Kamchatka cruises, voyages, expeditions, tours OVERVIEW Explore Russia's spectacular Kamchatka Peninsula with Heritage Expeditions The Kamchatka Peninsula is a 1,250 km finger of land which lies between the Sea of Okhotsk and the Pacific Ocean. About 30% of the land area is protected in national reserves. The most significant feature of the landscape is around 160 volcanoes, of which 29 are still active. This dramatic landscape makes the area one of the most popular for Russian cruises. More than half of the population of Kamchatka lives alongside Avacha Bay in the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy (often referred to as 'PK') and in the neighbouring town of Yelizovo. Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy Kamchatka Krai consists of the lower Kamchatka Oblast and the Koryak Autonomous Okrug. The Kamchatka Oblast and the Koryak Autonomous Okrug merged in July 2007 to form the Kamchatka Krai. The Kamchatka Oblast makes up the southern portion of the Kamchatka Peninsula.

Kamchatka also includes the Komandorskie (Commander) Islands within its administrative territory. The influence of the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Okhotsk makes Kamchatka’s climate milder than continental parts of the Russian Far East. In general, winters are long with heavy snows, and summers are short, cool and rainy. Heavy fog and sudden changes in atmospheric pressure are common. Join us as we cruise the Kamchatka coast to see some of the famous Kamchatka wildlife such as Kamchatka Brown Bears and Sea Otters. To see the magnificent Steller's Sea Eagles in the wild is an experience never forgotten. Those interested in waterfowl species will be keen to experience the Kamchatka wetlands where at least 13 species breed and many others visit. Of course you will need to visit the Kamchatka region for the best chance to see the Spoon-billed Sandpiper, one of the world's critically endangered species which clings to life here. Experience this destination by expedition cruising with Heritage Expeditions on the following departures: GEOGRAPHY Geographical Information: The Peninsula stretches from North to South for about 1500kms. The region is mostly mountainous.

Koryakskoye Plateau is situated in the northern part of it, almost parallel to each other there are two mountain ranges, Sredinnny and Vostochny extending along the whole Peninsula. The Central Kamchatka lowland is between them. Kamchatka is known as the “land of fire and ice” for its countless boiling mud cauldrons, steam vents, fumaroles and other forms of volcanic activity including 414 glaciers and 160 volcanoes, 29 of which are still active. The coasts of Kamchatka are washed by the cold sea of Okhotsk, Bering Sea and the Pacific Ocean. Valley of the Geysers The Valley of the Geysers in the eastern part of the peninsula has almost 200 geysers, second in the world to Yellowstone National Park in the United States. Influenced by its latitude and long oceanic coastline, wetlands, stony barrens, lava fields, coastal sands and tundra dominate the landscape. In the north, Japanese Stone Pine and shrub alders run down to the shoreline. Sparse stone birch forests form the typical Kamchatka landscape.

Kamchatka’s most valuable forests lie in the central Kamchatka River valley. Overall, Kamchatka’s natural environment remains one of the most pristine in all of Russia, if not the entire world. Land of Volcanos Occupies an area of 470,000 sq.kms. (including Commander Islands) Maximum Altitude: Kluchevskoy Volcano 4,688 (the highest active Volcano in Eurasia) Physical Features: Influenced by its latitude and long oceanic coastline, wetlands, stony barrens, lava fields, coastal sands and tundra dominate the landscape. In the north, Japanese stone pine (Pinus pumila) and shrub alders (Alnus fruticosa, A.sinuata) run down to the shore-line. Sparse stone birch (Betula ermani) forests form the typical Kamchatka landscape. Kamchatka’s most valuable forests lie in the central Kamchatka River valley. HISTORY Kamchatka was first inhabited about 15,000 years ago. These indigenous people’s culture and lifestyle were based on their wide use of the natural resources found there.

The Itelmen were mainly fisherman, Koryaks and Evens were hunters and Reindeer herders. The first “Cossack” explorers came to Kamchatka in the early 17th century. At the end of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th century there was a period when interest in the Far East and Kamchatka grew rapidly driven in part by the economic development of Russia by Peter the Great. It was also a period of ruthless and murderous rulers and the native people suffered great hardship. In 1724 Peter the Great commissioned Danish navigator to explore the seas of north-eastern Russia. He led two expeditions to this region. The Capital of the region Petropavlovsk is named after his two ships of his second expedition of 1740. Kamchatka Dancers Much of the traditional way of life was destroyed by Soviet collectivisation and the drive for industrialisation. Since the political changes of 1989 and the disappearance of the state-collective systems, the financial support that accompanied these systems has also disappeared and many people are suffering. During and after World War 11, Kamchatka began to develop as a military region.

Submarine bases and patrols stretched along its borders. This is one of the reasons why Kamchatka was closed to foreigners and Russians alike. FAUNA & FLORA Flora and Vegetation: According to latest information, the flora of Kamchatka numbers 89 families, 411 genera and 1170 species and subspecies of vascular plants. The main forest is stone birch. Willows (salix),aromatic polar (Populus snaveolens), aspen (P. Tremula), alders, and other trees grow in floodplains along the rivers. Dahurian larch (Larix gmelini), Ayan spruce (Picea ayanensis), and the Monarch Birch (Betula maximovitschii) grow in the center of the Peninsula. Japanese stone pine and alder shrubs cover mountain ranges and tundra woodlands. Forty rare and endangered species of plants are found around mineral hot springs and fumaroles, four of these species are endemic to Kamchatka. Mammals: Kamchatka Brown Bear Forty three mammal species inhabit the region nine of which are marine mammals.

Kamchatka has one of the highest populations of brown bear (Ursus arctos) in the world, it is also one of the largest of the Brown Bear group. Other mammals include sable, which incidentally was hunted extensively – sable skins were extremely valuable, they still fetch high prices today. There are wolverine, wolves and Arctic Fox all of these are still hunted to some extent. The Eurasian Forest Reindeer have been herded for centuries and still are today. Mountain sheep can be found living high in the mountains, they rarely descend lower than 600 metres. Elk or Moose can be found in the forests of Kamchatka and are hunted. Canadian beaver and mink were introduced for commercial reasons and both Lynx and squirrel migrated south into the Peninsula at the beginning of the 1900’s. Marine mammals include Steller Sea Lions, Northern Fur Seals, otters and numerous species of whales including Gray, Minike, Beluga, Bowhead, Blue and Humpback whales. Birding Highlights: Steller's Sea Eagle There are a wide range of habitats in Kamchatka and the climate is extreme both these factors have a huge impact on the Birdlife.

As Kamchatka is also part of a major “flyway” or migratory route for birds travelling to the Arctic for breeding many of the species recorded there are transients. According to a paper prepared by the Kamchatka Institute of Ecology in 1999 there have been 284 species of birds recoded in Kamchatka. (This includes Commander Islands – see separate article). Because of the extensive coastline and islands within the region shore birds and seabirds are well represented, for example there are 17 species of Gulls and terns recorded. There are 13 species of Alcidea’s listed as breeding including the rare Kiittlitz’s and Marbled Murrelets. Given the extensive areas of wetlands, especially in northern Kamchatka it is not surprising that there are a large number of waterfowl recorded from the region there are at least 13 species breeding and 45 as stragglers or transient. One of the highlights has got to be Steller’s Sea Eagle (Haliaeetus pelagicus) the largest fish eagle and one of the largest eagles in the world.

The extremely rare Spoon-billed Sandpiper (Calidris pygmaeus) can be found in the northern part of Kamchatka. FURTHER READING Gleadhill, Diana (2007), Kamchatka: A Journal & Guide to Russia's Land of Ice and Fire, Hong Kong: Odyssey Books, ISBN 978-962-217-780-2 . Gippenreiter, Vadim (1992), Kamchatka: Land of Fire and Ice, London: Laurence King Control number: 356283 // SBN 1856690202 // hbk // Class number: sa 356H Newell, Josh (2004), The Russian Far East: a reference guide for conservation and development, Published by Daniel and Daniel Pub. Inc.

ISBN 1880284766 // hbk // Class Number: mg 265XC Bergman, Sten (1927), Through Kamchatka by Dog-Sled and Skis, Published by Seeley, Service & Co Control number: 356420 // Class number: sa 356E Kamchatka Territory | Constructed Worlds Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Flag Region Northern Korea Incorporated as Prefecture-level Territory 2010 Capital Sethyeong Time zone Kamchatka Time ( UTC+12:00 ) Kamchatka Territory (Korean: 캄차카 자유 영토), occasionally referred to as East Kamchatka, is a vast expanse currently administered by the East Asian Federation . History When the Russians reached the Sea of Okhotsk (Ivan Moskvitin, 1638) they were blocked because they lacked the skills and equipment to build sea-going ships. The country to the northeast was difficult and the Koryaks warlike. Therefore, Kamchatka was entered from the north.

After helping found Anadyrsk, in 1651 Mikhail Stadukhin went south and followed the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk from Penzhina Bay to Okhotsk. From about 1667 there were reports of a Kamchatka River to the south. Some time before 1700 a group of Russians were stranded and died on Kamchatka. In 1695 Vladimir Atlasov was made prikashchik of Anadyrsk. In 1696 he sent Luka Morozko south. Morozko got as far as the Tigil River and returned with reports and some mysterious writings, probably Japanese. In 1697-1699 Atlasov explored nearly the whole of the peninsula. He built an ostrog at Verkhny-Kamchatsk and rescued or captured a Japanese castaway and went to Moscow to report. In 1699 the Russians at Verkhny-Kamchatsk were killed by the Koryaks on their way back to Anadyrsk.

The 1700 punitive expedition destroyed a Koryak village and founded Nizhne-Kamchatsk on the lower river. Bolskeretsk was founded in 1703. From about 1705 there was a breakdown of order. There were numerous mutinies and native wars all over the peninsula and north to the Koryak country of the Penzhina River and Olyutorsky Gulf. Several people were sent out to restore order, including Atlasov who was murdered in 1711. Some degree of order was restored by Vasily Merlin in 1733-39. There was no significant resistance after 1756. A major smallpox epidemic hit in 1768-69. By 1773 there were about 2,500 Itelmen and in 1820 1,900, down from an original population of 12 to 25 thousand. Russian customs were adopted and there was a great deal of intermarriage so that Kamchadal, the original Russian name for the Itelmen, came to mean any Russian or part-Russian born on the peninsula.

In 1713 Peter the Great sent shipbuilders to Okhotsk. A fifty-four-foot boat was built and sailed to the Tegil River (June,1716). This one week journey, later shifted to Okhotsk-Bolseretsk, became the standard route to Kamchatka. Vitus Bering's first voyage left Nezhe-Kamchatsk in 1728. As part of his second voyage he founded Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in 1740. The Second Kamchatka Expedition by the Danish explorer Vitus Bering, in the employ of the Russian Navy, began the "opening" of Kamchatka in earnest, helped by the fact that the government began to use the area as a place of exile. In 1755, Stepan Krasheninnikov published the first detailed description of the peninsula, An Account of the Land of Kamchatka. The Russian government encouraged the commercial activities of the Russian-American Company by granting land to newcomers on the peninsula.

By 1812, the indigenous population had fallen to fewer than 3,200, while the Russian population had risen to 2,500. In 1854, the French and British, who were battling Russian forces on the Crimean Peninsula, attacked Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. During the Siege of Petropavlovsk, 988 men with a mere 68 guns managed to defend the outpost against 6 ships with 206 guns and 2,540 French and British soldiers. Despite the heroic defence, Petropavlovsk was abandoned as a strategic liability after the Anglo-French forces withdrew. The next year when a second enemy force came to attack the port, they found it deserted. Frustrated, the ships bombarded the city and withdrew. The next fifty years were lean ones for Kamchatka. The naval port was moved to Ust-Amur and in 1867 Alaska was sold to the United States, making Petropavlovsk obsolete as a transit point for traders and explorers on their way to the American territories.

In 1860, Primorsky (Maritime) Region was established and Kamchatka was placed under its jurisdiction. In 1875, the Kuril Islands were ceded to Japan in return for Russian sovereignty over Sakhalin. The Russian population of Kamchatka stayed around 2,500 until the turn of the century, while the native population increased to 5,000. World War II hardly affected Kamchatka except for its service as a launch site for the invasion of the Kurils in late 1945. After the war, Kamchatka was declared a military zone. Kamchatka remained closed to Russians until 1989 and to foreigners until 1990. In May 2010, the East Asian Federation took control of Taiwan. It sent its army, threatening war if the Republic of China did not retreat. Seeing it had no other option, the Republic of China allied with Yarphei to carve out a free city over which the Republic of China could rule. The target in this case was the USSR, filled with vast expanses of land which had little or nothing to do with the Kremlin except in politics.

Through weeks of debate between USSR, the ROC, and Yarphei, USSR agreed to hand over part of the Kamchatka Peninsula, recieving benefits from Yarphei. Yarphei and the ROC agreed to peacefully occupy the land as long as certain democratic principles, those of San Min Zhu Yi, were put in place for Kamchatka. In addition, the Republic of China agreed to assimilate into the Vietnamese Liberation Army in return for loosenings on religion within Yarphei, mainly the retraction of mandatory "temple registry" on all private Buddhist temples and shrines. As soon as the free city was established, it was clear that thousands of supporters of the Republic of China all over the world were to begin flooding the vast, beautiful land, whose population is expected to reach two million by the end of three years. To aid with the weather differences, Yarphei has provided a constant heat wave to keep temperatures above fifteen degrees centigrade. Finally, the free city has attracted many investors due to its status as a tax haven with only ten percent income tax. On 26 December 2010, rule was transferred from Yarphese-Republic of China joint rule to East Asian Federation-Republic of China joint rule.

The Free City was renamed Kamchatka territory, with similar concessions in place to ensure the continued prosperity of the territory. Politics and Government East Kamchatka is administered jointly by the East Asian federation and Republic of China. At the head of the free city are the two mayors, who exercise executive power. There is a legislative body, which includes fifty-nine Republic of China members and fortyƒ members from the East Asian Federation. A third branch is created by a few members who choose and examine civil servants. The control branch, based on that of the Republic of China, monitors these three branches. Judicial power is exercised in a normal administrative division court. The East Asian Federation retains executive power over the region for foreign relations. Culture Currently the culture is based off that of Russia and of the Koryaks, the tribe of the area. However, experts suggest the culture may meld with the Chinese culture within the next few years, forming a unique new culture. The most common religion is Eastern Orthodox Christianity, but this is steadily being replaced by Protestant Christianity and Buddhism. It is unknown what the future may hold for religion.

Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky | Russia | Britannica.com Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky Kaliningrad Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, also spelled Petropavlovsk-Kamčatskij, port and administrative centre of Kamchatka kray (territory), far eastern Russia . It lies along the landlocked Avachinskaya Gulf, on the Pacific coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula . The city was founded in 1740 during Vitus Bering’s second Kamchatka expedition. In 1854, during the Crimean War , an Anglo-French attack on Petropavlovsk was repulsed. The modern city is a fishing centre and has fish-processing, can-making, net-making, and ship-repairing industries. Pop. (2005 est.) 195,982. Port of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, with Koryakskaya Sopka volcano in the background, Kamchatka … Vfp15 Corrections? Updates? Help us improve this article! Contact our editors with your feedback. MEDIA FOR: You have successfully emailed this. Error when sending the email.

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Close Date Published: September 02, 2011 URL: Access Date: January 19, 2017 Share Kamchatka Peninsula | Article about Kamchatka Peninsula by The Free Dictionary Kamchatka Peninsula | Article about Kamchatka Peninsula by The Free Dictionary Also found in: Dictionary , Thesaurus , Wikipedia . Kamchatka (kămchăt`kə), peninsula, 104,200 sq mi (269,878 sq km), Kamchatka Territory, Russian Far East, separating the Sea of Okhotsk in the west from the Bering Sea and the Pacific Ocean in the east. Extending from lat. 51°N to lat. 61°N, it is 750 mi (1,207 km) long and terminates in the south in Cape Lopatka, beyond which lie the Kuril Islands. Petropavlovsk Petropavlovsk or Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski , city (1989 pop. 269,000), capital of Kamchatka Territory, Russian Far East.

It is a major port and naval base on the Northern Sea Route, and there are shipyards and lumber mills. ..... Click the link for more information. is the chief city. There are many rivers and lakes, and the eastern shore is deeply indented by gulfs and bays. The peninsula's central valley, drained by the Kamchatka River, is enclosed by two parallel volcanic ranges that extend north-south; there are about 120 volcanoes. The highest point is Klyuchevskaya Sopka (15,600 ft/4,755 m), itself an active volcano. Kamchatka is covered with mountain vegetation, except in the central valley and on the west coast, which has peat marshes and tundralike moss. The climate is cold and humid. There are numerous forests, mineral springs, and geysers. Kamchatka's mineral resources include coal, gold, mica, pyrites, sulfur, and tufa. Fishing, sealing, hunting, and lumbering are the main occupations.

The seas surrounding the peninsula are a rich Russian fishing area (notably for crabs, which are exported worldwide), and fur trapping on the peninsula yields most of the furs of the Russian Far East. Some cattle raising is carried on in the south and farming (rye, oats, potatoes, vegetables) in the Kamchatka valley and around Petropavlovsk. Reindeer are also raised on the peninsula. Industries include fish processing, shipbuilding, and woodworking. Russia's only geothermal power station is on the peninsula. There is some tourism, particularly in the Kronotsky Nature Reserve, noted for its geysers. The majority of the population is Russian, with large minorities of Koryak peoples. The northern part of the peninsula was formerly administered as the Koryak Autonomous Area, but it was merged with the Kamchatka region to form the Kamchatka Territory in 2007. Its capital was Palana. The Russian explorer Atlasov visited Kamchatka in 1697. The region's exploration and development continued in the early 18th cent. under Czar Peter I, and Russian conquest was complete by 1732.

Heavy Russian colonization occurred in the early 19th cent. From 1926 to 1938, Kamchatka formed part of the Far Eastern Territory. The peninsula, subsequently part of the larger Kamchatka oblast [region], now is part of Kamchatka Territory, which includes offshore islands and areas of the mainland bordering the penisula. Petropavlovsk is the territory's capital. Kamchatka a peninsula in northeastern Asia, in the USSR. To the west lies the Sea of Okhotsk; to the east, the Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea. Length, 1, 200 km (from north-north east to south-southwest); width, up to 450 km; area, 370, 000 sq km. It is linked to the mainland by a narrow isthmus, the Parapol’skii Dol (up to 100 km wide). The eastern shore of the peninsula is strongly indented and forms large gulfs (Kronotsk, Kamchatka, Ozernoi, Karaga, and Korfa) and bays (Avacha, Karaga, and Ossora).

Rocky peninsulas jut far into the sea (Shipunskii, Kronotsk, Kamchatka, Ozernoi). The western shore is weakly indented. The western part of Kamchatka is occupied by the Western Kamchatka Lowland, which gives way to a sloping plain in the east and north. The Sredinnyi Range, with elevations up to 3, 621 m, is situated in the axial part of the peninsula, north of the Plotnikovaia River; the Ichinskaia Sopka volcano in the range has a leveled-out lava plateau in the center and an alpine landscape in the south and north. The Central Kamchatka Lowland east of the Sredinnyi Range, has low ridges that sometimes rise to 100–200 m above sea level; the lowland is narrowest in the south (5–10 km) and gradually widens toward the north, attaining a width of 80 km. The Kamchatka River and its left tributary, the Elovka River, flow through the lowlands in the north, and the Bystraia River flows in the south.

The volcanoes of the Kluichevskaia group, which rise on the lowlands, include Kliu-chevskaia Sopka (4, 750 m), one of the world’s tallest active volcanoes. The active Shiveluch volcano (3, 283 m) is north of the group. The lowland is bounded in the east by steep ridges, the Vostochnyi Range, which is in fact an entire system of ranges: the Ganal’skii (elevations to 2, 277 m), Valaginskii (to 1, 794 m), Tumrok (to 2, 485 m), and Kumroch (to 2, 346 m).

Between Cape Lopatka and the Kamchatka gulf lies the Eastern Volcanic Plateau (elevations of 600–1,000 m), with extinct and active volcanoes, including the Kronotsk (3, 528 m), Koriak (3, 456 m), Avacha (2, 741 m), and Mutnovskaia (2, 323 m). There are more than 160 volcanoes on Kamchatka, 28 of which are active. Kamchatka is a plicate structure formed during the Alpine fold era. It has widespread Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic geosynclinal rock complexes. The Paleozoic rock emerge in the nuclei of the anticlinorium of the Sredinnyi and Vostochnyi ranges and are metamorphic schists and phyllites. The most frequent rocks are volcanogenic and sandy shale deposits of the Cretaceous and Paleocene periods, as well as Quaternary basalts and andésites (less frequently rhyolites and their oceanic and continental sedimentary analogues).

Intrusive rocks include small hypabyssal bodies of granitoid and hyperbasic rock in the east. The main characteristic of the tectonic structure is the presence of genetically different structures of two strikes: the northeastern strike, which is associated with the development of the Kuril-Kamchatka volcanic arc, and the northwestern, which corresponds to the strikes of the major structures of the Okhotsk region. The first system is characterized by the development of overthrust folding; the second, by steeply sloping dislocations. The minerals of the peninsula include various types of coal (from brown to coking, hard coal, anthracites), associated with Paleocene deposits; gold, silver, mercury, and complex metallic ores; native sulfur; and various building materials. Kamchatka has many carbon-dioxide and nitrogen mineral waters and thermal waters, with a temperature of up to 100°C (geysers, boiling lakes, and mud volcanoes), located mainly in the Vostochnyi Range. Kamchatka has a maritime monsoon climate, more severe in the west than in the east. In the south the climate is maritime, in the central and northern parts it is moderate continental.

The average February temperature is — 15°C in the west, —11 °C in the east, and — 16°C in the central part; the corresponding August temperatures are 12°, 12. 5°, and 16°C. Annual precipitation is 600 to 1, 100 mm. There are modern glaciers in the highest part of the mountains. The total area of glaciation is 866 sq km; glaciation is encountered at the summits of the Sredinny Range and on the slopes of the active Shiveluch and Kliuchevskaia Sopka volcanoes. The largest rivers of the peninsula are the Kamchatka, Avacha, and Ozernaia in the east and the Bol’shaia, Icha, and Tigil’ in the west. Kamchatka has many lakes, some of which form in craters (Khangar) and in volcanic calderas (Kronotskoe and Kuril’skoe). The soil structure of Kamchatka is dominated by soddy pod-zolic soils that are rich in humus and mineral nutrients.

In the Central Kamchatka lowlands spruce and broad-leaved forests and, less frequently, deciduous forests grow on these soils. The ridges, foothills, and lower parts of the mountain slopes have soddy meadow soils under high-grass birch groves of Erman’s or common birch. Soddy peat soils are well developed in the lowlands of western Kamchatka. All types of soils have various impurities of volcanic ash. The chernozem-like meadow and alluvial soils encountered in the valley of the Kamchatka River are the most fertile. The northern, low-lying part of Kamchatka (Parapol’skii Dol) is a mossy treeless tundra. There is also a narrow belt of tundra in low-lying areas of the western shore. The remaining regions of Kamchatka have extremely rich vegetation. The central part of the peninsula is covered with coniferous forests of Dahurian larch and Yeddo spruce. The river floodplains are covered with poplar, willow, and alder forests, as well as meadows. Siberian fir grows on the eastern shore, near the mouth of the Semiachik river.

There are many park-type forests of large sparsely growing Erman’s birch and, to a lesser extent, white birch; the depressions are covered with high-grass vegetation (queen of the meadows and small-reed). Higher up on the mountain slopes, the birch groves give way to dense, impassable groves of Japanese stone pine and dwarf alder, and above about 1,000 m, to alpine meadows and mountain tundras. The fauna of Kamchatka is poor in terms of the number of species and is insular. Among the industrially important fur-bearing animals of the peninsula are the sable, fox, bear, wolf, wolverine, otter, ermine, blue hare, arctic fox, and squirrel. The muskrat and mink are becoming industrially important. Bighorn sheep and reindeer are found in the mountains up to 1,000 m, and the Kamchatka marmot (or Mongolian bobak) and Kamchatka suslik in the mountain tundras. The western coastal waters are inhabited mainly by seals (sea hare and ringed seal) and sea lions.

The sea otter has been preserved on Cape Lopatka. With the coming of spring the peninsula is visited by ducks, geese, swans, various species of seagulls, murres, cormorants, woodcocks, and guillemots. The main wealth of inland waters in the sea is migratory fishes of the family Salmonidae (the humpback, Siberian, blueback, silver, and king salmon); there are also herring, cod, and navaga. Large Kamchatka crabs are caught off the western shore of Kamchatka. The Kronotsk Preserve, with a valley of geysers and a relict grove of Siberian fir, is on Kamchatka. The first description of Kamchatka was presented in 1701 by the Siberian cossack V. Atlasov, who made several raiding campaigns on the peninsula in 1697–99. Between 1737 and 1741, S. P. Krasheninnikov made a thorough study of Kamchatka and presented the results of his observations in Description of the Land of Kamchatka (1756).

REFERENCES Where Is The Kamchatka Peninsula? - WorldAtlas.com Where Is The Kamchatka Peninsula? The Kamchatka Peninsula covers an area of 100,000 square miles on the far east coast of Russia. A Brown bear fishes beside a lake, not far from the foot of the volcano in the background, on the Kamchatka Peninsula. 5. Description The Kamchatka Peninsula is one of the most spectacular, yet inhospitable, regions of Russia. It lies on the easternmost reach of Russia between the Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea on the east, and the Sea of Okhotsk to the west. The peninsula extends 750 miles (1,200 kilometers) from north to south, and is about 300 miles (or 480 kilometers) at its widest. The region covers approximately 140,000 square miles (370,000 square kilometers). The peninsula is dominated by two mountain ranges. The Sredinny, its central range, forms the spine of the peninsula, while the Vostochny range runs almost parallel along the eastern part of the peninsula.

Much of the trough between the ranges is filled with the Kamchatka River Valley. The mountain ranges constitute a long volcanic belt of 127 eruptive volcanoes, 22 of them still being active. The peninsula sits near the ‘Ring of Fire’, the large chronic arc of earthquakes and volcanic activity around the Pacific Rim. The Kamchatka Peninsula is also known as the ‘land of fire and ice’ due to its cold climate and volcanic activity. More than half of the population live in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, the peninsula’s administrative center. Kamchatka has a severe climate, with extensive cold and snowy winters and wet summers. 4. Historical Role The peninsula was inhabited by ethnic tribes until the Cossacks discovered it in the early 17th Century. The tribes were brought into the administration amid excessive taxation and frequent revolts. In 1724, Tsar Peter the Great sent the Danish explorer Vitus Bering to see if there was a land bridge between Asia and America in the north. Though the Bering Strait would be discovered only later, the peninsula came to the world’s attention as a result of the endeavor.

Stepan Krasheninnikov’s detailed account of the people, fauna, and customs of Kamchatka brought in its wake the arrival of fur traders. The peninsula’s primary wealth at this time consisted of its wild populations of sables, silver and red foxes, Kalan sea otters, and Brown bears, all of whom were extensively hunted for their skins until well into the Twentieth Century. The peninsula’s location just west of the Aleutian Islands served to help the Soviets' efforts to spy on the U.S. during the Cold War as well. 3. Modern Significance The UNESCO World Heritage organization considers the Kamchatka Peninsula to be “one of the most outstanding volcanic regions in the world". It has a high concentration of active volcanoes of varied types, along with the wide range of volcanically-related geological features. UNESCO World Heritage has nominated six sites for conservation, which encompass the beauty of the landscape derived by the interplay of active volcanoes and glaciers. The highest volcano on Kamchatka, Kluchevskaya Sopka (peaking at 4,750 meters or 15, 584 feet), is also the largest active volcano in the Northern Hemisphere.

These sites also contain a great diversity of species, notable among which is the world’s largest known variety of salmonoid fish. Due to excessive hunting, the kalans and walrus had nearly disappeared from the peninsula. The Kronotsky Nature Reserve, set up in 1934, is the largest natural reserve in Russia, and is found spanning more than a million hectares. 2. Habitat and Biodiversity Due to its climate and geography, Kamchatka boasts of possessing a diverse range of species and abundant wildlife. It is home to some of the largest Grizzly bears in the world. For thousands of years, an unimaginable number of salmon have been teeming in the undammed streams and rivers of the peninsula every summer. Among the carnivores roaming its interiors are the Tundra wolf, the Arctic fox, East Siberian lynx, and wolverine, among other exotic animals. Coexisting with these fierce hunters are large ungulates like the Kamchatka snow sheep, reindeers, and Chukotka moose, one of the largest varieties of moose in the world.

The peninsula is also a fertile breeding ground for the Stellar’s sea eagle, one of the largest species of eagles in the world, along with the Golden eagle and Andgyr falcon. The productive waters off Kamchatka host such marine denizens as orcas, porpoises, Humpback whales, Sperm whales, Fin whales, Gray whales, Blue whales, and Bowhead whales. Other marine animals of the region include sea lions, sea otters, walruses, Bearded seals, Northern fur seals, and Spotted seals. 1. Environmental Threats and Territorial Disputes Stalin invaded four Japanese islands in the disputed northern territories between Hokkaido and the Kamchatka Peninsula three days after Japan’s surrender in World War II. The issue has been a potboiler into Russia-Japan relations even since, with both sides firm in their positions over territorial claims. Leaders of both nations have been reluctant to come to a compromised settlement for fear of domestic backlash. The dispute has prevented Russia and Japan from signing a formal post-World War II peace treaty even up until now, and, as of 2016, such a treaty formally ending World War II hostilities between them is still nonexistent.

The Kamchatka Peninsula, along with other regions within the Northern Pacific perimeter, faces several critical environmental issues which are being addressed by various agencies. These include climate change, the protection of biodiversity, energy production, the regulated extraction of natural resources, marine conservation, indigenous culture preservation, and transparency within the regional and national governments. This page was last modified on June 6, 2016. On WorldAtlas.com Palana | Russia | Britannica.com Palana Moscow Palana, urban settlement, Kamchatka kray (territory), far eastern Russia . Palana was the administrative centre of Koryak autonomous okrug (district), which was formed in 1930 and merged with Kamchatka oblast (region) in 2007. The settlement is situated on the western coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula and lies along the Palana River, 5 miles (8 km) from its mouth on the Sea of Okhotsk . It has a regional museum. Pop. (2006 est.) 3,910. Palana, Russia. Kamchatka kray (territory), far eastern Russia.

The territory was created in 2007 when the Kamchatka oblast (region) was merged with the Koryak autonomous okrug (district). The territory includes the entire Kamchatka Peninsula and the southern end of the Koryak Mountains. The administrative centre is... Russia country that stretches over a vast expanse of eastern Europe and northern Asia. Once the preeminent republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.; commonly known as the Soviet Union), Russia became an independent country after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991. Koryak (former okrug, Russia) former autonomous okrug (district), far eastern Russia. In 2007 Koryak was merged with Kamchatka oblast (region) to form Kamchatka kray (territory). The Koryak area occupies the northern half of the Kamchatka Peninsula, the southern end of the Koryak Mountains, and the Penzhina Basin. The relief is... Corrections? Updates? Help us improve this article! Contact our editors with your feedback. MEDIA FOR: You have successfully emailed this. Error when sending the email. Try again later.

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Close Date Published: August 19, 2011 URL: Access Date: January 19, 2017 Share Download Kamchatka topographic maps - mapstor.com Add to cart Kamchatka is a peninsula in the north-east of Eurasia, situated on the territory of Russia. Kamchatka is washed by the Sea of Okhotsk in the west and the Bering Sea in the east. Kamchatka extends from the north-east to the south-west over 1200 km. It is connected with the mainland by a narrow isthmus (up to 93 km) called Parapolsky Dol. The maximum width of the peninsula (up to 450 km) is the width of Cape Kronotsky. The total area of Kamchatka is 472.3 sq km. Relief.

The eastern coast of the peninsula is strongly indented, which forms large bays – Kronotsky, Kamchatsky, Ozernoi, Karaginsky and Korfa – as well as small bays, such as Avachinskaya, Karaga, Ossora, Anastasiya, Buyan, Vilyuchinskaya, Kommandor, Listvennichnaya, Medvezhka, Morzhovaya and Yuzhno-Glubokaya. A string of rocky peninsulars – Shipunsky, Kronotsky, Kamchatsky and Ozernoi – go far out into the sea. Mountain Ranges. The middle range that extends to the north-east traverses the whole of Kamchatka from the Plotnikova River to the northern extremity of the peninsular. Its highest peak is Ichinsky volcano, 3,621 m. The eastern range begins at about the same latitude as the middle range and extends to the north up to the Ozernoi peninsular (on the eastern coast). It consists of a large string of smaller ridges.

The Ganalsky ridge is an extremely dissected mountain plexus of the peninsular – the watershed zone rises to a height of about 2,000 m and more almost all along its length. Further to the north lies the Valaginsky ridge. Even more northward, there is a ridge called Tumrok. The northern extremity of the eastern range is called the Kumroch ridge. It is its lowest part – most of the peaks there hardly reach 1,000 m. Rivers. There are over 6,000 large and small rivers flowing on the territory of Kamchatka – the Zhupanova, the Bystraya (Malkinskaya), the Kol, the Karymchina, the Levaya Avacha, the Opala, the Pymta, the Elovka, the Tigil, the Pravaya Avacha, the Bystraya (Essovskaya) and the Levaya Shchapina. The Kamchatka is the largest river of the Kamchatka peninsula. It is 758 km long and the area of its basin is 55,900 sq km.

The principal tributaries of the Kamchatka are the Kensol, the Andrianovka, the Zhupanka, the Kozyrevka, the Kitilgina and the Urts. Lakes. Kamchatka has a great number of lakes – Kurilskoye, Karymskoye, Ksudach, Khangar, Uzontakiye, Azhabachye, Nachikinskoye and Dvukhyurtochnoe, Nalychevo, Shtyubelya, Dalneye, Dolgoye, Zelyonoye, Ilir-Gytkhyn, Kalagir, Ketachan, Kostakan, Palanskoye, Potat-Gytkhyn, Saranskoye, Seva, Sokoch, Teploye and Topolyovoe. The largest lake in Kamchatka is Lake Kronotskoye, which was formed in a river valley blocked by powerful lava streams of Krashennikov volcano. Volcanos. Volcanoes are the most prominent sights of the Kamchatka peninsula.

In total, there are 160 volcanoes in Kamchatka, of which 28 are active. Klyuchevskoi volcano is the biggest in Eurasia (4,750 m). It is part of the Klyuchevskaya volcano group, alongside Kamen, Bezymyanny, Plosky Tolbachik and other volcanoes. This volcano is about 8,000 years old.

The mountain guide Daniel Ghauss was the first to ascend Klyuchevskoi volcano in 1788; Karymsky volcano is not high (1,486 m), quite young (6,100 years old) and the most active volcano in Kamchatka; Maly Semyachik volcano is a volcanic ridge about 3 km long, whose crest has three craters; Gorely volcano is a chain of 11 overlapping craters and lakes; Avachinsky volcano is an active complex volcano with a regular cone 2,751m high; Dzenzursky volcano is a ruined volcanic massif with a glacier cirque crater; Vilyuchinsky volcano is an extinct volcano with a regular cone, 2,175 m high; Mutnovsky volcano is a complex volcanic massif, 2,323 m high, which has rare minerals glaciers and lakes; Ostry Tolbachik is an old volcano, 3,682 m high, with a pointed ice-coated top; Ksudach volcano is an ancient volcano with a truncated cone and calderas filled with crater lakes, 1,000 m high.

There are a number of other volcanoes in Kamchatka - Anaun, Asacha, Bakening, Zheltovsky, Zhirovoi, Zhupanovsky, Ilyinsky, Ichinsky, Kizimen, Komarova, Koryaksky, Kupol, Olegenze, Khangar and Khodutka. Nature Reserves. There are 2 state nature reserves, 17 state wildlife preserves, 5 natural parks, 2 health resorts and 59 state natural monuments. Kommandorsky State Biospheric Reserve, located on the territory of the Aleutian national district and it includes the islands Bering, Medny, Ariy Kamen, Toporkov and the 30-mile surrounding water area. The area occupied by the reserve is 1,484 sq m; Kronotsky State Biospheric Reserve, located on the territory of the Elizovsky district; it covers an area of 1,007 sq km; Koryaksky State Nature Reserve, located on the territory of the Koryaksky autonomous district; it consists of 3 separate territories – Parapolsky Dol, Cape Goven and the Lavov Bay.

Its total area is 327 sq km; South Kamchatka Preserve, located in the southern part of the Kamchatka peninsula; Khlamovitsky Zoological Preserve, located in the Elizovsky district in the Avacha delta, along the right bank of the Khlamovitka river; its area is about 9 sq km; The Nalychevskaya Tundra zoological preserve, located in the Milkovsky district along the left bank of the Kamchatka, near the village of Sharoma; its total area is 150 sq km; The Timonovsky zoological preserve, located in the Elizovsky district; The zoological preserve “Tri Vulkana” (Three Volcanoes), located in the Elizovsky district; its total area is 534 sq km; The South-West Tundra zoological preserve, located in the Ust-Bolsheretsky district. Thermal Springs. There are a lot of thermal springs, spring wells and geysers in Kamchatka.

The Vilyuchinskiye thermal springs, located in the picturesque valley of the Vilyucha river; The Nalychevskiye thermal wells are the largest thermal carbonaceous mineral springs in Kamchatka, located in the interfluve of the Goryachaya and Zholtaya, which occupy an area of over 2 sq km; The Karymsky hot springs are located in a narrow valley along the river; The Khodutkinskiye hot springs are located at the foot of the volcanoes Khodutka and Priyomysh; The water content of the Tumrokskiye hot springs is close to that of the Essentuki springs in the Caucasus; The boiling thermal springs, located on the territory of the Kronotsky reserve, 14 km to the south-west of Kizimen volcano; The Geyser Valley is a unique natural phenomenon, a concentration of 22 large geysers and a great number of pulsating springs, boiling coloured lakes and boiler pools. The largest geysers include Vyelikan, Zhemchuzhny, Sahkharny, Troinoi, Pervenets, Maly, Bolshoi and Fontan. Tourism and active rest.

Kamchatka offers many popular kinds of tourism: Hiking toward the mountains Babiy Kamen, Zaykin Mys, Lyedyanaya and Moroznaya, through the mountain tundra from Anaun volcano to Ichinsky volcano, through the Vachkazhets mountain massif to the volcanoes Tobachik, Kizimen, Mutnovsky, Avachinsky and Gorely; Skiing tourism along the Levaya Shchapina river in the central part of Kamchatka, through the Nalychevo natural park, along the slopes of the volcanoes Avachynsky and Koryasky; downhill skiing at the Krasnaya Sopka and Moroznaya resorts; Fishing on the Bystraya, the Opala, Vakhil, the Kamchatka, the Pymta, the Tigil, the Bolshaya, the Bolshaya Khodutka, the Ostrovnaya, the Elovka, the Golygina, the Zhupanova rivers and on the Kommandorskiye Islands; Hunting in the Valaginsky and Middle mountain ranges in the central part of Kamchatka as well as the eastern part of Kamchatka in the basin of the

 Zhupanova River (100 km north of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky); Speleology at Mutnovsky and Tolbachinsky.

Climate. The climate of Kamchatka is maritime and monsoonal, it is more severe in the west than in the east. In the south of Kamchatka, the climate is maritime, while in the centre and in the north it is moderately continental. The aaverage temperature in February is -15°C, and in August it is +14°C. The aannual rainfall varies from 600 to 1100 mm. Features of Kamchatka's climate are strong winds, hurricanes and storms, a large amount of precipitation, a lot of changeable weather in all seasons of the year, below-zero average annual temperatures on most of the territory. Weather in the winter, accompanied by large snowfalls is most unstable. South Kamchatka Sanctuary South Kamchatka Sanctuary Main page / Territories / South Kamchatka Sanctuary The wild lands of the southern part of the Kamchatka Peninsula are incessantly assaulted by storms of the Pacific Ocean from the East and the Sea of Okhotsk from the West. Human influences are completely absent in this primordial area of Kamchatka’s nature.

The South Kamchatka Federal Sanctuary covers 322,000 ha of land with a three-mile wide coastal zone.The coastal area is densely populated by marine mammal rookeries and bird colonies. The southern extremity of the Kamchatka Peninsula was first granted protection in the 19th century. The South Kamchatka Sanctuary covers part of what was once the Asachinsky Reserve, which existed since 1882. The Sanctuary’s current boundaries include Lopatka Cape, where sea otter rookeries earned special protection from 1892 to 1932. The South Kamchatka Sanctuary was officially established on April 8, 1983. Even today, this is the only federal-level sanctuary in Kamchatka Krai. The strictly protected regime is near to that of a zapovednik due to the complex tasks it faces in conserving southern Kamchatka ecosystems, including the unique Kuril Lake watershed, stopover areas for migratory birds (particularly the rare bean goose), sea otter colonies, as well as bighorn sheep and brown bear populations.

The Utashud and Gavryushkin Kamen’ islands off the south-eastern coast and Lopatka Cape are the main birthing grounds of Stejneger harbor seals, spotted seals,and sea otters. But the heart of South Kamchatka Sanctuary, without a doubt, lies in the crater of Kuril Lake. The lake was formed following a volcanic explosion, and then filled with snow and rain water. Framed by volcanoes, it is admired by many photographers, cameramen, and artists. Ilyinsky Volcano, which towers 1,600 m above the lake,is a young and active strato volcano. Its’ lava flows once flowed directly into the lake, today forming lovely bays. In quiet weather,the volcano is reflected in the mirror-like surface of the lake, covering 77 km2. The maximum depth of the lake is 316 m. All the islands in Kuril Lake — Chayachiy, Nizky, the Heart of Alaid, and the Samang Archipelago — are the tops of volcanoes that rose from the boiling water about 8,400 years ago.

The Kuril Hot Springs still warm the water to 45°C, where it then trickles between lava stones into Teplaya Bay. There are many legends surrounding Kuril Lake. One famous story relates how the rocky heart-shaped Heart of Island (Serdtse Alaida) came to be. Another tale speaks to how the unique natural monument -Kutkh’s Boats (Kutkhinye Baty), pumice outcrops jutting from the ground like the peculiar fangs of dragon — were formed. These outcrops, reaching 110 m high,eroded from rocks over time and by wind. Kutkh is an idol of the Itelmen people, while Baty (pl.of Bat) are the dugout boats used by the local people in ancient times. Ancient peoples once lived in 38 camps and one settlement along the shores of KurilLake. Theword “kuri” in the language of the aborigines meant “a person from nowhere.”The Ainu people were called Kurilians, also lending the name to the lake.

Archeologists found Ainu pottery, jewelry, and eating implements made from bone with Ainu ornamentation, as well as hunting and fishing implements and Japanese bronze coins. At one point the aborigines traveled a great distance unable to resist the temptation of Kuril Lake, which seethed with fish. In August and September, over 5 million sockeye come here from the Okhotsk Sea, where spawning lasts through spring. The spawning continues even under the ice. There is no bigger and more amazing spawning area in all of Eurasia! One can observe sockeye spawning on the Ozernaya River from the fish-counting weir at the KamchatNIRO Observation Point. The Khakytsyn, Etamynk and Kirushutk rivers are the largest rivers flowing into the lake. Brown bears are the main fishermen on Kuril Lake. During the spawning season, bears crowd the banks; the local population is the largest of all protected brown bear populations in Russia. Bear fishing is a spectacular sight — as many as 200 bears gather on the lake’s shore, excitedly chasing salmon, playing with each other, stirring up red salmon eggs and water.

Once they have had their fill of salmon, they leisurely sprawl in the shadows of nearby trees. An innumerable air-squadron of gulls (4,500 pairs) inhabiting a freshwater basin, miles from the coast, is another amazing natural phenomenon here, puzzling many scientists. The top of the pyramidis occupied by brown bears and Steller’s sea eagles, one level down are foxes, wolverines, stoats, voles, shrews, and crows. The South Kamchatka Sanctuary is haven for wildlife, and predators are not afraid of people. Visitors must remember that they are merely guests on this land. In winter, when bears sleep, a colony of birds of prey remains on the lake which has no equal in size: as many as 300–700 Steller’s sea eagles, 100–150 white-tailed eagles and about 50 golden eagles. In areas of the lake free of ice, whooper swans and ducks share the raptors’ meal of red roe.

The majestic Steller’s sea eagle is impressive in size; the wingspan of this bird extends 2.5 m, making it the largest bird of prey in our country. Several rare species of wild orchids and the beautifull esaleuria, rhododendron aureum,and trillium camschatcense flower in the South Kamchatka Sanctuary. The Kambalny Volcano, the southernmost on Kamchatka Peninsula, rises above the preserve to 2156 m above sea level. The history of southern Kamchatka is rich. Its territory was a remote outpost during two wars, and one can still see remains of military objects. The south of Kamchatka — Bolsheretsky Ostrog — was an outpost for the Russian military for a long period. During that time, the student Stepan Krashenninikov first came to this land. During the Second Kamchatka Expedition, Georg Steller visited the territory of the preserve. In the early 20th century, well known hydrologist on the Fyodor Ryabushinsky Interdisciplinary Expedition, and A. Derzhavin and his colleague Vladimir Jochelson also worked here.

The Swedish Interdisciplinary Expedition was here in the 1920s. Since its foundation, the South Kamchatka Sanctuary has been managed as a unit of the Kronontsky Federal Reserve (Zapovednik). In 1996, it was included on the list of World Natural Heritage by UNESCO under the nomination “Volcanoes of Kamchatka,” due to its high rating and unique natural features and territory, where elements of a variety of natural ecosystems of the Kamchatka Peninsula and the Kuril Islands come together. UNIQUE NATURE ECOSYSTEMS OF SOUTH KAMCHATKA SANCTUARY Kamchadalka Wild Blueberry Wine - Arca del Gusto - Slow Food Foundation Home » Ark of Taste » Russia » Kamchadalka Wild Blueberry Wine Kamchadalka Wild Blueberry Wine Back to the archive > Vino Iz Golubiki "Kamchadalka" Kamchadalka is a wine made from the kamchatka berry, which is the most popular and abundant wild blueberry in Anavgai village. This village lies within the Bystrinski Nature Park on the Kamchatka peninsula of eastern Russia.

To prepare the wine the berries are crushed and put into a bottle (both juice and pulp) along with some water. The top of the bottle is then covered with a tissue and left to stand in a dark room for four to five days. The liquid is then filtered, mixed with sugar and honey, sealed and again left in a dark room. Once fermentation has ceased the wine is poured into a clean bottle and placed in a cold dark place for two months. The wine has a very dense color and a good distinct bouquet. It is astringent yet delicate with a pleasant aftertaste. The kamchatka berry possesses outstanding medical properties and so the wine is very important in the cold climate of Kamchatka. Kamchadalka is only produced for home consumption and is not sold in markets. Although indigenous people have not historically consumed much alcohol, small quantities of blueberry wine (as well as wines from other wild berries) have been produced in every family for years. It is at risk of extinction because hot spirits, such as vodka, and industrial wines are now so easy to access and kamchadalka requires specific knowledge and the time to prepare at home.

Back to the archive > The traditional products, local breeds, and know-how collected by the Ark of Taste belong to the communities that have preserved them over time. They have been shared and described here thanks to the efforts of the network that that Slow Food has developed around the world, with the objective of preserving them and raising awareness. The text from these descriptions may be used, without modifications and citing the source, for non-commercial purposes in line with the Slow Food philosophy. Students of the Gastronomic Sciences at Pollenzo are collaborating with Slow Food to fill the Ark. Territory

Question: The Kamchatka Peninsula lies within the territory of which nation?
Answer: Russia