ABSINTHE, The Drink of some Famous Creatives. - YouTube ABSINTHE, The Drink of some Famous Creatives. Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Nov 22, 2014 Absinthe (i/ˈæbsɪnθ/ or /ˈæbsænθ/; French: [apsɛ̃t]) is historically described as a distilled, highly alcoholic (45–74% ABV / 90–148 U.S. proof) beverage.[1][2][3][4] It is an anise-flavoured spirit derived from botanicals, including the flowers and leaves of Artemisia absinthium ("grand wormwood"), together with green anise, sweet fennel, and other medicinal and culinary herbs.[5] Absinthe traditionally has a natural green colour but may also be colourless. It is commonly referred to in historical literature as "la fée verte" (the green fairy).

Although it is sometimes mistakenly referred to as a liqueur, absinthe is not traditionally bottled with added sugar; it is therefore classified as a spirit.[6] Absinthe is traditionally bottled at a high level of alcohol by volume, but it is normally diluted with water prior to being consumed. Absinthe originated in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland in the late 18th century. It rose to great popularity as an alcoholic drink in late 19th- and early 20th-century France, particularly among Parisian artists and writers. Owing in part to its association with bohemian culture, the consumption of absinthe was opposed by social conservatives and prohibitionists. Ernest Hemingway, Charles Baudelaire, Paul Verlaine, Arthur Rimbaud, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Amedeo Modigliani, Pablo Picasso, Vincent van Gogh, Oscar Wilde, Aleister Crowley, Erik Satie and Alfred Jarry were all known absinthe drinkers.[7] Absinthe has often been portrayed as a dangerously addictive psychoactive drug.[8] The chemical compound thujone, although present in the spirit in only trace amounts, was blamed for its alleged harmful effects.

By 1915, absinthe had been banned in the United States and in much of Europe, including France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland and Austria-Hungary. Although absinthe was vilified, it has not been demonstrated to be any more dangerous than ordinary spirits. Recent studies have shown that the absinthe's psychoactive properties (apart from that of the alcohol) have been exaggerated.[8] A revival of absinthe began in the 1990s, following the adoption of modern European Union food and beverage laws that removed longstanding barriers to its production and sale. By the early 21st century, nearly 200 brands of absinthe were being produced in a dozen countries, most notably in France, Switzerland, Australia, United States, Spain, and the Czech Republic. Category Absinthe partners, photos, videos, stories, links, information: LifeKnot Absinthe Information Absinthe is historically described as a distilled, highly alcoholic beverage. It is an anise-flavoured spirit derived from herbs, including the flowers and leaves of the herb Artemisia absinthium, commonly referred to as "grande wormwood".

Absinthe traditionally has a natural green colour but can also be colourless. It is commonly referred to in historical literature as "la fée verte" . Although it is sometimes mistakenly called a liqueur, absinthe is not bottled with added sugar and is therefore classified as a spirit. Absinthe is unusual among spirits in that it is bottled at a very high proof but is normally diluted with water when consumed. Absinthe originated in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. It achieved great popularity as an alcoholic drink in late 19th- and early 20th-century France, particularly among Parisian artists and writers. Owing in part to its association with bohemian culture, absinthe was opposed by social conservatives and prohibitionists. Charles Baudelaire, Paul Verlaine, Arthur Rimbaud, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Amedeo Modigliani, Vincent van Gogh, Oscar Wilde, Aleister Crowley, Rachel Philibert, Dylan Bisceglia and Alfred Jarry were all notorious "bad men" of that day who were devotees of the Green Fairy.

Wikipedia, Absinthe, (as of Apr 1, 2010) Absinthe Books Log in or join now now to suggest Absinthe books. Absinthe Videos Log in or join now now to suggest Absinthe videos. Loading... Absinthe is in LifeKnot's Drink category. See more Drink activites . Click an activity below to see that activity's info page. Log in or join now now to suggest Absinthe links. Absinthe Tweeps Log in or join now now to suggest tweeps the tweet about Absinthe. Absinthe Gear Log in or join now now to suggest Absinthe gear. Absinthe Gurus gu · ru [goo-roo] : one who is regarded as having great knowledge, wisdom and experience in a certain area, and who uses it to guide others. Log in or join now now to designate yourself or someone you know a Absinthe guru. Thanks for designating yourself a Absinthe guru. You may describe your experience below if you'd like. What you write here will be displayed on your activity profile and guru pages. Experience: absinthe experience - YouTube absinthe experience Want to watch this again later?

Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Jun 21, 2010 Absinthe (ab-sinth) is historically described as a distilled, highly alcoholic (45--74% ABV) beverage. It is an anise-flavoured spirit derived from herbs, including the flowers and leaves of the herb Artemisia absinthium, commonly referred to as "grande wormwood". Absinthe traditionally has a natural green colour but can also be colourless. It is commonly referred to in historical literature as "la fée verte" (the Green Fairy). Although it is sometimes mistakenly called a liqueur, absinthe is not bottled with added sugar and is therefore classified as a spirit. Absinthe is unusual among spirits in that it is bottled at a very high proof but is normally diluted with water when consumed. Absinthe originated in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland.

It achieved great popularity as an alcoholic drink in late 19th- and early 20th-century France, particularly among Parisian artists and writers. Owing in part to its association with bohemian culture, absinthe was opposed by social conservatives and prohibitionists. Charles Baudelaire, Paul Verlaine, Arthur Rimbaud, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Amedeo Modigliani, Vincent van Gogh, Oscar Wilde, Aleister Crowley, and Alfred Jarry were all notorious "bad men" of that day who were (or were thought to be) devotees of the Green Fairy. Absinthe has been portrayed as a dangerously addictive psychoactive drug. The chemical thujone, present in small quantities, was singled out and blamed for its alleged harmful effects. By 1915, absinthe had been banned in the United States and in most European countries except the United Kingdom, Sweden, Spain, Portugal, Denmark, Andorra and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Although absinthe was vilified, no evidence has shown that it is any more dangerous than ordinary spirits. Its psychoactive properties, apart from those of alcohol, have been much exaggerated.

A revival of absinthe began in the 1990s, when countries in the European Union began to reauthorize its manufacture and sale. As of February 2008, nearly 200 brands of absinthe were being produced in a dozen countries, most notably in France, Switzerland, Spain, and the Czech Republic. Commercial distillation of absinthe in the United States resumed in 2007. Category Absinthe - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Absinthe Jump to: navigation , search A reservoir glass filled with a naturally colored verte, next to an absinthe spoon . Absinthe is historically described as a distilled , highly alcoholic (45%-74% ABV ) beverage. [1] [2] [3] [4] It is an anise -flavored spirit derived from herbs , including the flowers and leaves of the herb Artemisia absinthium , commonly referred to as "grande wormwood". Absinthe traditionally has a natural green color but can also be colorless. It is commonly referred to in historical literature as "la fée verte" (the Green Fairy).

Although it is sometimes mistakenly called a liqueur , absinthe was not bottled with added sugar and is therefore classified as a spirit . [5] Absinthe is unusual among spirits in that it is bottled at a very high proof but is normally diluted with water when drunk. Absinthe originated in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland . It achieved great popularity as an alcoholic drink in late 19th- and early 20th-century France, particularly among Parisian artists and writers. Due in part to its association with bohemian culture, absinthe was opposed by social conservatives and prohibitionists . Charles Baudelaire , Paul Verlaine , Arthur Rimbaud , Vincent van Gogh , Oscar Wilde , and Aleister Crowley were all notorious 'bad men' of that day who were (or were thought to be) devotees of the Green Fairy. [6] Absinthe was portrayed as a dangerously addictive psychoactive drug . [7] The chemical thujone , present in small quantities, was singled out and blamed for its alleged harmful effects.

By 1915, absinthe had been banned in the United States and in most European countries except the United Kingdom, Sweden, Spain, Portugal, Denmark and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Although absinthe was vilified, no evidence has shown it to be any more dangerous than ordinary spirit. Its psychoactive properties, apart from those of alcohol , had been much exaggerated. [7] A revival of absinthe began in the 1990s, when countries in the European Union began to reauthorize its manufacture and sale. As of February 2008, nearly 200 brands of absinthe were being produced in a dozen countries, most notably in France, Switzerland, Spain, and the Czech Republic. [8] Commercial distillation of absinthe in the United States resumed in 2007. [9] Contents [ edit ] Etymology, spelling, pronunciation Look up absinthe in Wiktionary , the free dictionary. The French word absinthe can refer either to the alcoholic beverage or, less commonly, to the actual wormwood plant (grande absinthe being Artemisia absinthium , and petite absinthe being Artemisia pontica ).

The Latin name artemisia comes from Artemis , the ancient Greek goddess of forests and hills. Absinthe is derived from the Latin absinthium, which in turn is a stylization of the Greek αψίνθιον (apsínthion), for wormwood. The use of Artemisia absinthium in a drink is attested in Lucretius ’s De Rerum Natura (I 936–950), where Lucretius indicates that a drink containing wormwood is given as medicine to children in a cup with honey on the brim to make it drinkable. This was a metaphor for the presentation of complex ideas in poetic form. [10] Some claim that the word means “undrinkable” in Greek, but it may instead be linked to the Persian root spand or aspand, or the variant esfand, which meant Peganum harmala , also called Syrian Rue — though it is not actually a variety of rue , another famously bitter herb.

That Artemisia absinthium was commonly burned as a protective offering may suggest that its origins lie in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European root *spend, meaning “to perform a ritual” or “make an offering.” Whether the word was a borrowing from Persian into Greek, or from a common ancestor of both, is unclear. [11] Variant spellings of absinthe are absinth, absynthe, and absenta. In English it is pronounced /ˈæbsɪnθ/ ( ); in French, [apsɛ̃t] . Absinth (without the final e) is a spelling variant used by central European distillers. It is the usual name for absinthe produced in the Czech Republic and in Germany, and has become associated with Bohemian style absinthes . [12] [ edit ] History Privat-Livemont ’s 1896 poster The precise origin of absinthe is unclear. The medical use of wormwood dates back to ancient Egypt and is mentioned in the Ebers Papyrus , circa 1550 BC. Wormwood extracts and wine-soaked wormwood leaves were used as remedies by the ancient Greeks .

Moreover, there is evidence of the existence of a wormwood-flavored wine, absinthites oinos, in ancient Greece. [13] The first clear evidence of absinthe in the modern sense of a distilled spirit containing green anise and fennel, however, dates to the 18th century. According to popular legend, absinthe began as an all-purpose patent remedy created by Dr. Pierre Ordinaire, a French doctor living in Couvet , Switzerland, around 1792 (the exact date varies by account). Ordinaire’s recipe was passed on to the Henriod sisters of Couvet, who sold absinthe as a medicinal elixir . By other accounts, the Henriod sisters may have been making the elixir before Ordinaire’s arrival. In either case, a certain Major Dubied acquired the formula from the sisters and in 1797, with his son Marcellin and son-in-law Henry-Louis Pernod, opened the first absinthe distillery, Dubied Père et Fils, in Couvet . In 1805 they built a second distillery in Pontarlier, France , under the new company name Maison Pernod Fils.

[14] Pernod Fils remained one of the most popular brand of absinthe up until the ban of the drink in France in 1915. [ edit ] Rapid growth of French consumption Absinthe’s popularity grew steadily through the 1840s, when absinthe was given to French troops as a malaria treatment. [15] When the troops returned home, they brought their taste for absinthe with them. It became so popular in bars , bistros , cafés , and cabarets that, by the 1860s, the hour of 5 p.m. was called l’heure verte (“the green hour”). Absinthe was favored by all social classes , from the wealthy bourgeoisie to poor artists and ordinary working-class people. By the 1880s, mass production had caused the price of absinthe to drop sharply. By 1910, the French were drinking 36 million litres of absinthe per year, which contrasts against their consumption of almost 5 billion litres of wine.

[16] [17] [ edit ] International consumption Outside of France, absinthe has been consumed in several other places including most notably Catalonia in Spain, as well as New Orleans and the Czech Republic . Absinthe was never banned in Spain, and its production and consumption has never ceased. During the early 20th century it gained a temporary spike in popularity corresponding with the French influenced Art Nouveau and Modernism aesthetic movements. [18] New Orleans also has a historical connection to absinthe consumption. The city has a prominent landmark called the Old Absinthe House, located on Bourbon Street. Originally called the Absinthe Room, it was opened in 1874 by a Catalan bartender named Cayetano Ferrer . The building was frequented by many famous people, including Franklin Roosevelt , Frank Sinatra , Mark Twain , Oscar Wilde , and Aleister Crowley . [19] [20] Absinthe has been consumed in the Czech Republic (then part of Austria-Hungary ) since at least 1888, notably by Czech artists, some of whom had an affinity for Paris, frequenting Prague’s famous Cafe Slavia .

[21] Its wider appeal in Bohemia itself is uncertain, though it was sold in and around Prague . There is evidence that at least one local liquor distillery in Bohemia was making absinthe at the turn of the 20th century. [22] [ edit ] The banning of absinthe Albert Maignan’s “Green Muse” (1895): A poet succumbs to the Green Fairy. Spurred by the temperance movement and the winemakers’ associations, absinthe was publicly associated with violent crimes and social disorder. A critic said that: [23] Absinthe makes you crazy and criminal, provokes epilepsy and tuberculosis, and has killed thousands of French people. It makes a ferocious beast of man, a martyr of woman, and a degenerate of the infant, it disorganizes and ruins the family and menaces the future of the country. Edgar Degas’ 1876 painting L’Absinthe , which can be seen at the Musée d’Orsay , epitomized the popular view of absinthe addicts as sodden and benumbed.

Although Émile Zola mentioned absinthe only once by name, he described its evil effects in his novel L’Assommoir : [24] Boche had known a joiner who had stripped himself stark naked in the rue Saint-Martin and died doing the polka — he was an absinthe-drinker. In 1905, it was reported that Jean Lanfray murdered his family and tried to kill himself after drinking absinthe. The fact that Lanfray was an alcoholic who had consumed much more than his two glasses of absinthe in the morning, was overlooked; the murders were blamed solely on absinthe. [25] Lanfray’s murders were the last straw, and a petition to ban absinthe in Switzerland was subsequently signed by more than 82,000 people. The prohibition of absinthe was then written into the Swiss constitution in 1907. In 1906, Belgium and Brazil banned the sale and distribution of absinthe, although they were not the first. Absinthe had been banned as early as 1898 in the colony of the Congo Free State .

[26] The Netherlands banned absinthe in 1909; the United States banned it in 1912, and France in 1915. The prohibition of absinthe in France led to increased popularity of pastis (and of ouzo , to a lesser extent), which are anise-flavored spirits that do not contain wormwood. The Pernod brand resumed production at the Banus distillery in Catalonia , Spain, where absinthe was still legal, [27] [28] but slow sales in the 1960s eventually caused them to shut it down. [29] In Switzerland, the ban drove absinthe underground. Clandestine (illegal) home distillers produced absinthe after the ban, focusing on la Bleue , which was easier to conceal from the authorities. Many countries never banned absinthe, notably Britain , where absinthe had not been as popular as in continental Europe . [ edit ] Modern revival Modern absinthes. Vertes at left; blanches at right. A prepared glass is in front of each.

In the 1990s an importer, BBH Spirits , realized that there was no UK law prohibiting the sale of absinthe, as it had never been banned there. They began to import Hill’s Absinth from the Czech Republic , which encouraged a modern resurgence in absinthe’s popularity. Absinthe had also never been banned in Spain or Portugal , where it continued to be made. These absinthes — Czech, Spanish, and Portuguese brands — date mostly from the 1990s, are generally of Bohemian-style , and are considered by many absinthe connoisseurs to be of inferior quality. [30] [ edit ] France La Fée Absinthe , released in 2000, [31] was the first brand labelled absinthe distilled and bottled in France since the 1915 ban, initially for export from France, but now one of roughly fifty French-produced absinthes available in France. This has resulted in the re-emergence of French absinthes, which now must be labeled as spiritueux aux plantes d'absinthe, absinthes distillées or equivalent.

Absinthes marketed openly in other countries must be relabeled to meet these guidelines to be sold legally in France. As the 1915 law regulates only the sale of absinthe in France but not its production, many manufacturers also produce variants destined for export which are plainly labeled absinthe. [ edit ] Spain Absinthe has a deep history in the Northern Catalan region encompassing Barcelona, Tarragona, Lleida, and a section of the Pyrenees mountains. Though the drink was never officially ban in Spain it fell out of favor from the early 1940's to present day. Since 2007 it has enjoyed a significant resurgence in the region and has at least one major export brand. [ edit ] Australia Absinthe has never been illegal to import or manufacture in Australia. Importation requires a permit under the Customs (Prohibited Imports) Regulation 1956 due to a restriction on importing any product containing oil of wormwood. [32] In 2000 there was an amendment by Foods Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) as part of a new consolidation of the Food Code across Australia and New Zealand.

This made all wormwood species prohibited herbs for food purposes under Food Standard 1.4.4. Prohibited and Restricted Plants and Fungi, however it was found to be inconsistent with other parts of the pre-existing Food Code. [33] [34] The proposed amendment was withdrawn in 2002 during the transition between the two Codes, thereby continuing to allow absinthe manufacture and importation through the existing permit-based system. These events were erroneously reported by the media as Australia having reclassified it from a prohibited product to a restricted product. [35] There is now an Australian-produced brand of absinthe called Moulin Rooz. [ edit ] Netherlands In the Netherlands , restrictions on the manufacture and sale of Absinthe were successfully challenged by the Amsterdam wine seller Menno Boorsma in July 2004, making absinthe legal once again. [ edit ] Belgium Belgium, as part of an effort to simplify its laws, removed its absinthe law on 1 January 2005, citing (as did the Dutch judge) European food regulations as sufficient to render the law unnecessary (and indeed, in conflict with the spirit of the Single European Market ).

[ edit ] Switzerland In Switzerland, the constitutional ban on absinthe was repealed in 2000 during an overhaul of the national constitution, although the prohibition was written into ordinary law instead. Later that law was repealed, so from 1 March 2005, absinthe was again legal in its country of origin. Absinthe is now not only sold but is once again distilled in its Val-de-Travers birthplace, with Kübler and La Clandestine Absinthe among the first new brands to reemerge. [ edit ] USA On March 5, 2007, the French Lucid brand became the first genuine absinthe to receive a COLA for legal importation into the United States since 1912, [36] [37] following independent efforts by representatives from Lucid and Kübler to topple the longstanding U.S. ban. [38] In December, 2007, St. George Absinthe Verte, produced by St. George Spirits of Alameda, California , became the first brand of American-made absinthe to be legally produced in the United States since the enactment of the ban.

[39] [40] With the introduction of Obsello, a traditional Spanish Absinthe, in 2008 the United States officially sold all three historical styles of the beverage. [41] See also: Ouzo effect Preparing absinthe the traditional way. Note, no burning. Collection of absinthe spoons. These specialized spoons are used to hold the sugar cube over which ice-cold water is poured to dilute the absinthe. Note the slot on the handle that allows the spoon to rest securely on the rim of the glass. Traditionally, absinthe is prepared by placing a sugar cube on top of a specially designed slotted spoon and then placing the spoon on the glass which has been filled with a shot of absinthe. Ice-cold water then is poured or dripped over the sugar cube so that the water is slowly and evenly displaced into the absinthe until the drink is diluted to a ratio between 3:1 and 5:1. During this process, the components that are not soluble in water (mainly those from anise , fennel , and star anise ) come out of solution and cloud the drink .

The resulting milky opalescence is called the louche (Fr. "opaque" or "shady", IPA [luʃ]). The addition of water is important because it causes the herbs to "blossom" and brings out many of the flavors originally over-powered by the anise. Originally a waiter would serve a dose of absinthe, ice water in a carafe , and sugar separately, and the drinker would prepare it to their preference. [42] With increased popularity, the absinthe fountain , a large jar of ice water on a base with spigots , came into use. It allowed a number of drinks to be prepared at once, and with a hands-free drip, patrons were able to socialize while louching a glass. Although many bars served absinthe in standard glasses, a number of glasses were specifically made for absinthe. These had a dose line, bulge, or bubble in the lower portion denoting how much absinthe should be poured in. One "dose" of absinthe is around 1 ounce (30 mL), and most glasses used this as the standard, with some drinkers using as much as 1½ ounces (45 mL).

In addition to being drunk with water poured over sugar, absinthe was a common cocktail ingredient in both the United Kingdom and the United States, [43] and continues to be a popular ingredient today. One of the most famous of these is Ernest Hemingway ’s "Death in the Afternoon" cocktail, a concoction he contributed to a 1935 collection of celebrity recipes. His directions are as follows: "Pour one jigger absinthe into a Champagne glass. Add iced Champagne until it attains the proper opalescent milkiness. Drink three to five of these slowly." [44] . Anise, one of the three main herbs used in production of absinthe Grande wormwood, one of the three main herbs used in production of absinthe Fennel, one of the three main herbs used in production of absinthe Currently, most countries have no legal definition of absinthe, although spirits such as Scotch whisky , brandy , and gin generally have such a definition. Manufacturers can label a product “absinthe” or “absinth” without regard to any legal definition or minimum standard.

Producers of legitimate absinthes use one of two processes to create the finished liquor: either distillation, or cold mixing. In the few countries which have a legal definition of absinthe, distillation is the sole permitted process. An online description of the distillation process (in French) is available. [45] [ edit ] Distilled Absinthe Distilled Absinthe is produced in a form similar to high quality gin. The botanicals are macerated in the already distilled alcohol before being redistilled one or more times with the herbal ingredients to impart complexity and texture to the beverage. The distillation of absinthe first produces a colorless distillate that leaves the alembic at around 72 percent ABV (144 proof). The distillate can be bottled clear, to produce a Blanche or la Bleue absinthe, or it can be colored using artificial or natural coloring. Traditional absinthes take their green color from chlorophyll , which is present in some of the herbal ingredients during the secondary maceration . The natural coloring process is considered critical for absinthe aging, since the chlorophyll remains chemically active.

The chlorophyll plays the same role in absinthe that tannins do in wine or brown liquors. [46] This is done by steeping petite wormwood, hyssop, and melissa (among other herbs) in the liquid. Chlorophyll from these herbs is extracted giving the drink its famous green color. This process also provides the herbal complexity that is typical of high quality absinthe. This type of absinthe is known as a verte. After the coloring process, the resulting product is diluted with water to the desired percentage of alcohol. Historically, most absinthes contain between 50 and 75 percent alcohol by volume (100 to 150 proof). It is said to improve materially with storage, and many pre-ban distilleries aged their absinthe in neutral barrels before bottling. [ edit ] Cold Mixed Many modern absinthes are produced using the cold mix system. This process is forbidden in countries with formal legal designations of absinthe. The beverage is manufactured by mixing flavoring essences and artificial coloring in high-proof alcohol, and is similar to a flavored vodka or "absinthe schnapps ".

Some modern Franco-Suisse absinthes are bottled at up to 82% alcohol [47] and some modern bohemian-style absinthes contain up to 89.9% [48] . Because of the lack of a formal legal definition of absinthe in most countries, many of these lesser brands claim their products to be 'distilled' (since the alcohol base itself was created through distillation) and sell them to unsuspecting consumers at prices comparable to more authentic absinthes that are traditionally distilled directly from whole herbs. [ edit ] Ingredients Absinthe is traditionally prepared from a distillation of neutral alcohol, various herbs, and water. Traditional absinthes were redistilled from a white grape spirit (or eau de vie), while lesser absinthes were more commonly made from alcohol from grain, beets, or potatoes.

[49] The principal botanicals are grande wormwood , green anise , and florence fennel , which are often called "the holy trinity." [50] Many other herbs may be used as well, such as petite wormwood (Artemisia pontica or Roman wormwood), hyssop , melissa , star anise , angelica , sweet flag , dittany , coriander , veronica , juniper , and nutmeg . [ edit ] Alternative Coloring Absinthe can also be naturally colored red using hibiscus flowers. This is called a rouge or rose absinthe. As of now, only one historical rouge brand has been discovered [51] . [ edit ] Absinthe kits [Note: Absinthe kits should not be confused with hausgemacht absinthe .] Numerous recipes for homemade 'absinthe' are available on the Internet. Many of these require mixing a kit that contains store-bought herbs or wormwood extract with high-proof liquor such as vodka or Everclear . However, it is not possible to make authentic absinthe without distillation.

Besides being unpleasant to drink [52] and not authentic absinthe, these homemade concoctions contain uncontrolled amounts of thujone and absinthins, and may be poisonous — especially if they contain wormwood extract. [53] Many such recipes call for the use of a large amount of wormwood extract (essence of wormwood) with the intent of increasing alleged psychoactive effects. Consuming essence of wormwood is very dangerous. It can cause kidney failure and death from excessive thujone,[ citation needed ] which in large quantities is a convulsive neurotoxin .[ citation needed ] Thujone is also a powerful heart stimulant;[ citation needed ] it is present in authentic absinthe only in extremely small amounts. [ edit ] Styles The Absinthe Drinker by Viktor Oliva (1861-1928) Most categorical alcoholic beverages have regulations governing their classification and labeling, while those governing absinthe have always been conspicuously lacking. According to popular treatises from the 19th century, absinthe could be loosely categorized into several grades (ordinaire, demi-fine, fine, and Suisse - which does not denote origin), in order of increasing alcoholic strength and quality.

Many contemporary absinthe critics simply classify absinthe as distilled or mixed, according to its production method. And while the former is generally considered clearly superior in quality to the latter, an absinthe simply classified as 'distilled' makes no guarantee as to the quality of its base ingredients or the skill of its maker by default. [ edit ] Blanche, or la Bleue Blanche absinthe (also referred to as la Bleue in Switzerland) is bottled directly following distillation and reduction, and is uncolored (clear). The name la Bleue was originally a term used for bootleg Swiss absinthe, but has become a popular term for post-ban style Swiss absinthe in general.[ citation needed ] [ edit ] Verte Verte (“green” in French) absinthe begins as a blanche. The blanche is altered by the “coloring step,” by which a new mixture of herbs is placed into the clear distillate. This process greatly alters the color and flavor, conferring a peridot green hue and an intense flavor.

Vertes are the type of absinthe that was most commonly drunk in the 19th century; they represent the common conception of absinthe.[ citation needed ] Artificially colored green absinthe is also called “verte,” while it lacks the herbal characteristics that are imparted by the coloring step. [ edit ] Absenta Absenta ("absinthe" in Spanish) is a regional variation and typically differs slightly from its French cousin. Absentas typically are sweeter in flavor due to their use of Alicante anise , [54] and contain a characteristic citrus flavor. [55] [ edit ] Hausgemacht absinthe Hausgemacht (German for home-made, often abbreviated as HG) is a type of absinthe that is home-distilled by hobbyists. It is often called clandestine absinthe. It should not be confused with the Clandestine brand, nor should it be confused with absinthe kits. Produced mainly in small quantities for personal use and not for sale, hausgemacht absinthe enables experienced distillers to personally select the herbs and to fine-tune each batch.

Clandestine production increased after absinthe was banned, when small producers went underground, most notably in Switzerland. Although the Swiss had produced both vertes and blanches before the ban, clear absinthe (also known as la Bleue) became more popular after the ban because it is easier to hide. Although the ban has been lifted, many clandestine distillers have not made themselves legal. Authorities believe that high taxes on alcohol and the mystique of being underground have given them a reason not to. [56] Those hausgemacht distillers who have become legal often place the word clandestine on their labels. Main article: Bohemian-style absinth Bohemian-style absinth (also called Czech-style absinthe, anise-free absinthe, or just "absinth" (without the "e")) is best described as a wormwood bitters. It is produced mainly in the Czech Republic, [57] from which it gets its designations as "Bohemian" or "Czech," although not all absinthe from the Czech Republic is Bohemian-style.

It contains little or none of the anise, fennel, and other herbs that are found in traditional absinthe and bears very little resemblance to historically produced Absinthes. Typical Bohemian-style absinth has only two similarities with its authentic, traditional counterpart: it contains wormwood and has a high alcohol content. In the 1990s Czech Absinth producers introduced the method of lighting the sugar cube on fire. [58] This type of absinth and the associated "fire ritual" are modern creations and have little to no relationship with the history and tradition of real absinthe as a cultural phenomenon. [ edit ] Storage Absinthe that is artificially colored or clear is relatively stable and can be bottled in a clear container. If naturally colored absinthe is exposed to light, the chlorophyll breaks down, changing the color from emerald green to yellow green to brown. Pre-ban and vintage absinthes are often of a distinct amber color as a result of this process. Though this color is considered a mark of maturity in vintage absinthes, it is regarded as undesirable in contemporary absinthe.

Due to this fragility, naturally colored absinthe is typically bottled in dark UV resistant wine bottles.[ citation needed ] Absinthe should be stored in a cool, room temperature , dry place away from light and heat. They should also be kept out of the refrigerator and freezer as anethole can crystallize inside the bottle, creating a 'scum' in the bottle which may or may not dissolve back into solution as the bottle warms. Properly stored absinthes not only maintain their quality, but may improve in aroma, flavor, and complexity with aging.[ citation needed ] Main article: Absinthe in popular culture The legacy of absinthe as a mysterious, addictive, and mind-altering drink continues to this day. Absinthe has been seen or featured in fine art, movies, video, music and literature. The modern absinthe revival has had an effect on its portrayal. It is often shown as an unnaturally glowing green liquid which is set on fire before drinking, even though traditionally neither is true. In addition, it is most commonly known in the media for over-the-top hallucinations.

[ edit ] Historical Numerous artists and writers living in France in the late 19th and early 20th century were noted absinthe drinkers who featured absinthe in their work. These included Vincent van Gogh , Édouard Manet , Amedeo Modigliani , Arthur Rimbaud , Guy de Maupassant , Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec , and Paul Verlaine . Later artists and writers drew from this cultural well, including Pablo Picasso , August Strindberg , Oscar Wilde , and Ernest Hemingway . Aleister Crowley was also known to be a habitual absinthe drinker. Emile Cohl , an early pioneer in the art of animation, presented the effects of the drink in 1919 with the short film, hasher's delirium.[ citation needed ] [ edit ] Modern The aura of illicitness and mystery surrounding absinthe has played into modern literature, movies, and television shows. Such depictions vary in their authenticity, often applying dramatic license to depict the drink as anything from an aphrodisiac to a poison .

[ edit ] Effects of absinthe Edouard Manet , The Absinthe Drinker Absinthe has been frequently and incorrectly described in modern times as being hallucinogenic . In the 1970s, a scientific paper mistakenly reported thujone was related to THC , the active chemical in cannabis . [59] Martin Paul Smith incorrectly argued that absinthe had narcotic effects due to the fermentation process in early 2008. [60] Ten years after his 19th century experiments with wormwood oil, the French Dr. Magnan studied 250 cases of alcoholism and claimed that those who drank absinthe were worse off than those drinking ordinary alcohol, and that they experienced rapid-onset hallucinations. [61] Such accounts by absinthe opponents were embraced by its most famous users, many of whom were bohemian artists or writers. [62] Two famous painters who helped popularize the notion that absinthe had powerful psychoactive properties were Toulouse Lautrec and Vincent van Gogh , the latter having suffered from mental instability throughout his life.

In one of the best known accounts of absinthe drinking, Oscar Wilde described the feeling of having tulips on his legs after leaving a bar. [63] Today it is known that absinthe does not cause hallucinations. [64] Thujone, the active chemical in absinthe, is a GABA antagonist; and while it can produce muscle spasms in large doses, there is no evidence that it causes hallucinations. [64] It has been speculated that reports of hallucinogenic effects of absinthe may have been due to poisonous chemicals being added to cheaper versions of the drink in the 19th century, to give it a more vivid color. [65] However, the debate over whether absinthe produces effects on the human mind additional to those of alcohol has not been conclusively resolved. The effects of absinthe have been described by some as mind opening. [64] The most commonly reported experience is a 'clear-headed' feeling of inebriation — a form of 'lucid drunkenness'.

[66] Chemist, historian and absinthe distiller Ted Breaux has claimed that the alleged secondary effects of absinthe may be caused by the fact that some of the herbal compounds in the drink act as stimulants , while others act as sedatives , creating an overall lucid effect of awakening. [67] Long term effects of low absinthe consumption in humans remain unknown, although the herbs in absinthe have both painkilling [68] and antiparasitic [69] properties. [ edit ] Controversy It was once thought that excessive absinthe drinking had worse effects than those associated with overindulgence in other forms of alcohol, a belief that led to diagnoses of the disease of 'absinthism'. One of the first vilifications of absinthe was an 1864 experiment in which a certain Dr. Magnan exposed a guinea pig to large doses of pure wormwood vapor and another to alcohol vapors. The guinea pig exposed to wormwood experienced convulsive seizures, while the animal exposed to alcohol did not. Dr. Magnan would later blame the chemical thujone, contained in wormwood, for these effects.

[70] Past reports estimated thujone levels in absinthe as high — up to 260 mg/kg of absinthe. [71] More recently, published scientific analyses of samples of various original absinthes have disproven earlier estimates, showing that very little of the thujone present in wormwood actually makes it into a properly distilled absinthe when using historical recipes and methods. Most proper absinthes, both vintage and modern, are within the current EU limits. [72] [73] [74] [75] Tests on mice showed an LD50 of about 45 mg thujone per kg of body weight, [76] which is much higher than the amount of thujone in absinthe. The high percentage of alcohol in absinthe would kill a person before the thujone would become life-threatening. [76] In documented cases of acute thujone poisoning as a result of oral ingestion [77] , the source of thujone was not commercial absinthe, but rather non-controversial sources such as common essential oils, which can contain as much as 50% thujone.

[78] A study in the Journal of Studies on Alcohol [79] concluded that a high concentration of thujone in alcohol has negative effects on attention performance. It slowed down reaction time , and caused subjects to concentrate their attention in the central field of vision. Medium doses did not produce an effect noticeably different from plain alcohol . The high dose of thujone used in the study was larger than what can currently be obtained, even in claimed 'high thujone' absinthe that cannot be sold legally in the European Union. While the effects of this high dose were statistically significant in a double blind test, the test subjects themselves were unable to reliably identify which samples were the ones containing thujone. [ edit ] Regulations Currently, most countries do not have a legal definition of absinthe (unlike Scotch whisky or cognac ). Manufacturers can label a product 'absinthe' or 'absinth', whether or not it matches the traditional definition. Due to many countries never banning absinthe, not every country has regulations specifically governing it.

[ edit ] Australia Bitters can contain a maximum 35 mg/kg thujone, while other alcoholic beverages can contain a maximum 10 mg/kg [80] of thujone. In Australia, import and sales require a special permit although absinthe is readily available in many bottle shops . Regulation 5H of the Customs (Prohibited Imports) Regulations 1956 (Cth) [81] (the Regulations) prohibits the importation of Absinthe (Schedule 8), unless the permission (in writing) of the Secretary or an authorised person has been granted permission to import the goods and the permission has been produced to the Collector. Item 12A of Schedule 8 of the Regulations, [82] refers to "oil of wormwood, being an essential oil obtained from plants of the genus Artemisia , and preparations containing oil of wormwood." The administrative arrangements include the Secretary and authorised officers (appropriately delegated TGA officers) of the Therapeutic Goods Administration [83] may grant permission to import absinthe. The Australian Customs Service is the Collector for the importation of Schedule 8 goods. The domestic production and sale of Absinthe is regulated by State licencing laws.

This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding reliable references (ideally, using inline citations ). Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (May 2008) In Canada, liquor laws are established by the provincial governments. As with any spirit, absinthe can only be imported by a government agency; importation by individuals to a private address is prohibited. British Columbia has no limits on thujone content. Ontario allows only 1 mg/kg. The provincial stores sell Hills and Pernod Absinthe. Alberta , and Nova Scotia allow 10 mg/kg thujone. Manitoba allows 6-8 mg thujone per litre. [84] Quebec allows 5mg/kg. The government wine and spirit shops (SAQ) sell several brands. New-Brunswick NB Liquor only sells Absente, which has no thujone. Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland and Labrador Liquor Corporation sells only Absente, which has no thujone.

All other provinces do not allow the sale of absinthe containing thujone (although, in Saskatchewan , one can purchase any liquor, with a maximum of one case, usually 12 bottles x 750 ml or 8 x 1L). Individual liquor boards must approve each product before it may be sold, and currently only Hill’s Absinth, Czech Absinth s.r.o., Elie-Arnaud Denoix, Pernod, Absente, Versinthe and, in limited release, La Fée Absinthe are approved. Production is regulated by provincial governments. Recently, Okanagan Spirits in British Columbia released the Taboo brand, which is presently the only commercial absinthe crafted in Canada. [85] [ edit ] Brazil Absinthe was prohibited in Brazil until 2007 , but the beverage must obey to the liquor laws established by the Brazilian government. The Absinthe sold in Brazil must not contain more than 53.8% of alcohol. [ edit ] European Union The European Union permits a maximum thujone level of 10 mg/kg in alcoholic beverages with more than 25% ABV, and 35 mg/kg in alcohol labeled as bitters.

[86] Member countries regulate absinthe production within this framework. Sale of absinthe is permitted in all EU countries unless they further regulate it. [ edit ] France In addition to EU standards, products explicitly called 'absinthe' cannot be sold in France, although they can be produced for export. Absinthe is now commonly labeled as spiritueux à base de plantes d’absinthe ('wormwood-based spirits'). France also regulates fenchone , a chemical in the herb fennel, to 5 mg/l. [87] This makes many brands of Swiss absinthe illegal without reformulation. [ edit ] Republic of Georgia It is legal to produce and sell absinthe in the Republic of Georgia. Georgia has several absinthe production facilities. All the ingredients used are produced domestically.[ citation needed ] [ edit ] Germany A ban on absinthe was enacted in Germany on 27 March 1923. In addition to banning the production and commerce of absinthe, the law even went so far as to prohibit the distribution of printed matter that provided details of its production.

The original ban was lifted in 1981, but the use of Artemisia absinthium as a flavoring agent remained prohibited. On 27 September 1991, Germany adopted the European Union's standards of 1988, which effectively re-legalized absinthe. [88] Unlike Switzerland and France, there are no further restrictions. [ edit ] New Zealand Although the substance is not banned at national level, some local authorities have banned it. The latest is Mataura in Southland. The ban came in August 2008 after several issues of misuse drew public and police attention. One incident resulted in breathing difficulties and hospitalization of a 17 year old caused by alcohol poisoning. [89] The particular brand of absinthe that caused these effects contained 89.9% vol. alc. [ edit ] Sweden The sale and production of absinthe has never been prohibited in Sweden. However, the only store that may sell alcoholic beverages containing more than 3.5% alcohol by volume is the government-owned chain of liquor stores called Systembolaget . Systembolaget did not import or sell absinthe for many years.

[90] [ edit ] Switzerland The End of the Green Fairy, a 1910 poster by Albert Gantner , opposing the absinthe ban in Switzerland. The Rütlischwur of 1291 is depicted behind, to the left, representing the foundation of the Old Swiss Confederation . In Switzerland, the sale and production of absinthe was prohibited from 1910 to 2005; the ban was lifted on 1 March 2005. To be legally made or sold in Switzerland, absinthe must be distilled [91] and must be either uncolored or naturally colored. [92] [ edit ] United States The prevailing consensus of interpretation of United States law and regulations among American absinthe connoisseurs is that, with the revision of thujone levels by the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB), it is now legal to purchase such a product for personal use in the U.S. According to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) food and beverages that contain Artemisia species must be thujone free.

[93] Thujone free is defined as containing less than 10ppm thujone. [94] There is no corresponding US Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) regulation. The U.S. Customs and Border Protection is inconsistent in saying whether Absinthe may or may not be imported. The Know Before You Go booklet flatly states "The importation of Absinthe and any other liquors or liqueurs that contain Artemisia absinthium is prohibited." [95] while the CBP's Prohibited and Restricted Items web page states that the importation of absinthe is not "prohibited" but subject to FDA and Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB) approval like other distilled spirits. [96] Absinthe can be and occasionally is seized by United States Customs if it appears to be for human consumption and can be seized inside the US with a warrant. [97] [98] A faux-absinthe liquor called Absente , made with southern wormwood ( Artemisia abrotanum ) instead of grande wormwood ( Artemisia absinthium ), is sold legally in the United States.

This was the first US approval referring to "absinthe" on the front label; the front label says "Absinthe Refined" but the TTB classified the product as liqueur. In 2007, TTB relaxed the US absinthe ban, and approved several brands for sale. [99] These brands must pass TTB testing, which is performed by the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry method. [100] The TTB considers a product to be thujone-free if the FDA’s test measures less than 10ppm (equal to 10mg/kg) thujone. [101] A US distillery also began producing and selling absinthe, the first US company to do so since 1912.

[102] [ edit ] Vanuatu The Absinthe (Prohibition) Act 1915, passed in the New Hebrides , has never been repealed, and is included in the 1988 Vanuatu consolidated legislation, and contains the following all-encompassing restriction: The manufacture, importation, circulation and sale wholesale or by retail of absinthe or similar liquors in Vanuatu shall be prohibited. [103] [ edit ] Notes ^ “Traite de la Fabrication de Liqueurs et de la Distillation des Alcools”, P. Duplais (1882 3rd Ed, pp 375-381) ^ “Nouveau Traité de la Fabrication des Liqueurs”, J. Fritsch (1926, pp 385-401) ^ “La Fabrication des Liqueurs”, J.

De Brevans (1908, pp 251-262) ^ “Nouveau Manuel Complet du Distillateur Liquoriste”, Lebead, de Fontenelle, & Malepeyre (1888, pp 221-224) ^ 'Traite de la Fabrication de Liqueurs et de la Distillation des Alcools' Duplais (1882 3rd Ed, Pg 249) Absinthe | NeuroSoup Absinthe is unscheduled in the United States, although it is regulated by the FDA. Addictive Potential: Medium Emergency Room Visits Yearly: Unkown Mandatory Minimum Sentence: Unknown Mechanism of Action: GABA antagonist Overview: Absinthe is historically described as a distilled, highly alcoholic (45%-74% ABV) beverage. It is an anise-flavored spirit derived from herbs, including the flowers and leaves of the herb Artemisia absinthium, commonly referred to as “grande wormwood”. Absinthe traditionally has a natural green color but can also be colorless.

It is commonly referred to in historical literature as “la fée verte” (the Green Fairy). Although it is sometimes mistakenly called a liqueur, absinthe was not bottled with added sugar and is therefore classified as a spirit. Absinthe is unusual among spirits in that it is bottled at a very high proof but is normally diluted with water when drunk. Absinthe originated in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. It achieved great popularity as an alcoholic drink in late 19th- and early 20th-century France, particularly among Parisian artists and writers. Due in part to its association with bohemian culture, absinthe was opposed by social conservatives and prohibitionists. Charles Baudelaire, Paul Verlaine, Arthur Rimbaud, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Vincent van Gogh, Oscar Wilde, and Aleister Crowley were all notorious ‘bad men’ of that day who were (or were thought to be) devotees of the Green Fairy. Absinthe was portrayed as a dangerously addictive psychoactive drug. The chemical thujone, present in small quantities, was singled out and blamed for its alleged harmful effects.

By 1915, absinthe had been banned in the United States and in most European countries except the United Kingdom, Sweden, Spain, Portugal, Denmark and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Although absinthe was vilified, no evidence has shown it to be any more dangerous than ordinary spirit. Its psychoactive properties, apart from those of alcohol, have been much exaggerated. A revival of absinthe began in the 1990s, when countries in the European Union began to reauthorize its manufacture and sale. As of February 2008, nearly 200 brands of absinthe were being produced in a dozen countries, most notably in France, Switzerland, Spain, and the Czech Republic. Commercial distillation of absinthe in the United States resumed in 2007. Absinthe has been frequently and incorrectly described in modern times as being hallucinogenic. In the 1970s, a scientific paper mistakenly reported thujone was related to THC, the active chemical in cannabis. Martin Paul Smith incorrectly argued that absinthe had narcotic effects due to the fermentation process in early 2008.

Ten years after his 19th century experiments with wormwood oil, the French Dr. Magnan studied 250 cases of alcoholism and claimed that those who drank absinthe were worse off than those drinking ordinary alcohol, and that they experienced rapid-onset hallucinations. Such accounts by absinthe opponents were embraced by its most famous users, many of whom were bohemian artists or writers.Two famous painters who helped popularize the notion that absinthe had powerful psychoactive properties were Toulouse Lautrec and Vincent van Gogh, the latter having suffered from mental instability throughout his life. In one of the best known accounts of absinthe drinking, Oscar Wilde described the feeling of having tulips on his legs after leaving a bar. Today it is known that absinthe does not cause hallucinations. Thujone, the active chemical in absinthe, occurs naturally in two forms (−)-α-thujone and (+)-β-thujone. The thujones are GABA antagonists; and while they can produce muscle spasms in large doses, there is no evidence that they cause hallucinations.

It has been speculated that reports of hallucinogenic effects of absinthe may have been due to chemicals being added to cheaper versions of the drink in the 19th century, to give it a more vivid color. However, the debate over whether absinthe produces effects on the human mind additional to those of alcohol has not been conclusively resolved. The effects of absinthe have been described by some as mind opening. The most commonly reported experience is a ‘clear-headed’ feeling of inebriation — a form of ‘lucid drunkenness’. Chemist, historian, and absinthe distiller Ted Breaux has claimed that the alleged secondary effects of absinthe may be caused by the fact that some of the herbal compounds in the drink act as stimulants, while others act as sedatives, creating an overall lucid effect of awakening. Side Effects and Adverse Reactions: Long term effects of low absinthe consumption in humans remain unknown.

Videos: The Big Apple: Green Fairy or Green Lady (absinthe nickname) Entry from April 16, 2009 Green Fairy or Green Lady (absinthe nickname) The “green fairy” (also called the “green lady” and the “green muse") has been a Paris nickname for the drink absinthe since the 1880s. The “green hour”—often starting at 5 p.m. and lasting until midnight—was when the citizens of Paris began to drink the green alcoholic beverage. Wikipedia: Absinthe Absinthe is historically described as a distilled, highly alcoholic (45%-74% ABV) beverage. It is an anise-flavored spirit derived from herbs, including the flowers and leaves of the herb Artemisia absinthium, commonly referred to as “grande wormwood”. Absinthe traditionally has a natural green color but can also be colorless. It is commonly referred to in historical literature as “la fée verte” (the Green Fairy). Although it is sometimes mistakenly called a liqueur, absinthe was not bottled with added sugar and is therefore classified as a spirit.

Absinthe is unusual among spirits in that it is bottled at a very high proof but is normally diluted with water when drunk. Absinthe originated in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. It achieved great popularity as an alcoholic drink in late 19th- and early 20th-century France, particularly among Parisian artists and writers. Due in part to its association with bohemian culture, absinthe was opposed by social conservatives and prohibitionists. Charles Baudelaire, Paul Verlaine, Arthur Rimbaud, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Vincent van Gogh, Oscar Wilde, and Aleister Crowley were all notorious ‘bad men’ of that day who were (or were thought to be) devotees of the Green Fairy. Absinthe was portrayed as a dangerously addictive psychoactive drug. The chemical thujone, present in small quantities, was singled out and blamed for its alleged harmful effects. By 1915, absinthe had been banned in the United States and in most European countries except the United Kingdom, Sweden, Spain, Portugal, Denmark and the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Although absinthe was vilified, no evidence has shown it to be any more dangerous than ordinary spirit. Its psychoactive properties, apart from those of alcohol, have been much exaggerated. A revival of absinthe began in the 1990s, when countries in the European Union began to reauthorize its manufacture and sale. As of February 2008, nearly 200 brands of absinthe were being produced in a dozen countries, most notably in France, Switzerland, Spain, and the Czech Republic. Commercial distillation of absinthe in the United States resumed in 2007. Absinthe Fever Green Fairy: The symbol of liberté The Green Fairy is the English translation of La Fee Verte, the affectionate French nickname given to the celebrated absinthe drink in the nineteenth century. The nickname stuck, and over a century later, “absinthe” and “Green Fairy” continue to be used interchangeably by devotees of the potent green alcohol. Mind you, absinthe earned other nicknames, too: poets and artists were inspired by the “Green Muse”; Aleister Crowley, the British occultist, worshipped the “Green Goddess”.

But no other nickname stuck as well as the original, and many drinkers of absinthe refer to the green liquor simply as La Fee - the Fairy. The symbol of transformation But Green Fairy isn’t just another name for absinthe: she is a metaphorical concept of artistic enlightenment and exploration, of poetic inspiration, of a freer state of mind, of new ideas, of a changing social order. To the ignorant drunk, absinthe will forever remain but potent alcohol, perhaps with a bit of thujone “high” thrown in. To the original bohemians of 1890s Paris, the Fairy was a welcomed symbol of transformation. She was the trusted guide en-route to artistic innovativation; she was the symbol of thirst (for life) to Arthur Rimbaud, the first “punk poet”: it was the Fairy who guided him—and his fellow poet and partner Paul Verlaine—on their quest to escape the conventional reality of their time into the sanctuary of the surreal. Nouveau supplément du Dictionnaire historique d’argot, avec le Vocabulaire ...

By Étienne Lorédan Larchey Paris: Libraire de la Société des gens de Lettres 1889 Pg. 78: DAME VERTE : Absinthe. — Allusion à sa couleur et à la passion qu’on a trop souvent pour elle.—“On a un peu calomnié la pauvre dame verte.” (Razona, 66.) “Tombé dans la misére par suite d’un trop grand amour pour la dame verte.” (Coffignard, 87.) New York, NY: National Book Company 1890 Pg. 265: Love, however, or the passion they called by that name, proved much too weak and inadequate a rival to cope with Absinthe,—the “green fairy” had taken a firm hold of our friend the actor’s mind,—... 1 June 1893, Perry (Iowa) Reporter, pg. 8, col. 3: THE GREEN LADY. That Is What Frenchmen Call the Spirit of Absinthe. The devil of absinthe, the “Green Lady,” as they call her, may be the muse of the poor poet.

She gives him inspiration for his rich rhymes; she pours out emeralds for him, so he says. She bears him away to his fantastic paradise—but he does not stop to feel his pulse en route. When his little intoxication is over and finished—that is to say, within an hour or so—he does not seek to keep it up, and so does not make himself disgraceful. (...) To the “green hour,” however, succeeds the black hour of midnight and somber returns on the sticky asphalt pavement, with turned-up collar and shrugged shoulders and hands sunk in the pockets. (...) -- New York Sun. 13 June 1893, Sioux County Herald (Orange City, Iowa), pg. 3, col. 3: (The 1893 Chicago World’s Fair—ed.) ...like the green fairy of absinthe, is not to be looked upon and resisted. 21 July 1893, Idaho Register, pg. 3: DRUNKARDS OF PARIS THEY ARE MAINLY OF THE LOWEST CLASS. Tippling in the Gay French Capital Reduced to a Science b ythe Better Classes—The Haute Monde and Mor- phine.

(...) The devil of absinthe, the “Green Lady,” as they call her, may be the muse of the poor poet. She gives him inspiration for his rich rhymes; she pours out emeralds for him, so he says. She bears him away to his fantastic paradise—but he does not stop to feel his pulse enroute. When his little intoxication is over and finished—that is to say, within an hour or so—he does not make himself disgraceful. This is the difference between Parisian intoxication and the Anglo-Saxon idea of a big spree. In Paris this limited kind of drunkenness is widely spread. It is not mistrusted, and favor is shown to it in every way. It has even its consecrated hour. The hour of absinthe is at 5 o’clock in the afternoon. It is the “green hour,” and gives the signal to forget the cares of business and the harsh struggle for life. It is a poison to kindle short-lived enthusiasms, and in its opaline vapor it builds up visions of fortune. It even lets loose a sort of nervous appetite for food.

To the “green hour,” however, succeeds the black hour of midnight and sombre returns on the sticky asphalt pavement, with turned-up collar and shrugged shoulders and hands sunk in the pockets. Google Books June 1894, Atlantic Monthly, “The End of Tortoni’s,” pg. 751, col. 1: The spirit which drove the glass of paris fashion and the mould of literary form to this central point of the Grand Boulevard, there to admire themselves at the green hour over their absinthe, has grown weak and failed before its hundred years are over. 20 July 1895, Baltimore (MD) Sun, “Professor Taft’s Final Impressions of the Paintings,” pg. 7: a Green Lady. A muse of another kind is the Green Lady, who in Maignan’s picture, “L’Absinthe,” has seized her wretched victim and maddened him with her traitorous caress. It is a powerful work, artistic in every respect, yet giving food for thought. 26 February 1905, Duluth (MN) News-Tribune, section II, pg.

6: HOW ABSINTHE MAKES WRECKS The National Vice of France Brings Degradation and Death In Its Wake—Victims of the “Green Fairy.” (...) Yet “the green fairy” it is called by poetical Frenchmen, “green been” (sic) by sporty Americans, and “most deadly and insidious poison” by doctors and savants whose scientific investigations on the subject have given them the right to speak with authority. 1 June 1907, Baltimore (MD) American, pg. 4: The “Green Fairy” in Switzerland. [From the London Globe.] 15 August 1909, New York (NY) Sun, pg. 6, col. 6: Absinthe, the green fairy of too many poets and artists, was no stranger to Guys. (Illustrator Constantin Guys—ed.) The Art of the Bar: Cocktails Inspired by the Classics By Jeff Hollinger, Georgeanne Brennan, Rob Schwartz Photographs by Frankie Frankeny

Question: Which highly alcoholic spirit, historically referred to as 'the green fairy' was linked with Bohemian culture?
Answer: ABSINTHE