Richard Nixon: Life Before the Presidency—Miller Center About the Administration While courting common voters, Nixon made the most of his common origins; biographers, both sympathetic and critical, have tended to follow suit. He was born in one small California town (Yorba Linda) and grew up in another (East Whittier). His parents were in some ways opposites—Frank Nixon was as argumentative as Hannah Nixon was sweet-tempered. Richard Nixon suffered two great personal losses as a young man: the deaths of his younger brother Arthur after a short illness and his older brother Harold after a long one. His school life brought a string of successes in endeavors common to politicians in training. He won debates and elections and leading roles in school dramatic productions. His grades were excellent, at both Whittier College and Duke University's law school. His scholastic achievements were not enough, however, to get him the jobs he applied for with the Federal Bureau of Investigation and with several prestigious law firms. Nixon ended up in California, joining a Whittier law firm, the Whittier College board of trustees, and the Whittier Community Players.

He fell romantically for a fellow cast member, Thelma Catherine "Pat" Ryan; they wed in 1940. Opportunities for work led Nixon back east, as a law professor's recommendation got Nixon a job with the Office of Price Administration in Washington, D.C. Following Pearl Harbor, Nixon enlisted in the Navy. His naval career ended with the war and in 1945 he was looking for his next job just as a group of prominent Southern California Republicans were looking for a suitable congressional candidate. The Denigrative Method As a campaigner, Nixon mastered early what historian Garry Wills called "The Denigrative Method" and what later analysts called "negative campaigning." Simply put, he attacked his opponents—sometimes unscrupulously, always effectively. His first campaign set the pattern. His opponent was Jerry Voorhis, a New Dealer elected five times by voters of California's 12th congressional district. Voorhis was an anticommunist and refused to accept the endorsement of any political action committee unless the PAC renounced any and all communist influence. That stance deprived him of backing from the Congress of Industrial Organizations' PAC—CIO PAC—a communist-infiltrated labor group.

When a newspaper falsely accused Voorhis of having the CIO PAC's endorsement, the congressman took out an ad proclaiming that the CIO PAC had refused to endorse him on account of his opposition to communists in the labor movement. "I can not accept the support of anyone who does not oppose them as I do," Voorhis said. Nixon's campaign manager, however, claimed to have proof that Voorhis had the PAC's endorsement. During a debate with Nixon, Voorhis asked to see the proof. Nixon dramatically stepped forward with a bulletin of the local branch of the National Citizens Political Action Committee that included Voorhis among its recommendations. Voorhis pointed out that Nixon's evidence was about the NCPAC, not the CIO PAC, but the damage was done. Nixon had successfully linked Voorhis in the minds of voters to "the PAC," a tactic that helped him defeat Voorhis in November. The House GOP rewarded Nixon with a seat on the House Un-American Activities Committee, where he rose to national stardom during the investigation of Alger Hiss. Through the presentation of evidence before HUAC and at two trials, Hiss, a prominent employee in the U.S. State Department, was revealed to have passed information to the Soviets.

Proof of this espionage has only grown more overwhelming in recent years with the declassification of the "Venona" intercepts, decrypted Soviet cables on communist activities in America. Nixon won reelection in 1948 with the endorsement of both parties. In 1950, his reputation buoyed by the Hiss case, Nixon ran for the Senate against Helen Gahagan Douglas in a campaign that echoed his race with Voorhis. This time, the Nixon campaign manual included a "pink sheet" comparing his opponent's voting record to that of Communist Party-liner Vito Marcantonio—what Nixon referred to as the "Douglas-Marcantonio axis." Nixon won a seat in the Senate and an indelible sobriquet—"Tricky Dick."The next rung up the ladder was the most important. In 1952, Dwight David Eisenhower, war hero and political phenomenon, gave Nixon the vice presidential nomination on the Republican ticket after the junior senator did some pre-convention maneuvering to lure California delegates into the Ike column. Then scandal struck, but not very hard.

"SECRET RICH MEN'S TRUST FUND KEEPS NIXON IN STYLE FAR BEYOND HIS SALARY," screamed the New York Post. Nixon linked his troubles to the Reds. "You folks know the work that I did investigating Communists in the United States," he said at his next campaign stop. "When I received the nomination for the vice presidency I was warned that if I continued to attack the Communists in this government they would continue to smear me." Actually, the story came not from Communists but from Republicans—specifically, some disgruntled California politicos who thought Nixon should have been more steadfastly behind the favorite son presidential candidacy of Governor Earl Warren. Presidential Speech Archive Nixon's fund may have been unseemly—it was actually used to keep him on the campaign trail, not living "in style"—but it was not illegal. The candidate defended it in a nationally televised address whose emotional high point—a promise made to his little daughter Tricia never to return one campaign gift, a cocker spaniel puppy named Checkers—made it forever known as the "Checkers Speech." Public response to the speech was overwhelmingly positive. A political star was reborn.

Ike and Dick won the 1952 election in a landslide. As vice president, Nixon burnished his reputation for foreign policy expertise with international travel to dozens of countries. His South American tour garnered international headlines when a mob in Caracas, Venezuela, stoned his motorcade. The confrontations with the demonstrators abroad only made him more popular at home. His 1959 trip to the Soviet Union was even more dramatic and politically helpful. While taking in an exhibit showcasing a General Electric model kitchen at the U.S. Trade and Cultural Fair in Sokolniki Park, Nixon and Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev traded words about the merits of their respective countries. Their exchange became known as the "kitchen debate":Nixon: There are some instances where you may be ahead of us, for example in the development of the thrust of your rockets for the investigation of outer space; there may be some instances in which we are ahead of you—in color television, for instance. Khrushchev: No, we are up with you on this, too. We have bested you in one technique and also in the other. Nixon: You see, you never concede anything.

Khrushchev: I do not give up. Nixon: Wait till you see the picture. Let's have far more communication and exchange in this very area that we speak of. We should hear you more on our televisions. You should hear us more on yours. Khrushchev: That's a good idea. Let's do it like this. You appear before our people. We will appear before your people. People will see and appreciate this. Earlier, when President Eisenhower suffered a heart attack, Nixon's calm, understated performance as temporary steward of the nation's business won him glowing reviews in the news media. But the President's medical problem gave Democrats the opening to claim that a vote to re-elect Eisenhower in 1956 might be, in effect, a vote for Nixon to become President. Ike's popularity with Republicans, Democrats, and Independents, however, made it difficult for the opposition party to take him on directly. Nixon, the partisan politician, made a much more tempting political target. In the end, such arguments had little effect on the voters, who re-elected Eisenhower and Nixon in a second landslide.

The Election of 1960 Presidential Speech Archive The presidential election of 1960 is best remembered for the first televised debate between Nixon and the Democratic nominee, John F. Kennedy. For many observers, the contrast between the pale, sweaty Nixon and the bronze, poised Kennedy captures the importance of image in politics, though the vote totals for the candidates—it was the closest election of the twentieth century—indicates that image is far from everything. (See Kennedy biography, "Campaign and Election" section for details.)Nixon blamed his defeat on other factors. An economic recession had bottomed-out shortly before Election Day. Also, Kennedy had the advantage of the challenger, the ability to stay on the offensive, while Nixon had to defend the record of the Eisenhower administration. And, fatefully, Nixon convinced himself that he was the victim of the Kennedys' ruthlessness:"We were faced in 1960 by an organization that had equal dedication to ours and unlimited money, that was led by the most ruthless group of political operatives ever mobilized for a presidential campaign.

Kennedy's organization approached campaign dirty tricks with a roguish relish and carried them off with an insouciance that captivated many politicians overcame the critical faculties of many reporters. . . . From this point on I had the wisdom and wariness of someone who had been burned by the power of the Kennedys and their money and by the license they were given by the media. I vowed that I would never again enter an election at a disadvantage by being vulnerable to them—or anyone—on the level of political tactics."For Garry Wills, this passage from Nixon's memoirs suggests the inevitability of Watergate. Nixon spent much of 1961 writing a book, Six Crises, and contemplating his return to politics. In 1962, he ran for governor of California and lost big. After his last defeat, he held what he claimed was his "last press conference," angrily telling reporters, "You won't have Dick Nixon to kick around any more." Richard Nixon Essays Richard Nixon | U.S.

Presidents Official presidential portrait of Nixon Artist: James Anthony Wills, 1984 Born Richard Milhous Nixon on January 9, 1913 in Yorba Linda, California. Parents: Francis A. Nixon and Hannah Milhous. Siblings: Harold, Donald, Arthur, and Edward. Attended East Whittier Elementary School, then Fullerton Union High School, then transferred to Whittier High School in 1928, graduating in 1930. Enrolled at Whittier College in Whittier, California, graduating in 1934. Received a full scholarship to enroll at Duke University School of Law in 1934. He graduated in 1937. Applied for a job with the Federal Bureau of Investigation after graduation, but when he received no reply, he went back to California where he was admitted to the bar in 1937. He practiced law in La Habra, California until 1942. Married Thelma "Patricia" Catherine Ryan (1912–1993) on June 21, 1940.

Children: Patricia (1946– ) and Julie (1948– ). Took a job at the Office of Price Administration in Washington. D.C. in January 1942 but stayed only four months. Enlisted in the U.S. Navy and was inducted in August 1942. Served with the South Pacific Combat Air Transport Command. After serving in the Navy in various capacities at various locations, he resigned his commision on January 1, 1946. Ran for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives and won in 1946. He served from 1947 to 1950. Ran for a seat in the U.S. Senate in 1950 and won. He served from 1950 to 1953. Nominated as the Vice Presidential running mate of Dwight Eisenhower by the Republican Party in the 1952 election and won. He was re-elected Vice President to President Eisenhower in the 1956 election. Ran as the Presidential candidate of the Republican Party in the 1960 election but lost to Democrat John F. Kennedy.

Returned to practicing law in California. He ran for Governor in 1962 but lost. He moved to New York City and continued with his law practice. Nominated by the Republican Party as its Presidential candidate in the 1968 election. He won with 43% of the popular vote and a majority of the electoral votes. Presidency White House photograph of Nixon, ca. 1973 Took his oath of office on Januray 20, 1969 at the East Portico, U.S. Capitol. On July 20, 1969, Nixon presided over the Apollo 11 mission that made the U.S. the first to land a man on the Moon. On July 25, 1969 he announced the Nixon Doctrine in a press conference in Guam as part of his plan to end U.S. involvelment in Vietnam. This doctrine stated that all allied nations of the U.S. would bear responsibility for their own security and the U.S. would only interfere when requested.

Wanting to end the war in South Vietnam, Nixon announced a plan for the withdrawal of 25,000 troops from the country by the end of August 1969. Signed the National Environmental Policy Act in January 1970, which led to the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency. In December 1970, he signed the Clean Air Act, which created strict regulations on industrial and transportation pollution. Signed the Endangered Species Act in December 1973. Signed the Postal Reorganization Act in August 1970. The law established the United States Postal Service as a separate government entity. A voice-activated taping system was installed in several rooms in the White House, including the Oval Office, in April 1971. Signed the Wage–Price Controls Bill in May 1971, which gave Nixon more authority to control wages, salaries, prices, and rents for one more year. In July 1971, he signed the Emergency Employment Act, which provided $2.25 billion to create jobs in the public service sector.

Visited the People's Republic of China from February 21 to 27, 1972 to establish diplomatic relations between the two countries. It marked the first time a U.S. President visited China. In May 1972, Nixon also became the first incumbent President to visit the U.S.S.R. There, he signed the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, which limited the development of anti-ballistic missiles used to protect areas from nuclear weapons delivered by missiles. On June 17, 1972, five men were arrested inside the Democratic Headquarters at the Watergate Hotel in Washington, D.C. with wiretapping equipment. In August, Nixon denied any involvement in the break-in. The Washington Post broke the story linking the men to the Nixon administration. The revelations showed that Nixon's aides had made several attempts to sabotage their political adversaries. Nixon was re-elected for a second term in the 1972 election. When his Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned in October 1973 due to a scandal, Nixon nominated Gerald Ford to be his Vice President. Congress approved his nomination, and Ford was sworn in on December 6.

On April 30, 1973, he admitted responsibility for the Watergate scandal on television but denied having any prior knowledge of it. In July, Nixon refused to turn over tape recordings made in the White House after Federal Aviation administrator Alexander Butterfield revealed their existence to the Senate Watergate Committee. In April 1974, after Nixon released 1200 pages of transcripts of converstations between him and his aides, the House Judiciary Committee opened impeachment proceedings against the President. The Supreme Court ruled that all the recorded tapes must be released. One of the tapes revealed that Nixon had been told about the connection of the break-in to his administration soon after it took place. In July 1974, the House Judiciary Committee filed three articles of impeachment against Nixon: obstruction of justice, abuse of power, and the unconstitutional defiance of its subpoenas. On August 8, 1974, faced with certain impeachment after losing political support in Congress, Nixon addresed the nation on television stating he woud resign the Presidency, effective at noon the next day.

Post-presidency Nixon preparing to annouce the release of the transcriptsof the Watergate tapes, April 29, 1974 Returned to his home "La Casa Pacifica" in San Clemente, California after he resigned. Gerald Ford, Nixon's Vice President, was sworn in as President on August 9, 1974. On September 8, 1974, President Ford granted Nixon a "full, free, and absolute pardon..." Nixon released a statement expressing his regret over his actions in the scandal. He fell ill in October 1974 and had to undergo surgery and a long recovery period. Began to work on his memoirs in the beginning of 1975 and was paid $2 million dollars. RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon was published in 1978 and became a bestseller. Visited China in February 1976 at the invitation of Mao Zedong. He would visit Beijing again in 1979. In 1977, he was paid $600,000 to be interviewd by David Frost for a British television program. Visited the U.K.

in 1978 and met with Margaret Thatcher, who was then the leader of the Opposition. Moved to New York in 1980, then to Saddle River, New Jersey in 1981. Traveled to the U.S.S.R. in 1986 and met with Mikhail Gorbachev, who was then General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. After raising more that $20 million dollars of private money, opened the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace Foundation in Yorba Linda, California on July 19, 1990. Former Presidents Ford and Reagan and then President President George H.W. Bush attended the dedication. In 2007, it became part of the Presidential libraries system maintained by the federal government and was renamed Nixon Presidential Library and Museum. Founded the Nixon Center as a public policy think-tank in January 1991. It became The Center for the National Interest in March 2011. Died on April 22, 1994 from complications of a stroke. Did not have a state funeral as was his wish.

His body lay in repose at the Nixon Library from April 26 until his funeral the next day. The funeral service was attended by four former U.S. Presidents (Ford, Carter, Reagan, and George H.W. Bush) and then President Bill Clinton, who delivered the eulogy. He was buried on the grounds of the Nixon Library. The papers and tapes that Nixon surrendered to Congress during the Watergate investigation were initially kept by the government for fear they would be destroyed by Nixon if they were returned to him. After a legal battle that lasted 30 years, the Nixon and his estate eventually won the right to keep the papers, which are now at his library. The 37th US President - Richard Nixon Richard Nixon George W. Bush ï¿½ Richard Milhous Nixon, the thirty-seventh President of the United States (1969-74) became President in 1969 after defeating Lyndon Johnson's Vice-President, Hubert Humphrey, in one of the closest elections in US history. Nixon won that election by only one percent of the popular vote. Nixon was the second youngest Vice President and the first Californian to serve in the White House.

He was also the first Vice President to be elected President, but not to succeed the President under whom he had served. He was also the first President to resign the presidency, which he did after the House Judiciary Committee voted articles of impeachment against him in 1974. Richard Nixon was a controversial President, nicknamed "Tricky Dick" and demonized by some, while admired by others for his accomplishments. Born on January 9, l913 in Yorba Linda, California into a modest Quaker family, he spent his youth working hard and studying. A brilliant scholar, Dick Nixon graduated second in his class from Whittier College (1934), then third in his class from Duke University Law School (1937). Nixon practiced law in his hometown in Whittier, CA from 1937 to 1942. In l940, he married Thelma "Pat" Ryan. In 1942, Nixon joined the United States Navy where he served as a supply officer in the South Pacific during World War II. He left the service as a Lieutenant Commander. Back in Whittier in 1946, Nixon entered the political arena.

He challenged Democratic congressman Jerry Voorhis. Nixon campaigned vigorously, and won by 16,000 votes. In 1948 and 1949, Nixon obtained national recognition while serving in the United States House of Representatives as a member of the Committee on Un-American Activities. He was dogged in his support for the investigation of Alger Hiss. Although Hiss was a former State Department official who had served as the President of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, he was found guilty of helping to transmit confidential government documents - called the "Pumpkin Papers" because they were hidden in a pumpkin -- to the Soviets. Nixon again used anti-communism to his advantage when, in 1950, he ran for the United States Senate against Congresswoman Helen Gahagan Douglas, a popular liberal Democrat. By dubbing her the "Pink Lady," he cast aspersions on her loyalty without actually accusing her of being a Communist. Although he won the election, his campaign tactics were widely criticized. Nevertheless, he became the bright young star in the Republican Party. In 1952, when Nixon was nominated to be Dwight Eisenhower's running mate, he was only thirty-nine years old.

It was soon exposed that Nixon had accepted $18,000 for political expenses and Eisenhower's advisors wanted Nixon to resign. He responded with a brilliant speech that (because of a sentimental reference to his dog) became known as the "Checkers Speech." It saved his political career. Eisenhower and Nixon won the election defeating the Democrat Adlai Stevenson by over 6,000,000 votes. Although during the Eisenhower years, the relationship between the President and Vice President was somewhat strained, years later Nixon's youngest daughter, Julie, married Eisenhower's grandson, David, for whom the Presidential retreat, Camp David, is named. Eisenhower and Nixon won easily in the 1956 election. As Vice President, Nixon became a vigorous Republican spokesman. In non-election years, he traveled the country trying to raise money for the party. He also achieved foreign affairs credentials by visiting numerous other countries, including the Soviet Union, where In 1959, Nixon, the anti-Communist, opened the American Exhibit in Russia. While escorting the Soviet leader through a model of an American house, an impromptu "kitchen debate" with Nikita Khrushchev made world-wide headlines.

In an effort to make a strong point, Krushchev took off his shoe and banged it on the table. As undisputed party leader, Nixon easily won the Presidential nomination in 1960. That was the year of the first televised Presidential debates, and some say Nixon's appearance put him at a disadvantage next to the young, charismatic Jack Kennedy, who won the presidency, but just barely. Out of the 70 million votes cast, JFK received a mere 113,000 more than Nixon did. In 1962 Nixon went up against the popular Pat Brown for Governor of California. He lost that election and afterward bitterly attacked the press, saying "You won't have Dick Nixon to kick around any more." Many felt it was the end of his career. Not so. He was again nominated in l968, when he and running mate, Spiro Agnew, won the White House by 500,000 votes. Richard Nixon's main interest had long been international affairs. After being elected President in 1968, he traveled to China and also established détente with the USSR.

Perhaps his greatest achievement was opening lines of communication and trade with the People's Republic of China. Realizing the time was right for such a move, he sent a representative to secretly consult with the Chinese Premier, Mao Tse Tung, in 1971 and met with him himself in 1972. This diplomatic success amazed the critics. Within weeks of his successful China trip, Nixon was in Moscow negotiating the Strategic Arms Limitations Agreement (SALT) to reduce the chance of nuclear war. Nixon also established links with Egypt and Israel. Back in the United States, he adopted a program called the "New Federalism", which was supposed to end the habit of "throwing money at problems." He reversed many of the social and economic welfare programs of his predecessor; Lyndon Johnson. On racial matters Nixon adopted a passive stance toward efforts by African American to achieve educational, economic, and social equality, and he responded to the rising crime rate by demanding stricter law enforcement. The Nixon administration was plagued by economic problems that led to the imposition of wage and price controls in 1971. During his tenure in the White House, oil prices quadrupled.

Nixon's biggest problem on both the international and domestic fronts was the War in Vietnam. He had campaigned to end it, and began withdrawing some of the troops, calling for the "Vietnamization" of the War. At the same time, however, he escalated the bombings and in 1970 authorized the invasion of Cambodia. The following year he committed American troops to assisting in a South Vietnamese invasion of Laos. At home the campuses were exploding, and demonstrations against the war were a daily affair. Nevertheless, in the election of 1972 Nixon and Agnew, were easily reelected in a landslide victory over George McGovern. Shortly after this election, Nixon was accused of irregularities and illegalities conducted on his behalf in a scandal that became known as Watergate. An attempted burglary and wire-tapping of the office of the Democratic National Committee in the Watergate complex had been traced back to men hired by some of the President's closest advisors. The media eventually exposed a much larger picture of political corruption. Illegal contributions, "dirty tricks", as well as irregularities in Nixon's income taxes where uncovered, and public trust dropped drastically.

This overshadowed the fact that on January 28, 1973, a cease fire agreement went into effect. After years of bloodshed, Nixon and his secretary of state, Henry Kissinger, had finally been able to end the Vietnam War. Nixon's Vice President, Spiro Agnew, had been forced to resign in 1973 after pleading "no contest" to charges of income tax evasion. He was replaced by Gerald Ford. Before the Watergate investigation was over, all but one of Nixon's aides were forced to resign. In March of 1974, a federal grand jury named the President as an unindicted coconspirator in an attempt to obstruct justice in the Watergate investigation. The House Judiciary Committee began to investigate the case for impeachment. The United States Supreme Court would not allow Nixon to claim Executive Privilege in order to avoid prosecution. Ultimately, The Judiciary Committee recommended impeachment to the full House of Representatives. Rather than face trial, on August 9, 1974, Richard Nixon became the first American President ever to resign from office. At noon on that same day, as Nixon was being flown to his retirement in California, Gerald Ford took the Oath of Office.

The newly elected President granted Nixon a full pardon. Upon his withdrawal from the American political arena, Dick Nixon turned to lecturing and writing until his death on April 22, 1994, shortly after the opening of his presidential library in Yorba Linda California. Richard Nixon - On This Day On This Day Succeeded By: Gerald Ford Why Famous: Although he was the president who withdrew the US from Vietnam, he is best rememberer because of the Watergate scandal; facing impeachment he resigned the Presidency. He eventually apologised to the American people in an interview with David Frost.

Died: April 22 , 1994 (aged 81) Cause of Death: Stroke July 13, 1939 Married Life 1940-06-21 37th US President Richard Nixon (27) weds Pat Ryan (28) at the Mission Inn in Riverside, California Historical Events in the Life of Richard Nixon 1952-09-23 Richard Nixon makes his "Checker's" speech 1953-11-19 US VP Richard Nixon visits Hanoi 1955-07-22 Richard Nixon becomes the first US Vice President to preside over a cabinet meeting 1956-08-22 US President Eisenhower and VP Richard Nixon renominated by Republican convention in San Francisco 1958-04-28 US Vice President Richard Nixon begins goodwill tour of Latin America 1958-05-08 US VP Richard Nixon is shoved, stoned, booed and spat upon by protesters in Peru 1958-05-13 Rioters attack US VP Richard Nixon in Venezuela 1959-07-23

 VP Richard Nixon begins visit on USSR 1959-07-24 US VP Richard Nixon argues with Nikita Khrushchev , known as "Kitchen Debate" 1959-11-21 Jack Benny (violin) & Richard Nixon (piano) play their famed duet 1960-07-27 US Vice-president Richard Nixon nominated for presidential candidate at Republican convention in Chicago 1960-07-28 Republican National convention selects Richard Nixon as candidate 1960-10-07 2nd JFK & Richard Nixon debate 1960-10-12 JFK & Richard Nixon's third presidential debate 1962-11-07 Richard Nixon tells press he won't be available to kick around any more after losing election for Governor of California 1968-02-01 Former US VP Richard Nixon announces candidacy for president 1968-08-08 Republican convention in Miami Beach nominates Richard Nixon for president 1968-11-05 Richard Nixon (R) beats Vice President Hubert Humphrey (D) and George Wallace (I) in

 U.S.

Presidential election 1968-12-02 US President Richard Nixon names Henry Kissinger security advisor 1969-08-02 US President Richard Nixon visits Romania 1970-04-01 US President Richard Nixon signs bill limiting cigarette advertisements from 1st Jan 1971 1970-09-22 US President Richard Nixon requests 1,000 new FBI agents for college campuses 1970-11-03 US President Richard Nixon promises gradual troop removal of Vietnam 1971-02-14 Richard Nixon installs secret taping system in White House 1971-04-07 US President Richard Nixon orders lt Calley (Mi Lai) free 1971-05-18 US President Richard Nixon rejects 60 demands of Congressional Black Caucus 1971-07-15 US President Richard Nixon announces he would visit People's Republic of China 1971-08-15 US President Richard Nixon announces 90-day freeze on wages, prices & rents 1971-12-03 US President Richard Nixon

 commutes Jimmy Hoffa's jail term 1972-02-17 US President Richard Nixon leaves Washington, D.C.

for China 1972-02-21 Richard Nixon becomes 1st US president to visit China 1972-02-22 US President Richard Nixon, meets with Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai in Beijing 1972-02-27 US President Richard Nixon & Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai issued Shanghai Communique 1972-02-28 US President Richard Nixon ends historic week-long visit to China 1972-05-26 US President Richard Nixon & Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev sign SALT accord 1972-11-07 US President Richard Nixon (R) re-elected defeating George McGovern (D) 1972-12-30 US President Richard Nixon halts bombing of North Vietnam & announces peace talks 1973-01-15 US President Richard Nixon suspends all US offensive action in N Vietnam 1973-06-14 US President Richard Nixon administration imposes 60-day economy-wide price freeze, superseding Special Rule No.

1 for oil companies 1973-07-23 US President Richard Nixon refuses to release Watergate tapes of conversations in the White House relevant to the Watergate investigation 1973-09-14 US President Richard Nixon signed into law a measure lifting pro football's blackout 1973-10-23 Richard Nixon agrees to turn over White House tape recordings to Judge John Sirica 1973-11-16 US Presidennt Richard Nixon authorizes construction of Alaskan pipeline 1973-11-17 US President Richard Nixon tells AP "...people have got to know whether or not their president is a crook.

Well, I'm not a crook" 1973-11-21 US President Richard Nixon's attorney, J Fred Buzhardt, reveals presence of 18½ minute gap in a White House tape recording related to Watergate 1973-11-27 US President Richard Nixon signs the Emergency Petroleum Allocation Act, authorizing petroleum price, production, allocation and marketing controls 1974-01-02 55 MPH speed limit imposed by Richard Nixon 1974-03-02 Grand jury concludes US President Richard Nixon is involved in Watergate cover-up 1974-04-29 US President Richard Nixon said he will release edited tapes made in White House 1974-04-30 US President Richard Nixon hands over partial transcripts of Watergate tape recordings 1974-07-21 US House Judiciary approves two Articles of Impeachment against President Richard Nixon 1974-08-05 US President Richard Nixon admits he withheld information about Watergate break-in 1974-08-08 US President Richard Nixon announces he'll resign his office 12PM Aug 

9 1974-08-09 Richard Nixon resigns US presidency, VP Gerald Ford swears oath of office to become 38th US president 1974-09-08 US President Gerald Ford pardons former President Richard Nixon of all federal crimes Richard Nixon Biography – 37th U.S.

President Timeline & Life Richard Milhous Nixon was the 37th President of the United States of America who was famous as the first U.S. President to resign from office because of his impeachment proceedings the Watergate Scandal. Early Life He was born on the 9th of January 1913 as the second child of five siblings between Frank Nixon and Hanna Milhous Nixon. Richard Nixon earned his degree from Whittier College California in 1934 and Duke University Law School in Durham, North Carolina in 1937. He got married in 1940 to Thelma Catherine (“Pat”) Ryan—a teacher and an amateur actress. He joined the U.S. Navy in August of 1942 after relinquishing his post from the Office of Price Administration in Washington, D. C. He was stationed in the Pacific as an aviation ground officer and rose to the rank of lieutenant commander. After his military service in 1946, he was elected to the House of Representative and gained the respect of the Republicans by defeating the five-termer Democratic Candidate Jerry Voorhis who was rumored to be a sympathizer for communists.

From 1948-1950, he became a member of the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAAC) and took the primary role as the head of the investigation team that was tasked to investigate Alger Hiss, a former Federal Department official allegedly working as a spy for the Soviet Union. Due to Nixon’s aggressive questioning in the committee proceedings, Alger Hiss was convicted on perjury by denying to the claim of Whittaker Chambers that somewhere in 1937, Hiss has handed him some classified documents that needed to be forwarded over to the Soviet Union. Hiss denied this allegation and was convicted for perjury. Nixon’s show of aggressiveness in the committee proceedings had earned him a reputation among fellow Americans as a dedicated anti-communist. Nixon’s Slush Fund In 1950 Nixon was successfully elected to the Senate and two years later, at the age of 39, he was nominated by the Republicans for the Vice Presidential race under the banner General Dwight Eisenhower running as President. The Republicans had nominated him because of his credentials as a true anti communist and that they think Nixon could gather a huge number of votes from the western side of the country.

In the middle of the campaign period “New York Post,” it was discovered that Nixon was having a secret slush fund contributed by the industry lobbyist from the southern side of California. General Eisenhower gives him a chance to clear his name. On September 23, 1952, Nixon delivered his televised speech that was nationally broadcasted. In that speech he acknowledged the existence of the so called slush fund but denied that he was spending the fund in an improper way. To support his claims about proper using of the fund and that he was not making himself rich he documented his family’s financial assets and liabilities in a shameful way stating that his wife was not having a “fur coat” like the wives of other Democratic candidates. In that speech he admitted that he had accepted a present but only a cocker spaniel puppy in which his daughter named “Checker”. This speech earned its name as the Checker Speech in which Nixon considered at first as a failure but the Americans responded in favor of Republican’s Presidential and Vice Presidential candidate during the time of election. The Eisenhower-Nixon party defeated the Democratic candidates in the election of 1952.

Nixon as Vice President In his two terms as Vice President of the United States and when Eisenhower was suffering from serious illnesses, Nixon was tasked to head the cabinet meetings and sessions involving National Security while Eisenhower was incapable of performing his duties. Though he headed these meetings, the power was still in the hands of Eisenhower’s close advisers. Eisenhower then proposed some agreement about power sharing with the office of the Vice President in the case that he was too incapacitated to tend to his duties. During this time he made several visits to other states, including his travel to Latin America where his car has been stoned and spat upon by the anti-American protesters. This protest to Vice President Nixon had been dubbed the “Diplomatic Pearl Harbor”. He was nominated for the Presidential race of 1960 but lost to John F. Kennedy by a narrow margin. The match-up between Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy was so famous and well remembered by the Americans due to their televised debates. Although Nixon was performing well in that debate, Kennedy conveyed his energetic and youthful poise which convinced the public that Kennedy was the better man.

Because of the narrow margin of votes between the two Presidential candidates, many questioned if Kennedy was really the legitimate winner, as there were some irregularities cited in some states. Many of his friend and fellow Republicans advised him to make some protest but he decided not to do so. Following to his loss to President Kennedy, Nixon returned to his private life in California where he practiced law and launched again his political career running for Governor in the State of California. When he was defeated in this election as well, many believed that his political career was over. After losing his bid for Governor in his home state, Nixon made a political comeback. In 1968 he again won the nomination of the Republicans for president and defeated Hubert H. Humphrey and other third party candidate George C. Wallace. Nixon won the election by a narrow margin with 31.7 million popular votes against Hubert Humphrey’s 30.9 million. Even though many had criticized Nixon’s presidency, many positive reforms were been made for civil rights, law enforcement, environment and other sectors of the government.

His proposal for the Family Assistance Program aimed for the welfare and income of the poor families was defeated by the Senate, but in return it gained support for the passing of some House Bills with similar ideas. In the early part of 1971 his budget proposal contained deficits amounting to billions of dollars, consider to be the largest in American history up to that period. The Vietnam War When the United States and South Vietnam attacked North Vietnam in the spring of 1970, wide protests took place in Kent State University. Soldiers opened fire onto the protesters killing four and wounding nine. Trying to achieve his objective of “peace and honor’ with Vietnam, President Nixon initiated the Vietnamization strategy by pulling out American troops from further participation in the war and at the same time trained the South Vietnamese armed forces to defend for their own. At the same time Nixon recommenced the order of bombing of North Vietnam. In 1973 Nixon advisers agreed on a peace deal with the North Vietnamese Communist Party. The last batch of the American troop was pulled out from the war zone by March of the same year but hostilities in Vietnam still continued. By 1975, North Vietnam invaded the south and reunited the country under the rule of Communism.

Communist Diplomacy In addition to his achievements in Vietnam War, Nixon made diplomatic visits to China and Soviet Union and was able to cool down the tension between the U.S and the communist countries. The Soviet was more interested to improve its relation with the United States. China on the other hand, conveyed that they were willing to welcome high level of discussions when the trade and travel restrictions were lifted. Nixon then sent his national security adviser Henry Kissinger to China for the secret talks. These discussions led to the resurrection of the good relations between United States and China. Nixon’s visit to China in February-March of 1972 was considered to be the first visit ever done by the American President to China while still in office. His achievement in improving the relations of the United States with communist countries led to the signing of treaties ceasing the production of nuclear weapons. One of these treaties was best known as “SALT” or Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties signed between United States and the Soviet Union. Communism in Latin America Sensing that communism might also spread in the Latin America, specifically in Chile, Nixon’s administration was putting up pressure on the industry of Chile. They limited the access of Chile to the international financial aid.

His administration was also very active in destabilizing measures and helping the police and military officials who were against President Salvador Allende of Chile. This resulted to the overthrowing of Allende from power on September 1973. The Watergate Scandal In his bid for presidency in 1972, his victory against Democratic candidate George McGovern was considered to be one of the largest victory margins in all of U.S. presidential elections. With a span of just few months after being re-elected as President, his administration was subjected to the investigation regarding the burglary committed by his campaign operatives in the headquarters of Democratic candidates at the Watergate Hotel in Washington D.C. Some of Nixon’s administration officers admitted to the participation in the burglary while Nixon denied his involvement. The burglary was traced back to the committee for his Re-election as president. The investigation delivered a serious blow to Nixon’s administration when they found out that in 1969, Nixon had installed a voice recording system in the White House and that all presidents’ conversation in the oval office was recorded. Special prosecutor Archibald Cox who was tasked to investigate the burglary of Watergate summoned Nixon to present the tape recordings to the investigation committee.

Nixon refused to present the tape but offered to give the transcript of the conversation instead. Cox refused to the offer. Then in a series of events related to this scandal Nixon instructed his Attorney General Elliot Richardson to remove Cox from office. In response to his instruction, Richardson decided to resign rather than follow Nixon’s order. Richardson’s successor was also fired by Nixon when he also refused to remove Cox from office. Nixon’s intention to remove Cox from office was then finally done by Solicitor General Robert Bork but the district court considered the action to be illegitimate. Following the removal of Cox as special prosecutor for the scandal, calls for impeachment were already taking place but was not yet in progress. Nixon agreed to the designation of Leon Jaworski as special prosecutor to the Watergate scandal and promised not to remove him without the congressional approval, Jaworski succeeded legally in pressuring Nixon to release the first batch of the questioned tapes to the investigation. There was no direct evidence yet implicating Nixon’s involvement in the burglary. By July of 1974, House Judiciary Committee recommended three articles of impeachment on the ground of obstruction of justice, abusive use of power, and refusal to comply with congressional inquiries.

On the 5th of August of the same year, Nixon complied to the order of Supreme Court and submitted the transcript of conversation. When the transcript of conversations from the tapes was presented in the investigation several of his administration officials resigned from office and some were convicted for an offense. Although Nixon denied his participation in the burglary the conversation tapes yielded some evidence that he tried to divert the investigation. The investigation revealed that Nixon had instructed White House counsel John Dean to make the moves so that the administration’s involvement in the burglary would be concealed. He also prevented the FBI from inquiring about the use of funds paid to the burglars in an attempt to clear his administration from any involvement in the scandal. Knowing that he would face certain impeachment, Nixon announced on August 8, 1974 that he would resign from office on the following day to give way to the “healing process” which was highly needed for the United States of America. Nixon was replaced by Vice President Gerald Ford. Following to his resignation from the White House, Nixon moved to California and later on to New Jersey. His new life was mostly spent writing books.

After suffering from a severe stroke he died on April 22, 1994 at the age of 81 in New York City. In the remaining years of his life some Americans admired him as an elder statesman. He was buried at his birthplace beside his wife. Leave a Reply Richard Nixon legal definition of Richard Nixon Richard Nixon legal definition of Richard Nixon Related to Richard Nixon: Lyndon Johnson Nixon, Richard Milhous Richard M. Nixon. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS Richard Milhous Nixon was the 37th president of the United States. Though he made several major breakthroughs in his presidency, his involvement with the Watergate affair proved his undoing. In 1974 he became the only president ever to resign from office. Late in life Nixon's advice as a political analyst and foreign affairs expert was sought by both parties. Nixon was born January 9, 1913, in Yorba Linda, California, the second of five sons of Francis A. Nixon and Hannah Milhous Nixon. His father had grown up on a farm in Ohio and arrived in California in 1907.

He worked as a trolley car motorman in Whittier, where he met Hannah Milhous. They were married in 1908. In 1922 they bought the grocery store and gas station where Nixon grew up. Nixon was a disciplined student who worked hard and received superior grades. He enjoyed playing football and participating in music, acting, and debating. A devout Quaker during his youth, he attended church four times a week. When Nixon was 12, his younger brother Arthur died of tubercular encephalitis. His older brother, Harold, died when Nixon was 20, after a ten-year battle with tuberculosis. Harold's death was particularly traumatic for the family, as it had poured much of its limited resources into his treatment. After graduating from high school, Nixon wanted to attend an Ivy League college but instead entered Whittier College, a small Quaker school close to home and within his family's financial means. He graduated second in his class and won a scholarship to Duke University Law School. At Duke, he was elected president of the Duke Bar Association and graduated third in his class.

In 1937, Nixon was admitted to the California bar and joined the firm of Wingert and Bewley in Whittier. He participated in civic groups; taught Sunday school; and acted in a community theater troupe, where he met Thelma Catherine Ryan, who was known as Patricia or Pat. They were married June 21, 1940, and had two children, Patricia ("Tricia") Nixon Cox and Julie Nixon Eisenhower. The Nixons would celebrate 53 years of marriage before Pat's death in 1993. In 1941, Nixon took a job as an attorney with the Office of Price Administration in Washington, D.C. Seven months later, he applied for and received a Navy commission. He served as an operations officer with the South Pacific Combat Air Transport Command during World War II . Shortly after his return from the service, Nixon ran for Congress against incumbent California Democratic representative Jerry Voorhis. Nixon's campaign literature portrayed him as a returning veteran who had defended his country in the mud and jungles of the Solomon Islands while his opponent never left Washington, D.C. It also implied that Voorhis was endorsed by a Communist-supported Political Action Committee .

At a time when fear of Communist subversion was widespread, Nixon's strategy worked. He came from behind in a race no one expected him to win to defeat Voorhis with 57 percent of the votes. Nixon quickly made his mark in Washington, D.C. He became a vocal member of the House Committee on Un-American Activities, which investigated U.S. citizens suspected of having ties with or sympathies for the Communist party. One such case brought Nixon into the national spotlight. In 1948, Alger Hiss , a former State Department official, was investigated for allegedly passing secret information to the Communist government in the former Soviet Union. Nixon's determined pursuit of the case led to Hiss's indictment and eventual conviction for perjury. In 1950 Nixon ran for the U.S. Senate against Democratic Representative Helen Gahagan Douglas. In an effort to discredit Douglas, he circulated a campaign flyer indicating that she had voted 354 times with Representative Vito Marcantonio of New York, a member of the Communist Workers party. The flyer, printed on pink paper, was known as the pink sheet, and Nixon often referred to Douglas as the pink lady, a link to the color red associated with Communism .

Nixon defeated Douglas by a secure margin of 680,000 votes, raising speculation that his strident campaign may have been unnecessary. In 1952 Republicans chose World War II hero General dwight d. eisenhower as their nominee for president. Eisenhower chose Nixon as his running mate. The campaign encountered a crisis almost immediately. In September 1952, several newspapers disclosed that Nixon had received financial support from a secret fund raised by wealthy California business owners. This offense was viewed as shocking, and many people called for Nixon to withdraw from the ticket. Instead, he took the offensive and pleaded his case on national television, delivering what came to be known as the "Checkers Speech." Nixon maintained his innocence, disclosed his financial situation to show he was in debt, and pointed out that his wife did not have a mink coat but rather wore "a respectable Republican cloth coat." He went on to say that a supporter in Texas had given the family a gift, a dog named Checkers, and that "the kids love the dog, and … we're going to keep it." The public's response was overwhelmingly positive and Nixon remained on the Republican ticket.

Nixon had discovered the enormous power of television and had utilized it to his advantage, reaching a large audience without the need to endure press scrutiny. Eisenhower and Nixon received 55.1 percent of the popular vote in the 1952 election. Nixon served two terms as an unusually active vice president, honing his foreign policy skills during trips to 56 countries. Among the most famous of these journeys was a 1959 visit to Moscow, where he engaged in the celebrated Kitchen Debate with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. The two men informally debated the merits of capitalism versus Communism while they toured the kitchen of a model home at a U.S. fair. Nixon's willingness to confront critics and his ability to turn adversity to his advantage earned him praise and acclaim. In 1960, delegates at the Republican convention in Chicago nominated Nixon for president on the first ballot. He faced another young, energetic, popular contender, Democratic senator john f. kennedy of Massachusetts. In the first of four televised debates with Kennedy, Nixon, who had been ill and was exhausted from campaigning, appeared haggard, strained, and tense.

His appearance cost him many votes even though he had a keen command of the facts and debated well—indeed, those who listened to the debates on radio rather than watching them on television felt that Nixon had outdone Kennedy. Nixon lost the election, suffering his first political defeat, by a mere 119,000 votes. In spite of allegations of voting irregularities, particularly in Chicago, Nixon decided not to demand a recount and instead gracefully conceded to Kennedy. After losing the 1960 election, Nixon ran for governor of California against Edmund "Pat" Brown in 1962 but was unable to unseat the incumbent. He moved to New York to practice law and almost immediately began preparing his comeback. In January 1968, he announced his candidacy for the presidency and was nominated on the Republicans' first ballot, defeating Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller of New York, and Governor ronald reagan of California. The Democratic Party was in a shambles in 1968. President lyndon b. johnson withdrew as a candidate because of growing domestic unrest and opposition to the Vietnam War . Senator robert f.

kennedy was assassinated in June 1968 while campaigning for the Democratic nomination. The Democrats nominated hubert h. humphrey, Johnson's vice president. Nixon defeated Humphrey by a narrow margin. During his first term, Nixon appointed a broad-based cabinet that included both conservatives and liberals. In his inaugural speech, he said that he hoped to "bridge the generation gap" and bring the country back together after years of unrest over Vietnam and racial discrimination. While he continued to pursue foreign policy goals, he also achieved much on the domestic front. He responded to strong public demand for expanded government services, and proposed a family assistance program that, had it not been voted down by Congress, would have been the most far-reaching Welfare reform in modern history. He supported health and safety protection on the job and housing allowances for disadvantaged people. Nixon's administration built more subsidized housing units than any administration before or since. He expanded the Food Stamp Program and began the federal revenue-sharing program for local governments. Another lasting legacy was the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency . Nixon also reshaped the Supreme Court. Under Chief Justice Earl Warren , who had been appointed by President Eisenhower, the Court had taken what many felt was an ideologically liberal turn.

During his presidency, Nixon appointed four members to the court: warren e. burger, as chief justice; and harry a. black-mun, lewis f. powell jr., and william h. rehnquist, as associate justices. The Burger Court began a retreat from liberalism and judicial activism that continued through the 1980s and 1990s. Perhaps Nixon's most noteworthy triumphs were in foreign policy. In 1972 Nixon and his chief foreign affairs adviser, henry kissinger, traveled to Communist China to begin the process of reestablishing diplomatic relations with the Beijing government. The visit marked a major shift in U.S. policy toward China. The two governments shared a history of animosity, and the United States had long recognized the Nationalist Chinese government of Chiang Kaishek, based on the island of Taiwan, as the official government of China. After Nixon's visit, the door was opened to diplomatic and trade dealings. Formal diplomatic relations with Communist China were established in 1978. "There is one thing solid and fundamental in politics—the law of change. What'suptoday is down tomorrow." —RICHARD M.

NIXON Nixon also opened negotiations with the Communist government in the former Soviet Union. He initiated the process known as détente by holding three summit meetings with Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev. His efforts culminated in a breakthrough agreement in 1972 limiting the use of antiballistic missiles.One major goal that eluded Nixon in foreign policy was a quick end to the Vietnam War. After promising "peace with honor" during his campaign in 1968, he saw the war continue through his first term. Though the war would end in January 1973, an event in June of 1972 marked the beginning of Nixon's downfall. At that time, during Nixon's campaign for reelection, a group of men working for the Committee to Reelect the President broke into the Democratic party headquarters in the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C. It was a crime that would be traced back to the president. In November, Nixon won a sweeping victory over his Democratic challenger, Senator George S. McGovern, of South Dakota, receiving 60.7 percent of the vote and carrying every state except Massachusetts. The following March, testimony before the Senate select committee investigating the incident implicated the White House.

In televised hearings John W. Dean III, Nixon's White House counsel, told the Senate committee that Nixon had been involved from the start. Further testimony revealed that Nixon had secretly recorded all conversations that took place in the Oval Office of the White House. Congress and prosecutors began efforts to obtain the tapes. In October 1973, his reputation in jeopardy, Nixon carried out what came to be called the Saturday Night Massacre. Angered by Watergate special prosecutor Archibald Cox , Nixon ordered Attorney General elliot l. richardson to dismiss Cox. Richardson refused and resigned. Deputy Attorney General William D. Ruckelshaus also refused to carry out the task and was dismissed. Finally, Solicitor General robert h. bork, appointed acting attorney general, dismissed Cox. Calls for Nixon's resignation mounted, and Impeachment resolutions were referred to the House Judiciary Committee. On March 1, 1974, a federal Grand Jury indicted seven former Nixon aides in the continuing cover-up of Watergate. Nixon was named as an unindicted coconspirator.

Nixon responded to pressure from both those who wanted him to prove himself innocent and those who believed him guilty, by announcing in April 1974 that he would release to the House Judiciary Committee edited transcripts of conversations regarding Watergate culled from his library of tape recordings. Though the committee responded that it would need the tapes themselves, Nixon refused to supply them. The edited transcripts alone were tremendously damaging. The transcripts implicated the Nixon White House not only in burglaries and cover-ups, but also illegal wiretaps, corruption of government agencies, domestic Espionage , unfair campaign tactics, and abuse of campaign funds. Eventually, 19 Nixon aides and associates served prison terms for their roles in these illegal activities. By late July 1974, the House Judiciary Committee, in televised hearings, was deliberating Articles of Impeachment against Nixon. The articles charged him with Obstruction of Justice , abuse of power, and defiance of congressional subpoenas. It became clear that the full House would impeach him, and he would probably face conviction by the Senate. In early August, in response to a Supreme Court ruling (united states v. nixon, 418 U.S. 683, 94 S. Ct.

3090, 41 L. Ed. 2d 1039 [1974]), Nixon released the contested tape recordings that showed conclusively that he had been involved in the effort to halt the Federal Bureau of Investigation's probe of Watergate. On August 7, 1974, facing certain impeachment, Nixon met with his family and aides and informed Secretary of State Kissinger of his decision to resign. He made this announcement to the nation in a television broadcast the evening of August 8. The following day, with his family around him, he bade an emotional farewell to his staff, boarded Air Force One with his wife, and flew home to San Clemente, California. Vice President gerald r. ford was sworn in to serve the remainder of Nixon's term. On September 8, President Ford granted Nixon an unconditional pardon for all federal crimes he "committed or may have committed or taken part in" while in office, thus ending the crisis that had gripped the nation for more than two years. After his resignation Nixon published eight books and numerous newspaper and magazine articles.

He traveled again to China, where he was warmly received, and in 1994, shortly before his death, he returned to Russia. Nixon came to be considered an elder statesman and political analyst. As an expert in foreign policy his advice and counsel were sought by Senator and presidential candidate bob dole and President bill clinton.Nixon died April 22, 1994. All five living presidents at the time—Clinton, george h.w. bush, Reagan, jimmy carter, and Ford—and their wives attended Nixon's funeral. Clinton delivered a eulogy in which he said: He suffered defeats that would have ended most political careers, yet he won stunning victories that many of the world's most popular leaders have failed to attain. Further readings Ambrose, Stephen E. 1989. Nixon: The Triumph of a Politician, 1962–1972. New York: Simon & Schuster. ——. 1987. Nixon: The Education of a Politician, 1913– 1962. New York: Simon & Schuster. Brodie, Fawn M. 1981. Richard M.

Nixon: The Shaping of His Character. New York: Norton. Kutler, Stanley I., ed. 1998. Abuse of Power: The New Nixon Tapes. New York: Simon & Schuster. Mankiewicz, Frank. 1973. Perfectly Clear: Nixon from Whittier to Watergate. New York: Quadrangle Books. Morgan, Iwan. 2002. Nixon. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. Nixon, Richard M. 1990. In the Arena: A Memoir of Victory, Defeat and Renewal. New York: Simon & Schuster. ——. 1978. R.N.: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon. New York: Grosset & Dunlap. "Twenty-Five Years After Watergate" (special edition). 2000. Hastings Law Journal 51 (April). White, Theodore H. 1975. Breach of Faith: The Fall of Richard Nixon. Atheneum Publications. Wicker, Tom. 1991. One of Us: Richard Nixon and the American Dream. New York: Random House. Wills, Garry. 1969.

Nixon Agonistes: The Crisis of the Self-Made Man. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Cross-references Richard Nixon | 37th President of the United States Domestic Policy Overview Shortly after Richard Nixon took office in 1969, he proposed a dramatic restructuring of American government. The bloated federal bureaucracies, Nixon believed, buried creative entrepreneurship under mountains of red tape and fostered dependency on handouts. He called instead for a "New Federalism" -- a system which directed money and power away from the federal bureaucracy and toward states and municipalities. This system, Nixon said, could respond more efficiently to the needs of the people. The president's New Federalism was anything but new. In fact, if not in name, Nixon had been a practicing New Federalist since he entered Congress in 1946. Throughout his political career, he had opposed big government programs and fought to restore political authority to the local level. Now he would use the power of the presidency to further the cause of New Federalism.

PBS Presidential Biographies Notable Milestones Launched initiatives to fight cancer and illegal drugs, imposed wage and price controls, enforced desegregation of Southern schools, and introduced legislation to reform healthcare and welfare Established the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and signed into law the Clean Air Act and National Environmental Policy Act Presided over lunar landings beginning with Apollo 11, although he eventually replaced manned space exploration with shuttle missions Became embroiled in the Watergate Scandal shortly after election to his second term. The scandal's escalation cost him much political support and led him to resign in the face of almost certain impeachment Approval Ratings Major Legislation Passed under the Nixon Administration GDP Growth under the Nixon Administration Moderate GDP Growth First term GDP (1969 - 1972) increased by a rate of 7 percent. The second term GDP growth rate (1973 - 1974) increased by 2 percent. On average, GDP in this administration grew at a rate of 2.8% per year. The size of the economy is measured by the gross domestic product, or the total dollar value of all goods and services produced over a specified time period.

GDP growth is an indicator of a healthy economy, and GDP shrinkage may indicate recession. Data from the White House Office of Management and Budget . Figures have been adjusted using chained 2009 GDP to provide consistency across multiple years. Federal Budget under the Nixon Administration Main Spending Spending by Program The U.S. government runs a surplus or deficit depending on whether revenues exceed or fall behind spending in a given year. Surplus/Deficit Data from the White House Office of Management and Budget . Figures have been adjusted using chained 2009 GDP to provide consistency across multiple years. Federal Debt under the Nixon Administration Data from the White House Office of Management and Budget . Figures have been adjusted using chained 2009 GDP to provide consistency across multiple years. Jobs and Unemployment under the Nixon Administration Moderately Rising Unemployment Rate Between the first month and last month of this administration (February 1969 - August 1974), the unemployment rate rose 2.1% from 3.4% to 5.5%. On average, the unemployment rate increased at a rate of 0.9% per month.

The unemployment rate is a measure of the prevalence of unemployment and it is calculated as a percentage by dividing the number of unemployed individuals by all individuals currently in the labor force. During periods of recession, an economy usually experiences a relatively high unemployment rate. Inflation under the Nixon Administration High Inflation Foreign Policy Overview To many who had watched Richard M. Nixon build his political career as a Communist fighter, it must have seemed the ultimate irony. On July 15, 1971, Nixon announced on national television that he would become the first president ever to visit the People's Republic of China, a nation which had remained isolated from the West since the Communist revolution in 1949. For Nixon, however, his upcoming visit represented the ultimate diplomatic triumph. Although he had publicly condemned the Chinese Communists, he had proposed a more relaxed attitude toward the People's Republic as early as 1954.

In 1967, as a presidential candidate, he had written in the magazine Foreign Affairs, "We simply cannot afford to leave China outside the family of nations." PBS Presidential Biographies Notable Milestones Initially escalated America's involvement in the Vietnam War, but subsequently ended US involvement by 1973 through the Paris Peace Accords Opened diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China in 1972 and ushered in a new era of Sino-American relations Initiated d̩tente with the Soviet Union in the wake of his diplomacy with China, leading to SALT I and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty Supported Israel during the Yom Kippur War, which led to an Israeli victory and a retaliation by Arab OPEC nations who refused to sell crude oil to the US during the 1973 oil crisis Covertly supported a military coup against Chilean Marxist president Salvador Allende Foreign Trade under the Nixon Administration Imports vs. Exports International Trips Made by President Nixon Countries Visited Data from Wikipedia . International Events InsideGov is a government research site that uses Graphiq’s semantic technology to deliver deep insights via data-driven articles, visualizations and research tools. Gerald Ford - U.S.

Vice President, U.S. Representative, U.S. President, Lawyer - Biography.com » quotes “I assume the Presidency under extraordinary circumstances.... This is an hour of history that troubles our minds and hurts our hearts.” “We are bound together by the most powerful of all ties, our fervent love for freedom and independence, which knows no homeland but the human heart.” “History will judge this Conference not by what we say here today, but by what we do tomorrow - not by the promises we make, but by the promises we keep.” Gerald Ford Synopsis Gerald Ford was born on July 14, 1913, in Omaha, Nebraska. A star college football player, he served in the Navy during WWII. Elected to the House of Representatives in 1948, Ford represented Michigan's 5th District for nearly 25 years before suddenly finding himself at the crossroads of history. He was elevated to vice president, and then became the 38th U.S. president due to Richard Nixon's involvement in the Watergate scandal and subsequent resignation. Ford was defeated by Jimmy Carter in the 1976 election. He died in California in 2006.

Gerald Ford - Mini Biography (TV-14; 3:24) Vice President Gerald Ford was catapulted into the presidency after the Watergate scandal in the '70s. Learn more about his life beyond his stint in the White House in this mini biography. Early Life Gerald R. Ford Jr. was born Leslie Lynch King Jr. on July 14, 1913, in Omaha, Nebraska, but kept neither his name nor his hometown for long. In just weeks, he was whisked away by his mother, Dorothy Ayer Gardner, to her parents' home in Grand Rapids, Michigan. A plucky woman who would not tolerate abuse, she divorced his father, Leslie Lynch King Sr., within the year, and less than three years later, was married to Gerald Rudolff Ford, a local paint company salesman, from whence "Jerry" Jr. got his name—although it was not made legal until he was 22 years old. Growing up in Grand Rapids, in the close-knit family with three younger brothers, Jerry Ford was not even aware of the existence of his biological father until he was 17.

He became a local sports hero as captain of his high school football team and an avid Eagle Scout. His athletic prowess as a Wolverine at the University of Michigan eared him the designation of Most Valuable Player. But instead of taking up a professional football career as offered by both the Detroit Lions and Green Bay Packers, Ford opted to take his economics degree to Yale University, where he attended law school and also worked as a football and boxing coach. Early Political Career Ford got his first taste of political life in 1940 as a volunteer for Wendell Wilkie's presidential campaign, attending the Republican Convention that year in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A year later, he graduated from Yale Law School in the top third of his class, and then returned home to Grand Rapids to work in a law firm, putting his toe in the water of local politics. However, WWII intervened, and Ford enlisted in the U.S. Navy in 1942. He returned to civilian life in 1946, having earned the Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, the Philippine Liberation Ribbon, the American Campaign Medal and the World War II Victory Medal, and quickly resumed his law practice and civic activities.

In August 1947, Ford met his future wife, Elizabeth (Betty) Bloomer Warren , through mutual friends. A former model and dancer with Martha Graham's company in New York City, the recent divorcee had recently returned home to Grand Rapids and was employed as department store fashion coordinator, while also teaching dance to handicapped children. Less than a year later, Ford decided to run for Congress to represent his Michigan district (District 5). He and Betty were married in October 1948, a few weeks before his sweeping victory, which would sweep both newlyweds away to Washington, D.C. for the next 30 years. Declining a suggestion to run for the Senate in 1954, Ford's long career as a congressman encompassed work on foreign policy, the military, spending, the space program and the Warren Commission. Although he served as House minority leader, Ford's ambition to be speaker of the House seemed out of reach and, thusly, the congressman was contemplating retirement following his 13th term in the House concluded in 1976. The changing political atmosphere of the '70s would dictate otherwise, however.

On October 10, 1973, Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned under allegations of income tax evasion and bribery. Two days later, President Richard Nixon nominated Gerald Ford to take his place, under the provisions of the Constitution's 25th Amendment, and in two months, Ford was sworn in as the country's 40th vice president. U.S. Presidency Over the ensuing months, investigations into Nixon's involvement in the Watergate scandal sped up, culminating with Nixon's resignation on August 8, 1974. One day later, on August 9, 1974, Ford was sworn in as the 38th president of the United States. The following month, President Gerald Ford pardoned Richard Nixon—a move that hung like a shadow over Ford's longstanding reputation for integrity. That same month, Betty Ford was diagnosed with breast cancer, and subsequently underwent a radical mastectomy. Ford's early presidency marked a state of tumult for the nation, with downfalls including a seriously ailing economy (and an almost bankrupt New York City), an essential defeat in the Vietnam War, rocky foreign relations and an energy crisis.

In addition to that, around this time, two assassination attempts, by Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme and Sara Jane Moore, were made on Ford's life. Following in Nixon's footsteps with China, Ford was the first U.S. president to visit Japan, but he is often remembered as clumsy, ironic given his athletic prowess, due to several trips, falls and gaffes that were immortalized in parody by Chevy Chase on Saturday Night Live. Challenged by fellow Republican Ronald Reagan during his campaign for re-election in 1976, Ford eked out the nomination only to be defeated by Jimmy Carter in the presidential election. Death and Legacy Gerald Ford died on December 26, 2006, at home in Rancho Mirage, California, at the age of 93—the oldest any president has lived to date. Named in his honor are a presidential library in Ann Arbor, Michigan, and a museum in Grand Rapids, but both are eclipsed in renown by the Betty Ford Rehabilitation Clinic in California. Fact Check We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us ! Citation Information

Question: What was former US President Richard Nixon’s profession in 1937?
Answer: Attorney