Confederate States of America - American Civil War - HISTORY.com Confederate States of America A+E Networks Introduction During the American Civil War, the Confederate States of America consisted of the governments of 11 Southern states that seceded from the Union in 1860-61, carrying on all the affairs of a separate government and conducting a major war until defeated in the spring of 1865. Convinced that their way of life, based on slavery, was irretrievably threatened by the election of President Abraham Lincoln (November 1860), the seven states of the Deep South (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina and Texas) seceded from the Union during the following months. When the war began with the firing on Fort Sumter (April 12, 1861), they were joined by four states of the upper South (Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia). Google Formed in February 1861, the Confederate States of America was a republic composed of eleven Southern states that seceded from the Union in order to preserve slavery, states’ rights, and political liberty for whites.

Its conservative government, with Mississippian Jefferson Davis as president, sought a peaceful separation, but the United States refused to acquiesce in the secession. The war that ensued started at Fort Sumter , South Carolina , on April 12, 1861, and lasted four years. It cost the South nearly 500,000 men killed or wounded out of a population of 9 million (including 3 million slaves) and $5 billion in treasure. Did You Know? On July 15, 1870, Georgia became the last former Confederate state to be restored to the Union, more than five years after the Civil War's end. The Confederacy’s eastern military fortunes went well for the first two years, with major victories at First Manassas (Bull Run), ‘Stonewall’ Jackson’s Valley Campaign, and the Seven Days’ Battles, where Gen. Robert E. Lee took command of the main eastern army in June 1862 and cleared Virginia of federal troops by September.

His invasion of Maryland was checked at Sharpsburg (Antietam) in mid-September, and he returned to Virginia, where he badly defeated federal forces at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. The main western Confederate forces-commanded by Generals Albert Sidney Johnston , P. G. T. Beauregard, and Braxton Bragg-suffered defeats at Forts Henry and Donelson and Shiloh in Tennessee , and at Corinth, Mississippi , but they held that flank through 1862. Davis formed his government at the first Confederate capital in Montgomery, Alabama . The Confederacy’s Permanent Constitution provided for presidential item veto, debating seats for cabinet members, and six-year terms for the president and vice president (the president was ineligible for successive terms); it prohibited the foreign slave trade and forbade Congress from levying a protective tariff, giving bounties, or making appropriations for internal improvements. After initial problems, Davis’s government grew stronger as he learned to use executive power to consolidate control of the armed forces and manpower distribution. But some Southern governors resisted Davis’s centralization and tried to keep their men and resources at home. Although Davis used authority effectively, the insistence on preserving states’ rights plagued him constantly.

Vice President Alexander H. Stephens , an early dissident, for example, sulked in his native Georgia and finally urged its secession from the Confederacy. But nothing gave the government more trouble than its poverty. There was only $27 million worth of specie in the Confederacy, and money remained scarce. A federal blockade gradually shrank Southern foreign trade and drained financial reserves. Christopher G. Memminger, treasury secretary, followed conservative policies. A campaign to raise funds through a domestic loan in February 1861 lagged; a $50 million loan drive launched in May did little better. Finally Congress resorted to a ‘produce loan,’ which allowed planters to pledge produce as security for bonds. Although initially popular, this expedient also failed. The next resort, paper money, stimulated inflation, and on April 24, 1863, Congress passed the toughest tax law ever seen in the South. Rates were increased, an income tax was authorized, and a profits tax was imposed on farm products; farmers and planters were subjected to a tax-in-kind, which required them to contribute one-tenth of their annual crop yield to the government.

This unpopular law did not solve the financial problems, however. In mid-1863, Memminger proposed taking one-third of the currency out of circulation. Congress resisted, but finally, in February 1864, it passed a funding act that created a brief drop in inflation, which soon yielded to a price-and-money spiral that presaged bankruptcy. An 1863 foreign loan for $15 million through the Erlanger Bank in France realized only about $9 million in purchasing power. Then the government resorted to such desperate measures as impressment of private produce, livestock, machinery, and transportation equipment, which brought limited relief to the armies but endless enmity for what was seen as a ‘despotic’ government. The failure to tax land, cotton, and slaves earned cries of ‘a rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight’ and sapped morale behind the lines. The Confederacy never won the loyalty of the black population. Some free blacks volunteered for Southern ranks but were rejected. Federal invaders liberated slaves, and fear of insurrections sapped Southern strength in the last two war years. Keeping the ranks of the armies filled became difficult as casualties mounted and enthusiasm faded.

In April 1862, Congress, on the advice of Davis, passed the first draft law in American history, which took into Confederate service all white men between eighteen and thirty-five. Liberal exemptions (including one white exemption for every twenty slaves owned) weakened the law. But the courts upheld it and most people accepted it as necessary, an attitude that persisted even after February 1864, when the age limits were extended to seventeen and fifty and substitutes were prohibited. In March 1865 blacks finally were enrolled in Confederate ranks, but very few served. Taxation, impressment, and conscription-these were the hallmarks of a tough administration. President Davis pursued centralization much as Abraham Lincoln did-laissez-faire policies could not win a modern war. The lessons learned in management, sacrifice, fortitude, and logistics would change the South permanently. Supplying and moving the armed forces became the main work of many in the South, and new methods of procurement, storage, and distribution were developed. Railroads were essential to the mass movement of men and matériel, of ordnance and medicine, and of civilian refugees from occupied areas.

Congress passed laws nationalizing rail lines, sequestering space on blockade runners, and controlling commerce. Industrial development had lagged in the antebellum South, and now Congress encouraged industrialization by siphoning manpower and money to companies producing war goods. A minor industrial miracle occurred in the Confederacy: a nation with minuscule manufacturing capacity acquired foundries, powder works, rolling mills, arsenals enough to sustain nearly a million troops and ships enough to scare American merchantmen. The chief of ordnance, Gen. Josiah Gorgas, a Pennsylvanian and genius of logistics, supplied Rebel munitions to the end. Gorgas, an advocate of blockade running, oversaw the building of small, fast ships capable of eluding federal coastal patrols. Blockade running was a very successful venture: at least 600,000 rifles were imported, plus large quantities of cannon, saltpeter, lead, clothing, coffee, and medicines. Highly profitable, blockade running produced heroes, villains, and million- aires-and sustained the Rebels. Davis’s foreign policy centered on gaining recognition by Great Britain and France. Napoleon III wanted a Confederate victory but hesitated to act without the British.

Many Britons sympathized with the Confederates, but the working class supported Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation . Judah P. Benjamin, Confederate secretary of state, hoped that an embargo on ‘King Cotton’ would force help from textile- producing countries. But each time recognition was almost at hand, military reverses chilled prospects. The issue remained with the Rebel soldiers: when they won, independence came close; when they lost, nothing else mattered. And they lost almost steadily after the first terrible week of July 1863. Defeats at Gettysburg and Vicksburg cost fifty thousand men and seventy thousand arms. After that week, long retreats began in the East through the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, Cold Harbor, Petersburg; in the West from Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain/Missionary Ridge, Atlanta, to Franklin and Nashville, Tennessee, which led to Lee’s surrender at Appomattox and Joseph E. Johnston’s at Durham Station, North Carolina . Sustained for a while by Davis’s offensive-defensive strategy, Confederate armies were finally defeated by attrition, the country behind them exhausted and drained. The surprise is not that they lost but that they persisted for four arduous years.

The Reader’s Companion to American History. Eric Foner and John A. Garraty, Editors. Copyright © 1991 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. Tags Abraham Lincoln - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com Abraham Lincoln A+E Networks Introduction Abraham Lincoln, a self-taught Illinois lawyer and legislator with a reputation as an eloquent opponent of slavery, shocked many when he overcame several more prominent contenders to win the Republican Party’s nomination for president in 1860. His election that November pushed several Southern states to secede by the time of his inauguration in March 1861, and the Civil War began barely a month later. Contrary to expectations, Lincoln proved to be a shrewd military strategist and a savvy leader during what became the costliest conflict ever fought on American soil. His Emancipation Proclamation, issued in 1863, freed all slaves in the rebellious states and paved the way for slavery’s eventual abolition, while his Gettysburg Address later that year stands as one of the most famous and influential pieces of oratory in American history.

In April 1865, with the Union on the brink of victory, Abraham Lincoln was shot and killed by the Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth; his untimely death made him a martyr to the cause of liberty and Union. Over the years Lincoln’s mythic stature has only grown, and he is widely regarded as one of the greatest presidents in the nation’s history. Google Abraham Lincoln’s Early Life Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, in a one-room log cabin in Hardin County, Kentucky ; his family moved to southern Indiana in 1816. Lincoln’s formal schooling was limited to three brief periods in local schools, as he had to work constantly to support his family. In 1830, his family moved to Macon County in southern Illinois , and Lincoln got a job working on a river flatboat hauling freight down the Mississippi River to New Orleans . After settling in the town of New Salem, Illinois, where he worked as a shopkeeper and a postmaster, Lincoln became involved in local politics as a supporter of the Whig Party , winning election to the Illinois state legislature in 1834.

Like his Whig heroes, Henry Clay and Daniel Webster , Lincoln opposed the spread of slavery to the territories, and had a grand vision of the expanding United States, with a focus on commerce and cities rather than agriculture. Did You Know? The war years were difficult for Abraham Lincoln and his family. After his young son Willie died of typhoid fever in 1862, the emotionally fragile Mary Lincoln, widely unpopular for her frivolity and spendthrift ways, held seances in the White House in the hopes of communicating with him, earning her even more derision. Lincoln taught himself law, passing the bar examination in 1836. The following year, he moved to the newly named state capital of Springfield. For the next few years, he worked there as a lawyer, earning a reputation as “Honest Abe” and serving clients ranging from individual residents of small towns to national railroad lines. He met Mary Todd, a well-to-do Kentucky belle with many suitors (including Lincoln’s future political rival, Stephen Douglas), and they married in 1842.

</div> </div></div><div class="accordion-group"> <h2 class="section-head accordion-toggle collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" href="#section_2">Lincoln’s Road to the White House <span/> </h2> <div class="section-group collapse" id="section_2"> <p>Lincoln won election to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1846 and began serving his term the following year. As a congressman, Lincoln was unpopular with Illinois voters for his strong stance against the U.S. war with <a href="/topics/mexico" data-type="topics" data-id="143521">Mexico</a>. Promising not to seek reelection, he returned to Springfield in 1849.

Events conspired to push him back into national politics, however: Douglas, a leading Democrat in Congress, had pushed through the passage of the <a href="/topics/kansas-nebraska-act" data-type="topics" data-id="144251">Kansas-<a href="/topics/us-states/nebraska" data-type="topics" data-id="143998">Nebraska</a> Act</a> (1854), which declared that the voters of each territory, rather than the federal government, had the right to decide whether the territory should be slave or free.

On October 16, 1854, Lincoln went before a large crowd in Peoria to debate the merits of the Kansas-Nebraska Act with Douglas, denouncing slavery and its extension and calling the institution a violation of the most basic tenets of the <a href="/topics/american-revolution/declaration-of-independence" data-type="topics" data-id="143600">Declaration of Independence</a>.</p> <p>With the Whig Party in ruins, Lincoln joined the new Republican Party–formed largely in opposition to slavery’s extension into the territories–in 1858 and ran for the Senate again that year (he had campaigned unsuccessfully for the seat in 1855 as well). In June, Lincoln delivered his now-famous “house divided” speech, in which he quoted from the Gospels to illustrate his belief that “this government cannot endure, permanently, half slave and half free.” Lincoln then squared off against Douglas in a series of famous debates; though he lost the election, Lincoln’s performance made his reputation nationally.

His profile rose even higher in early 1860, after he delivered another rousing speech at <a href="/topics/us-states/new-york" data-type="topics" data-id="144006">New York</a> City’s Cooper Union. That May, Republicans chose Lincoln as their candidate for president, passing over Senator William H. Seward of New York and other powerful contenders in favor of the rangy Illinois lawyer with only one undistinguished congressional term under his belt.</p> </div></div><div class="accordion-group"> <h2 class="section-head accordion-toggle collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" href="#section_3">A Wartime President <span/> </h2> <div class="section-group collapse" id="section_3"> <p>In the general election, Lincoln again faced Douglas, who represented the northern Democrats; southern Democrats had nominated John C. Breckenridge of Kentucky, while John Bell ran for the brand new Constitutional Union Party.

With Breckenridge and Bell splitting the vote in the South, Lincoln won most of the North and carried the <a href="/topics/electoral-college" data-type="topics" data-id="144355">Electoral College</a>. After years of sectional tensions, the election of an antislavery northerner as the 16th president of the United States drove many southerners over the brink, and by the time Lincoln was inaugurated in March 1861 seven southern states had seceded from the Union and formed the <a href="/topics/american-civil-war/confederate-states-of-america" data-type="topics" data-id="143798">Confederate States of America</a>. After Lincoln ordered a fleet of Union ships to supply South Carolina’s <a href="/topics/american-civil-war/fort-sumter" data-type="topics" data-id="143853">Fort Sumter</a> in April, the Confederates fired on both the fort and the Union fleet, beginning the Civil War.

Hopes for a quick Union victory were dashed by defeat in the Battle of Bull Run (Manassas), and Lincoln called for 500,000 more troops as both sides settled in for a long conflict.</p> <p>While the Confederate leader <a href="/topics/american-civil-war/jefferson-davis" data-type="topics" data-id="143821">Jefferson Davis</a> was a West Point graduate, Mexican War hero and former secretary of war, Lincoln had only a brief and undistinguished period of service in the Black Hawk War (1832) to his credit. He surprised many by proving to be a more than capable wartime leader, learning quickly about strategy and tactics in the early years of the Civil War, and about choosing the ablest commanders. General <a href="/topics/american-civil-war/george-b-mcclellan" data-type="topics" data-id="143971">George McClellan</a>, though beloved by his troops, continually frustrated Lincoln with his reluctance to advance, and when McClellan failed to pursue Robert E.

Lee’s retreating Confederate Army in the aftermath of the Union victory at Antietam in September 1862, Lincoln removed him from command.

During the war, Lincoln drew criticism for suspending some civil liberties, including the right of habeas corpus, but he considered such measures necessary to win the war.</p> </div></div><div class="accordion-group"> <h2 class="section-head accordion-toggle collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" href="#section_4">Emancipation Proclamation and Gettysburg Address <span/> </h2> <div class="section-group collapse" id="section_4"> <p>Shortly after the <a href="/topics/american-civil-war/battle-of-antietam" data-type="topics" data-id="144282">Battle of Antietam</a> (Sharpsburg), Lincoln issued a preliminary <a href="/topics/american-civil-war/emancipation-proclamation" data-type="topics" data-id="144234">Emancipation Proclamation</a>, which took effect on January 1, 1863, and freed all of the slaves in the rebellious states but left those in the border states (loyal to the Union) in bondage.

Though Lincoln once maintained that his “paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or destroy slavery,” he nonetheless came to regard emancipation as one of his greatest achievements, and would argue for the passage of a constitutional amendment outlawing slavery (eventually passed as the 13th Amendment after his death in 1865).</p> <p>Two important Union victories in July 1863–at Vicksburg, Mississippi, and Gettysburg, Pennsylvania–finally turned the tide of the war. General George Meade missed the opportunity to deliver a final blow against Lee’s army at Gettysburg, and Lincoln would turn by early 1864 to the victor at Vicksburg, <a href="/topics/us-presidents/ulysses-s-grant" data-type="topics" data-id="143649">Ulysses S. Grant</a>, as supreme commander of the Union forces. In November 1863, Lincoln delivered a brief speech (just 272 words) at the dedication ceremony for the new national cemetery at Gettysburg.

Published widely, the Gettysburg Address eloquently expressed the war’s purpose, harking back to the Founding Fathers, the Declaration of Independence and the pursuit of human equality. It became the most famous speech of Lincoln’s presidency, and one of the most widely quoted speeches in history.</p> </div></div><div class="accordion-group"> <h2 class="section-head accordion-toggle collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" href="#section_5">Victory and Death <span/> </h2> <div class="section-group collapse" id="section_5"> <p>In 1864, Lincoln faced a tough reelection battle against the Democratic nominee, the former Union General George McClellan, but Union victories in battle (especially William T. Sherman’s capture of Atlanta in September) swung many votes the president’s way.

In his second inaugural address, delivered on March 4, 1865, Lincoln addressed the need to reconstruct the South and rebuild the Union: “With malice toward none; with charity for all.”</p> <p>As Sherman marched triumphantly northward through the Carolinas, Lee surrendered to Grant at <a href="/topics/american-civil-war/appomattox-court-house" data-type="topics" data-id="143715">Appomattox Court House</a> on April 9. Union victory was near, and Lincoln gave a speech on the <a href="/topics/white-house" data-type="topics" data-id="164932">White House</a> lawn on April 11, urging his audience to welcome the southern states back into the fold. Tragically, Lincoln would not live to help carry out his vision of <a href="/topics/american-civil-war/reconstruction" data-type="topics" data-id="143627">Reconstruction</a>.

On the night of April 14, the actor and Confederate sympathizer <a href="/topics/american-civil-war/john-wilkes-booth" data-type="topics" data-id="143550">John Wilkes Booth</a> slipped into the president’s box at Ford’s Theatre in <a href="/topics/us-states/washington" data-type="topics" data-id="144203">Washington</a> and shot him point-blank in the back of the head. Lincoln was carried to a boardinghouse across the street from the theater, but he never regained consciousness, and died in the early morning hours of April 15.</p> <p><a href="" target="_blank"><img class="" src="" alt="&#x201C;HISTORY" width="686" height="385"/></a><br/><em>Access hundreds of hours of historical video, commercial free, with <a href="" target="_blank">HISTORY Vault</a>.

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After the war, he was imprisoned for two years and indicted for treason but never tried. Jefferson Davis Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Early life and career Jefferson Davis was the 10th and last child of Samuel Emory Davis, a Georgia-born planter of Welsh ancestry. When he was three his family settled on a plantation called Rosemont at Woodville, Mississippi . At seven he was sent for three years to a Dominican boys’ school in Kentucky, and at 13 he entered Transylvania College, Lexington , Kentucky. He later spent four years at the United States Military Academy at West Point , graduating in 1828. Davis served as a lieutenant in the Wisconsin Territory and afterward in the Black Hawk War under the future president, then Colonel Zachary Taylor , whose daughter Sarah Knox he married in 1835. According to a contemporary description, Davis in his mid-20s was “handsome, witty, sportful, and altogether captivating.” In 1835 Davis resigned his commission and became a planter near Vicksburg , Mississippi, on land given him by his rich eldest brother, Joseph. Within three months his bride died of malarial fever.

Grief-stricken, Davis stayed in virtual seclusion for seven years, creating a plantation out of a wilderness and reading prodigiously in constitutional law and world literature. In 1845 Davis was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives and, in the same year, married Varina Howell, a Natchez aristocrat who was 18 years his junior. In 1846 he resigned his seat in Congress to serve in the war with Mexico as colonel in command of the First Mississippi volunteers, and he became a national hero for winning the Battle of Buena Vista (1847) with tactics that won plaudits even in the European press. After returning, severely wounded, he entered the Senate and soon became chairman of the Military Affairs Committee. President Franklin Pierce made him secretary of war in 1853. Davis enlarged the army, strengthened coastal defenses, and directed three surveys for railroads to the Pacific. Varina Davis. The children of Jefferson and Varina Davis. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. During the period of mounting intersectional strife, Davis spoke widely in both North and South, urging harmony between the sections.

When South Carolina withdrew from the Union in December 1860, Davis still opposed secession, though he believed that the Constitution gave a state the right to withdraw from the original compact of states. He was among those who believed that the newly elected president, Abraham Lincoln, would coerce the South and that the result would be disastrous. President of the Confederacy Scientists Ponder Menopause in Killer Whales On January 21, 1861, twelve days after Mississippi seceded, Davis made a moving farewell speech in the Senate and pleaded eloquently for peace. Before he reached his Brierfield plantation, he was commissioned major general to head Mississippi’s armed forces and prepare its defense. But within two weeks the Confederate Convention in Montgomery , Alabama, chose him as provisional president of the Confederacy. He was inaugurated on February 18, 1861, and his first act was to send a peace commission to Washington , D.C., to prevent an armed conflict. Lincoln refused to see his emissaries and the next month decided to send armed ships to Charleston , South Carolina, to resupply the beleaguered Union garrison at Fort Sumter.

Davis reluctantly ordered the bombardment of the fort (April 12–13), which marked the beginning of the American Civil War. Two days later Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers, a move that brought about the secession of Virginia and three other states from the Union. Jefferson Davis, undated engraving. USA Facts Davis faced a dire crisis. A president without precedent, he had to mold a brand-new nation in the midst of a war. With only one-fourth the white population of the Northern states, with a small fraction of the North’s manufacturing capacity, and with inferior railroads, no navy, no powder mills, no shipyard, and an appalling lack of arms and equipment, the South was in poor condition to withstand invasion. But at Bull Run (Manassas, Virginia), on July 21, 1861, the Confederates routed Union forces. In the meantime, with makeshift materials, Davis created factories for producing powder, cannon, side arms, and quartermaster stores. In restored naval yards gunboats were constructed, and the South’s inadequate railroads and rolling stock were patched up repeatedly.

Davis sent agents to Europe to buy arms and ammunition, and he dispatched representatives to try to secure recognition from England and France. Britannica Lists & Quizzes Editor Picks: Exploring 10 Types of Basketball Movies Davis made the inspired choice of Robert E. Lee as commander of the Army of Northern Virginia in June 1862. While Davis’s military judgment was occasionally at fault, he wisely gave Lee wide scope in conducting the war over the next three years. Perhaps Davis’s most serious mistake as commander in chief was the excessive importance he attached to defending the Confederate capital at Richmond , Virginia, at the expense of operations farther west, including the defense of the key Confederate fortress at Vicksburg, Mississippi. Davis had innumerable troubles during his presidency, including a squabbling Congress, a dissident vice president, and the constant opposition of extreme states’ rights advocates, who objected vigorously to the conscription law he had enacted over much opposition in 1862.

But despite a gradually worsening military situation, unrelieved internal political tensions, continuing lack of manpower and armament, and skyrocketing inflation, he remained resolute in his determination to carry on the war, and Lee remained both his most valuable field commander and his most loyal personal supporter. Jefferson Davis, engraving by J.C. Buttre, after a painting. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Capture and imprisonment When Lee surrendered to the North without Davis’s approval, Davis and his cabinet moved south, hoping to reach the trans-Mississippi area and continue the struggle until better terms could be secured from the North. At dawn on May 10, 1865, Davis was captured near Irwinville, Ga. He was imprisoned in a damp casemate at Fort Monroe, Virginia, and was put in leg-irons. Though outraged Northern public opinion brought about his removal to healthier quarters, Davis remained a prisoner under guard for two more years. Finally, in May 1867, he was released on bail and went to Canada to regain his shattered health. Several notable Northern lawyers offered their free services to defend him in a treason trial, which Davis longed for.

The government, however, never forced the issue, many believe because it feared that such a trial might establish that the original Constitution gave the states a right to secede. The case was finally dropped on December 25, 1868. Connect with Britannica Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest Davis made five trips to Europe in an effort to regain his health, and for a few years he served as president of an insurance company in Memphis , Tennessee . In 1877 he retired to Beauvoir, a small Gulf-side estate near Biloxi , Mississippi, which a patriotic admirer provided for him. There he wrote his Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government. Though pressed to enter the U.S. Senate, he declined to “ask for amnesty,” for he felt he had done nothing wrong in fighting for states’ rights under the Constitution, and he never regained his citizenship. He remained the chief spokesman and apologist for the defeated South. Davis’s citizenship was restored posthumously in 1978. Jefferson Davis. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Though dedicated to the principles of democracy , Davis was by nature a benevolent aristocrat.

He was diplomatic to a degree, but he did not possess the pliancy of the professional politician. His sensitivity to criticism stood in stark contrast to the single-minded imperturbability with which his greater counterpart, Abraham Lincoln, pursued his own war aims. Davis died in 1889 in New Orleans of a complicated bronchial ailment. At his temporary interment he was accorded the greatest funeral the South had ever known. On May 31, 1893, he was buried permanently in Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond.

Question: Abraham Lincoln was president of the Union during the civil war. Who was the president of the Confederate States?
Answer: Jefferson Davis