Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) | University of Maryland Medical Center Swelling and soreness of the throat Sensitivity to light Cataracts Vitamin B2, along with other nutrients, is important for normal vision. Early studies suggest that riboflavin might help prevent cataracts, damage to the lens of the eye, which can lead to cloudy vision. In one double-blind, placebo-controlled study, people who took a niacin and riboflavin supplement had fewer cataracts than people who took other vitamins and nutrients. However, researchers do not know whether that was due to riboflavin, niacin, or the combination of the two. More research is needed to see if riboflavin can really help prevent cataracts. Migraine headache Several studies suggest that people who get migraines may reduce how often they get migraines and how long the migraines last by taking riboflavin. One double-blind, placebo-controlled study showed that taking 400 mg of riboflavin a day cut the number of migraine attacks in half. However, the study did not compare riboflavin to conventional medications used to prevent migraines. More research is needed.

Autism Preliminary research suggests that supplementation with vitamin B2, along with vitamin B6, and magnesium reduces the level of dicarboxylic acids (abnormal organic acids) in the urine of autistic children. Dietary Sources The best sources of riboflavin include: Brewer's yeast Spinach Flours and cereals are often fortified with riboflavin. Riboflavin is destroyed by light. So food should be stored away from light to protect its riboflavin content. While riboflavin is not destroyed by heat, it can be lost in water when foods are boiled or soaked. Roasting and steaming foods preserves more riboflavin than frying or scalding your foods. Available Forms Riboflavin is generally included in multivitamins and B-complex vitamins. It also comes separately in 25 mg, 50 mg, and 100 mg tablets. How to Take It As with all medicines, check with a health care provider before giving riboflavin supplements to a child. Daily recommendations for dietary riboflavin are as follows.

Pediatric Infants, birth to 6 months: 0.3 mg (adequate intake) Infants, 7 to 12 months: 0.4 mg (adequate intake) Children, 1 to 3 years: 0.5 mg (RDA) Children, 4 to 8 years: 0.6 mg (RDA) Children, 9 to 13 years: 0.9 mg (RDA) Boys, 14 to 18 years: 1.3 mg (RDA) Girls, 14 to 18 years: 1 mg (RDA) Adult Men, 19 years and older: 1.3 mg (RDA) Women, 19 years and older: 1.1 mg (RDA) Pregnant women: 1.4 mg (RDA) Breastfeeding women: 1.6 mg (RDA) Riboflavin is best absorbed when taken between meals. People who do not eat a balanced diet every day may benefit from taking a multivitamin and mineral complex.

Precautions Because of the potential for side effects and interactions with medications, you should take dietary supplements only under the supervision of a knowledgeable health care provider. Riboflavin is generally considered safe, even at high doses. Riboflavin does not seem to cause any serious side effects. Very high doses may cause: Itching Yellow or orange urine Sensitivity to light Taking any one of the B vitamins for a long period of time can result in an imbalance of other important B vitamins. For this reason, you may want to take a B-complex vitamin which includes all the B vitamins. Possible Interactions If you are currently being treated with any of the following medications, you should not use vitamin B2 supplements without talking to your health care provider first. Anticholinergic medications: Doctors use anticholinergic drugs to treat a variety of conditions, including gastrointestinal spasms, asthma, depression, and motion sickness. These drugs may make it hard for the body to absorb riboflavin. Tetracycline: Riboflavin interferes with the absorption and effectiveness of the antibiotic, tetracycline. All vitamin B-complex supplements act in this way.

You should take riboflavin at a different time during the day than when you take tetracycline. Tricyclic antidepressants: Tricyclic antidepressants may reduce levels of riboflavin in the body. These include: Imipramine (Tofranil) Nortriptyline (Pamelor) Antipsychotic medications: Antipsychotic medications called phenothiazines (such as chlorpromazine, or Thorazine) may lower riboflavin levels. Doxorubicin: Riboflavin interferes with doxorubicin, a medication used for the treatment of certain cancers. Also, doxorubicin may deplete levels of riboflavin in the body. Your doctor will let you know whether you need to take a riboflavin supplement or not. Methotrexate: This medication is used to treat cancer and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. It can interfere with how the body uses riboflavin. Phenytoin (Dilantin): This medication, used to control seizures, may affect riboflavin levels in the body.

Probenecid: This medication used for gout may decrease the absorption of riboflavin from the digestive tract and increase how much is lost in the urine. Thiazide diuretics (water pills): Diuretics that belong to a class known as thiazides, such as hydrochlorothiazide, may cause you to lose more riboflavin in your urine. Supporting Research Antoon AY, Donovan DK. Burn Injuries. In: Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company; 2000:287-94. Bruno EJ Jr, Ziegenfuss TN. Water-soluble vitamins: research update. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2005 Aug;4(4):207-13. Review. Colombo B, Saraceno L, Comi G. Riboflavin and migraine: the bridge over troubled mitochondria. Neurol Sci. 2014;35 Suppl 1:141-4. Cumming RG, Mitchell P, Smith W.

Diet and cataract: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 2000;107(3):450-56. Fishman SM, Christian P, West KP. The role of vitamins in the prevention and control of anaemia. Public Health Nutr. 2000;3(2):125-150. Review. Head KA. Natural therapies for ocular disorders, part two: cataracts and glaucoma. Altern Med Rev. 2001;6(2):141-166. Review. Jacques PF, Chylack LT Jr, Hankinson SE, et al. Long-term nutrient intake and early age-related nuclear lens opacities. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119(7):1009-19. James. Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2011. Katuzna-Czaplinska J, Socha E, Rynkowski J. B vitamin supplementation reduces excretion of urinary dicaroxylic acids in autistic children. Nutr Res.

2011;31(7):497-502. Keligman. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 19th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2011. Kuzniarz M, Mitchell P, Cumming RG, Flood VM. Use of vitamin supplements and cataract: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001;132(1):19-26. MacLennan SC, Wade FM, Forrest KM, Ratanayake PD, Fagan E, Antony J. High-dose riboflavin for migraine prophylaxis in children: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Child Neurol. 2008 Nov;23(11):1300-04. Magis D, Ambrosini A, Sandor P, Jacquy J, Laloux P, Schoenen J. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of thioctic acid in migraine prophylaxis. Headache. 2007 Jan;47(1):52-57.

Maraini G, Williams SL, Sperduto RD, Ferris FL, Milton RC, Clemons TE, Rosmini F, Ferrigno L. Effects of multivitamin/mineral supplementation on plasma levels of nutrients. Report No. 4 of the Italian-American clinical trial of nutritional supplements and age-related cataract. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2009;45(2):119-127. Mauskop A. Alternative therapies in headache. Is there a role?. Med Clin North Am. 2001;85(4):1077-84. Review. Ramu A, Mehta MM, Leaseburg T, Aleksic A. The enhancement of riboflavin-mediated photo-oxidation of doxorubicin by histidine and urocanic acid. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2001;47(4):338-46. Silberstein SD, Goadsby PJ, Lipton RB. Management of migraine: an algorithmic approach. Neurology. 2000;55(9 Suppl 2):S46-S52. Review.

Zhao H, Yang X, Zhou R, Yang Y. Study on vitamin B1, vitamin B2 retention factors in vegetables. We Sheng Yan Jiu. 2008;37(1):92-96. Alternative Names Riboflavin: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia Swelling of mucus membranes Growth failure Because riboflavin is a water-soluble vitamin, leftover amounts leave the body through the urine. There is no known poisoning from riboflavin. Recommendations Recommendations for riboflavin, as well as other nutrients, are provided in the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) developed by the Food and Nutrition Board at the Institute of Medicine. DRI is a term for a set of reference intakes that are used to plan and assess the nutrient intakes of healthy people. These values, which vary by age and gender, include: Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA): The average daily level of intake that is enough to meet the nutrient needs of nearly all (97 to 98%) healthy people. An RDA is an intake level based on scientific research evidence.

Adequate Intake (AI): This level is established when there is not enough scientific research evidence to develop an RDA. It is set at a level that is thought to ensure enough nutrition. Because there is not enough evidence to determine an exact RDA for how much riboflavin you need, the amount of riboflavin needed in your diet is described in terms of Adequate Intake.

The Adequate Intakes (AI) for riboflavin (vitamin B2) are: Infants 0 to 6 months: 0.3 milligrams per day (mg/day) 7 to 12 months: 0.4 mg/day Children 1 to 3 years: 0.5 mg/day 4 to 8 years: 0.6 mg/day 9 to 13 years: 0.9 mg/day Adolescents and adults Males age 14 and older: 1.3 mg/day Females age 14 to 18 years: 1.0 mg/day Females age 19 and older: 1.1 mg/day Pregnancy: 1.4 mg/day Lactation: 1.6 mg/day The best way to get the daily requirement of essential vitamins is to eat a balanced diet that contains a variety of foods. Alternative Names Vitamin B2 source References Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes: Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline.

National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1998. PMID: 23193625 . Mason JB. Vitamins, trace minerals, and other micronutrients. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman's Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2011:chap 225. Salwen MJ. Vitamins and trace elements. In: McPherson RA, Pincus MR, eds. Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. 22nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2011:chap 26. Read More Carbohydrates Review Date 2/2/2015 Updated by: Emily Wax, RD, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, Brooklyn, NY. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. Related MedlinePlus Health Topics Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) Effectiveness, Safety, and Drug Interactions on RxList Preventing and treating riboflavin deficiency and conditions related to riboflavin deficiency.

Possibly Effective for... Cataracts, an eye disorder. People who eat more riboflavin as part of their diet seems to have a lower risk of developing cataracts. Also, taking supplements containing riboflavin plus niacin seems to help prevent cataracts. High amounts of homocysteine in the blood (hyperhomocysteinemia). Some people are unable to convert the chemical homocysteine into the amino acid methionine. People with this condition, especially those with low riboflavin levels, have high amounts of homocysteine in the blood. Taking riboflavin for 12 weeks seems to reduce homocysteine levels by up to 40% in some people with this condition. Also, certain antiseizure drugs can increase homocysteine in the blood. Taking riboflavin along with folic acid and pyridoxine seems to lower homocysteine levels by 26% in people with high homocysteine levels due to antiseizure drugs. Migraine headaches. Taking high-dose riboflavin (400 mg/day) seems to significantly reduce the number of migraine headache attacks.

However, taking riboflavin does not appear to reduce the amount of pain or the amount of time a migraine headache lasts. Also, taking lower doses of riboflavin (200 mg/day) does not seem to reduce the number of migraine headache attacks. Possibly Ineffective for... Stomach cancer. Taking riboflavin along with niacin does not seem to help prevent gastric cancer. Malnutrition caused by too little protein in the diet (kwashiorkor). Some research suggests that taking riboflavin, vitamin E, selenium, and N-acetyl cysteine does not reduce the buildup of fluid in the tissues, increase height or weight, or reduce infections in children at risk for kwashiorkor. Lung cancer. Taking riboflavin along with niacin does not seem to help prevent lung cancer. Malaria. Taking riboflavin along with iron, thiamine, and vitamin C does not seem to reduce the number or severity of malaria infections in children at risk of being exposed to malaria. High blood pressure during pregnancy (pre-eclampsia). Taking riboflavin beginning at about 4 months gestation does not seem to reduce the risk of pre-eclampsia.

Insufficient Evidence to Rate Effectiveness for... Lactic acidosis (a serious blood-acid imbalance) in people with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). There is preliminary clinical evidence that riboflavin may be useful for treating lactic acidosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) caused by drugs called nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI). Preventing cervical cancer. There is evidence that increasing riboflavin intake from dietary and supplement sources, along with thiamine, folic acid, and vitamin B12, might decrease the risk of developing precancerous spots on the cervix. Cancer of the food pipe (esophageal cancer). Research on the effects of riboflavin for preventing esophageal cancer is conflicting. Some research shows that taking riboflavin as a supplement or as part of the diet is linked with a reduced risk for esophageal cancer. However, other research shows that taking riboflavin, alone or along with calcium or niacin, does not help prevent esophageal cancer. Liver cancer. Early research suggests that taking riboflavin along with niacin might reduce the risk of liver cancer in people less than 55 years-old.

However, it does not seem to reduce the risk of liver cancer in older people. White patches inside the mouth (oral leukoplakia). Early research suggests that low blood levels of riboflavin are linked with an increased risk of oral leukoplakia. However, taking riboflavin supplements for 20 months does not seem to prevent or treat oral leukoplakia. Iron deficiency during pregnancy. Early research suggests that taking riboflavin along with iron and folic acid does not improve iron levels in pregnant women better than taking iron and folic acid. Sickle cell disease. Early research suggests that taking riboflavin for 8 weeks improves iron levels in people with low iron levels due to sickle cell disease. However, riboflavin does not seem to improve levels of hemoglobin, the iron-containing protein in the blood. Stroke. Early research suggests that taking riboflavin along with niacin does not prevent stroke-related death in people at risk for stroke. Acne. Maintaining healthy skin and hair. Canker sores.

B2 - Vitamins - Nutrients - Home Nutrients 001 B2Vitamins Vitamin B2 Vitamin B2, also known as riboflavin, is a water-soluble B vitamin. The term ‘flavin’ originates from the Latin word ‘flavus’ referring to the yellow colour of this vitamin. Vitamin B2 is found in the human body primarily as an integral component of the coenzymes flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN) (1). Coenzymes derived from riboflavin are termed ‘flavocoenzymes’, and enzymes that use a flavocoenzyme are called ‘flavoproteins’ (2). Download PDF Read More Disease risk reduction As light-induced oxidative damage of lens proteins may lead to the development of age-related cataracts, the leading cause of visual disability in many developed countries, research has focused on the role of nutritional antioxidants. Things to know about Vitamin B2 Other applications There is some evidence that impaired mitochondrial oxygen metabolism in the brain may play a role in the development of migraine headaches.

Read More Intake recommendations In 1993, the European Scientific Committee for Food set population reference intakes (PRI) for vitamin B2 (riboflavin) in milligrams (mg) per day (14) Read More Deficiency Symptoms of vitamin B2 (riboflavin) deficiency include sore throat, redness and swelling of the lining of the mouth and throat, cracks or sores on the outsides of the lips and at the corners of the mouth, inflammation and redness of the tongue, and a moist, scaly skin inflammation. Read More Sources Most plant- and animal-derived foods contain at least small quantities of vitamin B2 (riboflavin). Foods with substantial amounts of riboflavin are milk, eggs, salmon, beef, spinach, asparagus, and broccoli. Thiamine (Vitamin B1) Effectiveness, Safety, and Drug Interactions on RxList Dosing considerations for Thiamine (vitamin B1). What other names is Thiamine (vitamin B1) known by?

Aneurine Hydrochloride, Antiberiberi Factor, Antiberiberi Vitamin, Antineuritic Factor, Antineuritic Vitamin, B Complex Vitamin, Chlorhydrate de Thiamine, Chlorure de Thiamine, Complexe de Vitamine B, Facteur Anti-béribéri, Facteur Antineuritique, Hydrochlorure de Thiamine, Mononitrate de Thiamine, Nitrate de Thiamine, Thiamine Chloride, Thiamine HCl, Thiamine Hydrochloride, Thiamin Mononitrate, Thiamine Mononitrate, Thiamine Nitrate, Thiaminium Chloride Hydrochloride, Tiamina, Vitamin B1, Vitamin B-1, Vitamina B1, Vitamine Anti-béribéri, Vitamine Antineuritique, Vitamine B1. What is Thiamine (vitamin B1)? Thiamine is a vitamin, also called vitamin B1. Vitamin B1 is found in many foods including yeast, cereal grains, beans, nuts, and meat. It is often used in combination with other B vitamins, and found in many vitamin B complex products.

Vitamin B complexes generally include vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin/niacinamide), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B12 ( cyanocobalamin ), and folic acid. However, some products do not contain all of these ingredients and some may include others, such as biotin, para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), choline bitartrate, and inositol. People take thiamine for conditions related to low levels of thiamine (thiamine deficiency syndromes), including beriberi and inflammation of the nerves (neuritis) associated with pellagra or pregnancy. Thiamine is also used for digestive problems including poor appetite, ulcerative colitis, and ongoing diarrhea. Thiamine is also used for AIDS and boosting the immune system, diabetic pain, heart disease, alcoholism, aging, a type of brain damage called cerebellar syndrome, canker sores, vision problems such as cataracts and glaucoma, motion sickness, and improving athletic performance.

Other uses include preventing cervical cancer and progression of kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. Some people use thiamine for maintaining a positive mental attitude; enhancing learning abilities; increasing energy; fighting stress; and preventing memory loss, including Alzheimer's disease. Healthcare providers give thiamine shots for a memory disorder called Wernicke's encephalopathy syndrome, other thiamine deficiency syndromes in critically ill people, alcohol withdrawal, and coma. Effective for... Metabolic disorders. Taking thiamine by mouth helps correct metabolic disorders associated with genetic diseases, including Leigh's disease, maple syrup urine disease, and others. Thiamine deficiency. Taking thiamine by mouth helps prevent and treat thiamine deficiency. Brain disorder due to thiamine deficiency (Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome). Thiamine helps decrease the risk and symptoms of a specific brain disorder called Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS). This brain disorder is related to low levels of thiamine (thiamine deficiency) and is often seen in alcoholics. Between 30% and 80% of alcoholics are believed to have thiamine deficiency.

Giving thiamine shots seems to help decrease the risk of developing WKS and decrease symptoms of WKS during alcohol withdrawal. Possibly Effective for... Cataracts. High thiamine intake as part of the diet is associated with a reduced risk of developing cataracts. Kidney disease in people with diabetes. Early research shows that taking high-dose thiamine (100 mg three times daily) for 3 months decreases the amount of albumin in the urine in people with type 2 diabetes. Albumin in the urine is an indication of kidney damage. Painful menstruation (dysmenorrhea). Early research suggests that taking thiamine for 90 days stops pain associated with menstruation in girls 12-21 years-old. Possibly Ineffective for... Repelling mosquitos. Some research shows that taking B vitamins, including thiamine, does not help repel mosquitos. Insufficient Evidence to Rate Effectiveness for... Athletic performance. Some research suggests that taking thiamine together with pantethine and pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) does not improve muscle strength or endurance in athletes. Preventing cervical cancer.

Some research suggests that increasing intake of thiamine from dietary and supplement sources, along with other folic acid, riboflavin, and vitamin B12, might decrease the risk of precancerous spots on the cervix. Poor appetite. What Is Another Name for Vitamin B2 What Is Another Name for Vitamin B2 By Jessica Drew Supplements Counselor Many people ask "what is another name for vitamin B2"? This is in part because the B complex vitamins are numerous and several of them have different names. There are eight B vitamins in total and all are water-soluble and thought to play a key role in cell metabolism. Scientists used to believe that there was only one vitamin, simply referred to as vitamin B, but later research showed that they are chemically distinct vitamins that often coexist in the same foods. A deficiency in any one of the B vitamins will cause problems and sometimes even neurological imbalances. Luckily, most Americans will not have any trouble getting in enough of all the B vitamins. Here's what you need to know about a vitamin B2. What is Another Name Vitamin B2 So what is another name for vitamin B2?

The answer is riboflavin, which is a common ingredient listed on all sorts of fortified foods and cereals. The vitamin was first recognized as a yellow-green fluorescent pigment in milk in 1879. Later, scientists were able synthesize it in 1935. Riboflavin gets its name from its color and its main component, sugar. Pigments that have fluorescent qualities are called flavins and the compound sugar is ribose, hence the name riboflavin. Although riboflavin is processed in the small intestine, small amounts of the vitamin are stored in the liver, kidney and heart. However, since these amounts are so small we need to continually intake the vitamin through dietary means. Riboflavin is stable to heat, oxidation and acids so it's very easy to add to processed foods. Very few Americans will suffer from a severe deficiency of this vitamin. Benefits of B2 While most Americans will never suffer a true deficiency of this vitamin, there are many benefits to making sure you have an ample supply of it in your body.

Many people take vitamin B2 supplements to prevent and successfully treat the following; Migraine headaches Rheumatoid arthritis Several skin disorders such as acne, rosacea, dermatitis, and eczema Furthermore, in the treatment of anemia , adding vitamin B2 to iron supplements has shown to increase its effectiveness. Riboflavin is especially helpful in counteracting the tendency towards glaucoma. Some even say that having an abundance of vitamin B2 in your system will preserve the appearance and feeling of youth. Sources of B2 The following list of foods are sources high in the vitamin : Cheese Anemia Impaired nerve function Newborns with jaundice also may be at risk for developing a riboflavin deficiency. These newborns usually receive phototherapy for their jaundice, but riboflavin is sensitive to light and can dissolve under powerful rays. These newborns should be carefully monitored for any sign of a riboflavin deficiency. How Much B2? The minimum Recommended Dosage Allowance of Vitamin B2 are: Men - 1.7 mg. Pregnant women - 1.6 mg. Lactating women - 1.8 mg.

Since the body cannot absorb large amounts of vitamin B2 at one time, there are no known toxicity level for this vitamin. Riboflavin or vitamin B2 is essential to our health and well-being. There are benefits to taking more B2 than necessary and no known toxicity levels, so taking a supplement that contains this vitamin is a good idea. Was this page useful? B Vitamins | NeuroSoup B Vitamins B Vitamins are uncontrolled in the United States. Addictive Potential: None Emergency Room Visits Yearly: No recorded hospital visits Mandatory Minimum Sentence: None Mechanism of Action: wide range Overview: Vitamin B is a complex of several vitamins. The name arises because it was once considered a single vitamin, much like Vitamin C or Vitamin D. Since later research has shown it is in fact a complex of chemically distinct vitamins that happen to often coexist in the same foods, the name has gradually declined in use, being replaced by the generic term “the B vitamins”, the vitamin B complex, or by the specific names of each vitamin.

List of B vitamins: Vitamin B3, also Vitamin P or Vitamin PP (Niacin) Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid) Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine and Pyridoxamine) Vitamin B7, also Vitamin H Vitamin B9, also Vitamin M and Vitamin B-c (Folic acid) – important for pregnancies Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) B vitamins Deficiency: Several named vitamin deficiency diseases may result from the lack of sufficient B-vitamins. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) deficiency causes Beriberi. Symptoms of this disease of the nervous system include weight loss, emotional disturbances, Wernicke’s encephalopathy (impaired sensory perception), weakness and pain in the limbs, periods of irregular heartbeat, and edema (swelling of bodily tissues). Heart failure and death may occur in advanced cases. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) deficiency causes Ariboflavinosis.

Symptoms may include cheilosis (cracks in the lips), high sensitivity to sunlight, angular cheilitis, glossitis (inflammation of the tongue), seborrheic dermatitis or pseudo-syphilis (particularly affecting the scrotum or labia majora and the mouth), pharyngitis, hyperemia, and edema of the pharyngeal and oral mucosa]]. Vitamin B3 (Niacin) deficiency, along with a deficiency of tryptophan causes Pellagra. Symptoms include aggression, dermatitis, insomnia, weakness, mental confusion, and diarrhea. In advanced cases, pellagra may lead to dementia and death. Deficiencies of other B vitamins result in symptoms that are not part of a named deficiency disease. Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid) deficiency can result in Paresthesia, although it is uncommon. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) deficiency may lead to anemia, depression, dermatitis, high blood pressure (hypertension) and elevated levels of homocysteine. Vitamin B8 deficiency does not typically cause symptoms in adults but may lead to impaired growth and neurological disorders in infants.

Vitamin B9 (Folic acid) deficiency results in elevated levels of homocysteine. Deficiency in pregnant women can lead to birth defects. Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) deficiency causes pernicious anemia, memory loss and other cognitive decline. It is most likely to occur among elderly people as absorption through the gut declines with age. In extreme (fortunately rare) cases paralysis can result. Related Nutrients: Other substances which are very similar in structure and function to the B vitamins have been discovered. Many of them are vitamins to various plants and animals which cannot synthesize their own. None of these are vitamins to humans, because humans can synthesize their own, though some only technically so (choline, for instance, can be metabolized in humans by canabalizing cells to make use of the choline they contain, killing the cells in the process). The vitamin concept can be rather misleading, since it focuses on only one aspect of a nutrient (whether or not the body is incapable of making its own from other sources), rather than upon the overall benefits the nutrient provides and its contribution to optimal health.

There are many nutrients which the body can make, or which don’t cause dificiency syndromes, but nevertheless are still beneficial to take as dietary supplements. The term “essential”, which in common English may refer to any objective, has been co-opted by the medical field for the specific aspect of vitamins just mentioned. But many nutrients are essential in other ways, such as for boosting certain subsystems of the body or brain above normal performance, or for optimizing health and function. But when a nutrient is referred to as “non-essential”, as the term is used in the medical and nutrition fields, persons who are not well educated in nutritional matters may incorrectly interpret this to mean “not essential for any purpose”, when the term is only referring to the fact that the body can make its own. The structure of language as applied to nutrition makes it more difficult than usual to communicate about the subject clearly. By highjacking existing words and giving them new nutritional meanings, rather than creating new words from scratch for this purpose, researchers have made it difficult to speak about nutrition to speakers of common English and still be understood. For instance, to call these “non-human vitamins” may lead a listener to believe that they are not essential to humans, period.

But such is not the case. Many of the following substances have been referred to as vitamins because they were believed to be vitamins at one time. Most of them are vitamins with respect to certain plants and animals. And even though they are “non-essential” to humans only in the sense that they don’t qualify to be called vitamins, they are all essential for maintaining other aspects of human health. Vitamin B4 (Adenine) – Vitamin B7 (Vitamin I) – more commonly called alcohol soluble Rice bran anti digestive disterbance factor in Pigions; Inositol, Nicotinic acid, & Biotin are possibles. Note: Carnitine has also been claimed but is not possible as it is insoluble in alchohol. Vitamin B8 (Ergadenylic acid) – Vitamin B10 (para-aminobenzoic acid, or PABA)– Vitamin B11 (Pteryl-hepta-glutamic acid) – Chick growth factor, which is a form of Folic acid. Later found to be one of five folates necessary for humans); (L-carnitine) in France.

Vitamin B13 (Pyrimidinecarboxylic acid) – Also known as Orotic acid, often misspelled erotic acid. Vitamin B14 – cell proliferant, anti-anemia, rat growth, an antitumor pterin phosphate named by Earl R. Norris (biochemist of folic acid fame) isolated from human urine at 0.33ppm (later in blood), but later abandoned by him as further evidence did not comfirm this. He also clamed this was not Xanthopterin as the French do. Vitamin B15 (Pangamic acid) – Vitamin B16 (dimethylgycine) – also known as DMG. (However Lipoic acid was discovered and named a B-Vitamin after B15 and before B17) Vitamin B17 (Amygdalin) – Vitamin B20 (Carnitine) – Vitamin B21 – Vitamin B22 – often claimed as an ingredient of Aloe vera extracts but also in many other foods. Claimed by one source to be Vitamin B12b-delta.

first mentioned on internet in reference to Natropath Linda Clark’s book “Know your Nutrition” Vitamin Bh – another name for(biotin) Vitamin Bm (“mouse factor”) – also used to designate Inositol Vitamin Bp (Choline) – Vitamin Bv – a type of B6 but not Pyrodoxine Vitamin Bw – a type of Biotin but not d-Biotin Vitamin Bx – another name for PABA (para-Aminobenzoic acid) Note: B16, B17, B18, B19, B20, B21 & B22 do not appear to be animal factors but are claimed by Naturopaths as human therapedic factors. Health Benefits The B vitamins often work together to deliver a number of health benefits to the body.

B vitamins have been shown to: Bolster metabolism Maintain healthy skin and muscle tone Enhance immune and nervous system function Promote cell growth and division — including that of the red blood cells that help prevent anemia Together, they also help combat the symptoms and causes of stress, depression, and cardiovascular disease All B vitamins are water soluble, and are dispersed throughout the body and must be replenished daily with any excess excreted in the urine (which turns a bright yellow color). Vitamin B Sources Vitamin B comes from a number of natural sources, including potatoes, bananas, cereal, lentils, chili peppers, tempeh, liver, turkey, and tuna. Nutritional yeast (or Brewer’s yeast) is an especially good source of Vitamin B. Another popular means of increasing one’s Vitamin B intake is through supplements, purchased at supermarkets, health centers, or natural food stores. Share this: Vitamin B3 (Niacin) | University of Maryland Medical Center Poor circulation Depression Severe deficiency can cause a condition known as pellagra. Pellagra is characterized by cracked, scaly skin, dementia, and diarrhea. It is generally treated with a nutritionally balanced diet and niacin supplements.

Niacin deficiency also causes burning in the mouth and a swollen, bright red tongue. Very high doses of B3, available by prescription, have been studied to prevent or improve symptoms of the following conditions. However, at high doses niacin can be toxic. You should not take doses higher than the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) except under your doctor's supervision. Researchers are trying to determine if inositol hexanicotinate has similar benefits without serious side effects. But results are inconclusive. High cholesterol Niacin, but not niacinamide, has been used since the 1950s to lower elevated LDL (bad) cholesterol and triglyceride (fat) levels in the blood. However, side effects can be unpleasant and even dangerous. High doses of niacin cause: Flushing of the skin Blurred vision An increased risk of liver damage A time-release form of niacin reduces flushing. But long-term use is associated with liver damage. In addition, niacin can interact with other cholesterol-lowering medicines. You should not take niacin at high doses without your doctor's supervision.

Atherosclerosis and heart disease In one study, men with existing heart disease slowed down the progression of atherosclerosis by taking niacin along with colestipol. They experienced fewer heart attacks and deaths, as well. In another study, people with heart disease and high cholesterol who took niacin along with simvastatin (Zocor) had a lower risk of having a first heart attack or stroke. Their risk of death was also lower. In another study, men who took niacin alone seemed to reduce the risk of having a second heart attack, although it did not reduce the risk of death. Diabetes In type 1 diabetes, the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the cells in the pancreas that make insulin, eventually destroying them. Niacinamide may help protect those cells for a time. More research is needed. Researchers have also looked at whether high-dose niacinamide might reduce the risk of type 1 diabetes in children at risk for the disease. One study found that it did. But another, larger study found it did not protect against developing type 1 diabetes. More research is needed. The effect of niacin on type 2 diabetes is more complicated.

People with type 2 diabetes often have high levels of fats and cholesterol in the blood. Niacin, often along with other medications, can lower those levels. However, niacin may also raise blood sugar levels, which is particularly dangerous for someone with diabetes. For that reason, if you have diabetes, you should take niacin only under the direction of your doctor, and you should be carefully monitored for high blood sugar. Osteoarthritis One preliminary study suggested that niacinamide may improve arthritis symptoms, including increasing joint mobility and reducing the amount of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) needed. More research is needed. Other Alzheimer disease: Population studies show that people who get higher levels of niacin in their diet have a lower risk of Alzheimer disease. No studies have evaluated niacin supplements, however. Cataracts: One large population study found that people who got a lot of niacin in their diets had a lower risk of developing cataracts. Skin conditions: Researchers are studying topical forms of niacin as treatments for rosacea, aging, and prevention of skin cancer, although it is too early to know whether it is effective.

Although there is no evidence that it helps treat any of these conditions, researchers are also studying the use of vitamin B3 in treating: ADHD Sunflower seeds Peanuts Bread and cereals are usually fortified with niacin. In addition, foods that contain tryptophan, an amino acid the body coverts into niacin, include poultry, red meat, eggs, and dairy products. Available Forms Vitamin B3 is available in several different supplement forms: Niacinamide Niacin Inositol hexaniacinate. Niacin is available as a tablet or capsule in both regular and timed-release forms. The timed-release tablets and capsules may have fewer side effects than regular niacin. However, the timed-release versions are more likely to cause liver damage. Regardless of which form of niacin you are using, doctors recommend periodic liver function tests when using high doses (above 100 mg per day) of niacin. How to Take It Generally, high doses of niacin are used to control specific diseases. Such high doses must be prescribed by a doctor who will increase the amount of niacin slowly, over the course of 4 to 6 weeks. Take niacin with meals to avoid stomach irritation.

Daily recommendations for niacin in the diet of healthy individuals are: Pediatric Infants, birth to 6 months: 2 mg (adequate intake) Infants, 7 months to 1 year: 4 mg (adequate intake) Children, 1 to 3 years: 6 mg (RDA) Children, 4 to 8 years: 8 mg (RDA) Children, 9 to 13 years: 12 mg (RDA) Boys, 14 to 18 years: 16 mg (RDA) Girls, 14 to 18 years: 14 mg (RDA) Adult Men, 19 years and older: 16 mg (RDA) Women, 19 years and older: 14 mg (RDA) Pregnant women: 18 mg (RDA) Breastfeeding women: 17 mg (RDA) Precautions Because of the potential for side effects and interactions with medications, you should take dietary supplements only under the supervision of a knowledgeable health care provider. Side effects may include diarrhea, headache, stomach discomfort, and bloating.

High doses (50 mg or more) of niacin can cause side effects. The most common side effect is called "niacin flush," which is a burning, tingling sensation in the face and chest, and red or flushed skin. Taking an aspirin 30 minutes prior to the niacin may help reduce this symptom. At very high doses, used to lower cholesterol and treat other conditions, liver damage and stomach ulcers can occur. Your doctor will regularly check your liver function through a blood test. People with a history of liver disease, kidney disease, or stomach ulcers should not take niacin supplements. Those with diabetes or gallbladder disease should do so only under the close supervision of their doctors. Stop taking niacin or niacinamide at least 2 weeks before a scheduled surgery. Niacin and niacinamide may make allergies worse by increasing histamine. People with low blood pressure should not take niacin or niacinamide because they may cause a dangerous drop in blood pressure. DO NOT take niacin if you have a history of gout. People with coronary artery disease or unstable angina should not take niacin without their doctor's supervision, as large doses can raise the risk of heart rhythm problems.

Taking any one of the B vitamins for a long period of time can result in an imbalance of other important B vitamins. For this reason, you may want to take a B-complex vitamin, which includes all the B vitamins. Possible Interactions Because of its impact on the liver, vitamin B3 can interact with several medications. If you are currently taking medications, or regularly drink alcohol, you should not use niacin without talking to your health care provider first. Below is a partial list of medications that may interact with vitamin B3. Antibiotics, tetracycline: Niacin should not be taken at the same time as the antibiotic tetracycline because it interferes with the absorption and effectiveness of this medication. All vitamin B complex supplements act in this way and should be taken at different times from tetracycline. Aspirin: Taking aspirin before taking niacin may reduce flushing from niacin. But take it only under your doctor's supervision. Anti-seizure medications: Phenytoin (Dilantin) and valproic acid (Depakote) may cause niacin deficiency in some people.

Taking niacin with carbamazepine (Tegretol) or mysoline (Primidone) may increase levels of these medications in the body. Anticoagulants (blood thinners): Niacin may make the effects of these medications stronger, increasing the risk of bleeding. Blood pressure medications, alpha-blockers: Niacin can make the effects of medications taken to lower blood pressure stronger, leading to the risk of low blood pressure. Cholesterol-lowering medications: Niacin binds the cholesterol-lowering medications known as bile-acid sequestrants and may make them less effective. For this reason, niacin and these medications should be taken at different times of the day. Bile-acid sequestrants include colestipol (Colestid), colesevelam (Welchol), and cholestyramine (Questran). Statins: Some scientific evidence suggests that taking niacin with simvastatin (Zocor) appears to slow the progression of heart disease. However, the combination may also increase the likelihood for serious side effects, such as muscle inflammation or liver damage. Diabetes medications: Niacin may increase blood sugar levels.

People taking insulin, metformin (Glucophage), glyburide (Dibeta, Micronase), glipizide (Glucotrol), or other medications used to treat high blood glucose levels should monitor their blood sugar levels closely when taking niacin supplements. Isoniazid (INH): INH, a medication used to treat tuberculosis, may cause a niacin deficiency. Nicotine patches: Using nicotine patches with niacin may worsen or increase the risk of flushing associated with niacin. These medications may lower levels of niacin in the body: Azathioprine (Imuran) Mercaptopurine (Purinethol) Supporting Research AIM-HIGH Investigators. The role of niacin in raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to reduce cardiovascular events in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and optimally treated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Rationale and study design. The Atherothrombosis Intervention in Metabolic syndrome with low HDL/high triglycerides: Impact on Global Health outcomes (AIM-HIGH). Am Heart J. 2011 Mar;161(3):471-477.e2.

Bissett DL, Oblong JE, Berge CA, et al. Niacinamide: A B vitamin that improves aging facial skin appearance. Dermatol Surg. 2005;31:860-865; discussion 865. Boden WE, Sidhu MS. Toth PP. The therapeutic role of niacin in dyslipidemia management. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2014;19(2):141-58. Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chalt A, et al. Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(22):1583-1592. Cumming RG, Mitchell P, Smith W. Diet and cataract: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 2000;107(3):450-456. Draelos ZD, Ertel K, Berge C, et al. Niacinamide-containing facial moisturizer improves skin barrier and benefits subjects with rosacea. Cutis.

2005;76:135-141. Elam M, Hunninghake DB, Davis KB, et al. Effects of niacin on lipid and lipoprotein levels and glycemic control in patients with diabetes and peripheral arterial disease: the ADMIT study: a randomized trial. Arterial Disease Multiple Intervention Trial. JAMA. 2000;284:1263-1270. Garcia-Closas R. et al. Food, nutrient and heterocyclic amine intake and the risk of bladder cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2007;43(11):1731-1740. Ginsberg HN, reyes-Soffer G. Niacin: a long history, but a questionable future. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2013;24(6):475-9. Goldberg A, Alagona P, Capuzzi DM, et al. Multiple-dose efficacy and safety of an extended-release form of niacin in management of hyperlipidemia. Am J Cardiol.

2000;85:1100-1105. Guyton JR. Niacin in cardiovascular prevention: mechanisms, efficacy, and safety. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2007 Aug;18(4):415-420. Jacques PF, Chylack LT Jr, Hankinson SE, et al. Long-term nutrient intake and early age related nuclear lens opacities. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119(7):1009-1019. Jones KW. Do patients on statins also need niacin? JAAPA. 2013;26(7):9-10. Kuzniarz M, Mitchell P, Cumming RG, Flood VM. Use of vitamin supplements and cataract: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001;132(1):19-26. Mittal MK, Florin T, Perrone J, Delgado JH, Osterhoudt KC. Toxicity from the use of niacin to beat urine drug screening. Ann Emerg Med.

2007;50(5):587-590. Nutrients and Nutritional Agents. In: Kastrup EK, Hines Burnham T, Short RM, et al, eds. Drug Facts and Comparisons. St. Louis, MO: 2000;4-5. Raja R, Thomas JM, Greenhill-Hopper M, Ley SV, Almeida Paz FA. Facile, one-step production of niacin (vitamin B3) and other nitrogen-containing pharmaceutical chemicals with a single-site heterogeneous catalyst. Chemistry. 2008;14(8):2340-2348. Sahebkar A. effect of niacin on endothelial function: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Vasc Med. 2014;19(1):54-66. Sanyal S, Karas RH, Kuvin JT. Present-day uses of niacin: effects on lipid and non-lipid parameters. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2007 Aug;8(11):1711-17. Song WL, FitzGerald GA.

Niacin, an old drug with a new twist. J Lipid Res. 2013;54(10):2486-94. Surjana D. Damian DL. Nicotinamide in dermatology and photoprotection. Skinmed. 2011;9(6):360-365. Torkos S. Drug-nutrient interactions: a focus on cholesterol-lowering agents. Int J Integrative Med. 2000;2(3):9-13. Villines TC, Kim AS, Gore RS, Taylor AJ. Niacin: the evidence, clinical use, and future directions. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2012;14(1):49-59. Wolerton: Comprehensive Dermatalogic Drug Therapy. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2007. Zhang XM, Jing YP, Jia MY, Zhang L. Negative transcriptional regulation of inflammatory genes by group B3 vitamin nicotinamide. Mol Biol Rep. 2012;39(12):1036-1071.

Zhao H, Yang X, Zhou R, Yang Y. Study on vitamin B1, vitamin B2 retention factors in vegetables. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2008;37(1):92-96. Alternative Names A Guide To B Vitamins | Nature Made® A Guide to B Vitamins A Guide to the B Vitamins A Guide to the B Vitamins The B vitamin family is made up of eight B vitamins. Although they are commonly recognized as a group and often work together in the body, each of the B vitamins performs unique and important functions. To help you better understand the roles of each of the B vitamins, we have put together a friendly guide to introduce you to each member of this important family of vitamins. Thiamin: Also known as vitamin B1 , thiamin is needed to help produce cellular energy from the foods you eat, and also supports normal nervous system function.† Thiamin is found in a wide variety of foods, with some of the best sources coming from lentils, whole grains and pork. Thiamin can also be found in red meats, yeast, nuts, sunflower seeds, peas, milk, cauliflower, spinach and legumes.

Riboflavin: Also known as vitamin B2, riboflavin supports cellular energy production.† Riboflavin is found in a variety of foods such as fortified cereals, milk, eggs, salmon, beef, spinach and broccoli. Niacin: Niacin is also known as vitamin B3, and supports cellular energy production.† Niacin, in the form of nicotinic acid, helps support cardiovascular health.† Good sources of niacin include beef, poultry and fish as well as whole wheat bread, peanuts and lentils. Pantothenic Acid: Pantothenic acid , also known as vitamin B5, is widely available in plant and animal food sources and helps support cellular energy production in the body.† Rich sources include organ meats (liver, kidney), egg yolk, whole grains, avocados, cashew nuts, peanuts, lentils, soybeans, brown rice, broccoli, and milk.

Vitamin B6: Involved in over 100 cellular reactions throughout the body, vitamin B6 is instrumental in keeping various bodily functions operating at their best.† Vitamin B6, also known as pyridoxine, is needed to metabolize amino acids and glycogen (the body’s storage form of glucose), and is also necessary for normal nervous system function and red blood cell formation.† Vitamin B6 is fairly abundant in the diet and can be found in foods such as meat, poultry, eggs, bananas, fish, fortified cereal grains and cooked spinach. Biotin: Biotin, or vitamin B7, is commonly found in foods such as brewer’s yeast, strawberries, organ meat, cheese and soybeans.

For those who are biotin deficient, studies show that biotin may help support healthy hair, skin and nails.† Biotin also supports carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism.† Folic Acid: Also known as vitamin B9, folic acid is most commonly known for its role in fetal health and development as it plays a critical role in the proper development of the baby’s nervous system.† This important developmental process occurs during the initial weeks of pregnancy, and so adequate folic acid intake is especially important for all women of child-bearing age.† Adequate folic acid in healthful diets may reduce a woman’s risk of having a child with a neural tube defect. Fortified foods such as breads and cereals are good dietary sources of folic acid. Other good sources are dark green leafy vegetables such as asparagus and spinach as well as brewer’s yeast, liver, fortified orange juice, beets, dates and avocados.

Vitamin B12: Vitamin B12, or cobalamin, plays a critical role in the pathways of the body that produce cellular energy.† It is also needed for DNA synthesis, proper red blood cell formation and for normal nervous system function.† Individuals who follow vegan or vegetarian diets may benefit from a B12 supplement since B12 is predominantly found in foods of animal origin such as chicken, beef, fish, milk and eggs. One easy way to make sure that you get your daily dose of these important B vitamins is to take a B complex supplement such as Nature Made Super B Energy Complex , which contains 100% of the Daily Value of all 8 B vitamins in one convenient softgel. Recommended Resources Riboflavin Deficiency - Vitamin B2 | Dr. Weil Vitamin B2 for Adrenal Health What is vitamin B2? Vitamin B2, also called riboflavin, is a water-soluble vitamin present in most animal and plant tissues. Riboflavin is one of the essential B vitamins, known to help support adrenal function, help calm and maintain a healthy nervous system, and facilitate key metabolic processes, including helping to turn food into energy. Why is vitamin B2 necessary?

Riboflavin is involved in vital metabolic processes in the body, and is necessary for energy production and normal cell function and growth. VItamin B2 is also crucial in helping other B vitamins undergo the chemical changes that make them useful. Emerging research shows that riboflavin/vitamin B2 can act as an antioxidant, potentially helping to prevent cancer and prohibit cholesterol buildup by controlling the proliferation of harmful molecules known as free radicals. Common diseases and illnesses that may be prevented or alleviated via riboflavin supplementation include neonatal jaundice , anemia , anorexia/bulimia, cataracts, cognitive function (thinking and memory), depression , and migraines . What are the signs of a riboflavin deficiency? Riboflavin deficiency (called ariboflavinosis) can appear at intakes of less than 0.5-0.6 mg/day. Too little riboflavin can cause weakness, throat swelling/soreness, a swollen tongue, skin cracking (including cracked corners of the mouth), dermatitis, and anemia.

Riboflavin/vitamin B2 deficiency can also affect vision, including blurred vision and itching, watering, sore, or bloodshot eyes, as well eyes becoming light-sensitive and easily fatigued. Particular groups may be especially susceptible to riboflavin deficiency, including the elderly, the chronically ill and alcoholics. Women who take birth control pills may also benefit from supplementation – the body’s ability to absorb riboflavin is reduced when taking birth control pills. How much, and what kind, of vitamin B2, does an adult need? According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for is 1.0 mg for female adolescents between the ages of 14-18 years; 1.3 mg for male adolescents 14-18 years of age; 1.1 mg for female adults older than 18 years; and 1.3 mg for male adults older than 18 years. Pregnant women are recommended to take 1.4 mg, and women who are breast feeding should take 1.6 mg.

People who are at a higher risk for riboflavin deficiency (see above) should talk with a physician for adequate dosages. Dr. Weil recommends 50 mg as part of a B-50 complex in a daily multivitamin. How much riboflavin does a child need? The NIH says the RDA of riboflavin for infants and children is 0.3 mg for 0-6 months old; 0.4 mg for 7-12 months old; 0.5 mg for 1-3 years old; 0.6 mg for 4-8 years old; and 0.9 mg for 9-13 years old. Dr. Weil recommends 1.7 mg as part of a children’s daily multivitamin, but you should always speak with your pediatrician regarding supplements. How do you get enough vitamin B2 from foods? Healthy individuals who eat a balanced diet may not need to supplement with riboflavin.

Dietary sources of riboflavin include: dairy products (such as milk, cheese and yogurt), eggs, enriched or fortified cereals and grains, meats, liver, dark greens (such as asparagus, broccoli, spinach and turnip greens), fish, poultry, and buckwheat . Keep in mind that riboflavin is easily destroyed by exposure to light, so buy milk and yogurt in paper cartons or containers. Are there any risks associated with too much vitamin B2? Excess riboflavin is excreted through the urine (often temporarily causing urine to turn a bright yellow color several hours after taking it), so there is no common risk for an overdose. However, extremely high doses may result in an increased risk of kidney stones . Sensitivity to light, itching, numbness, and burning/prickling sensations may also occur at high dosages. Allergy and anaphylaxis (severe, whole-body allergic reaction) have also been reported, though rarely. Advertisement

Question: By what name is vitamin B2 also known?
Answer: Riboflavin