Zincblende - definition of Zincblende by The Free Dictionary Zincblende - definition of Zincblende by The Free Dictionary Also found in: Thesaurus , Encyclopedia , Wikipedia . sphal·er·ite (sfăl′ə-rīt′) n. The primary ore of zinc, occurring in usually yellow-brown or brownish-black crystals or cleavage masses, essentially ZnS with some cadmium, iron, and manganese. Also called blende, zinc blende. [Greek sphaleros, slippery, deceitful (from its being easily mistaken for galena) (from sphallein, to trip, from sphalos, fetter, pair of stocks; akin to Sanskrit skhalate, he stumbles, and Armenian sxalem, I stumble) + -ite .] sphalerite (ˈsfæləˌraɪt; ˈsfeɪlə-) n (Minerals) a yellow to brownish-black mineral consisting of zinc sulphide in cubic crystalline form with varying amounts of iron, manganese, cadmium, gallium, and indium: the chief source of zinc. Formula: ZnS.

Also called: zinc blende [C19: from Greek sphaleros deceitful, from sphallein to cause to stumble] sphal•er•ite Zinc blende Interpretation Translation Zinc blende Zinc inc (z[i^][ng]k), n. [G. zink, probably akin to zinn tin: cf. F. zinc, from the German. Cf. {Tin}.] (Chem.) An abundant element of the magnesium-cadmium group, extracted principally from the minerals zinc blende, smithsonite , calamine , and franklinite , as an easily fusible bluish white metal, which is malleable , especially when heated. It is not easily oxidized in moist air, and hence is used for sheeting , coating galvanized iron , etc. It is used in making brass, britannia , and other alloys, and is also largely consumed in electric batteries . Symbol Zn. Atomic number 30. Atomic weight 65.38.

[Formerly written also {zink}.] [1913 Webster] {Butter of zinc} (Old Chem.), zinc chloride , {ZnCl2}, a deliquescent white waxy or oily substance . {Oxide of zinc}. (Chem.) See {Zinc oxide}, below. {Zinc amine} (Chem.), a white amorphous substance , {Zn(NH2)2}, obtained by the action of ammonia on zinc ethyl; -- called also {zinc amide}. {Zinc amyle} (Chem.), a colorless , transparent liquid, composed of zinc and amyle, which, when exposed to the atmosphere , emits fumes, and absorbs oxygen with rapidity . {Zinc blende} [cf. G. zinkblende] (Min.), a native zinc sulphide . See {Blende}, n. (a) . {Zinc bloom} [cf. G. zinkblumen flowers of zinc , oxide of zinc] (Min.), hydrous carbonate of zinc, usually occurring in white earthy incrustations; -- called also {hydrozincite}.

{Zinc ethyl} (Chem.), a colorless, transparent, poisonous liquid, composed of zinc and ethyl, which takes fire spontaneously on exposure to the atmosphere. {Zinc green}, a green pigment consisting of zinc and cobalt oxides; -- called also {Rinmann's green}. {Zinc methyl} (Chem.), a colorless mobile liquid {Zn(CH3)2}, produced by the action of methyl iodide on a zinc sodium alloy. It has a disagreeable odor, and is spontaneously inflammable in the air . It has been of great importance in the synthesis of organic compounds , and is the type of a large series of similar compounds, as zinc ethyl, zinc amyle, etc. {Zinc oxide} (Chem.), the oxide of zinc, {ZnO}, forming a light fluffy sublimate when zinc is burned; -- called also {flowers of zinc}, {philosopher's wool}, {nihil album}, etc. The impure oxide produced by burning the metal, roasting its ores, or in melting brass, is called also {pompholyx}, and {tutty}.

{Zinc spinel} (Min.), a mineral , related to spinel, consisting essentially of the oxides of zinc and aluminium ; gahnite . {Zinc vitriol} (Chem.), zinc sulphate . See {White vitriol}, under {Vitriol}. {Zinc white}, a white powder consisting of zinc oxide, used as a pigment. [1913 Webster] The Collaborative International Dictionary of English. 2000. Sphalerite - Definition and synonyms of sphalerite in the English dictionary. Translation of sphalerite to 20 languages. sphalerite Meaning of sphalerite in the English dictionary DICTIONARY ETYMOLOGY OF THE WORD SPHALERITE From Greek sphaleros deceitful, from sphallein to cause to stumble. Etymology is the study of the origin of words and their changes in structure and significance. PRONUNCIATION OF SPHALERITE exclamation Sphalerite is a noun. A noun is a type of word the meaning of which determines reality. Nouns provide the names for all things: people, objects, sensations, feelings, etc. WHAT DOES SPHALERITE MEAN IN ENGLISH?

Sphalerite Sphalerite ((Zn,Fe)S) is a mineral that is the chief ore of zinc. It consists largely of zinc sulfide in crystalline form but almost always contains variable iron. When iron content is high it is an opaque black variety, marmatite. It is usually found in association with galena, pyrite, and other sulfides along with calcite, dolomite, and fluorite. Miners have also been known to refer to sphalerite as zinc blende, black-jack, and ruby jack. Read more Definition of sphalerite in the English dictionary The definition of sphalerite in the dictionary is a yellow to brownish-black mineral consisting of zinc sulphide in cubic crystalline form with varying amounts of iron, manganese, cadmium, gallium, and indium: the chief source of zinc. Formula: ZnS Also called: zinc blende.

ENGLISH WORDS THAT BEGIN LIKE SPHALERITE Synonyms and antonyms of sphalerite in the English dictionary of synonyms SYNONYMS WORDS RELATING TO «SPHALERITE» sphalerite jewelry gemstone properties terrafirmacraft dwarf fortress uses rift sphalerite mineral that chief zinc consists largely sulfide crystalline form almost always contains variable iron when content high opaque black variety information data group major pure little forms clear crystals colours comments highly lustrous complex size completely covering matrix location nanisivik pictures common occurs many distinct colors impurities often present this reason gallery which important make rather attractive cabinet specimen well excellent luster home world best faceted rare gemstones history geology faceting process more define very containing some cadmium occurring yellow brown cleavable masses handbook mineralogy publishing version crystal cubic point tetrahedral dodecahedral typically minerals about most reddish range from cases dark specimens appear somewhat metallic otherwise loose wholesale prices gemselect fire dispersion Translation of «sphalerite» into 20 languages TRANSLATOR TRANSLATION OF SPHALERITE Find out the translation of sphalerite to 20 languages with our English multilingual translator .

The translations of sphalerite from English to other languages presented in this section have been obtained through automatic statistical translation; where the essential translation unit is the word «sphalerite» in English. List of principal searches undertaken by users to access our English online dictionary and most widely used expressions with the word «sphalerite». FREQUENCY OF USE OF THE TERM «SPHALERITE» OVER TIME The graph expresses the annual evolution of the frequency of use of the word «sphalerite» during the past 500 years. Its implementation is based on analysing how often the term «sphalerite» appears in digitalised printed sources in English between the year 1500 and the present day. Examples of use in the English literature, quotes and news about sphalerite EXAMPLES 10 ENGLISH BOOKS RELATING TO «SPHALERITE» Discover the use of sphalerite in the following bibliographical selection. Books relating to sphalerite and brief extracts from same to provide context of its use in English literature. 1 Handbook of Flotation Reagents: Chemistry, Theory and ... represents a significant problem in the separation of copper from sphalerite.

This is because the secondary copper minerals are soluble and during grinding, or in situ, they release copper ions, which activate sphalerite. It is quite common that ... Srdjan M. Bulatovic, 2007 10 Fractures, Fluid Flow and Mineralization Apart from pyrite, sphalerite and subordinate galena, arsenopyrite and chalcopyrite may also be present. Sericite is absent or limited to incipient alteration of adularia. In some portions of the veins, very fine grained aggregates of rounded ... Ken McCaffrey, Lidia Lonergan, Jamie Wilkinson, 1999 10 NEWS ITEMS WHICH INCLUDE THE TERM «SPHALERITE» Find out what the national and international press are talking about and how the term sphalerite is used in the context of the following news items. 1 Ironbark Zinc has more high grade zinc potential at Mestersvig Mineralisation, in the form of galena, sphalerite, +/- chalcopyrite and silver are found within outcropping quartz veins located throughout the project area.

«Proactive Investors Australia, Jul 15» 2 North River Resources plc Namib Bankability Strengthened … The use of zinc sulphate as a reagent, commonly used in other lead/zinc operations, was identified as a major contributor to slowing down the sphalerite ... «DirectorsTalk Interviews, Jul 15» 3 Calibre Mining Announces Initial Results From Phase I Diamond … Sulphides consist of pyrrhotite and pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite with lesser ... and minor carbonate veinlets with abundant sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, ... «MarketWatch, Jul 15» 4 Avrupa Drills 57.35 Meters of 2.09 g/t Gold at Slivovo Native gold, ranging from ten micron to one-millimeter size grains, is interstitially associated with galena, sphalerite, bismuthinite, as free grains in quartz - calcite ...

«Junior Mining Network, Jun 15» 5 Mineralization Discovered on Vine Property Supports Potential for … Mapping and prospecting discovered disseminated sphalerite (zinc sulphide) and galena (lead sulphide) in a stratigraphic geological unit called the Sundown ... «MarketWatch, Jun 15» 6 Ivanhoe Mines Reports Additional High-Grade Zinc, Copper, Silver … Drilling at depth to the south of the Big Zinc zone has revealed a new intersection of massive sulphide mineralization containing sphalerite (zinc), chalcopyrite ... «Yahoo Finance UK, Feb 15» 7 Project Review: Romarco's Haile Gold Deposit Abundances of pyrite are up to 15% in some parts, along with minor molybdenite (molybdenum sulfide) , chalcopyrite (copper-iron sulfide) and sphalerite ... «Geology for Investors, Feb 15» 8 Stakeholder Gold Corp.

Reports Visible Copper-Lead-Zinc at Bass … Between 80 and 178 meters, the shear exhibited extensive sericite alteration and pervasive, pyrrhotite, +/- pyrite, +/- galena, +/- sphalerite, +/- chalcopyrite ... «Baystreet.ca, Jan 15» 9 Red Mountain Mining intersects breccia lode at Camo ... quartz-barite-enargite lode, with high silver-copper grades, to a hydrothermal breccia lode with sulphides such as pyrite, galena, chalcopyrite and sphalerite. «Proactive Investors USA & Canada, Sep 14» 10 A Simple Mineral Has Geochemical Power That Helps Spark Life Sphalerite, zinc sulfide, is commonly found wherever metal ores are concentrated, including interesting places like seafloor black smokers. New work shows that ...

«KQED, Aug 14» REFERENCE zinc nedir, ne demek, zinc anlamı - Sesli Sözlük {n} a metal of a bluish white color used with copper to form brass, pinch beck (NC020) Helps maintain a healthy body Needed for the production of thyroid hormones which are vital to growth, development and the control of our metabolic rate A bluish-white, lustrous metallic element that is brittle at room temperature but malleable with heating It is used to form a wide variety of alloys including brass, bronze, various solders, and nickel silver, in galvanizing iron and other metals, for electric fuses, anodes, and meter cases, and in roofing, gutters, flashings, edge metals and also for various household objects Atomic number 30; atomic weight 65 37; melting point 419 4 °C; boiling point 907 °C; specific gravity 7 133 (25 °C); valence 2 a vitamin supplement Zinc is a naturally occurring inorganic chemical considered a pollutant of concern in the LaMP It is most commonly used as a protective coating for other metals a mineral required for protein

 synthesis & collagen formation Also promotes a healthy immune system & aids in digestion & metabolism An antioxidant that neutralizes free radicals and is important to the proper functioning of the body Its role in macular degeneration is unknown Symbol Zn It is used in making brass, britannia, and other alloys, and is also largely consumed in electric batteries An abundant element of the magnesium-cadmium group, extracted principally from the minerals zinc blende, smithsonite, calamine, and franklinite, as an easily fusible bluish white metal, which is malleable, especially when heated (and compounds) Used as a coating on iron and steel, and in making brass metal alloys; also used as a dust in making paints and dyes Zinc may cause chronic health effects such as reproductive disorders, according to US EPA Health Assessment Documents Some studies also indicate zinc can be toxic to aquatic life Atomic weight 64 Zinc is a product of a corrosive or aggressive water that is in contact with a galvanized plumbing system Zinc can effect the taste and color of the water The EPA maximum contaminant level for zinc is 5 0 ppm Zinc is essential to the synthesis of DNA and RNA, of proteins, insulin and sperm The body needs zinc, too, to metabolize

 carbohydrates, fats, protein and alcohol; to dispose of carbon dioxide; to make good use of vitamin A More than seventy different enzymes require zinc to do their appointed work And that's not all Zinc bolsters the immune system and makes wounds heal faster It's integral to the growth and maintenance of body tissues; it plays a major role in the development of fetuses and the growth of children It even hones the palate A bluish-white brittle metal Occurs naturally in soil, water and foods Second only to iron as a metal found in the human body a bluish-white lustrous metallic element; brittle at ordinary temperatures but malleable when heated; used in a wide variety of alloys and in galvanizing iron; it occurs as zinc sulphide in zinc blende Optional on nutrition label unless added as a nutrient supplement A mineral Helps form protein in the body Assists in wound healing, blood formation and general growth and maintenance of all tissues Part of many enzymes and insulin {f} cover with zinc, plate with zinc Zinc is a bluish-white metal which is used to make other metals such as brass, or to cover other metals such as iron to stop a brown substance called rust from forming.

To coat or treat with zinc; galvanize. a blue-white metal that is used to make brass and to cover and protect objects made of iron. It is a chemical element : symbol Zn (zink). Metallic chemical element, chemical symbol Zn, atomic number Zinc is a bluish silver metal, ductile when very pure but brittle otherwise. It forms brass (with copper) and many other alloys. Its major use is in galvanizing iron, steel, and other metals. Zinc is an essential trace element, particularly in red blood cells; in snails, it corresponds to iron in the blood of vertebrates. Zinc oxide is used as a pigment, ultraviolet light absorber (to prevent sunburn), dietary supplement and seed treatment, and photoconductor.

Zinc's many other compounds (in which it has valence 2 or, rarely, 1) are used in industrial and consumer applications, including as pesticides, pigments, mordants (see dye), fluxes, and wood preservatives An essential mineral often depleted in persons with HIV Zinc is a component of many enzymes It is important in protecting cells against excess oxidation and helps immune cells mature and function Ingesting high doses of zinc can be harmful, however, because it interferes with the absorption of copper, another essential micronutrient What it's good for: Essential for normal growth, development and immunity Helps maintain skin, hair and bones Keeps reproductive organs functioning and helps in the perception of taste and the ability to see at night Where you get it: Beef, poultry, liver, oysters, eggs and dairy products RDA: Between 12 to 15 mg for women and 15 mg for men A metal that is found naturally in air, soil, water and foods It is used in brass alloys, bronze, die-casting alloys, galvanizing iron, fungicides, smoke bombs, pharmaceuticals, pennies, and as a protective coating for other metals Zinc in water can be dissolved or undissolved, depending on the

 chemical and physical properties of the local environment The dominant fate of zinc is adsorption to sediments Zinc in soil is most likely to be strongly absorbed, depending on conditions Transfer to groundwater from soil is not a dominant process The soluble forms of zinc are the most toxic forms to aquatic biota Zinc is an essential nutrient for humans, however, excessive amounts can be harmful Zinc can reduce "good cholesterol", as well as lead to various gastrointestinal disorders Bluish-white hard metal occuring in various minerals such as sphalerite Metal Used extensively to galvanise iron to protect against rust (see corrosion) Can be toxic to fish if present in sufficient concentrations in it's free form, however this is only usually in very poorly buffered, acidic (pH<5 5) solutions This trace mineral is a cofactor in more than 20 enzyme functions and an insulin constituent Required for protein synthesis and collagen formation, enhances immunity and wound healing, regulates taste and growth, detoxifies alcohol in the liver, regulates Vitamin E concentration in the blood, and increases Vitamin A absorption- A daily external supply is required Deficiency symptoms include anemia, loss of taste and smell, thin and peeling nails with white spots, acne, fatigue, hair loss, impaired night vision, impotence and ster

ility, high cholesterol, decreased protein synthesis, memory impairment, prostate troubles, recurrent colds and flu, skin lesions, and slow wound healing Pregnancy increases deficiency risk Chemical symbol Zn Bluish-white, lustrous metal derived from ores that also contain lead, silver, copper, germanium, and cadmium Essential nutrient element in soils and animals Pure metal is malleable and ductile even at ordinary temperature It can be electro-deposited, and is used primarily as a galvanized protective coating for steel (especially steel destined for use in construction, transportation, and electrical equipment) Its most important alloys are brass and bronze Of great importance in die casting, although new ZA (zinc-aluminum) alloy is becoming a major force in die-casting Compounds and dusts used by agricultural, chemical, paint, and rubber industries An ion that is a yeast nutrient but that at high levels gives a metallic taste to beer a metallic trace element that plays a role in Imo cell maturation and activation, and in wound healing Deficiency leads to slow healing and possible mental symptoms Element number 30, symbol Zn, a metal (German, Zink) A bluish white ductile metal known to the ancients in brass but was not produced seperately until

 the 18th century Zinc is the secondary metal in the alloy brass, naval brass, alloy C28000 being 60% copper 39 2% zinc ans 2% tin Zinc is used to make hard varieties of aluminium and aluminium is used to make light strong zinc casting alloys The United States penny has been made out of copper clad zinc since 1983 Average density of zinc, 7 133 g/cm3, 2577 lbs/cuin, 445 30 lbs/cuft Los Alamos National Laboratory periodic table entry zinc mokume gane' Wood grain --> One of eight micronutrients necessary for plant health Zinc participates in chlorophyll formation, and also activates many enzymes Symptoms of zinc deficiency include chlorosis and stunted growth İlgili Terimler Zinc (Part 1) Zinc (Part 1) Published: 05 March 2014 Hits: 480 This is the first in a trilogy of short articles on zinc sheeting, presented by Rheinzink.

This private company was founded in 1966 and today is recognised as a world leader in the manufacturing of titanium zinc roofing, cladding and roof drainage systems. The history, production and usage of zinc Before it was discovered that iron ore could be processed to form a metal, zinc was used to produce brass as well as salts for medical purposes – two applications that were in common use before 3000 BC – and it wasn’t until 1200 AD in India that metallic zinc was produced, although the name “zinc” only began to appear in the 17th century. Metallic zinc was formed by heating the zinc ore indirectly with charcoal in a covered crucible, which produced zinc vapour that was cooled by the ambient air in a condensation receptacle underneath the crucible – the forerunner to today’s hi-tech processes. During the 18th century the extraction of zinc from the ore took place all over Europe and England, with smelters in horizontal retort ovens leading the emergence of new zinc extraction processes that first had to overcome the release of sulphur dioxide into the environment, which was achieved by converting it into sulphuric acid.

In 1805 a pack-rolling process was developed to roll zinc into smooth sheets of metal at between 100-150ºC, which gave rise to the material being used successfully in the building industry to make roof coverings, gutters and downpipes, with sheets in standard dimensions of 1m x 2m. (it wasn’t until the mid-1960s that modern technology superseded this process). The galvanising of steel sheeting and large structural steel components then became a key application for zinc, thanks to its anti-corrosion properties, and from the 19th century the production of zinc increased, together with the increasing use of steel. Modern production processes In nature zinc is found in the form of compounds involving oxygen or sulphur. The most important zinc mineral is zinc blende (ZnS), which is the chief source of zinc, consisting largely of zinc sulphide in crystalline form. The weathering of zinc blende gives rise to carbonatic and siliceous zinc minerals, known as oxidic zinc ore or calamine. In addition, zinc deposits generally contain other valuable metals on a scale that is of economic interest, with lead occurring most frequently.

Other important metals are copper, silver, iron, manganese and cadmium, as well as low levels of other metals. Approximately 90% of zinc ore is mined by underground working. Normally the ore is processed into concentrates near the deposit site in several stages via flotation and then used as the base material for subsequent smelting. The imperial smelting process and New Jersey zinc distillation (for refining crude zinc) and zinc electrolysis are the commonly available processes for the production of zinc from these concentrates. There are also plants for resmelting and liquation, i.e. for the thermic separation of zinc scrap. High-grade zinc is produced during zinc electrolysis, using a hydrometallurgical process which involves the following steps: • Roasting – the roasted blende is oxidised from the concentrates, producing SO2 containing off-gas, which undergoes further processing into H2S04 in a separate system. • Leaching – where the roasted blende is dissolved in sulphuric acid. • Purification of leach – here accompanying elements such as copper and cadmium are separated from the leach, resulting in the so-called neutral leach.

• Electrolysis – the zinc is deposited electrolytically from the neutral leach on the cathode. • Resmelting – in a final step the cathodes are resmelted into blocks of zinc. Zinc electrolysis results in a high utilisation level of the concentrates, and increasing use is also being made of secondary raw materials rich in zinc in this hydrometallurgical process for the extraction of zinc. Part 2 of this trilogy will appear in the next issue of Walls & Roofs in Africa, covering imperial smelting, processing zinc scrap and the production of sheets and strips. Zinc-blende - definition of Zinc-blende by The Free Dictionary Zinc-blende - definition of Zinc-blende by The Free Dictionary Also found in: Thesaurus , Encyclopedia , Wikipedia . sphal·er·ite (sfăl′ə-rīt′) n. The primary ore of zinc, occurring in usually yellow-brown or brownish-black crystals or cleavage masses, essentially ZnS with some cadmium, iron, and manganese. Also called blende, zinc blende.

[Greek sphaleros, slippery, deceitful (from its being easily mistaken for galena) (from sphallein, to trip, from sphalos, fetter, pair of stocks; akin to Sanskrit skhalate, he stumbles, and Armenian sxalem, I stumble) + -ite .] sphalerite (ˈsfæləˌraɪt; ˈsfeɪlə-) n (Minerals) a yellow to brownish-black mineral consisting of zinc sulphide in cubic crystalline form with varying amounts of iron, manganese, cadmium, gallium, and indium: the chief source of zinc. Formula: ZnS. Also called: zinc blende [C19: from Greek sphaleros deceitful, from sphallein to cause to stumble] sphal•er•ite Full text of "Zinc mining in Tennessee" See other formats OUTLINE INTRODUCTION TO THE MINERAL RESOURCES OF TENNESSEE Compiled and Written BY GEORGE H. ASHLEY EXTRACT (A) PROM BULLETIN NO.

2, "PRELIMINARY PAPERS ON THE MINERAL RESOURCES OP TENNESSEE." NASHVILLE FOLK-KKELIN PRINTING COMPANY 1910 /BERKELEY\ LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF \ S CAUFORNIA/ EARTH SCIENCES LIBRARY EXCHANGE 2-G STATE OP TENNESSEE-STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE H. ASHLEY, State Geologist ZINC MINING IN TENNESSEE BY SAMUEL W. OSGOOD KNOXVILLE, T'ENN. EXTRACT (G) FROM BULLETIN NO. 2, "PRELIMINARY PAPERS ON THE MINERAL RESOURCES OP TENNESSEE," NASHVILLE FOLK-KEELIN PRINTING COMPANY* 1910 2-G STATE OF TENNESSEE STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE H. ASHLEY, State Geologist ZINC MINING IN TENNESSEE BY SAMUEL W. OSGOOD KNOXV1LLE, TENN. EXTRACT (G) FROM BULLETIN NO.

2, "PRELIMINARY PAPERS ON THE MINERAL RESOURCES OF TENNESSEE." NASHVILLE KOLK-KEELIN PRINTING COMPANY' 1910 CONTENTS PAGE General description of the district 5 Character of ore 6 Former methods of working 7 The present operations in the district 8 Successful milling of Tennessee zinc ores fully proven 13 The smelting of Tennessee zinc ores in Tennessee 15 Some of the principal articles on zinc in Tennessee 18 ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Plate I, Fig. 1. Lead Mine Bend Zinc Quarry. New Prospect Mine 1 Fig. 2. Lead Mine Bend Zinc Quarry. New Prospect Mine 1 Plate II, Fig. 1. The Holston Mill at Flat Creek 9 Fig. 2. The Holston Mine Shaft 9 Plate III, Fig. 1. The Grasselli Chemical Co.'s Zinc Quarry, Newmarket, Tenn 10 Fig. 2. The Graselli Chemical Co.'s Zinc Quarry, showing car- bonate ore digging 10 Plate IV, Fig. 1.

Mossy Creek Zinc Quarry, at Jefferson City, Tenn., of the Eades, Mixter & Heald Zinc Co., now controlled by the Osgood Exploration Co 12 Fig. 2. The Branner Zinc Mine and Carson-Newman College Zinc Mine (looking from the Mossy Creek Mine), controlled by the Osgood Exploration Co., at Jeffer- son City, Tenn 12 ZINC MINING IN TENNESSEE By SAMUEL W. OSGOOD. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE DISTRICT. The zinc district of East Tennessee was mapped in the years of 1896 to 1901, and is described in folios issued by the United States Geologi- cal Survey at that time. The position of the mines and mineral belts here described is indicated on th'e map accompanying the part of Bul- letin 2, dealing with marble. (Bulletin 2-D.) .The maps show the district in general to consist of three nearly parallel zinc belts, 40 to 50 miles long, and about 20 miles apart.

These belts are each only a few hundred feet wide, and extend in a northeast-southwest direction, fol- lowing the general strike of the Appalachian system of folds and faults. The ores are contained in the Knox dolomite, a formation belonging, in part, to the Silurian and in part to the Cambrian series. In places local disturbances have given rise to cross-fissure zones of fracture. In these zones are the richest ore bodies. The ores are sulphides and they occur in the filling of the fracture zone or breccia, combined with calcite and dolomite and not in the rock. No barytes is present in these ores. Where the clay and sand of the surface is 20 to 30 feet- thick, carbonates and silicates are found to overlie the sulphide ores. The central belt occupies the valley of the Holston River, and is called the Holston Valley zinc belt. This belt has ores containing zinc with no lead and less than 0.5 per cent iron. The more northerly ore bodies, near the Powell River, and the southerly belt, near the French Broad River, carry both iron and lead.

The ore bodies along the northerly belt, which include the district in the vicinity of the Powell River, the Clinch River, and between these two rivers, near the city of New Tazewell, in Claiborne County, and in Union County, are extremely large. The ores are a compact "blende," or what is called zinc sulphide, being mined frequently in huge blocks several feet thick, assaying 45 to 50 per cent zinc. This ore, however, is extremely difficult to mill, but makes a good smelting ore. As is shown from the photographs of the New Prospect Mine (Plate I), the open quarries, where this ore has been mined, are very ex- tensive. 6 ZINC MINING IN TENNESSEE. Straight Creek Mine, near Tazewell, and other mines along this same belt all have bodies of high-grade zinc "blende," which is of the same nature as the above ores, carrying a little iron in the form of pyrite, which, added to its complex milling, also makes it difficult for smelting for the purpose of making spelter or merchant zinc.

How- ever, this ore could be smeltered very successfully in a furnace for the purpose of making zinc white paint. The southerly belt of ore, which lies near the French Broad River, and which has been opened at Leadvale, near White Pine, and Dan- dridge, in Jefferson County, has a complex mixture of lead and zinc, which is combined in such a fine grained intimate mixture as to make the milling of it impracticable, but which ores when found in suf- ficiently large bodies would make excellent ore for smelting in a zinc white paint furnace. Both the northerly belt and the southerly belt have lead, and some iron with the zinc in the ore. It is with the central belt that this article is principally concerned, for on this belt are the most extensive opera- tions, owing to accessibility to the railway, and to the simple nature of the ores, which are more easily treated. The Tennessee Valley ores, which occur near Knoxville, have no lead nor iron in them, and have an established reputation for being chemically pure for this reason.

The Holston Valley zinc belt is about 40 miles long, in a northeast- southwest direction, and from 50 to 700 feet wide. Knoxville is about in the center of the belt. The Southern Railway's double-track line between Bristol and Chattanooga traverses almost the entire length of the belt, hauling large amounts of Tennessee coal from near Knoxville to the coast. CHARACTER OF ORE. Carbonate ores have been shipped from the district for many years. They occur in a bed of red and yellow clay overlying the dolomite containing the yellowish blende. The shipments of carbonates have been spasmodic, and the future of the district will no doubt depend largely on the success of treating the sulphide ores. The East Tennessee zinc ores, while remarkable for their chemical purity and freedom from the undesirable iron and lead minerals usually found in zinc ores, have never until recently been of much commercial importance, owing to the low grade of the ore and the methods of milling. Actual results have shown that the cause for the lack of success was the small daily capacity of the plants, the hand-sorting of the ores bringing the cost per ton of ore treated to an abnormally high figure.

The crude method of building the mills also made steady ZINC MINING IN TENNESSEE. 7 daily operation over long periods impossible because of frequent and costly repairs. The blende, while in large bodies of a brecciated rock, occurs in bunches or small seams as a filling in the breccia, of the fissure zone. The ore has in the past always been hand-sorted to give a mill feed assaying from 8 to 12 per cent zinc. Recently, however, it is thought to have been demonstrated by large commercial operations that the entire brecciated mass can be mined and milled on a large scale in a modern concentrating mill, maintaining a fair grade of product. FORMER METHODS OF WORKING. The first mining and milling of the zinc blende ores on any con- siderable scale was undertaken by the Edes, Mixter and Heald Zinc Company, in 1883, at Mossy Creek, Jefferson County. This first mill was erected to wash the dumps of blende cobbed from the carbonate ores, and was so successful that in 1885 an 80-ton mill, including crusher, rolls and jigs, was erected.

This mill treated hand-sorted ore from a large quarry for several years. It was closed in the panic of 1893, but was reopened by the John Weir Lead & Zinc Company in 1900, and operated for a few months. The small daily capacity and the crude equipment brought costs per ton so high that the mill was closed after a few months. The second of these small unsuitable mills was erected by the In- galls Zinc Company, about \% miles southeast of Newmarket, in 1898. The ore was quarried from near the surface. Here, again, the ore was hand-sorted, the capacity of the mill being small, like that on Mossy Creek. The ore was hand-sorted to about a 12 per cent zinc before milling, and a high-grade concentrate was shipped, but the operating costs were very high per ton of ore mined, the cause being simply the inconvenient methods for handling too small a daily tonnage. The third of these small mills was built by the Roseberry Zinc Company, about \ l /2 miles west of Mascot, in 1900.

This mill was an advance on former plants, but the ore was still hand-sorted in the quarry, one car of waste being secured for each car of ore. It was one of the inefficient, old-style Joplin mills of small capacity, but it shipped many carloads of high-grade zinc concentrates. The capacity was low, the mill inefficient, and poorly built for continuous operation ; consequently the costs again were too high for commercial economic results. The ore was mined in a quarry at first, and later a shaft nearly 200 feet deep was sunk, and mining in stopes was begun. The fourth of these small mills was built by the Holston Zinc Com- 8 ZINC MINING IN TENNESSEE. pany, about % mile west of Mascot, in 1903, and this was another advance, especially in the development of a more elaborate jigging system. This mill was, however, of small capacity, and the ore was still hand-sorted in the quarry. In 1905 the shaft was sunk to 150 feet, and underground stope mining was started and milling was done with no hand-sorting, which showed another advance.

At this time daily capacity of the mill was small, the operation not in experienced hands, and the costs per ton relatively high. The Holston Zinc Company's mill, shown in Plate II, Fig. 1, was partially re-equipped in 1907 along lines suggested by A. M. Hewlett, the President of the company, and operated under the writer's manage- ment. Mr. Hewlett's untimely death in 1907 had much to do with the Holston Zinc Company's failure to complete the re-equipment of the mill. However, the plant was operated in its incomplete state for several months, and shipments of concentrates were made on a scale not possible before that time in the East Tennessee zinc districts. This showed at once the correctness of Mr. Hewlett's judgment in demonstrating on a commercial scale that all it required to make a success of the Tennessee zinc ores was large capacity to reduce the "per ton" cost, a mill elaborate enough to obtain the zinc in the ore and of a sufficiently stable construction for continuous daily operation.

The last year's operations on the Holston zinc belt include, besides those of the Holston Zinc Company, the shipments of carbonate ores and prospecting of its blende ore deposits by the Newmarket Zinc Company, the Grasselli Chemical Company, the Tennessee Mineral Company, and the Osgood Exploration Company. THE PRESENT OPERATIONS IN THE DISTRICT. At the Holston property the ore is mined through a shaft (Plate II, Fig. 2) at a depth of 160 feet in large stopes 50 to 75 feet wide and carried to a height of 40 feet. Another level has been started ahove, and drifts have been started to allow of stoping at a considerable distance from the shaft. Mining is done by machine drills, operated by compressed air. In this mine all rock is taken from the stopes for the entire width, no hand-sorting being done. All ore is dumped into the crushing plant and sent from there to the mill. The mill has three departments a roughing department, from which a large amount of waste rock formerly picked out by hand is sent to the tailings dump, and both a fine and coarse finishing department.

The Grasselli Company, whose principal office is at Cleveland, O., PLATE II. Fig. 1. The Holston Mill at Flat Creek. Fig. 2. The Holston Mine Shaft. PLATE III. Fig. 1. The Grasselli Chemical Company's Zinc Quarry, Newmarket, Tenn. Fig. 2. The Grasselli Chemical Company's Zinc Quarry, Showing "Carbonate" Ore Diggings. ZINC MINING IN TENNESSEE. 11 has taken over the property of the Newmarket Zinc Company (Plate III, Fig. 1 and 2), and has shipped some 95 carloads of carbonate ores to its smelters, under the able management of Mr. W. A. Underbill. This property has now been operating over a year, and is one of the most extensive mining operations in this district. They mine their ores with the steam shovel, and are now planning an extensive enlarge- met of their mill. It is gratifying to have such well known zinc operators taking a hand in Tennessee mining.

The Osgood Exploration Company, of Knoxville, Tenn., has taken over a large territory, consisting of all the mines of the old Eades, Mixter and Heald Zinc Company, and some other properties, including a lease on all the properties of the Carson-Newman College, at Jeffer- son City (Plate IV), and the Holston Mine, at Mascot, Tenn., and is now developing these properties. They have three large steam drill rigs at work. The holes are 6 inches in diameter, and are anywhere from 75 to 300 feet deep (or more, if necessary, to find the ore), and while from 3 to 7 holes will frequently prospect a piece of land con- taining 40 acres, three times this number are frequently drilled. These holes make excellent wells for watering stock when no zinc is found. The Roseberry Zinc Company started operations in 1900. Ore was quarried, hand-picked or sorted, and sent to the crude Joplin mill. In 1904 the company made the first successful attempt to develop the Tennessee ore bodies by drilling, as had been done in Joplin.

The drill disclosed a large ore body, which was opened by sinking a shaft 200 feet deep. The ore was mined in large stopes with machine drills. The ore was only roughly sorted as fed to the mill. This property adjoins that of the Osgood Exploration Company, and has recently been taken over by the Grasselli Chemical Company, who expect to erect a large mill on it. The Tennessee Mineral Company is operating their mine and mill at Newmarket, making regular shipment of zinc blende concentrates, under the management of Mr. Kenneth R. Ayer and N. Caswell Heine, President, 1 Liberty St., New York. Mr. John Cox is the Superin- tendent. A quarry or open pit has been made, 165 feet long, and 40 to 50 fet wide. The ore body was found at the surface and over the ores it has been opened 50 to 60 feet deep. The ore body is nearly horizontal, and is said to be 600 feet wide.

The ore is in a brecciatecl zone, and severaUseams of blende of a foot to several feet in width will average high in zinc, although no doubt the entire ore body will average much lower, probably about the same as the rest of these ores when mined on a large scale. The old works of this property consist of an open pit or quarry, II of d I" H o b C3 ZINC MINING IN TENNESSEE. 13 where the blende was mined for treatment in a small concentrator. The ore was mined and sorted in the quarry and hauled up an inclined track by a small hoisting engine. It was dumped upon a platform to be again hand-picked and then fed to the crusher. There were two quarries, 80 feet wide by 100 feet long, and about 5 feet deep. An old mill run shows that 500 tons of hand-sorted ore yielded 52 tons of concentrates, assaying 53 per cent zinc, which is very fair, considering the crude equipment of the mill.

The new mill has been enlarged and rebuilt, and an aerial wire-rope tramway built for the efficient handling of the ores from the bottom of their large quarry to the top of the mill bins. From these the ore runs automatically by gravity through the mill, where the zinc concentrates are prepared for the smelters. On account of the extreme purity of these ores, they bring about $2.00 more than the regular Joplin prices. The Valley Mine is the best looking of the partially opened, but inoperative mines of the belt. This mine is at Friends, on the South- ern Railway, 14 miles from Knoxville. The ore body is opened by an open quarry about 50 feet long, 15 feet wide, and 10 feet deep. The quarry is near Lost Creek, and the blende appears at the surface of the ground where the creek has washed away the soil. The ore occurs in a brecciated fissure zone, and is in appearance identical with the Mascot and Newmarket ores. Carbonate ores have been shipped from the clays of the subsoil on adjoining properties, which seems to indicate a large ore body on this property.

The Loves Creek Mine, at Loves Creek, 5 miles from Knoxville, was partially explored several years ago, and good ore was found. A 50-foot drill hole showed ore all the way to the bottom. There is a good mill site with ample water for milling and good surface indica- tions. This is at present among the inoperative properties, but the owners expect to develop it into a mine. Throughout the entire length of the zinc range from Knoxville to Jefferson City, wherever a creek has washed its way through the soil in crossing the ore zone good blende may be seen in the bed of the creek. SUCCESSFUL MILLING OF TENNESSEE ZINC ORES FULLY PROVEN. To Mr. A. M. Hewlett, the former President of the Kewanee Tube Company, now a part of the National Tube Company, belongs the credit of first solving the successful methods for the treatment com- mercially of the East Tennessee zinc ores. It cost the owners of the Holston Mine $150,000 to solve this problem, and finally they evolved a mill under the direction of the Knoxville firm of mining engineers, 14 ZINC MINING IN TENNESSEE.

Osgood, Carter & Company, which gave commercial recoveries that for years the lack of had prevented the operation of Tennessee zinc mines. They demonstrated that a 1,000-ton mill of correct construction would produce at a cost of $20 per ton, 40 tons of concentrates, assay- ing 55 per cent zinc, worth $31 per ton gross at the works, and that such a plant, in a going condition, would cost $100,000, additional to the cost of the land. These figures are based on actual results of opera- tion, conducted on the largest scale ever operated in this district. That this district can furnish ore in large quantities for several such mills, for years of continuous operation, is recognized by those familiar with the great magnitude of the ore bodies. The large size of the ore bodies gives the Tennessee zinc field more of the aspect of a manufacturing proposition with its enormous supply of the raw material. Now, that it has been proven possible by modern means to successfully treat these ores, it remains merely to provide facilities, such as mills, steam shovels, crushers, etc.

The range of zinc ore-bearing land comprises a strip a few hundred feet wide, nearly paralleling the main line of the 'Southern Railway that runs between Chattanooga and Bristol for a distance of 25 to 30 miles. This strip containing the ore bodies, varies from 6 to 50 feet wide, as is shown to be the case where it has been opened in a number of places for 20 miles in length, by a large number of drill holes, shafts with underground workings, as stopes and rooms and large open-surface quarries. These quarries are 30 to 60 feet deep, 30 to 100 feet wide, and 100 to 300 feet in length, all in ore. These ore bodies occur near the surface of the ground, and can be mined in large open quarries by steam shovels, after the manner of the Mesabi Range iron ores, with a simplicity that will make available the local supply of Southern labor, that will give extraordinary low costs of mining, comparing favorable with Mesabi Range costs.

On the basis of 1,000 tons per day, it is estimated that the costs of mining and transportating to the mill will be ntar 20 cents per ton of ore, which will be recognized as being far below the costs possible in the Missouri or Wisconsin, or other zinc mines. . The average grade of this Tennessee zinc ore, especially that in the. Holston River range, to which this refers, can be called a 60 per cent blende or "jack," or zinc ore proposition, meaning an ore which assays 4 per cent metallic zinc, and which in milling with a 60 per cent saving, will mill out as a 4 per cent ore; meaning that for every 100 tons of ore treated, a yield of 4 tons of concentrates will be obtained. These average figures of grade and milling results are based on the actual performance of practical large scale operations, and are not estimates ZINC MINING IN TENNESSEE^ ,// loosely made, but closely worked out results of such operations on a scale of 120 tons per day of this ore.

In the Joplin district of Missouri, 3 per cent "sheet ground" is con- sidered to be a good paying proposition, worked on a scale of over 400 tons per day, and the ore bodies are only from 3 to 60 feet thick. Most of the "sheet ground" averages much less than 3 per cent, and runs as low as 1.35 per cent, are worked profitably from a 12-foot thick ore body, and milled at the rate of 600 tons per day, whereas, as above, East Tennessee ore is in large bodies and of a higher average grade for the large area. At Aurora, Mo., Osgood, Carter & Company recently inspected a property operated by the Federal Lead Company, where they are mill- ing a 2.63 per cent zinc ore at profit. This is about 30 miles from Joplin, and shows what can be done with lower grades and smaller bodies of zinc ores than are available in Eastern Tennessee. In the Wisconsin zinc district, where Osgood, Carter & Company formerly operated large zinc mines and mills, the ore bodies are smaller, and the ores are higher grade.

The richness of the ore bodies compensates to some extent, on an average, the low costs of mining Tennessee large ore deposits. For instance, the Wisconsin zinc ore body may average 15 per cent zinc, the ore may be only 1 foot thick, whereas a Tennessee ore body of 4 per cent grade may be 50 feet thick. The ore from all of the above districts, excepting the Tennessee district, contains iron and lead as well as zinc, Shipments of carloads of 30 tons each in large quantities of Tennessee zinc concentrates show a record of 0.5 per cent to 1.5 per cent iron, and no lead, and such concentrates are in great demand for especially pure grade of spelter or metallic zinc. THE SMELTING OF TENNESSEE ZINC ORES IN TENNESSEE. The smelting of Tennessee zinc ores in Tennessee is inviting com- mercially, as is shown by the results of operation of the small smelter at Clinton, operated by the Eades, Mixter & Healds Company.

Coal supplies in great abundance are procurable from many mines within 40 miles, having a railway freight rate of 75 cents, less than the 85 cent rate from the Joplin mines to the Kansas gas belt zinc smelters. The freight rates on the finished slabs of zinc also is less from Ten- nessee to New York and the Atlantic coast seaboard points of con- sumption than from the Western smelters. The market for sulphuric acid, the chief by-product of a zinc smelter, is close to Clinton, large amounts being used by the southern fertilizer works in Middle Ten- 16 ZINC MINING IN TENNESSEE. nessee. The Tennessee Copper Company, only in March last, closed a large contract with the fertilizer combination for all the sulphuric acid it could produce, which combine also uses large quantities of acid that are now shipped in from the northern smelting points in Illinois, Ohio and Kansas. The grade of spelter or metallic zinc made from Tennessee ores is unusually pure, and is said to have always brought at least 2 cents per pound more, than the standard market price for other spelters, such as the western brands.

The following chemical analysis of spelter that was made at the Clinton smelter (closed during the panic of 1893 and never reopened) shows an exceptional high grade. (1) Analysis made at Boston by State Assayer S. P. Sharpless: Per Cent. Zinc 99.723 Lead 0.238 Iron 0.039 Sample is free from arsenic, antimony, manganese and other im- purities. (2) Analysis by Ledoux & Rickets, of New York, in duplicates : Per Cent. Zinc 99.988 Iron , 0.017 100.000 Sample free from lead, copper, cadmium, arsenic, antimony, sul- phur, etc. Comparative figures will show the profits of zinc smelting in Ten- nessee to be proportionately greater than is now being made in the Kansas smelters close to the Joplin, or other Missouri zinc fields. The net profits of smelting 40 tons of Tennessee concentrates daily amounts to $540, and the installation of a plant of this capacity would cost about $100,000.

East Tennessee as a field of investment in the zinc industry is thus shown to be one of great possibilities. The chief features of the in- viting outlook for capital is the size of the ore bodies and the consequent assurance of a supply of raw material to last for years. ZINC MINING IN TENNESSEE. 17 TABLE OF COMPARATIVE SMELTING PROFITS. JOPLIN SMELTERS PRACTICE with 95$ furnace efficiency ! LB. 1 ton of ore assaying: 60$ zinc contains metallic zinc or spelteramount- ing 1,200 Furnace efficiency (sav- ing) 95$, or amounting; to salable slabs of zinc 1,140 Value at New York with [ 5-ct. spelter |57 00 Cost of ore $40 00 Cost of smelting: and . freigfht .. --J11 00 TENNESSEE ZINC SMELTING $51 00 Net profits from zinc.._$ 6 00 Profits from acids at least _. $ 6 00 Total net smelting: prof- its, per ton...

...f!2 00 with 90$ furnace efficiency LB. 1 ton of ore assaying: 55$ zinc contains metallic zinc or spelter amount- Ing: 1,100 Furnace efficiency (sav- ing:,) 90$, or amounting: to salable slabs of zinc 990 Value at New York with 5-ct. spelter... ...$4950 with 95$ furnace efficiency Same LB. 1,100 Furnace efficiency 95$, gfives salable spelter.. 1,045 Value at New York with with 5 ct. spelter $52 25 Cost of ore...

$31 00 Cost of smelting: and freight $11 00 Same costs ....$42 00 Net profits from zinc...$ 7 50 Net piofits from zinc ...$10 25 Profits from acids at Profits from acids at least $ 6 00 least $ 6 00 Total net smelting: prof- Total net smelting: prof- its, per ton $13 50 its, per ton $16 25 Some of the Principal Articles on Zinc in Tennessee. BREWER (WM. M.) Mineral resources along the line of the East Tennessee-Virginia and Georgia division of the Southern Railway. Eng. and Mg. Jour., vol. Ixi, pp. 65-66. CLARKE (W. C.) Zinc in Eastern Tennessee, Mines and Minerals, vol. 27, No. 12, p. 395 ; also zinc belt of Claiborne and Union coun- ties, Tennessee, Mines & Minerals, vol. 27, No. 12, p. 567.

DEMARET (LEON) Les peinciapux gisements de minerais de zinc des Estates-Unis d'Amerique. Revue Universelle des Mines (Leige & Paris), 4e, ser. t. 6. pp. 221-256. GORDON (CHAS. H.) Zinc deposit of Tennessee, Appalachian Trade Journal, July, 1909, p. 7. INGALLS (W. R.) Production and properties of zinc. New York, 1902, pp. 197-203. KEITH (ARTHUR) Recent zinc mining in East Tennessee, U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 225, pp. 208-213; also Greeneville folio, No. 118; Maynardville folio, No. 75, and Morristown folio, No. 27. KILLEBREW (J. B.) Resources of Tennessee, 1192 pp. 1874. SAFFORD (J. M.) Geology of Tennessee, 550 pp. Nashville, 1869.

SHIFLETT (R. A.) Fourteenth, 15th, 16th, 17th and 18th annual reports of the Mining Department of Tennessee. SOUTHERN RAILWAY Southern Railway territory, Southern Field, vol. 10, No. 2; also the Nashville division, Southern Field, vol. 11, No. 3. WATSON (T. L.) Lead and zinc deposits of the Virginia-Tennessee region. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., Trans., vol. 36, pp. 681-737. 14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. LD 21-40m-5,'65 (F4308slO)476 General Library University of California Berkeley U.C.

BERKELEY LIBRARIES 03355131*1 What is zinc - Sesli Sözlük {n} a metal of a bluish white color used with copper to form brass, pinch beck (NC020) Helps maintain a healthy body Needed for the production of thyroid hormones which are vital to growth, development and the control of our metabolic rate A bluish-white, lustrous metallic element that is brittle at room temperature but malleable with heating It is used to form a wide variety of alloys including brass, bronze, various solders, and nickel silver, in galvanizing iron and other metals, for electric fuses, anodes, and meter cases, and in roofing, gutters, flashings, edge metals and also for various household objects Atomic number 30; atomic weight 65 37; melting point 419 4 °C; boiling point 907 °C; specific gravity 7 133 (25 °C); valence 2 a vitamin supplement Zinc is a naturally occurring inorganic chemical considered a pollutant of concern in the LaMP It is most commonly used as a protective coating for other metals a mineral required for protein synthesis &

 collagen formation Also promotes a healthy immune system & aids in digestion & metabolism An antioxidant that neutralizes free radicals and is important to the proper functioning of the body Its role in macular degeneration is unknown Symbol Zn It is used in making brass, britannia, and other alloys, and is also largely consumed in electric batteries An abundant element of the magnesium-cadmium group, extracted principally from the minerals zinc blende, smithsonite, calamine, and franklinite, as an easily fusible bluish white metal, which is malleable, especially when heated (and compounds) Used as a coating on iron and steel, and in making brass metal alloys; also used as a dust in making paints and dyes Zinc may cause chronic health effects such as reproductive disorders, according to US EPA Health Assessment Documents Some studies also indicate zinc can be toxic to aquatic life Atomic weight 64 Zinc is a product of a corrosive or aggressive water that is in contact with a galvanized plumbing system Zinc can effect the taste and color of the water The EPA maximum contaminant level for zinc is 5 0 ppm Zinc is essential to the synthesis of DNA and RNA, of proteins, insulin and sperm The body needs zinc, too, to metabolize carbohydrates,

 fats, protein and alcohol; to dispose of carbon dioxide; to make good use of vitamin A More than seventy different enzymes require zinc to do their appointed work And that's not all Zinc bolsters the immune system and makes wounds heal faster It's integral to the growth and maintenance of body tissues; it plays a major role in the development of fetuses and the growth of children It even hones the palate A bluish-white brittle metal Occurs naturally in soil, water and foods Second only to iron as a metal found in the human body a bluish-white lustrous metallic element; brittle at ordinary temperatures but malleable when heated; used in a wide variety of alloys and in galvanizing iron; it occurs as zinc sulphide in zinc blende Optional on nutrition label unless added as a nutrient supplement A mineral Helps form protein in the body Assists in wound healing, blood formation and general growth and maintenance of all tissues Part of many enzymes and insulin {f} cover with zinc, plate with zinc Zinc is a bluish-white metal which is used to make other metals such as brass, or to cover other metals such as iron to stop a brown substance called rust from forming.

To coat or treat with zinc; galvanize. a blue-white metal that is used to make brass and to cover and protect objects made of iron. It is a chemical element : symbol Zn (zink). Metallic chemical element, chemical symbol Zn, atomic number Zinc is a bluish silver metal, ductile when very pure but brittle otherwise. It forms brass (with copper) and many other alloys. Its major use is in galvanizing iron, steel, and other metals. Zinc is an essential trace element, particularly in red blood cells; in snails, it corresponds to iron in the blood of vertebrates. Zinc oxide is used as a pigment, ultraviolet light absorber (to prevent sunburn), dietary supplement and seed treatment, and photoconductor.

Zinc's many other compounds (in which it has valence 2 or, rarely, 1) are used in industrial and consumer applications, including as pesticides, pigments, mordants (see dye), fluxes, and wood preservatives An essential mineral often depleted in persons with HIV Zinc is a component of many enzymes It is important in protecting cells against excess oxidation and helps immune cells mature and function Ingesting high doses of zinc can be harmful, however, because it interferes with the absorption of copper, another essential micronutrient What it's good for: Essential for normal growth, development and immunity Helps maintain skin, hair and bones Keeps reproductive organs functioning and helps in the perception of taste and the ability to see at night Where you get it: Beef, poultry, liver, oysters, eggs and dairy products RDA: Between 12 to 15 mg for women and 15 mg for men A metal that is found naturally in air, soil, water and foods It is used in brass alloys, bronze, die-casting alloys, galvanizing iron, fungicides, smoke bombs, pharmaceuticals, pennies, and as a protective coating for other metals Zinc in water can be dissolved or undissolved, depending on the

 chemical and physical properties of the local environment The dominant fate of zinc is adsorption to sediments Zinc in soil is most likely to be strongly absorbed, depending on conditions Transfer to groundwater from soil is not a dominant process The soluble forms of zinc are the most toxic forms to aquatic biota Zinc is an essential nutrient for humans, however, excessive amounts can be harmful Zinc can reduce "good cholesterol", as well as lead to various gastrointestinal disorders Bluish-white hard metal occuring in various minerals such as sphalerite Metal Used extensively to galvanise iron to protect against rust (see corrosion) Can be toxic to fish if present in sufficient concentrations in it's free form, however this is only usually in very poorly buffered, acidic (pH<5 5) solutions This trace mineral is a cofactor in more than 20 enzyme functions and an insulin constituent Required for protein synthesis and collagen formation, enhances immunity and wound healing, regulates taste and growth, detoxifies alcohol in the liver, regulates Vitamin E concentration in the blood, and increases Vitamin A absorption- A daily external supply is required Deficiency symptoms include anemia, loss of taste and smell, thin and peeling nails with white spots, acne, fatigue, hair loss, impaired night vision, impotence and ster

ility, high cholesterol, decreased protein synthesis, memory impairment, prostate troubles, recurrent colds and flu, skin lesions, and slow wound healing Pregnancy increases deficiency risk Chemical symbol Zn Bluish-white, lustrous metal derived from ores that also contain lead, silver, copper, germanium, and cadmium Essential nutrient element in soils and animals Pure metal is malleable and ductile even at ordinary temperature It can be electro-deposited, and is used primarily as a galvanized protective coating for steel (especially steel destined for use in construction, transportation, and electrical equipment) Its most important alloys are brass and bronze Of great importance in die casting, although new ZA (zinc-aluminum) alloy is becoming a major force in die-casting Compounds and dusts used by agricultural, chemical, paint, and rubber industries An ion that is a yeast nutrient but that at high levels gives a metallic taste to beer a metallic trace element that plays a role in Imo cell maturation and activation, and in wound healing Deficiency leads to slow healing and possible mental symptoms Element number 30, symbol Zn, a metal (German, Zink) A bluish white ductile metal known to the ancients in brass but was not produced seperately until

 the 18th century Zinc is the secondary metal in the alloy brass, naval brass, alloy C28000 being 60% copper 39 2% zinc ans 2% tin Zinc is used to make hard varieties of aluminium and aluminium is used to make light strong zinc casting alloys The United States penny has been made out of copper clad zinc since 1983 Average density of zinc, 7 133 g/cm3, 2577 lbs/cuin, 445 30 lbs/cuft Los Alamos National Laboratory periodic table entry zinc mokume gane' Wood grain --> One of eight micronutrients necessary for plant health Zinc participates in chlorophyll formation, and also activates many enzymes Symptoms of zinc deficiency include chlorosis and stunted growth Related Terms

Question: Aka zinc blende, and consisting largely of zinc sulphide, what is the chief ore of zinc?
Answer: SPHALERITE