Encarta | encyclopedia | Britannica.com encyclopedia Alternative Title: “Microsoft Encarta Multimedia Encyclopedia” Related Topics Encarta, in full Microsoft Encarta Multimedia Encyclopedia, multimedia digital encyclopaedia produced by Microsoft Corporation (1993–2009). Initially a CD-ROM product, the Encarta brand later expanded to include an Internet-based incarnation and was bundled with other Microsoft products. A student holding a CD-ROM of the 1995 edition of Encarta, a digital encyclopaedia published by … Daily Mail/Rex/Alamy The possibility of a digital encyclopaedia was first discussed at Microsoft in 1985. The company approached a range of reference publishers before signing a nonexclusive contract with Funk & Wagnalls to use their 29-volume New Encyclopedia in establishing a database in 1989. The project, however, was put on hold in 1990 due to concerns about the commercial viability of the product.

After efforts resumed in 1991, the company proceeded to illustrate the approximately 25,000 articles using an array of sound files and maps as well as more than 5,000 public domain images and a small selection of videos. Approximately 40 percent of the articles were biographies. Additional features included a time line of human history, a dictionary and thesaurus, and a quiz game called MindMaze. The encyclopaedia was later offered in a range of foreign-language and regionally specific editions. The initial CD product was released in March 1993 with a retail price of nearly $400, equivalent to such competitors as Compton’s MultiMedia Encyclopedia . Following slow sales, later that year the CD was given away with the Windows software suite that was included with the purchase of many computers, and the stand-alone price was dropped to $99. The price reduction effectively catalyzed sales that outstripped competitors. Prices continued to drop throughout the product’s life span. Abbreviated versions of some Encarta articles were available to subscribers to the Microsoft Network ISP, launched in 1995.

Beginning in 1996, Encarta CDs were issued in standard and deluxe editions. Users of the deluxe edition, which had twice the multimedia content offered by the standard edition, could also download monthly updates from Microsoft; users of the standard edition could do so for a fee. Encarta was offered in a bundled reference suite edition, which included a reference library and an interactive atlas, beginning in 1997; it also remained available as a stand-alone product. In 1998 Microsoft purchased the copyrights to Collier’s electronic encyclopaedia and the New Merit Scholar’s Encyclopedia and incorporated that material into Encarta. In 1999 the company debuted the Encarta Africana, an encyclopaedia of black history that was the result of a collaboration with scholars, including Henry Louis Gates, Jr. , and published a print and digital dictionary, the Encarta World English Dictionary, called the Encarta Webster’s Dictionary of the English Language in subsequent editions. Packaging for the 1997 deluxe edition of Microsoft’s Encarta encyclopaedia on CD-ROM.

J.E Luebering Bolshaya Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya A subscription Web site debuted in 1998, and an abridged version of Encarta was made available online for free in 2000, with full access available to purchasers of the CD or DVD products. Microsoft began charging for access to all encyclopaedia content the following year, though access to dictionary content remained free. In 2006 maintenance of Encarta content was turned over to Websters Multimedia Inc., a subsidiary of Websters International Publishers Ltd. Citing the advent of free online reference sources, Microsoft discontinued Encarta, which then consisted of more than 60,000 articles, at the end of 2009. Only the free Encarta dictionary remained online. Encarta | Microsoft Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia ( Archived homepage at WebCite ) ( Archived homepage at Wayback Machine by Internet Archive ) Microsoft Encarta was a digital multimedia encyclopedia published by Microsoft from 1993 to 2009.

As of 2008 [update] , the complete English version, Encarta Premium, consisted of more than 62,000 articles, [1] numerous photos and illustrations, music clips, videos, interactivities, timelines, maps and atlas, and homework tools, and was available on the Internet by yearly subscription or by purchase on DVD-ROM or multiple CD-ROMs . Many articles could also be viewed online free of charge, a service supported by advertisements. [2] Microsoft published similar encyclopedias under the Encarta trademark in various languages, including German, French, Spanish, Dutch, Italian, Portuguese and Japanese. Localized versions may contain contents licensed from available national sources and may contain more or less content than the full English version. For example, the Dutch version has content from the Dutch Winkler Prins encyclopedia. In March 2009, Microsoft announced it was discontinuing the Encarta disc and online versions. The MSN Encarta site in all countries except Japan was closed on October 31, 2009. Japan's Encarta site was closed on December 31, 2009.

[3] [4] The Encarta online dictionary at dictionary.msn.com will continue to be operated by Microsoft. [5] Contents History Britannica's 1989 Compton's Multimedia Encyclopedia was the first "multimedia" CD-ROM encyclopedia. [6] Grolier 's 1985 Academic American Encyclopedia on CD-ROM was text-only. In 1990, when it was called The New Grolier Electronic Encyclopedia (1988-1991), still pictures were added, The Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia CD-ROM first appeared in 1992 as The New Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. [6] Microsoft initiated Encarta by purchasing non-exclusive rights to the Funk & Wagnalls Encyclopedia, incorporating it into its first edition in 1993. (Funk & Wagnalls continued to publish revised editions for several years independently of Encarta, but then ceased printing in the late 1990s.) Previously having been referred to by the codename "Gandalf," [7] [8] [9] [10] the name Encarta was created for Microsoft by an advertising agency.

[11] Microsoft had originally approached Encyclopædia Britannica , the gold standard of encyclopedias for over a century, in the 1980s, but it declined, believing its print media sales would be hurt; however the Benton Foundation was forced to sell Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. at below book value in 1996 when the print sales could no longer compete with Encarta and the Microsoft distribution channel which focused on bundling [12] copies with new computer systems. [13] In the late 1990s, Microsoft bought Collier's Encyclopedia and New Merit Scholar's Encyclopedia from Macmillan and incorporated them into Encarta. Thus the current Microsoft Encarta can be considered the successor of the Funk and Wagnalls, Collier, and New Merit Scholar encyclopedias. None of these formerly successful encyclopedias remained in print for long after being merged into Encarta. Microsoft introduced several regional versions of Encarta translated into languages other than English. For example, the Brazilian Portuguese version was introduced in 1999 and suspended in 2002.

[14] The Spanish version is somewhat smaller than the English one, at 42,000 articles. In July 2006, Websters Multimedia, a Bellevue, Washington subsidiary of London-based Websters International Publishers, took over maintenance of Encarta from Microsoft. [15] The last version is Encarta Premium 2009, released in August 2008. [1] Microsoft announced in March 2009 that it would cease to sell Microsoft Student and all editions of Encarta Premium software products worldwide by June 2009, citing changes in the way people seek information and in the traditional encyclopedia and reference material market as the key reasons behind the termination. [3] Updates for Encarta were offered until October 2009. [3] Additionally, MSN Encarta web sites were discontinued around October 31, 2009, with the exception of Encarta Japan which was discontinued on December 31, 2009. Existing MSN Encarta Premium (part of MSN Premium) subscribers will be refunded. [3] Encarta's closing is widely attributed to competition from online encyclopedia leader Wikipedia .

[16] [17] [18] The Wikimedia Foundation has approached Microsoft about releasing Encarta data under a free license, but Jimmy Wales , the co-founder of Wikipedia, stated, "the community probably wouldn't find it useful. However, the images might be useful." [19] Contents and features Encarta's standard edition [20] includes approximately 50,000 articles, with additional images, videos and sounds. The premium editions contain over 62,000 articles and other multimedia content, such as 25,000 pictures and illustrations, over 300 videos and animations, and an interactive atlas with 1.8 million locations. Its articles are integrated with multimedia content and may have a collection of links to websites selected by its editors . Encarta's articles in general are less lengthy and more summarized than the printed version of Encyclopaedia Britannica or the online Wikipedia . Like most multimedia encyclopedias, Encarta's articles tend to provide an overview of the subject rather than an exhaustive coverage and can only be viewed one at a time. A sidebar may display alternative views, essays , journals or original materials relevant to the topic.

For example, when reading about computers , it features annals since 1967 of the computer industry. Encarta also supports closed captioning for the hearing impaired. A separate program, called Encarta Research Organizer was included in early versions for gathering and organizing information and constructing a Word document-based report. Later versions included Encarta Researcher which was a browser plugin to organize information from Encarta articles and web pages into research projects. Content copied from Encarta is appended with a copyright boilerplate message after the selection. The user interface allows viewing content with only images, videos, sounds, animations, 360-degree views, virtual tours, charts and tables or only interactivities. Encarta 2000 and later have Map Treks which are tours of geographic features and concepts. Microsoft had a separate product known as Encarta Africana which was an encyclopedia of black history and culture. It was integrated into the standard Encarta Reference suite starting with the 2001 version.

[21] Encarta 2002 and onwards feature 3D Virtual Tours of ancient structures, for example the Acropolis ; 2D panoramic images of world wonders or major cities; and a virtual flight feature which allows users to fly a virtual airplane over a coarsely generated artificial landscape area. Version 2002 also introduced the ability to install the entire encyclopedia locally to the hard disk drive to prevent frequent swapping of discs. Encarta 2003 incorporated literature guides and book summaries, foreign language translation dictionaries, a Homework Center and Chart Maker. Encarta's Visual Browser, available since the 2004 version, presents a user with a list of related topics making them more discoverable. A collection of 32 Discovery Channel videos have also since been added. Encarta 2005 introduced another program called Encarta Kids aimed at children to make learning fun. Encarta also includes a trivia game called "MindMaze" (accessible through Ctrl+Z) in which the player explores a castle by answering questions whose answers can be found in the encyclopedia's articles. There is also a Geography Quiz and several other games and quizzes, some quizzes also in Encarta Kids.

For years, Encarta came in three primary software editions: Basic, Premium, and Reference Library (price and features in that order.) Beginning with Encarta 2006, however, when Websters Multimedia took over its maintenance, Encarta became a feature of Microsoft Student as the premier Microsoft educational software program. Although it is possible to purchase only the Encarta encyclopedia separately, Microsoft Student bundles together Encarta Premium with Microsoft Math (a graphing calculator program) and Learning Essentials, which provides templates for Microsoft Office . In addition, the Reference Library was discontinued, absorbed into a newer, more comprehensive Premium package. Encarta's user interface is shared with Microsoft Student, and has been streamlined to reduce clutter with only a Search box which returns relevant results; however it is no longer possible to simply browse all the encyclopedia articles alphabetically. World Atlas The dynamic maps are generated with the same engine that powered Microsoft MapPoint software. The map is a virtual globe that one can freely rotate and magnify to any location down to major streets for big cities. The globe has multiple surfaces displaying political boundaries, physical landmarks, historical maps and statistical information.

One can selectively display statistical values on the globe surface or in a tabular form, different sized cities, various geological or man-made features and reference lines in a map. The maps contain hyperlinks to related articles ("Map Trek") and also supports a "Dynamic Sensor" that provides the latitude , longitude , place name , population and local time for any point on the globe. Encarta also generates a visible-light moon atlas with names of major craters and hyperlinks. However, it does not include a planetarium , but instead has a small interactive constellation -only map. In addition to database generated maps, many other illustrative maps in Encarta ("Historical Maps") are drawn by artists. Some more advanced maps are interactive : for example, the large African map for Africana can display information such as political boundaries or the distribution of African flora . Encarta Dictionary When Encarta was released as part of the "Reference Suite" in 1998 (through to 2000), Microsoft bundled " Microsoft Bookshelf " with the other programs (Encarta Encyclopedia 98 Deluxe Edition, Encarta Desk Atlas, Encarta Virtual Globe 98, Encarta World English Dictionary and Encarta Research Organizer). However, this was redundant.

Bookshelf was discontinued in 2000, and in later Encarta editions (Encarta Suite 2000 and onwards), Bookshelf was replaced with a dedicated Encarta Dictionary, a superset of the printed edition. There was some controversy over the decision, since the dictionary lacks the other books provided in Bookshelf which many found to be a useful reference, such as Columbia Dictionary of Quotations (replaced with a quotations section in Encarta that links to relevant articles and people) and an Internet Directory (although now a moot point since many of the sites listed in offline directories aren't around anymore). Regional versions Robert McHenry , while Editor-in-Chief of the Encyclopædia Britannica , criticized [22] Encarta for differences in factual content between national versions of Encarta, accusing Microsoft of "pandering to local prejudices" instead of presenting subjects objectively. [23] An article written by Bill Gates addressed the nature of writing encyclopedia for different regions. [24] Technology Microsoft Student with Encarta Premium 2007 running on Windows XP .

Before the emergence of the world wide web for information browsing, Microsoft recognized the importance of having an engine that supported a multimedia markup language , full text search, and extensibility using software objects. The hypertext display, hyperlinking and search software was created by a team of CD-ROM Division developers in the late 1980s who designed it as a generalized engine for uses as diverse as interactive help , document management systems and as ambitious as a multimedia encyclopedia. Encarta was able to use various Microsoft technologies because it was extensible with software components for displaying unique types of multimedia information. For example, a snap in map engine is adapted from its MapPoint software. More information on the hypertext and search engine used by Encarta may be found in the Microsoft Bookshelf article. Unlike Microsoft Office , Encarta disc version only supports Microsoft Windows with Microsoft's Internet Explorer . Encarta 98 was the last version to be released for the Macintosh. However, people who use other operating systems may still access Encarta's website through an Internet connection. Encarta uses database technologies to generate much of its multimedia content. For example, Encarta generates each zoomable map from a global geographic information system database on demand.

When a user uses the copy and paste function of Microsoft Windows on Encarta on more than five words, Encarta automatically appends a copyright boilerplate message after the paste. User editing Early in 2005, the online Encarta started to allow users to suggest changes to existing articles. [25] Articles were not immediately updated. Instead, user feedback was submitted to Encarta's editors for review, copyediting, and approval. [26] Contributors were not paid for their submissions. [27] Chatbot Encarta's content was accessible using a conversational interface on Windows Live Messenger via the MSN Bot "Encarta Instant Answers". [28] The bot could answer many encyclopedia related questions directly in the IM window. It used short sentences from the Encarta website, and sometimes displays full articles in the Internet Explorer -based browser on the right. It also could complete simple mathematical and advanced algebra problems. This service was also available in German, [29] Spanish, [30] French [31] and Japanese. [32] Updates Each summer, Microsoft published a new version of Encarta.

However, despite the inclusion of news-related and some supplementary articles, Encarta's contents had not been changed substantially in its later years. Besides the yearly update, the installed offline copy could be updated over the Internet for a certain period for free depending on the edition. Some articles (usually about 2000) were updated to reflect important changes or events. When the update period expired, an advertisement prompting to upgrade to the new version was displayed to the user occasionally. References Microsoft Encarta Sets The World Standard For Electronic Encyclopedias | News Center Microsoft Encarta Sets The World Standard For Electronic Encyclopedias Posted 0 REDMOND, Wash. (, March 3, 1997 — The recent launch of the new Japanese version of Microsoft Encarta Multimedia Encyclopedia is yet another milestone driving the phenomenal success of this award-winning information resource for students and adults. In the five years since Encarta debuted, it has become the world’s leading multimedia encyclopedia, and has set the standard for reference sources around the globe.

With international sales already at 47 percent above projections for the fiscal year, Encarta 97 Encyclopedia is an international sensation in five languages, and the international business is expected to grow 150 percent over the next three years. “Clearly, Encarta is very appealing as a complete encyclopedia that fully harnesses the power of the new multimedia PCs that families around the world are buying,” said Craig Bartholomew, Microsoft reference business unit manager. The success continues with the launch of the new Japanese edition of Encarta 97 Encyclopedia, a publishing feat that took two years and some 75 Japanese and other Asian editors to accomplish. With PC ownership expected to grow in Japan by 300 percent over the next five years, Microsoft anticipates another success story with the Japanese edition. The company will support the Japanese edition with an extensive advertising campaign targeting Japanese consumers who currently own the 2.5 million multimedia PCs in the market. “Multimedia PC sales and retail software began to take off in Japan when consumers discovered that Windows 95 made it easier to use personal computers, and prices began to come down,” said Linda Carnell, Encarta Encyclopedia international product manager.

“Encarta has been eagerly awaited in Japan and we expect it to do extremely well.” “With so much emphasis on education in Japan, I expect education software to be a major factor in driving PC sales there, even more than it has been in the U.S.,” said David Tremblay, senior industry analyst, Computer Intelligence, LaJolla, Calif. “Encarta is by far the leading electronic encyclopedia in the U.S., and with Microsoft’s commitment to localizing products for international markets, I think that international editions of Encarta have a very bright future.” The international success of the British, French, German and Spanish versions of Encarta Encyclopedia is due, in part, to the overwhelming value the product provides to families. At $100 to $200 (U.S.) per unit in most of the 30 countries where the international editions are available — including free monthly online updates (connect time charges may apply) — Encarta Encyclopedia is an exceptional value compared to local print encyclopedias which can cost as much as $3,000. Encyclopedia experts agree that Encarta Encyclopedia has led the trend toward multimedia encyclopedias.

“Since Encarta was introduced in 1993, it has set the standard for multimedia encyclopedias. The up-to-date knowledge in Encarta is presented through the most imaginative and intellectually stimulating use of multimedia technology, in the smoothest interface available,” said Kenneth F. Kister, renowned encyclopedia critic and author, . “Each new edition has surpassed the previous one, demonstrating Microsoft’s commitment to creating a state-of-the-art product, while at the same time constantly raising the bar within the encyclopedia publishing industry worldwide.” Award-winning Around the Globe Reaction to the Encarta Encyclopedia international editions has been enthusiastic. in Great Britain declared Encarta Encyclopedia, “the best value for money for anything on the planet. Encarta 97 is totally brilliant … the British bias makes it unbeatable for use in the U.K.

It’s practically perfect in every way.” Since October 1996, international awards for Encarta Encyclopedia already include: “Exemplary Media for Teaching” (Germany- awarded to only three percent of software) one of in Actualidad Economica magazine (Spanish edition of the British Financial Times) “Five Stars” : one of only two software programs ever to receive five out of five stars in CD-ROM Today (Britain) “Gold Award” : PC Loisir Magazine (France) International Marketing Key for Success Since fewer families outside the U.S. own personal computers, an innovative marketing strategy has been an important part of the international expansion plan for Encarta. Last fall, for instance, Microsoft aired a two-minute infomercial in France that described Encarta as a must-have software program that warranted buying a PC. “We received thousands of requests for information and, according to the GFK Panel’s independent research, Encarta was the number one reference software program in France in the last quarter of 1996,” Carnell said.

North American Encarta Paved Way To International Success Using the successful North American product as a base, Microsoft’s 1,200-person team of outstanding local editors and contributing experts developed international versions with similar award-winning designs and features. The North American Encarta Encyclopedia beats all competitors in the U.S., and 1996 sales represented 59.1 percent of all retail dollars spent on electronic encyclopedias, according to PC Data. “These ambitious international editions would not have been possible were it not for the relentless attention to content, innovative multimedia, accuracy, and comprehensiveness in the North American version of Encarta that was the model for our editorial teams around the world,” Bartholomew said. Each international edition features current information on thousands of subjects and tightly integrated multimedia featuring photos, graphics, audio/video and maps. Encarta 97 Encyclopedia also offers monthly online updates (20-25 new articles monthly), and the British edition boasts 2,000 Web Links, which can be updated and expanded monthly. “To create successful international encyclopedias, we must make them relevant to the people in each country who use them,” Bartholomew explained.

“We’re proud to have created encyclopedias that truly capture the countries’ historical perspective, local culture and interests.” Pricing and Availability Availability in the U.S., and U.S. prices for international editions, will be announced at a later date. The North American versions of Encarta Encyclopedia are available in stores for the following approximate prices: Microsoft Encarta 97 Encyclopedia, Deluxe Edition, $79.95; Microsoft Encarta 97 Encyclopedia, $54.95; and Microsoft Encarta 97 Encyclopedia, Deluxe Edition, School Edition, $69.95. Founded in 1975, Microsoft (NASDAQ: MSFT) is the worldwide leader in software for personal computers. The company offers a wide range of products and services for business and personal use, each designed with the mission of making it easier and more enjoyable for people to take advantage of the full power of personal computing every day. Note to editors: If you are interested in viewing additional information on Microsoft, please check out the Microsoft Web page at If you are interested in viewing additional information on Microsoft Encarta, please visit or call Microsoft customer service at 800-426-9400.

To receive Microsoft press releases by fax, please call 800-859-5915 in the United States or 201-333-0314 internationally. Microsoft, Encarta and Windows are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corp. in the United States and/or other countries. Other products and company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners Encarta Kids Encyclopedia The cheapest Windows 8 upgrade and OEM deals Encarta Kids Encyclopedia Encarta, in full Microsoft Encarta Multimedia Encyclopedia, multimedia digital encyclopaedia produced by Microsoft Corporation (1993–2009).Download Microsoft Encarta, Free Microsoft Encarta. Microsoft Encarta . Download Free Microsoft Encarta, Microsoft Encarta in englishMicrosoft Encarta Premium (+ Encarta Kids) is a Commercial software in the category Education developed by Microsoft. The latest version of Microsoft Encarta PremiumMicrosoft Encarta Kids, free microsoft encarta kids software downloads. WinSite . Home; ...

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14 people interested · 21 people ...Microsoft® Encarta® Premium 2008, the #1 best-selling encyclopedia software brand for the past 8 years*, provides more up-to-date content and more engaging ...Download Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2009( Premium DVD + Encarta Kids + Encarta Dictionary) torrent or any other torrent from Other Applications category.encarta kids encyclopedia By Ryan Whitwam on October 29, 2012 at 7:46 am Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia - Download Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia Edit Overview Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia is a Shareware software in the category Miscellaneous developed by Copyright (c) 2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. . It was checked for updates 31 times by the users of our client application UpdateStar during the last month. The latest version of Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia is currently unknown. It was initially added to our database on 04/24/2008. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia requires any Windows operating system to be running on the computer it will be installed on. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia has not been rated by our users yet. Encyclopedic Knowledge, Then vs.

Now - The New York Times The New York Times Business Day |Encyclopedic Knowledge, Then vs. Now Search Encyclopedic Knowledge, Then vs. Now By RANDALL STROSS Continue reading the main story THIS is the end of the line for Encarta, the encyclopedia that Microsoft introduced in 1993 and still describes boastfully on its Web site as “the No. 1 best-selling encyclopedia software brand for the past eight years.” Microsoft recently announced that sales would soon cease and that the Encarta Web site , supported by advertising, would be shut down later this year. It’s hard to look at the end of the Encarta experiment without the free and much larger Wikipedia springing immediately to mind. But Encarta arguably would have failed even without that competition. The Google -indexed Web forms a virtual encyclopedia that Encarta never had a chance of competing against. Encarta was conceived pre-Web and had a long gestation. In 1985, Bill Gates envisioned a CD-ROM encyclopedia as a “high-price, high-demand” product with the potential of becoming as profitable to Microsoft as Word or Excel. Microsoft tried unsuccessfully to license rights to Encyclopedia Britannica’s text, then World Book’s.

It finally found a willing licensor in Funk & Wagnalls. Microsoft’s Encarta team concentrated on developing nontext supplements that would make it a multimedia extravaganza. The team developed illustrations and maps, a timeline and an atlas, assembled and wrote captions for 11,000 photographs and digitized eight hours of sound clips. Continue reading the main story Early in the project’s history, a focus group of prospective customers was convened, and participants said they would happily pay $1,000 to $2,000 for a multimedia encyclopedia on CD-ROM. But at the time, no one foresaw the collapse of prices in the information economy. When Encarta was finally ready, Microsoft set its price at $395, the same price as other CD-ROM encyclopedias that had beaten it to the market. Advertisement Continue reading the main story Encarta sold poorly, gaining only 3 percent of the market six months after its release, according to Microsoft. But the leader was Compton’s, which sold its CD-ROM Interactive Encyclopedia, nominally priced at $395, for just $129 to any customer who claimed to own a competing product.

Retailers did not ask to see proof, and the boxes flew off the shelf. Microsoft’s sales managers were frantic, begging the team to give them a “$99 Encarta.” The Encarta team relented, but said it was to be only a temporary reduction for the 1993 holiday sales season. Martin Leahy, a Microsoft sales manager, told any colleague who would listen, “You realize, don’t you, the price is never going up again, right?” It never did. The $99 Encarta was a smashing success: it quickly sold 350,000 units, making it the best-selling CD-ROM encyclopedia by the end of 1993. Its sales passed a million units the next year. Photo Microsoft says sales of Encarta, its encyclopedia, will soon cease. Above is a 1993 version. In 2000, a free Web version, which included less than half the full version, was introduced; to get online access to the complete encyclopedia, one had to buy Encarta on CD-ROM or DVD. Online-only subscription plans came later. Over time, the price of the product fell even more.

Earlier this year, Microsoft sold Encarta as a downloadable product for $29.95; most recently, it was marked down to $22.95. I contacted some of the people who worked on Encarta during its early days to collect their reflections. Gary Alt, who joined Microsoft in 1995 after working as an editor at World Book and at Encyclopedia Britannica, spoke with pride of the editorial work that he and his Encarta team had done. Fifty people — editors, fact-checkers and indexers — were on the team in 2000, at the peak of Microsoft’s editorial investment in Encarta, he said. Please verify you're not a robot by clicking the box. Invalid email address. Please re-enter. You must select a newsletter to subscribe to. Sign Up Privacy Policy That investment, however, seems to have gone unnoticed by Encarta’s users. Tom Corddry, a senior manager at Microsoft from 1989 to 1996 who headed up its multimedia publishing unit, said, “The editors overestimated the way students would say, ‘This has been carefully edited!

And is very authoritative!’” Encarta would have been discontinued long before now if it hadn’t extended its natural life span by finding a market in international spots beyond the reach of the Internet, Mr. Corddry said. “That bought Encarta some time,” he added. Encarta could not compete, however, against the Web and Google. The Google search engine is an automated, continuously updated, always-expanding guide to information that is completely free. Authority now comes not from a small group of encyclopedia editors and famous contributors but from Google’s algorithms, which analyze links that point to Web pages elsewhere and other clues to make an educated guess about trustworthiness. Advertisement Continue reading the main story Google has effectively enlisted millions of Web page authors, whose links serve as recommendations for the largest editorial board ever assembled. Many Google search results lead off with a pointer to Wikipedia.

The crowd-curated Web may have been what Microsoft had in mind when it vaguely explained Encarta’s closing this way: “People today seek and consume information in considerably different ways than in years past.” IN 1985, when Microsoft was turned down by Britannica, the conventional wisdom in the encyclopedia business held that a sales force that knocked on doors was indispensable, that encyclopedias were “sold, not bought.” Encarta showed that with a low-enough price — it was selling for $99 when Britannica introduced its own CD-ROM encyclopedia in 1994 for $995 — it could become the best-selling encyclopedia. But the triumph was short-lived. Microsoft soon learned that the public would no longer pay for information once it was available free. Other information businesses, of course, are now confronting the same fact, but without the Windows and Office franchises to fall back upon. Randall Stross is an author based in Silicon Valley and a professor of business at San Jose State University. E-mail: stross@nytimes.com. A version of this article appears in print on , on Page BU3 of the New York edition with the headline: Encyclopedic Knowledge, Then vs. Now.

Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe Encarta Africana, the First Comprehensive Encyclopedia Of Black History and Culture, Launches Today | News Center Encarta Africana, the First Comprehensive Encyclopedia Of Black History and Culture, Launches Today Posted 0 REDMOND, Wash., Jan. 8, 1999 — Microsoft Corp. today launched Microsoft® Encarta® Africana, the much-anticipated comprehensive multimedia encyclopedia of Africans and people of African descent throughout the world. Encarta Africana is the culmination of a dream conceived in 1909 by W.E.B. Du Bois, the leading African-American intellectual of the 20th century, to produce the first encyclopedia of Africana. By compiling volumes of reference materials, audio and video footage, and stories passed on through generations, Microsoft, in collaboration with co-editors Dr. Henry Louis Gates Jr., chairman of Afro-American Studies at Harvard University, and Dr. Kwame Anthony Appiah, professor of Afro-American Studies and Philosophy at Harvard University, has today made Du Bois’ dream a reality.

“For the first time, the story of the black world and its people will be told in a way never before possible – through images, video, music and text brought together in a unique experience,” Gates said. “Microsoft provided the technology needed to support and highlight this rich history – it was a perfect match.” “We’re breaking new ground in encyclopedia publishing with the Encarta Africana multimedia encyclopedia,” said Robbie Bach, vice president of the learning, entertainment and productivity division at Microsoft. “When Dr. Gates and Dr. Appiah approached us with the idea for Encarta Africana, we knew our technology was the ideal way to bring the experience of Africa’s history to life. Encarta Africana transports participants to another time and place and allows them to feel part of a dynamic, rich story. It’s an exciting addition to our award-winning Encarta reference product line.” Created by Two Teams of Experts In collaboration with Microsoft’s expert editorial and technical teams, Afropaedia LLC provided content for Encarta Africana, which catalogs the historical and cultural achievements of Africa and people of African descent throughout the world, including the United States, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, from 4 million B.C.E. (before the Common Era) to the present.

Afropaedia is led by Dr. Gates and Dr. Appiah and includes scholars from Harvard University’s department of Afro-American Studies, the W.E.B. Du Bois Institute for Afro-American Research and the Committee on African Studies. A distinguished team of more than 30 advisory board members from universities worldwide, chaired by Wole Soyinka, 1986 recipient of the Nobel Prize in literature, also contributes to Afropaedia. The Microsoft Encarta team provided interactive technologies to incorporate the content, still images, video, audio and 360-degree views that make up Encarta Africana. This new encyclopedia delivers the same rich multimedia experience, superior technology and world-class content found in the line of Encarta CD-ROM reference titles. “From 1909 my father, W.E.B. Du Bois, dreamed of editing a comprehensive encyclopedia of Africa and the Black diaspora. He pursued this dream his entire life, culminating in the establishment of the Secretariat of the Encyclopedia Africana in Accra, Ghana, in 1961, an ongoing project that seeks to create an encyclopedia about Africa produced by Africans.

Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis Gates Jr., inspired by my father’s original idea, have made a magnificent, state of the art contribution to African and African American Studies and Humanities with Encarta Africana. Dr. Du Bois would have been proud.” Product Features As Encarta Africana unfolds, the user is drawn into the content by singers performing the South African anthem and greeted by visuals including cultural artwork, historical maps and photos of famous black people. Users then move further into the multitude of historical content through the click of a mouse: Welcome. Users begin the journey through African history by clicking on the Welcome icon, which initiates an audio-video introduction of the product and its content by co-editors Gates and Appiah. Articles. More than 3,000 detailed articles cover a broad range of topics. Students of all ages can learn about the slave trade; sports heroes such as Muhammad Ali, Jesse Owens and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar; and the importance of Brazil in the African diaspora. Features.

Users can access features such as Africana on Camera to explore African and African-American topics with personalities such as Maya Angelou and Quincy Jones and interact with From Africa to the Americas, one of the first multimedia presentations chronicling the number of slaves dispersed to the Americas during the transatlantic slave trade from 1519 to 1867. Users can participate in Virtual Tours, visiting interesting locations in the African diaspora ranging from Salvador da Bahia, Brazil, to the Harlem section of New York City. The section also includes an Interactive Africa Map and six videos showing Historic Sites in Africa. Time line. A detailed time line calls out important historical events from 4 million B.C.E. to the present and enables students of all ages to learn about subjects such as Lucy, the oldest and most complete skeleton of the earliest hominid species that lived between 3 million and 4 million years ago, found in Ethiopia. The time line also offers sections including Prehistory and Antiquity, Kingdoms of Africa, Exploring Africa and Exporting Africans, Abolition and Emancipation, Color Line and Colonialism, Civil Rights and Independence, and The Face of the Future.

Preparing for Today’s World and Multicultural Education Research shows that students remember five times more information when it is presented in a multimedia context. Dovetailing with the increased focus on African-American studies and other multicultural disciplines in today’s classrooms, Encarta Africana gives students, educators and parents an unprecedented research tool through its comprehensive collection of information on black history. “Students learn more when they are stimulated by the captivating sights, sounds and words in multimedia software,” said Paulette Thompson, world history and French teacher, Garfield High School in Seattle. “Encarta Africana’s outstanding in-depth content and interactive multimedia features make learning about the important topic of black history exciting and fun. As educators search for reference materials that capture our rich cultural diversity, Encarta Africana will set the standard for families and schools.” Gates and Appiah have also developed more than 20 lesson plans to help teachers integrate Encarta Africana into their curricula. The lesson plans, which include titles such as A Great Leader and His Country – Understanding South Africa Through Nelson Mandela, and Myths and Realities – Truth and Distortion in News Coverage About Africa, can be found on the Encarta Schoolhouse Web site at , along with other lesson plans submitted by teachers around the world.

Encarta Africana Donated to 8,000 Schools, Universities and Libraries Microsoft plans to donate 8,000 copies of Encarta Africana, a $560,000 retail value, to K-12 schools, the country’s historically black colleges and universities, and the Gates Library Foundation recipient public libraries throughout the southern United States. As part of the company’s commitment to providing outstanding software to schools, students and educators, Microsoft intends to donate 2,000 copies of Encarta Africana to urban schools through the Council of the Great City Schools, a coalition of 53 of the nation’s largest urban public school systems serving some 6.2 million students, and to the 104 historically black colleges and universities around the country. In addition, the Gates Library Foundation plans to donate 6,000 copies of Encarta Africana to public libraries that are part of its program. Pricing and Availability Microsoft Encarta Africana, for the Microsoft Windows® 95 operating system or later and the Windows NT® 4.0 operating system or later, is currently available in stores for an estimated retail price of $69.95 ($94.95 CDN).

A $20 ($30 CDN) mail-in rebate is available*; users can visit for a list of store locations, or place product orders through online or via a toll-free number, (877) ENC-AFRI (362-2374). Customers can also obtain a seven-day trial version of Encarta Africana for $5.95 (which includes shipping and handling)** through this toll-free telephone number. Volume discounts may apply for schools running Encarta Africana over a network. Those interested should see an authorized academic reseller for more information. Founded in 1975, Microsoft (Nasdaq “MSFT”) is the worldwide leader in software for personal computers. The company offers a wide range of products and services for business and personal use, each designed with the mission of making it easier and more enjoyable for people to take advantage of the full power of personal computing every day. * Rebate offer expires Dec. 31, 1999. ** Offer valid in the United States and Canada and expires Dec. 31, 1999. The information contained in this press release relates to a prerelease software product that may be substantially modified before its first commercial release.

Accordingly, the information may not accurately describe or reflect the software product when first commercially released. The press release is provided for informational purposes only, and Microsoft makes no warranties, express or implied, with respect to the press release or the information contained in it. Microsoft, Encarta, Windows and Windows NT are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corp. in the United States and/or other countries. Other product and company names herein may be trademarks of their respective owners. Note to editors: If you are interested in viewing additional information on Microsoft, please visit the Microsoft Web page at on Microsoft’s corporate information pages. How Encyclopedia Britannica Was Blown To Bits | Capitalism Magazine How Encyclopedia Britannica Was Blown To Bits The following is an excerpt from the book: Blown to Bits : How the New Economics of Information Transforms Strategy A Cautionary Tale In 1768, three Scottish printers began publishing an integrated compendium of knowledge — the earliest and most famous encyclopedia in the English-speaking world. They called it Encyclopedia Britannica. Since then, Britannica has evolved through fifteen editions, and to this day it is generally regarded as the world’s most comprehensive and authoritative encyclopedia.

In 1920, Sears, Roebuck and Company, an American mail-order retailer, acquired Britannica and moved its headquarters from Edinburgh to Chicago. Ownership passed to William Benton in 1941, who then willed the company in the early 1970s to the Benton Foundation, a charitable organization whose income supports communications programs at the University of Chicago. Britannica grew under its American owners into a serious commercial enterprise while sustaining its reputation as the world’s most prestigious and comprehensive encyclopedia. The content was revised every four or five years. Brand extensions, such as atlases and yearbooks, were added. The company built one of the most aggressive and successful direct sales forces in the world. By targeting middle-income families and focusing on their aspirations for their children, the company developed a marketing proposition as compelling as the intellectual content of the product itself . By 1990, sales of Britannica‘s multivolume sets had reached an all-time peak of about $650 million. Dominant market share, steady if unspectacular growth, generous margins, and a two-hundred-year history all testified to an extraordinarily compelling and stable brand.

Since 1990, however, sales of Britannica, and of all printed encyclopedias in the United States, have collapsed by over 80 percent. Britannica was blown away by a product of the late-twentieth-century information revolution: the CD-ROM. The CD-ROM came from nowhere and destroyed the printed encyclopedia business. Whereas Britannica sells for $1,500 to $2,200 per set (depending on the quality of the binding), CD-ROM encyclopedias, such as Encarta, Grolier, and Compton, list for $50 to $70. But hardly anybody pays even that: the vast majority of copies are given away to promote the sale of computers and peripherals. With a marginal manufacturing cost of $1.50 per copy, the CD-ROM as freebie makes good economic sense. The marginal cost of Britannica, in contrast, is about $250 for production plus about $500 to $600 for the salesperson’s commission. Judging from their inaction, Britannica’s executives at first seemed to have viewed the CD-ROM encyclopedia as an irrelevance: a child’s toy, one step above video games.

This perception was entirely reasonable. Microsoft had licensed the text for its encyclopedia from Funk & Wagnalls, whose third-rate, nearly defunct product, surviving as a periodic promotional item in the aisles of supermarkets, was perceived to be a brand so pathetic that Microsoft dropped its name in favor of the ad agency coinage Encarta. The addition of public-domain illustrations and scratchy sound recordings too old to bear a copyright (and therefore available at no cost) hardly made for a serious rival to the Britannica — or so it seemed. As revenues plunged, it became obvious that whether they ought to be or not, CD-ROM encyclopedias were serious competition. Britannica executives reluctantly considered creating their own CD-ROM product, only to encounter a technology constraint: the content of Britannica was too big for the medium. Encarta, with its seven million words, could fit easily onto a CD-ROM, with plenty of room for illustrations and interactivity. Britannica, however, had more than forty million words. It was impossible to create an interactive version within the capacity limits of a CD-ROM. The technology was not ready for the content, so the company’s executives decided to wait. Months passed. Sales continued to plummet.

In response, the company put together a text-only CD-ROM version of Britannica, only to encounter another crisis: a revolt by the sales force. Even if priced at a significant premium over Encarta, a CD-ROM version of Britannica could not possibly generate the $500 to $600 sales commission of the printed product, from which it would so obviously take sales. Indeed, a CD-ROM product would have to be sold through a completely different channel. To avert a revolt by the sales force, Britannica executives decided to bundle the CD-ROM as a free bonus for buyers of the multivolume set. Anyone who wanted to buy the CD-ROM alone would have to pay $1,000. This decision appeased the sales force briefly, but did nothing to stem the continuing collapse of sales. Losses mounted. There was no apparent strategy. In May of 1995, the Benton Foundation finally put the company up for sale. For nearly eighteen months, investment bankers tried to find a buyer. Microsoft said no. Technology, media, and information companies all declined. Finally, in 1996, financier Jacob Safra agreed to buy the company, paying less than half of book value.

The Britannica story contains morals for all businesses. The decline and fall of Encyclopedia Britannica is more than a parable about the dangers of complacency. It illustrates what we will call the new economics of information: how the evolving technological capabilities for sharing and using information can transform business definitions, industry definitions, and competitive advantage. It illustrates how the most stable of industries, the most focused of business models, and the strongest of brands can be blown to bits by new information technology. The Britannica story contains morals for all businesses. The first is obvious: the most venerable can prove the most vulnerable. New information technologies can come from nowhere and demolish brands and businesses that have been established for decades, even centuries. One of the greatest brand names in the English-speaking world was nearly destroyed — in just five years — by a cheap, shiny disc. The second point is a bit less obvious: the history, the myths, the shared values, and the unreflective presuppositions that define a strong corporate culture can blind business leaders to events that do not fit into their collective mental framework. Britannica’s executives initially scoffed at Encarta because its content was based on a promotional item sold in supermarkets.

But their own market research told them that the typical encyclopedia is opened less than once a year, once the initial pride in ownership fades. Their own salespeople knew full well that the way to sell an encyclopedia is to play on anxieties: parents trying to “do something” for their kids. The fact that the kid never uses the product is beside the point; parental guilt has been duly assuaged. But today, when parents are anxious about their children’s performance in school, when they feel guilty about not doing enough to help, they buy a computer. The new PC may never be used for anything other than chat rooms and video games, but parental guilt has again been duly salved. It just so happens that the computer costs about the same amount as Britannica. And along with that computer comes a CD-ROM drive. And along with the CD-ROM drive come several free CD-ROMS, one of which is a promotional copy of Encarta. In other words, if the fundamental value proposition is assuaging parental guilt, then the fundamental competitor is not Encarta, it is the PC. Encarta is merely the icing on the cake. Supermarket brands and intellectual content have precious little to do with it.

But within the mindset of executives in the business, steeped in a culture of scholarly values and self-confident from a history of unbroken success, it is extraordinarily hard to understand early enough that conventional industry definitions are obsolete. There is a third lesson: even if the executives of established businesses fully grasp the impact of new technologies, and even if they can reason their way beyond their corporate myths and assumptions, they still face a massive competitive disadvantage arising precisely because they are incumbents. Incumbents are saddled with legacy assets — not just clunky mainframe systems, but sales and distribution systems, bricks and mortar, brands and core competencies. Competing in the face of the new economics of information requires cannibalizing those assets, perhaps even destroying them. Incumbents hesitate to do that, especially as long as the business has positive margins. Rather, they do complex financial calculations and get bogged down in internal political debates. Insurgents have no such inhibitions. Britannica’s sales force had been built over decades. It was a foundation of competitive advantage and the envy of the industry. It was obsolete. An aggressive strategy for the new medium would have required blowing it up. The company hesitated. Microsoft had no reason to hesitate.

This is a real shift. In the vast majority of traditional competitive situations, the defense has the advantage. But when the economics of information are shifting, insurgents are advantaged precisely by their lack of legacy systems, legacy assets, and a legacy mindset. Having nothing to lose becomes an advantage. The destabilization of competitive advantage is as much an opportunity as it is a threat. It just depends on how strategists choose to look at it. One consequence of the obsolescence of industry and business boundaries is that every incumbent under traditional business definitions is free to play the insurgent under some other definition. There is a fourth lesson: this is not a zero-sum game. The total value of the players can rise — or fall — dramatically. The game can be a massively positive sum: in book retailing, total shareholder value has gone up significantly. It can be a massively negative sum: in the encyclopedia business, shareholder value collapsed, perhaps by an order of magnitude. Britannica clearly lost. But it is not obvious that Microsoft or anybody else won. In dollar terms, sales of encyclopedias of all kinds are one-tenth of what they were in 1990. Microsoft never succeeded in getting to the price point it expected.

Consumers rarely trade up from last year’s promotional version to this year’s fully priced version. Consumers benefit (if they ever use the product), but the industry is essentially destroyed. It is not clear that anybody will ever again write works of scholarship comparable to the greatest editions of Britannica — at least not in the same form. But there is hope. Britannica, under its new management, has produced a moderately successful CD-ROM product. It goes far beyond its competitors, not only in quality and sheer volume, but in transcending the CD-ROM’s limitations and connecting directly to the World Wide Web. The new Britannica aims to become a — indeed the — portal to a universe of high-quality, objective, scholarly material. The brand guarantees, as do few others, the seriousness and reliability of the content. The hope is to rise above the clutter and mediocrity that have proliferated in the early years of the Internet and build anew something of permanent value. The identity of that something and the challenge of building it under the vagaries of shifting economics of information are the themes of this book. Reprinted by permission of Harvard Business School Press.

Excerpt of Blown to Bits : How the New Economics of Information Transforms Strategy by Philip Evans and Thomas S. Wurster (c) 2000 The Boston Consulting Group, Inc.; All Rights Reserved. Blown to Bits : How the New Economics of Information Transforms Strategy by Philip Evans and Thomas S. Wurster, Published by Harvard Business School Press Richness or reach? The trade-off used to be simple but absolute: Your business strategy either could focus on “rich” information — customized products and services tailored to a niche audience — or could reach out to a larger market, but with watered-down information that sacrificed richness in favor of a broad, general appeal. Much of business strategy as we know it today rests on this fundamental dilemma. Now, say Evans and Wurster, the new economics of information is eliminating the trade-off between richness and reach, blowing apart the foundations of traditional business strategy. Blown to Bits reveals how the spread of connectivity and common standards is redefining the information channels that link businesses with their customers, suppliers, and employees.

Increasingly, your customers will have rich access to a universe of alternatives, your suppliers will exploit direct access to your customers, and your competitors will pick off the most profitable parts of your value chain. Your competitive advantage is up for grabs. To prepare corporate executives and entrepreneurs alike for a fundamental change in business competition, Evans and Wurster expand and illuminate groundbreaking concepts first explored in the award-winning Harvard Business Review article “Strategy and the New Economics of Information,” and present a practical guide for applying them. Examples span the spectrum of industries — from financial services to health care, from consumer to industrial goods, and from media to retailing. Blown to Bits shows how to build new strategies that reflect a world in which richness and reach go hand in hand and how to make the most of the new forces shaping competitive advantage. Philip Evans is a Senior Vice President of The Boston Consulting Group in Boston. Thomas S. Wurster is a Vice President of The Boston Consulting Group in Los Angeles. The authors are coleaders of The Boston Consulting Group’s Media and Convergence Practice. The following two tabs change content below.

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Question: Which corporation developed the Encarta encyclopedia?
Answer: Microsoft