionary Related to lupus pernio: sarcoidosis , Schaumann bodies Lu·pus A constellation of stars in the Southern Hemisphere near Centaurus and Scorpius. [Latin, from lupus, wolf; see lupus.] lu·pus 1. See systemic lupus erythematosus . 2. Any of several other forms of lupus erythematosus.

[Medieval Latin, ulcerative skin disease, from Latin, wolf (the scarring caused by such diseases being likened to the marks left by wolf bites); see wl̥kwo- in the Appendix of Indo-European roots.] lupus n (Pathology) any of various ulcerative skin diseases [C16: via Medieval Latin from Latin: wolf; said to be so called because it rapidly eats away the affected part] Usage: In current usage the word lupus alone is generally understood to signify lupus vulgaris, lupus erythematosus being normally referred to in full or by the abbreviation LE Lupus n, Latin genitive Lupi (ˈluːpaɪ) (Astronomy) a constellation in the S hemisphere lying between Centaurus and Ara system′ic lu′pus er•y•the•ma•to′sus (ˌɛr əˌθi məˈtoʊ səs, -ˌθɛm ə-) n. an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the connective tissues, chiefly characterized by skin eruptions, joint pain, recurrent pleurisy, and kidney disease.

[1950–55] disease of the skin , skin disease , skin disorder - a disease affecting the skin lupus vulgaris - tuberculosis of the skin; appears first on the face and heals slowly leaving deep scars discoid lupus erythematosus , DLE - a chronic skin disease occurring primarily in women between the ages of 20 and 40; characterized by an eruption of red lesions over the cheeks and bridge of the nose LE , lupus erythematosus - a chronic inflammatory collagen disease affecting connective tissue (skin or joints) disseminated lupus erythematosus , SLE , systemic lupus erythematosus - an inflammatory disease of connective tissue with variable features including fever and weakness and fatigability and joint pains and skin lesions on the face or neck or arms 2. Lupus pernio | definition of lupus pernio by Medical dictionary Lupus pernio | definition of lupus pernio by Medical dictionary Related to lupus pernio: sarcoidosis , Schaumann bodies lupus [loo´pus] a name originally given to a destructive type of skin lesion, implying a local degeneration rather than systemic involvement.

Although the term is frequently used alone to designate lupus vulgaris and sometimes lupus erythematosus, without a modifier it has no meaning. The Latin word lupus means wolf; erythematosus refers to redness. The name lupus erythematosus has been used since the 13th century because physicians thought the shape and color of the skin lesions resembled the bite of a wolf. Currently, there are at least two recognized manifestations of the disease: discoid lupus erythematosus and systemic lupus erythematosus. chilblain lupus erythematosus a form of discoid lupus erythematosus aggravated by cold, initially resembling chilblains , in which the lesions consist of reddened infiltrated patches on the exposed areas of the body, especially the finger knuckles. cutaneous lupus erythematosus one of the two main types of lupus erythematosus ; it may involve only the skin or may precede involvement of other body systems.

It may be chronic ( discoid lupus erythematosus ); subacute ( systemic lupus erythematosus ); or acute (characterized by an acute edematous, erythematous eruption, often with systemic exacerbations). The acute form may be the presenting symptom of systemic lupus erythematosus , such as after sun exposure. discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) a superficial inflammation of the skin, marked by red macules up to 3 to 4 cm in width, and covered with scanty adherent scales, which extend into spreading follicles that fall off and leave scars. The lesions typically form a butterfly pattern over the bridge of the nose and cheeks, but other areas may be involved, notably the scalp and other areas that are exposed to light. drug-induced lupus a syndrome closely resembling systemic lupus erythematosus, precipitated by prolonged use of certain drugs, most commonly hydralazine , isoniazid , various anticonvulsants , and procainamide .

lupus erythemato´sus (LE) a group of connective tissue disorders primarily affecting women aged 20 to 40, comprising a spectrum of clinical forms in which cutaneous disease may occur with or without systemic involvement. lupus per´nio 1. soft, purplish skin lesions on the cheeks, forehead, nose, ears, and digits, frequently associated with bone cysts, which may be the first manifestation of sarcoidosis or occur in the chronic stage of the disease. 2. chilblain lupus erythematosus . systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) a chronic inflammatory disease, usually febrile and characterized by injury to the skin, joints, kidneys, nervous system, and mucous membranes. It can, however, affect any organ of the body and usually has periods of remissions and exacerbations. (See plate in Dermatology Atlas.) It was once thought that this was a fairly rare disease, but improved immunologic testing procedures have shown that it is not. It is primarily a disease of women, occurring five to ten times more often in females than in males.

Although the peak incidence is between 30 and 40 years of age, the condition has also been diagnosed in the very young and the very old. SLE is the classic prototype of autoimmune disease of connective tissue. Its etiology is unknown, but the high level of autoantibodies in persons with the condition indicates a defect in the regulatory mechanisms that sustain self-tolerance and prevent the body from attacking its own cells, cell constituents, and proteins. Patients with SLE can have a wide variety of autoantibodies against nuclear and cytoplasmic cellular components. The presence of high levels of antinuclear antibody (ANA) in SLE patients with glomerulonephritis indicates a pathogenic role for that antibody. The antibodies are directed against deoxyribonucleoprotein, DNA, histone, and a soluble non–nucleic acid molecule called Sm antigen. Factors that appear to contribute to the development of SLE include exposure to sunlight or ultraviolet radiation from sunlamps, a genetic predisposition to the disease, certain drugs, viral infections, and hormonal influences. Clinical manifestations of SLE are confusingly diverse owing to the involvement of connective tissue throughout the body.

Typically, the patient seeks medical help for relief of fever, weight loss, joint pain, the characteristic butterfly rash, pleural effusion and pleuritic pain, and nephritis. The detection of ANA by microscopic immunofluorescence is supportive evidence for the presence of SLE. Either glomerulonephritis , which is usually mild, or cardiovascular manifestations such as myocarditis , endocarditis, or pericarditis , are found in about half the patients with SLE. Pulmonary disease, especially pleurisy, is also relatively common, as are gastrointestinal disturbances and lymph node involvement. Organic neurologic disturbances produce behavioral aberrations and frank psychosis in some patients; in a few others, there are peripheral neuropathies , motor weakness, and diplopia . Supportive measures are used to prevent or minimize acute relapses and exacerbations of symptoms. The patient is instructed to avoid exposure to sunlight and ultraviolet radiation from other sources, blood transfusions, penicillin, and the sulfonamides. Active disease is treated with topical steroids , nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs for fever and joint pain, corticosteroids , and immunosuppressants .

The goal of drug therapy is suppression of the immune system. Treatment of specific manifestations of SLE is aimed at prevention of complications. Physical therapy may be required to alleviate muscle weakness and prevent orthopedic deformities. lupus vulga´ris the most common and severe form of tuberculosis of the skin, most often affecting the face, with formation of reddish brown patches of nodules in the corium , which progressively spread peripherally with central atrophy, causing ulceration and scarring and destruction of cartilage in involved sites. lu·pus per·'ni·o chronic indurated purple granulomatous skin of sarcoidosis lesion, clinically resembling frostbite, involving ears, cheeks, nose, lips, and forehead; usually with intrathoracic sarcoidosis. lupus pernio a cutaneous form of sarcoidosis, characterized by smooth, shiny plaques on the face, fingers, and toes, clinically resembling frostbite. lu·pus per·ni·o (lū'pŭs pĕr'nē-ō) Sarcoid lesions, clinically resembling frostbite and microscopically resembling lupus vulgaris, involving ears, cheeks, nose, hands, and fingers.

lupus pernio A form of SARCOIDOSIS affecting the skin and causing raised purple swellings or plaques on the nose, cheeks and ears. Lupus pernio | DermNet New Zealand DermNet New Zealand Home » Topics A–Z » Lupus pernio Lupus pernio Author: Dr Antonia Birry, Dermatology Registrar, Middlemore Hospital, Auckland. Chief Editor: Dr Amanda Oakley, Dermatologist, Hamilton, New Zealand, August 2015. What is lupus pernio? Lupus pernio is one of the more common forms of cutaneous sarcoidosis . Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disorder characterised histologically by granulomas (a specific type of inflammation). Lupus pernio presents as bluish-red or violaceous nodules and plaques over the nose, cheeks and ears. The name is derived from the latin name for "wolf" (lupus) and for "chilblain" (pernio). This is because it was thought to be related to lupus vulgaris (cutaneous tuberculosis) by Besnier (1889). Lupus pernio is also called xxx Who gets lupus pernio?

Some populations are at greater risk of developing lupus pernio. The annual incidence varies from 1 to 64 per 100,000. The age of onset is most often between 45 and 65 years of age. Lupus pernio is twice as common in women as in men. Lupus pernio is more common and more severe in African ethnic groups than in Caucasians. There are genetic/HLA associations. What causes lupus pernio? Despite intensive investigation, the cause of lupus pernio and other forms of cutaneous sarcoidosis is unknown. Sarcoidosis is recognised as a chronic cell-mediated immune response to an unknown antigen, in which activated macrophages and CD4 T-lymphocytes release cytokines that trigger formation of granulomas. At least some cases of cutaneous sarcoidosis may be due to an unusual host reaction to one or more infective agents, such as Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, histoplasmosis and other fungi. Lupus pernio itself is not infectious. It is uncertain why lupus pernio affects sites where the skin is cool. What are the clinical features of lupus pernio?

Lupus pernio is usually asymptomatic, and it rarely causes itch or pain. Cosmetic disfigurement is the most common complaint. It presents as indolent reddish-purple plaques and nodules on the nose, cheeks, lips, ears and digits. Lesions may ulcerate and later heal with telangiectatic scars. Lesions on the nasal rim are associated with granulomatous inflammation of the upper respiratory tract. The skin lesions may extend to the nasal septum leading to nosebleeds and crusting. Lupus pernio How is the diagnosis of lupus pernio made? Lupus pernio may be recognised by its typical clinical appearance and history, but the diagnosis may difficult to establish and delayed. Examination of the edge of the skin lesion using diascopy, or pressure with a glass slide, shows apple-jelly appearance typical of granulomatous inflammation. Biopsy of the skin , lymph nodes or lungs confirms the diagnosis by revealing sarcoidal non-caseating granulomas.

As lupus pernio is associated with sarcoidosis in the lungs (75% of patients) and upper respiratory tract (50%), the following tests should also be performed at diagnosis and for monitoring: Lung function tests Chest X-ray Electrocardiogram (ECG) or echocardiogram Blood tests, which may show elevated acetyl cholinesterase (ACE), alkaline phosphatase, calcium, gamma globulin (polyclonal) and reduced lymphoctye count It is important to exclude tuberculosis . Tuberculin skin test and QuantiFERON® gold blood test are negative in sarcoidosis. What is the treatment for lupus pernio? The goal of the treatment of lupus pernio is to improve the patient's appearance and prevent scarring. The treatment chosen may depend on the severity of systemic symptoms. Treatment has varying success.

Options include: Sarcoidosis | Definition of Sarcoidosis by Merriam-Webster \-ˌsēz\ play : a chronic disease of unknown cause that is characterized by the formation of nodules resembling true tubercles especially in the lymph nodes, lungs, bones, and skin—called also Boeck's disease, Boeck's sarcoid, lupus pernio Learn More about sarcoidosis Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about sarcoidosis Seen and Heard What made you want to look up sarcoidosis? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible). Archaic Medical Terms English List C An unhealthy state of the body. [Buchan1798] Cacogastric Troubled with bad digestion. [Webster1913] Cacosphyxia Bad state of Pulse. -Galen [Dunglison1855] Caddy Stools The evacuations in yellow fever, which resemble fine, dark, sandy mud.

[Appleton1904] Calculus / Calculi Any solid concretion, formed in any part of the body, but most frequent in the organs that act as reservoirs, and in the passages connected with them; as, biliary calculi; urinary calculi, etc. [Webster1913]. An abnormal concretion in the body usually formed of mineral salts and found in the gallbladder, kidney, or urinary bladder, for example. Gravel. [Dorland]. A solid mass, usually composed of inorganic material, formed in a cavity or tissue of the body. Calculi are most commonly found in the gallbladder, kidney, or urinary bladder. Also called stone. [American Heritage]. Calculus Vesicï¿½ Calculus Vesicï¿½; stone in the bladder. [Dunglison1868]. Example from an 1862 Death Certificate from England: Urinary Calculus A hard mass of mineral salts in the urinary tract. Also called cystolith, urolith. [American Heritage].

Calenture / Calentura A febrile delirium, said to be peculiar to sailors, wherein they imagine the sea to be green fields and will throw themselves into it if not restrained. [Hooper1829] A violent fever, attended with delirium, incident to persons in hot countries. Under its influence it is said that sailors imagine the sea to be green fields, and will throw themselves into it, if not restrained. [Hoblyn1855] Fever. The term was used by the old Spanish navigators to denote any form of fever with delirium observed in the tropics, and from them Sauvages adopted it as the name of a special disease (which has been described as peculiar to mariners and characterized by a particular form of delirium in which the patient, unless prevented, will jump into the sea, thinking that he is walking into green fields); but its use in the sense has been discarded. [Applton1904]. A name formerly given to various fevers occurring in tropics; esp.

to a form of furious delirium accompanied by fever, among sailors, which sometimes led the affected person to imagine the sea to be a green field, and to throw himself into it. [Webster1913] Camp Fever This term was used for all of the continuing fevers experienced by the army: Typhoid Fever, Malarial Remittent Fever, and Typho-malarial Fever. The last named is a combination of elements from the first two diseases. This combination, Typho-malarial Fever, was the characteristic "camp fever" during the Civil War. Symptoms included: a pronounced chill followed by an intermittent fever, abdominal tenderness and nausea, general debility, diarrhea, retention of urine, and furring of the tongue. Typhus castrensis in Latin. [CivilWarMed] Cancer Formerly, any malignant growth, esp. one attended with great pain and ulceration, with cachexia and progressive emaciation. It was so called, perhaps, from the great veins which surround it, compared by the ancients to the claws of a crab.

The term is now restricted to such a growth made up of aggregations of epithelial cells, either without support or embedded in the meshes of a trabecular framework. Note: Four kinds of cancers are recognized: (1) {Epithelial cancer, or Epithelioma}, in which there is no trabecular framework. See {Epithelioma}. (2) {Scirrhous cancer, or Hard cancer}, in which the framework predominates, and the tumor is of hard consistence and slow growth. (3) {Encephaloid, Medullary, or Soft cancer}, in which the cellular element predominates, and the tumor is soft, grows rapidly, and often ulcerates. (4) {Colloid cancer}, in which the cancerous structure becomes gelatinous. The last three varieties are also called {carcinoma}. [Webster1913]. Any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream. [Wordnet] Example from a 1740 Death Record from England: Cancrum Oris Canker of the mouth; a fretted ulceration of the gums.

[Hooper1829] Canker; a fetid ulcer, with jagged edges, of the gums and inside of the lips and cheeks, attended with copious flow of offensive saliva. It occurs pricipally in children. [Hoblyn1855] A deep, foul, fetid, irregular ulcer inside the lips and cheeks; often attended with the discharge of blood. [Thomas1875] A fetid ulcer of the gums and cheeks, of gangrenous character, chiefly occurring in children. [Cleaveland1886] Noma of the oral tissues called also gangrenous stomatitis. [Merriam]. Example from an 1883 death certificate from Pennsylvania: Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus Candida, especially C. albicans, that usually occurs in the skin and mucous membranes of the mouth, respiratory tract, or vagina but may invade the bloodstream, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Also called candidosis, moniliasis. [Heritage] Canker A corroding or sloughing ulcer; esp.

a spreading gangrenous ulcer or collection of ulcers in or about the mouth; -- called also water canker, canker of the mouth, and noma. [Webster1913] Example from a 1758 Death Record from England: Canker of the Mouth Example from an 1828 death certificate from Pennsylvania: Canker Rash A form of scarlet fever characterized by ulcerated or putrid sore throat. [Webster] Canker Sore A small ulcer crater in the lining of the mouth that is often painful and very sensitive. Also known as an aphthous ulcer. Canker sores are one of the most common problems that occur in the mouth. About 20% of the population has canker sores at any given time. Canker sores typically last for 10-14 days and they heal without leaving a scar. The word "canker" comes from the Latin "cancer" for crab. (In Latin "cancer" was once pronounced kanker from which came canker). Chronic ulcers might seem as hard as a crab shell. [Medicinenet] Canton Disease Syphilis . The Portuguese called it the Castilian disease.

Catalepsy A trancelike state with loss of voluntary motion and failure to react to stimuli. [Wordnet] Cataplexy A sudden loss of muscle tone and strength, usually caused by an extreme emotional stimulus. [Heritage] Cataract Clouding of the lens of the eye. In people with diabetes, this condition is sometimes referred to as "sugar cataract." [HyperBiology] Catarrh An inflammatory affection of any mucous membrane, in which there are congestion, swelling, and an alteration in the quantity and quality of mucus secreted; as, catarrh of the stomach; catarrh of the bladder. Note: In America, the term catarrh is applied especially to a chronic inflammation of, and hyper secretion from, the membranes of the nose or air passages; in England, to an acute influenza, resulting in a cold, and attended with cough, thirst, lassitude, and watery eyes; also, to the cold itself. [Webster1913]. Inflammation of mucous membranes, especially of the nose and throat. [Heritage]. "catarrh" was first used: sometime in the early 15th century. [Webster].

Example from a Civil War Hospital Record: Catarrhus Coryza. A catarrh. An increased secretion of mucus from the membranes, fauces, and bronchia, with fever, and attended with sneezing, cough, thirst, lassitude, and want of appetite. There are two species of catarrh viz. catarrhus a frigore which is very common, and is called a cold in the head; and catarrhus a contagio, the influenza, or epidemic catarrh, which sometimes seizes a whole city. Catarrh is also symptomatic of several other diseases. Hence we have the catarrhus rubeolosus; tussis, variolosa, verminosa, calculosa, phthisica, hysterica, a dentione, gravidarum, &c. [Hooper1829]. Autumnal Catarrh An affection of the mucous membrane of the eyes, nose, and upper-air passages, characterized by coryza, laryngeal irritation, and asthma, and occurring during the summer months, usually August and September, and disappearing with the first heavy frost.

[Thomas1907] Catarrhal Fever A fever, either typhoid, nervous, or synochal, attended with symptoms of catarrh. [Hooper1843]. Old term for the group of respiratory tract diseases including the common cold, influenza, and lobular and lobar pneumonia. [CancerWEB]. Example from an 1859 death certificate from West Virginia: Epidemic Catarrh Bronchitis Suffocative Catarrh Under this term Ettmï¿½ller described a disease corresponding to croup. It is now restricted to capillary bronchitis. [Hoblyn1900]. A severe laryngitis or bronchitis producing symptoms of suffocation. [Appleton1904] Summer Catarrh Cauliflower Excrescence A disease of the os uteri; supposed by Gooch to be encephalesis. [Hoblyn1855] An excrescence, which appears about the origin of the mucous membranes, chiefly about the anus and vulva, and which resembles, in appearance, the head of the cauliflower. It is often syphilitic in its character.

[Dunglison1874] Cellulitis Ethmyphitis. [Dunglison1874]. Ethmyphitis. A diseased condition of the subcutaneous areolar tissue and connective tissue, presenting ï¿½dema, swelling, hardness, bogginess, fluctuation, suppuration, and sometimes sloughing. It is usually preceded by a wound, such as the bite of an animal, or an infected lesion of some sort. A dissection wound is a common type. The pain is severe, and there are generally somewhat grave constitutional symptoms, as fever, severe headache, nausea, prostration, loss of appetite, and general weakness. Salines, iron, and sometimes stimulants are useful, with incisions to relieve tension or to let out the products of suppuration. [New International Encyclopedia 1904] that lying immediately beneath the skin . [Webster1913] Cellulitis is a spreading infection of connective tissues, usually caused by streptococci bacteria. [Biology Dictionary] Inflammation of the brain. Encephalitis.

[Dunglison1868] Cerebral Softening In medicine, Cerebral softening (encephalomalacia) is a localized softening of the brain substance, due to hemorrhage or inflammation. Three varieties, distinguished by their colour and representing different stages of the morbid process, are known respectively as red, yellow, and white softening. [Wikipedia]. Cerebral Softening In medicine, Cerebral softening (encephalomalacia) is a localized softening of the brain substance, due to hemorrhage or inflammation. Three varieties, distinguished by their colour and representing different stages of the morbid process, are known respectively as red, yellow, and white softening. [Wikipedia]. Example from an 1882 death certificate from England: Cerebritis Example from a 1912 death certificate from Pennsylvania: Cerebro-Spinal Fever A dangerous epidemic, and endemic, febrile disease, characterized by inflammation of the membranes of the brain and spinal cord, giving rise to severe headaches, tenderness of the back of the neck, paralysis of the ocular muscles, etc. It is sometimes marked by a cutaneous eruption, when it is often called spotted fever.

It is not contagious. Meningitis . [Webster] Example from an 1891 death certificate from West Virginia: Cesspool Fever Typhoid Fever, Enteric Fever. [A Treatise on the Continued Fevers, Wilson, 1881]. Chagres Fever A form of malarial fever occurring along the Chagres River, Panama. [Webster] Chalkstone A chalklike concretion, consisting mainly of urate of sodium, found in and about the small joints, in the external ear, and in other situations, in hose affected with gout; a tophus. [Webster1913] Chancre A sore or ulcer arising from the direct application of the syphilitic poison. [Thomas1875] A venereal sore or ulcer; specifically, the initial lesion of true syphilis, whether forming a distinct ulcer or not; -- called also hard chancre, indurated chancre, and Hunterian chancre. [Webster] Chancroid A soft, highly infectious, nonsyphilitic venereal ulcer of the genital region caused by the bacillus Hemophilus ducreyi. Also called soft chancre.

[Heritage] Example from a 1790 Death Record from England: Example from an 1867 death certificate from West Virginia: Example from a 1905 death certificate from Illinois: Chiggers A skin infestation, common in the southern United States, caused by the larva of the red mite (harvest mite). Features include an itchy red rash to the waist, ankle and skin folds. No specific treatment is necessary as the rash will resolve spontaneously. Antihistamines can be used to control itching. [CancerWEB] Chilblain A kibe or Pernio. Chilblains are painful inflammatory swellings, of a deep purple or leaden colour, to which the fingers, toes, heels, and other extreme parts of the body are subject, on being exposed to a severe degree of cold. [Hooper1829] An erythematous inflammation of the feet, hands, etc. occasioned by cold. It is very common in youth. It is apt to degenerate into painful, indolent ulcerations, called Kibes, see Mules.

[Dunglison1874] An inflammation followed by itchy irritation on the hands, feet, or ears, resulting from exposure to moist cold. [American Heritage] No, chilblains (pernio) is not the same as frostbite. Chilblains is inflammation of the small blood vessels in the skin in response to cold but above-freezing temperatures. This results in red, swollen skin ï¿½ usually on the face, ears, fingers and toes ï¿½ which appears several hours after exposure to cold. You may also experience an itchy, burning sensation in the affected skin. Sometimes chilblains progresses to blisters and even open sores. [Mayoclinic] Childcrowing The crowing noise made by children affected with spasm of the laryngeal muscles; false croup. Spasmodic Croup. [Webster] Chills Syphilis . The Japanese called it either the Portuguese or Chinese disease. Chiragra Gout in the hand. Chloasma A patchy brown or dark brown skin discoloration that usually occurs on a woman's faces and may result from hormonal changes, as in pregnancy.

[Heritage] Chlorosis A form of anemia observed mostly in pubescent girls in whom menstruation has not become regularly established, and occasionally in boys at about the period of puberty. The liquor sanguine is redundant and the blood corpuscles are decreased in number; anemic murmurs are audible in the large superficial veins, and the action of the heart may be irregular and excessive; the complexion becomes very pale and subsequently greenish; the appetite is defective or depraved; the tissues are flabby; and there is a general feeling of lassitude and despondency. There may be headache, vertigo, disorders of sensibility, and affections of various mucous membranes. [Appleton1904]. A form of primary anemia affecting mostly girls at the period of puberty or early womanhood, and characterized by a marked deficiency of hemoglobin in the red corpuscles; Green Sickness. [CancerWEB]. Entry from an 1852 Church Record in Mï¿½nster, Switzerland Choak Inflammation of one or more bile ducts. Also called angiocholitis. [Merriam-Webster].

Example from a 1911 Death Certificate from Ohio Cholangitis Inflammation of one or more bile ducts. Also called angiocholitis. [Merriam-Webster] Cholecystitis Inflammation of the gall bladder, due to bacterial infection or the presence of gallstones. [Collins] Example from a 1929 Death Certificate from Canada Cholelithiasis The presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts. [Heritage] Cholera Any disease characterized by repeated simultaneous purging and vomiting, with painful spasms of the stomach and bowels and occasional cramps of the external muscles; as commonly used, Asiatic cholera. [Appleton1904]. A malignant and rapidly fatal disease, originating in Asia and frequently epidemic in the more filthy sections of other lands, to which the germ or specific poison may have been carried. It is characterized by diarrhea, rice-water evacuations, vomiting, cramps, pinched expression, and lividity, rapidly passing into a state of collapse, followed by death, or by a stage of reaction of fever. [Webster].

Scar Cinchonism A condition produced by the excessive or long-continued use of quinine, and marked by deafness, roaring in the ears, vertigo, etc. [Webster] The Clap The vulgar name of a venereal infection. [Hoblyn1855] Popular name for gonorrhea. [Dorland] Coeliagra Gout of the abdomen. Climacteric A word, which properly signifies 'by degrees.' It has been applied to certain times of life, regarded to be critical; but is now chiefly applied to certain periods of life, at which great changes occur, independently of any numerical estimate of years. Such are the period of puberty in both sexes; that of the cessation of the menses in women, etc. [Dunglison1868] Climacteric years: are, according to some, all those in the life of man which are multiples of the number 7. Others have applied the term to years, resulting from the multiplication of 7 by an odd number. Some have admitted only three climacterics; others, again, have extended them to multiples of 9.

Most, however, have considered the 63rd year to be the Grand Climacteric; 63 being the product of multiplication of 7 and 9, and all have thought that the period of three, seven, or nine, which they respectively adopted, was necessary to the entire renewal of the body; so that there was, at these times, in the economy, none of the parts of which it had previously consisted. All the notions on the subject are essentially allied to the doctrine of numbers of Pythagoras. [Dunglison1874] The term "climacteric" comes from the Greek word for rung of a ladder and refers to the period of passage out of the reproductive stage of life and into the nonreproductive phase. In women, it encompasses perimenopause, menopause, and the early postmenopausal years. The climacteric can be accompanied by wide-ranging symptoms that are quite bothersome. However, physicians who understand the hormonal symptoms, who can differentiate these symptoms from age-related changes, and who are familiar with hormone replacement therapies, alternative therapies, and effective life-style modifications can help their patients gain relief.

( Example from an 1840 death certificate from England: Example from an 1865 death certificate from England: Climacteric Disease This term has been applied to a sudden and general alteration of health, occurring at a certain period of life, and of uncertain duration. [Hoblyn1855] Coffee-Grounds Vomit Vomit with semi digested blood. Coeliac Passion Lientery Cold A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral, a mixed infection, or an allergic reaction. It is marked by acute rhinitis, a slight rise in temperature, and chilly sensations. [Dorland] Cold A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral, a mixed infection, or an allergic reaction. It is marked by acute rhinitis, a slight rise in temperature, and chilly sensations. [Dorland] Example from a 1779 Death Record from England: Cold Fever An outbreak of Cerebrospinal Meningitis in the spring of 1814 in Maine. Also called spotted fever.

[History and Description of an Epidemic Fever, Commonly Called Spotted Fever, Which Prevailed at Gardiner, Maine, in the Spring of 1814. Author: HALE, E] Colic / Colica Colic signifies an affection or pain in the colon. But it is employed in a more extensive signification. It includes every acute pain in the abdomen, aggravated at intervals. The word has often, however, epithets affixed to it, which render it more or less precise. [Dunglison1868]. Severe abdominal pain caused by spasm, obstruction, or distention of any of the hollow viscera, such as the intestines. Often a condition of early infancy, colic is marked by chronic irritability and crying. [Dorland]. "colic" was first used: sometime around 1421. [Webster] Example from a 1740 Death Record from England: Example from an 1885 Death Record from Michigan: Arthritic Colic Colic due to gout. [Appleton1904] Bilious Colic Colic from excess of bile.

[Hooper1829] Colic dependent on some morbid condition of the liver or the passage of a gallstone. [Appleton1904] Colic, occasioned with an accumulation of bile in the intestines or in its own passages. [Dunglison1874]. Example from an 1853 death certificate from West Virginia: Cramp Colic Enteralgia. An acute, paroxysmal pain in the region of the umbilicus, slightly relieved by pressure, due to an irritation of the sensory nerves, with spasmodic contraction of the intestinal muscle, and not accompanied by fever. Also called: Intestinal colic, tormina, intestinal neuralgia. [Stewart1898] Example from an 1869 death certificate from West Virginia: Hepatic Colic The severe pain produced by the passage of a gallstone from the liver or gall bladder through the bile duct. [Webster] Menstrual Colic Intermittent cramp-like lower abdominal pains associated with menstruation. [CancerWEB] Intestinal Colic Pain due to distention of the intestines by gas.

[Webster1913] Renal Colic The severe pain produced by the passage of a calculus from the kidney through the ureter. [Webster] Uterine Colic Painful cramps of the uterine muscle sometimes occurring at the menstrual period, or in association with uterine disease. [CancerWEB] Wind Colic Endocolitis. Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the colon. [Dunglison1868]. Example from a 1916 Death Certificate from Georgia: Ulcerative Colitis A serious chronic inflammatory disease of the large intestine and rectum characterized by recurrent episodes of abdominal pain and fever and chills and profuse diarrhea. [Wordnet] Colocholosis Bilious Dysentery Coloid Coloid cancer. Has the appearance of particles of jelly inlaid in a regular alveolar bed. The jelly-like matter is exceedingly soft; a colloid mass is, however, firm and resisting. [Dunglison 1874] Colonial Fever It is held by many that we have a fever peculiar to the colonies, a fever, sui generis, quite distinct from that of typhoid.

This colonial fever, as it has been termed, is a continued fever, possessing no characteristic clinical features, but resembling, perhaps, a mild case of enteric fever more than anything else. It must be admitted that cases of this kind are met with, of a continued fever, which is chiefly marked by the indefiniteness of its symptoms. Some of these cases are seen also forming a sort of connecting link between this so-called colonial, and true enteric fever. In this last series, perhaps, one symptom only peculiar to typhoid fever stands out, it may be profuse diarrhea, a well-marked cutaneous eruption, or other abdominal symptom. Yet when a case of either series terminates fatally, in the post mortem room we almost constantly observe the intestinal lesions so characteristic of typhoid fever. Arguing upon this fact it is fair to assume that all these cases of what are known as colonial fever, are nothing more than cases of enteric fever. [Austalasia Medical Gazette 1884]. Colorado Fever Dengue Fever Coma A state of deep often prolonged unconsciousness, usually the result of injury, disease, or poison, in which an individual is incapable of sensing or responding to external stimuli and internal needs.

[Heritage] Coma Vigil Subacute or chronic state of altered consciousness, in which the patient appears alert intermittently, but is not responsive, although his/her descending motor pathways appear intact; due to lesions of various cerebral structures. [CancerWEB] Common Cold A concussion, a violent shaking or the shock which results from it. [CancerWEB] Complaint A bodily disorder or disease; a malady or ailment. [Heritage] Bowel Complaint Enteritis Compression of Brain This may arise either from coagula of blood, a soft tumor, a bony excrescence, a depressed portion of the skull, or the presence of some foreign body. [Dunglison1868] Concussion Injury to the brain caused by a blow; usually resulting in loss of consciousness. [Wordnet] Congestion A collection of blood or other fluid; thus we say a congestion of blood in the vessels, when they are over distended, and the motion is slow.

[Hooper1829] Over fullness of the capillary and other blood vessels, etc., in any locality or organ (often producing other morbid symptoms); local hyperemia, active or passive; as, arterial congestion; venous congestion; congestion of the lungs. [Webster1913]. The presence of an abnormal amount of fluid in a vessel or organ; especially excessive accumulation of blood, due either to increased afflux or to obstruction of return flow. [Heritage]. Example from an 1898 Cemetery record from Maine: Congestion of the Bowels Example from an 1876 death certificate from Australia: Congestion of the Lungs Example from an 1858 Death Certificate from Scotland: Congestion of the Stomach Example from a 1915 Death Certificate from Georgia: Congestive Chills Example from a 1922 Death Certificate from Georgia: Congestive Fever Fever accompanied by obscure symptoms; or by great oppression and depression; in which it is difficult - and often impossible - to induce reaction. Congestive fevers occur in various parts of this country, especially in the fall; and they are very common in India.

The term congestive fever is often used in some parts of the south of the United States very indefinitely, - to include winter typhus, and typhoid fevers, typhoid pneumonia, as well as intermittents and autumnal remittents. [Dunglison1874] Cerebro-Spinal Fever. [A Treatise on the Continued Fevers, Wilson, 1881]. Congestions fieber - Example from a death record book from a German church in Indiana. Fieber is the German word for Fever: Conjunctivitis Inflammation of the conjunctiva characterized by redness and often accompanied by a discharge. [Heritage] Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of the feces. [Dorland] Constipation of the Bowels When a man is commonly laboring under, or unusually susceptible of, disease. [Dunglison1868] Consumption A consumption is a wasting or decay of the whole body from an ulcer, tubercles, or concretions of the lungs, an empyema, a nervous atrophy, or a cachexy. [Buchan1785]. Wasting of the body; phthisis, or marasmus.

[Hoblyn1855] Any wasting away of the body, but usually applied to Phthisis Pulmonalis. [Thomas1875]. A progressive wasting away of the body; esp., that form of wasting, attendant upon pulmonary phthisis and associated with cough, spitting of blood, hectic fever, etc.; pulmonary phthisis; -- called also {pulmonary consumption}. [Webster1913]. Consumption is an archaic name for Tuberculosis. (TB seemed to consume people from within with its symptoms of bloody cough, fever, pallor, and long relentless wasting). [Wikipedia]. Example from a 1734 London, England Death Record: Example from an 1898 Cemetery record from Maine: Example from an 1862 Death Register from Scotland: Consumption of the Bowels Phthisis pulmonalis, which rapidly runs through its course to a fatal termination. [Dunglison1868] Consumption of the Liver Inflammation and ulceration of the liver from tubercular disease.

[Webster1913] Consumption of the Lungs Pulmonary Tuberculosis Nervous Consumption A nervous consumption is a wasting or decay of the whole body, without any considerable degree of fever, cough, or difficulty of breathing. It is attended with indigestion, weakness, and want of appetite, &c. [Buchan1785] Pulmonary Consumption A disease which in most northern temperate climates causes more deaths than any other. Its usual symptoms are cough, emaciation, debility, and hectic fever, generally accompanied with purulent expectoration. In the latter stages of this formidable malady, there is little hope of successful treatment. The aim of the physician should, therefore be to prevent the development of its worst symptoms, by timely precautions, namely, by a careful attention to proper clothing, by a judicious employment of external irritation, by the use of a mild but nutritious and strengthening diet, and, above all, by maintaining the tone of the system by means of suitable exercise in the fresh and open air. When the strength of the patient is such as to admit of it, gentle exercise on horseback is especially to be recommended.

Although a mild, dry atmosphere is always desirable, extensive observation has proved that the patient loses more by confinement to the house, than by a regular exposure (with proper precautions as to clothing, etc.) to all kinds of weather, except the very most inclement. [Thomas1875] Pulmonary Tuberculosis. [Dorland] Example from an 1806 Death Certificate: Quick Consumption Example from an 1882 Death Record from Michigan Rapid Consumption Example from an 1856 Death Certificate from England Consumption of the Spinal Cord Locomotor Ataxia, Tabes Dorsalis. The communication of disease from one individual to another. [Dorland] Contagious Disease Contagion Continued Fever By a continual fever is meant that which never leaves the patient during the whole course of the disease, or which shows no remarkable increase or abatement in the symptoms. This kind of fever is likewise divided into acute, slow, and malignant. The fever is called acute when its progress is quick, and the symptoms violent; but when these are more gentle, it is generally denominated slow.

When livid or petechial spots show a putrid state of the humours, the fever is called malignant, putrid, or petechial. [Buchan1785]. A fever which presents no interruption in its course. [Dunglison1855]. Obsolete term for fever without the intermittency of malaria; many cases were likely typhoid fever. [CivilWarMed] Contusion / Contusio An injury in which the skin is not broken; a bruise. [Heritage] Convulsions / Convult Though more children are said to die of convulsions than of any other disease, yet they are for the most part only a symptom of some other malady. Whatever greatly irritates or stimulates the nerves, may occasion convulsions. Hence infants whose nerves are easily affected, are often thrown into convulsions by any thing that irritates the alimentary canal; likewise by teething; strait clothes; the approach of the small-pox, measles, or other eruptive diseases. [Buchan1785].

A paroxysm of involuntary and more or less violent muscular contractions, especially of the voluntary muscles in general, as distinguished from spasm, which is more commonly applied to such contractions of the muscles of a particular portion of the body. [Appleton1904]. A violent involuntary contraction or series of contractions of the voluntary muscles. [CancerWEB]. A sudden attack usually characterized by loss of consciousness and sustained or rhythmic contractions of some or all voluntary muscles. Convulsions are most often a manifestation of a seizure disorder (epilepsy). [HyperMedical]. Example from a 1758 Death Record from England: Example from an 1893 death certificate from England: External Convulsions Lupus | definition of lupus by Medical dictionary Lupus | definition of lupus by Medical dictionary Related to lupus: Discoid lupus lupus [loo´pus] a name originally given to a destructive type of skin lesion, implying a local degeneration rather than systemic involvement. Although the term is frequently used alone to designate lupus vulgaris and sometimes lupus erythematosus, without a modifier it has no meaning. The Latin word lupus means wolf; erythematosus refers to redness.

The name lupus erythematosus has been used since the 13th century because physicians thought the shape and color of the skin lesions resembled the bite of a wolf. Currently, there are at least two recognized manifestations of the disease: discoid lupus erythematosus and systemic lupus erythematosus. chilblain lupus erythematosus a form of discoid lupus erythematosus aggravated by cold, initially resembling chilblains , in which the lesions consist of reddened infiltrated patches on the exposed areas of the body, especially the finger knuckles. cutaneous lupus erythematosus one of the two main types of lupus erythematosus ; it may involve only the skin or may precede involvement of other body systems. It may be chronic ( discoid lupus erythematosus ); subacute ( systemic lupus erythematosus ); or acute (characterized by an acute edematous, erythematous eruption, often with systemic exacerbations). The acute form may be the presenting symptom of systemic lupus erythematosus , such as after sun exposure.

discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) a superficial inflammation of the skin, marked by red macules up to 3 to 4 cm in width, and covered with scanty adherent scales, which extend into spreading follicles that fall off and leave scars. The lesions typically form a butterfly pattern over the bridge of the nose and cheeks, but other areas may be involved, notably the scalp and other areas that are exposed to light. drug-induced lupus a syndrome closely resembling systemic lupus erythematosus, precipitated by prolonged use of certain drugs, most commonly hydralazine , isoniazid , various anticonvulsants , and procainamide . lupus erythemato´sus (LE) a group of connective tissue disorders primarily affecting women aged 20 to 40, comprising a spectrum of clinical forms in which cutaneous disease may occur with or without systemic involvement. lupus per´nio 1. soft, purplish skin lesions on the cheeks, forehead, nose, ears, and digits, frequently associated with bone cysts, which may be the first manifestation of sarcoidosis or occur in the chronic stage of the disease. 2.

chilblain lupus erythematosus . systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) a chronic inflammatory disease, usually febrile and characterized by injury to the skin, joints, kidneys, nervous system, and mucous membranes. It can, however, affect any organ of the body and usually has periods of remissions and exacerbations. (See plate in Dermatology Atlas.) It was once thought that this was a fairly rare disease, but improved immunologic testing procedures have shown that it is not. It is primarily a disease of women, occurring five to ten times more often in females than in males. Although the peak incidence is between 30 and 40 years of age, the condition has also been diagnosed in the very young and the very old. SLE is the classic prototype of autoimmune disease of connective tissue. Its etiology is unknown, but the high level of autoantibodies in persons with the condition indicates a defect in the regulatory mechanisms that sustain self-tolerance and prevent the body from attacking its own cells, cell constituents, and proteins. Patients with SLE can have a wide variety of autoantibodies against nuclear and cytoplasmic cellular components.

The presence of high levels of antinuclear antibody (ANA) in SLE patients with glomerulonephritis indicates a pathogenic role for that antibody. The antibodies are directed against deoxyribonucleoprotein, DNA, histone, and a soluble non–nucleic acid molecule called Sm antigen. Factors that appear to contribute to the development of SLE include exposure to sunlight or ultraviolet radiation from sunlamps, a genetic predisposition to the disease, certain drugs, viral infections, and hormonal influences. Clinical manifestations of SLE are confusingly diverse owing to the involvement of connective tissue throughout the body. Typically, the patient seeks medical help for relief of fever, weight loss, joint pain, the characteristic butterfly rash, pleural effusion and pleuritic pain, and nephritis. The detection of ANA by microscopic immunofluorescence is supportive evidence for the presence of SLE. Either glomerulonephritis , which is usually mild, or cardiovascular manifestations such as myocarditis , endocarditis, or pericarditis , are found in about half the patients with SLE. Pulmonary disease, especially pleurisy, is also relatively common, as are gastrointestinal disturbances and lymph node involvement.

Organic neurologic disturbances produce behavioral aberrations and frank psychosis in some patients; in a few others, there are peripheral neuropathies , motor weakness, and diplopia . Supportive measures are used to prevent or minimize acute relapses and exacerbations of symptoms. The patient is instructed to avoid exposure to sunlight and ultraviolet radiation from other sources, blood transfusions, penicillin, and the sulfonamides. Active disease is treated with topical steroids , nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs for fever and joint pain, corticosteroids , and immunosuppressants . The goal of drug therapy is suppression of the immune system. Treatment of specific manifestations of SLE is aimed at prevention of complications. Physical therapy may be required to alleviate muscle weakness and prevent orthopedic deformities. lupus vulga´ris the most common and severe form of tuberculosis of the skin, most often affecting the face, with formation of reddish brown patches of nodules in the corium , which progressively spread peripherally with central atrophy, causing ulceration and scarring and destruction of cartilage in involved sites.

lu·pus (lū'pŭs), A term originally used to depict erosion (as if gnawed) of the skin, now used with modifying terms designating the various diseases listed below. [L. wolf] lupus /lu·pus/ (loo´pus) any of a group of skin diseases in which the lesions are characteristically eroded. chilblain lupus erythematosus a form due to cold-induced microvascular injury, aggravated by cold; the lesions initially resemble chilblains but eventually assume the form of discoid lupus erythematosus. cutaneous lupus erythematosus one of the two main forms of lupus erythematosus, in which the skin may be either the only or the first organ or system involved. It may be chronic ( discoid l. erythematosus ), subacute ( systemic l. erythematosus ), or acute (characterized by an acute, edematous, erythematous eruption).

discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) a chronic form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus marked by red macules covered with scanty adherent scales that fall off and leave scars; lesions typically form a butterfly pattern over the bridge of the nose and cheeks, but other areas may be involved. drug-induced lupus a syndrome closely resembling systemic lupus erythematosus, precipitated by prolonged use of certain drugs, most commonly hydralazine, isoniazid, various anticonvulsants, and procainamide. lupus erythemato´sus (LE) a group of chronic connective tissue diseases manifested in two main types: cutaneous l. erythematosus and systemic l. erythematosus . lupus erythemato´sus profun´dus a form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus in which deep brawny indurations or subcutaneous nodules occur under normal or, less often, involved skin; the overlying skin may be erythematous, atrophic, and ulcerated and on healing may leave a depressed scar.

lupus erythemato´sus tu´midus a variant of discoid or systemic lupus erythematosus in which the lesions are raised reddish purple or brown plaques. hypertrophic lupus erythematosus a form of discoid lupus erythematosus characterized by verrucous hyperkeratotic lesions. lupus hypertro´phicus 1. a variant of lupus vulgaris in which the lesions consist of a warty vegetative growth, often crusted or slightly exudative, usually occurring on moist areas near body orifices. • Systemic lupus erythematosus, see there. (2) Cutaneous tuberculosis (lupus vulgaris). lu·pus (lū'pŭs) A term originally used to depict erosion (as if gnawed) of the skin, now used with modifying terms designating different varieties of the disease. [L. wolf] lupus (loo'pus) [L. lupus, wolf] Originally any chronic, progressive, usually ulcerating, skin disease. In current usage, when the word is used alone, it has no precise meaning.

discoid lupus erythematosus Abbreviation: DLE A chronic skin disease characterized by periodic acute appearances of a scaling, red, macular rash. DLE is caused by an autoimmune process involving both B-cell– and T-cell–mediated mechanisms that destroy the skin's basal cells. DLE is treated with topical corticosteroids. It is found in about 5% to 30% of patients who have systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (esp. those who smoke) but also may occur alone (without other findings of SLE). See: autoimmune disease ; systemic lupus erythematosus Treatment The patient should avoid exposure to the sun. Skin lesions should be treated with topical corticosteroids, but overuse of these preparations should be avoided. drug-induced systemic lupus erythematosus A group of signs and symptoms similar to those of systemic lupus erythematosus, caused by an adverse reaction to drugs, esp. procainamide, hydralazine, and isoniazid. Joint inflammation and pain, skin rash, pleurisy, and fever are the most common manifestations; kidney and central nervous system involvement are rare.

Antinuclear antibodies, specifically against the histones that fold DNA, are common. Some patients develop antinuclear antibodies but do not develop lupus-like symptoms. The lupus-like syndrome usually disappears when the drug causing it is discontinued. See: antinuclear antibodies ; systemic lupus erythematosus lupus erythematosus Lupus profundus. lupus pernio Purple, noncaseating granulomas occurring on the face, esp. around the nose, eyes, cheeks, lips, and ears. Lupus in lupus pernio is misleading because it suggests a connection with systemic lupus erythematosus; lupus pernio is actually a finding of the skin in sarcoidosis. lupus profundus A deeply scarring, atrophic rash occasionally found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, caused by inflammation of subcutaneous fatty tissue. Synonym: lupus panniculitis systemic lupus erythematosus Abbreviation: SLE A chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease of connective tissue involving multiple organ systems and marked by periodic acute episodes.

Its name is derived from the characteristic erythematous butterfly rash over the nose and cheeks, which resembles a wolf's snout, although this is present in less than 50% of patients. The disease is most prevalent in women (ratio of 8:1 women:men) of childbearing age (ratio of 15:1). Although it occurs worldwide, it is most prevalent among black and Asian peoples. Etiology and Pathology SLE is classified as an autoimmune disease in which the body seems to be unable to maintain normal mechanisms of tolerance to autoantigens. Activation of T helper cells and B cells results in the production of autoantibodies that attack antigens in the cytoplasm and nucleus of cells and on the surface of blood cells. The exact cause of SLE is unknown: genetic defects, hormonal changes, infection, physical or mental stress, some drugs, immunizations, and environmental triggers (sunlight, UV light exposure) are possible predisposing factors.

See: autoimmune disease ; glomerulonephritis Autoantibodies can react with autoantigens to form immune complexes in such large numbers that they cannot be completely excreted; the immune complexes may precipitate within blood vessels, producing inflammation at the site and disrupting the flow of blood and oxygen to tissues. These deposits are particularly damaging in the glomeruli. Autoantibodies also promote the destruction of cells by stimulating neutrophil and macrophage phagocytic activity, which increases cell destruction from trauma, infection, or drugs. Diagnosis In 1997, revised criteria for diagnosis of SLE were established.

The diagnosis can be made if four or more of the following criteria are present, either at one time or sequentially: (1) butterfly rash; (2) raised, scaly discoid skin lesions; (3) abnormal titer of antinuclear antibodies seen by immunofluorescence; (4) other autoantibodies (anti-Sm; serological tests for syphilis); (5) pleuritis or pericarditis (together referred to as “serositis”); (6) hemolytic anemia, leukopenia (white blood cell count less than 4,000 mm3), lymphopenia (lymphocyte count less than 1,500/mm3), or thrombocytopenia of less than 100,000/mm3; (7) oral or nasopharyngeal ulcers; (8) nonerosive arthritis; (9) psychosis or seizures without other clear cause; (10) photosensitivity skin rash; and (11) proteinuria greater than 0.5 g/day or cellular casts in the urine.

Some drugs can cause a lupus-like syndrome; the most common of these are procainamide, isoniazid, and hydralazine. See: drug-induced systemic lupus erythematosus Symptoms The onset of the disease may be acute or insidious. Patients have a wide variety of clinical symptoms, signs, and laboratory findings, but anemia, thrombocytopenia, polyarthritis, (polyarthralgia) skin rashes, glomerulonephritis, fever, malaise, weight loss, fatigue, and low blood levels of complement are the most common. Other signs include pleuritis, pericarditis, myocarditis, neurological changes including behavioral changes and seizure activity (neural lupus), gastrointestinal ulcerations, Raynaud's phenomenon (present in about 20% of patients), and other problems caused by inflammatory changes of the blood vessels or connective tissue. Most patients are prone to infection. Treatment No cure for SLE exists, and complete remission is rare.

About 25% of patients have mild disease, demonstrating only minor skin and hematological signs, and can be treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for their arthritis symptoms and topical treatment (sometimes with corticosteroid creams) for skin lesions. Rashes may respond to antimalarials, e.g., hydroxychloroquine, but patients must be observed closely for the possibility of drug-induced retinal damage. Other treatments for skin rash include quinacrine, retinoids, and dapsone. Life-threatening and severely disabling conditions should be treated with high doses of corticosteroids and supplemental calcium to minimize osteoporosis, which may be an undesired side effect of long-term glucocorticoid use. Immunosuppressive drugs are used for severe exacerbations and to reduce steroid dosage. Prognosis The prognosis depends on which organ systems are involved, how severely they are damaged, and how rapidly the disease progresses. Ten-year survival rates are high (80%). Renal failure and infections are the most common causes of death. Patient care Patient education related to the disease, diagnostic procedures, and treatment is essential in lupus, as in any chronic disease. Ongoing assessment is carried out to assess flares of the illness.

The purpose, proper dosage, use, and side effects of drugs is taught. Patients need emotional support to help cope with changes in appearance. Patients should be taught to wear clothing and hats that block direct sunlight, use a sunscreen with a 15 or higher protection factor, and to maintain a diet appropriate for their renal functional status. The health care professional should help establish a regimen for adequate relief of both the musculoskeletal pain and chronic fatigue experienced by most patients, encouraging adequate rest. Heat packs relieve joint stiffness and pain, and regular gentle exercise helps to maintain full range of motion. Physical and occupational therapy consultations are provided as appropriate. Additional support and teaching depend on the organ system most affected by the disease. If the female patient of childbearing age has no renal or neurologic impairment, she can have a safe, successful pregnancy if desired. Over time, patients with severe progressive disease need assistance in coping with chronic illness and the possibility of mortality. Referrals to the Lupus Foundation of America (202-349-1155; and the Arthritis Foundation (800-283-7800; are helpful.

See: illustration lupus vulgaris Tuberculosis of the skin; characterized by patches that break down and ulcerate, leaving scars on healing. lupus A general and imprecise term referring to one of a variety of severe skin disorders, especially LUPUS VULGARIS . Lupus (systemic lupus erythematosus or SLE) A chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder that may affect many organ systems including the skin, joints, and internal organs.

lupus generic term for systemic and discoid lupus erythematosus discoid lupus erythematosus; DLE localized systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), characterized by similar skin lesions, but without marked systemic effects; may later progress to SLE systemic lupus erythematosus; SLE; lupus autoimmune, inflammatory, connective tissue disease, characterized variably by fever, weakness and fatigability, joint pain and/or rheumatoid-like arthritis, severe Raynaud's phenomenon, diffuse erythematous vasculitis of sun-exposed skin (facial 'butterfly' rash), red nails/lunulae, epidermal atrophy (± ulceration), lymphadenopathy, pleurisy, pericarditis, glomerulonephritis, anaemia, hyperglobinaemia; more common in younger women, and women of Black African ancestry lupus (lōōˑ·p n an inflammatory, autoimmune disorder of connective tissue; occurs mainly in young women. Citation, lu·pus (lū'pŭs) A term originally used to depict erosion (as if gnawed) of the skin, now used with modifying terms designating various diseases.

[L. wolf]

Question: Pernio is the Latin name for which medical complaint?
Answer: Chilblain