The 22nd of May 1951 AD, Burgess and Maclean Defect Burgess and Maclean Defect Oxted , Surrey The 22nd of May 1951 AD There are aspects of the spying careers of Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean that are so absurd that only two explanations of how they remained undetected for so long are possible: either British intelligence during and immediately after WWII was so riddled with Russian spies, and/or so ineffective, that they escaped detection; or they were of value as trusted conduits for information that Britain wished to feed to Stalin. British intelligence was certainly full of Russian spies. In addition to Burgess and Maclean there was Kim Philby , who remarkably even after his warning to Maclean via Burgess still managed to avoid prosecution and though forced to resign was later recruited again. Anthony Blunt , who met Burgess at Southampton when he arrived on the Queen Mary on his mission to warn Maclean, was another. John Cairncross is largely accepted as ï¿½the fifth manï¿½ though it is suspected that Roger Hollis, who eventually rose to head MI5, may also have worked for Moscow.

Leo Long was another Cambridge -educated and recruited Russian agent (Hollis the only Oxford man in this list). Kim Philby in Washington became aware the British and American intelligence services were close to uncovering Maclean as a Russian spy; he had Burgess disgrace himself by drunken speeding antics so he would be ordered home and could tell Maclean to flee. It is thought Blunt devised the route (a hire car from Macleanï¿½s elegant home in Tatsfield, Surrey, the St Malo Ferry, and thence by train to Paris and Moscow). It is unclear whether the KGB wanted Burgess to accompany Maclean to Moscow, fearing he would be identified and crack under questioning; or if Burgess lost his nerve and fled without orders. The disappearance of the two men on May 25 1951 confirmed their treachery to the authorities, but they were kept out of sight in Moscow for a considerable time, and the British government only admitted the truth of their actions in 1956 after the pair surfaced there.

Kim Philby: The spy who went into the cold - BBC News BBC News Kim Philby: The spy who went into the cold By George Carey Director, The Spy Who Went Into The Cold 18 November 2013 Close share panel Image caption Kim Philby is buried in Moscow's Kuntsevo cemetery, not far from Leon Trotsky's assassin Fifty years ago one of Britain's most infamous spies, Kim Philby, defected to the Soviet Union. The unresolved questions surrounding his defection reveal blind spots in the British ruling class that made it vulnerable to KGB penetration. On a stormy night in January 1963, Kim Philby skipped a dinner party in Beirut and boarded a freighter bound for the Soviet Union. He had been working for the communists since he was 22, but instead of a hero's welcome, he was shut away in a flat near Moscow city centre and allowed nowhere near the organisation he had served for so long. Even the Russians were suspicious that he had got away scot-free. Find out more Watch Storyville: The Spy Who Went Into The Cold on BBC Four at 22:00 GMT on Monday 18 November or catch it later on iPlayer.

Storyville, The Spy who Went into the Cold At the time, his defection made little news in Britain. On the face of it, a middle-aged journalist with a tendency to drink too much had simply gone missing. In a letter to the Foreign Office, the British ambassador in Beirut hazarded a guess that he had gone off on what he politely called a "lost weekend". Six weeks passed before his own newspaper, the Observer, even mentioned his absence. But when the news did break in the summer it started a slow-burning bonfire of recrimination over the way British intelligence was run. Philby was a leading member of the so-called Cambridge spy ring, a group of well-educated young men who all joined the Soviet cause in the 1930s. At the height of his clandestine career, he was both working for the KGB and in charge of MI6 operations against the Soviet Union. THE CAMBRIDGE SPY RING Guy Burgess - former BBC journalist who became an MI5 agent but defected in 1951. Died in 1963. Donald Maclean - defected along with Burgess in 1951. They both re-emerged in Moscow in 1956.

Died in 1983. Kim Philby - After Burgess and Maclean defected he denied being a spy but defected in 1963. Died in Moscow in 1988. Anthony Blunt - Confessed his role after Philby defected but was given immunity from prosecution. Margaret Thatcher ordered him to be unmasked as a spy in 1979. He died in 1983. The "Fifth Man" - MI5 has never acknowledged there was a fifth member of the ring. The prime suspect was John Cairncross, who purportedly made a secret confession to MI5 soon after Burgess defected. He was publicly identified as the Fifth Man in 1990 by KGB defector Oleg Gordievsky. He died in 1995. He did come under suspicion after Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean defected in 1951, and had to resign from his job. But the spy-catchers in MI5 failed to pin anything on him, so his friends in MI6 rallied round to find him work as a journalist in Beirut and even re-employ him as an occasional secret agent.

Beirut was a city awash with spies when he arrived there after the Suez crisis of 1956, and it was not long before Philby was back in business as a double agent. Parties and drink played a large part in his life. Whether he was picking up information for his editors or his spymasters, he never seemed to be far from a bar. His favourite - Joe's Bar - was a few yards from what was then the British embassy. In those days the Foreign Office paid their staff a special allowance for renting an extra home in the hills to escape the heat of the afternoon. Just before lunch, diplomats would emerge from the embassy "for a few stiff ones" at Joe's Bar before setting off for the hills. Philby was always at a table near the back, one of them told me, apparently speechless with alcohol but listening carefully to all the gossip. In 1960 one of Philby's best friends in MI6, Nicholas Elliott, was sent to Beirut as head of station. Image caption Kim Philby lived in a fifth floor flat in this building in Beirut Elliott was an Old Etonian with a penchant for risque stories.

When he arrived, he called the young embassy press officer in and told him Philby was a man who could be trusted with information. For a couple of years, Kim seemed to be back in the fold, rumours about his treachery forgotten. But in London a storm was brewing. It had started with a chance conversation in Tel Aviv. A reliable source had revealed that she had once been approached by Philby to spy for the Russians. That was passed on to a tiny cabal of MI6 and MI5 top brass who concluded they now had enough evidence to extract a confession from him. But instead of sending a professional interrogator from MI5 they decided at the last moment to ask Philby's old pal Nicholas Elliott to handle it. The confrontation was in the middle of January 1963. A few days later, on 23 January, Philby disappeared. When it was revealed he was in Moscow, "sources" quickly let it be known that before he fled he had confessed, verbally and in writing, as though in some way the fact that he had not been arrested was of less material importance.

Image caption Philby at a picnic near Beirut shortly before he defected to the Soviet Union But as the years rolled by, journalists and historians unearthed a different story. Yes, there had been a confrontation, but the recording of the confession was apparently drowned out by traffic noise. And the written confession was apparently not worth much either. In other words, the operation had been bungled. One possibility of course was that they had wanted him to run to avoid more embarrassment back home, but whether that is true or not, what haunted the intelligence services was that he had obviously been tipped off in advance. Who else among them was a spy? - they asked for decades afterwards. My theory is that the tip-off could have come from Anthony Blunt, who was later revealed to be a traitor but was then a confidant of at least two members of the small group who knew what was going on. Image caption Anthony Blunt, who was keeper of the Queen's pictures, was unmasked as a spy in 1979. Did he tip off Kim Philby on a bogus orchid-hunting trip? In December 1962, he went on a private trip to Beirut to stay with his friend, the British ambassador.

He said he had come to find a frog orchid. But the orchid expert at Kew Gardens told me frog orchids do not grow in Lebanon, so he must have been lying. I cannot prove that theory, any more than other spy hunters can prove theirs. The definitive answers may lie in the files of MI6. But even after 50 years they have not been made public. Why? For reasons of "national security". They would say that, wouldn't they? Watch Storyville: The Spy Who Went Into The Cold on BBC Four at 22:00 GMT on Monday 18 November or catch it later on iPlayer. The Day the Traitors Burgess and Maclean Left Town « Another Nickel In The Machine The Day the Traitors Burgess and Maclean Left Town Donald Duart Maclean and Guy Francis de Moncy Burgess Guy Burgess woke at around 9.30 on the morning of Friday, 25 May 1951 in his untidy, musty-smelling bedroom. Next to his bed was an overflowing ashtray and lying on the floor was a half-read Jane Austen novel.

Since his return from Washington DC three weeks previously, where he had been second secretary at the British embassy, he had been rising relatively late. Burgess had left in disgrace, and at the British Ambassador’s behest, after several embarrassing incidents. These included being caught speeding at 80 mph three times in just one hour, pouring a plate of prawns into his jacket pocket and leaving them there for a week and perhaps more importantly, as far as his job was concerned, he was rather too casual with important and confidential papers. This wasn’t all, while in America he had been drunk nearly continuously and he was thoroughly disliked by most of the people with whom he came in contact. Now back in London Burgess was living in a small three-roomed flat in Mayfair situated at Clifford Chambers, 10 New Bond Street and opposite Asprey the famous jewellers. The location was (and is of course) a very salubrious part of London. In 1951, if for some reason you had been looking for an area in the world that was visually and politically diametrically opposed to anywhere in the Soviet Union, Bond Street would have been pretty high up on your list.

Burgess, the infamous Eton and Cambridge-educated Soviet spy, coped with the irony with surprising ease at least until this Friday morning when his world suddenly turned upside down. Clifford Chambers, 10 New Bond Street in Mayfair today. Jack ‘Jacky’ Hewit Not long after he had woken Burgess had been brought a cup of tea by his flatmate, and erstwhile lover, Jack Hewit. Known to to his friends as ‘Jacky’, Hewit was now a slightly over-weight office clerk but had once been a ballet and chorus dancer in the West End. They were now very close friends and had been sharing various flats in and around Mayfair for fourteen years. Hewit later wrote of that morning: Guy lay back, reading a book and smoking, and he seemed normal and unworried. When I left the flat to go to my office, Guy said ‘See you later, Mop’ – that was his pet name for me. We intended to have a drink together that evening. Burgess and Hewit’s flat on New Bond Street. Not the most salubrious flat in Mayfair.

Burgess’s books he eventually left behind he took with him a volume of Jane Austen’s collected novels. At the same time as Burgess was waking up, Donald Duart Maclean had already caught his usual train from Sevenoaks some two hours previously and was sitting at his desk in Whitehall. He was head of the American department at the Foreign Office in King Charles Street. The job sounds important but care was already being made that it was of no operational significance. For several weeks now, along with three other suspects, Maclean had been under suspicion for leaking atomic secrets to the Soviet Union. In the last few days, however, the four had become just one. Donald Maclean in 1935 aged 22 Two years younger than Burgess, Maclean was exactly 38 years old for it was his birthday and he had asked if he could take the next morning as leave (Saturday mornings were still worked by many civil-servants in the 1950s) so he could celebrate with family friends at home in Surrey. Maclean was the son of one of the most illustrious Liberal families in the country.

His father, Sir Donald Maclean, had first entered Parliament as the Liberal member for Bath in 1906 and was President of the Board of Education in the cabinet when he died in 1932. At around 10-10.30 that morning a senior MI5 officer and the head of Foreign Office security were received by Mr Herbert Morrison, who had recently become Foreign Secretary, in his large office in Whitehall. After reading a few papers Morrison signed one of them. This gave MI5 permission to question Donald Maclean about links with the Soviet Union. Herbert Morrison in 1951, his daughter gave birth to Peter Mandelson two years later Both Maclean and Burgess knew something was wrong. A few days previously they had met for lunch. Originally intending to eat at the Reform club they found the dining room full and they walked to the nearby Royal Automobile Club along Pall Mall. Ostensibly they were meeting about a memorandum that Burgess had previously prepared about American policy in the Far East and the threat of McCarthyism, but on the way Maclean said: I’m in frightful trouble. I’m being followed by the dicks.

He pointed out two men standing by the corner of the Carlton Club and said, “those are the people who are following me.” Burgess later described the two men: There they were, jingling their coins in a policeman-like manner and looking embarrassed at having to follow a member of the upper classes. London Reform Club, 104 Pall Mall in the fifties Dining room at the Royal Automobile Club At around the same time as the Herbert Morrison meeting in Whitehall, Burgess left his flat in New Bond Street. He had just received a telephone call from Western Union relaying a telegraph from Kim Philby in Washington about a car he had left behind in Washington. In reality it was a coded message that Maclean would be interrogated after the weekend. Burgess hurried to the Green Park Hotel on Half Moon Street (a former town house in a terrace built in 1730 – the hotel is still there and is now known as the Hilton Green Park Hotel) just off Piccadilly and about ten minutes walk from his flat. At the hotel he met a young American student called Bernard Miller whom he had befriended on his journey back from the US on the Queen Mary.

Burgess later described him as - “an intelligent progressive sort of chap” . They had a coffee in the hotel’s comfortable lounge and then went for a walk in nearby Green Park. They had previously planned a short trip to France and Burgess had already booked two tickets for a boat that sailed that night. They hadn’t been walking long before Burgess suddenly stopped, turned to his surprised American friend who had been animatedly chatting away about their trip, and said: Sorry Bernard, I haven’t been listening, really. You see, a young friend at the Foreign Office is in serious trouble, and I have to help him out of it, somehow. Burgess assured the shocked Miller that he would do everything he could to make their midnight channel-ferry but he couldn’t be definite until a few hours later. By now it was just before midday and the American went back to his hotel and Burgess went to the Reform Club for a large whisky and a think about what was lying a head. After half an hour he asked the Porter to call Welbeck 3991 and ordered a hire-car for ten days.

While Burgess was slumped in a large corner armchair at his club Maclean left his office and walked up Whitehall and across Trafalgar Square to meet a couple of friends for lunch in Old Compton Street. They walked through a door which was part of a green facade with the heading ‘Oysters/WHEELER’s & Co./Merchants’ written along the top. Cyril Connolly and Caroline Blackwood (soon to become Mrs Lucian Freud) outside Wheelers in 1951. Connolly, the writer and critic, was a friend of Burgess. Two days after Burgess returned to London he described Washington to Connolly: “Absolutely frightful because of Senator McCarthy. Terrible atmosphere. All these purges.” In the early fifties Wheeler’s restaurant was a Soho institution. The owner was Bernard Walsh who started Wheeler’s in Soho in 1929 as a small retail oyster shop. Noticing how popular his oysters were in London’s top restaurants he bought a few tables and chairs and started serving them himself.

By 1951, when Maclean and his friends visited for lunch, the restaurant featured a long counter on the left-hand side where a waiter or Walsh himself opened oysters at frightening speed. There was a large menu which had thirty-two ways of serving sole and lobster but no vegetables save a few boiled potatoes. During post-war austerity when English food was at its dreariest and some of it still rationed, Wheeler’s seemed a luxury. Francis Bacon with friends, including Lucian Freud and Frank Auerbach at Wheeler’s in 1951/2 When Donald Maclean came out of Wheeler’s and turned left this would have been his view in 1951 The restaurant was very crowded on that particular Friday lunchtime and after sharing a dozen oysters and some chablis at the bar Maclean and his friends decided to eat the rest of their lunch elsewhere. Maclean seemed unconcerned and almost nonchalant as he and his friends walked up Greek Street, through Soho Square on to Charlotte Street where they had two further courses at a German restaurant called Schmidt’s situated at numbers 35-37. This area of London was still known to most people then as North Soho.

The name Fitzrovia would generally not be used for a decade or two and was named after the Fitzroy Tavern. Coincidentally ‘Fitzrovia’ was recorded in print for the first time by Tom Driberg, the independent and later Labour MP – and a close friend of Guy Burgess. Most of the staff at Schmidt’s had been interned during the second world war which maybe explained why the waiters were infamously known as the rudest in the world. In the early 1950s the restaurant still served food using an old European restaurant custom where the waiters brought meals from the kitchen and only then sold them to the customers. After his relatively long lunch Maclean said goodbye to his friends and gratefully accepted an offer that he could stay with them while his wife was in hospital having their baby. She was only two weeks from having their third child and he said he’d call them in the following week to arrange the details. The Welbeck Motors car hire form. Burgess writes his address as ‘Reform Club’. While Maclean was having lunch Burgess called on Welbeck Motors at 7-9 Crawford Street half a mile or so north of Marble Arch to pick up his hire-car.

It was an Austin A70 and was due to be returned on June 4th, ten days later. He paid £25 cash in advance – £15 for the hire of the car and £10 deposit. Welbeck Motors became famous throughout the country ten years later when they created the first major fleet of mini-cabs. The fleet cost £560,000 and consisted of 800 Renault Dauphine cars that were being built in Acton at the time. Michael Gotla, the man behind the skillful publicity of Welbeck Motors, argued that the 1869 Carriage Act only applied to cabs that “plied for hire” on the street. He argued that his mini-cabs, could break the former black-cab monopoly because they only responded to calls phoned to their main office the number of which was WELBECK 0561.The fares, much to the chagrin of the traditional cabbies who charged far more, were only one shilling per mile .

The Renault Dauphine had the nickname “Widow-maker” due to its very unsafe cornering but the Welbeck Motors fleet of mini-cabs a huge success particularly to people who lived outside central London. The cars were also noticeable as the first to feature third-party advertisements on their bodywork,. A Corgi model of a Welbeck Motors’ ‘widow-maker’ Renault complete with advertising The Austin A70 Burgess drove the Austin down to Mayfair where he dropped into Gieve’s the tailors at number 27 Old Bond Street at around 3 pm. The two hundred year old company had only been at the premises for about ten years as the original flagship store a few doors down at number 21 had been destroyed by a German bomb in 1940. Gieves and Hawkes, incidentally, now possibly the most famous bespoke tailoring name in the world, only merged in 1974 when Gieve’s Ltd bought out Hawkes enabling it to also acquire the valuable freehold of No. 1 Savile Row. The acquisition was good timing because Gieve’s flagship store in Old Bond Street was again destroyed by high-explosive not long after the merger, this time courtesy of the IRA.

From 1975, number 1 Savile Row became Gieve’s and Hawkes which is where it is today. Gieve’s after the IRA bomb in 1974 At Gieve’s, Burgess bought a ‘fibre’ suitcase and a white mackintosh and then went to meet Miller again. After a couple of drinks he dropped the young American back at his hotel telling him: “I’ll call for you at half-past seven.” Burgess didn’t, and Miller never saw him again. After his relatively long lunch Maclean took a taxi down to the Traveller’s Club – the West End club that had long been associated with the Foreign Office. He had two drinks at the bar and cashed a cheque for five pounds which he did most weekends so it wouldn’t have seemed unusual. There wasn’t anyone at the club he knew and he returned to his office just after three. Traveller’s Club at 106 Pall Mall Burgess drove back to the flat where he met Hewit who had by now returned from his office. While they were talking the phone rang which Burgess quickly answered and made it clear that he was talking to Maclean.

Visibly upset Burgess left the flat almost immediately and he was never to see Hewit again. He had time before leaving to grab £300 in cash and some saving certificates and packed some clothes and his treasured copy of Jane Austen’s collected novels in his new suitcase. He also asked to borrow Hewit’s overcoat. Burgess was next seen at the Reform Club in Pall Mall where he asked for a road map of the North of England presumably to lay a false trail and from there he drove to Maclean’s home at Tatsfield in Surrey. Maclean left the Foreign Office at exactly 4.45 and walked up Whitehall to Charing Cross Station joining the hurrying commuter crowd. The two Mi5 ‘dicks’ were of course still following him but it was only as far as the station where they made sure he got on his usual 5.19 train to Sevenoaks The two friends arrived within half an hour of each other at Maclean’s house. Burgess was introduced to Melinda, Maclean’s wife, as Mr Roger Stiles – a business colleague. They all sat down for the birthday dinner at seven for which Melinda had cooked a special ham for the occasion.

After the meal Maclean put a few things into a briefcase including a silk dressing gown and casually told his wife that he and ‘Stiles’ would have to go on a business trip but would not be away for more than a day. Melinda Maclean leaving hospital in June after the birth of her baby. She once wrote to her sister saying: “Donald is still pretty confused and vague about himself, and his desires, but I think when he gets settled he will find a new security and peace. I hope so…He is still going to R. (the psychiatrist), however, and is definitely better. She is still baffled about the homosexual side which comes out when he’s drunk, and I think slight hostility in general, to women.” With Burgess at the wheel of the cream-coloured Austin A70 hire-car they set off for Southampton at around 9 pm. Their destination was Southampton 100 miles away. The cross-channel ferry ‘Falaise’, for which Burgess had his previously bought tickets, was due to leave for St Malo at midnight. They made it with just minutes to spare and after abandoning the Austin on the quayside they ran up the gangway almost as it was being raised.

A dock worker called at them: “What about your car?” Burgess shouted: “I’m back on Monday.” The ship that Burgess and Maclean took to St Malo He wasn’t of course and Burgess and Maclean never set foot in Britain again. It wasn’t until five years later that Krushchev admitted that the two traitors were now living in the Soviet Union. Burgess, who perhaps unsurprisingly didn’t really enjoy the Soviet lifestyle, continued to order his suits from Savile Row. In 1963 he died of chronic liver failure due to alcoholism. Maclean found it far easier than his spying partner to assimilate into the Soviet system and became a respected citizen. He died of a heart attack in 1983. Burgess sunbathing in Russia and making the best of a place he hated. Ian Fleming’s first James Bond novel was written in 1952, the year after Burgess and Maclean’s defection. In it, James Bond has a rare crisis of confidence: This country-right-or-wrong business is getting a little out-of-date,” he says, “Today we are fighting Communism. Okay.

If I’d been alive fifty years ago, the brand of Conservatism we have today would have been damn near called Communism and we should have been told to go and fight that. History is moving pretty quickly these days and heroes and villains keep on changing parts. The ‘Third Man’ Kim Philby at a press conference in 1955 after he had been accused in Parliament of being an associate of Burgess and Maclean. He shows the confidence and extraordinary charm that enabled him to keep undercover for so long. He defected to Russia from Beirut in 1963 and died in 1988 of heart failure. While in the Soviet Union he had an affair with Melinda Maclean. The ‘Fourth Man’ Anthony Blunt being interviewed by Richard Dimbleby as the Surveyor of the Queen’s Pictures. Blunt was one of the first people to search Burgess’s flat after he had absconded enabling him to remove any incriminatory material.

Obviously not documents considered ‘incriminatory’ by Anthony Blunt but these drawings of Lenin and Stalin by Burgess were left behind in the flat at New Bond Street after he had fled to Russia Guy Burgess Guy Burgess References Guy Burgess, the elder son of Commander Malcolm Kingsford de Moncy Burgess and his wife, Evelyn Mary, was born in Devonport , Devon , on 16th April 1911. Burgess's father died in 1924 and his mother later married John Retallack Bassett, a retired lieutenant-colonel. (1) Burgess went to Eton College where he was taught history by Robert Birley . He later recalled: "He (Burgess) had a gift for plunging to the root of any question and his essays were on occasion full of insights. His career in the upper school passed wholly without blemish. No evidence whatever of any weaknesses or defects of character came to light." (2) Burgess won an open scholarship to read modern history at Trinity College .

According to Phillip Knightley , the author of Philby: KGB Masterspy (1988): "He (Burgess had come up from Eton to Trinity in 1930, set the university buzzing with his homosexual exhibitionism, and had been elected an Apostle, a mark of outstanding and all-round distinction. (The Apostles was a mixture of a dining club and a secret society which divided itself between King's, its spiritual home, and Trinity, where it had many members.). (3) Guy Burgess & the Communist Party Burgess joined the Cambridge University Socialist Society (CUSS) and most of his new friends held left-wing views. This included Kim Philby , Anthony Blunt , Donald Maclean and James Klugmann . At university he was described as "amoral, witty, supremely dangerous and loud in his advocacy of communism." (4) It has been claimed that Maurice Dobb recruited Burgess to the Communist Party of Great Britain in November 1932.

Over the next two years he managed to inject into the CUSS's "debates a note of passionate left-wing political content to replace the usual literary, artistic and philosophical subjects." (5) Guy Burgess Robert Birley claimed that when he visited Burgess at university in 1931: "Guy wasn't in when I arrived so I entered his room in New Court and waited (during the summer of 1931). There were many books on his shelves, and I'm always drawn to other people's taste in reading. As I expected, his taste was fairly wide and interesting. I noticed a number of Marxist tracts and textbooks, but that's not what really shocked and depressed me. I realized that something must have gone terribly wrong when I came across an extraordinary array of explicit and extremely unpleasant pornographic literature. He bustled in finally, full of cheerful apologies for being late as usual, and we talked happily enough over the tea-cups." (6) According to John Costello , the author of Mask of Treachery (1988), Blunt became very close to Guy Burgess : "Blunt was intensely fond of Burgess, and his personal loyalty never wavered...

Burgess and Blunt did not share a lifelong sexual passion for each other, according to other bedmates... Such evidence as there is confirms that their intimacy quickly outgrew the bedroom. This was in keeping with the character of Burgess and his insatiable sexual appetite... Burgess had a peculiar talent for transforming his former lovers into close friends. To many of them, including Blunt, he became both father confessor and pimp who could be relied on to procure partners. Burgess devoured sex as he did alcohol - an over-indulgence that suggests he was drowning a deep sense of sexual inadequacy." (7) Anthony Blunt Burgess gained a first in part one of the history tripos (1932) and an aegrotat in part two (1933), and held a two-year postgraduate teaching fellowship. (8) Although his friends admired his intelligence and wit he made a lot of enemies: "He (Burgess) had epigrammjatic wit and an air of omniscience which belied his years; yet his goatlike agility of mind went with an unguarded tongue.

He would utter malicious and wounding comments at the drop of a hat against anyone blocking the maze of intersecting paths he followed." (9) Arnold Deutsch In January 1934 Arnold Deutsch , one of NKVD's agents, was sent to London. As a cover for his spying activities he did post-graduate work at London University . In May he made contact with Litzi Friedmann and Edith Tudor Hart . They discussed the recruitment of Soviet spies. Litzi suggested her husband, Kim Philby . "According to her report on Philby's file, through her own contacts with the Austrian underground Tudor Hart ran a swift check and, when this proved positive, Deutsch immediately recommended... that he pre-empt the standard operating procedure by authorizing a preliminary personal sounding out of Philby." (10) Kim Philby later recalled that in June 1934. "Lizzy came home one evening and told me that she had arranged for me to meet a 'man of decisive importance'. I questioned her about it but she would give me no details. The rendezvous took place in Regents Park. The man described himself as Otto. I discovered much later from a photograph in MI5 files that the name he went by was Arnold Deutsch.

I think that he was of Czech origin; about 5ft 7in, stout, with blue eyes and light curly hair. Though a convinced Communist, he had a strong humanistic streak. He hated London, adored Paris, and spoke of it with deeply loving affection. He was a man of considerable cultural background." (11) Deutsch asked Philby if he was willing to spy for the Soviet Union : "Otto spoke at great length, arguing that a person with my family background and possibilities could do far more for Communism than the run-of-the-mill Party member or sympathiser... I accepted. His first instructions were that both Lizzy and I should break off as quickly as possible all personal contact with our Communist friends." It is claimed by Christopher Andrew , the author of The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5 (2009) that Philby became the first of "the ablest group of British agents ever recruited by a foreign intelligence service." (12) Philby's Spy Network Arnold Deutsch asked Kim Philby to make a list of potential recruits.

The first person he approached was his friend, Donald Maclean , who had been a fellow member of the Cambridge University Socialist Society (CUSS) and now working in the Foreign Office. Philby invited him to dinner, and hinted that there was important clandestine work to be done on behalf of the Soviet Union. He told him that "the people I could introduce you to are very serious." Maclean agreed to met Deutsch. He was told to carry a book with a bright yellow cover into a particular café at a certain time. Deutsch was impressed with Maclean who he described as being "very serious and aloof" with "good connections". Maclean was given the codename "Orphan". (13) Maclean was also ordered to give up his communist friends. In May 1934 Philby arranged for Deutsch to meet Guy Burgess. (14) At first Deutsch rejected Burgess as a potential spy. He reported to headquarters that Burgess was "very smart... but a bit superficial and could let slip in some circumstances." Burgess began to suspect that his friend Maclean was working for the Soviets. He told Maclean: "Do you think that I believe for even one jot that you have stopped being a communist?

You're simply up to something." (15) When Maclean told Deutsch about the conversation, he reluctantly signed him up. Burgess went around telling anyone who would listen that he had swapped Karl Marx for Benito Mussolini and was now a devotee of Italian fascism. (16) Burgess along with Philby joined the also joined the Anglo-German Fellowship , a pro-fascist society formed in 1935 to foster closer understanding with Adolf Hitler . Guy Burgess Burgess now suggested the recruitment of one of his friends, Anthony Blunt . According to Blunt's biographer, Michael Kitson : "Blunt - hitherto the image of an elegant, apolitical, social young academic - began to take an interest in Marxism under the influence of his friend the charming, scandalous Guy Burgess, a fellow Apostle, who had recently converted to communism. Blunt's move to the left can be plotted in his art reviews, in which he turned from a Bloomsbury acolyte into an increasingly dogmatic defender of social realism.

He eventually came to attack even his favourite contemporary artist, Picasso, for the painting Guernica's insufficient incorporation of communism." (17) Other friends, John Cairncross and Michael Straight were also recruited during this period. Arnold Deutsch handled recruitment but much of the day-to-day management of the spies were carried out by another agent, Theodore Maly . Born in Timişoara , Romania , he studied theology and became a priest but on the outbreak of the First World War he joined the Austro-Hungarian Army . He told Elsa Poretsky , the wife of Ignaz Reiss : "During the war I was a chaplain, I had just been ordained as a priest. I was taken prisoner in the Carpathians. I saw all the horrors, young men with frozen limbs dying in the trenches. I was moved from one camp to another and starved along with other prisoners. We were all covered with vermin and many were dying of typhus. I lost my faith in God and when the revolution broke out I joined the Bolsheviks. I broke with my past completely. I was no longer a Hungarian, a priest, a Christian, even anyone's son.

I became a Communist and have always remained one." (18) As Ben Macintyre , the author of A Spy Among Friends (2014), has pointed out: "For a spy, Maly was conspicuous, standing six feet four inches tall, with a shiny grey complexion", and gold fillings in his front teeth. But he was a most subtle controller, who shared Deutsch's admiration for Philby." (19) Maly described Philby as "an inspirational figure, a true comrade and idealist." (20) According to Deutsch: "Both of them (Philby and Maly) were intelligent and experienced professionals, as well as genuinely very good people." (21) Guy Burgess Christopher Andrew has argued in his book, The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5 (2009): "KGB files credit Deutsch with the recruitment of twenty agents during his time in Britain. The most successful, however, were the Cambridge Five: Philby, Maclean, Burgess, Blunt and Cairncross....

All were committed ideological spies inspired by the myth-image of Stalin's Russia as a worker-peasant state with social justice for all rather than by the reality of a brutal dictatorship with the largest peacetime gulag in European history. Deutsch shared the same visionary faith as his Cambridge recruits in the future of a human race freed from the exploitation and alienation of the capitalist system. His message of liberation had all the greater appeal for the Five because it had a sexual as well as a political dimension. All were rebels against the strict sexual mores as well as the antiquated class system of inter war Britain. Burgess and Blunt were gay and Maclean bisexual at a time when homosexual relations, even between consenting adults, were illegal. Cairncross, like Philby a committed heterosexual, later wrote a history of polygamy." (22) Anglo-German Fellowship Guy Burgess had a wide variety of different jobs. A friend from university, Victor Rothschild , introduced Burgess to his mother, Rozsika Rothschild. She engaged him at £100 a month to give her advice about her investments.

"This was a sum five times what his contemporaries were earning, and the effort needed to earn it was so slight it left him time for other enterprises." (23) Burgess made three visits to Nazi Germany . This included a "fact-finding group" that included the right-wing Conservative Party MP, Captain John Macnamara , a fellow member of the Anglo-German Fellowship . They concluded that the Nazi government was doing a great job for Germany. In October 1936 Burgess was appointed to a post at the Talks Department of the BBC . This brought him into contact with senior British politicians. In March 1938 he was a courier between Neville Chamberlain and Edouard Daladier , and in September he urged Winston Churchill to repeat his warning against Adolf Hitler to Joseph Stalin . Churchill developed a friendship with Burgess and he gave him a signed copy of Churchill's Arms and the Covenant (1938). Burgess used his influence to arrange for friends Anthony Blunt and E. H. Carr to broadcast on the BBC. (24) Guy Burgess - MI6 In December 1938 Burgess joined the British secret service. He was appointed to section D of MI6 , dedicated to sabotage and subversion.

He became close to Guy Liddell and other senior officers. Burgess had become a member of the establishment. As Phillip Knightley , the author of Philby: KGB Masterspy (1988) has pointed out: "They considered themselves a class apart... Who else would have tolerated the drunken, aggressive, dirty, drug-taking Guy Burgess, seducer of sailors, lorry drivers and chorus boys, except the Bentinck Street clan who saw beyond his appalling facade into a brilliant and original intellect." (25) In December 1946 Burgess became private secretary to Hector McNeil, then minister of state at the Foreign Office. According to his biographer, Sheila Kerr , "Burgess... excitedly he told his Soviet controller about his rapid and sensational advance to the centre of British foreign and defence policy-making. Regarded as an expert on communism and with experience in propaganda, he was appointed to the information research department (IRD), a secret unit created to combat Soviet propaganda." (26) In December 1947 Burgess moved to the Information Research Department. The following year he joined the Far Eastern Department.

On a holiday in Tangier he had been heard talking with wild indiscretion in a bar by a member of the local SIS station. "Astonishingly, as it may now seem, his transfer to Washington was considered to be a punishment for this misdemeanour. Fearing they would suffer the worst of the punishment, members of the embassy staff who knew something of Burgess resisted his appointment, but to no avail, and after his name had been buck-passed round the offices for a time, he was eventually detailed to Middle East affairs, a subject of which he knew nothing." (27) When he arrived in Washington, Kim Philby suggested to his wife, Aileen Philby , that Burgess should live in the basement of their house. Nicholas Elliott explained that Aileen was completely opposed to the idea. "Knowing the trouble that would inevitably ensue - and remembering Burgess's drunken and homosexual orgies when he had stayed with them in Instanbul - Aileen resisted this move, but bowed in the end (and as usual) to Philby's wishes...

The inevitable drunken scenes and disorder ensued and tested the marriage to its limits." (28) Guy Burgess in Moscow Meredith Gardner and his code-breaking team at Arlington Hall discovered that a Soviet spy with the codename of Homer was found on a number of messages from the KGB station at the Soviet consulate-general in New York City to Moscow Centre. The cryptanalysts discovered that the spy had been in Washington since 1944. The FBI concluded that it could be one of 6,000 people. At first they concentrated their efforts on non-diplomatic employees of the embassy. In April 1951, the Venona decoders found the vital clue in one of the messages. Homer had had regular contacts with his Soviet control in New York, using his pregnant wife as an excuse. This information enabled them to identify the spy as Donald Maclean , the first secretary at the Washington embassy during the Second World War . (29) Kim Philby was told of the breakthrough. Philby took the news calmly as there was no real evidence, as yet, to connect him directly with Maclean, and the two men had not met for several years. MI5 decided not to arrest Maclean straight away.

The Venona material was too secret to be used in court and so it was decided to keep Maclean under surveillance in the hope of gathering further evidence, for example, catching him in direct contact with his Soviet controller. Philby relayed the news to Moscow and demanded that Maclean be extracted from the UK before he was interrogated and compromised the entire British spy network. Philby made the decision to use Guy Burgess to warn Maclean that he must flee to Moscow . The two men dined in a Chinese restaurant in downtown Washington, selected because it had individual booths with piped music, to prevent any eavesdroppers. Burgess said he would return to London in order to receive details of the escape plan. Before he left Philby made Burgess promise he would not flee with Maclean to Moscow: "Don't go with him when he goes. If you do, that'll be the end of me. Swear that you won't." Philby was aware that if Burgess went with Maclean, he would be suspected as a member of the network. (30) Guy Burgess - History Learning Site Guy Burgess Citation: C N Trueman "Guy Burgess" historylearningsite.co.uk.

The History Learning Site, 26 May 2015. 16 Aug 2016. Guy Burgess, who along with Donald Maclean , Anthony Blunt and Kim Philby formed the ‘Cambridge Four’, was a British-born Soviet spy who was active during World War Two and the Cold War . For years the treachery of Burgess went unnoticed but warned of his imminent arrest in 1951, he fled to the USSR. Guy Burgess was born in 1911 in Devonport, Devon. His father was a Commander in the Royal Navy and Burgess consequently had what can only be described as a quintessentially classic middle class education – Eton, Dartmouth Naval College and Trinity College, Cambridge. It was only poor eyesight that ended what was clearly planned for him – a career in the Royal Navy. At Trinity College, Burgess studied Modern History and after graduating in 1933, he held a two-year postgraduate teaching position. While at Trinity, Burgess belonged to the Cambridge Apostles, an elite debating society. One of the members of this society was Anthony Blunt.

Blunt had already been recruited by the KGB to identify like-minded people at Cambridge and to Blunt Burgess clearly fitted the bill. In 1934, Burgess openly renounced communism. However, this was done as a feint to hide his real support for Moscow. He built on this deception by joining the Anglo-German Fellowship, a pro- Nazi group that probably represented everything that Burgess actually detested. After his time at Trinity, Burgess was employed by the ‘Times’ and the BBC. He also spent some time in Spain during the Spanish Civil War . In 1938, Burgess joined Section D as a propaganda expert and during World War Two he worked in the press department at the Foreign Office. In 1945 he became secretary to the Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, Hector McNeil. In this position, Burgess had access to highly sensitive information that he took home before his work ended so that it could be photographed by his handler and then returned to the Foreign Office the following morning before anyone realised any documents had gone missing. To the Soviet Union Burgess was a very useful asset. However, he had set in place his own self-destruction. Burgess was an alcoholic and his behaviour could be very unpredictable.

In 1950, the diplomat Harold Nicholson wrote: “I dined with Guy Burgess. Oh my dear, what a sad, sad thing this constant drinking is. Guy used to have one of the most rapid and acute minds I knew. Now he is just an imitation of what he once was.” While serving at the British Embassy in Washington DC, he openly insulted the wife of a high-ranking CIA official. In an era when it was illegal in the UK to be a homosexual, Burgess was very indiscreet about his private activities. In October 1951, Kim Philby warned Burgess that MI5 was investigating his activities. In fact, MI5 was concentrating its investigation on Donald Maclean but Burgess believed that he had been brought into this investigation. A KGB controller, Yuri Modin, arranged for both men to defect to the USSR. Burgess resurfaced in 1956 in Moscow. Burgess never took to the life he faced in the USSR. He never bothered to learn Russian and his alcoholism got out of control. Burgess died from alcohol related illnesses in 1963 aged 52.

BBC ON THIS DAY | 11 | 1956: 'Cambridge spies' surface in Moscow 1956: 'Cambridge spies' surface in Moscow Two British diplomats who vanished in mysterious circumstances five years ago have reappeared in the Soviet Union. Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean handed a statement to four representatives from the press in a hotel room overlooking Moscow's Red Square. In their 1,000-word statement the former diplomats denied ever having been Soviet agents. They said they had come to the USSR to "work for the aim of better understanding between the Soviet Union and the West". In 1951 Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean were recalled to London from the British embassy in Washington after confidential documents went missing. It was not either man's first problem while in the service of the Foreign Office - in 1950 Maclean was rumoured to have suffered a breakdown brought on by overwork and excessive drinking. Burgess, 44, was also known to have a drink problem and had earlier been recalled from Washington for "serious misconduct". 'Third man' But after their recall in 1951 both men disappeared before they could be questioned.

At the time it was rumoured there was a "third man" who had tipped them off. Since then there has been continuing speculation about a spy ring composed of former Cambridge University students. During their meeting with the press - Richard Hughes of the Sunday Times newspaper, Sidney Weiland from Reuters news agency and two Russian journalists - Guy Burgess appeared to take the lead. But neither man - both dressed in apparently English-made pinstriped suits - was forthcoming when questioned by the journalists. Guy Burgess said: "I have given out too many statements to the Press in my time not to know what I have just given you fellows. "We just don't want to add to our statement," he said. But Mr Maclean, 42, did admit his family had joined him in Moscow. Just two weeks ago Russian leader Nikita Khrushchev denied Burgess and Maclean were in the USSR. However, Mr Khrushchev is due to visit London soon and his desire to avoid awkward questions about the pair is believed to be behind today's statement.

Guy Burgess Guy Burgess Guy Francis de Moncy Burgess Extra names: Гай Бёрджесс, Guy Francis De Moncy Burgess Categories: Person Guy Francis de Moncy Burgess (16 April 1911 – 30 August 1963) was a British radio producer, intelligence officer and Foreign Office official. He was part of the Cambridge Five spy ring that passed Western secrets to the Soviets before and during the Cold War. Burgess, Donald Maclean, Anthony Blunt, Kim Philby and another uncertain individual were the five members of the spy ring who contributed to the Communist cause with the transmission of secret Foreign Office and MI5 documents that described NATO military and Marshall Plan economic strategy. Early life and education Burgess was the son of Malcolm Kingsford de Moncy Burgess, a naval officer, and Evelyn Mary. Although he attended Royal Naval College,Dartmouth, he failed to follow in his father's footsteps. Like most of the Cambridge Five, he came from a privileged background, attendingLockers Park School and Eton College, and eventually attending Trinity College, Cambridge. He was recruited into the Cambridge Apostles, a secret, elite debating society at the University, whose members at the time included Anthony Blunt.

Burgess, together with Blunt, Maclean and Philby were recruited by the Comintern. Life and career Upon coming down from Cambridge, Burgess initially was personal assistant to the Conservative MP Captain "Jack" Macnamara. He then worked for the BBC, as a Talks Assistant, producing a wide variety of programmes. As war approached he was recruited into Section D of MI6 as a propaganda specialist, then returned to the BBC, eventually becoming the producer of The Week in Westminster, the flagship programme covering Parliamentary activity - wherein he was able to further his acquaintance with important politicians. In London Burgess resided at Chester Square and later 5, Bentinck Street, for sometime with Anthony Blunt and Teresa Mayor, later Lady Rothschild. The house, which belonged to Lord Rothschild, was a famous center of bohemian life during the Blitz. In the Spring of 1944 Burgess was recruited into the News Department of the Foreign Office by Alexander Cadogan, Permanent Undersecretary for Foreign Affairs, a position that gave him access to Foreign Office communications. When the Labour Government took office in the following year, Burgess became an assistant to Hector McNeil, Minister of State in the Foreign Office.

As McNeil's assistant, Burgess was able to transmit top secret Foreign Office documents to the KGB regularly, secreting them out at night to be photographed by his controller and returning them to McNeil's desk in the morning. Burgess later worked in the Foreign Office's Far Eastern section and in the Washington Embassy. During the Marshall Plan negotiations, Burgess and Maclean provided information to the Soviets about the negotiations and the implications of the agreements. Just before going to Washington, he fell down a marble staircase in the Royal Automobile Club on Pall Mall during a fight with a colleague and suffered multiple skull fractures, injuries from which he never fully recovered. While assigned to the British embassy in Washington, Burgess lived with Kim Philby in a basement flat, perhaps so that Philby could keep an eye on him. In 1951, Burgess accompanied Donald Maclean in an escape to Moscow after Maclean fell under suspicion for espionage, even though Burgess himself was not under suspicion. The escape was arranged by their controller, Yuri Modin. There is some debate as to why Burgess was asked to accompany Maclean, and whether he was misled about the prospect for him returning to England. Much of his time in the Soviet Union was spent in sanatoria on the Black Sea.

Unlike Maclean, who became a respected Soviet citizen in exile and lived until 1983, Burgess did not take to life in the Soviet Union very well. His homosexuality may have been a problem, though he lived openly with a lover. Also, unlike Maclean, he never bothered to learn Russian, furnished his flat from London and continued to order his clothes from his Savile Row tailor. Becoming ever more dependent on alcohol, he died, aged 52. In the memories of his contemporaries Harold Acton, in More Memoirs of an Aesthete, recalls meeting him at the beginning of World War II: "The most vindictive of these guys was Guy Burgess, later to win notoriety as one of the "Missing Diplomats", though nobody could have been less diplomatic. Brian confided me that his equipment was gargantuan - <<What is known as a whopper, my dear>>, which might account for his success in certain ambiguous quarters".

Legacy Anthony Blunt, in his memoir released to the public on 22 July 2009, 26 years after his death in 1983 and 46 years after Burgess's death in 1963, described Burgess as "an extraordinarily persuasive person" who talked him (Blunt) into joining the spy ring. Although they were both homosexual and even shared a house together, Blunt claims that there was "nothing sexual" in their relationship. The most immediate consequence was that Philby came under suspicion of being the "Third Man" who had tipped off Maclean and Burgess, especially since he and Burgess were known to be close friends and had shared a house in Washington. He was thus forced to resign from MI6 but was cleared by an official inquiry into the matter. Philby later defected to Russia in 1963. In an interview with spy writer and journalist Phillip Knightley held shortly before his death, Philby himself blamed his exposure on "that bloody man Burgess", who had effectively ruined his chances of becoming head of MI6 itself.

Genrikh Borovik, author of The Philby Files, claims that Burgess was actually tricked by the KGB into accompanying Maclean to Moscow on the basis that he would be able to return to Britain later, but never did. It later emerged that in 1959, when a British delegation led by Prime Minister Harold Macmillan was visiting Moscow, Burgess contacted members of the group asking permission to return to Britain and visit his dying mother. Informed by telegram, the then-Attorney General Sir Reginald Manningham-Buller admitted that there was insufficient evidence to arrest and prosecute Burgess for treason. The British delegates withheld this from Burgess and his mother died without seeing her son again. Macmillan also encouraged the leaking of misinformation to prevent Maclean from visiting Britain on a return trip from Cuba. Nonetheless, after his death, Burgess's body was returned to England and was interred in his mother's grave in West Meon in Hampshire. His name is inscribed in a discreet way rather than on the main headstone. Chronology 1911: Born in Devonport, England Studies at Eton College Studies at Dartmouth Royal Naval College Studies at Trinity College, Cambridge.

Meets the rest of the spy ring and becomes a supporter of the Communist party. Is inducted into the Cambridge Apostles, a secret society that is strongly Marxist at this point 1934: To hide his sympathies, he renounces communism and joins the Anglo-German Fellowship, a pro-Nazi group. Philby is also a member 1936-1944: works for the BBC. Produces the programme The Week in Westminster 1939-1941: Seconded to MI5 to work on war propaganda 1944: Joins the Foreign Office news department 1947: Sent to Washington, D.C. as a second secretary of the British Embassy 1951: meets Michael Straight in D.C.; Kim Philby warns Burgess that Maclean is under suspicion and will most likely be unmasked. Burgess and Maclean flee and go into hiding 1956: They appear in Moscow 1963: Dies in Moscow in the same year that Philby defects to Soviet Union.

According to Philby, they never met 1983: The grandson of Donald MacLean marries the great-grandniece of Guy Burgess in Dayton, Ohio (USA).[citation needed] His body now lies in West Meon, a small village in Hampshire, England. Works based on his life Another Country, a play by Julian Mitchell. Another Country a film based on the play, was directed by Marek Kanievska. Made in 1984, it starred Rupert Everett as Guy Bennett, a character based on Burgess. Colin Firth played Tommy Judd. Cary Elwes played Burgess' lover, James Harcourt. The entire film can be seen on YouTube. Philby, Burgess And Maclean, a 1977 television film made by Granada Television for the ITV network about the Burgess-Maclean defection and the subsequent investigation of Kim Philby. An Englishman Abroad, a 1983 television play by Alan Bennett starring Alan Bates as Guy Burgess, subsequently adapted for the stage by Bennett as the first act of Single Spies. Cambridge Spies, a four-part BBC TV series, starring Tom Hollander as Burgess.

A Morning With Guy Burgess, a dramatic biography by John Morrison, premièred in 2011 by Black Pig Theatre at the Courtyard, Hoxton, London N1 The Turning Point by Michael Dobbs, a novel that explores a little-known 1938 meeting between Burgess and Winston Churchill. The play was brought to life onstage in a live TV broadcast by Theatre LiveSky Arts with Benedict Cumberbatch portraying Burgess and Matthew Marsh as Churchill. Biographies, etc. Deacon, Richard (1986), The Cambridge Apostles: a History of Cambridge University's Elite Intellectual Secret Society. Holzman, Michael (2012), Guy Burgess: Revolutionary in an Old School Tie. Modin, Yuri (1994), My Five Cambridge Friends. Newton, Verne W. (1991), The Cambridge Spies: the Untold Story of Maclean, Philby, and Burgess in America. Carter, Miranda (2001), Anthony Blunt: His Lives. See also Mitrokhin Archive Barrie Penrose & Simon Freeman, Conspiracy of Silence: The Secret Life of Anthony Blunt, New York, 1987.

Kim Philby, My Silent War, New York, 2002. ISBN 0-375-75983-2. References ^ Kerr, Sheila. "Guy Francis de Moncy Burgess". Oxford DNB. Retrieved 17 April 2011. ^ H. Acton, More memoirs of an aesthete, London, Methuen 1970 ^ a b Daily Telegraph: "Anthony Blunt: confessions of spy who passed secrets to Russia during the war" ^ a b The fourth man speaks: Last testimony of Anthony Blunt The IndependentMcSmith, Andy. Thursday July 23, 2009. ^ a b The Philby Files by Genrikh Borovik, edited by Phillip Knightley, published by Little, Brown and Company, 1994 ^ "The bluff that fooled Soviet spy Burgess" by Ben Fenton, published by the Daily Telegraph, 29 January 2007 ^ "The Day Churchill Met Traitor Guy Burgess". Daily Express (London). 12 August 2009. Retrieved 22 September 2011.

London Times = 13 February 1956 Source: wikipedia.org

Question: In which year did Burges and Maclean defect?
Answer: 1951