Chechnya | republic, Russia | Britannica.com Chechnya Alternative Titles: Chechen-Ingush A. S. S. R., Chechen-Ingushetia, Chechenia, Checheno-Ingushetia, Chechnia Related Topics Europe Chechnya, also spelled Chechnia or Chechenia, republic in southwestern Russia , situated on the northern flank of the Greater Caucasus range. Chechnya is bordered by Russia proper on the north, Dagestan republic on the east and southeast, the country of Georgia on the southwest, and Ingushetiya republic on the west. In the early 21st century, more than a decade of bitter conflict had devastated the republic, forced the mass exodus of refugees, and brought the economy to a standstill. Area 4,750 square miles (12,300 square km). Pop. (2008 est.) 1,209,040. Chechnya, republic of Russia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Land Chechnya falls into three physical regions from south to north.

In the south is the Greater Caucasus, the crest line of which forms the republic’s southern boundary. The highest peak is Mount Tebulosmta (14,741 feet [4,493 metres]), and the area’s chief river is the Argun , a tributary of the Sunzha. The second region is the foreland, consisting of the broad valleys of the Terek and Sunzha rivers, which cross the republic from the west to the east, where they unite. Third, in the north, are the level, rolling plains of the Nogay Steppe . The great variety of relief is reflected in the soil and vegetation cover. The Nogay Steppe is largely semidesert, with sagebrush vegetation and wide areas of sand dunes. This gives way toward the south and southwest, near the Terek River, to feather-grass steppe on black earth and chestnut soils. Steppe also occupies the Terek and Sunzha valleys.

Up to 6,500 feet (2,000 metres) the mountain slopes are densely covered by forests of beech, hornbeam, and oak, above which are coniferous forests, then alpine meadows, and finally bare rock, snow, and ice. The climate varies but is, in general, continental. People Chechnya’s main ethnic group is the Chechens , with minorities of Russians and Ingush . The Chechens and the Ingush are both Muslim and are two of the many Caucasian mountain peoples whose language belongs to the Nakh group. Fiercely independent, the Chechens and other Caucasian tribes mounted a prolonged resistance to Russian conquest from the 1830s through the ’50s under the Muslim leader Shāmil . They remained successful while the Russians were occupied with the Crimean War , but the Russians used larger forces in their later campaigns, and, when Shāmil was captured in 1859, many of his followers migrated to Armenia . The Terek River remained a defensive frontier until the 1860s.

The constant skirmishes of Chechens and Russians along the Terek form the background to Leo Tolstoy’s novel The Cossacks. Economy Dagestan The backbone of the economy has been petroleum, and drilling was mainly undertaken in the Sunzha River valley between Grozny and Gudermes. Petroleum refining was concentrated in Grozny, and pipelines ran to the Caspian Sea (east) at Makhachkala and to the Black Sea (west) at Tuapse . Natural gas is also found in the area. Agriculture is largely concentrated in the Terek and Sunzha valleys. Transportation is mainly by rail, following the Terek and Sunzha valleys and linking with Astrakhan and Baku on the Caspian Sea and with Tuapse and Rostov on the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov . Motor roads join Grozny to other centres within and outside the republic. History The Chechen autonomous oblast (region) was created by the Bolsheviks in November 1920. In 1934 it was merged with the Ingush autonomous oblast to form a joint Chechen-Ingush autonomous region, which two years later was designated a republic.

During World War II (1939–45) the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin accused the Chechens and Ingush of collaboration with the Germans; consequently, both groups were subjected to mass deportations to Central Asia , and the republic of Checheno-Ingushetia was dissolved. The exiles later were allowed to return to their homeland, and the republic was reestablished under the Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev in 1957. Exploring Russia: Fact or Fiction? Secessionist sentiments emerged in 1991 as the Soviet Union’s decline accelerated, and in August 1991 Dzhokhar Dudayev , a Chechen politician and former Soviet air force general, carried out a coup against the local communist government. Dudayev was elected Chechen president in October, and in November he unilaterally declared Chechnya’s independence from the Russian Federation (subsequently Russia). In 1992 Checheno-Ingushetia divided into two separate republics: Chechnya and Ingushetiya .

Dudayev pursued aggressively nationalistic, anti- Russian policies, and during 1994 armed Chechen opposition groups with Russian military backing tried unsuccessfully to depose Dudayev. Britannica Stories Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent On December 11, 1994, Russian troops invaded Chechnya. Overcoming stiff resistance, the Russian forces took the capital city of Grozny (Dzhokhar) in March 1995. Chechen guerrilla resistance continued, however, and a series of cease-fires were negotiated and violated. In 1996 Dudayev was killed during Russian shelling, and the following year former guerrilla leader Aslan Maskhadov was elected president. Russian Pres. Boris Yeltsin and Maskhadov signed a provisional peace treaty in May 1997 but left the question of Chechnya’s eventual status undetermined. It was estimated that up to 100,000 people in Chechnya died and more than 400,000 were forced to flee their homes during the 1990s.

Russian troops, which had withdrawn from Chechnya after the agreements of the mid-1990s, returned in late 1999 after Prime Minister Vladimir Putin blamed Chechen secessionists for bombings that killed scores of civilians in Russia. (Evidence never proved Chechen involvement in the bombings.) Heavy fighting resumed. As Russian forces gained control of the republic, Chechen fighters, forced into the mountains and hills, continued to employ guerrilla tactics. In October 2002 a group of Chechen militants seized a Moscow theatre and took nearly 700 spectators and performers hostage. In the ensuing rescue operation, some 130 hostages died—mostly as the result of inhaling a narcotic gas released by security forces that was meant to incapacitate the Chechens. Following the incident, Russia stepped up military operations in Chechnya. In 2003 Chechen voters approved a new constitution that devolved greater powers to the Chechen government but kept the republic in the federation. The following year the Russian-backed Chechen president, Akhmad Kadyrov, was killed in a bomb blast allegedly carried out by Chechen guerrillas.

Russian forces, in turn, killed several top separatist leaders in 2005 and 2006. With Putin’s backing, Ramzan Kadyrov, the son of Akhmad Kadyrov, gained the Chechen presidency in 2007. Denying accusations by human rights groups that he employed kidnapping, torture, and murder to quash opposition, Kadyrov maintained the support of Russia, and in early 2009 he claimed that the insurgency had been crushed. That April, Russian Pres. Dmitry Medvedev announced that Russia had ended its counterinsurgency operations in the republic. Nevertheless, sporadic outbreaks of violence continued to occur. More about Chechnya Grozny | Russia | Britannica.com Grozny Verkhoyansk Grozny, also spelled Groznyy, city and capital of the republic of Chechnya , Russia . It lies along the Sunzha River at the foot of the Sunzha Range of the Caucasus. Grozny was founded in 1818 as a fortress; the writers Leo Tolstoy and Mikhail Lermontov served there.

The presence of local oil deposits was known from 1823, but large-scale production did not begin until 1893, the year the railway reached the town. Thereafter Grozny grew rapidly as one of the major oil centres of Russia, with a production second only to Baku by the time of the Russian Revolution (1917). The growth of new Soviet oil fields reduced the relative importance of the area, but with new oil finds in the 1950s, it has remained a significant producer. Pipelines run through Grozny to Makhachkala on the Caspian Sea , Novorossiysk on the Black Sea , and the Donets Basin . Aside from large-scale refining and gas processing, petrochemicals and machinery for the petroleum industry are manufactured. Grozny has the oldest petroleum institute of Russia (established in 1920) and also a teacher-training institute. The Akhmad Kadyrov Mosque in Grozny, Chechnya, Russia.

© Petr Ivanov/Fotolia As the capital of Chechnya, Grozny was the chief objective of Russian army forces that entered the republic on December 11, 1994, in an effort to suppress a separatist Chechen government led by Dzhokhar Dudayev . The artillery and aerial bombardments used by Russian forces to overcome stiff Chechen resistance had destroyed much of the city by the time the Russians drove out its last remaining Chechen defenders in March 1995. In 1997 Russian troops withdrew from Grozny and Chechnya in accordance with a peace treaty. Fighting resumed in late 1999, however, and Grozny experienced heavy attacks. Thousands of civilians died in the city during the lengthy struggle. Pop. (2010) 271,573; (2013 est.) 277,414. Learn More in these related articles: in Chechnya Grozny Grozny Гро́зный; Chechen : Соьлж-ГIала, Sölƶ-Ġala) is the capital city of the Chechen Republic in Russia .

The city lies on the Sunzha River. According to the 2002 All-Russia population census, the city had a population of 210,720 people (a little more than half of the population a decade before) and in 2008 the city had a population of 230,100 people. Name In Russian "Grozny" means "fearsome", "menacing", or "terrible" (for example, the figure known in English as " Ivan the Terrible " is called "Ivan Grozny" (Иван Грозный) in Russian). During the existence of the separatist republic, it was officially renamed to Dzokhar-Ghala in 1996, and Chechen separatists sometimes continue refer to the city as Dzhokhar or Djohar ( Chechen : Джовхар-ГIала, Dƶovxar-Ġala); it was named so after Dzhokhar Dudaev, the first president of the separatist Chechen Republic of Ichkeria.

As of December 2005, the Chechen parliament voted to rename the city Akhmadkala after Akhmad Kadyrov, a proposition which was rejected by his son Ramzan Kadyrov, the prime minister and later president of the republic. History Russian fort The Groznaya fortress was built in 1818 as a Russian military outpost on the Sunzha River by Terek Cossacks which was a prominent defence centre during the Caucasian War. Two Moscow Times foreign reporters state that it was built on the site of six leveled Chechen villages. After the annexation of the region by the Russian Empire, the military use of the old fortress was obsolete and in December 1869 it was renamed Grozny. (The change of the name ending follows the rules for adjectives when the modified noun was changed from the feminine gender ("threatening fortress") to masculine ("threatening town"). As most of the residents there were Terek Cossacks, the town grew slowly until the development of oil reserves in the early 20th century. This encouraged the rapid development of industry and petrochemical production.

In addition to the oil drilled in the city itself, the city became a geographical centre of Russia's network of oil fields, and in 1893 became part of the Transcaucasia — Russia Proper railway. The result was the population almost doubled from 15,600 in 1897 to 30,400 in 1913. Soviet regional capital The day after the October Revolution (November 8, 1917), the Bolsheviks headed by N. Anisimov seized Grozny and established a Proletariat control. As the Russian Civil War escalated, the Proletariat formed the 12th Red Army, and the garrison held out against numerous attacks by Terek Cossacks from August 11, 1918 until November 12. However, with the arrival of Denikin's armies, the Bolsheviks were forced to withdraw and Grozny was captured on February 4, 1919 by the White Army.

Underground operations were carried out, but only the arrival of the Caucasus front of the Red Army in 1920 allowed the town to permanently end up with the RSFSR on 17 March. Simultaneously it became part of the Soviet Mountain Republic, which was formed on 20 January 1921, and was the capital of the Chechen National District inside it. On 30 November 1922, the mountain republic was dissolved, and the national district became the Chechen Autonomous Oblast (Chechen AO) with Grozny as the capital. At this time most of the population was still Russian, but of Cossack descent. As Cossacks were viewed as a potential threat to the Soviet nation, Moscow actively encouraged the migration of Chechens into the city from the mountains. In 1934 the Chechen-Ingush AO was formed, which then grew into the Chechen-Ingush ASSR in 1936. However in 1944 the whole population of Chechens and Ingush was deported after collaboration with Nazi Germany , about 10,000 died.

All traces of them in the city, including books and graveyards, were destroyed by the NKVD troops. Grozny became the capital of the Grozny Oblast of RSFSR, and the city at the time was again wholly Russian. In 1957 Chechen-Ingush ASSR was restored, and the Chechens were allowed to return. Once again migration of non-Russians into Grozny continued whilst the ethnic Russian population, in turn, moved to other parts of the USSR, notably the Baltic states , after the interethnic conflict had nearly occurred. By the late 1960s, Chechens and Ingush outnumbered ethnic Russians. At the same time a great deal of development occurred in the city. Like many other Soviet cities, the Stalinist style of architecture was prevalent during this period, with apartments in the centre as well as administrative buildings including the massive Council of Ministers and the Grozny University buildings being constructed in Grozny. Later projects included the high-rise apartment blocks prominent in many Soviet cities, as well as a city airport. In 1989, the population of the city was almost 400,000 people.

Collapse of Russian authority After the collapse of the Soviet Union , Grozny became the seat of a separatist government led by Dzhokhar Dudaev. At this time of chaos, many of the remaining Russian and other non-Chechen residents were expelled by groups of militants, adding to a harassment and discrimination from the new authorities . These events are perceived by some as an act of an ethnic cleansing of non-Chechens, which has been reflected in the materials of General Prosecutor's office of the Russian Federation. The covert Russian attempts of overthrowing Dudayev by a means of an armed Chechen opposition forces resulted in repeated failed assaults on the city. The last one on 26 November 1994 ended with capture of 21 Russian Army tank crew members, secretly hired as mercenaries by the FSK (former KGB , soon renamed FSB); their capture was sometimes cited as one of the reasons of Boris Yeltsin's decision to launch the open intervention. In the meantime, Grozny airport and other targets were bombed by unmarked Russian aircraft.

First Chechen War During the First Chechen War, Grozny was the site of an intense battle lasting from December 1994 to February 1995 and ultimately ending with the capture of the city by the Russian military. Intense fighting and carpet bombing carried out by the Russian Air Force destroyed much of the city. Thousands of combatants on both sides died in the fighting, alongside civilians , many of which were reportedly ethnic Russians; unclaimed bodies were later collected and buried in mass graves on the city outskirts. The main federal military base in Chechnya was located in the area of Grozny air base . Chechen guerrilla units operating from nearby mountains managed to harass and demoralize the Russian Army by means of guerilla tactics and raids, such as the attack on Grozny in March 1996, which added to political and public pressure for a withdrawal of Russian troops. In August 1996, a raiding force of 1,500 to 3,000 militants recaptured the city in a surprise attack.

They surrounded and routed its entire garrison of 10,000 MVD troops, while fighting off the Russian Army units from the Khankala base. The battle ended with a final ceasefire and Grozny was once again in the hands of Chechen separatists. The name was changed to Djohar in 1997 by the President of the separatist Ichkeria republic, Aslan Maskhadov. By this time most of the remaining Russian minority fled. Second Chechen War Grozny was once again the epicenter of fighting after the outbreak of the Second Chechen War, which further caused thousands of fatalities. During the early phase of the Russian siege on Grozny in October 25, 1999, Russian forces launched five SS-21 ballistic missiles at the crowded central bazaar and a maternity ward, killing more than 140 people and injuring hundreds. During the massive shelling of the city that followed, most of the Russian artillery were directed toward the upper floors of the buildings; although this caused massive destruction of infrastructure, civilian casualties were much less than in the first battles. The enormous scale of the devastation prompted numerous comparisons with Hiroshima and other cities leveled during World War II .

The final seizure of the city was set in early February 2000, when the Russian military lured the besieged militants to a promised safe passage. Seeing that there was no build-up of forces outside, the militants agreed. One day prior to the planned evacuation, the Russian Army mined the path between the city and the village of Alkhan-Kala and concentrated most firepower on that point. As a result, both the city mayor and military commander were killed; a number of other prominent separatist leaders were also killed or wounded, including Shamil Basayev and several hundred rank-and-file militants. Afterwards, the Russians slowly entered the empty city and on February 6 raised the Russian flag in the centre. Many buildings and even whole areas of the city were systematically dynamited. A month later, it was declared safe to allow the residents to return to their homes, although demolishing continued for some time. In 2003 the United Nations called Grozny the most destroyed city on earth. Today Today, the federal government representatives of Chechnya are based in Grozny. Reconstruction is progressing.

By June 2006, out of more than 60,000 apartment buildings and private homes destroyed, 900 have been rebuilt. Out of several dozens of industrial enterprises, three have been partially rebuilt — the Grozny Machine-Building Factory, the Krasny Molot (Red Hammer) and Transmash factories. The railway communication was restored in 2005, and Grozny's Severny airport was reopened in 2007 with three weekly flights to Moscow. Most of the city's infrastructure was destroyed and many continue to live in ruined buildings without heating and running water, even as electricity was mostly restored since 2006, as the city has undergone substantial reconstruction. Before the war, Grozny had about 79,000 apartments, and the city authorities expect to be able to restore about 45,000 apartments; the rest were in the buildings that were completely destroyed. After four years of construction, the Grozny Mosque was formally opened to the public on October 16, 2008 and is considered one of the largest mosques in Europe.

In 2009 the city of Grozny was honored by the UN Human Settlements Programme for transforming the war scarred city and providing new homes for thousands. Features The city is divided into four administrative city districts: Leninsky, Zavodskoy, Staropromyslovsky, and Oktyabrsky. All of the districts are residential, but Staropromyslovsky district is also the city's main illegal oil drilling area, and Oktyabrsky district hosts most of the city's industry. Grozny was known for its modern architecture and as a spa town but nearly all the town was destroyed or seriously damaged during the Chechen Wars. It is home to Chechen State University and FC Terek Grozny, which after a 15 year absence from its hometown, returned to Grozny in March 2008. Also in Grozny is Chechen State Pedagogical Institute. Transport The first train pulled into the Grozny Railway station on May 1 , 1893.

Tram and trolley On November 5 , 1932, Grozny Tram was opened to the public, and by 1990 was 85 kilometres long, and 107 factory-fresh KTM-5 trams that it received in the late 1980s, and two depots. The Grozny Trolley, began operation in December 31 , 1975, and by 1990 was approximately 60 kilometres with 58 buses and one depot. Both versions of transport came under difficult pressure in the early 1990s, with frequent theft of equipment, lack of pay to the staff and resultant strikes. A major planned Trolley extension to the airport was cancelled. With the outbreak of the First Chechen War both transport services stopped operation. During the destructive battles, the tram tracks were blocked or damaged, cars and buses were turned into barricades. The trolley was more lucky, as most of its equipment, including the depot survived the war.

In 1996 it was visited by specialists from the Vologda Trolley Company, who repaired some of the lines, with service planned to be re-started in 1997. However after they returned, most of the equipment was stolen, and instead the surviving buses were transported to Volzhsky where they were re-paired and used in the new Trolley system. After the Second Chechen War, little of the infrastructure of both systems was left. The created Ministry of Transport of the Chechen Republic in 2002, decided not to build the tram (rated as too expensive, and not answering to the city's needs, which lost half of its population since). The trolley however was more fortunate, and despite delays, Grozny hopes to open it by 2010. Sport Grozny is home to Russian Premier League club FC Terek Grozny. After winning promotion by coming 2nd in 2007 Russian First Division, Terek Grozny finished 10th in Russian Premier League 2008. The team is owned by Ramzan Kadyrov and play in the city's Sultan Bilimkhanov Stadium.

(Wikipedia) Chechen Republic | Article about Chechen Republic by The Free Dictionary Chechen Republic | Article about Chechen Republic by The Free Dictionary Also found in: Dictionary , Thesaurus , Wikipedia . Related to Chechen Republic: Chechenia Chechnya (chĕchnyä`, chĕch`nēə) or Chechen Republic (chəchĕn`), republic (1990 est. pop. 1,300,000, with neighboring Ingushetia), c.6,100 sq mi (15,800 sq km), SE European Russia, in the N Caucasus. Grozny Grozny or Groznyy , city (2006 est. pop. 230,000), capital of Chechnya, SE European Russia, in the northern foothills of the Greater Caucasus. It is the center of Chechnya's oil fields, linked by pipelines to Makhachkala on the Caspian Sea, to Tuapse on the Black Sea, ..... Click the link for more information. is the capital.

Prior to 1992 Chechnya and Ingushetia Ingushetia or Ingush Republic , republic, c.1,240 sq mi (3,210 sq km), Russian Federation, in the N Caucasus. The capital (since 2003) is Magas, a new city in the suburbs of Nazran, the former capital. ..... Click the link for more information. comprised the Checheno-Ingush Republic. The mountainous region has important oil deposits, as well as natural gas, limestone, gypsum, sulfur, and other minerals. Its mineral waters have made it a spa center. Agriculture is concentrated in the Terek and Sunzha river valleys. Oil, petrochemicals, oil-field equipment, foods, wines, and fruit are produced. The population, which is concentrated in the foothills, is predominantly Chechen, or Nokhchi. The Chechen, like the neighboring Ingush, are Sunni Muslim, and speak a Caucasian language.

History Recognized as a distinct people since the 17th cent., the Chechens were the most active opponents of Russia's conquest (1818–1917) of the Caucasus. They fought bitterly during an unsuccessful 1850s rebellion led by Imam Shamyl Shamyl or Shamil , 1798?–1871, imam (religious and political leader) of the E Caucasus. From 1834 to 1859 he led the Muslim tribes of the E Caucasus in their holy war to resist Russian conquest, waging guerrilla warfare with great skill. ..... Click the link for more information. . The Bolsheviks seized the region in 1918 but were dislodged in 1919 by counterrevolutionary forces under Gen. A. I. Denikin Denikin, Anton Ivanovich , 1872–1947, Russian general. The son of a serf, he rose from the ranks.

After the Bolshevik Revolution in Nov., 1917 (Oct., 1917, O.S.), he joined General Kornilov, whom he succeeded (1918) as commander of the anti-Bolshevik forces in the south. ..... Click the link for more information. . After Soviet rule was reestablished, the area was included in 1921 in the Mountain People's Republic. The Chechen Autonomous Region was created in 1922, and in 1934 it became part of the Chechen-Ingush Region, made a republic in 1936. After Chechen and Ingush units collaborated with the invading Germans during World War II, many residents were deported (1944) to Central Asia. Deportees were repatriated in 1956, and the republic was reestablished in 1957. In 1991, as the Soviet Union disintegrated, the Chechen-dominated parliament of the republic declared independence as the Republic of Ichkeria, soon better known as Chechnya.

In June, 1992, Russia granted Ingush inhabitants their own republic (Ingushetia) in the western fifth of the territory; in subsequent years there have been disputes and tension between the two republics over territory. Tensions between the Russian government and that of Chechen president Dzhokhar Dudayev escalated into warfare in late 1994, as Russian troops arrived to crush the separatist movement. Grozny was devastated in the fighting, and tens of thousands died. Russian forces regained control of many areas in 1995, but separatist guerrillas controlled much of the mountainous south and committed spectacular terrorist actions in other parts of Russia. Fighting continued through 1996, when Dudayev was killed and succeeded by Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev. The Russians withdrew, essentially admitting defeat, following a cease-fire that left Chechnya with de facto autonomy. Aslan Maskhadov, chief of staff of the Chechen forces, was elected president early in 1997 but appeared to have little control over the republic. In 1999, Islamic law was established.

Terrorism, including a series of bombings in Moscow, erupted again, and after Islamic militants invaded neighboring Dagestan Dagestan Republic or Daghestan Republic , constituent republic (1999 pop. 2,074,000), c.19,400 sq mi (50,250 sq km), SE European Russia, bounded on the E by the Caspian Sea. Makhachkala (the capital) and Derbent are the chief cities. ..... Click the link for more information. from Chechnya, Russian forces bombed and invaded Chechnya, capturing Grozny and forcing the rebels into mountain strongholds. The rebels continued to mount occasional guerrilla attacks on Russian forces, as well as terror attacks in Moscow and other Russian cities outside Chechnya, but there have been no significant rebel attacks in Chechnya since 2004. Both sides were accused of brutality and terrorizing noncombatants. In 2003 voters approved a new constitution for Chechnya, and Akhmad Kadyrov was subsequently elected president, but the election was generally regarded as neither free nor fair. Both the constitution and the president were backed by Russian government.

Kadyrov was assassinated in 2004; Alu Alkhanov was elected to succeed him. Russian forces killed Maskhadov, who was considered a moderate Chechen rebel leader, in 2005 and Shamil Baseyev, a notorious and significant rebel commander, in 2006. Alkhanov resigned as president in 2007 after a power struggle with Prime Minister Ramzan Kadyrov Kadyrov, Ramzan Akhmadovich, 1976–, Chechen rebel and political leader. The son of assassinated (2004) Chechnya president Akhmad Kadyrov, he was a guerilla leader in the first Chechen war (1994–96). ..... Click the link for more information. , son of the former president, and Kadyrov was then appointed president (the post was renamed imam in 2010) by Russian president Putin. Kadyrov has been accused of terroristic and sadistic brutality; a number of his rivals and critics have been assassinated, and there also has been an increase in antigovernment terrorist attacks.

Chechnya: Introduction Chechnya Introduction Chechnya (chĕchnyäˈ, chĕchˈnēə) [ key ] or Chechen Republic chəchĕnˈ, republic (1990 est. pop. 1,300,000, with neighboring Ingushetia), c.6,100 sq mi (15,800 sq km), SE European Russia, in the N Caucasus. Grozny is the capital. Prior to 1992 Chechnya and Ingushetia comprised the Checheno-Ingush Republic. The mountainous region has important oil deposits, as well as natural gas, limestone, gypsum, sulfur, and other minerals. Its mineral waters have made it a spa center. Agriculture is concentrated in the Terek and Sunzha river valleys. Oil, petrochemicals, oil-field equipment, foods, wines, and fruit are produced. The population, which is concentrated in the foothills, is predominantly Chechen, or Nokhchi. The Chechen, like the neighboring Ingush, are Sunni Muslim, and speak a Caucasian language.

Sections in this article: Waynakh Online » Administrative Divisions Administrative Divisions Home » Administrative Divisions Administrative Divisions The capital of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria is Dzhokhar Ghala (Grozny). The city lies on the Sunzha River. Dzhokhar Ghala is divided into four administrative city districts: Leninsky, Zavodskoy, Staropromyslovsky and Oktyabrsky. The city was founded in 1818 as a fortress. The Groznaya Fortress was a Russian military outpost on the Sunzha River by Terek Cossacks which was a prominent defense centre during the Caucasian War. It was built on the site of six leveled Chechen villages. After the annexation of the region by the Russian Empire, the military use of the old fortress was obsolete and in December 1869 it was renamed Grozny. In Russian “Grozny” means “fearsome”, “menacing”, or “terrible”. Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev, who was the Vice-President of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, renamed the city Dzhokhar Ghala in 1996.

After the assassination of Dzhokhar Dudaev by Russian terrorists 1996, Yandarbiyev became the acting President. Major Settlements of Chechen Republic of Ichkeria: 1. Znamenskoye (red #1 on the map) 2. Naurskaya (red #2 on the map) 3. Achkhoy-Martan (red #3 on the map) 4. Urus-Martan (red #4 on the map) 5. Dzhokhar-Ghala (Grozny) (red #5 on the map) 6. Shali (red #6 on the map) 7. Gudermes (red #7 on the map) 8. Shelkovskaya (red #8 on the map) 9. Itum-Shale (red #9 on the map) 10. Shatoy (red #10 on the map) 11. Vedeno (red #11 on the map) 12. Nozhay-Yurt (red #12 on the map) Districts of Chechen Republic of Ichkeria: 1.

Naursky (black area #1 on the map) 2. Shelkovskoy (black area #2 on the map) 3. Nadterechny (black area #3 on the map) 4. Groznensky (black area #4 on the map) 5. Gudermessky (black area #5 on the map) 6. Sunzhensky (black area #6 on the map) 7. Achkhoy-Martanovsky (black area #7 on the map) 8. Urus-Martanovsky (black area #8 on the map) 9. Shalinsky (black area #9 on the map) 10. Kurchaloyevsky (black area #10 on the map) 11. Itum-Kalinsky (black area #11 on the map) 12. Shatoysky (black area #12 on the map) 13. Vedensky (black area #13 on the map) 14. Nozhay-Yurtovsky (black area #14 on the map) 15.

Sharoysky (black area #15 on the map) *Blue lines show the rivers of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria on the map. Blue line number 1 is the Argun River; line 2 is the Sunzha River and line 3 is the Terek River. About: Grozny About: Grozny An Entity of Type : place , from Named Graph : , within Data Space : dbpedia.org Grozny (Russian: Грозный; [ˈgroznɨj]; Chechen: Грозный) is the capital city of the Chechen Republic, Russia. The city lies on the Sunzha River. According to the 2010 Census, it had a population of 271,573; up from 210,720 recorded in the 2002 Census, but still only about two-thirds of 399,688 recorded in the 1989 Census.

Property abstract غروزني (روسية: Гро́зный;‏ شيشانية: Соьлжа-ГIала‏، Sölƶa-Ġala أو Жовхар‏ وDƶowxar) عاصمة الشيشان والشيشان إشكيريا انشئت عام 1818 كحصن روسى ولعبت دورا مهما في حرب القوقاز, ولم تبدا المدينة النمو الا بعد اكتشاف البترول. يبلغ عدد سكانها 213.600 حسب إحصاءات 2004 وقبل الحرب الشيشانية 400.000.غروزني.تقوم العاصمة الشيشانية على جانبي سونجا رافد نهر تيريك.

ويربو عدد سكانها على 230 ألف نسمة.نمت مدينة غروزني حول قلعة حملت الاسم ذاته، بناها ألكسي يرمولوف وكان قائد الجيش القيصري في القوقاز عام 1818، هنا أدى ميخائيل ليرمونتوف وليف تولستوي الخدمة العسكرية وكتبا روائع أدبهما تحت تأثير الأصالة القوقازية.بدأ استخراج النفط قرب غروزني عام 1893 فتحولت المدينة إلى أحد أكبر المراكز الصناعية في القوقاز.لحقت بالمدينة أضرار بالغة نتيجة العمليات القتالية في تسعينات القرن الماضي، وكانت القوات الروسية قد سيطرت عليها مرتين في عامي 1994 و1999 بينما اقتحمها الانفصاليون الشيشان واستولوا عليها عام 1996.مدينة غروزني التي كانت بالأمس مهدمة، تبدو اليوم حديثة وجميلة، وصارت واحدة من أجمل المدن الأوروبية.واللون الأ

زرق المميز لأبنيتها الجديدة يدعو إلى حياة أفضل ومستقبل وضاء.تم انجاز بناء المسجد الجامع "قلب الشيشان"، الجامع الرئيسي في غروزني، والأكبر في أوروبا، الذي يتسع لعشرة آلاف شخص، خلال عامين فقط، وإلى جانبه اقيمت الجامعة إلإسلامية ودار الإفتاء.

وتغلب على شارع النصر خضرة الشجر، وأصلحت أبنيته لتتفق مع نمط خمسينات القرن الماضي وتجمع بين الأنموذجين الأوروبي والوطني.شارع بوتين أجمل معالم غروزني، كان يسمى بالحدودي، حيث كان يفصل بين القوزاق والقلعة، ثم بين البيض والحمر. ويوجد فيه مبنى كبير لصالة الحفلات. وغرس فيه أكثر من سبعمائة شجرة.

كان بناؤه في خمسينات القرن العشرين فحمل طابع ذلك العصر.المؤسسات التعليمية في غروزني مشهورة وأهمها الجامعة الحكومية الشيشانية ومعهدا النفط والتربية، ويوجد في المدينة المسرح الدرامي، الذي يقدم الأعمال الكلاسيكية إضافة إلى المسرحيات المحلية التي تعكس تناقضات الحياة والتقاليد لدى الشيشان.32x28pxبوابة الشيشان32x28pxبوابة روسيا (ar) Grozni (en ruso Грозный; en checheno Соьлж-ГІала, tr.: Solj Ghaala) es la capital de la República de Chechenia, sujeto federal de Rusia. En 2008 el número de habitantes de la ciudad ascendía a 226.100 personas. Grozni está situada a orillas del río Sunzha, en las estribaciones septentrionales de la cordillera del Cáucaso, en una de las áreas petrolíferas más ricas de Rusia.

Varios oleoductos y líneas férreas unen la ciudad con el mar Caspio y el mar Negro. Sus plantas industriales producen equipamiento para campos petrolíferos, petróleo refinado y productos químicos. (es) Grosny (auch Grozny; russisch Гро́зный; tschetschenisch Соьлж-ГӀала/Sölsch-Ghala) ist die Hauptstadt der russischen Teilrepublik Tschetschenien. Die im Kaukasus gelegene Stadt hat 271.573 Einwohner (Stand 14. Oktober 2010) und ist das wirtschaftliche und kulturelle Zentrum der autonomen Republik. (de) Grozny (en russe : Грозный ; en tchétchène : Соьлжа-ГIала, Sölƶa-Ġala) est la capitale de la République de Tchétchénie, au sein de la Fédération de Russie.

Sa population s'élève à 277 414 habitants en 2013. (fr) Grozny (Russian: Грозный; [ˈgroznɨj]; Chechen: Грозный) is the capital city of the Chechen Republic, Russia. The city lies on the Sunzha River. According to the 2010 Census, it had a population of 271,573; up from 210,720 recorded in the 2002 Census, but still only about two-thirds of 399,688 recorded in the 1989 Census. (en) Groznyj (in russo: Грозный, anche traslitterata come Grozny; Соьлжа-ГIала, Solža-Ġala in ceceno) è una città della Russia meridionale, capitale della Cecenia.

(it) グロズヌイ（Grozny、ロシア語: Грозный、チェチェン語: Соьлжа-ГIала）は、ロシア連邦南部に位置するチェチェン共和国の首都。 (ja) Grozny (ros.: Гро́зный, Groznyj; czecz.: Соьлжа-ГӀала, Sölƶa-Ġala) – miasto w Rosji, stolica Czeczenii. W 2010 roku miasto liczyło ok. 270 tys. mieszkańców (wobec ok. 400 tys. na początku lat 90. XX wieku). Czeczeńscy separatyści używają też nazwy Dżochar-Gala (czecz. Джохар-ГӀала / Dƶoxar-Ġala), na cześć Dżochara Dudajewa.

(pl) Grzny (Russisch: Грозный, Tsjetsjeens: Соьлжа-ГIала, Sölža-Ġala, soms ook Джовхар-ГIала, Džovxar-Ġala) is de hoofdstad van de Russische deelrepubliek Tsjetsjenië. De stad ligt aan de rivier de Soenzja (stroomgebied van de Terek) op 2007 kilometer ten zuiden van Moskou in de Tsjetsjeense Vlakte. De stad had bij de laatste Russische volkstelling 210.720 inwoners, bijna de helft van de laatste sovjetvolkstelling, toen de stad nog 399.600 inwoners had. (nl) Grózni (em russo Гро́зный, em checheno Solj Ghaala) é a capital da Chechénia. Sua população em 2002 era de 223 mil habitantes.

Situa-se nas margens do rio Sunzha, afluente da margem direita do rio Terek. Grózni foi fundada em 1818 e cresceu devagar até aos início do século XX. Mais tarde tornou-se num importante centro industrial. A cidade situa-se no centro geométrico dos campos petrolíferos da Rússia. A cidade pode ser dividida em quatro zonas: Lenínski, Zavodskoi - ambas áreas residênciais, Staroprompslovski e Oktiábrski - onde se situa a zona industrial. Contudo, Grózni foi quase completamente destruída ou seriamente danificada durante as guerras na Chechénia. A cidade tinha uma universidade e era a sede do clube FC Terek Grozny. Grózni foi capturada pelo exército russo durante a primeira guerra na Chechénia, mas as operações da guerrilha a partir das montanhas conseguiu provocar a retirada daquelas em 1996.

Desde a segunda guerra chechena que Grózni voltou a estar sobre controlo russo. (pt) Гро́зный (чеч. Соьлжа-ГӀала — назв. по реке Сунжа (чеч. Соьлжа) + гӀала «город») — город на Северном Кавказе, на юге России, столица Чеченской Республики, центр Грозненского района. Город расположен на обоих берегах реки Сунжи. Город воинской славы России (с 6 апреля 2015 года).Один из крупных городов Северного Кавказа: второе место по площади и третье — по населению (283 659 чел. на 2015 год, что составляет 20,34 % населения республики).

(ru) 格罗兹尼（俄語：Гро́зный，俄语拉丁字母拼写：Grozny，車臣語：Соьлжа-ГIала、Sölƶ-Ġala或Джохар-ГIала、Dƶoxar-Ġala，英语：Grozny），俄罗斯车臣共和国首府，位于高加索山北麓。格罗兹尼由沙皇俄国军队建城于1818年，其名俄语意为“威胁”，是俄军控制北高加索的主要要塞之一。该城1989年时人口曾达到40.1万人，后在两次车臣战争期间发生数次格罗兹尼战役，城市大部都遭到毁灭性破坏，1999年时人口仅有15万人，次年进行选民登记时，仅有9833人前来登记。战后，普京政府开始重建格罗兹尼。如今基本已从战争中恢复了过来，重新成为了一座现代化城市。 (zh) Grosny (auch Grozny; russisch Гро́зный; tschetschenisch Соь

лж-ГӀала/Sölsch-Ghala) ist die Hauptstadt der russischen Teilrepublik Tschetschenien.

Die im Kaukasus gelegene Stadt hat 271.573 Einwohner (Stand 14. Oktober 2010) und ist das wirtschaftliche und kulturelle Zentrum der autonomen Republik. (de) Grozny (en russe : Грозный ; en tchétchène : Соьлжа-ГIала, Sölƶa-Ġala) est la capitale de la République de Tchétchénie, au sein de la Fédération de Russie. Sa population s'élève à 277 414 habitants en 2013. (fr) Grozny (Russian: Грозный; [ˈgroznɨj]; Chechen: Грозный) is the capital city of the Chechen Republic, Russia. The city lies on the Sunzha River.

According to the 2010 Census, it had a population of 271,573; up from 210,720 recorded in the 2002 Census, but still only about two-thirds of 399,688 recorded in the 1989 Census. (en) Groznyj (in russo: Грозный, anche traslitterata come Grozny; Соьлжа-ГIала, Solža-Ġala in ceceno) è una città della Russia meridionale, capitale della Cecenia.

(it) グロズヌイ（Grozny、ロシア語: Грозный、チェチェン語: Соьлжа-ГIала）は、ロシア連邦南部に位置するチェチェン共和国の首都。 (ja) Grzny (Russisch: Грозный, Tsjetsjeens: Соьлжа-ГIала, Sölža-Ġala, soms ook Джовхар-ГIала, Džovxar-Ġala) is de hoofdstad van de Russische deelrepubliek Tsjetsjenië. De stad ligt aan de rivier de Soenzja (stroomgebied van de Terek) op 2007 kilometer ten zuiden van Moskou in de Tsjetsjeense Vlakte. De stad had bij de laatste Russische volkstelling 210.720 inwoners, bijna de helft van de laatste sovjetvolkstelling, toen de stad nog 399.600 inwoners had. (nl) Гро́зный (чеч.

Соьлжа-ГӀала — назв. по реке Сунжа (чеч. Соьлжа) + гӀала «город») — город на Северном Кавказе, на юге России, столица Чеченской Республики, центр Грозненского района. Город расположен на обоих берегах реки Сунжи. Город воинской славы России (с 6 апреля 2015 года).Один из крупных городов Северного Кавказа: второе место по площади и третье — по населению (283 659 чел. на 2015 год, что составляет 20,34 % населения республики).

(ru) 格罗兹尼（俄語：Гро́зный，俄语拉丁字母拼写：Grozny，車臣語：Соьлжа-ГIала、Sölƶ-Ġala或Джохар-ГIала、Dƶoxar-Ġala，英语：Grozny），俄罗斯车臣共和国首府，位于高加索山北麓。格罗兹尼由沙皇俄国军队建城于1818年，其名俄语意为“威胁”，是俄军控制北高加索的主要要塞之一。该城1989年时人口曾达到40.1万人，后在两次车臣战争期间发生数次格罗兹尼战役，城市大部都遭到毁灭性破坏，1999年时人口仅有15万人，次年进行选民登记时，仅有9833人前来登记。战后，普京政府开始重建格罗兹尼。如今基本已从战争中恢复了过来，重新成为了一座现代化城市。 (zh) غروزني (روسية: Гро́зный;‏ شيشانية: Соьлжа

-ГIала‏، Sölƶa-Ġala أو Жовхар‏ وDƶowxar) عاصمة الشيشان والشيشان إشكيريا انشئت عام 1818 كحصن روسى ولعبت دورا مهما في حرب القوقاز, ولم تبدا المدينة النمو الا بعد اكتشاف البترول.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 213.600 حسب إحصاءات 2004 وقبل الحرب الشيشانية 400.000.غروزني.تقوم العاصمة الشيشانية على جانبي سونجا رافد نهر تيريك. (ar) Grozni (en ruso Грозный; en checheno Соьлж-ГІала, tr.: Solj Ghaala) es la capital de la República de Chechenia, sujeto federal de Rusia. En 2008 el número de habitantes de la ciudad ascendía a 226.100 personas.Grozni está situada a orillas del río Sunzha, en las estribaciones septentrionales de la cordillera del Cáucaso, en una de las áreas petrolíferas más ricas de Rusia. Varios oleoductos y líneas férreas unen la ciudad con el mar Caspio y el mar Negro. Sus plantas industriales producen equipamiento para campos petrolíferos, petróleo refinado y productos químicos.

(es) Grozny (ros.: Гро́зный, Groznyj; czecz.: Соьлжа-ГӀала, Sölƶa-Ġala) – miasto w Rosji, stolica Czeczenii. W 2010 roku miasto liczyło ok. 270 tys. mieszkańców (wobec ok. 400 tys. na początku lat 90. XX wieku).Czeczeńscy separatyści używają też nazwy Dżochar-Gala (czecz. Джохар-ГӀала / Dƶoxar-Ġala), na cześć Dżochara Dudajewa. (pl) Grózni (em russo Гро́зный, em checheno Solj Ghaala) é a capital da Chechénia. Sua população em 2002 era de 223 mil habitantes.

Situa-se nas margens do rio Sunzha, afluente da margem direita do rio Terek.Grózni foi fundada em 1818 e cresceu devagar até aos início do século XX. Mais tarde tornou-se num importante centro industrial. A cidade situa-se no centro geométrico dos campos petrolíferos da Rússia.A cidade tinha uma universidade e era a sede do clube FC Terek Grozny. (pt) Caucasus Moto Fest NEWS GROZNY Grozny is the capital city of the Chechen Republic, Russia. The city lies on the Sunzha River. According to the 2010 Census, the city had a population of 271,573. Grozny was known for its modern architecture and as a spa town but nearly all the town was destroyed or seriously damaged during the Chechen Wars. It is home to Chechen State University and FC Terek Grozny, which after a fifteen year absence from its hometown returned to Grozny in March 2008. Also in Grozny is Chechen State Pedagogical Institute. Grozny, Chechnya - Russia. HD Travel.

- YouTube Grozny, Chechnya - Russia. HD Travel. Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Apr 13, 2016 Grozny (Russian: Грозный; IPA: [ˈgroznɨj]; Chechen: Грозный) is the capital city of the Chechen Republic, Russia. The city lies on the Sunzha River. Композиция "Aretes" принадлежит исполнителю Kevin MacLeod. Лицензия: Creative Commons Attribution ( ). Global Tourism Network - CHECHEN REPUBLIC Chechen republic Time: Moscow Time Zone (MSK/MSD). UTC offset is +0300 (MSK)/+0400 (MSD). Local time now: Federal district: Southern Federal District. Capital: Grozny. Main cities: Gudermes, Argun, Shali, Urus-Martan.

Land and Resources: The republic is located in the Northern Caucasus mountains. It borders Stavropol Krai to the northwest, the republic of Dagestan to the northeast and east, Georgia to the south, and the republics of Ingushetia and North Ossetia to the west. Situated in the eastern part of the North Caucasus, Chechnya is surrounded on nearly all sides by Russian Federal territory. In the west, it borders North Ossetia and Ingushetia, in the north, Stavropol Krai, in the east, Dagestan, and to the south, Georgia. The rivers are: Terek, Sunzha, Argun River. Climate: Different climatic zones, ranging from semidesert to cold moist mountainous climate. The republic gets a lot of sunshine through the whole year. Summer is long and hot, and winter is short and relatively mild. The average July temperature in Tersko-Kumskaya plain is +25. The air is humid all year round. Transportation: The railway communication was restored in 2005, and Grozny`s Severny airport was reopened in 2007 with three weekly flights to Moscow.

Sightseeing: Chechnya is among the Russian regions where historical and cultural monuments are considered valuable not only in republican and All-Russian scale but in world scale as well. At present there are 218 facilities of cultural heritage in the plains of Chechnya and are registered by the government, and 25 archeological monuments out of these are of federal significance. The capital city of the Chechen Republic, Grozny, used to be a showcase example of modern architecture. Grozny is about to turn 200. It was founded as a military outpost in 1818. Members of an influential secret society - Decembrists, the famous poet Mikhail Lermontov and Leo Tolstoy, to name but a few celebrities, visited that city. It was in Grozny that the poet and playwright Alexander Griboyedov was taken in police custody on suspicion of complicity in the Decembrist conspiracy. The city had for 100 years been proud of the house built in preparation for a visit by the famous Russian singer Fyodor Shalyapin.

Grozny was known for its modern architecture and as a spa town (it had hydropathic centers, with hydrogen sulphide and radon baths) but nearly all the town was destroyed or seriously damaged during the Chechen Wars. There was one Chechen and one Russian-language drama theater, a puppet theater, a circus, a number of movie theaters, a concert hall, two museums. A new Mosque recently constructed in Grozny is dedicated to Akhmad Kadyrov, a slain President of the Chechen Republic. The open-air ethnographic museum пїЅDondi-YurtпїЅ is a landmark feature of the Chechen village Urus-Martan. The пїЅDondi-YurtпїЅ boasts a complex of buildings that is based on the motifs of the traditional Chechen architecture. The complex includes replicas of dwelling towers and watchtowers which were erected by use of traditional engineering techniques. At the foot of towers lie stone ancient crypts of enormous size. Chechnya`s most famous historical and cultural monument, Argun state historical and architectural and natural museum-reserve is near the border of Dagestan, Georgia and Republic of Ingushetia.

There are about 1 000 facilities of historical and cultural legacy on the territory. Among these are archeological monuments, architectural complexes of the Middle Age, military, guarding and living towers, caves, grottoes, crypts, dead cities and unique natural reserves, protected natural landscapes forest and water resources and mineral water springs. Medieval stone towers in Chechnya. The mountainous part of the Chechen Republic boasts stone buildings that tower over the terraced villages. These towers are seen as the highest achievement of Chechen architecture and may also be seen as a stone chronicle of Chechen history. Most of the towers were built in the period between the 14th and 18th centuries. There were three kinds of towers: residential, watch and fortification.

Question: Lying on the Sunzha River, what is the capital of the Chechen Republic?
Answer: GROZNY